u.» _-...{ a _ 1 {- (‘YTF 5:71’? 17 [Ur y: iv‘ 11,3‘ I i 15!!“ . ¢+ 2 L1. ..,__._ ,‘»,_--_; i 265,: A»- 347- TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BULLETIN N O. 29. DECEMBER, I893. Effects 0f Cotton Seed and Cotton Seed Meal On BUTTER. BEEF TALLOW, LARD AND SHEEP SUET. Agvufcu/tzuzz/ and Mee/zanzkal College 0f Texas. POSTOFFICE, COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS CO, TEXAS. All Bulletins from this Station are sent free to citizens of the State on appfication t0 J. PLCONNELL, DIRECTOR, P. O. College Station, Texas IEMPLE, 'l‘ExAs: COX 8: VENNEY, PRINTERS. I893. (348) TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. OFFICERS. tili- GOVERNING BOARD. BOARD OF DIRECTORS A. & M. COLLEGE. MA]. A. I. ROsE, President .............................................. ..Salado. HON. JOHN E. HOLLINGSWORTH, State Com. Agr .................. ..Austin. HON. W. R. CAVITT, ................................ .................... ..Bryan. DR. I. D. FIELDS, ................................................ .......... ..Manor. HON. INO. ADRIANOE, ................................................. ..Columbia. TREASURER. PRESIDENT L. S. ROSS, ........................................ ..College Station. I STATION STAFF. J. H. CONNELL, M. sen... .................. .......................... ..Director. H. H. HARRINGTON, M. Sc ............................................ ..Cheinist. M. FRANCIS, D. V. M .............................................. “Veterinarian. R. H. PRICE, B. S ............. .; .................................. .. Horticulturist. D. ADRIANCE, M. S ...... .............. ..Meteorologist, Associate Chemist. IAS. CLAYTON, ....................................................... ..Agriculturist. . I. W. CARson, B. S ...................................... ..Assistant to Director. I. M. CARSON, B. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Assistant Agriculturist. P. S. TILSON, M. S ..................................... ..Assistant in Chemistry. SUB-STATION SUPERINTENDENTS. I. H. FERGUSON, ................................ ...... ..McKinney, Collin Co. I. W. PHILLIPS, ....... .; ......................... ..Wichita Falls, Wichita Co. (3499 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Effects of Cotton Seed and Cotton Seed Meal On Butter, Beef Tallow, Lard and Sheep Suet. BY H H. HARRINGTON, BI. SC. AND DUNCAN ADRIANCE, M. S- ._______ii_ SUMMARI’ OF CONCLUSIONS. 1st, The melting poi11t of butter is raised several degrees by a feed of cotton seed or cotton seed meal. The Iodine absorption is also increased. The volatile acids are greatly lowered. 2nd. The effect became apparent on a one-fourth ration ot meal or seed, but is not sufficient to materially affect the quality of the btitter. These facts are of economic importance to a farmer who makes butter to sell in a warm climate, Where cotton seed meal is the most economic food at his command. 3rd. The effect of the feed seems to influence to a less degree, beef tallow and lard; while on mutton suet its influence is almost as marked as upon butter. 4th. Oleonzargarirze or more properly Butterine, made from beef tallow derived from steers fed on cotton seed meal and hulls, might give Beechi’s Test; confusing ordinary chemical tests for pure butter. 