December, 1928 B-70 Yul‘ All‘: IIIL1T. la a. ‘FIPIIIJ l _ l \...vs\mW»W/,,,Mi _\\ 7/ K fl/‘Jo ‘\ a j Jvv lllw Ulll ‘1 v.1,‘ 1' \ ~’_ \ , 5i r; .. , xe /// % ....,.c; ,. I. 1 .l\ J “xvi; It m lllll Extension Service Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas College Station, Texas 1935 3-70 GAIQDENING Issued by Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas and The United States Department of Agriculture The Extension Service O. B. Martin, Director, College Station, Texas Gardening By J. F. Rosborough, Extension Horticulturist and Frank S. Jamison, Assistant Professor of Horticulture OVERS of the soil to whom. the first breath of spring brings an irre- sistable impulse to dig in the dirt, to feel the rich loam beneath plow or hoe or hand and to drink in the perfume of fresh turned. soil, need no arguments as to the value of a garden. Such persons, whether they live on farms or in towns, are natural farmers and are bound to have I gardens. To that larger group of persons of the more calculating sort we would offer two solid reasons why gardens should be made even if it be at the expense of considerable manual toil and mental anguish. Gardens cut living expenses amazingly, either in town or in the country, and garden produce furnishes many of the essentials for a healthful diet. Indeed it is doubtful if most housewives, even though they appreciate the impor- ‘tance of vegetables in the diet, can f1nd means without a garden to provide the great abundance of green stuff demanded by Nature as the price of health. 2 He who limits himself to bread, meat, potatoes and sugar is bound to suffer certain bad results. Since a large portion of our earthly ills are due to faulty diet, and since vegetables play such Try Garden Stuff for a vital part in correcting ailments, a considera- That Tired Feeling tion of the Essentials of an Adequate Diet as prepared by the Division of Rural Research, Tex- as Agricultural Experiment Station may be helpful. “All vegetables contain minerals and for this reason are of great value as foods. They help to build bones, teeth, tissue and blood. Milk and fruit and vege- tables furnish the large share of the phosphorous, calcium and iron in our good. When combined with eggs, meats and grains they form a balanced iet.” ESSENTIALS OF AN ADEQUATE DIET (Daily unless’ otherwise stated) Food Amount Especially for: Milk, any kind ...................... "IV; pints ................ .-Protein Calcium (lime) Phosphorous Vitamine A, B, C Butter ............................ .. ........ .-At least 1 serving-...Vitamine A, B Whole Cereal ........................ ..1 serving .................. ..Vitamine B Protein Iron Phosphorous Vegetables .............................. .- Minerals Leafy .................................. -.3 times per week ____ __ (Potassium, Magne- Others .................................. -.1 serving each ______ __ sium, Sodium, Iron,’ Phosphorous, Chlor- ine, Sulphur, Iodine)- Fruits, any kind .................... ..2 servings ______________ __Bu1k One must be raw. Vitamines A, B, C Three times during week citrus fruit or tomatoes (fresh or canned) must be served. Protein-rich ............................ ..1 serving of any 2____Protein Meat or Minerals Eggs or Cheese or Legumes or Nuts Leafy vegetables are lettuce, celery, greens of all kinds, asparagus, cab- bage, beet and onion tops, spinach, etc. “Other” Vegetables are turnips (rutabagas and White), carrots, onions, beets, oyster plant (salsify), okra, squash, cucumbers, cushaws and the like. Fresh vegetables are much preferred in the adequate diet, but canned or dried vegetables are wholesome and should be eaten when it is impos- sible to obtain fresh ones. When planning the garden it is Well to keep in mind the adequate diet and make plans to provide fresh fruits and vegetables as well as to can, dry, brine or preserve some for the winter months. _ It is then, for family health and for dollars and for sheer love of the Job that we garden. That this effort may give the most bountiful return We offer some suggestions. Locate the garden in thefvicinity of the house if possible, that the house- D 9t Walk M-l W1 e may not be compelled to walk an unreason- 1,0?