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TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STAEIONS.

BULLETIN N0. 55.
Agricultural Secti0¢z-DE0E1\1BER 1899—-L2"ve Stock.

I.~FEEDING STEERS.
II.-—FEED VALUE OF COTTON SEED AND
ITS PRODUCTS.

POSTOFFICEI

COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS.

 

AUSTIN, TEXAS:
von BOECKMANN, SOHUTZE & 00., STATE CONTRACTORS.
1899.

[129]

TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

OFFICERS.

GOVERNING BOARD.

(BOARD OF DIRECTORS A. a M. COLLEGE.)

M. SANsolxi, President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alvarado.

F. A. REIGHARDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Houst0n.

F. P. HOLLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Da11as.

D. A. PAULUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Hallettsville.

P. H. TOBIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Denison.

A. P. SMYTII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....Mart.

- JoIIN W. KOKERNOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . San Antonio.

JEFEEEsQN JOHNSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Austin.

STATION STAFF.

THE PRESIDENT——TREASUREI{ OF THE COLLEGE.

J. H. CONNELL, M. S0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Director.

H. H. HARRINGTON, M. S0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._. . . . . Chemist.

M. FRANCIS, D. V. M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Veterinarian.

R. H. PRICE, B. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H0rticu1turist and Mycologist.

B. C. PITTUOK‘, B. S. A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Agricu1turist.

P. S. TiLsoN, M. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Associate Chemist.

W. C. MARTIN, B. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Assistant Chemist.

H. C. KYLE, B. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foreman of Farm.

J. G. HARRISON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Bookkeeper.

A. M. FERGUSON, M. S0 . . . . . . . .Assistant Horticulturist and Mycologist.

SUPERINTENDENT OF BEEVILLE STATION.
S. A. MOHENRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Beevi11e, Bee County.
N 0TE.—The main station is located on the grounds of the Agricultural

‘and Mechanical College, in Brazos County. The postoflice address is

COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS. Reports are sent free of cost to farmers
of the State upon application to the Diiector.

(130)

FEEDING STEERSS.

 Experiment Gonductedby the Texas Station at the Request
A * of the Texas Live Stock Association.

By

J. H. Connell,
and

H. C. Kyle.

 
  
  
 
   
 
    
  
    
   
  
  
  

The ranges of Texas have long been recognized as the most productive
and economic breeding grounds for the supply of cattle and horses, and
with the coming of better beef breeds the “feeding business” ha.s been
 added to the range interest, until now tihe fat cattle exported from this
 State annually represent an important proportion of the stock placed upon
 the market from this State. The numbers of cattle fattened for local and
p foreign markets in this State rang-e from 100,000 to some 300,000 head
y‘ per annuan, and these animals furnish markets for vast quantities of feed
 stuffs that are produced upon our farms and ranches. As the blood of our
 ranch cattle continues to improve, because of the breeding andiimportation
of the best class of males, the stockman is forced to depend more upon
feeding and less upon the natural rustling capacity of his stock; and,
therefore, tthe feeding problem grows in importance from year to year as
the native long horn disappears from our ranges.
_ The plan of the experiment herein reported was, briefly, as follows:
i Forty-two steers were divided into six pens, the odd numbered pens (one,
three, and five) are fed entirely different rations, while pen two is fed
~ nearly the same ration as penlone; pen four nearly the same ration as
 pen three; and pen six nearly the same as pen five--thus dividing the six
ipens into three distinct ration groups with fourteen steers in each group.
1, The questions asked of the steers are: (1) “Can corn meal, or hay,
‘v be added profitably to a cottonseed meal and hull ration?”  “In
what proportions should corn meal, cottonseed meal, and hulls be fed for
best results?” (3) “Can oats be profitably used a-s companion food
{for meal and hulls?” (4) “What is the best proportion of oats, meal,
i and hulls to be fed in fattening steers?” (5) “Which of" the three
igroups that are fed different rations will give the best finish in 100 to
i140 days?” (6) “What profit may be expected in feeding well bred
Texas cattle until they are thoroughly ripe?”

' (131)

132 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

WHAT THE EXPERIMENT SHOWS.

I. Sorghum hag is more than equal to cottonseed hulls, when fed with
hulls and cottonseed meal.

II. The common practice of “topping out” the hull and meal ration
with corn chops is not so profitable, as to feed the same amount of corn
chops from the beginning.

III. Steers fed 100 days only will make rapid gains on the several
rations used. v

IV. When corn chops is combined with hulls and meal, a feed of two
pounds of chops made more gain at less cost than when four pounds of
chops were used.

V. Equal parts of oats, corn c-hops, and cottonseed meal, combined
with hulls, make an excellent ration.

VI. Corn chops and shelled oats are of equal value for fattening steers
when fed with hulls and meal.

VII. Steers eating corn chops shrink largely in live weight, when
shipped, if the chops is combined with hulls and meal.

ORIGIN or THE EXPERIMENT.
Since the ‘establishment of the oil mill interest in the So-utlh, fattening

cattl-e upon hulls and meal has become so much the practice .that we may
safely consider the “hull and meal ration” to be the standard among the

i feed stuffs used by those who fatten cattle in the South for market, and

when the co-mmittee of the Texas Live Stock Association, appointed at
its January, 1898, meeting, requested the Station authorities to conduct
a feeding experiment, it is but natural that hulls and meal were chosen to
form tihe basis of the rations suggested by the committee, and that such
other materials should be added to the hulls and meal as were thought
most important. ,

‘The committee, consisting of Mr. M. Sansom of Alvarado, Mr. Jos.
Green of Encinal, and Mr. Vorhies P. Brown of San~Antoni0, Texas,
visited the Station in July, 1898, and the following plan of experiment
was agreed upon and carried out during the next fall and winter season:

PLAN OF THE EXPERIMENT.

PART I. ‘The first part of the experiment was planned "to test SORG-
HUM HAY against OoTToNsEEn HULLs, CoRN and C012 CHoPs against
CoTToNsEED MEAL, and OATs against CoTToNsEED MEAL. These last
feeds replaced a part of the cottonseed meal, while in all pens some hulls
was fed continuously. In Pens A and B the rations were changed at the
end of 100 days, to finish off these steers with corn chops.

100 Days. 140 Days. , 9
PEN A ........... "Hulls and Meal ............................................ ..Hulls. Meal, and Chops.
PEN B ........... ..Hulls, Meal. and Sorghum Hay ................. ..Hulls, Meal, Sorghum Hay. Chops.
PEN O ............ ..Hu1ls, Meal, and. Chops ............................. ..(As before.)

PEN D ........... ..Hu1ls, Meal, Chops, and Oats .................... ..(As before.)

FEEDING STEERS. 13 3

While one pen was fed a ration of HULLs and MEAL, ‘another was fed
HULLs, MEAL, and SORGHUM HAY. Another was fed HULLs, MEAL, an-d
CORN OHoPs, and the fourth pen was fed HULLs, MEAL, CoRN OHoPs,
and SHELLED OATS. In the pens where corn and oats were fed contin-
uously there were fourteen ste-ers to the pen, while in the first two pens,
only seven steers were used.

Topping Out the H ulls and M eaZ.-—After feeding Pen A on hulls and
meal for 100 days, corn chops was added to finish off the steers, and the
cottonseed meal was correspondingly decreased. The results were not
entirely favorable to this plan of feeding corn chops. '

PART II. ‘The purpose of this feature of the experiment was to deter:
mine the proper amount of CORN OHoPs or CORN and Oars when feeding
hulls and meal.

100 Days. 140 Days.
GROUP I Pen A. Hull and Meal. Hulls, Meal. and Chops.
" t Pen B. Hulls. Meal. and Sorghum Hay. Hulls, Meal, Sorghum, and Chops.
f Pen A. Hulflszhhleal, and small amount (As before.)
o ‘ iops.
GROUP H‘ t Pen B. Hulls. Meal, and large amount (As before.)
L of Chops.
l‘ Pen A. Hultlswlvletl, PLHGOSTIIGI/l amounts (As before.)
0' U iops an ats.
GROUP In‘ , Pen B. Hulls, Meal, and large amounts (As before.)
L of Chops and Oats.

In feeding corn chops a portion of “Pen C” of Part I was fed a small
amount of chops, while the other ‘half of the pen Was fed freely upon
this material. In a similar manner a combination of oats and corn chops
was tested in varying amounts with the steers of Pen D, in order to
determine the best proportion in which to use these, when fed in combina-
tion with hulls and cottonseed meal.

It was thought that this manner of varying the amounts of feed would
also serve as a check upon all divisions of the experiment.

THE STEERS USED.

‘The cattle fed in this experiment consisted of forty-eight head of short
two-year-olds, principally of high grade, Short horn breeding, raised in
Nueces county on the ranch of the Kennedy Pasture Company. They
were bought of N. R. Powell of Petus, and arrived at College Station
November 4, very much drawn because of the hard conditions to which
they had been subjected for twelve days before their arrival. They were
run on good grass until November 15, to allow them to regain their normal
weights, and were then weighed up and tagged before beginning the pre-
liminary feeding. It was found, during the preliminary feeding, which
began November 16, that nearly all of the steers were accustomed to eat-
ing, and promised to gain regularly and stay in good health while under
experiment. The same ration was given all of the steers during this pre-
liminary feeding in order that they might all be brought to the same basis

I34 TExAs AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

of comparison. ‘They were fed six days in an open lot upon a ration of

_12 pounds of hulls and 3 pounds of meal per day; then the amount was

changed to 4% pounds of meal and 18 pounds of hulls for four days, and
again changed to 4 pounds of meal and 2O pounds of hulls, which was fed
for ten days. Thus the preliminary feeding embraced 2O days of light
feeding. '

DISTRIBUTION OF STEERS.

On December 4 all of the steers used were Weighed and distributed into
three “groups” of six pens, With 14L steers per group and "7 steers in each
pen. Care Was used to distribute fairly, so that individual original Weights
might not impair the accuracy of the experiment.

(1) The six heaviest steers Were first selected and distributed accord-
ing "to weight throughout the pens, from numbers one to six. (2) The
six steers that had made the largest gains during the preliminary period
were next distributed through the pens, from pens numbers six to one,
reversing the first order of distribution. (3) The six steers that had
made the least gains during the preliminary period were next selected
and were distributed from pens numbers six to one. (4) The six steers
weighing the leasit and in poorest general condition were then selected
from the remaining bunch and were thrown out of the experiment. (5)
A selection Was then made of the six lightest steers, and these were dis-
tributed according to Weight in pens one to six. (6) The average weights
of the eighteen remaining steers (indifferent) Were then taken, and these
were distributed in such a manner as to make the average Weight for all
pens practically the same in all respects.

FEEDING, XVATERING AND “WIIGIIING.

The rations agreed upon were prepared by mixing the grain ration with
the hulls in each case for all of the steers of a given pen. The feed was
put in early in the morning, once a day, and all of the cattle "Were fed
What it was thought they would eat up clean. If any Waste occurred, it
was removed from the trough every other day, weighed, and the amount
deducted from the gross xveight fed.

The “corn chops” referred to here, consisted of corn and cob ground
together {moderately fine; better results might hav-e been secured had this
grain been more finely ground, but the burr stones of the Station mill
would not grin-d fine "without greatly increasing the co.st of the work.

The shelled oats were fed dry and unground, but were mixed with the
other grains b-efore feeding,

‘The feeding troughs were located in a low shed, and in cold, wet weather

i each pen of cattle was kept shut up and were thus largely prevented from

exposing themselves to the weather. The shed space for each pen was
20x15 feet square, while adjoining the shed there were pens for the use
of these cattle, 25x25 feet. There was but one severe spell of weather
experienced during the period-—February—\vhen the thermometer went

FEEDING STEERS. 1 35

below zero, and for several days was below 20° F. During this time, the
cattle in all of the pens suffered from the extreme cold, but some of the
pens felt the severe Weather much more keenly than did others.

A large open lot, connected with the feeding pens, contained fresh
artesian water, and the steers were given access to this water from 8 o’c1ock
a. m. until 2 p. m., at which time they were put into pens and returned
to their feed.

The weights mentioned in this report were secured as the average of
separate Weighings, taken upon three consecutive days, and are, therefore,
considered more reliable than if a single weighing had been depended
upon. We recognize the fact that the live weight of the animal is easily
influenced by such factors as gain flesh, amount of food eaten, quantity
of water drunk, the daily passage of food through the digestive tract, and
the action of the kidneys. ‘These conditions are so active and variable that
animals often vary as much as forty to sixty pounds per day, without con-
sidering the ‘two or three pounds live weight gain in flesh, for which the
feeder anxiously watches.

The steers were weighed regularly upon every 20th day, and the day
preceding and following that day, and the three weights averaged, accord-
ing to these 20 day “periods,” may be found by referring to page 138.

13.6 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

PART l.
WEIGHTS AND GAINS.

FEEDING 100 DAYS.

For the convenience of the reader, the experiment with the four pens
was broken up into a 100-day and a 140-day experiment, and the results
are here shown at the end of 100 days (March 14, 1899), because a large
number of steers fattened on meal and hulls in this State are now fed less
than 100 days. Tables marked “la” or “2a,” refer to the 100-day test,
while those marked “lb” or “2b,” refer to the 140-day trial.

Table 1a shows the weights of steers at the beginning of the experiment,
the-actual gain in pounds according to pens, and the gain per thousand
pounds live weight during the 100 days. The rate of gains for all of the
steers was rapid and was quite satisfactory up to the weights of February
22, when the rate suddenly fell off about fifty per cent in all pens. This
was due to the excessive cold weather of February.

A study of the table shows that the steers gained steadily, but that those
receiving the corn chops in addition to the hulls and meal gained at a
greater rate per thousand pounds during the 100 days than did pen “C.”
This pen made gains at the rate of something more than three pounds per
day on the original thousand pounds live weight, while pen “A,” fed plain
hulls and cottonseed meal, gained but 271 pounds during the entire hun-
dred days, or at the rate of 2.7 pounds per day. All other rations pro-
duced better gains than did simple hull and meal ration during the first
100 days.

TABLE NO. 1a.
Weights and Gains by Peri0ds~—10O Days.

(Stated per Steer and by Pens.)

“/ /"’"1“""‘”"*“” 8%“? 1 i i 
. ‘ 21m A. mm B. 91m c. 21m n.
f5 . n“
5-4
<=> <9 H 11 ,M 1‘ d H 11.*,Mea1a a H1111s,Mea1.Ohops
‘l’; E Hulls and Meal‘ u SE21??? (m u E5555. n and Oats.
g 5 --- _~--~~~
4 f; .3 “ 5 5 . 5 .. 5 .- 5
g 8 o f” @8- w . 94¢ s: “a :1 . “g
<=> w: "r g .5 o "* .5 E 3 i” E E 3 3° .5 F @
B :1 ‘D "é 5"‘ °° =5 <5" ‘D 4e 1"‘ ‘D d 5"‘
a m B c5 <5 a c5 <5 B c5 <5 B <5 <5
(1) Dec 24. 745.49 51.85 90 47 777.51 53.43 73 79 749 35 57 32 82 81 737.45 57.71 ""8508
(2 Jan 13. 79185 45.35 81 850.35 72.85 10051 814 28 54 93 93 84 791.35 52.90 79.15
(3)1351)  828 57 35 71 53 71 854.55 14.18 19.59 844.24 29 95 43 23 825.47 34.12 50.34
(41 Feb. 22. 838.57 10.00 14.53 878.81 14.25 19.70 853.35 1911 57 845.58 20 21 29.58
(5) Mar. 14. 858.92 30.35 44.39. 922.33 43.51 50.10 902.42 39 07 55 41 879.14 33 45 59.54
Total gains
- 10o days. 213.89 271.01 ......... .. 198.23 273.79 210.39 303.95 ......... .. 198.40 294.90

FEEDING STEERS. ' 13 7

FEEDING 140 DAYSI

In arranging the experiment for feeding steers 140 days, it was the
opinion of the committee and the Station authorities that in all probability
the steers that were fattened in our feed lots were too» generally shipped
out before they were thoroughly ripe, and it was thought advisable to con-
tinue the experiment for forty or fifty days longer, after having checked
up the result of the 100-day fattening period.

The data here presented include that already shown, and is a continu-
ation for forty additional days, the same cattle being used and divided
up into the same pens, but a change, was made in the rations fed to pens
“A” and “B” by adding corn and cob chops to the rations of both pens
for the purpose of “topping out” these cattle and giving them a finish,
such as was thought could not be done with the hulls and meal alone.

‘Table “lb,” presented below, indicates the weight of the cattle at the be-
ginning of the experiment and for every twenty days through the 140 days
feeding. The manner of distributing the feed to the pens, taking the
weights of the cattle and management in all respects, was the same as has
been described for the 100-day experiment.

The weights of April 3 and April 23, for pens “A” and “B,” show the
results of adding the corn meal to these pens, and the use of_this material
seems to be fully justified by the fact that the steers in both of these pens
continued to gain rapidly after having passed the one hundredth day.
The amount o-f corn meal added to these rations amounted to 6.47 pounds
per head per day for pen “A,” and 6.40 pounds per head per day for
 ((B3)

By referring to page 138 it will be noticed that pen “A” and “B” gained

practically the same in weight to the end of the first 100 days, but during

the following forty days the steers in pen “B” gained 103.3 pounds, while
the steers of pen “A” gained but 88.7 pounds, showing that the corn meal,
when added to the ration of hulls, meal, and sorghum hay, was more fully
appreciated by‘ the steers than when added to pen “A,” fed upon hulls-and
meal alone during the first 100 days. _

It will be noticed that the ration to which hulls, meal, and corn chops
was fed regularly, throughout the 140 days (Pen “C”), and the steers in
pen “D” receiving oats in addition to these feeds, gained practically "the
same amount 395 and 397 pounds, respectively, per thousand pounds live
weight.

‘The history of the gains made during these 140 days shows that for
the first twenty days to be enormously large, amounting to as much as
nine per cent. of the original live weight in the case of the hull and meal
fed group. These gains tend to gradually decrease as the steers approach
the fat stage, because the proportional increase towards the latter part
of the feeding experiment consists more largely of flesh and less of
paunch gains.

It will be noticed that the steers in three of the pens gained during the
last twenty days at the rate of about two pounds per day per thousand

1138 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

pounds weight in two of the pens (“C” and “D”), indicating th-at con-
tinued feeding would have probably proved profitable had no-t warm
weather interfered. It is not sufficient for us to know that the steers
sold for the top price upon the St. Louis market the day they were
slaughtered, for it is probable that had they been fed longer they would
have sold for relatively a higher price, but, in this connection, it would
be well to bear in mind that the steers were only three years old and did
not carry the same per cent. of carcass fat that older steers would
have shown for 140 days feeding. This is because these immature steers
both grew and fczttened upon the ration fed. Their immaturity supplies
a reason for the rapid daily gains of these steers, and also partly explains
the small amount of “waste fiat” found in the slaughter test.

TABLE NO. 1b.
Weights and. Gains by Periods-FLO Days.

(Stated per Steer and by Pens.)

 

i’ I
m; PEN A. f PEN B. PEN C. PEN D.
.9 - 4W».  M
B:
g3 . Hulls, Meal and i Hulls, Meal, Hay Hulls, Meal and Hulls. Meal, Chops
k  Uhopsfi‘ and Uhopsft Chops. and Oats.
:6 ‘E __ __ __ _ _ _ w? __________L__
‘f. i’ - a - a .- s: a
*5 ‘*5  . =8 f. . 2'5 i  . 1% E . no"
c: r; .5’ 5 5 8 .5". 5 c 8 .:5 5 E 8 E” .5 .5 8
B : 1> 1e e "“ 9 1s  -* P =s s "' P as =2 P‘
a m 2 w o E c: <5 : o c: s c: c5
(1) Dec 24. 745 49 61.85 90 47 777.51 53.43 73 79 749.30 57.32 8 737.45 57 71 85.08
(2r Jan 13. 791 85 46.35 67 1'41 850.36 72.85 100 61 814.28 64.93 93 84 791.35 53.90 79.16
(3) Feb 2. 828.57 36.71 53 71 864 55 14.18 19 59 844.24 29.96 43 2.5 825.47 34.12 50.34
(4) Feb 22. 838.57 10.00 14 63 878.81 14.26 19 70 863.35 19.11 27 67 845 68 20.21 29.68
(5) M at‘. 14. 868 92 30.36 44 39 922.3% 43.51 60 10 903-42 3907 5b 41 879.14 33 45 50-04
(6) A t‘ 3. 890.21 21.2 31 15 958.50 36.16 49 95 931.28 28.86 41 5b 896.77 17 b3 24.28
(7) Apr 2.3 937.00 37.43 5 996.16 37.66 53 40 965.49 34 21 49 54 943.23 46 46 68.38
Total gains
140 days. ......... .. 243.98 356.70 .........  272.05 377.14 ......... .. 273.46 395.06 ......... .. 263.49 397.56

*Oh0ps fed after the 100th day.
THE FEED EATEN AND GAINS.
RESULTS FOR 100 DAYS.