5th. The effect of digestion on the different oils in the food is a matter of interest. Since cotton oil contains a large amount of olein, liquid at ordinary temperature, we would expect it to lower the melting point of butter, as well as the melting point of the other fats operated upon. But the effect seems to be the reverse of this in each case. 35o. TExAs AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Among the many practical problems that have been presented to chemists in the examination of foods and food products, one of the most interesting has been the identification of pure butter as distinguished from oleomargarine in its various forms. It was formerly held that natural butter could be safely distinguished from the artificial product, by e_sti- mation of the volatile acids present. The amount of these acids always running so much higher in natural butter than in the fats used in the manufacture of the artificial product, that after an estimation of volatile acids, there was little doubt remaining as to the purity of the butter. In the spring of 1889 (Agricultural Science, Vol. III, No. 4), one of us called attention to the effect on butter of feeding cotton seed and cotton seed meal. Showing especially, that the former standard of volatile acids (Reichert process) existing in pure butter was unreliable, and judged by this standard alone, or taken in connection with the melting point even, a pure butter derived from cotton seed, or cotton seed meal, might be mistaken for a butter adulterated with other fats. It was also shown in the same paper that the melting point of butter from cotton seed or cotton ' seed meal reached several degrees higher than that of normal butter from other feeds—and that saponification of the cotton seed butter was ex- tremely difficult—showing how persistent some part of the cotton oil passed through the animal physiognomy without decomposition, and ap- peared as such in the animal fat. TESTS WITH BUTTER. The interest attached to this remarkable change on butter as influenced by cotton seed and cotton seed meal, has been followed in our work for the experiment station, by a further examination of butter as affected by feeding varying quantities of meal, together with an examination of beef tallow, hog lard and sheep suet as affected by the same feed. These results are presented in this bulletin. PLAN OF THE TEST. Cows, graded Jersey and Durham, advanced in milk, were allowed to run in pasture and fed the following ration.——3 lbs wheat bran, 1 lb corn meal, and 5 lbs to 8 lbs of silage night and morning.——lf at any time the cows were 11ot pastured, hay was given freely. These cows had previously been fed on cotton seed meal, and after feeding 14 days on the above ration, the effect of the cotton seed meal was still felt in the animal organism, as shown by the butter analysis———The cows were therefore continued on feed without cot- ton seed meal from Nov. 27, ’92 to jan. 2nd, ’93. The quantity of bran was then reduced 2 lbs and 2 lbs of cotton seed meal substituted for the same.——Silage and corn meal being continued as before, On january 2o the quantity of cotton seed meal was increased to 2 lbs night, and morn- ing, while the bran was reduced to 2 lbs. This feed was continued to March the 1, when the meal was increased to 3 lbs night and morning, and 3 lbs of cotton seed hulls a day. Gn Ianuary 7 two other cows, grade Holsteins, fresh in milk, were taken and carried through a feeding test similar to the above——the object COTTON SEED AND COTTON SEED MEAL. 8 k1 51. o1 this being to eliminate any difference in the milk that might be due t0 stage 0f lactation.