‘ an on“): l e iabllela (llStaélfiie from helr kitccllileiii; tlo seciire her vege}; . a es. oose a p ace a as s ope enoug "to be well drained, and where there is sufficient air drainage to prevent a possible po-cketing of frost. Practically any type of soil can be used for a home garden, if properly fertilized, but a sandy one is preferred. Sandy loam soils are more easily Worked, warm up more quickly in the spring, respond more readily to fertilizers, and are not injured by tramping Choose a Sandy Loam when wet. The heavier clay and black land soil Soil if Possible types are usually more fertile, but are harder to work and the crops growing on them do not respond to commercial fertilizer as readily as do sandy soils. The gravelly (soil types are usually deficient in organic matter but when supplemented with stable manure or green manure crops to increase fertility and water ‘holding capacity they become satisfactory garden soils. Heavier soils that do not wash badly should be broken in the fall not less than eight inches deep, and lighter ones that are subject to washing should be plowed to the same depth as soon after January first as pos- sible. It is important to completely cover all Plow Deep, weeds and plant refuse so this material will and Early quickly decay and not interfere with planting or cultivation. The garden soil should be harrowed until thoroughly pulverized and level for planting. Freshly broken and harrowed soil should be allowed to settle for at least five to ten days before seeds are planted. Before breaking garden land make a heavy application of well rotted barnyard manure at the rate of 4 to 10 tons per acre. Fresh manure may be used but should be applied in fall or winter and turned under early to decompose. Since manure is usually lack- Barnyard Manure ing in phosphorous add fifty pounds of super Is the Best Fertilizer phosphate per ton of manure. As a substitute for stable manure or in combination with it use such high grade fertilizers as 15-5-5 or _12-6-4 at the rate of one to two pounds to each 25 square feet. Work this thoroughly into the soil before planting. For early and leafy crops nitrate of soda or ammonium sul- ‘hate may be applied as a side dressing at the rate of one pound to 200 square feet. Serious burning of plants may result if this material is applied to the foliage, especially when the foliage is moist. To grow an early garden it is necessary to start such crops as cabbage, cauliflower, tomatoes, egg plant, and peppers in a protected place and then transplant to the (ilpen garden.t_ A hotDbed suchlas illustrated by . ec ion in ia ram r v - TqBeat the Nggghbors tczellehlzoglsase for this purpgose. At lgagtlfgiirairrlchgs Bulld a H0‘: or of manure should be used in this bed and another C01‘! Frame inch added for every week beyond four weeks that there is frost danger. For hardening the plants cold frames are used and are constructed exactly the same as the hot bed except no man- ure is used. The beds are heated by the sun during the day and this warmth is held in by the sash during the night. See diagram at bot- tom of page 7. 4 For a real early start the seed may be planted in a shallow box in the house and transplanted to hot bed or cold frame when the first "two true leaves have developed. They should be placed two inches apart each way when transplanted. When the plants begin to crowd each other they should be transplanted to give four inches space each way or placed in old tin can.s, pots or berry boxes or if danger of frost is oven‘ moved directly to the field. Plants should be hardened off beforebe- ing moved to the field in order that they may better withstand any ad- verse conditions they may meet in the open. This is done by gradually exposing them in hot bed or cold frame to right temperatures and by withholding water from them. They should always be watered twelve hours before being transplanted, however. Keep as much soil about the roots as possible when trans- planting them, and set thefh out in the garden to the depth of the first leaf. Press the soil firmly about the roots and in warm wea- ther shade the plants with some such covering as newspapers until growth has begun. Cabbage and cauliflower plants may be started six weeks before transplanting to the garden and in the case of tomatoes, peppers and egg plants this period may be leng- thened to eight or ten weeks. To secure straight rows in the garden it is necessary to tightly stretch a string along the line of the row. Planting seed by hand is practical and satisfactory in the small garden if the work is care- fully done, using a small hoe to open the furrows. Prop-er spac- ing and number of plants per lin- ear yard should be watched and care taken not to sow too thickly. To» insure rapid germination the soil should be pressed firmly over the seed with the back of a hoe or with the foot. Quickly maturing vegetables such as radishes, beets, lettuce and mustard may be followed by plantings of later maturing crops. To secure a good_stand of vigorous vegetables good seed must be used. Old seed carried over from the previous season cannot be relied _ upon to feed the family. It is safest to pur- Qllalfi-Y Seed "Begets chase seed from a reliable