As indicated in the table below, the appetites of the steers. in all pens
were quite uniform throughout the first 100 days. The amount of feed
consumed by the several pens is conveniently shown in Table 2a, where the
amount eaten by each steer during each twenty days of this 100-day experi-

ment, may be found.
In the line showing the totals 0f feed consumed and the gain per thou-

FEEDING STEERS. 139

sand pounds for each pen, it Will be noticed that during the first 100 days

pen “B” ate 596 pounds of sorghum hay, 1439 pounds of cottonseed hulls, b

as opposed to 2225 pounds of hulls consumed by pen “A.” "The cotton-
seed meal fed both pens Was practically the same, and the gains in live
Weight are about equal. It is, therefore, fair to assume that thesorghum
hay used (596 pounds) replaced, and proved equal to, some 800 pounds
of hulls. i While this is a difference of some tWenty-five per cent. in favor
of a ton _of hay, as compared to a ton of hulls, it is not necessarily true

that sorghum as a sole ration, fed in combination With cottonseed meal, '

will prove equal to hulls fed in combination With cottonseed meal. Fur-
ther investigation is needed to establish the best pro-portions in which to
feed sorghum hay in combination With hulls, cottonseed meal, and other
feeding stufis; similar to the experiments on rati0- of feeds reported in
these pages in the trials with corn chops and oats.

It Will be noted that the steers in pen “C,” receiving hulls, meal and
chops, gained more rapidly than those receiving hulls, meal, chops, and
oats, but there Was not a Wide difference unfavorable to the use of oats.
In the second part of this experiment, a report is made upon the best
proportion to be used in combining chops With hulls and meal, and the
reader is referred to page 151 for a further discussion of this subject. ‘The
best method to combine oats and chops With a hull and meal ration, is
also discussed, and Will be found upon page 151. -

FEEDING 140 nixYs.

The change in the ration of pen “ti” consisted of an addition of corn
chops at the rate of 6.64 pounds per head. It Will be noticed that when
the corn chops Was added, the ration of hulls Was decreased correspond-
ingly by 6.09 pounds per day, because the steers Would not eat all of the
old ration and the chops in addition. As before stated, the rate of gain
continued to be uniform and satisfactory; therefore, it Would seem that
the ration of 6.64 pounds chops per day proved a substitute for only 6.09
pounds of hulls. .

In pens “C? and “D” the daily ration continued Without material
change other than a slight reduction in the amount consumed per day as
compared with the fifth period of twenty days, extending from February
22 to March 14, but it Will be noted that they ate rather more during the
last twenty days than during ‘the second period of feeding.

lsk..¢w....fi..rw

140 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

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141

FEEDING STEERS .

 

 

 

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144-

TABLE NO 4a..
Cost of Feeds at Varying Prices—14O Days.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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FEEDING STEERS. 145

In some sections of theState, Where oats are largely grown and must
be hauled a long distance before reaching market, this crop can be success-
fully and cheaply used in fattening steers, if fed freely in combination
with corn chops and some cottonseed meal, using sorghum hay, or hulls
and hay, for the roughness. By referring t-o the “3d case” supposed,
under Table 4a, it will be found that where oats was largely used and all
of the grains were counted at low cost, the steers fed a ration containing
oats produced gains almost as cheaply as any of the rations fed.

oosT FOR 140 DAYS.

The financial results of the experiment running for 140 days are
materially changed from those obtained in feeding 100 days, since the
cheapest pound gain changes from pen “A” to the steers in pen “C,”
using the cheapest prices, as quoted on page 144. The gains per hun-
dred pounds for pen “C” were made at a cost of $3.63, while for pen
“A” the same gain was made at a cost of $4.00. Pen “D,” fed the oat
ration, ranks second to pen “C?” In feeding the 100 days, it was noted
that the cost per 100 pounds gain for pen"‘A” was $2.98 ; when feeding
for 140 days, the figures change to $4.00, because of the addition of corn
and cob chops as a finishing ration. The cost per hundred pounds gain
for pen “C,” during 100 days, was $3.48, while for 14:0 days the cost
per day was only slightly increased-—$3.63. It is, therefore, evident that
for long term feeding rations (such as that given to pen “C”),'a small

i » amount of -corn and cob chops fed continuously in combination with meal,

is to be preferred to one of hulls and cottonseed meal, “topped out” with
Qan addition of corn chops. It is "worthy of notice that the amount of corn
chops fed per day in topping out this bunch of cattle was not sufficiently

 great to sour during digestion, or to cause any degree of scouring*.

‘Throughout the entire experiment, the steers of pens “C” and “D”
seemed to be more thrifty and more uniform eaters, and showed less dispo-
tion to go off feed than did the steers of any other pen. Next to these
in appetite were the steers of pen “B,” where sorghum hay was fed.

TABLE NO. 3b.
Cost of Feed and Gain~14O Days.

(Stated for average steer per pen.)

 

           

Hulls S. Hay. C. S. Meal. Chops. Oats. g3 _ é gig 2.5
Qg S‘; 3g; “Q”
.06 _06.‘ 0t. 0.6. 01;‘ .5 “lbw”
f 10s. °$S L lbs. f; lbs. ‘és lbs. o; lbs. °$5 g“ =6 gjsf 8g
l 1 r w P‘ Q:
l itijiiiiimljiwfij-
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f, Pena} 2884.1 4.32 . ............... .. 576.16, 4.321 258.08 1.077 .................. .. 0.754 243.86 35.67 2.000
1. PenBJ 1882.2 2.828 1007.4 3.112 613.10 4508 256.06 1.065 .................. .. 11.508 272.08 37.71 4.263
 PenG. 2725.0 4007...“... ..  551.00 4.132 405.21 1.685 .................. .. .035 272.47 10.58 3.639
4 renn.‘ 2622.1 21.033 ................ .. 470.28 3.522 234.07 .077 234.64 1.600 10.110 263.40 38.70 3.837

       

*The same statement is also applicable t0 the steers of Pen “II” Bwhere sorghum

 hay was fed.

2—Bul. 55.

146 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

VARYING THE PRICES OF FEED STUFFS.—140 DAYS.

As in the case of the 100-day rations, five supposed cases of feeds, taken
at various prices, are presented to show how the results of the experiment
would vary from a financial standpoint, according to the local prices of

_ feed stuffs. See page 144.

In ail of the cases here stated, the steers in pen “C” (fed a uniform
ration of hulls, meal, andfcorn chops), produced gains at least cost, and
sin-ce the actual gains were equal to the best made by any of the pens, this
ration seems to recommend itself, especially to those who Wish to fatten
for a long time. On account of the large amount of grain consumed,
it might be supposed that in cases Where grain is high priced that the
ration fed pen “C” would prove so expensive as to render the gains more
costly than in other pens, but investigation of the data presented, showing
the cost of each item of feed, proves this supposition to be untrue, because
of the very uniform and rapid gains resulting from this ration.

It may be noticed in the “5th case” what may appear to some as un-
usually low prices for hay, etc., but in many cases coming under our
observation all of the feeding materials mentioned are bought and fed, at
times, at prices fully as low as those mentioned in the “5th case.”

In some portions of the "State, sorghum hay is produced upon farms at
a cost of less than $1.50 per ton, while within the last two or three seas-ons
cottonseed hulls have been contracted for by feeders at $2.00 per ton,
throughout the season. Two years ago, good bright cottonseed meal sold
for less than $12.00 per ton at a number of mills in the State. Upon
many of the grain growing farms, where cattle can be fed, corn and cob
chops have a value not exceeding $5.54 per ton, and the same can be said
of oats at $9.32 per ton.

These facts only serve to indicate the very large amounts of cheap and
valuable feeds that are available in our State for beef production, and
that these should b-e utilized to the fullest possible extent.

147

FEEDING STEERS.

 
 

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A casses than would be the case if older and better matured steers are fed:

148 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. i

  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
  

SHIPPING ‘THE STEERS.

Having been fed 140 days, in addition to twenty days preliminary‘,
feeding, all of the steers were shipped via the H. & T. C. R. B, after-r
driving them five miles to Bryan, where they were loaded on cars about
dark of April 24. ‘The two cars of cattle were shipped t0 St. Louis, con?
signed to Strahorn, Hutton 8t Evans Commission 00., in charge of Mr.
H. C. Kyle, Station Foreman, who took the necessary not-es upon the
cattle while on cars and after arriving at St. Louis. They reached Paris;
Texas, at 11 :30 a. m. April 25, where they were promptly unloaded and-
allowed to stand without eating or drinking, when they were reloaded at
6 :30 p. m. The steers arrived in St. Louis April 26, at 5 a. m., and were?
unloaded, fed, and watered. During the trip 11.1 pounds of prairie hay‘;
was fed per head. ' “

On arriving in St. Louis, it was noticed that the steers of pen “C” were
drawn less because of their shipment than were the other lots; the next, as f- a
to condition, were the steers of pen “B.” These two pens of steers ate é
readily after unloading in St. Louis, and seemed to relish water‘ and hay Y
more than did the steers in-the other pens. The steers in pen “D” were;
considerably drawn by the trip, but seemed quite hungry, while the steers a
of pen “A” were very badly drawn, and one of the animals seemed a little -
sick. It was noticed that steers of pen “A” seemed to have scoured badly,- ‘
while pen “B,” receiving sorghum hay, did not show any evidence of this‘ a
trouble. The steers in all other pens appeared to scour slightly, but no;
marked results were noted. Having been fed 140 days, all of the steers.
had shed off clean and looked much smoother and in better condition than)
did any other cattle seen upon the market that day. a a

The steers were offered for sale to several buyers, by pens as fed, grouped.
‘according to pens “A,” “B,” “C” and “D.” The prices offered by the,
first ‘bidder were for pen “A,” 4.15¢ ; for “B,” “C” and “D,” 4.25¢. Sec-i
0nd bid: “A,” 4.15¢; “B,” “C,” and “D,” 4.30¢. At 11 a. m. the steers
were sold to the St. Louis Dressed Beef and Provision Co, as a bunch, @§_
4..35¢ all round, which firm agreed to give us the dressed weights of the;
steers, together with St. Louis live weights, and such other data as were‘
wanted. ‘The data thus secured are presented in the table below \and are; y
valuable, because they show that wherever hulls and meal alone were fed:
100 days the per cent. of “waste fat” was excessive, whereas this fat dii
not show upon the carcass. i is

‘The waste fat reported for the individual steers would indicate tha‘
none of them were ripe and well fattened, unless we consider the immae
turity of the steers. The live weight gains secured in feeding these steerz;
were quite satisfactory, and probably consisted of both growth and fat,
A much larger proportion of the gain going into the tissues of the calf-i

hence the comparatively small amount of waste fat reported.

 

 

 

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FEEDING STEERS. 149

   

TABLE NO. 5.
‘Dressed Weights and Summary of Resu1ts-140eDays.

(Stated per Steer and by Pens.)

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272.08 4.263 37.71 2.690 996.16 938.3 528.6 5.9 56.20 37.5
273.46 3.639 '39 51 2.819 965.49 898.4 516.9 6 7 57.43 
b 6 56.75 ‘ .

263.49 $3.837 38.75 2.766 943.23 881.3 501.4

» appointed by the Live ‘Stock Asociation that the chances for the profit-ably

I50 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

PARTIL

  
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
    
   
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
  

VARYING THE AMOUNTS OF GRAIN USED.

The custom of feeding corn meal, or corn and cob chops t0 finish fatten,
ing steers that have been fed a hall and meal ration for 80 or 100 day,
has become well established among the feeders of the cotton oil mill dis“;
tricts. In changing the ration in this manner, it is customary to use f0 .
to six pounds of corn meal or» corn and cob chops per head for steers 
800 t0 1000 pounds, and the time. of feeding is continued twenty to for
days, as permitted by weather, ripeness of cattle, market conditions, etc
Many oil mills have set up corn-crushing machinery to assist.the feeder i
combining corn with oil mill feed. It was the opinion of the committe

feeding of a uniform ration of hulls, meal, and corn chops, and p-o-ssibl
with the addition of oats to the ration, were most favorable; but the quesj
tion of just how much corn chops should be fed daily throughout th
experiment, or just how much shelled oats should be used in combinatio
with the meal and chops, as companion grains, were undetermined mat;
ters, and it was agreed to test the p/roper proportion 0f these grains. I

FEHHNG 100 DAYS. I

The following system of feeding was agreed upon for the first 100 days ‘
Chart I shows the actual arrangement of the pens, as grouped under -i
feeding shed. The two pens, “A” and “B,” that formed group I, arf.
identical with pens “A” and “B” in the first part of this report. The;
fourteen steers of Group II, pens “A” and “B,” are identical with pen “C”
in the first part of this repo-rt. ‘These steers were fed upon the same mate’?
rials, but they were differently proportioned to determine the best result
that might be secured. lThe fourteen steers of Group III, shown here as”
pens “A” and “B,” composed pen “D” of the first part of this experiment,
The same materials were used in feeding both pens “A” and “B” o a
Group III, but the feeds were differently proportioned. 

lThe proportions of the several ingredients of each ration are herf
stated. The average daily ration for 100 days is given in each case;
together with the per cent. gained by each pen. The chart will‘ enable the
reader to understand the plan of the experiment in which arrangmentf
pen “A,” fed 1 pound of cottonseed meal to 5.5 pounds cottonseed hulls;
is the standard, or check pen, by which the others are measured. 

FEEDING 140 DAYS.

The most marked results obtained during the experiment were noted in:
feeding 140 days, using the grains in varying proportions to test their?

   
   
  
 
  
  

FEEDING STEERS. a 1 5 1

,8. aptability. The steers of Group II, Pen A, gained faster than did any
fifths other pens. They were fed o, pat/ion of 4.1 pounds cottonseed meal,
 pounds of chops, 19.8 pounds hulls per day, and gained 404 pounds on
the original thousand pounds Moe weight. ‘The other pen, fed a similar
iration, but contained a larger amount of chops and somewhat less cotton-

‘eed meal, gained 19 pounds less" per thousand pounds weight during the

dame time, and the ration proved more expensive. Pen B, Group III, to

nation with 18.4 pounds hulls, gained almost as rapidly as the best pen,
d the cost of the ration was not excessive. Chart II, shown below, pre-
nts the results of the plan.

hich equal parts of Cottonseed meal, chops, and oats were fed in com- -

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AGRICULT URAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS .

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FEEDING S'l‘EER ‘ .

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154 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS

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TEXAS IAGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

THE GAINS RESULTING FROM VARYING THE GRAIN
‘ RATION.

RESULTS FOR 100 DAYS‘.-

In the first experiment it was reported that the greatest gain was
secured from the pen fed hulls, cottonseed meal, and chops, and this
second part of the experiment was planned to show just what ration of
chops, hulls and cottonseed meal should be fed.

Rations Containing Chops.
'l‘O PEN “A” WAS FED: TO PEN “B” WAS FED:

4 lbs. hulls. 5.1 lbs. hulls.
1 lb. cotton seed meal. 1 lb. cotton seed meal.
4 lbs. chops. 1 1b chops.

iThese rations were fed freely, with the result that during the first 100
days pen “A,” receiving 1,98 pounds chops per day, gained 213 pounds
per steer, While pen “B,” which received 3.81 pounds chops, gained 206
pounds per head. The difference between the rate of gain, resulting from
these two rations is not so marked when fed for 100 days, as when fed for
140 days (see page ——)._ _

In the trials "to determine the best proportion of oats, chops, and cotton-
seed meal, in combination with hulls, the following proportions were
tested:

Rations Containing Oats.

PEN “A” WAS FED: PEN “B” WAS FED:

4.2 lbs. hulls. 8.2 lbs. hulls.

1 lb. cotton seed meal. 1 lb. cotton seed meal.
2.5 lbs. chops. 1 lb. chops.

2.5 lbs. oats. 1 lb. oats.

At the end of the 100 days feeding, it was shown that the steers in pen
“B,” receiving equal parts of cottonseed meal, chops, and oats, gained
more rapidly than did pen “A,” which received 1 pound cottonseed meal
and the i pound each of oats and chops. The equal parts of the grains
produced 306 pounds gain upon the original thousand pounds live weight,
where the other ration gave but 283 pounds gain.

RESULTS FOR 14:0 DAYS.

‘By referring to Table “lb,” it will be noted that the steers of Group
III, Pen A, receiving the uniform ration of hulls, cottonseed meal, and
chops, gained more rapidly and steadily than did the steers of the other
pens, and that the food consumed during the last 40 days of the trial
indicates that the health of the cattle was excellent. The warm weather,
occurring during the last period, resulted in a slight decrease of appetite,
but otherwise, the cattle were in a. generally thriving condition.

In the last line of the table, the total gains in the weight for the 140
days by the aver-age steer are shown, and the tables indicate clearly the
actual rations throughout the feeding period.

FEEDING STEERS. 157

TABLE 1a.
Weights and Gains by Peri0ds——100 Days.

(Stated per Steer and per 1000 lbs. Weight.)

 

 

. fi GROUP I-Hulls, Hay and c. s. M.
2- 2
f‘ u’: 0 3 4 lbs Hulls t0
 ° 2nd of j 5.5 lbs. Hulls t0 g ' '
i; I4 - Pen A Pen B 1 lb. O. S. Meal,
 h Periods. I 1 lb. C. S. Meal. . L6 lbs S Hay
.. d
 g Wei ht Gain Gain per‘ Wei ht Gai Gain ger
1v q g - - 1000 lbs. g ' I‘ 10001 s.
 / —
 (1)...... Dec. 24... 74.5.49 61.85 90.47 777.51 53.43 73.79
 2)..... Jan. 13..... 791.85 46.35 67.81 850 36 72.85 100.61
>1 3)..... Feby.  828.57 36.71 53.71 864 55 14.18 19.59
 ‘ (4  Feby. 22.. 838.57 10.00 14.63 878.81 14.26 19.70
‘y. (5  Mar. 14.... 868.92 30.36 44.39  43.51 60.10
'.l‘ota.l Gains 100
Days ..... .._. .......................... .. 213.89 271.01 ................ ..| 198.23 273.79
g GROUP II-I-Iulls, C. S. M. and Chops.
o
g .
o End of 4 lbs. Hulls t0 5.1 lbs Hulls to
Ill Periods Pen A g1 lb. C. S. Meal, Pen B g1 lb Ob. S. Meal,
g ‘ 4 lbs. Chops. 1 lb. Chops.
n G . G .
- - ain per . - H.111 per
a Weight. I Gain. 1000 lbs Weight. Gain. I 10001105.
(1)..... Dec. 24.... 750.71 54.92 78.94 748.00 59.71 86.70
(2g..... Jan. 13..... 813.64 62.92 90.45 814.92 66.92 97.24
(3  Feb. 2 .... .. 853.57 39.92 57.40 834.92 20.00 29.06
(4)..... Feb. 22..... 864.64 11.07 ~ 15.90 862.07 27.14 39.44
(5)..... Mar. 14.... 909.71 45.07 64.77 89514 33.07 48.05
Total Gains 1100 ‘
Days... .............................. .. ' 213.90 307.46 ............... .. 206.84 300.49
,5 GROUP III—Hul1s, C. S. M., Chops and Oats.
E
i? End of j4.1lbs. Hulls to s2 lbs. Hulls to
ll Periods Pen A 1 lb. O. S. Meal, Pen B 1 1b. C. S. Meal,
h ' 2  lbs.()h0ps, .20lbs.Oats. 1 lb. Oh0ps,1 lb. Oats.
is
n G . G, . a
g Weight. Gain. lggglllggf Weight. Gain. lo$§lbgfr
(1) .... .. Dec. 24.... 747.57 53.52 77.11 727.33 61.92 93.05
(2)  Jan. 13..... 806.42 58.85 73.56 776.28 48.95 84.76
(3) Feb. 2 .... .. 836.42 30.00 57.46 814.51 38.23 43.22
(4)..... Feb. 22..... 856.57 20.14 30.34 834.80 %.28 29.02
(5).... Mar. 14.... 895.78 39.21 44.78 862.50 27.70 56.50
Total Gains 100
Days ................................. .. 201.72 233.25 ............... .., 197.08 306.55

TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

 

158
a TABLE lb.
W eights and Gains—14O Days.
(Stated per Steer and per 1000 lbs. Weight.)

u; GROUP ilk-Hulls, Hay and C. S. M. and. Chops.

E

"' 4.8 lbs. Hulls-to 3.71bs.Hulls t0 1 1b

Q .

p. Pléfiiigg Pen 11 71 1b u. s. M. and Pen n § 0. s. M.

>a ' .45 lbs. Chops. .4 lb. Chops, 1.7 lb.S.Hay.

a

n Gain er G‘ '

3 Weight. Gain. 1000 118$ Weight. Gain. lggéllggf
1st. . Dec. 24..... 745749 61.85 90.46 777.51 53.43 73.79
21111.. Jan. 13..... 791.85 46.35 67.81 850.36 72.85 100.61
3d .... .. Peby. 2 828.57 36.71 53.71 864.55 14.18 19.59
-4th. .. Peby. 22 838.57 10.00 14.63 878.81 14.26 _ 19.70
5th.... Mch. 1 868.92 30.36 44.39 922.33 43.51 60.10
6th. .. Apr. 2 ..... .. 890.21 21.28 31.15 958.50 36.16 49.95
7th. Apr. 23 927.50 37.43 54.54 996.16 37.66 53.40
'.l.'ota.1 Gains 140

Days ................................. .. 243.86 356.70 ................ .. 272.08 377.14

,5 amour 1141111115, c. s. m. and Chops.

i: End of 4.8 lbs. Hulls to an‘ lbs. Hulls t0

Fl Periods Pen A %11b. C. S. Meal and Pen B 31 lb. O. S. M and

h 4 ‘ .5 lbs. Chops. 1. lb. Uhops.

a

n Gain er Gain er

a Weight. Gain. 1000 lgg Weight. Gain. 1000 lgs
1st .. Dec. 24 750.71 54.92 78.94 748.00 59.71 86.70
2nd. J'a.n. 13 813.64 62.92 90.45 814.92 66.92 97.24
3rd. Feb. *2 .... .. 853.57 39.92 57.40 834.92 20.00 29.06
4th. Feb. 22 864.64 11.07 15.90 862.07 27.14 39.44
5th. Mar. 14 909.71 45.07 64.77 895.14 33.07 48.05
6th. Apr. -3 .... .. 946.78 37.07 53.14 915.78 20.64 29.99
7th. Apr. 23 977.21 30.42 43.88 953.78 38.00 55.21
Total Gains 14.0

Days ................................. .. 281.43 404.48 ................ .. 265.50 385.74

u; GROUP III—H1111S, C. S. M“ Chops and Oats.

f§

“' 4.2 lbs. Hulls to 8.2 lbs. Hulls t0

K P3115131’ Pen A 21 1b. 0. s.   lbs. Pen 1: éi lb. 0. s. M., 1 lb.

h en‘) s‘ Chops, .25 lbs. Oats. Chops, 1. lbs. Oats.