-—In other Words, two cows advanced in milk, Were fed for some time upon Wheat bran, corn meal and silage, in order to prepare their system for a graduated feed of cotton seed meal. This graduated feed consisted successively of one-fourth, one-half, three-fourths and total feed of cotton seed meal—the last period hulls were also mixed with the meal. is shown in table one. TABLE NO. 1. COWS ADVANCED IN lWILK. The composition of the butter under these various feeds v U U1 * <1 w :1 H w i’. 7° é a S- ; S. 8 FD f‘) 5+ ‘ ’ Q {:- . I i: P’ P - 5 11 i: *0 Q“ Q. t, a,‘ 3. Q. Q- Q- o E E . 4 J r: F" 5; g," BEEQHIB TEsT. KIND OF FEED. T Y" f S P“ Q g Nov. 7. .8950 35 9 15 10 4 72l88 74 37 92 254 181 Decided Dark. Herd Feed. Nov. 10. .8957 35 5 18 46 4 80 89 25 35 42 255 31 Decided Dark. Herd Feed. Dec. 9. .9002 33 6 17 65 4 64 87 66 35 76 251 43 Faint Color. Corn Meal, Bran and Silage. Dec. 2o. .9023 33 5 21 95 4 57 87 43 35 72 252 49 Very Faint. Corn Meal, Bran and Silage. Dec. 29. .9000 33 1 24 85 5 25 87 45 33 45 247 60 Very Faint. Corn Meal, Bran and Silage. Jan. 12. .9000 34 8 28 60 5 33 88 35 32 82 263 54 Distinct. 1/4 Ration—Cotton Seed Meal. Jan. 19. .8990 35 4 24 o5 4 46 88 2o 32 39 262 61 Dirty Brown. 1% Ration—-Cotton Seed Meal. Jan. 27. .9001 37 9 21 75 4 88 85 60 35 72 271 41 Distinct. % Rati0n—-C0tt0n Seed Meal. Fen. 6. .9025 38 0 21 30 3 82 88 56 32 60 258 86 D’k Dirty Brown. V; Rati0n—Cotton Seed Meal. Feb. 13. .9029 37 9 20 60 3 84 88 89 *27 77 268 86 Almost Black. 3A Ration-Cotton Seed Meal. Feb. 20. .9023 39 5 15 45 3 9o 89 79 35 78 264 54 Almost Black. éi Ration—Cott0n Seed Meal. Mch. 9. .8999 41 4 12 15 3 31 91 13 42 34 272 00 Almost Black. Cotton seed Meal and Hulls. *Iodine absorption of February 13 probably too in work. low-either an abnormal sample or some error TABLE NO. 2. COWS FRESH IN IVIILK. S’ l z ‘ g " 1 a 1: ' r-V- ‘ m 3-1 1"‘ ~11 5g '3 s=1='l.._,l§l§1"=>@ l o l I 51 g {P E 1 :1‘ E‘ 1 ! 5; 51‘ Q‘ BEiccr-rfs TEsT. KIND o1= P113121) l ‘.< 5* ' ' l r 11* 0 : l 2 f l - 1 : I 3 -: - l = a l l 1 2 33. l . 2 l z l s l s s f : 1 : l : : f‘ l : . : l : l 1 : Jan. 9. 1.90001 39 8122 35l 5 14l87 861130 08.1255 31 Distinct. Herd Feed. Jan. 16. 1.89841 33 8130 421 4 82187 68l29 141253 45 None. No Cotton Seed Meal. Jan. 26. 1.90081 33 4128 951 5 19l87 27 27 001253 13 None. No Cotton Seed Meal. Feb. 7. 1.90281 35 9125 601 4 35 87 06 28 701253 14 Dirty Brown. 14 Ration——Cotton Seed Meal Feb. 13. 1.9025" 38 3 29 951 4 91188 18 30 381263 36 Dark Brown. 1/4 Ration-Cotton Seed Meal Feb. 20. 9023 38 5 23 40* 4 57~88 88 32 321267 40 Dark Brown. 1,1 Ration——Cotton Seed Meal Mch. 2. 90141 39 0ll21 4 80',87 00l32 011259 03 Dark Brown. % Ration-Cotton Seed Meal Mch. 6. 1.90161 40 2120 001 4 64187 61133 481266 66 Nearly Black. % Ration-Cotton Seed Meal Mch. 15. 1.90171 41 5118 52, 4 68188 91 34 401269 74l Nearly Black. 3A Ration-Cotton Seed Meal Mch. 22. 1.90221 41 7117 0 l 4 70189 71 35 0012 l Neariy Black. 1% Ration——Co ton Seed Meal 871 Let us examine table 1—especially the melting point, vol atile acids, 352- TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Iodine absorption and Beechi’s test. In second vertical column you will find the melting point of November 7 and 1o, 3 5.9° and 35. 