seed house and give Quality Vegetables enough time and thought to the purchasing of _ the seed to be sure that. the varieties selected are adapted to the locality, and. that_the resulting- vegetables are varie- ties that are tender and of high quality. The popular varieties are usu- ally coarse, and not so palatable as some of the less popular ones. 5 Thorough cultivation is necessary to get vegetables of highest quality. More than that, cultivations should be regular in order to maintain a good physical condition of the soil, to save soil moisture, to furnish a loose area that can easily be penetrated by the You Can’t Get By roots, and to keep down weeds. A good garden Without Hoeing or is no place for weedsas all good gardeners know. the Like Cn farms, where gardens often grow up in weeds - because of the rush of farm work, the garden may be laid out sufficiently large and the rows spaced far enough apart to en- able cultivation with a horse drawn sweep stock for keeping down weeds, and with a one horse adjustable harrow for maintaining a soil mulch. Dry weather often knocks out an otherwise good garden, particularly late in the season. Sometimes a site. can be selected that is well drained and at the same time is naturally terraced to conserve moisture. This x is highly desirable. Good cultivation is another substitute for rainfall. Yet in spite of coaxing In Irrigating, Flood, nature in these ways, artificial watering becomes Don’t Sprinkle advisable nearly every year at some time or other. Water the garden few times but thoroughly each time for it is the root system and not the tops of the plants that need water, and constant sprinkling of the soil in hot weather may cause the plant rootlets to be shallow. A thorough irrigation is more permanent and induces the roots to follow the moisture to a depth that insures greater feeding capacity for" the plants. Insects must be reckoned with in growing a garden. The-y are no-t very difficult to keep in check as a general thing if one understands their habits and is prepared to control them. ‘Ihere are two» classes of damaging insects, the kind that bite into the fruit or foliage and chew it up, and those that suck out the juice. For the first kind it is important to place stomach poi- sons in dust or spray form on the surface of the plants where the insects are feeding. A good spray mixture which may be applied in small gardens with a pump sprayer and in large ones with knapsack or barrel spray, is 2- pounds of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water. Dusting for biting isects is coming into general use and for this purposearsenate of lead or calcium arsenate, dusted over the surface of the plants may be used without damage to the plants. If either Paris Green or London Pur- ple- is applied it should be mixed with equal parts of hydrated lime. Dust may be applied, as shown. in the illustration, by putting the dust in a sugar sack and shaking it over the plant. Common biting garden insects are Colorado pota- to beetle, cabbage worm and tom- ato worm. Poison Biting Insects Dusting a Good’ Insect Control Method ' 6 Stomach poisons are of no use whatever against such sucking ‘insects as plan-t lice and leaf-footed plant hoppers: The bodypores must be stopped up with a poison spray sugh asl n1cot1ne lsulpgate, which may - be use eit er as a iqui spray or as a Plug Up Sucking Insects - with a Cons“ Spray ‘tllitauslhieilfliierto‘stfii“Ellndnéifnfiéisbiialfii or Dust leaves better than does the liquid spray and is therefore more effective. One pound of nicotine sulphate to 20 pounds of hydrated lime, mixed up in an old ice cream freezer, makes an excellent dust. This amount will furnish enough dust for an acre garden in an ordinary year. Tomatoes, peppers, cabbage and many stemmy plants are frequently cut down over night in early spring by cut Worms or grasshoppers. These pests a.re very effectively controlled by putting out poison bran mash, distributing one-fourth teaspoonful Poison Bran Mash for Cut at the base of each plant late in the even- Worms and Grasshoppers ing. The mash is made up by mixing to- gether 1 pound of white arsenic or Paris Green, 20 pounds of coarse wheat bran, 6 finely ground lemons and juice, 2 quarts of any kind of molasses, and enough water to make the mix- ture slightly moist but not sticky. One of the chief diseases that frequently attacks garden crops in Texas is wilt of cowpeas, Irish potatoes, tomatoes and many of the vine crops such as Watermelons, cucumbers and cantaloupes. This disease is char- acterized by the sudden drying out or wilting To Avoid Wilt Disease of the leaves and branches. A cross section Change Ground of the plant stem will reveal spots scattered