1e

n - Gain er Gain er

a Weight Gain. 1000 lgs Weight Gain. 1000 lgs’
1st . Dec. 24.... 747.57 53.52 77.11 727.33 61.92- 93.05
2nd Jan. 13.... 806.42 58.85 73.56 776.28 48.95 84.76
3rd. Feb. 2' .... .. 836.42 30.00 57.46 814.51 38.23 43.22
4th. Feb. 22 856.57 20.14 30.34 834.80 20.28 29.02
5th. Mar. 14 895.78 39.21 44.78 862.50 27.70 56.50
6th.... Apr. 3 .... .. 918.71 25.58 15.53 874.83 12.30 33.04
7th.... Apr. 23 965.21 46.50 69.76 921.25 46.41 67.00
Total Gains 140

Days ................................. .. 271.14 384.48 ................ .. 255.84 390.65

  

FEEDING STEERS. 1 59

FEED EATEN AND GAINS.
100 DAY RATIONS.

In Table 2a, the amounts of feed consumed by the steers in each of the
six pens is presented and the rate of gain is also shown, for the “purpose
of indicating just how the amount of food eaten influenced the rate of
gains.

It Will be found that in all cases the gains were quite uniform and
regular, With the exception of the twenty days ending February 22
(during a part of which time the Weather Was severely cold and the
steers failed to gain normally, regardless of the food eaten). This fact
emphasizes the advisability of placing steers upon feed as early as practi-
catble in the fall, in order that they may be marketed before the severe
temperatures occurring during the latter part of January and February
occurs. In this respect, We have a great advantage over the feeders living
far to the North, Where cold Weather usually occurs during the months
of October and December. If these cold snaps can be avoided, the rapid
and steady gains of the cattle under feed will fully repay the foresight
and care of the feeder.

\

s

160 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

_ TABLE NO. 2a..
Feed Eaten Per Steer and Gains-JOO Days.

 

See Rations Below,
i _ GROUP I1 Pens A. and B.
g .
w-I _ 3.4 lbs. Hulls. 1.6 lbs.
3 Eng of Pen A fiblbg- Iguhlal” m Pen B g s. Hay
llc Penods. ' ' ' ' to 1 lb. O. S. M.
h _
3 Per ' Per ‘
Hulls 0- s- Cent. Hulls. s Hay I 0- _S~ Gent.
a 17163.1. Gain. i I Medl. Gain‘
1St..... Dec. 24... 443.8 82.68 9.04 275.8 120.4 77.85 7.3
2nd  Jan. 13... 427.0 80.22 6.78 272.7 95.3 81.09 10.
3d .... .. Feb. 2... 443.3 77.23 5.37 274.5 99.4 81.25 1.
4th.... Feb. 22... ,444.1 80.23 1.46 281.6 134.6 83.45 1.9
5th.... Mar. 14... 467.7 86.03 4.43 335.0 146 3 95.86 6.
Totals for 100 _
days.........   2225.9 406.39 27.08 1439.6 596.0 419.50 27.
| 
jI-Iulls c. s. Heal F;
d GROUP II l and. C: Chops. f‘
lg .
T: 4 lbs. Hulls S51 lbs. Hulls to
Q End of Pen A gto 1 lb. O. S. M. Fen B 1 lb. 0.8. M.
n. Periods. and .4 lbs. Chops. land 1 lb. Ohops
z, .
n C S P61‘ C s Per!
Hulls. ' ' Chops. (lent. Hulls. , ' ' Chops. 0e t
a Meal. Gain Meal. Ga?
1st“... Dec. 24... 365.4 102.04 36.66 7.89 350.60 62.55 69.43 8.
2nd  Jan. 13... 382.0 91.63 38.4] 9.04 369.2 73.75 73.75 9.
3d Feb. 2... 398.7 95.73 40.82 5.74 384.4 76.11 76.33 2. v
4th.... Feb. 22... 395.7 95.08 39.44 1.59 390.3 77.71 77.93 3. _
5th.... Mar. 14... 420.6 100.85 42.55 6.47 415.6 82.85 83.43 4.
Totals for 100
days ................ .. 1962.4 485.33 197.88 30.73 1910.1 372.97 380.87 30.,
Hulls C. S. Meal,
u. GROUP III}: Chops’ and. Oats. r
lg .
T. 4.2 lbs. Hulls t0 8.2 lbs. Hulls t0
q; End. of Pen A g1 lb. C. S. M. .25lbs. Chops Pen B {l lb. O. S. M., 1 lb. Chops
F: Periods. and .25 lbs. Oats. and 1 lb. Oats.
h
'3 -.
g Hulls. lgési Chops. Oats. 016216. Hulls. fiézfi‘ Chops. Oats. 0g?
q ' Gain. ' Gal =
1st"... Dec. 24... 353.8 81.50 20.43 20.35 7.71 332.0 40.10 40.16 40.15 9.
2nd... Jan. 13... 376.6 86.01 23.63 23.65 7.35 360.9 43.25 43.26 43.26 8.
3d.  Feb. 2... 386.9 89.37 22.95 23.17 5.74 340.7 44.63 44.63 44.76 4.
4th.... Feb. 22... 340.5 91.00  22.43 3.03 381.3 45.57 45.57 44.57 2.
5th.... Mar. 14... 420.9 97.10 23.81 23.81 4.47 405.8 48.35 48.36 48.36 5. \
Totals for 100 
days ................ .. 1878.7 444.98 113.17 113.39 28.30 1820.7 221.91 221.98 221.0 $0. ,___

FEEDING STEERS. l6 1

i 140 DAY RATIONS.

  
  
   
   
  
  
  
   
 
   
  
   
  

A full statement of the gains made during the 140 days resulting from
he use of feeds divided among the six pens, is shown in the following
able by periods of twenty days and ‘by totals.

It will be noted that when the “topping out” plan began in pens “A”
and “B,” Group I, that the cottonseed meal was held up to the former
mount (which was small), and the five or six pounds" of chops was added.
When this was done,’ the steers ate the grain clean, but began to refuse
ulls, so that this part of the ration was reduced. This fact probably
ccount-s for the scouring noticed in Pen “A” of this group on arrival at
t. Louis, as before reported. It was unavoidable. It does not offer any
Xplanation, however, for the excellent condition in which the steers of
v Pen “B,” receiving sorghum hay and the. same corn chops, arrived in
' ntarket. _ ‘
Similar interesting facts are preserrted in this table when the exact
ounts of the feed eaten are shown, together with the proportions of
h feed used and the gain in live weight. Steers eating the larger ration
i: corn chops, gained less than those eating one-half pound of chops to

s: eeessary to reduce the amount of cottonseed meal and increase propor-
nally the chops and oats.

i -—Bul. 55.

 pound of cottonseed meal fed. When oats was employed, it was‘

162 TExAs AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

‘TABLE N O. 2b.
Feed Eaten Per Steer and Ga._ins—140 Days.

(Stated per Steer and by Pens.)

 

   
 
   

See Bations Be1ow— *
u; GROUP I1 Pens A and B. I 
g ,
Fl .
a Hulls and O. S. M. Hulls. Hay, O. S. M.
fi P3613903; Pen A 1Finished 0n Ohops. Pen B 1Finished 0n Chops. 
Q 
n ‘ I w h Gain '
o 1113.1?’ O $.11" 0185s’ per 100° 11%?’ I11‘?! ’ “'18s?” Cilélps’ PP
c. lbs_ . . . .. 
1St D90. 24.... 443.8 82.61 ................ .. 9O 47 275.8 120 4 77 85 ............ .. ,
2nd Jan. 13..... 427.0 80.22 ................ .. 67.81 272.7 95 3 81 09 ............ .. 1
d .... .. Feb. 2 .... .. 443.3 77.23 ............... .. 53.71 274.5 99 4 81 25 ............ .. \
4th .. Feb. 22.... 444.1 .23 ................ .. 14 63 281.6 134 6 83 4:) ............ .. 7
5th .. Mar. 14 467.7 86.03 ................ .. 44 39 335.0 14b 3 9:) 86 ............ ..
6th  Apr. 3 .... .. 345.9 87.54 1.32 88 31.15 221.3 170 7 96 80 128 03 ‘j
7th .. Apr. 23 312.3 82.25 126 11 54 54 221.3 170 7 80 128 03 =4
Totalper Steer , 
—- 40 Days .... .. 2884.1 576.18 258.99 356.70 1882.2 1037.4 613.10 256.06 3 1
Ration: Hulls ‘
, 93°“? n c. s. Meal and Chops. 1f
a . 
g " g
"4 ' '-
g 4.8 lbs. Hulls, 1 1b. C.S.M. $5.1 IbS. Hulls, 1 11). U.S.M;.*
a P1131653; Pen A and .4 lbs. Chops. re“ 3 (1 1b. Chops. . ;._
h .
I51 1111115 0 s M 01.0w Gain 15111115 0 s. M. Chops G.‘
a lbs. ‘ lbs. lbs. ’ Pefbéooo ‘ lbs. 1b‘s. lbs Pe f
"‘-T J.
1817.... Dec. 24. 365.4 102.04 36.66 78.94 350.6 62.55 69.43 1' _
211d . Jan. 13.. 382.0 91.63 38.41 90.45 369.2 73.75 73.75 
3d .... .. Feb. 2 .... .. 398.7 95.73 40.82 57.40 384.4 76.11 76.33 »' j
4th . Feb. 22 395.7 95.08 39.44 15.90 390.3 77.71 77.93 
5th.... Mar. 14 . 420.6 100.85 42.55 64.77 415.6 . 82.85 83.43 ‘f;
6th.... Apr. 3 .... .. 413.3 98.38 40.27 53.14 379.7 75.64 75.64 -
7th.... Apr. 23.... 391.0 93.43 39.34 43.88 383.6 76.43 76.43 
Total per Steer 
—14O Days .... .. 2766.7 577.14 277.49 404.48 2673.4 535.04 532.94 3 f
é GROUP §£2i.‘;“;.§§“t‘:1.?" m“  
a: 
-.-1 4.2 lbs. Hulls. 1 1b. O _ . ,1
54 . 8.21135. Hulls, 1 1b. 0.8M. 
a: Pfigggg Pen A  §jgulg ~25 OhOPS» Pen 3 1 lb. 0110115, 1 lb. Oats. 1;
s 1 .
Q . i 1 Gain ~ _ _ ._ ' . , ‘ _ 1
.           
t‘ . . . .  . . . . l |_
1 
1St  Dec. 24.... 353.8 81.50 20.43 20.35 77.11 232.0 40.10 40.16 40.15 1
2nd  Jan. 13..... 376.6 86.01 23.63 23.63 73.56 360.9 43.26 43.26 43.26 
3d. .... .. Feb. 2 .... .. 386.9 99.37 22.95 23.17 57.46 340.7 44.63 44.63 44.76 l?
4th.... Feb. 22.... 340.5 99.00 22.35 » 22.43 30.34 381.3 45.57 45.57 44.57  .
5th.... Mar. 14.... 420.9 97.10 23.81 23.81 44.78 405.8 48.351 48.36 48.36 5 I_
6th.... Apr. 3 ..... .. 406.2 95.00 22.32  15.53 391.4 45.46 45.46 45.46’ 1 
7th.... Apr. 23.... 386.1 88.28 22.08 22.08‘ 69.76 361.1 44.93 40.93 44.93 6,‘
. ‘C1
Total per Steer 
—14O Days .... .. 2671.0 628.26 157.57 157.79 384.48 2573.2 312.30 312.37 311.49 31$

     

 

FEEDING STEERS. 163

COST OF GAINS.
FEEDING 100 DAYS.

The cost of feeds and the gains per 100 days are presented in tabular
form, in order that the items of cost may strike the eye of the reader
more easily, and that the cost of feeds, the gains in pounds, the per cent.
gained, and the cost of each pound so gained, may more readily be under-
stood.

Careful study of the table will show that the steers of Group II, Pen

“A,” gained more rapidly than did the other lots, but that the cost per

pound gain for this pen is not so low a.s for Pen “A,” of Group I, which
was fed the simple hull and meal ration, and it is assumed that the value
of the steers, per 100 pounds upon the markets, would be about the same,
since ithere was no material difference in the degree of fat shown by the
steers in the two pens. In other Words, it seems impossible to so arrange
a ration containing corn chops as to cause cheaper gains than those made
from hulls and meal (at the price quoted) when feeding only 100 days.
A greater gain can be secured by addition of chops, and in many instances
its use is advisable. For cost of feeding 140 days, see page 165.

VARYING PRICES AND VARYING RATE OF GAIN.

CALCULATED FOR 100 DAYS.

In applying the scale of variable prices to the feeding materials used,
a study of results obtained in the four pens of Grops II and III,
the columns of cost per pound gained, show that the simple lrull and
meal ration was the cheapest of those used at all of the supposed
prices. Next in point of economy Was the pen of steers fed a ration
of hulls and meal combined with sorghum hay. This statement applies
to all of the cases during the 10020;, feeding. ‘The prices at which both
corn chops and oats are available in South Texas are merely relative, as
compared with other points in the State, and the warning givenwith
reference ‘to adapting the results to the prices that may prevail in any
locality during any season, as appearing in another part of this bulletin,
should be =constantly borne in mind by the practical feeder.

A greater gain can be secured by an addition of chops and in many

instances its use is advisable. For cost of feeding 140 days see page 166.

TABLE NO 3a.
Feed, 00st and Gains-100 Days.

/Stated Per Steer and Pen.)

l :3

l ' c. s. i ‘H Flyjl 45 W5
Hulls. SJ-Iay. MeaL Chops. Oats. 3'5 2,2 fig gap
 ' w  I4 g DIE 

on ‘so HQ; 9

t» I 1 l a => s» ~ ‘*5

n, lbs. s lbs. s lbs. 3 108.1 s lbs. s n. "g
A 2225.9 3.331 ............. .. 406.39 3.047 ....... ..' ......................... .. 6.335 213.89 27.10 2.985
B 1439.6 2.159 596. 1.788 '419.50 3.146 .................................. .. 7.093 198.23 27.37 3.583
A 1962.4 2.943 ............. .. 485.33 3.639 197.88 .823 ................ .. 7.405 213.90 30.74 3.461
1B 1910.1 2.865 ............. .. 372.97 2.797 380.87 1.584 ............... .. 7.246 206.84 30.04 3.503
A 1878.7 2.818 ............ .. 444.98 3.337 113.17 .470 113.39 .820 7.445 201.72 28.32 3.690
B 1820.7 2.731 .......  221.91 1.664 251.98 .923 221.10 1.600 3.91s 197.08 30.65 3.510

I

 

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FEEDING STEER-S. 165
FEEDING 140 DAYS.

At the moderate, or fair, prices used in calculating the cost of gains
in Table 3a, it Will be noticed that the actual cost of the rations consumed
was less for the steers of Group “ILA” and Group “IILB,” while, at the
same time, these pens gained most rapidly, reducing the cost of pound
gain t0 a minimum in this instance—3.42¢ for Pen “ILA,” and 3.80¢ for
“Pen IILB.”

By referring to the data presented in Table “4b,” it Will be noticed that h

. the cost of feeding these two pens is lower than that of others at “medium
rates,” -at “high prices,” and at “very loW prices,” and also when hulls are

a rated as “high and grain low.” In one case only (Where the estimates
Were made With low prices on hulls and hay, and high prices on grain),
were these pens out/classed by the ration of hulls and meal, topped out With
corn chops. The inference then, is clear, that in case the steers are to
be fed longer than 100 days, it is Well to begin feeding corn chops or oats
in small amounts very early, in preference to Waiting until about the one
hundredth day before adding the grain. Where chops, only, are to be
added to thehull and meal ration, but one-half as much chops as cotton-
seed meal should be fed, and the total Weight of grain to hulls should be
as 1 to 4.

If oats are to be included in combination with chops, cottonseed meal,
and hulls, equal parts of the grain should be fed, and the total grain to
hulls should be proportioned as 1 to 3, sin-ce the rough coat of the oat
is a partial substitute for the hulls. ‘_

' TABLE NO. 3b.
Feed, Cost and Gains-FLO Days.

(Stated per Steer by Pens.)

   
 

I l I V n 7'7“
‘ . . l l . F:
l l ‘ C. S.  u s: m P _ “'5'
n, i; Hulls. S. Hay. MeaL I Chops. Oats. o,‘ H,“ g g aw _
~l ‘F’ "a F1 F‘ 0"‘ w-d P
p! a: l . U] Q "-4 g Q m 
8 F! I l l l l l 3"" $3.2 $3 ° s
H v lbs l as lbs. l as lbs. l ss lbs l as lbs l as n. ° <>
U Fl P4
I A 2884.1 4.326 ................ .. 576.18 4.321]%8.09 1.077 ................ .. 9.754 243.86 35.67 4.000
B 1882.25‘ 2.823 1037.4 3.112 613.10 4.598 256.06 1.065 ................ .. 11.598 272.08 37.71 4.263
II A 2766.7; 4.150 .......  ....... .. 577 14 4.328 277.49 1.154 ................ .. 9.632 281.43 40.44 3.422
B 2073.4! 4.010 ................ .. 525.04 4.012l532.94 2.217 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10.164 265.50 38.57- 3.828
III A 12671.0 4.006 .......  ....... ..‘628.26 4.711.} 157.57 .655 157.79 1.143 111.515 271.14 38.44 8.875
B l2573.2 3.859! ....... “i ....... ..;312.30 2.332‘ 312.371 1.290 311.49 2.255: 9.723 255.841] 39 O6 3.800
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166

FEEDING STEERS. 167
RESULTS OF THE SLAUGHTER TEST
sT. Lo_U1s DRESSED WEIGHTS 0F TEXAS EXPERIMENT CATTLE.

Much of the steer feeding carried on in Texas and in other Southern
States is limited to 80 or 100 days, While the fattening period in the West
and North is prolonged for 120 to 150 days, and in some instances the
cattle are not considered “ripe” until they have been fed 180 days. During
the early stages of fattening, a very large proportion of the gain in weight
consists of additions to the ‘blood and to the paunch, and when such half-
fat cattle are shipped long distances the shrinkage is startling. Thousands
of such cattle are bought up on our central markets, after shipment, and
are again used as feeders for times varying in lengths from 60 to 100 days,
when they are sold for immediate slaughter.

Shrinkage in shipment will vary "with such conditions as distance, with
water and feed enroute, with weather, With the degree of fatness, ‘with the
system of feeding and the nature of the feed given just prior to shipment.

By securing the average of three Weighings for each steer just before
shipment and then taking the live and the dressed Weights of the steers in
St. Louis, some inter-esting facts have been developed With reference (1)
to the per cent. of dressed Weight When fed various rations; (2) shrink-
age in transit When so fed; and  Waste fat produced when fed these
rations.

NET WEIGHTS.

The best net weights were secured from the steers fed hulls, aneal and
corn chops, regularly, and acording to the records of the live cattle, this
ration also produced the greatest amount of fat per head. The breed of
cattle is a recognized factor in determining dressing qualities, and great

. care has been exercised to secure equal advantages in this respect to all of

the pens. The ration given consisted of 19.8 pounds 0f hulls, 4.1 pounds
cotton seed meal, and 2 pounds 0f corn chops per day, resulting in a car-
cass Weighing 57.43 per cent. of the live Weight of steer in St. Louis.
When meal and hulls were used during the first 100 days, a.nd corn chops
was added for forty days, the steers dressed 57.19 per cent. of their St.
Louis live weight. When oats Was fed, it had a tendency to reduce the per
cent. of dressed weight. When sorghum hay was used as a partial sub-
stitute for hulls, the result was marked in a tendency to improve the
“standing up” qualities of the cattle during shipment. Judged from the
standpoint of Station shipping weights the least shrinkage was noticed in
the pen fed a ration of sorghum hay, hulls, and meal, topped out with corn

 - chops.

 

WASTE FAT.

The steers receiving the largest amount of hulls yielded the largest
amount of waste fat, except in the case of the pen fed hulls and sorghum
hay. These rations produced 3'7 and 37.5 pounds waste fat, respectively,

168 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STXATTONS.

 

per head. When grain took the place of som-e of the hulls fed, the Waste 

fat per steer fell to 33.3 pounds.