5° respectivly. The cowswere still on the herd feed that was being fed before we began the experiment, consisting of a mixture of cotton seed meal, wheat bran and silage, and the influence of this feed was still felt 3o days after the feed had been discontinued. From December 9 to 29 inclusive, the Imelting point had decreased to that which butter ordinarily has. The cows during this time were recovering from the influence of the cotton seed meal. The volatile acids had begu.n to increase also, and continued to do so even u.p to January 19 when they were about normal. The cows at this time were receiving one-fourth ration of cotton seed meal, but the feed had not as yet made itself fully felt. The Iodine absorption was high, November 7 to December 2o inclu- sive, and decreased from December 29 to January 19 inclusive, as the cows were put upon other feed than cotton seed meal. After January 12 the melting point increased regularly, while the volatile acid decreased. The second being on March 9 with a full feed‘ of meal and hulls 41.4° and 12.15 cubic centimeters respectively, the first at least 7 degrees above normal and the second one-half in amount below the normal. The Iodine absorption had also steadily increased, with one exception, with the increase of cotton seed meal. Beechi’s test with nitrate of silver from a very faint coloration was carried to a very dark almost black reduction. These differences selected from “Table I” a.re still more marked in “Table II”, with cows fresh in milk. Although in this case the cows were 11ot fed on a ration of meal and hulls alone. FEED WITHOUT COTTON SEED MEAL. If we take the average melting point of the three samples of butter examined on December 9, 2o and 29 respectively,\ve find it to be 33.4 degrees. The cows at this time had been without cotton seed since November 27. The average volatile acids for the same time was 21.45 cubic centimeters. But the last estimation of this period, namely January 29, the volatile acids amounted to 24.85 cubic centimeters, having just reached the normal. The average Iodine absoption for the three samples of above dates, was in round numbers 35; that on December 29 being 33.45. FEED w1TH ONE-FOURTH RATION COTTON sEED MEAL. The melting point of the two samples was 35.1 degree. The average volatile acids was 26.3 cubic centimeters. The average Iodine absorption 32.6. FEED WITH ONE-HALF RATION COTTON sEED ixrFAL. The melting point increased to 37.9 degrees, volatile acids decreased to 21. 5 cubic centimeters and the Iodine absorption increased to 34.1. FEED WITH A THREE-FOURTHS RATION COTTON sEED MEAL. The average melting point 38.7 degrees; the average volatile acid amounted to 18 cubic centimeters; the Iodine absorption was lowered to 31.77, due to an evident mistake or error in the determination of Feb. 13. FEED WITH COTTON SEED MEAL AND HULLS ALONE. Only one sam- ple could be obtained on this feed, without great risk of seriously im- pairing the flow of milk. The melting point was 41.4 degrees. The volatile acids 12.15 cubic centimeters. The Iodine absorption 42.34. COTTON SEED AND corrox SEED MEAL. 3 5 3. EFFECTS ON LARD. It is well known that many planters in the cotton states, previous to the extraction of the oil from cotton seed, fed large quantities of seed to their fattening hogs. The seed were boiled and fed supplementary to corn With most favorable results, so far as I have ever been able to learn. It was therefore decided to follow the investigation upon butter, with a similar examination of lard. Three samples were selected. Table III. No. 1 from hogs fattened on cotton seed; No. 2 commercial lard bought in Bryan; No. 3 home made lard from hogs fed on corn. The melting point of the lard from cotton