through the vascular tissue if the trouble is due to wilt disease. There is no fungicide that will control this ailment but crop rotation with such fibrous rooted plants as corn or small grains will starve out the disease in 8 to 5 years. The chief recommendation that can b-e made, then, is to change wilt susceptible crops to new ground. A vgilt resistant variety of tomato known as Marglobe has been devel- ope . If the Irish potatoes that are planted have small corky spots on the surface they have scab and the resulting crop will be scabby too. To avoid danger of harvesting a scabby crop dip the seed potatoes for 2 hours prior to cutting and planting in a solution of 2 ounces bichloride of mercury to 16 gallons of water. 7 I >_ 7 l/"lr-W/E? II fig? ’ , . i - . . ' III‘ - _. _ _ E kg - ' 3i ll; " _ --- »-- ~-;_>.-'==_§w--:§ \‘ '2" é-v/P /// / .0 /=//// 1/; 5/’ 5 l’ 1/ 17/ 3J7; 5327:»? é/7;/»r';=-W=/Z-~=//7z//7/// ‘T ' Cross Section, Hot Bed 7 PLAN If any 18 of these vegetables ‘These vegetables should be included in every home garden. 2 Date plants moved to field from hotbed. “North and South Texas are divided by a line east and west through Waco, Texas. and quani r Amount Cost Time of Planting“ Depth of Me Vegetables Varieties of Seed of Seed South North Planting of Pl: Texas Texas (inches) Strawberries Improved Klondyke 100 plants $1.00 Sept.-Oct. Oct-Jan. First leaf Hill Missionary Asparagus Mary Washington 50-75 plants 2.00 Jam-Feb. Feb._-Mar.- 10-12 Drill R Martha Washington April ‘Lettuce Los Angeles i oz. .10 Jan. 15- Feb. 15- fi- 1 Drill R Big Boston Feb. 15 Mar. 15 Endive Green Curled i- oz. .10 Jan. 15- Feb. 15- Q- 1 Drill R Escarolle Feb. 15 Mar. 15 ‘Spinach Bloomsdale Savoy 1 oz. .15 Oct. 15- Feb. 15- i- 1 Drill R , Long Standing - Jan. 15 Mar. 15 ‘Mustard Giant Southern Curled 1 oz. .15 Jan. 1- Feb. 15- i- 1 Drill R Feb. 15 Mar. 15 ‘Radish Scarlet Globe l oz. .10 Jan. 1- Feb. 15- fi- 1 Drill R ' Chartiers Feb. 15 Mar. 25 ‘Turnip White Egg fi oz. .10 Jan. 1- Feb. 15- Drill R Purple Top Feb. 15 Mar. 20 i- 1 or Broa Kohl-rabi Early White Vienna i- oz. .15 Jan. 1- Feb. 15- ig- 1 Drill IE Feb. 1 Mar. 10 ‘Onion Bermud-"Cs i- oz. .25 Oct. 15- Feb. 10- Drill R Australian Brown Nov. 15 Mar. l0 i- i Hotbed ‘Beets Crosby’s Egyptian 1 oz. .20 Jan. 1- Feb. 15- 1~ 2 Drill R Detroit Dark Red Feb. 1 Mar. 10 ‘Carrots Chantenay 1}- oz. 15 Jan. 1- Feb. 15- i- 1 Drill R Danver’s Half-Long Feb. 15 Mar. 15 ‘English Peas Laxtonian 1 pint .25 Jan. 1- Jan. 1- 2- 4 Drill R Stratgem Feb. 1 Mar. 1 Chard Lucullus i‘ oz. .10 Oct. 15- Feb. 1- 1- 2 Drill R Nov. 15 Feb. 15 Cauliflower Early Erfurt i oz. .70 “Oct. 1- Jan. 1- Drill R1 Snowball Nov. 1 Feb. 1 i- i in Hotl ‘Cabbage Early Jersey Wakefield i oz. .15 “Sept. 15- Jan. 1- Drill R0 Copenhagen Market Nov. 15 Feb. 1 {- 1 in Hotl Glory of Enkhuisen ‘Beans, Snap Bountiful 1 pint .30 Feb. 10- Mar. 10- 2- 4 Drill 1i I Burbee Stringless Mar. 10 April 1 Beans, Lima Fordhook Bush i pint .25 Mar. 1- April 20- Drill R~ Henderson Bush May 1 May 20 2- 4 or Hills ‘Pepper Ruby King 1 pkt. .10 2Dec. 1- Jan. 1- Drill R1 Jan. 1 Feb. 1 i- 1 in Hotl ‘Eggplant Florida High Bush 1 pkt. .10 Dec. 1- Jan. 1- Drill R4 New York Improved Jan. 1 Feb. 1 _ i- 1 in Hotl ‘Tomato Marglobe 1 pkt. .10 Dec. 1- Jan. 15- Drill R: Gulf State Market Jan. 1 Mar. 1 5- 1 in Hotl Globe ‘Cucumbers Kirby 1 oz. .15 Mar. 1- Mar. 15 Drill R4 Davis Perfect April 1 April 10 1- 3 or Hill: ‘Cantaloupes Perfecto 1 oz. .25 Feb. 15- Mar. 15- Drill Rt Texas Cannonball ‘Mar. 1 April 10 1- 3 or Hill: Tip-Top Watermelons Kleckley Sweet 1 oz. .15 Feb. 15- April 1- Drill R¢ ‘ Tom Watson Mar. 15 May 1 2- 4 or Hills ‘Squash, Pumpkin Cushaw (fall) 1 oz. .20 Feb. 15- Mar. 10- Drill R4 Yellow Crookneck Mar. 10 April 15 2- 4 or Hill; ‘Okra White Velvet 1 oz. .15 Mar. 1- Mar. 20- 1- 2 Drill Rc Dwarf Green Prolific April 1 May 1 Corn, Sweet Country Gentleman i; pint .25 Feb. 1- Mar. 1- Drill Rc Early Adam Mar. 1 -Mar. 15 1- 2 or Hill; ‘New Zealand 1 oz. .15 Mar. 1- April 1- 1- 3 Drill Rc Spinach April 1 May 1 G U I D E 1 there will be sufficient variety Qrnily of six ce Distance Date of Time of Harvesting“ Yield Value Remarks n between Transplanting South North _ Plants Texas Texas s) léigghes) Feb.-Mar. Apr.-May 50 qts. $10.00 Secure plants from Northern States 18-24 Feb.-Mar.- April-May- Only a small cutting should be made _ Apr. June 75-100 lbs. 10.00 the first year. 6-12 Mar. 15- April 10- Lettuce and other early maturing May 1 May 15 25-50 lbs. 3.00 crops may be followed by late crops. 6-10 Mar. 10- April 10- 1.50 April 15 May 15 30-40 lbs. 1- 2 Dec. 10- April 1- 5.00 April 15 May 1 4 bus. 2- 3 Feb. 2_0- April 1- 3.00 April 1 May 1 3-4 bus. i- i Feb. 15- April 1- Planting should be spread over a April 1 May 15 100-125 bun. 4.00 period of two or three weeks. 