  

The importance of selecting proper feeds and rightly combining them
can be better appreciated by applying the results of this experiment to a i

' bunch of 100 head of stock; Weighing 1000 pounds—gaining 404.5 pounds ;

per head during the feeding season. The gain in flesh When fed continu- 
ously upon hulls, meal and chops costs .57 cents less per pound than when '5
hulls and meal alone are used for the first 100 days. This makes a differ- 1
ence of $2.26 per head, or $226 in feeding 100 head, to say nothing of the i
higher butchers’ value of beef so fed and carrying a smaller amount of 

Waste fat.
TABLE NO. 5.

Dressed Weights and Summary of Resu1ts—14O Days.

nfl - El _ f4 . J H
f5 fie . 3.3 w‘; 35 .2 . 5 3. g g 3.;
50 . c0 ‘i’ . """‘ ' 505 '6 p "1 o I p
m Irl d Fl F1 -|-| +1 U o ‘P
m 5' m . O ¢> 0 ma - H
g‘ Q "s: p‘ . “s: $8 5.2-3 “A "x41 as!" vi; f]!
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B 272.08 4.263 37.71 2.690 996.16 938.3 528.6 5.7 56.20 37.5
II A 281.43 3.422 40.45 2.888 977.21 905.5 521.5 7.3 57.55 34.3
B 265.50 3.856 38.57 2.750 953 78 891.4 512.3 6.6 57.31 32.3
[II A 271.14 3.875 38.45 2.743 965.21 858.3 477.8 6.8 55.63 
‘ B 255.84 3.800 39.06 2.790 921.25 904.3 525.1 6.5 57.88 34.3

THE “DRY MAJTTER” AND NUTRIENTS SUPPLIED IN
" RATIONS.

It Will be remembered that all of the steers in all of the pens gained
at nearly the same rate during the first 100 days, and it is interesting to
note that the amounts of “dry matter” consumed by the several pens ‘WBTG
not Widely different. ‘The smallest “dry matter” eaten was by Pen “B,”
of Group III—219'7 pounds, While the largest amount of dried matter con-
sumed Was by Pen “B,” of Group II. By referring to the last column of
the table, it Will be seen that these cattle did not make any better progress
than did the steers of Pen “A,” Group I, and it is suggested that the rea-
son for this failure is that the amount of protein fed these cattle was
too small. »The nutritive ratios are as 1 :7 and 1 :9, respectively, While the
nutritive ratio of Pen “A” Was 1 :6.

All of the rations fed for 140 days supplied fairly uniform amounts of
dry matter to the steers, and the nutritive ratios of the feed Were not
Widely different, ranging from 1 :5.61 to 1 :8.95. t

The most rapid gains Was s-ecured from the steers in the pens receiving

mznnrxo STEERS. 169

a moderate amount of dry matter having a medium nutritive ratio of
1 26.29.

THE NUTRIENTS SUPPLIED BY DIFFERENT FEEDS.

The digestible nutrients contained in the cotton seed hulls fed are shown
in the first part of the table, and then the nutrients found in the cotton-

seed meal and other feed stuffs are supplied in Table 6. _ It will be noticed

that though the hulls supplied a much larger amount of carbohydrates
than did any of the other materials used, a smaller proportion of protein
was also furnished by this material. The carbohydrates were supplied in
the form of crude fibre, which is not considered easily digestible, but when
fed in combination with finely ground grains o-r oils (fats) has great value
because of its tendency to clog the digestive track and prevent the laxa-
tive conditions caused by such grains that We recognize by scouring. The

digestibility of the hulls is increased by feeding them with cotton seed meal '
y or other feeds rich in protein.

The cottonseed meal furnished a larger amount of protein than of carbo-
hydrates, and also supplied a larger amount of oil (ether extract). Since
the cottonseed meal is rich in protein and the hulls are rich in carbohy-
drates—the two combining Well, if properly proportioned, in making an
ideal beef ration.

It will be noticed that the corn meal supplied furnished a large amount
of carbohydrates and a correspondingly small amount of protein whenever
it was used in the rations. And in this respect it resembled sorghum hay,
hence corn meal and sorghum hay do not combine Well together, because
of their similar and one-sided composition. zThey are not desirable com-
panion foods, because they both lack protein. (Although a rather small
amount of oats Was fed throughout this experiment, it will be noted that
fair amounts of protein, carbohydrates, and ether extract were supplied
from this feed. This indicates the Well-balanced nature of the oat.

170 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

‘TABLE NOV. 6.
Showing Amounts of Digestible Nutrients Derived from the
Various Feeds.

COTTON SEED HULLS.

Lbs ’ Lbs. Lbs Lbs- Lbs-
‘ v '- Carbo- Ether
Groups Fed. A Dry Matter. Prote1n. hydrates_ Extract
and
Iwns- 1001 140 100 140 100 140 100 140 100 140

days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days.

2

I A 2225. 9 2884.1 19 78. 82.5 2564.064 6.6 8.652 736.772 954. 637 37. 840 49.029
I B 1439. 6 1882.2 1279.804 1673.275 4.318 5. 646 476.507 623.001 24.473' 31.997
II A. 1962.4 2766.7 1741.013 2479.596 5.887 8.300 649.554 915.777 33.360 47.033
II B 1910.1 2673.4 1698.028 2376. 652 5.730 8.020 62i2.243 884.895 32.471 45.447
III A. 1878.7 2671.0 1670.164 2374.519 5.636 8.013 621.849 884.101 31.937 45.407
III B 1820.7 2573.2 1618. 602 2287.574 5.462 7. 619 602.651 840. 729 30. 951 4.3. 744

COTTON SEED MEAL.

     

I A. 406.39 576.18 066 5.28.943 151.277 214.338 68.679 97.374 49.579 70.293
I B 419.50 6.13.10 385.101 562.825 156.054 228.073 70.895 103.613 51.179 74.798
II , A 485.33 577.14 445.542 529.814 180.542 214.696 82.020 97.536 59.210 70.411
II B 372.97 525.04 3421.386 481.986 138.744 195.314 63.031 88.731 45.502 64.054
III A. 444.98 628.26 408.501 576 .742 165.532 233. 712 75.191 106.175 54.287 76.647 
III B 221.91 312.30 203.713 286.691 82.550 116.175 37.502 52.778 27.073 38.100 i.‘
CORN AND COB BIEAL.
I A .......... .. 258.99 ............. .. 219.882 ......... .. 11.395 .......... .. 155.394 .......... .. 7.510
I B .......... .. 256.06 ............. .. 217.394 .......... .. 11.266 .......... .. 153.636 . . . . . . . . . .. 5.426
II A 197.88 277.49 168.000 235.589 8.706 12.208 118.728 166.494 B‘ 5.738 8.047
II B 380.87 532.94 323.358 452.466 16.758 23.449 228.522 319.764 11.045 15.455
III A. 113.17 157.57 96.081 133.776 4.979 6.933 67.902 94.542 3.281 4.569
III B 221.98 312.37 188.451 265.202 9.767 l3. 744 133.188 187.422 6.437 9.058
OATS
*”HI7I” 7 7  7 I’ f I” W 7  j 1 7 7 wit‘ if;
A . . . . . . . . . . ..r . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <n1 . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..‘ . . . . . . . . . . ..
I B ....................  ............................  .......... ..| ......... ..1 ..........  ..........  ..........  .......... ..
1 1 1 1
n A ...................... .1 ...........................  ........ .1 .....................  ......... ... ......... iV} ......... ..
II B ...................... _.\ ............................................................... ..1 .......... ..' .......... ...‘ . . . . . . . . ..
III A. 113.39 157.79 100.917 140.433 10.431 14.516 53.633 74.634 4 762 6.627
III B 221.10 311.49 196.779 277.326 20.341 28.657 104.580 147.334 9 286 13.082
‘SORGHUM HAY.
I A. ....................................................  ..................................  .................................. ..
I B 596 0 1037 4 491.084 854.817| 14 304 34.897 2.39 592 417 034 7 152 12 448
11 A ....................................................  .......... h’ ...................... .1 .......... .., ...................... ..
II B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 ............................................... .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
III A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 ..........  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
 B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . ..

FEEDING STEERS. 17 1

DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS EATEN.

In compounding the rations for this experiment, three matters were
carefully provided for: (1) the rations were arranged in such manner
as to render them palatable; (2) the feeds were so proportioned that a
fair amount of each nutrient Would be supplied the steers of each group;

\ and (3) the physical conditions of the feeds Were carefully noted, i.n order
that scouring might be prevented.

The appetites of the steers seemed generally good throughout the feed-
ing period in all of the pens, and in no case did any of the rations prove
too laxative. The nutritive elements Were supplied the pens in the follow-
ing proportions in the rations for 100 days and for 140 days:

TABLE NO. 7.
Showing Daily Rations, Dry Matter and Nutritive Ratios.

(Stated by Pens and per Steer.)

e a, F‘ E H e "i 2 “‘§ “H *5 11:;
a p. a 5 ' g H ‘a  +1  c S 1',‘ oi
== ~= == " == w ° s" s8 a a“
Q  H
Q
100 _ 22.25 4.06 .................................. .. 213.80 271.01 23.513 126.43
I A 140 20.60 4.11 1.84 ...................... . . 243.86 356.70 23.662 126.45
100 13.49 4.19  3.96 .......... .. 198.23 273.79 21.560 126.16
B 140 13.44 4.37 1,82 7.41 .......... .. 272.08 371.14 23.566 126.30
100 19.62 4.85 1 .97 ...................... .. 213.90 307.46 23.511 125.44
II A 140 19.76 4.10 1.98 ...................... . . 281.43 404.48 23.106 126.29
100 19.10 3.72 3.80 ...................... .. 206.84 300.49 24.648 127.05
B 140 19.09 3.75 3.80  .................. .. 265.50 385.74 23.650 127.02
100 17.88 4.44 1.13 .......... .. 1.13 201.72 283.25 22.756 125.56
In A‘ 140 19,07 4.4a 1.12 .......... .. 1,12 271.14 384.48 23.039 1 $.61
100 18.20 2.21 2.21 . . . . . . . . . .. 2.21 197.08 306.55 21.974 129.00
B 140 18.38 2.23 2.23 .......... .. 2.22 255.84 390.65 22.262 1 28.95

The students of the graduating class, 1899, fed the steers and attended
to all details of the Work, under the direction of the Foreman and the

Director.

_.A..,..‘.5WWAF.\.,  2
\

 

  
   

172 'l‘}JXAS AGRICULTUIEAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

i!

OUR (iENERAiL FEED SUPPLY.

“The available supply of feeding materials in Texas consists principally 
of cotton seed and its by-products (hulls and meal), together with corn, 
oats, Wheat bran, rice bran, rice polish, Kaffir corn, and the fo-dders com- 
mon to the State, such as sorghum hay, alfalfa, the several forms of 
prairie hay, Colorado or Ooncho hay, corn fodder, and Kaffir corn fodder. 
To this list might be added the root crops and a number of forage plants 
that are commonly used for pasturage purposes, but are not to be consid- 
ered in connection with the stall feeding system. Ensilage made of corn, 
sorghum, or alfalfa has been found very profitable by those who have used ‘T
this system in feeding growing cattle, and also when used to a limited
extent for fattening stock.

Former publications by this Station give the results otf experiments in
feeding nearly all of the foregoing materials for fattening cattle, and the
results are included in the appendix matter embraced in this bulletin.
These experiments have been conducted with a View of answering those
questions which seemed most to press upon the attention of feeders at the
time the experiment was instituted. Results of great practical value
have been secured, but few of the experiments have been con-ducted upon
such a scale -as to render the investigation exhaustive or the conclusions
based theneon final. It will be noted that cotton seed in its s-everal
forms, and that its meal and hulls have appeared in nearly all of such
investigations.

The Value of Cotton Seed.—Our cotton seed crop is remarkable for the
amount of flesh-forming material that we may secure from it annually.
With cotton seed materials in hand, our fed cattle gain more rapidly than
do the stock of other portions of the United States, as determined by
actual experiment. In this connection, Prof. Henry, in his valuable book
upon “Feeds and Feeding,” after presenting a table showing the results
of feeding cottonseed and its products, says, “This table shows the high
value of cotton seed, whether raw, roasted, or boiled, and also of its by-
products, cottonseed meal, for beef production. No grain raised at the
North equals it, pound for pound, for beef production. When we reflect
that for every pound of cotton fibre grown there are two pounds of seed
no argument is needed to convince us that the South is capable of pro-
ducing the beef required for home consumption.”

If the 1,500,000 tons of cotton seed produced by the State annually be
estimated at one-half the value (per bushel) of corn valued at 40¢, it is
worth, for feeding purposes alone, $18,000,000, and for fertilizing pur-
poses the feed can be utilized to the extent of $6,000,000, so that in the
seed of the cotton crop alone the citizens of the State should receive $24,-
000,000 per annum, if fully utilized. (See page 1'75.)

Investigations by the Texas Station show that if properly combined with
hay and corn, a. pound of raw seed is worth more for beef production than

COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS. I73

  
    
   
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
  
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
  

it pound of corn and cob meal (chops). Experiments (conducted by
,rof. Gully) with steers fed hay and 5.07 pounds of chops, and 5.50
" unds raw seed, gained more in tl1e same length of time than did similar
jlteers fed hay and 13.02 pounds of chops. In this case 5.50 pounds of
tton seed proved more than equal to '7 .52 pounds of chops for steer feed-
g. In this case, steers Were fed for eighty-three days a daily ration of
,_rn and hay (weighing 18.4 pounds), causing a gain of 1.89 pounds per
ay, while the ration of co-ttonseed, corn, and hay Weighed only 14.8
"_unds, and caused a gain of 2.07 pounds. When fed corn and hay alone,
 a 800-pound steer may be expected to gain at the rate of two pounds per
‘by under favorable conditions for a short fattening period. When cotton
 is judiciously combined with corn and hay, or corn and hulls, the
ins run as high as 2.5 or 3 pounds every day for such steers. It is im-
rtant to note that these fast gains are secured from nations that in the
uthwest cost less than a ration composed of hay and corn. Therefore,
‘e presumption that 33% pounds of seed is equal to about 28 pounds of
ti; appears entirely safe and conservative. The demonstration of this
f; has forced a recognition of the value of cotton seed and it is now
rth comme/rctally one-half as much per bushel as corn.

igC-omparing the amount of available seed in the State for feeding pur-
 with the number of cattle to be fed a winter ration, annually (al-
ding 20,000,000 bushels of seed for planting seven million acres of
ltton, estimating the number of cattle upon winter and partial winter
tions, at 3,000,000 head, which is more than half of the 5,200,000 head
 cattle in Texas), we see that 23 bushels of seed are produced for every
fmal thus estimated upon, or a sufficient amount of seed to fee-d
\,__0,000 head of 750-pound steers a full seed ration (12.5 pounds per
” ) for ninety days, when fed in combination with ordinary hay. It is
tact worthy of note that feeding value of the seed is not largely dimin-
ed by cooking the meats and extracting the oil when sent to the oil mills.
f/The Variety of Cotton P1'oducts.-—To better-appreciate the rich food
ply furnished by our cotton crop, the reader’s attention is called to the
lowing estimates, which show the approximate values of the cotton
i‘: crop in Texas alone, basing the calculation upon a 3,000,000 bale crop
pually: In producing 3,000,000 bales of lint, there is also available for
_3,000,000,000 pounds of cotton seed, which can be better appreciated if
"red as 150,000 carloads of seed. Each bale of “seed cotton” is capable
Troducing many valuable commercial articles.

 

TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Products from a Bale of Seed Cotton.

(Adapted from Grimshaw.)

1,500 pounds seed cotton.

 

 
Cotton seed, 1,000 pounds.

 
Linters, 10 pounds.

Meats, 544.5 pounds. Hulls, 445.5 pounds.

(Jake. 400 pounds.

Fiber.

Fertilizer.) l

Meal. B_r_a_n'

(Feeding stuff.

 

Crude oil, 141.5 pounds. (High grade paper.) (Cattleforiii

 

 

Summer yellow. Soap stock. Fuel.
I
(Winter yellow Cotton-seed stearin. Soaps. Ashes.
Salad oil.
Summer white. Fertmzer_
Lard.
C-otolene.
~ Miners’ oil.
Soap.

Not all of the cotton seed crop is fed upon the farm, sold to the mills, or
‘l1S€d\3S seed for planting. Much of it is applied to the land as a manure
in those sections of the State where the soil has become worn and thin,
but the amount of seed sent to our oil mills yields enough cottonseed meal
to more than supply our domestic demand for meal to feed cattle. Large
quantities of cottonseed meal are exported through Galveston and New

Orleans ports, while many train loads are shipped to N ortihern and West-'

ern markets, to be feld for beef and milk production. Curiously enough,
we also export from the State grass-fed and half-fat cattle in large mim-
bers that should be brought into contact with this but ‘little utilized and:
rich supply of Texas feed. This exported cottonseed meal represents soil
fertility as well as waste stock food, and it must be replaced within the

  
 

 

 
 
 
   
  
 
 
 
   
  
 
   
   
  

s ,
l‘;-
a:
.

l

COTTON snnn AND ITS PRODUCTS. 1T5
neat few gears if we longer continue the wasteful prctctioe of shipping out
the two for-ms of raw material here referred to, and that should be sent t0
the market as zoell as fatted Texas cattle.

FERTILIZING VALUE OF SEEn.—'The seed from each bale of cotton con-
tain fertilizing elements valued in the Eastern markets at $6.08 per ton
merely for the plant foo-d contained in such seed.

1000 Pounds of Cotton Seed Contain

31.3 lbs. nitrogen, vaiued at 15c. per pound . . . . . . . “$4.69
11.7 lbs. potash, valued at 07c. per pound . . . . . . . . . . .82
12.7 lbs. phosphoric acid, valued at 04.50 per pound. .57

Total value—l$6.08

Total pounds~55.7

This statement shows us that ordinarily seed sell for less than their
fertilizing value. Nitrogen is the most valuable fertilizing element in the
seed, and carefully conducted experiments have shown that when feeding
fattening stoole all but four per cent. of the nitrogen in the feed is recou-
ered in the dung. Much other manurial matter in the urine is also re-
tained upon the farm Where feeds are fed, but under ordinary conditions
not all of the manure can be saved and applied to the cultivated lands.
Estimating the recovered manure at one-third of its total volume (this
can be secured during the winter season) the manurial value of an aver-
age ton of seed use-d in feeding is $4.00, or one-third of its full theoretical
value ($12.16). Equal to $6,000,000 Worth of fertilizing elements found
in the annual 15,000 ton seed crop of this State, and that may be retained
if seed are fed and manure applied to land.

Sorghum H ag in Texas's-in addition to our very large supply of cotton-
seed feeding materials, our State annually produces a large amount of hay

that is fed upon our farms and ranches, but this" is barely sufficient in 5

amount to supply our domestic demands. Sorghum is probably the most
popular and most extensively cultivated hay in the State, since this crop
thrives upon nearly all soils and our people are thoroughly familiar with its
production. The yield per acre, in many instances, is four and five tons per
annum. Because of its popularity and wide distribution, it was agreed to
use some sorghum hay i.n these experiments as a partial substitute fo-r the
cottonseed hulls fed, to note its effect and determine the comparative value
of these two materials. The results of the trial were favorable to the use
of sorghum hag, and its consumption should be largely increased by those
who live upon farms and have annually a few head of cattle that may be
fattened and sold at better prices than straight cattle can be expected to
bring. s .

The sorghum hay was grown upon the Station farm from seed sown
broadcast at the rate of 2% bushels per acre, out when the heads were just-

 appearing throughout the crop. The hay was a well cured, bright grade
 of sorghum.

The actual yield per acre over the field was 3.195 tons.
A statement showing the very low cost of sorghum hay is presented

i; from our accounts for 1898, with this crop on 4:6 acres.

176 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Cost of Sorghum H ay—/+6 Acres, 1898.

Sorghum hay, 46 acres.
To preparation and seeding—20% days, man and team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..@ $2.00 $4 41.00

21/2 days, man and team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..@ 2.50 6.25
2 days, one man sowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..@ 1.00 2.00

3% days, man and team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..@ 2.50 8.75

1 day, two men and team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .@ 3.00 3.00

1A day, man and team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..@ 2.50 1.25

75 bushels sorghum seed, @ $1.00 per bu . . . . . . . . 75.00

To cultivation——4 days, man and team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .@ 2.00 8.00

To harvesting-—2% days, man and team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .@ 2.50 6.25

8 days, man and team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..@ 2.00 16.00

15 days, 6 men and team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.00

Total cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $302.50

Yield, 147 tons.
Cost per ton (excluding rent), $2.05.

The Value of Kafiir 00m: Many inquiries are received at the Station
concerning the value of-Kaffir corn for steer feeding, ‘and, by reference
to carefully conducted experiments of the Kansas Station, We find that
for feeding steers, crushed Kaflir corn is nearly equal in value to corn
meal, and that the red and White varieties have nearly the same feeding
value, as shown by the following statement:

FEEDING KAFFIR CORN MEAL AGAINST CORN MEAL TO sTEERs.—-1’75 DAYS.

(Kansas Station.)

Feed for 100

a h}:
jg”; é Feed Eaten‘ Egg pounds gain.
$4 $4
Feed. giglg R h  g  
, <1 5g Grain. 32g <21 5,; Grain. 32g
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
' LOU I, C0111 D1631 ...................... .2 ............... .. 1,936 16,271 9.297 326 997 569
L017 II, red Kflflil‘ corn-meal ................... .. 1.021 16,271 10,300 299 1,086 688

I Lot III, White Kafiir corn meal ............. .. 1,025 16,271 10,828 313 1,041. 692

r
l

 

[Blank Page in Original Bulletin]

TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The Feed Value of Cotton Seed and Its Products.