seed meal is notably higher than either of the other melting points. While the test with nitrate of silver was also quite distinct. The volatile acids in normal lard are so small that hardly any difference could be expected in them. There is also nothing distinctive in the Iodine absorption. Of the hogs fattened on cotton seed E. O. Call, Esq., who sent us the lard has this to say: Enclosed in package I send you by to-day’s mail, you will find about three-fourths pound of lard, taken from some hogs which I raised and fattened last year on boiled cotton seed. I killed about 20 head a11d have never seen any healthier hogs i11 my life. TABLE NO. 3. LARD. 7 in r < w 51 H w .5 ‘P 5 Q $1 gr 8- % l . n r* ' ._. 5' ' n > _ u-I h‘ 3 >8 Q. D> YD Co’ i i. 0 Q- ?” a. P = . .. 1 . e» S‘ 3w f‘ 5 9‘ 2' BEECHI s lEsT. l bOFRCE. i? F; ; ; an 8 ; s : f ; ; E 3 : 1 I g ' E :3 l 2 z | 1 l .8986 46 5| .0294 .048 93 76 52 2o 278 7 Very Dark. i Fed on Cotton Seed Meal. 2 8982i 35 .0580 Trace 93 74 54 o3 287 6 None. Bought in Bryan. 3 ‘ .8966]: 39 6i .6200 .52 94 88’ 54 76 305 o None. Made in Ltboratory. TABLE NO. 4. I SHEEP SUET. - V‘ ' '_‘f'_.'_f_fi_ . _ ,_ 7 _ _ i 5 $ 5 s‘ é 5. § 5 0 F ' '> f9- EJ ' ti‘ 5' 5* 5; j BEEcnFs TEsT. SOURCE. ‘.< r* 1 r 0 =‘ : : : : : -1 : : ‘ . - E . §' K(1) .9037 51 5 .0080l .028 94 82| 31 46 313 5‘ Black. Cotton Seed Meal. C (1) .9034 5o 9 .0140! .024 93 39‘ 3g g1 329 2 DlarllzgBrown. gotton Seeg Meal. H (1) .9085 49 6 .0101‘ .018 94 57 3 4 327 0 B ac . ' 0t on See Mea . K(2) .8717 47 3 .0096 .017 93 60 25 98 309 9 None. Corn Meal. C (2)l .8999 47 7 .0083»Trace 94 17 26 09 307 3 None. Corn Meal. B (2)‘\ .9060 44 7 .0103‘ .058 92 82 27 03 311 9 None. Corn Meal. Three samples of fat, Kidney, Caul and Body. N0. 1 fed on cotton seed meal and hulls. N0. 2 fed on corn. I 0 354. TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. In Table IV, shown above, the result of the feed on sheep is much more distinctively marked. Three samples of fat were taken from different parts of the body, kidney, caul and body fat. The melting points of the kidney fat in the tvv'o sheep show a difference of a little more than 4 degrees. While the Iodine absorption of the body fat shows a variation of more than eleven. It could not be expected that With the g very small amount oi volatile acid content, there would be any _ variation of importance in these, resulting from the two feeds. Beechi’s Test fin one case was quite distinct, While there was none in the other. While xve were engaged upon this work the experiment station was also con- ducting a feeding test with fattening steers. We had a good opportunity therefore to carry our comparative work on with beef tallow, and see what effect cotton seed or the meal wou‘d have here. As with sheep three samples of fat were taken from each steer; kidney, caul and body fat. Two of the steers had been fed on cor11 without cotton seed or meal in any form. Eight were fed on raw seed, boiled seed, parched seed or meal, Four of these having been fed through two seasons, and the other four one season only. The results from the two animals fed on corn are at top of Table V, found below. The average melting point for the kidney fat of the two is 46. 3 degrees. The average for the same fat from the other eight is 50.4 degrees, a difference of 4 degrees in favor of the steers fed upon cotton seed or the meal. For the caul fat the average analyses from the two steers on corn is 46. 