3- 5 Mar. 1- April 1- 1% bus. roots Planting may be thinned and the April 1 May 10 1% bus. "tops 2.00 plants pulled and used as greens. 3- 5 Mar. 15- April 1- 1 bus. 2.00 April 15 May 15 2- 6 Mar. 1- April 1 200-400 onions If seed is sowed thin and young _ May 1 June 5 4.00 onions are used. 2- 3 Mar. 15- April 15- 75 bunches Small plants thinned out may be May 15 July 1 3.50 used as greens. 2- 3 Mar. 1- April 15- (5-100 bun. 4.00 May 1 July 1 2- 3 Mar. 1- April 15- 2 bus. 4.00 April 15 June 1 3- 5 Dec. 15- April 1- 100 lbs. 2.00 April 1 June 1 18-24 4-6 weeks Jan. 1- May 10- 40-50 heads Leaves should be tied up to blanch from seedbed Mar. 15 June 1 5.00 the head 18-24 4-6 weeks Dec. 1- May 10- 200 lbs. 5.00 from seedbed May 1 July 1 2- 4 April 15- April 20- 3 bus. 4.50 Beans should be kept picked May 15 June 15 4- 6 May 1- May 15- 3 bus. 5.00 June 1 June 20 24-30 8-10 weeks May 15-" June 1- 3 bus. 4.00 from seedbed Frost Frost 24-30 3-10 weeks May 15- June 1- 2 bus. 2.00 from seedbed Frost Frost 30-40 B-10 weeks Mar. 15- July 1 7.00 from seedbed June 15 May 20- 4 bus. ~12 in. Drills v May 15- June 1- 3 bus. 4.00 -48 in. Hills June 15 July 1 -18 in. Drills May 20- June 20- 100-125 fruits 7.00 48-72 in. Hills July 1 August -24 in. Drills May 20- 50 fruits 6.00 72-144 in. Hills July 15 July-Aug. 24-36 in. Drills May 1- May 15- 100 fruits 0.00 72-144 in. Hills Sept. 1 Sept. 24-36 May 15- ‘June 15- 75 lbs. 4.00 Sept. 1 Sept. 12-24 April 20- May 10- 5 doz. ears 1.50 May 20 June 20 8-12 May 1- lvlay-June- 8 bus. 5.00 A hot weather spinach Aug. 15 July New Zealand Spinach Don’t Limit a Garden to Mustard Greens and Beans-—- but include such a variety of good garden crops as to make the job interesting and afford the family the greatest measure of health. Onions, le.ttuce, corn, radishes, beets and turnips are good but so also are as- paragus, New Zealand spinach and endive. For little intimate sketches of old and new members of the garden family glance through the next few pages. a - ASPARAGUS is easy to grow and care for ye-t few home" gardeners ever attempt to grow it. In either late fall or early spring place one year old roots 15 to 24 inches apart in rows that are 3 feet apart. The roots are put in a trench one foot deep and as the plants start to grow soil is pulled in around the young shoots until the furrow is com- pletely levelled off. Asparagus needs lots of plant food which can be furnished by plowing manure into the furrows and by a heavy application (2 to 4 pounds per 25 feet of row) of a 15-5-5 fertilizer. Applications should be repeated every year. - Shoots should not be cut at all during the first growing season and for only three or four weeks the second year, but in the third season they may be cut for a period of 10 weeks or more. Cut shoots just below the surface of the ground, cutting off all the shoots every day or every other day during the harvest season to force out new ones. At the end of the season the tops should not be cut off until they have died in the fall and then all tops should be cut and disced under, using them as green manure. . Of the many varieties the Washington strains, Mary and Martha, are considered superior. They are high yielding and resistant to asparagus rust; - BEETS are usually planted just as soon as the, ground is dry and warm enough in the spring in rows spaced 18 to 24 inches apart. Car-fie should be taken not to plant seed too thick as what looks like one seed 10 is usually two or three sticking together. T0 get even shaped beets it is best to thin the young plants to stand 2 inch-es apart in the row. Crosby Egyptian and Detroit Dark Red are goodvairieties of which the former is the earlier. BEANS should not be planted until the soil has warmed up and all danger of frost is passed for they will not do well until the arrival of warm Weather. Snap beans are drilled in rows 2 feet apart with the seed about 2 inches apart in the row. Good varieties of bush snap beans are Burpee Stringless, Greenpod, Refugee, Wax and Bountiful. ABBAGE may be had from the home garden fully ten months of the year for in those sections where winter cabbage won’t grow it is easy to store. This crop likes a cool growing season but will stand hot iweather and will grown on any kind of soil. Plenty of manure will make a good cabbage crop. The seed is transplanted 4 to 6 weeks before the time the plants are needed, often being transplanted twice in protected places before final planting in the garden. The seed are planted in the hot bed in rows 4 inches apart with 4 to 6 seed per inch in the row. Seedlings are given their first transplanting when the second