Many doubt-s exist in the minds 0f Southern feeders and farmers as to the x

exact value ‘of ‘cotton seed and cotton seed products for our several classes of live
stock. Out of a vast deal of matter published upon the right use of these ma-
terials much of it is now out 0f print, and cannot be had at any price. In this
report we summarize a large part of the w-ork done upon this subject.

In the preamble to the Act of Congress, under which the experiment stations
in t-he several states were established, the reasons for creating these stations are
briefly indicated in the following: “That in order to aid in acquiring and diffus-
ing among the people 0f the Urtited States “useful and practical information on
subjects connepted with agriculture, and to promote scientific investigation and
experiment respecting the principles and application of agricultural science, there
shall be established * * * a department to be known and designated as an
‘Agricultural Experiment Station.’ During December of 1898 We made a state-
ment through agricultural papers of the State requesting that the practical feed-
ers of Texas contribute in a brief form the substance of their experience, as feeders
of cotton seed, etc, with the promise that such experiences would be printed in
substantial form and distributed throughout ‘the zSt-ate. free of cost.

EXPERIENCE or FEEDERS AND Fixmutas: The suggestions presented in the form
of letters, appearing in the following pages, bear the names of some of our well-
kn-own stockmen and feeders, as well as others who are small farmers, and who
raise stock incidentally for the purpose of consuming the hay an-d cotton seed
raised upon their farms. The fact-s and suggestions presented are not only irfter-
esting, but many of them are intensely practical, and will, we hope, prove of last-
ing value. In View of the fact that many of the feed stuffs available in ‘the State
are comparatively new to our feeders, we feel justified in sending out this rather
in-fonmal statement of information and experiences of practical stockmen, and we
hope that prejudice ewisting against the use of SoUND CoTTox SEED or SoUNo
MEAL derived from sound seed for feeding CATTLE, HORSES, SHEEP AND POULTRY
may be set aside by the testimony of those who have fed these feeds safely.

We are under obligation to those who have exhibited a spirit of liberality and
a disposition to extend the present bounds of our informationupon feeding sub-
jects and who have willingly contributed the subjoined matter. Much liberty
has been taken with these letters to “boil them down,” and to reduce the cost
of publication. Some valuable statements appearing; in the dgflfillltllfzll press
are also presented‘, because of their clearness.

In attempting to present this matter in popular form, we appreciate its difli-
culties, as facts must be stated in a d.is»cursor_y' rather than in an exhaustive form.
It is hoped that the subject will soon be developed beyond its present stage, and
that the ifew conflicting statements here presented may resul-t in agitation and
a general study of the feeding problems of our State ‘through the agricultural
papers, and otherwise, until the clouds surrounding the economic use of cotton
seed and its products for various forms of live stock will be removed. i

STATION EXPERIMENTS: The experiment stations in the United States and
those of foreign countries have tested carefully the value of cotton seed meal in
many respects. The stations of the Southern States have also fed experimentally
both the seed and tlhe cotton seed hulls in numerous instances under carefully
controlled conditions that have been faithfully reported. Other important work
yet remains to be done, and ‘these matters should receive early attention. We
summarize the results of a large number of these “station investigations” for the
benefit of our readers. We are better enabled to do this through the carefully
compiled statements of Kilgore appearing in “The Cotton- Plant,” published by
the U. S. Department ‘of Agriculture in 1896. Recent investigations by the Texas
and other stations we have specially prepared for zthis report. We have taken the
liberty to use only those results that- appeared most applicable to Southwestern
conditions. ‘

   

 

.7,_~;q»,,5,;, gyqrfmgyi,» I‘.  , . . ‘

COTTON SEED ANDITS PRODUCTS. 179

The experience of feeders and investigations by the stations are presented under
the several forms (1) beef feeding, (2) hog feeding, (3) feeding sheep, (4) feed-
ing milk cattle and young stock, (5) horses, (6) poultry, (7) hoao cotton seed
may affect the health of stock.

In order to receive complete and full information concerning the experience of
some of the parties Whose names appear in these letters, it may be necessary to
Write to them, asking specific questions upon points that do not seem clear.

1.—-SEED AND MEAL FOR BEEF CATTLE.

No. 1. FEEDING RAW SEED, HAY, AND BEAN: My own experience has been in
feeding raw seed to cattle and goats. I have fed in self-feeding troughs, but have
discarded them, and only feed What seed the stock will eat up clean. I also feed
hay at same time. I had some trouble last Winter in having Aberdeen Angus
bulls, purchased in Kansas, to eat seed. Had to mix With bran. This winter
they eat clear seed freely, and are improving every day. ‘Where I am located,
cotton seed is cheaper tlhar zneal and hulls 0n account Olf freight, hauling, etc.
My seed costs from $6 to $7 per ton at gin. My experience in feeding seed is
that it is a valu-able feed for cattle and goats, and stock roughed through the
Winter on seed gain very rapidly when turned to pasture in the spring.”

Columbia. F. N. BULLocK,

Breeder Aberdeen Angus Cattle.

No. 2. CoTToN SEED AND HAY, FoLLowED WITH Corrox SEED MEAL: “I have
fed cattle in Texas every year for the last twenty odd years. This is now my
method: Beginning the first of December, I put out cotton seed in troughs in
prairie pastures the cattle are running .in, and keep the cotton seed in the ‘troughs
during the month of December. First of January I put the cattle in pen and
feed prairie hay and cotton seed until first of April. The latter part of March
mix a l.ittle cotton seed meal with the seed to learn the cattle to eat it. First of
April turn ‘the cattle on prairie pasture and give them half feed of meal—feedin_g
once a day for two months, when they are always full fat.”

lVha-rton County. G. C. DUNCAN.

No.12. PROFITABLE FEEDING: An interesting (record of feeding a lot of high
grade dehorned steers bought by A. B. Arm-our recently appeared in ‘the “Dr-overs’
Telegram.” The cattle Were fed 98 (days near Kansas City, the feeding directed by
Hr. William Cummings, “who feed twice a day at the same time each day (to the
minute.” The “Drovers’ Telegram” rives the re orrt as follows: .

o é P , .

“PURCHASE AND SALE‘.

Bought 118 head, averaging 1,2321; lb @ $4.60; total, $6,687.94.
Sold 118 head, averaging 1,5313 lb @ $5.49; total, $9,921.40.

' The gain in price per 100 pounds xvas 89c.
The cash gain in all was $3,2233.46, out of Which all expenses had to be paid.
‘The average gain per heard pQer day was 3 1b.

EXPENSE ACCOUNT, SHO\VING RATIONS.

Hay, average 2% "lb each per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..$ 98 86
Chop, averaging 22;} lb each per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u. . . . 1,536 72
Oil meal, averaging 2 1-25 lb each per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . .. 254 08
Wages, ‘average cost lc. each per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 109 00

' 4 85

Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,001 s1

l80 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT‘ S'l‘A'l‘IONS.

The total average amount of feed per head per day was 26% lb.

The total average cost of feed per head per day was 165a

Total average cost per head per day, including all expenses, \vas l7§c.

The total net gain and profit for the 118 head fed 98 days was $1,231.95.

The net gain during the period of feeding \vas $10.44 per head.

Points to consider: Feeders were high-class and cost high average. price.
Cattle were sold on a good market. Gain per day was unusually good. Cost of
feed would be different, and probably less, in other localities.”

Dallas. ’I’e00as Stools and Farm Journal.

No. 4. FIRST PRIZE STEERS: “W'hen Mr. Marion Sansom, of Alvarado, Johnson
county, sold his steers on the Chicago market for 60., all the people interested in
feeding cattle opened tlheir eyes. It was proof of what can be done i11 Texas, and
what has been urged on the Texas farmer all along. All the agricultural and stock
journals have referred to this sale, and Mr. Sansom has had requests for an
explanation of his methods of feeding, but up to this time he has not given it
to the public. To a representative of the “Farm and Ranch,” Mr. Sansom stated
that: ‘Some of the cattle I raised and some I bought. They were all from this
and adjoining counties. They were all high-grade Durhlams, and aged three years
when marketed. Their average weight was 1,543 lb, and they sold for $6 per 100
lb, and dressed 63.84%. The cattle were put on feed ‘September 1st, 1898. The
first ration was cotton seed halls and shelled oats, and this was kept up for 4O
days, at the end of which time the oats zivere left ofi‘ and 2 pounds of cotton seed
meal given. This meal ration was gradually increased until it reached 5 pounds
by January 1st, 1899, at which date I began giving 2 rpounds corn meal, which
was increased to 5 pounds, making 10 pounds daily, half of which was cotton

l seed meal and the other half corn meal. This last ration was kept up until

cattle went ou-t, March 13th. The meal was mixed with cotton seed hulls from
the "beginning, giving them all of the hulls they would eat, gene-rally ranging
from 30 pounds to 38 pounds. Prairie hay was also fed during the last two
months’. ‘

“Mr. Sansom said that the report that the price paid tor these steers was a
record-breaker was a mistake. The price was 25% better than was paid for any
native cattle that day. As a matter of fact, old cattlemen remember" that between
1881 and 1884 prices for Texas cattle at Chicago were higher than 6c. The sale
xvas remarkable, however, because /it demonstrated that blood and care in handling
and raising cattle for market are two things necessary to success.

“Mr. Sansom took first prize at the Fort Worth fat stock show with this same
lot which was sold in Chicago, and while at Fort Worth the animals were uni-
versally admired.” ‘

Dallas. Texas Farm and Ranch.

No. 5. CRUSHED SEED AND CoRN MEAL: “I have had but little experience in

feeding cotton seed in any shape except raw, though I have used some ground and

fed them to cattle, mixed with cotton meal, which is better than the raw seed.
Have never fed them to hogs or horses.”

Gentralla. R. A. \/VALTo.\-'.

No. 6. “Oorron SEED MEAL AND WHEAT Bnxx Ix WEsr TPExns: “Our people
of this section know nothing of cotton seed meal and hulls, more than learned
at the different mills where they have at times taken cattle to fatten. There are
no -oil mills in this section, and hence the people have no chance to experiment.

“But we have gins, and ours is one of the best hay producing countries in the
State, and we have our mills also. And our people rare perfectly satisfied with
the results they get from the whole cotton seed, with wheat bran mixed among
them, and then plenty of hay or sorghum. Our seed we get for 10c. per bushel,

‘and our bran for 65c. to 80c. per 100. Hay generally six to eight dollars per ton.

 

 

> 10B o» Elna imnnmnn Hoxwm wnoonPl-vncnonnw o» 3. mwnwci. >_<flnwno. fioxww.

COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS. 181

"Parties who have taken cattle \to oil mills to feed are now feeding as above,
and prefer it to meal and hulls. Cotton seed has not been tried here in any form
for horses, hogs nor poultry. But for feedi-ng cattle, we are perfectly satisfied
with the above ration, and will never complain of anything so long as weeirget
three cents for .our cattle, rafter paying railroad freight and commission, even
with feeders at present prices.”

BLITHGt. Gus GROVE.

No. T. COTTON SEEo MEAL: My experience is not very great in feeding meal
to any kind of stock (it being a new feed comparatively), but I do know that if

‘the meal is fed in too large a quantity to any kind of stock it is injurious. The

meal should in all cases be well mixed with the hulls in proportion of about a
pint of the meal to a heaping half a bushel of hulls. Too much meal will cause
any kind of stock to scour, and frequently leave a cough, as if choked. Cattle
and horses, both, generally refuse to eat meal and hulls at first unless they are
very hun-gry, but will so-on prefer it to other feed.” _
Near Bryan. - WM. B. ROYALL.

No. S. AN OIL MILL RATION OF HULLs AND MEAL: “Our experience in feed-
ing cotton seed meal and hulls to cattle is that it should be fed in the proportion
of four pounds -of hulls to one pound of meal as a maximum. When cattle first
go on feed, we usually feed about six pounds of hulls to one pound of meal, and
gradually increase the amount until the maximum is reached. We have never
fed meal to horses, mules, sheep, or poultry.

Forsicana. H. L. SCALES,

Secy and Gen. Mgr Corsicana Cotton Oil Co.

No. i). HULLs, MEAL AND ENSILAGE: “We have fed zbP/Qf cattle, cows, and
yearlings here for three years on ensilage and cotton seed hulls, and think our
best results were fr-o-m cotton seed hulls and meal.”

Sulphur Springs. ROGERS & FURNEY.

No. 10. A RATION ron GROWING CATTLE WANTED: “In all of your experi-
ments, you have fed, I believe, aged steer-s. I am feeding some well bred steers,
Hereford grades, yeairlings pas-t (calved in ’97). I have been feeding about 5 lb
hulls to 1 Tb meal, buit they do not seem to fatten as rapidly as they should—
appear to be growing. In this case, do you not think a large proportion "of meal
would he better, and more expensive, of course, but causing more rapid fat-
tening?”

Wolfe City. GEORGE WOLF HOLSTEIN,

Pres. and Treas. Hunt Co. Oil Mill.

REPLY: Doubtless a larger proportion of cotton seed meal, fed in combima-
tion ioith hulls, will prove beneficial to young cattle, beca/ase they require more
bone making and muscle making material. Cotton seed meal supplies these, while
they are largely lacking in the hulls. "

Wheat bran can be profitably and safely employed in nearly all such cases,

because the bran is more safely digested by the calf, or yearling, than is the full .

grain ration consisting of cotton seed meal alone. However, if bra/n is not avail-
able, cotton seed meal might be fed with hulls, combined as one to three.
J. H. C.

No. 11. MEAL AN!) HULLs FOR WORK OxEN: “We are not feeding any cotton
seed meal now, and have not done so for sever-al years. We used to feed our

"three pounds corn meal after they have been on feed (i0 days.”

182 TEXAS AGRICUIXIURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Work oxen on it, but it seemed to make them too fat and unfit for the hot xveather
as Work steers.”
Olive. OLIVE, STERNBERG Aft 00.,

' \[’f’rs Long Leaf Yellow Pine.

No. l2. RATIO 0F IIULLS T0 MEAL: “My experience is confirmed by your paper
(bulletin), namely, the proper propontion to feed hulls and meal is as 5 t0 l,
though I begin at 7 or 8 to 1 and wind up at 4 to l, so that my average is as
Stflatéd.”

Oleburize. M. H. PITTMAN,

1I’f’g’r “Cotton Seed Oil, Meal, Hulls and Lint.

No. l3. HifLLs/LIEAL AND CORN MEAL: “In regard to feeding cotton seed
meal and hulls, feeders differ as to the amount of meal to feed, but all agree
that steers should be given lilll of the hulls they will eat. I have secured best
results by feeding 3 Tb cotton seed meal the first 15 days, then for the next I5
days 4 Tb; for the next 30 days, 5 1b meal per day, and f-or the balance of the
time give 0 Tb. Hay, corn shucks, or straw (after they have been on feed 50 0r
60 days) is a benefit to them. To carry them on long feed, sihould add two or

Fort Worth. E. B. HARRoLn.

No. 14. CORN, OATs, AND Corrox SEED \RAT.[0N\S: “1 send you a brief state-
1ne11t of my experience with a small bunch of graded short horns, but I am
anxi-ous to secure information as to the value of corn and oats as feed.

“I [have Watched the feed pens at this place Where two to three thousand cattle I

are fed each year on cotton seed hulls and meal, and believe that this makes more
fat for the same cost than anything else for feed, but I have wintered calves that
Were Well fed on this ration and When they Were ready to turn out on grass they
were seal fat—but one died during the sinnmer, though the grass was good.
Another, fed at the same time, died the next summer, and the other two did not
thrive, and are dwarfs in the herd now. The two that died ran in feed lots with
the steers some 100 »to 110 days; the other two had pretty failr feed, and had
the hlay they wanted. The tw-o that died, however, had nothing but meal and
hulls as their ration. If the fact could be established that corn meal or oats are
desirable feeds, we could then hope to decrease the cotton acreage, as this would
be at least one step in that direction.

Corsicanra. JOHN S. GIBSON.

No. l5. HULLS Axn MEAL TOPPED IVVITH CORN IIEAL: The following very
clear financial statement has been received from Mr. G. E. King, of Taylor, Texas,
with reference to 2,082 ‘head of the Lucas and King cattle fed at the oil mill near
Bryan, Texas, between November 10th, 1898, and April 23rd, 1899. The cattle
were not all placed on feed at once, nor were all shipped [at ‘the same time, but
the average time for which Ithe steers were -on feed was 126 days:

“Total Weight and cost of feed consumed per steer:

o. s. Meal, cos rt @ $15. j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..$ 4.545
Cotton seed hulls, 3,190 Tb @ $3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4.785
Corn meal, 140 1b @ $15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.05
Total cost of feed per steer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..$l0.38
Length of feeding period, 126 days.
Average daily ration per steer:
4.80 lb

Cotton seed meal . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Cotton seed hulls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24.50 Tb
Corn meal 1.10 it

u

“W. .. l. a ir-ww“ .r

 

  

‘».;_- w; ‘YQFFTYA?

‘MEAL, now shipped to Western and Northern markets

_ many Northern localities.

- via Galveston.

ws. -

COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS. l83

X. B.——The corn meal was fed during the last 40 days only at rate of 3}. lb
per day. -

(attains and cost, 126 da_ys:
Average of original Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..T25 1b per steer.
Net gain during 126 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245 11> per steer.
Market xveight of steers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .970 lb per steer.

Gain per day per steer, 1.94 1b.

Cost per pound to fatten, 4.240.

The estimated cost for feeding expenses, including such items as labor and camp
provisions, are $1 per head for the feeding season.”

Tfaylor. GEO E. KING.

COTTON SEED MEAL USED BY KANSAS FEE-DEBS.

The following interesting statements bearing upon the use niade of COTTON
SEED MEAL and of SORGHITM HAY in theState of Kansas is taken from “The Beef
Steer and His Sister” (Kansas Agricultural Department, F. D. ICoburn, Topeka,
Secretary), and will prove of value to some feeders. Not only is COTTON SEED
and fed freely, but vast
quantities are exported, as shown in tlhe statement appearing at the bottom of this
page?‘ In addition to these facts the hulls are now meeting with a ready sale in
In cities they are largely used as a substitute for hay
in ifeeding milk cows, wlhile through the important distilling districts the hulls are
mixed freely with distillery slops (rich in protein), and forni a valuable ration for
thousands of well ‘bred steers.

No. 1. SoAKim Coax, WnEAT MEAL AND C. S. LIEAL: “My best gain was made
on a daily ration of 12 pounds of soaked corn, 4 pounds wheat meal, and 4 pounds
cotton seedmeal, with timothy and prairie grass pasture. The cattle—180 head

"of mixed grades, three and four years old——averaged 1,300 pounds at the begin-

ning. ‘Mayll, and gained 3}.- pounds per day for the next two months.”
El Dorado, Kaitscts, J. W. ROBINSON.

*The bulk of the cotton seed products exportedlfrom Texas are sent through the port of
Galveston. about 15 per cent going through New Orleans. Over 50 per cent of the cake and
meal and about one-sixth of the cotton seed oil exported from the United States is sent
Following is a statement of the exports of cotton seed products exported
through Galveston during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1899, which covers the crushing
season of lS98-9il lcompared with previous years):

  
 
   

 
  

Cotton seed meal and cal<e- Pounds. Value.
German .............................................................................................. ..341,185,411 S 2,905,647
Netherlands .................................................. (I? ................................. .. .. 80,638,251 682.102
Belgium ......................................................................................... .. . 3.858600 31,569
France .............................................................................. .. 9.203.720 75,762
England .............................................................. .. 38,194,722 311,868
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75,577,242 627,001
Cuba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16,000 145
Italy .......................................................................... .. 1,356,100 12.537
Ireland ................................... a‘. ......................................................... .. 55,438 4.060
Total. 1898-99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..550_.465,484 $ 4,650,991
Total, 1897-98 . .................................................... ..496.467,998 4.2841139
Total, 1896-97.. .................................................................... ..Ei10.492,948 2,824,948
Total, 18t'5-96.. ............................................................................ .207,790,667 2.086.721
Total. 1894-95 .................................................................................. .7246,940,443 72,281,973

—Galveston News.

184 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT sTATIoNs.

No. 2. WHEAT STRAW AND C. 1S. MEAL:
and all for starting, and for finishing add one-half shelled corn.
1 to 4 pounds of linseed oil-cake meal very beneficial. Cotton seed meal is an
excellent adjunct t0 other feed, used with care.
it and wheat straw alone, allowing about 8 pounds of meal to the steer.
keep grain constantly accessible, but give twice a day just what they will clean
up‘)!

TVells-ville, Kansas. CAREY MoLAIN.

No. 3. BEAN WORTH ONE-THIRD THE VALUE OF C. S. MEAL:
bran and corn sell for the same price per pound, it is profitable to use 4 or 5
pounds of bran per day for fattening. When corn is 25c., the feeder is justified
in using 3 or 4 pounds a day of bran at $6 a ton, or cotton seed or old-process
linseed oil-cake meal at $18 a ton.
on gnain should be rich, and of good. Well-made timothy and clover hay, prefer-
able with a large proportion of clover, should be given in abundance ‘with corn.”

Newman, Kansas. , J. F. TRUE.

No. 4. CoRN MEAL AiND C. TS. MEAL RATIoN: “On a car-load or more of cattle,
my gain ha-s ‘been about 3 porunds .a day in March, April and May, with 1,200
pound four-years-olds, 0f range grades crossed up from Texas. These were fed in

open lots sheltered by bluff and timber, and given 28 pounds of corn mealand .