5 degrees, while the average of the other eight analyses of caul fat is 49.7, a difference of more than 3 degrees. I11 the body fat, with an average from the steers fed on corn of 36.9 degrees and from the eight steers fed on cotton seed an average of 4 5.6 degrees we have a difference of nearly 9 degrees, more marked in this case than in the other two. The results of the Iodine absorption are, however, disappointing. There is no regularity; but if anything, the effectgof the seed and meal seems rather to lower the Iodine absorption. With ,_Beechi’s Test however, which by some is considered a distinctive test for cotton oil, the fats from the steers fed on meal or seed gave decided reactions. corrox sEE1> .4811) corrox sEED MEAL. 355. TABLE N0. 5. 1r. g < m g1 >5 w T’ 2 .9 .9 i» s. ~53 Q >> i‘ i 1-4 Q5 (‘jq , O ~- L; i‘; S. '5; 9* 0 P’ € . .. . a *0 T, ; 5 g s. BEcm s l EST. CHARACTER 01* 1:131:11. 5 F a ‘ "9. I . f I g“ 3 I a . K 8993i 46 1 . 48 34 20[322 26 Faint. Corn—Two Seasons. C 89721 46 3 . 73 33 40j 346 3o Faint. Corn-Two Seasons} B 90001 41 2 42 43 78 333 90 Faint. Corn——TW_0 Seasons. K 8991i 46 5 29 35 465 318 2o Corn-One Season. C 9028; 46 7. ' 51 31 88302 4o -~—- Corn——One Season. B 9067i 32 7 15 41 31 327 3o _ Corn—One Season. K 8984; 47 3 61 34 75 307 6o Dirty Brown. C. S. Meal-Two Seasons. C l 89541 46 5 47 35 4o 328 3o Dirty Brown. C. S. Mea1—'[‘wo Seasons. B 9021; 41 6 49 39 5o 328 00 Dirty Brown. C. S. Meal-Two Seasons. K l; .8963j 52 1 . 95 25 43 313 60 Dirty Brown. Parclied Seed—Two Seasons. C § .8958 51 8 . 53 25 74 341 10 Dirty Brown. Patched Seed-—Two Seasons. B , .9013 50 2 . 59 31 40 324 70 Dirty Brown. Parched Seed-Jfwo Seasons. K j .8950 50 3 , I 9o 4o 34 33 234 40 Very Dark. Boiled Seed-Two Seasons. C .9031 50 3 .004oo, 96 06 34 14 321 2o Nearly Black. Boiled Seed-Two Seasons. B .8999 44 2 .00200T 94 92 43 49 355 10 Nearly Black. Boiled Seed-Two Seasons. K ' .9000 51 0 00280‘ 95 o5 26 ~15 345 5o Dark Brick. Raw Seed-Jfwo Seasons. C .9083 48 0 . 92 94 29 40 348 >0 Dirty Brown. Raw Seed-Two Seasons. B .8990 44 4 94 91 34 96 319 40 Dirty Brown. Raw Seed-—’l‘wo Seasons. K .8999 49 9 . 93 92 28 47 317 80 Dirty Brown. Raw Seed—One Season. C .8991 50 1 . 94 32 30 53 313 80 Very Dark. Raw Seed-—()ne Season. B .9036 45 1 94 32 39 02 319 7o Nearly Black._ Raw Seed-One Season. K .8998 50 2 94 88 33 39 300 00 Nearly Black. Boiled Seed—One Season. C .8999 50 3 94 93 30 79 321 20 Nearly Black. Boiled Seed—-One Season. B .9038 45 5 94 90 34 12 316 50 Slight Black. Boiled Seed-One Season. K .8904 49 9 93 84 29 96 309 40 Nearly Black. C. S. Meal-One Season. C .8993 50 1 97 76 29 87 301 50 Nearly Black. C. S. Meal-One Season. B .9014 46 4 95 04 36 8 309 00 Nearly Black. C. S. Meal-One Season. K .8934 51 3 95 26 28 87 30o 00 Very Black. Parched Seed——One Season. C .8958 50 5 95 33 30 46 322 70 Lighter: Patched Seed—One Season. B .9025 47 7 .00700 95 00 36 44 307 70 ‘ Light Brown. Parched Seed—One Season. Table V shows another point of scientific interest, namely, the differ- ence in the behavior of the fats from different parts of the animal body. Not that this difference in a general Way, has not long been known, but the table affords direct comparison. For example, the body fat is always considerably lower i11 melting point than either the kidney or caul fat. \Vhile the insoluble acids in the body fat runs considerably higher. (NVe are indebted to Mr. I. B. Watts for carefully carrying out this feeding test, under direction 0f Mr. G. W. Curtis.)