pair of leaves appear, being put 2 inches apart then to await the time of transplanting to the garden. This is done when all danger of a hard freeze is over. Plants are set out in rows 2 to 3 feet apart with the plants 18 to 2'0 inches apart in the rows. ‘Varieties should be carefully selected especially as to time of maturity. The following varieties are important: Early Jersey, Wakefield, and Copenhagen for earliness; and Flat Dutch and Glory of Enkhuizen for the main season. - CARROTS require little attention once they are above ground. The seed bed should be made very fine to allow the small plants to push through the soil. Since they will withstand light frosts and freezes carrots may be planted early in rows 1.8 to- 24 inches apart with the ‘ plants about one.-half inch apart in the row. Chantenay, Oxheart, and Danver’s Half-Long are the best varieties. AULIFLOWER is very much like cabbage in its requirements. It will stand almost as much cold weather but is easily injured by hot weather. Planting time and distances are the same as for cabbage. If the leaves are tied together over the center of the plant when the young head is the size of a silver dollar the head will be well blanched and of excellent quality when mature» The leaves should be tied when the foliage is dry. Dry Weather, Early Erfurt and Snowball are good varie- ies. OLLARDS will withstand more heat and cold than will cabbage and their cultivation is the same as for cabbage. They do well in the poorest of soil. ' ‘ GGPL-ANTS will produce fruit all summer long, being one of our few crops that will stand hot weather and do well. Seed of eggplants should be sown 1n a protected place 8 or 10 weeks before time for trans- planting to the field. Two transplantings before taking them tio the field makes strong plants. At the second of these transplantings they 11 may be placed in old tin cans, berry boxes or pieces of sod turned upside down. They should not be put in the garden until the soil has warmed up as they are seriously hurt by even a light frost and will not do well in cool cloudy Weather even though it be far from freezing. Plants are set in the field 2 feet apart with the rows 3 feet apart. Black Beauty, New York Improved and Florida High Bush are worth growing. ENGLISH PEAS are a cool weather crop and should be planted as early as possible, in the spring as frost and light freezes will not hurt them unless they are in blossom. The smooth round type such as Alaska should be planted first as the wrinkled type such as Little Marvel and Telephone germinate better when the soil is warm. Peas are drilled in rows 2inches apart with the rows 2 feet apart from the dwarf and 3 feet for the ones which need support, Peas should be planted 3 to 4 inches deep. Recommended varieties are Alaska, Gardus and Little Marvel. . IRISH POTATOES may be planted as a spring or fall crop. The spring plantings are usually more prolific and more profitable because of favorable weather conditions existing in this state during the spring months. The seed bed for Irish potatoes must be deep and thoroughly prepared. The rows should be 36 to 40 inches apart and the seed pieces planted 12. inches apart in the drill. The seed pieces for the spring planting should be covered 2 to 3 inches deep. The fall planting should be covered 2 to 5 inches deep. Certified seed that have been subject to rigid inspection will give high yields, and will repay the grower for the small additional cost. Large seed pieces ranging from 11A; to 2 ounces are desirable, because they will produce stronger plants. Irish potatoes are not a poor soil crop. This plant must have an abundance of plant food for heavy yields. Well rotted manure, supplemented with super‘ phosphate and muriate of potash applied at the rate of 4 to 10 tons per acre is satisfactory. A 10-6-7 commercial fertilizer mixture used at the rate o5 1000-1200 lbs. per acre and applied two weeks before planting 1s goo . KALE, while seldom grown in the home garden, is an excellent green. It will withstand rather severe cold and thrive in almost any soil but it can’t stand or even do well in warm weather. Kale should be planted in rows at least 18 inches apart and the plants thinned to stand 6 inches apart in the row. Dwarf Green Curled and Early Curled Siber- ian are two good varieties for Texas plantings. LETTUCE is a familiar crop to every gardener yet it is surprising how few grow good lettuce. It needs cool weather, very fertile soil and plenty of moisture. Of the two- distinct types the leaf kind is the easier to- grow but a. good crop of head lettuce gives the gardener the greater thrill of pride. Seed may be sowed exactly where the crop is to mature or it may be planted in a seed bed and transplanted. In either case the soil should be in a fine, mellow condition. Rows should not be closer than 18 inches and at least 6 inches should be allowed be- tween plants for leaf lettuce and 8 or 10 inches for head lettuce. If planted first in a seed bed transplantings should be made when the first four leaves are half grown. Land to be planted in lettuce should re- ceive a heavy application of manure or 10-4-2 commercial fertilizer. Since this is a cool season crop and light frosts do not damage it let- tuce should be planted either in late fall or early spring. 