4 pounds of c-otton seed meal night and morning. When ready for market, I
keep the cattle from water on the day of shipment, bed the cars with sand,, straw
or old hay (not cinders), and put as many in a car as can comfortably stand
side by side.” '

Peabody, Kansas. THOS. H. POTTER.

No. 5. GROUND WHEAT AND CoEN MEAL COMBINED WITH C. S. MEAL: “If
corn is gr-o-und it should be with the cob; that makes it rmqre bulky than clear
meal, (and cattle do not scour on it so badly. Have fed snapped corn with equal
success when I had plenty of hogs to follow the steers. I used wheat bran with
corn, but it cost me more per hundred than the corn, and I did not think it paid.
I also tried cotton seed meal with ground wheat, mixing them "half and half, but
the results were not satisfactory. I feed, however, 3 to 5 pounds a day, with
corn, with good results. Linseed oil-cake did ‘better, however; the cattle seemed
to eat more regularly when I mixed this with their corn lineal, and gave larger
gains and profits than on any other feed. lHave given as much as 14 pounds
daily, but found that tOIO expensive; 1 to 5 pounds of oil meal per steer is about
right when it is $20 per ton and corn is 25c: per bushel.” -

B-ucyrus, Kansas. D. H. HEELEEowER.

No. 6. EQUAL PARTS L1NsEED MEAL AND <0. S. MEAL: “I fed a bun-oh of cattle
on pasture 6 pounds of cotton seed meal ‘and 6 pounds of linseed oil-cake meal
daily with excellent results. The last month I added 14 pounds of ground corn
to the above, and made ripe, finished cattle. I did this wfhen corn was worth 40c.
per bushel, cotton seed meal $16, and linseed oil-cake $18 per ton.”

Bailey/mile, Ifcsnsas. H. W. BAILEY.

No. 7. FEEDING 15,000 STEERs: “Our figures of gain have always been made
on the entire number -of cattle from the average time received at the farm to
the average time sold in Chicago. These cattle, as stated, have been principally

“I prefer to grind the husk, cob, corn 
I also find from :1

I have good results from feeding 
I do not ,_'~

“When wheat

The ‘rough’ feed given to fattening cattle i

5 A... Lon This.

   

COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS.

185

xvesterns and Texans, and have included a very considerable portion of cows of
all rages, as we have made a practice of taking our thinnest and poorest old cows

from the range.

The following is a table of gains made on our cattle, showing

a very small net gain as compared with the gains made by feeders with select

bunches of steers:

TABLE SHOWING- TI-IE COST OI‘ KEEPING CATTLE, FOR FOOD AND LABOR.

Items.

Corn and corn cltbp.
Forage beets . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ - n
Ensilage ............... ..
Salt

 

Coal and gasoline ....... 
Oil

Insurance ............ ..
Horse forage .................. ..

 
   
 

Seasons 0f 1894-95, 1895-96 and 1896-97.

1894-95. 1895196. 1896-’97.
Quantity Cost Quantity Cost Quantity Cost
per head per head " per head

  
  
  

 
 

Total labor ....................................... .. $5 2.49 ................ .. $ 3.16 ................ .. $ 2.27
Total food and labor ...................... .. $ 27.34 ............... .. $ 17.74 ................ .. $ 15.07
Average number of days fed 152 171 215
y_ _
Number Number l Average, Averave 1 A era e
Year. of cattle I of days lwéiaéggggrfl ggfrlweight ofocat- gain?
marketed. i fed. 1 Ceived ‘tle at market. lbs.
| l '
s 1
1:304:05 ................ .. 5,897 l 152 l 1,073 1,290 217
189.3196... = 3,775 171 1 1,154 1,392 238
1296197 ................ .. 1 215 1 1,066 1,304 | 23s

5,454

186 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

t TABLE SHOWING THE COST O1‘ FOOD AND LABOR PER HEAD, AND OOST
'01‘ GRAIN PER HUNDRED, AND CORN PER BUSHEL,
FOR ESTIMATING PROBABLE COST.

2P * z -

- - s: ' — * s " v -. -

“5 ‘z ‘é 5  5E»  is:   m"?  

g E53 h =2 S? 5 o’; U’? c’? E’? '97; "rs r :’E 9 5

.5 s; s ‘s s a sgvsé s; t; s5 5g 5s a:

>1 E {j q... 1.: 4; a a H a; 0-1 o5 in L‘ ",5 1 3-: 5 _-;

D O a u: P g q; "1 a "1 5- ?‘ lg "J q; a ,_ . h. s1 u f.

z - r Q 1-1 rtQ4 Q1» 9v 6Q 9n m» lav =.:

kc J Q Q D p, w g, F, Q. Q Q Q 1 o Q- y
z: V ; [ t» :_
1886187 .... .. 3 417 151 $14.09 $3.49 $17.58 $0 ‘N $0.50 $0 60 90 9’ $0 41 ..........  $0.51 75
1887488 .... .. 0,086 202 25.28 3.01 28 2 .62 48 96 61 .......... ..i .63 89
1888389 .... .. 4 296 1S0 15.34 3.02 18 i6 25 .44 54 8.5 46 ........... ., .47 87
1889390 .... .. 6,033 197 15.40 2.17 17 57 1E .32 41 88 .......... ..l .35 83
1890-’91 .... .. 7,298 222 ' 2.29 2.33 54 72 46 . 2 94 1 12 7 ..........  .89 79
1891-92 .... .. 2,176 252 25 87 6.27 "9 1-1 28 .50 69 1 05 7' .......... ..; .50 9.’)
1892393 .... .. 1,222 126 12 94 2.63 15 5b Z5 .44 ....... .. 1 13 ' .........  .49 93
189.3494 .... .. 2,579 182 14 46 2.11 16 o7 2.5 .41 ....... .. 1 11 80 (Wlft) 4 .46 90
1894-"95 .... .. 5,925 152 20.14 2.49 21.65 .44 .78 .87 1.06 .71‘ -' . 7} .82 6O
1895396 .... .. 3,827 171 14.58 3.16 17.74 .18 .1732 .44 .80 .54 (Bar) i .39 69
1896397 .... .. 5,495 215 r 2.80 2.27 15.07 .12 22 47 89 43 $0.48‘; .23! 93
l . l
Antes, Xcbrrrsluu. R. M. ALLEN,
.\Ig'r Standard Clattle Co.
No. S. SORGHUTNI HAY F01: STEERS: “Sorgthum is_ my most profitable crop in

quantity and quality of cattle food produced. 1 give cattle 0n corn all they will
eat of it, with prairie ‘hay and 111111161; for a change. and use it with millet for

_ wintering. Judging from what I hear and see, ialfalfa is a very good crop. Rat-

ing prairie hay as Worth $2 per ton for feeding to fattening cattle with grain,
alfalfa. and red clover are Worth $4; alfalfa straw, $2; millet, sorghum or Kafiir
corn hay, and sorghum or Kaffir corn with seed on, are each worth about $3 per
ton; oat straw, $2, and wheat strawv, $1.”

Augusta, Kansas. I. HAMMOND.

No. 9. SORGHUM FOR XVIXTERIXG CATTLE: “Sorghum produces for me the
best anld largest quantity of cattle food per acre, and cattle (westerners) win-
tered on it exclusively increased in weight. I consider it an excellent ‘rough’
feed. The sweet sorghums are best for early winter use, but,late;' heavy freezing

. seems to rob the tstalks of a ‘great deal of their nutriment.”

Black 1V0Zf, Kansas. E. S. RooT.

No. 10. BEST VARIETY OF SORGHUM: “The experience of farmers in this see-
tion this year shows the great value a11d necessity of putting out each year at
least a few acres of sorghum oir-‘Kaflir corn, and in the event of a dry season, such
as the past has been, they will botih do well, and they can be fed to advantage
to alll lélnds kof stock. .W»?fa1rhmers dolnot feelKthgi loss of a1 corn grip nfézlxrlllv so
muci 1 we ave a crop 0 e1 er sorg ium or a r corn. sowe e 0 ler.
to be mowed .and put up for hay, and ‘Folger’ and ‘Oolman,’ put in with a drill,
cultivated, and put in shock like corn. My field corn is light, but my sorghums
all are very? heavy and as fine as Isevel‘ saw; also my Kafiir corn.”

Thrall, Karts-as. F. G. THRALL.

 

COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS.

187

STATION RESULTS OI‘ FEEDING- STEERS ON COTTON’ SEED, I-IULLS AND

MEAL.

Daily Rations Used.

I. TEXAS STATION EXPERIMENTS.
(a.) 3 and 4-Year Old Texas Steers.

 

 

1. 8.09 lbs. hay, 16.39 ear corn (check ration) ....................... ..

2. 16.38 lbs. hulls, 6.34 lbs. C. S. meal ............................................ ..

3. 22 7 .............................................................................................. ..

(1).) 2 and 3- Year Old Grade Short IIorns. '

1. 7.97 boiled cotton seed, 9.18 corn silage, 3.11 corn fodder, 31
lbs. hay (check ration) .......................................................... ..

2. 17.38 lbs. hulls, 5.93 C. S. meal ................................................... ..

3. 16.59 lbs. “ y 4.07 “ " 4.97 lbs. corn and cob meal ..... ..

4. 13.83 lbs. “ 5.91 “ " 6.31 lbs. hay ............................. ..

5. 19.62 lbs. “ 6.22 " “ 0.57 pint molasses .................... ..

(0.) 2 and 3- Year Old Texas Steers.

1. 5.39 lbs. Hay, 13.02 corn and cob meal (check ration) ................ ..
2. 4.78 lbs. C. S. Meal, 7.81 hulls. 17.81 lbs. corn silage ................. ..
(d) 10 Native Steers and 3 Grades per Pen.
1.BmHwhM@5%CSJmMflM%wm§m@ ....................... H
(e.) 3 and 4-Year Old Grade Short Ilorns.

1. 15.52 lbs. hulls, 6.34 lbs. C. b meal* ........................................... ..
2. 17.83 lbs. “ 5.88 lbs. “ “ ................................... ..

3. 10.77 lbs. ‘ 5.98 lbs. "
4. 19.02 lbs. “ 4.00 lbs. "
5. 16.61 lbs. “ 5.16 lbs. “
6. 18.90 lbs. “ 5.85 lbs. “
*7. 10.73 lbs. “ 6.67 lbs. “
8. 20.54 lbs. “ 4 lbs. "
(f.) 4- Year Old
1. 14. lbs. hulls. 9.38 lbs. C. S.
2. 24.65 lbs. “ 3.80 lbs. "
3. 21.67 lbs. " 7.06 lbs. “
4. 14.98 lbs. “ 10.74 lbs “
5. 24.72 lbs. “ 3.80 lbs "
6. 22.11 lbs. “ 7.12 lbs “
(g.) 2-Year Old Grade Short Horns.
1. 22.26 lbs. hulls, 4.06 lbs. C. S. meal ....................... .. ..
2. 14.40 lbs. “ 4.19 lbs. " “ 5.96 sorg. hay ..................... ..
3. 19.62 lbs. “ 4.85 lbs. “ “ 1.98 lbs. corn and cob
chops .................................. .. ................................................ ..
4. 19.10 llbs. hulls, 3.73 lbs. C. S. meal, 3.81 lbs. corn and cob
c iops ..................................................................................... ..
5. 18.78 lbs. hulls, 4.45 lbs. C. S. meal, 1.13 lbs. corn and cob
chops, 1.13 lbs. oats ............................................................. ..
6. 18.20 lbs. hulls, 2.21 lbs. C. .1. meal, 2.21 lbs. corn and cob
meal. 2.21 lbs. oats ................................................................ ..
7. 20.06 lbs. hulls, 4.1 lbs. C. S. meal, 1.8 lbs. corn and cob chops l’
8. 17.5 lbs. “ 4.4 lbs. “ “ 1.8 lbs. " “ " " +
7.4 lbs. sorg. ha .................................................................. ..
9. 19.8 lbs. hulls, 4.1 lbs. C. S. meal. 2. lbs. corn and cob chops,
10. 19. lbs. “ 3.7 lbs. “ “ 3.7 lbs. “ " “ “
11. 19. lbs. “ 4.5 lbs. “ “ 11 lbs “ " " “
1.1 lbs. oats ............................................................................ ..
12. 18.4 lbs. hulls, 2.2 lbs. C. S. meal.  lbs. corn and cob chops,

2.2 oats ................................................................................ ..

 

I Days fed.

$$

140

No. fed.

*1 “Q \1-‘Z OJOOUJUSCAZW NNHQIQNJZQZOH)

Kl

RI Q “Q-QRI “QQ!

*This pen fed light meal ration first 70 days and then heavy meal ration.

+The chops mentioned was fed from the 100th to 140th day.

f Average
I Weights.

830

1022

W?‘ 9999M“?
woo
Hm

swerve
$68288

1.98
2.13
2.06
2.01

1.92
1.74

1.94
2.01
1.89
1.93
1.8.2

sass.

I88

TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

SEATION RESULTS OI‘ FEEDING STEERS ON COTTON SEED, HUI-LS V’

MEAL-continued.

Daily Bastions Used.

5°?‘

 NORTH CAROLINA STATION EXPERIMENTS.
(a.) 3-Year Old Native Steers.
18.98 lbslhulls, 4.4 lbs. O. S. meal ............................................. ..
(b.) Z-YeaWOId Steers.
i??? ‘ES; “~‘-‘“*l1‘:2Z{€23 C?‘ S" ‘“~?“‘.:.1'.':::JJJJJJJJJ1:353:11::::;:::.'::::i::::;:
(0.) Mature Steers. j
16.44 lbs. hulls. 8.71 lbs. O. S. meal ......................................... 
(a.) 2 1-2 t0 3 1-2- Year 01d Steers.
13.45 lbs. hulls, 9.08 lbs. O. S. meal ........................................... ..
3. ALABAMA STATIONVEXPERIMENTS.
(a.) 18-Year Old. Work Oxen.
20.78 lbs. hulls, 4.951bs..O. S. meal ............................................ ..
(b.) 2 1-2- Year Old Grade Hol. Steers.
18.47 lbs. hulls, 4.50 lbs. O. S. meal ........................................... ..

4. ARKANSAS STATION EXPERIMENTS.
(a.) 2 and 2 1-2- Year Old Steers. .

19.24 lbs. hulls, 5.75 lbs. O. S. meal .................................... .. ....... ..
. (b.) Fed t0 Steers (age not given).
6.44 lbs. hulls, 4.86 lbs. O. S. meal, 13.9 lbs. cow pea hay ......... ..
5. MISSISSIPPI STATION EXPERIMENTS.
(a.) Wmtering 23 Cows and 1 Bull (Beef).
9.75 lbs. hulls, 3.75 lbs. O. S. meal ............................................. ..

Days fed.

100

100
84

136

84

N0. fed.

I0

Average
Weights.

D9411’

N)

855
934

1065

1009

1150

751

712

760

NJ

- “i

'.
. ,
1/

 OOTTON SEED AND ITS
._‘~

PRODUCTS.

189

 RESULTS OP FEEDING COTTON SEED MEAL WITH ~I'EEDS OTHEE THAN

-.  _ A HUI-LS.

  
   
  
   
   
   
  
  
  
   
    
  
   
    
   
  
 
  

. '6 |
$3
Daily Rations Used. g 
=e
Q
1. TEXAS STATION EXPERIMENTS.
( a.) 3 and 4-Year Old Texas Steers. ‘
5.97 lbs. O. S. me , 22.70 lbs. corn silage. 3.07 lbs. hay .......... .. "
4.39 lbs. “ “ 20.76 bs. “ “ 1.89 lbs. “ 8.63 lbs.
corn cob meal.  ............................................................. .. 83
5.85 lbs. O. S. meal, 12.95 lbs. corn silage ................................ .. 80
16.39 lbS. ear corn, 8.09 lbs. hay (check ration) ......................... .. 83
V, (b.) 2 and 3- Year Old Short Horn and Hereford Grades. l! I
" . 3.59 lbs. o. s. meal. 23.99 lbs. corn silage. 4.22 lbs. corn and
cob meal .............................................................................. .. 90
5.64 lbs. O. S. meal, 37.79 lbs. corn silage, 0.32 ptzs. molasses.... 90
(0.) 2- Year Old Steers.
3 lbs. O. S. meal. 7 lbs. corn meal, 4.36 lbs. hay, 1.20 corn M
o er ................................................................................. .. H
12 lbs. corn meal. 4.36 lbs. hay. 1.12 lbs corn fodder ................ .. 77
l ' l (d.) 3-Year Old Steers.
4.50 lbs. O. S. meal, 10.50 lbs. corn meal, 6.48 lbs. hay, 1.52 lbs.
corn fodder .................................... ..; ................................... .. 77
7 lbs. corn meal, 6.48 lbs hay, 1.58 lbs. corn fodder ................ .. 77
3 (e.) 4- Year Old Steers.
_ 18 lbs. corn meal, 7.27 hay, 1.65 corn fodder ........................ .. 77
1‘ 4.81bs. O S. meal, 11.19 lbs. corn meal, 7.27 lbs. hay, 1.72 lbs.
' corn fodder .......................................................................... .. 77
v .) 2 and 3- Year Old Grade Short Horn Steers (first period).
2.90 lbs. O. S. meal, 6.09 corn meal, 6.60 corn fodder .............. .. 19%
1.73 lbs. corn meal, 5.11 lbs. corn fodder ................................ .. 19%
X (Second period.)
2.63 lbs. O. S. meal, 5.27 lbs. corn meal, 8.68 lbs. hay .............. .. 31%
0.46 lbs. corn meal, 7.97 lbs. hay .............................................. .. 2914
2. PENN. STATION EXPERIMENTS.
(a.) Western Steers.
3.95 lbs. O. S. meal, 9.85 lbs. corn meal, 6.27 lbs. corn fodder .. 97
lbs. corn meal, 6.15 lbs. corn fodder (cheek ration) ......... .. 97
4.12 lbs. O. S. meal, 10.37 lbs. corn m_eal, 3.50 lbs. corn fodder 49
.- 5.12 lbs. O. S. meal. 10.37 lbs. corn fodder. 8 lbs. hay ............ .. 42
y; (b.) Pennsylvania Steers.
l4 lbs. O. S. meal. 8 lbs. corn meal, 8.5 corn fodder ............. .. 84
B .65 lbs. corn meal, 5 lbs. corn fodder (check ration) ............. .. 84
‘_= lbs. O. . eal, 6 lbs. corn meal, 3.88 lbs. corn f0dder...... 28
j lbs. “ “ 6 lb . " “ 10 lbs. hay ................... .. 28
" ‘ lbs. corn meal, 9.77 lbs. hay (check ration) ...................... .. 28
I i’ 3. MAINE STATION EXPERIMENTS.
(a.) 5 t0 8-Month Short Horn and Hol. Steers.
(One of each in each experiment.) . - ;
lbs. O. S. meal, 1.16 lbs. wheat bran, 1.16 lbs. ground oatsl
9.56 lbs. hay, 8.02 lbs. silage ................................................. ..l 
lbs. corn meal, 1.16 lbs. wheat bran, 1.16 lbs. ground oats,;'
9.63 lbs. hay, 7.85 lbs. silage ................................................ .4 

   

i—~
15$ FHCDU; O5

U1 N)

N! 1Q

TO

rP-r-k

I-Pni

Hkflklkbflbfi ZOIQNJNJ

774
831

771
782

1256
1270

1384

Daily
gains.

p9
©
U!