12 LIMA BEANS of either the bush or pole varieties may be satisfactorily grown but the bush type seems to have the edge in poplularity. Lima beans must have even warmer weather than the snap bean to do well. The crop is planted in rows 2 feet apart with the plants 4 inches apart in the rows. Fordhook and Henderson Bush are popular varieties. USTARD is grown much the same way as spinach, being a cool weather crop that sould not be attempted after the seasongets very warm. It is drilled in rows 18 t0 20 inches apart. Giant Southern Curled is a standard variety that makes an excellent green. EW ZEALAND SPINACH is an excellent hot weather green grow- ing quite differently from ordinary spinach. It is a viney plant from which are pinched off the young, tender tips thus allowing the plant to grow another crop of greens. It can be cut repeatedly during. the growing season. The seed are slow to germinate and where there are many weeds it may pay to transplant the young plants. It is usually drilled in rows about 3 feet apart and the plants thinned to stand 12 inches apart. It is one of the very few greens that will thrive in hot weather. KRA does its best in h.ot weather and so the seed should not be sown until all danger of frost is passed and the ground is warm. Dwarf varieties are placed in rows 3 or 4 feet apart but the tall varieties are kept 5 or 6 feet distance. Seed drilled in the row should be thinned so that plants stand 2 feet apart. Care should be taken to keep the pods picked before they become tough. White Velvet, Dwarf Green Prolific and Long-Podded are recommended for the home garden. NION sets are usually used for growing early bunch onions, planting sets as early in the spring as possible. Where winters are not severe sets may be planted anytime in the winter, spacing them 2 or 3 inches apart in the rows and allowing 20 inches between rows. Dry onion seed is sowed as soon as hard frosts are over in rows far enough apart to allow cultivation and with plants 4 inches apart in the rows. Bermuda onions are transplanted to the field from protected hot beds. Since onion seed germinate slo-wly, hot bed seed should be sown at least 8 weeks before plants are needed. Varieties recommended for bunching are Southport White Globe and Southport Yellow Globe; for dry onions Australian Brown Prizetaker"; and for Bermudas the Crystal Wax and White. ARSLEY is used largely for decorative purposes on table dishes. Poor stands of this crop are frequent. Seed covered with chipped ice for 24 hours and then soaked in warm water for 24 hours will usually germi- nate to a good stand. Hamburg Rooted is a good variety. PEPPERS stand a good deal of heat and are grown quite similarly to eggplants. Harris Early Giant, Ruby King and World Beater are good varieties. ADISHES must be grown rapidly or they will become tough, bitter and pithy. Seed may be sowed as soon as the last hard freeze is over in rows only 6 or 8 inches apart as the crop matures before there is need for cultivation. Three or four seed per inch is enough in the 13 row. The button variety matures much sooner than the long type. Scar- let Globe is a favorite variety of the former while Chartiers is an excellent long red type. - HUBARB is a hardy perennial plant of acid flavor used largely in pies. In planting this crop the roots should be planted deep (6 to 10 inches), but the crowns should not be covered more than 2 to 3 inches deep. The rows should be 4 to 5 feet apart, setting the plants 2 to 3 feet apart in the drill. It is hard to make soil too rich for rhubarb. PINACH, or green gold, is our most important green and is easily grown in practically all sections of the state. Seed may either be broadcast in beds or drilled in rows, the latter being preferred in the home garden. Rows should be at least 15 inches apart for hand culti- vation and 20 inches for horse cultivation. Seed an inch apart in the row is the correct spacing. Spinach is a cool weather plant that will not do well in hot weather and should therefore be grown in late fall, winter and early spring. A iight freeze does not seriously hurt this crop. It needs lots