5.25650
mo;
on

aw

'-*Lv
@l—l
Ulh-

5"?‘
aooo
woo

Fir???" F’???
u; n w -
s3s-i8l 

1.65
1.64

viz:
a N

 
  
 

190 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
RESULTS OI‘ FEEDING- GOTTON SEED MEAL WITH FEEDS OTHER V:
BULLS-continued. ’
Daily Rations Used. a r‘ 3p
o o
S Z B
(b.) 18~DI0nth Old Steers.
1. 3.50 lbs. corn meal, 12 lbs. hay ..........  ..................................... .. 69 2 742
2. 1.55 lbs. C. S. meal, 2 lbs. corn meal, 12 lbs. hay .............. ..  69 2 803
3. 3.50 lbs. corn meal, 12 lbs. hay .......................................... .. 69 2 908
4. 2 lbs. C. S. meal, 5 lbs. corn meal, 10 lbs. hay ......  ........ ..  69 2 839
5. 2lbs. “ “ 3 lbs. “ “ 12 lbs. oat straw ................ .. 69 2 781
4. WOBURN (ENGLAND) STATION EXPERIMENTS.
(a.) Feeding Bullocks. 
1887-8. (Coarse fodder, straw, chaff, and roots) alike to all.
1. 3lbs. decorticated cotton seed cake, 3 lbs. linseed cake, 3
lbs. corn meal ..................................................................................................... ..
2. 3 lbs. bean meal, 3 lbs. oaigs, 3 lbs. barley ............................................................... ..
1. 4.33 lbs. decorticated C. S. cake, 4.34 lbs. linseed cake. 13.73
- lbs. hay chaff, 4.18 lbs. roots .............................................................................. ..
 2.12 lbs. decorticated C. S. cake. 2.17 lbs. linseed cake, 15.49
lbs. hay chaif, 44.27 lbs. roots ............................................................................. ..
1888189.
2.3 lbbsl decorticated S. C. cake. 2.88 lbs. linseed cake, 4 lbs.
ar ey .....................................................................................................  .... ..
2. 3.3 lbs. undecorticated C. S. cake, 2.88 lbs. linseed cake, 4
lbs. barley ..............................................................................................  ............ ..
1890-’9l. (Coarse fodder, hay, chaff, and roots) alike to all.
1. 5.03 lbsl. decorticated C. S. cake, 3 lbs. linseed cake, 1 lb. l ;
bar ey ................................................................................................................... ..
2. 5.071lbs.l undecorticated C. S. cake, 3 lbs. linseed cake, 1 lb. l l
ar ey ............................................................................................  ..................... 
1878-9. (Coarse fodder, roots and wheat chaff. alike to all.) l l 
1. 7.69 lbs. decorticated C. S. cake, 7.88 lbs. corn meal ........................  ....... ..l. ........... U;
2. 13.92 lbs. linseed meal (check) ..................................................................... ..  
1880. (Corn fodda, hay-~cha,ff, wheat chaif, roots), alike to all. l
1. 7.7 lbs. decorticated C. S. cake. 7.7 lbs. corn mezll ................................................. ..l
2. 15.4 lbs. linseed cake (check) ............................................  ..................................... 
1880-1. (Corn fodder, ha chaff, and mangle-worzels) alike to all. ;
1. 9.48 lbs. decorticate o. s. cake, 9.48 lbs. corn meal .....  .......  ............................. II!
2. 17.18 lbs. linseed cake ............................................................................................. ..]
5. MARYLAND STATION EXPERIMENTS. 
(a.l 3-Year Old Grade Short Horns. 
1. 2.50 lbs. c. s. meal, 12.20 lbs. corn fodda, 9.36 lbs. born and l
cob meal, 0.50 pt-s. molasses. 1.25 lbs. corn meal, 9.33 lbs. l
roots ................................................................................... . . 90 4 1113 1
2. 11.50 lbs. corn fodda, 10.90 lbs. corn and cob meal. 0.27 pts. f
molasses, 9.33 lbs. roots. ..................................................... .. 90 4 1063 
6. MISSOURI STATION EXPERIMENTS. 
. = l
(a) 2- Year Old Short Horns.  l,
1. 1.36 lbs. C. S. meal, 2.66 lbs. wheat bran,  lbs. hay, 53.2 lbs. l
silage. 0.09 lbs. straw ... ....................................................... .. 49  991 l
.2. 1.36 lbsfC. S. meal, 2.66 lbs. wheat bran, 4 lbs. hay. 2 lbs. l
straw, 12.68 corn fodder .................................................... .. 49 3 985 
7. VIRGINIA STATION EXPERIMENTS. 
l
((1.) 3 1-2- Year Old Steers. t l
1. 6 lbs. C. S. meal, 6 lbs. wheat bran, 9.07 lbs. hay ..................... .. 35 2 1273 I
2. 6 lbs. “ “ 6 lbs. “ " 7.43 lbs. " 10 lbs. silage. 728 2 13.27 
3. 4 lbs. “ “ 6 lbs. “ " l5. lbs. roots ................. .. . 35 2 1277 l
6 lbs. corn meal, 6 lbs. “ “ 9. lbs. llay.. ................. .. 35 2 1253 

 

i: STATION RESULTS OI‘ FEEDING- STEERS ON COTTON SEED WITH OTHER.

COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS.

  
  
   
   
 
  
   
 
 
   
   
  
  

 
 

 

 rnnns.
f» g5 e 3,33
 _ Daily Ration Used. t; '  if‘,
é;  7? > 5
 c: <5
1. TEXAS STATION EXPERIMENTS. I
(a.) Old Cows. ’

1. 4.74 lbs. boiled cotton seed, 4.02 lbs. C. S. meal, 11.93 lbs. sil-

age, 6 lbs. corn fodder ......................................................... .. .48 8 788
(b) 3 and 4- Year Old Texas Steers.
1. 9.19 lbs. boiled cotton seed. 20.19 lbs. silage, 2.30 lbs. hay ....... .. 83 6 863
2. 7.15 lbs. yaw cotton seed, 18.80 corn silage, 2.36 lbs. hay ......... .. 83 6 901
3. 115.39 lbs. ear corn. 8.09 lbs. hay ..........................................  .. 83 11 834
(0.) 4 and 6-Year Old Texas Steers. _

, 1. 5.45 lbs. raw cotton seed. 11.68 lbs. corn silage. 16.15 lbs. corn
i and cob meal ....................................................................... .. 79 9 747

2. 4.33 lbs. boiled cotton seed, 15.33 lbs. corn and cob meal, 7.49
lbs. hay ................................................................................. .. 79 3 773

(d.) 2 and 3-Year Old Texas Steers.

6.68 lbs. roasted cotton seed, 4.06 lbs. corn and cob meal, 3.71
s. hay ................................................................................ .. 83 12 619

7.89 lbs. boiled cotton seed. 5.10 lbs. corn and cob meal, 3.38
s. iay ............................................................................ .. 83 12 633

5.50 lbs. raw cotton seed, 5.07 lbs. corn and cob meal,,4.26
lbs. hay ................................................................................ .. 83 12 586
13.02 lbs. corn and cob meal,  lbs. hay (cheek ration) ......... .. 83 12 604

(e.) 2 and 3-Year Old Short Horn and Hereford Grades.

3.59 lbs. O. S. meal. 23.99 lbs. corn silage, 4.22 lbs. corn and
cob meal (check ratirm) ....................................................... .. 90 4 774
5.6-1 lbs. (l. S. meal. 37.79 lbs. corn silage,  pints molasses.... 90 4 831

2. ARKANSAS STATION EXPERIMENTS.
(a) 2 I-Z-Year Old Steers.

. . 3.40 lbs. raw cotton seed. 14.48 lbs. cow pea vine hay ............. .. 90 2 718

‘ . 3.44 lbs. raw C. S.. 11.35 lbs. O. S. hulls, 8.07 lbs. cow pea vine
hay ...............  ....  ............................................................. .. 90 2 798

(b.) 3-Year Old Grade Steers.
11.2 lbs. raw cotton seed, 16.8 lbs. pea vine hay ...................... .. 90 2 1183
(0.) Fed to Grade Steers. Aye not Given.
10.2 lbs. raw cotton seed. 1.46 lbs. cow pea vine hay ............... .. 90 5 761
10.3 lbs. ground cotton seed, 14.5 lbs. cow pea vine hay ......... .. 90 5 765
3. MISSISSIPPI STATION EXPERIMENTS.
(a.) Feeding Calves.

H 1.61 lbs. C. S. meal, 13.9 lbs. skim mill<...........   56 3 265
v4.35 lbs. crushed cotton seed ..... .. 56 3 209
~ 5.23 lbs. boiled cotton seed.... ........................................ .. 56 3 234
I _ 31.04 lbs. skim milk (check: rat n) ............................................. .. 56 3 215

  

191

Daily
Gains.

5e
U;
~2

_l\')[-‘_l\D
ao
C

1.92
1.95

3.02

*-*.—
$10

v

 

 

. \
192 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT‘ STATIONS.

2.—FEEDING HOGS COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS. if

Many conflicting reports have reached the Experiment Station with reference ‘*
to the profits and the losses in feeding cotton seed (raw, boiled, crushed, and ,>
rotted) to hogs, and also on feeding the cotton seed meal. The Texas Experiment
Station was the first to conduct carefully planned experiments to test the effect
of cotton seed and its products lip-on the health of the ihog. Other stations have
verified the results obtain-ed, which indicate that after the end of the forttethif,
day, some deaths may be ewpected in all 0f the pens where cotton seed or its t
products are used.- \

These experiments, conducted in 1891, did not, h-owever, include a trial of rotted 
or fermented seed and, according to recent trials by this Station, it has been >
found possible to feed this material with fairly good results, but it must be i
borne in mind that a few successful attempts made in feeding partially rotted _
seed do not prove that under all conditions this method of treatment renders the
seed entirely safe.

The composition of the seed, when rotted, undergo a peculiar change, due to "
partial decomposition, and is noted especially in the increase of the percentage of
crude protein, which changed from 23.48% in the sound seed to 30% in the rotted 
seed, and this change is made regardless of the fact that the water content of ,
the partly rotted seed has materially increased. The following analysis, made j;
under the direction of Prof. Harrington, in the Chemical Section of the Station, J

is presented:

i -\‘M,;i -



Rotted Seed. Sound Seed.

Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.00 7.64%

Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.16 5.06

Ether extract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.74 18.29

Crude fibre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.47’ 30.11

Crude protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.00 23.48

Nitrogen free extract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.63 15.42

In answer to inquiries upon the subject of using cotton seed, the following reply
has been sent from this station: “Wet seed -are not safe unless they are allowed
to stay wet until theyare partly rotted. Experiments have shown us that hogs
would freely -eat soaked seed (which had been in this condition two weeks), but 
would not eat a sufficient amount alone to cause them to fatten, but if corn meal I i
be supplied in addition to the cotton seed, hogs will fatten fairly well and there
is little danger in feeding such rations. \ a

“The question of roasted seed for hogs is out of date. Experiments conducted ,'
by this Station some years since proved that there was no money to be made in 
roasting seed for hogs and that roasted seed were not any bet-ter than boiled seed, 7, "
either as cow or hog feed, and it is therefore unnecessary to expend money to '
buy roasters when seed can as w-ell be treated in a cheaper way.”

The letters here presented from practical feeders are divided (a) into those
who have used cotton seed successfully with hogs, and (lb) with those who have
met with more or less failure.

A.—SUCCESSI‘UI| PEEDERS.

No. 1. FEEEDING COTTON SEED TO Hoes IN THE ’60s: “I have had much exper- I ‘
ience in cotton seed feeding. In the ’60 -I ran a horse gin. No seed was hauled
home by the farmers except for seed. My gin was in -a pasture. I would have
them hauled out to them (to eat at leisure (grass was of the best). Evening and
night, cattle would be all round eating them. I would have at the creek (close
by the pasture) Wagon after wagon loads hauled and thrown in the pools of
water. The hogs kept fat and I could kill when the house needed fresh meat.
The hogs were .fat all the time. I heard nothing of cotton seed killing hogs, but
when they ate the seed thrown out sound and k-ept dry (except for the little rain
that fell upon them) it would kill during the first warm days that came, espec-

C0'l‘T()N SEED AND 11s PRODUCTS. 193

  
   
  
    
   
 
   
  
   
   
  
   
   
  
  
   
   
   
  
  
  
   
  
  
   
   
  
  
   
  
 
   
 

ially before vegetation put forth. I have fed to calves and milk cows, always with
best results, except the butter Will be white. I have plowed oxen a life time and
always feed 0n cotton seed, shucks, fodder, or hay m-ixed, when I could get them.”

Nockenttt. H. ‘S. HASTINGS.

No. 2. CoTToN SEED COMBINED WITH VARIOUS-CROPS: “My limited experi-
ence in feeding cotton seed is all with the hull on, with turnip tops, cabbage,
potatoes, pumpkins, kershaw, or melons—with bran, corn, or corn meal (mixed
_ and cooked). This made a very good feed "for fattening hogs with no bad results;
the seed composing from 1/3 to 1/4 of the feed.”

San/co. J. L. DURHAM.

No. 3. MUsT BE "COMBINED WITH OTHER FEEDS: “I enclose Mr. M.’s letter to
Farm and Ranch, as a sample of many letters from different section-s of this
 and several other States which I have received of late in regard to the matter
 therein ‘mentioned, and shall endeavor to give him ‘and others what information
 I have gathered -on this subject from actual experience and cl-ose observation.
” While I am but 38 years of age, I can rememb-er when cotton seed were thrown
out -on the gin, yards by the ginners, and except a small quantity for seed, they
were never hauled away by the farmers who grew them. They were looked upon
as being, as Mr. M. says, ‘certain death -to hogs,’ ‘worth nothing as a ra-ti.on for
cattle, and, to put on land, certain destruction to any crop, because of the dis-
position ‘to fire’ any Ipl-ant un-der which they might be put. But men commenced
to experiment, and this once useless and dangerous appendage of the fieecy staple
is now considered flhe most valuable‘ product of the plant.

“It is fact that hogs ‘that remain around a gin house -and eat nothing except
 cotton seed for any considerable length of time usually become diseased, and
" many die. But I am of the opinion, nor am I alone in this conclusion, that dust,
vermin, lack of pu1re water, no change of diet, and filthy quarters and other evils
attending those unwholesome surroundings and conditions cause the swine to
become diseased and die, and not cotton seed.

“Around the old-fashioned horse-gins, where there was no water, and dust and
filth was knee deep, -a dead hog was a common sight, but around our more modern
gins, where plenty of good water is always accessible, and there is co-mparatively
Vittle chance or space for the accumulation of filth, a dead hog is the exception
and not the rule  * *. .

“The first time I ever saw raw cotton seed fed to hogs, with no other ration,
Iwas by Mr. J. C. Boon, of Navarro county, in 1896. I-Ie had six large hogs, which
he put in a close pen and fed on cotton seed alone till they were ready for the
block, and I have never seen finer hogs, considering age, time of feeding and single
h. diet, than these were. With the excption of the slops which came from the
"kitchen, and fed to them each day, with an ample allowance of water, their sole
diet was cotton seed.

l “Mr. Boon dug a hole in the ground near his pen, and filled it with the amount
I f seed he allowed his hogs, and then put in sufficient water to thoroughly wet
tithe entire mass. Then he took a common weeding hoe and worked the seed and
Qwater together till all the dust was absorbed by the “rater, and the loose lint
[usually left on seed was well moistened and clinging close to the hull. When
{thus manipulated, he transferred them to a trough in the pen, and the meal was
ijprepared, and greedily eaten by the hungry swine. Like Mr. M, I was somewhat
surprised, and expected to see the hogs become diseased and begin to lose flesh
Lin a. short time, but to my surprise just the opposite was true.

, “When killed, the only objection he mentioned to his cotton seed pork was the
{ecided flavor of the seed imparted by the feeding of seed alone, unmixed with
* y other feed. Mr. Boone informed me that he could fatten hogs cheaper on cot-
" n seed than on corn, when the latter is most abundant and the former is selling
;- l0 cents per bushel.

T 5—Bu11.55.

194 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL Exrnnmnxi‘ STATIONS.

“I saw other farmers on the prairies of Texas feeding rations of raw seed and

bran, cooked seed and bran, seed and turnips, cotton seed, oats and corn, and in ~

every instance the cotton seed were thoroughly soaked in water before feeding,
and I have yet to see a hog die from feeding this now common diet for hogs among
the farmers of Texas.

“Mr. M. mentions the feeding of cotton seed meal to hogs, and asks for my
opinion thereon. Inasmuch as’I have never seen the meal fed to hogs, I can not

speak from experience, and therefore prefer to remain silent, as my unsupported ~ i_

opinion might lead to disastrous results. But if I lived where I could obtain the
meal in suflicient quantity, and cheap enough, I should sacrifice a pig or two in
trying to learn something about ‘feeding the meal. I can assure any reader-s of
Farm and Ranch that cotton seed thoroughly moistened can be safely and with
profit f-ed to hogs, alone or with other food, and during the present scarcity of
corn, none should fail to take advantage of this useful bit of knowledge and
make preparation to put it -into practice, rather than sell the seed to oil mills
and :pay exorbit-ant prices for lard and bacon.

“If seed are fed raw and dry to hogs, I am informed "that the air passages of
the lungs become clogged wit“ dust and lint, circulation is obstnucted, and the
animal becomes diseased, and finally pines away and dies, no-t from any poisonous
element obtained from the seed, ‘but from the very causes that would produce
disease and death if obtained through the agency of any other ‘food. Almost
every disease tlhat hogs are heir to results from lack of water, expo-sure to
inclement weather, and filthy surroundings, -and while their conditions may be
varied without serious loss, their natures cannot be changed to suit all con-
ditions and surroundings.

“Wr. M, and no other fairmer who attempts to feed cotton seed to hogs, should

fail to use plenty of water, whether fe-d with bran, turnips, corn, or alone, and

when ithis is done, go-od and not evil results will follow.”

Caledonia. H. P. WEBB.

(In Farm and Ranch, Dallas.)

Mr. H. P. lVebb, Caledonia, Texas:

I was much interested in your communication in Farm and Ranch of Sept. 2, on the feed-
ing value of turnips, and have nothing but approval for all you say in that regard. But
your incidental mention of feeding cotton seed to hogs, without intimatina any danger
in so doing, is somewhat curious in view of the fact that cotton seed is considered almost
certain death when fed to hogs. I have myself killed a good many hogs in trying to solve
the problem of converting cotton seed and cotton seed meal into pork and lard, without
success. I have not altogether lost hope in that regards. and would like very much to

learn all about your method of feeding hogs on cotton seed. if you have seen and know of

the same being done for some time without bad results.
Yours very truly.
S. J. MArnnws.

No. 4. A MIXED EXPERIENCE: In regard to cotton ‘seed meal as feed for hogs,
how fed, etc., I herewith send you ‘statement-of experience with said feed. i
fed about twenty head of pigs, shoats, and hogs cotton seed meal made into slop,
with about ten per cent. corn chops added to same; fed about three gallons per
day to bunch. All came through the winter in fine condition. Not having any
mast "in my hog pasture, a neighbor kindly tendered me the use of his mast
grounds. I took ten head of ‘fine shoats and placed them uipon pecan and acorn
mast. In less than a week had lost nine. I believe that had the shoats remained
in the pasture they would have been all .right, as those kept at home did well.

My belief from experience is lthat it will not do to ch-ange at once from this
feed to another. If any change is made -to another, it should lessen the one as the
other increases, until the system is thoroughly cleansed of above feed. I have
fed the meal in all stages, sweet and sour mash, and hogs sis well until above
change.

I think the above per cent. of corn chops, or other mixed feed with this, should
be greater—say 20 ‘per cent.

Gunsight. T. G. COLEMAN.

 

COTTON SEED AND rrs PRODUCTS. 195

No. 5. Corron SEED, Conn, AND TURPENTINE: “I have fed cotton seed to my
hogs for four seasons. The first I ever fed to any extent was the Winter of ’94.
I had two large sows that I wished to fatten and kill. Being short of corn, I put
the two sows in a pen, separated from my killing hogs, and gave them a small feed
of corn at night and put in fresh cotton seed every morning. Seed was kept before
them all of the time, and ‘they got big and fat. Since then, I have given my fat-
tening hogs, rafter putting them up to fatten, as much as they rwould eat once a

 day, at twelve oiclo-ck. Ever since, I have been feeding the seed to my hogs. I

give each of them a few drops of turpentine two or three times a we-ek. I think
the turpentine is an antidote for cotton seed. But I have never made up my mind
to risk feeding seed to hogs 0r pigs that I expect to keep over for another year.
I would rather my pigs would eat cotton seed than sleep in dust; dust is sure
death, in my experience, if they sleep in it long enourgh, and I have found no rem-
edy for i~t——the dust cougl1——th-ough I have used turpentine for it. I think tur-
pengine and copperas are good hog medicines; no Worm can stay where they are
use .”
Millican. C. B. MoGREeoR.

No. 6. UsE OF CooKED SEED: “My experience in feeding cotton seed (is not ex-
tensive, but I have learned something by my experience with cotton seed as a h-og
feed. Last spring, for w-ant of corn, I was forced to try cotton seed, but before
doing so, I allowed my hogs (in dry lot) to become quite thin—tryi'ng to keep

i" them alive till ‘sorghum time’ with a very limited amount of damaged sheaf oats.

I began cooking cotton seed and added it, at first, in small quantities, to the oat

 r-ation, gradually increasing the amount -of cooked seed until I had found the

" amount the hogs would eat up clean.

To my surprise, my hogs began to fatten
and squeal for their ration of cooked seed. As soon as my early so-rghum began
to ripen, I discontinued the oats and began feeding sorghum——all that my hogs

if’. would clean up, but they continued to eat heartily of the cooked cotton seed, and

 I continued feeding the cooked seed until my new corn came in, at which time my

I hogs were fat enough to butcher, and had made a splendid growth.

Shortly

 after beginning the cotton seed ration, I told my neighbors about it, and how well

 and the purchaser told me that the meat was as tender as chicken.

 my hogs were d-oing. Many of them said my hogs would die when the hot weather
 came, but not one of them died until I butchered them this winter, and nicer,

sweeter, tenderer pork I never saw. I sold ~one hog that weighed 389 pounds,
Now as to
what I have learne-d: (1) Cotton seed (cooked) will not kill hogs, but when
mixed with other ‘rations is a m-ost excellent, healthy and cheap feed. (2) One
bushel of cotton seed is equal to about two bushels of corn as a hog feed, when

 cotton seed is selling at Il0c. per bushel -and corn at 40c. (the price last summer)
 it stands as 10:8, in favor of cotton seed (trouble of cooking not counted).

 about 1750. per bushel on the corn.”

Have also learned that I can grow hogs and make good pork out of cotton seed

 and sorghum. Have also learned that I had better keep my cotton seed (or buy
' them) at $7 per ton and sell my corn at 23c. per bushel (present price of each).

Then one-half bushel ‘of cotton seed at about 5&0. and corn at 23c. is a saving of

N ear Alvarado. J. JAMES.

N-o. 7. CooKED SEED AND ALFALFA PASTURE:

“Having no oil mill in this lo-

in cality, of course we can only use the whole seed. During the winter of ’97-’98,
 other feed being very costly, I bought some 2% tons of cotton seed. These wer-e
 boiled, very thoroughly (a most important matter in feeding hogs) until they
* would mash very easily between one’s thumb. and finger.
-' were fed warm, and were used into daily feeds to winter 66 stock hogs, which,
'_ besides, had the run -of some 3O acres of alfalfa pasture-of course very sho-rt at
Y? that time of the year. Most of the bunch wvent through the winter very ‘well; had
l, a loss of about 10%—mostly the ‘smaller pigs.