of nitro- gen which may be obtained by spreading manure the previous season or applying nitrate of soda two or three times during the growing season. Spinach will run to seed and so small plantings should be made re- peatedly rather than depending on one big planting. Bloomsdale Savoy is the favorite variety in Texas but Long Standing is also a good variety. TRAWBERRY plants are set in October or November, and in some instances in the early spring. The fall planting is more desirable. Strong, vigorous plants are important in securing high yields. The plants are set in a thoroughly prepared soil either on a bed or flat. If the drainage is poor a bed. should be used for planting, otherwise a low bed or setting the plants flat is satisfactory. The plants are set 1O to 12 inches apart in ro-ws 26 to 36 inches apart. Plants set in October and fertilized will usually bear some berries the first season. Usually after the third or fourth season new planting becomes necessary. When the plants begin to bloom place a stifaw mulch around them to keep the fruit from developing on the soil surface and becoming gritty and un- palatable. Good varieties are Improved Klondike and Missionary. WISS CHARD belongs to the beet family and the cultural methods of the two plants are about the same. It may be planted in early spring or grown as a fall vegetable. It is hardy to cold and will with- stand frosty weather. Seed should be sown in rows 2 feet apart using 2 ounces of seed per 100 feet of row. After the plants become well es- tablished they should be thinned to a stand of 8 inches apart in the row. To secure a product of the highest quality the outer leaf stalks should be removed at frequent intervals, but in doing this care should be taken not to injure the crown of the plant. Large Ribbed White is‘ a standard variety. OMATO seed should be sown in a hot bed or shallow indoor box 8 to 10 weeks before transplanting to the garden to get an early crop. When the first pair of true leaves appear they may be transplanted about 2 inches apart each way and allowed to grow until they begin to crowd. They are then transplanted 4 inches apart or put in tin cans with bottoms removed or berry boxes and left to grow until ready for the field. 14 Main crop tomato plants may be grown in an outdoor seed bed and transplanted but once, never removing to the field until all danger of frost is over. Plant in rows 3 feet apart with the plants 3 feet apart in the row. Within a week after transplanting they should be staked by driving 4 foot stakes firmly into the ground close to the plants. Plants should not be tied too close to the stakes. Pruning should begin immedi- iately removing all suckers and allowing only one stem to grow. Varieties recommended are Marglobe, Early Detroit, Acme, Globe and Gulf State Market. Marglobe is resistant to Wilt and certain of the rusts and is an excellent variety otherwise. URN IPS are grown both for roots and to-ps and both kinds of food may secured from the same planting providing the crop is properly handled. This is another cool weather crop. Turnips may be broadcast but do bet- ter when drilled thickly in rows 20 inches apart. When the tops are large enough for greens the plants should be thinned to stand 3 to 5 inches apart in row. Early Flat Dutch and Purple To-ps are standard varieties. VIN E» CROPS such as cucumbers, watermelons, cantaloupes, pumpkins and squashes are so closely related as far as cultural requirements go that they are here grouped together. All these crops require warm wea- the-r, plenty of room and lots of foo-d. They are killed by even a light touch of frost and should not be planted until all frost danger is gone and the ground is thoroughly warm. Cucumbers and cantaloupes should be planted in hills 4 to 6 feet apart each way. Watermelons, pumpkins and squashes are planted in hills 6 to 12 feet apart with the plants thinned to 1 to 3 in the hill, If manure is not available a 15-5-5 commercial fertilizer applied at A the rate of 400 to- 800 pounds per acre will give good results. Leading cucumber varieties are Kirby, Klondyke, Davis Perfect and Early Fortune for slicing, and Chicago Pickling for pickle purposes. For cantaloupes, Tip-Top, Rocky Ford, Texas Cannon Ball and Perfecto are recommended, and for watermelons Tom Watson and Kleckley Sweet, Kentucky Pie or King of the Mammoth are good winter varieties of pump- kins. Cushaw and Hubbard are two good winter squashes while Yellow Crookneck and Patty Anne are excellent summer varieties. 15 ECONOMICS (The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas and the United States De- partment of Agriculture Cooperating) O. B. 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