So far as possible, they

The spring crop of pigs from these

 

196 TEXAS AGRIC-ULTURAL FIXPERILIENT STATIONS.

  

sows was unusuallylthrifty and good. Where fuel is cheap, it is obvious that, 
the price I paid for the seed ($5 to $6 per ton) that this is a very cheap feedi;
I do not consider cotton seed alone a good ration for a hog, but to help out short 

pasture, or to save more costly food, they will serve a good purpose.”
Pecos City. WILLARD H. DENIS.

B.—UN1‘AVORABLE RESULTS.

 
  

No. 8. UNFAVORABLE EXPERIENCE WITH (JooKED SEED. “I have had no experi- it;
ence in feeding cotton seed, other than in the raw state to cattle. I have cooked I 2

them for h'ogs, and fed them, but derived very little benefit.”
Franklin. G. F. LEWIS.

No. 9. AvoIDs ‘FEEDING SEED TO Hoes; “My experience and observation with
seed and hog-s convince me that if the hogs survive, they -ar-e injured more than
benefited by eating seed, consequently I try to keep them from seed at all times.
Have never tried to make horses or mules eat seed. We find seed necessary at all
seasons of the year for milk cows, and especially in warm weather, to give firm-
ness to the butter. Seed have averaged $6.00 ‘per ton at Station, five miles from
gin; hulls at mill about $3.50; and meal, 1 think, $17 0r $18 -and 13 miles to haul
them.”

Independence. W. L. BAILEY.

No. 10. FEEDING ON SOAKED SEED AND ‘CORN: “Situated as we are, 30 miles
from market, confines u-s to the use of whole seed. So far as my individual ex-
per.ience in feeding cotton seed is concerned, I have not found it profitable, except
to cattle. I partially fattened my pork 011 them last ,year, but as I lost one fine-
hog, eleven months old, after getting ‘him fat, and had another to sicken, droop,
and pine away (but finally recovered), I have not fed any more to hogs. This was

out of a pen of 7; the other 5 thrived and fattened nicely. I followed the direc- ,
tions of Dr. Neely, of R~oger’s Prairie, Leon county, who claims to have met with ~

excellent success in feeding seed to hogs. For tW-o months I fed i cotton seed and
1} shelled -corn, soaked in water two days, or until the seed was thoroughly
sprouted. I used two barrels, keeping one in the soak all -the while. After two
months I decreased the seed t-o about one-rhialf, and two or three week's before kill-
ing I fed on corn only. ,I could tell no difference in the flavor or the firmness of
the meat, but I thought feeding the seed had something to do with the loss, by
death, of the one referred to, and having corn in abundance I have not experi-
mented with seed this winter. So far as my observation goes, raw cotton seed will
kill young hogs. I lhave n-ot thoroughly satisfied myself as to the prime cause,
although I have examined some that di-ed from the effects of them. In one I

found a wad of lint lodged in the windpipe, iwhich led me to believe that it was .

‘the lint that did the work. I feed all my cattle regularly something like a peck
per day, and find them wholesome feed. I can see no good reason why the meal
could not be fed profitably to almost any and all kinds of stock.”

Hollis. J. O. ‘FORD.

I

No. 11. DEAD Hoes AROUND GIN: “While I have had no experience in feeding
cotton ls-eed to ‘hogs, I think cotton seed will kill them, since I have seen them
always dying. I think the seed are highly beneficial to cattle, combined with
other food, but, alone, I d-o not know what kind of beef they would produce.”

Quitman. J OHN H. LONG.

No. 12. FEEDs ONLY LIMITED AMOUNT 0E SEED T0 STooK: “I have fed cotton
seed some to hogs, but, generally, with bad results. I would not feed to hogs,
cooked or raw, with corn meal, or any other way. I would feed a little meal and

 

COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS. 197

hulls to my milk co-ws, combined with plenty of other feed-such as hay, oats,
and corn, and find that these give better results than plain seed—nor will I feed
1. meal and hulls exclusively to fatten stock.”

a. Milford. E. C. WILLIAMS.

 

No. 13. OosTLY Exrnarxrnvrs: “I have never used cotton seed or its products
with anything but milk cattle. I have used the seed and the meal and consider
the latter the best feed I have ever used. Several farmer-s have tried cotton seed
for fattening hogs, but have lost more than half of them.”

Shovel Mount. WV. GIESECKE.
No. 14. Loss OF Hoes: “I have been all my life on a farm; am now past fifty
,_ years 01d. Now, if cotton seed will not kill’ hogs in any way they are given them
' -  ——raw, cooked, soaked, or in meal after the oil is pressed out—I would pay a good
 price to find -out how to feed them—provided the other man furnishes the hogs.
 Mr. Editor, knowing you are an old Texan, and that you were raised in South

Texas, and on a farm at that, I believe it would not be out of place to ask you
something about hogs and cott-on seed and the benefit or loss in feeding them.
Cotton seed has killed hogs for me every time.”

McLennan county. ' W. J. DUFFEL,

In Farm and Ra-nch, Dallas. p

No. 15. FEEDING COTTON SEED TO Hoes: “In 1897 some experiments were made
in feeding cotton seed and cotton seed meal, both raw and cooked, to ‘hogs and pigs.
The feeding trial with grown hogs extended over a period of twelve weeks. Eight
Berkshire lhogs were selected and divided into four lots o-f two hogs each.

“Lot 1 received cooked cotton seed meal and corn meal.

“Lot 2 received raw cotton seed meal and corn meal.

“Lot 3 received cooked cotton seed and corn meal.

“Lot 4 received cooked cotton seed meal and whole‘ corn.,

“All four lots made their largest gain the second week of the trial. Taking the
experiment as a whole, the gain made by the lots was neither satisfactory nor
profitable. The hogs began to die first in the lot getting raw cotton seed meal.
The first! hog died at end of the fourth week, and at the end of the eighth
week the remaining hogs in same lot died. While .the hogs getting the cooked
seed and meal did not diie, some were very sick and refused to eat, and would
get better and begin eating again after being allowed to run in an oat and clover
patch for several days. After the fourth week, m-ost of the hogs began to lose
‘flesh, and after sixth or eighth week, none of lots made gains.

“Twenty-three pigs, four months old, were selected and fed a ration of cooked
'_ ;- cotton seed, corn meal, shorts, and skim milk. They ‘were fed forty-six days, and
*1 for the first two weeks made an average daily gain of one pound, but after the
first two weeks the gain Was small. The pigs continued to eat iwith great relish,
ileaving no waste. At the end of forty days the pigs began to die, -and when the
“experiment closed f-our pigs had died and several others were sick, but ‘were turned

nto a clover lot and were apparently well in a week. Some of these pigs were

ept until grown, and put on feed to fatten "for market. The cotton seed pigs were
gpoor fee-ders, and were never gotten in good condition.
if “We do not publish the result of these experiments in detail, for the reason
that, until some method is devised by which the poisonous element in the feed
tlfcan be cheaply and completely extracted, cotton seed and its products cannot be
..considered as a feed for hogs.”

(Extracted from Bulletin No.60, Mississippi Experiment Station.)

 

p 198 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

 
  
 
  
   
   
  
 
   
    
    
    
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
 
   
  

3. FEEDING COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS TO SHEEP.

Few c-areful experiments have been made lby -the sheep men of the State in th
use of cotton seed, its meal, or hulls, for fattening mutton. Very gener-ally, thisi
feed is u-sed only forcarrying flocks through the Winter season, when, if skillfull '
fed, a slightly larger amount of feed could be used and fatten the lambs f0
market. The lambs are n-ow generally shipped to other States and there prepar
for market.

No. 1. FEEDING RANGE AND MUTToN SHE-Er: “In the Stockman and Farmer o
December 14th, I gave an account of my experience in feeding cotton seed, an
refer you to same. On the range, cotton seed is the best and easies-t way to feed,
as the sheep get, in addition, what grass they require, but Where there is but
little or no gr-ass, meal and hulls are the best. I am this winter feeding one floc p‘
of ewes and fall lambs and one flock of spring lambs cotton seed, and they are do- if
ing well. a A f,

“We cannot rely upon grass alone to fatten sheep, and cotton seed and cotton s’
seed meal and hulls will, I think, be extensively used in the future.” ’

Standart. C. W. STANDART.

(From Texas Stockman and Farmer San Antonio.)

“In my opinion. cotton seed is the best and cheapest food grown in Texas for feeding "j
sheep. Vhile cotton seed meal may do as well for a feed, it is not as convenient to l1 indie j.
as cotton seed. for the reason that in wet weather it is difficult to use the feeding troughs 
unless under cover. My method is to feed the sheep on the range and feed them in the '
morning as they leave the corral. and when want of grass requires a change of range make
a new corral and move the troughs, and do this as often  required. I pack the cotton
seed in old wool sacks, being more convenient to handle, and when properly packed wet -"
weather does not injure the seed. l use troughs made out of six-inch boards, 12 feet long. ,-
I understand there are a good many sheep in Texas now being fed on cotton seed meal and "
hulls, and the result will be known in the spring. ’

No. 2. HULLs AND MEAL FOR EwEs: “In reply to yours of 20th instant will
say that 1/3 co-tton seed and 2/3 cotton seed meal is- the best ration I have ever
use-d for suckling ewes. My experience is not very extensive in fattening sheep.”

Bur-net. D. G. SHERARD.

No. 3. SEED PREFERRED TO CoTToN SEED MEAL: “I have never fed any but the
whole seed, and I believe it to be the most economical, because it does not waste
as the meal. Though I have only fed milk cows and on an average of 125 sh-eep.
Whole seed can be bought from near-by gins, but meal has to be bought from the
oil mills -at long dis-tance or from retail dealers. The experience of sheep men is
all in favor of the Whole seed, as itcan be fed on the ground, Whereas the meal
must b-e fed in troughs that have to be cleaned after each feeding because of the
dr-oppings from the sheep.”

Round Rock. H. L. RAVEN.

No. 4. FEEDING 6,000 MUTTONS: “Texas being one of the best cotton growing
States in the Union, and full of cotton seed mills, I do nrot think there is any kind
of feed that will give better results, nor do I think there is any better feed for
sheep than cotton seed meal and -hulls. I have 6,000 muttons n-ow in the feed
pens; I am well pleas-ed with the results so far. This is my first trial at feeding,
and later on I can give fuller details as to feeding sheep. Texas raises good sheep ‘
f-or the feed pen.” .

Biweetwater. J. C. KING.

(In Texas Stockmaiz and Farmer, San Antonio.)

No. 5. HULLS AND HEAL ENDoRsED: “Sheep, like other stock, relish a variety
of food. Cot-ton seed meal and hulls are good; corn, bran, and oats, with good

COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS. 199

i n‘ bright hay, or sheaf oats, is good. Sheep are often neglected as to watering facil-

ities. They should have good clean ‘water and plenty of trough room and dry
footing.”
Sonora. Kos BARRY.
(In Texas StOCIOTTLGH and Farmer, San Antonio.)

N0. 6. A WISCONSIN TEST: The following statement from the lWisconsin Sta-
tion shows clearly the high value of cotton seed meal for feeding young lambs.
The “oil meal” mentioned is linseed meal. The resulting gains were favorable,
but not so good as when linseed meal was used:

(PROM THE_U. s. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.)

*“* * * To compare the effect of feeding linseed meal and cotton seed
meal to young lambs, two lots of five lambs.each, Shropshire grades of good qual-
ity and about three months old, were used. Both lots were p-astured in the same

pasture and fnom July 16th to September 24th, ten weeks, received all they would

eat 0f the following grain mixtures: l-ot 1, ~1 par-t by weight of linseed meal and
2 parts of corn meal; and lot 2, 1 part of cotton seed meal and 2 parts of corn
meal. During the experiment, one of the lambs in lot 2 died. The average weekly

-gain per lamb was 3.3 pounds for the lot receiving linseed meal, and 2.95 p-ounds

for the lot receiving cotton seed meal.‘ The value in corn meal at $14, linseed
meal at $20 and cotton seed meal at $25 per ton, the cost of feed per pound of gain
in live weight was 2c. for the linseed meal lot -and 3&0. for the cotton seed meal lot.

“The result of this trial show:

“(l) For feeding lambs a grain mixture of ioil mealan-d corn meal gave better
results than a grain mixture of cotton seed meal and corn meal.

“(2) The lambs fed the oil meal madeea greater gain than those receiving
the cotton seed mixture. During the ten weeks trial, the lambs» fed the oil meal
ration each made a weekly gain of 3.3 pounds, while those getting ‘the cotton seed
ration each made aweekly gain -of 2.95 pounds.

“(3) The oil meal ration was in addition cheaper; for the lambs so fed made
100 pounds gain at a cost of $2, or 2c. per pound, while those getting the cotton

V, seed ration made 100 pounds gain at a cost of $3.30, or 31m. per pound.” »

(Wisconsin Station Bulletin No. 32.

200 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
SUMMARIZED AMERICAN EXPERI~MENTS.*

FEEDING COTTON SEED LIEAL IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER FEEDS TO SHEEP.

s5 m S’ 
o w .2 - . fi
saw sé 25% “as
-_;1 »’= ___ s‘ 2;»... 2
RATION. *5 g5‘ g5  g gegg
E Q E4 g n.  m
»—~ T <1 ’
Wan‘ Yo W A-.- _ iM_
NEW YORK CORNELL STATION
EXPERIMENTS.
G-vnonths-oltl Cotswold and Southdowiz. lambs.
(1), 0.21 pound cotton seed meal, 0.46 pound
linseed meal, 0.291 pound wheat bran, 1.205
pounds hay, 0.45 pound roots .......................... .. 166 3 61 0,184
(2) 0.684 pound corn or corn meal, 0.992
pound hay, 0.45 pound roots ............................ .. 166 3 54 .104

6-m0nths-0Zd Sh-TOpShiTG and Southdowvz lambs.

(1) 0.788 pound corn or corn meal, 0.754 * 
pound hay, 0.735 pound roots .......................... .. 151 2 60 .161 
(2) 0.351 pound cotton seed meal, 0.771
pound wheat bran, 1.033 pounds hay, 0.662
pound roots ...................................................... .. 151 2 67 .256
(3), 0.205 pound cotton seed meal, 0.675 pound .
corn or corn meal, 0.205 pound wheat bran, 5i
0.844 pound hay, 0.801 pound roots .................. .. 151 2 70 .248 
(4) 0.205 pound cotton seed meal, 0.689 pound '
corn or corn meal, 0.205 pound wheat bran. _ 5

 

0.775 pound l1ay .............................................. .. 151 2 69 .191

ENGLISH EXPERIMENTS: “Experiments were made at Woburn, England, with
sheep at pasture upon 4 acres divided into four l-acre lots. The -sheep in two of N.
the lots received no ‘additional food, and the average gain made was taken as that 
due ~t0 pasturage alone. The sheep in the other two lots received additional foods,
as shown in t=he table below, and the increase in live weight on each of these over
that on pastuaage alone is considered as gain due to the additional food. This as-
sumes that the pa-sturage on the different acres was uniform, which is an element
of uncertainty’. The results are summarized by years in -the following table:

 

*From “The Cotton Plant.” U. S. Department of Agriculture.

 

COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS. 201

Woburn (England) Experiments with Sheep at Pasture with and" without Ad-
ditional Foods

Total addi- EB 5g O
tional foods. S :3, +-"
- Wfiri g ._ c
E § 4 E $05,235 
Pasture. l. w - fi '5 +5 33%;‘ 5e
B c - E 8° I 3”“ F5
g Q? c p .2” Q3 m;
= s; s  s 5's = s.
Z o 0 E-l 5 ‘7
1877.
‘Clover and rye grass ......................... .. 10 728 ....... .. 303 91.25
“ “ “ £8 ......................... .. 10 ....... .. 728 75 63.25
79.
Clover and rye grass ......................... .. 10 672 ....... .. 328 46.25
“ “ " “ ......................... .. 10 ....... .. 728 435 153.25
1881.
Dutch clover: (a) ............................ .. 10 672 ....... .. 433.75 283
“ “ ............................. .. 10 ....... .. 728 351.25 200.50
1883.
Dutch clover ..................................... n, 10 672 ....... .. 266.25 124.50
“ “ .....................................  1O ....... .. 728 210.75 69
l

 

4. COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS FOR MILK PRODUCTION AND
, GROWTH. '

The importance and value of cotton seed for producti-on of milk is very generally
understood by both farmers and dairymen, but the best possible r-ations cont-ain-
ing either cotton seed or its meal have not yet been established. The suggestions
contained in the following letters are therefore important:

No. 1. VALUE 0F SEED 1N HoT WEATHER: “I have fed -a'bout' eight hundred
bushels a year. It is my chief feed. I give each cow from four to six pounds at
a feed twice a day, for my milk cows I add a little bran or corn chops to make
them relish it. In the win-ter I give them ‘hay, in summer I give them pasturage.
I have milked seven cows this year, and fed ‘as stated, and have sold 2,051 pounds
of butter. It sold for $354.25 after giving my merchant 15% for selling it. I
can make good, firm butter the hottest day in summer without ice. Cotton seed
helps t0 make it so, but makes it harder to churn and hurts the flavor some. I
spent fourteen years as a dairyman in England, and have had a small dairy

at this place thirteen years, and have fed many things, but I find that cotton seed.

is the cheapest for me, as I live close to a gin. I find that cotton seed will kill
pigs if they are fat,butis not so dangerous to poor ones. I have just lost five out
of seven through being too careless.

Trinity. H. A. MOLDRAM.

No. 2. RATION OF SEED, BRAN AND CoRN MEAL: “I have fed both cotton seed
and cotton s-eed meal, and find that the seed is better for cows ‘than the meal. The
rations I use are: (1) five pounds of cotton seed meal, four pounds of bran, with
cane fodder; (2) five pounds of cotton seed meal, four pounds of corn meal, with
cane fodder; (3) ten pounds of cotton seed, three pounds of corn meal, with cane
fodder. I find that N0. 3 will make one-fifth more milk and butter. I have also
tried all three with corn fodder, but falls off one-sixth with this material.”

Round Rock. ' . FRANK L. ATEN.

202 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

    
      
  
  
 
    
  
  
   
  

No. 3. SEED COMBINED WITH FoDDER: “I am feeding cotton seed whole, com-
bined with hay, corn fodder, or other roughness, for milk stock, and it has given 
satisfaction.” 

M ezmla. . M. A. DEPUY.

N0. 4. COTTON SEED, OATS AND .~SoRenUM: “1 hav-e used the following feed‘
for years, and find it satisfactory: one gallon of seed per head both morning and 
night, combined with half bunch of oats an-d as much sorghrum hay as will be eaten ,7;
through the night. When grass is plentiful I feed li-ttle or no hay, but continue ._
cotton seed and oats to a great-er or less ext-ent throughout the season. Cows.
tied in stalls at n-ight the year around. I never sell any s-eed, and never plant 
cotton two years in succession on the same piece of land.” t

Thornton. A. RAND.

No. 5. SEED, BRAN AND_ OoRN MEAL: “I feed whole seed -to nothing but cattle. 
I d-o not like the meal and hulls. I use four to six quar-ts of cotton seed twice per
day for each feed, with a little wheat bran or corn meal. I like the bran best.”
Ennis. ~ L. M. RICHMOND.

No. 6. COTTON SEED non Cows; COTTON SEED AND HAY FOR MILK PRODUCTIGN:
“According to my experience there is no better feed for milk cows than whole seed
combined with -a little hay, nor d-o I have any trouble with feeding seed only
because I see there is a full feed of hay or fod-der used. It is preposterous in the
extreme to feed horses upon cotton seed products. No well fed horse will eat
any of it at all.” -

Alexander. J. F. BROYLES.

No. 7. PREFER OATS ‘COMBINED wrrrr SEED: “I do not consider cotton seed
in their natur-al "state a good feed to be used alone. I combine it with fresh oats
and wheat bran, and obtain ‘better results from the mixture of seed and oats than
from seed, and bran f-or milk cows.”

Kemp. W. H. BOWLBY.

N-0. 8. SEED, CHoPs AND BRAN: “I am feeding on an average twelve head of
milk cows, and for a period of f-our years lbest results-have been secured from a.
mixture of say four bushels of cotton seed, one bushel of corn and cob meal with
one bushel of bran, combined w-ith abundance of hay. My cattle eat this regularly
and do moderately well. Care must be taken to not over feed. A cow will eat
one-fourth to one-third of a bushel of thi-s mixture daily.”

Comanche. W. T. LEE.

No. 9. FEEDS SMALL RATIQN OF COTTON SEED MEAL: “I have fed a small
ration of cotton seed meal to daliry cattle for the last five years the whole year
through, alone and m-ixed in various proportions with bran, corn, and meal, and
crushed wheat, and rye. The amount of cotton seed meal varied from 6 p-ounds
daily to 2 pounds. I found that the larger rati-o-n invariably produced disturb-
ances in the udder, though the general health of the cow did not suffer. Since I
have reduced the cotton seed meal to 2 pounds daily, all trouble with gargetty
udders disappeared.

“Whenever I left the cotton seed out of the ration for only a few days, the cows
immediately shrink in milk and butter.”

IVaring_ DR. W. D. ALBINI.

l

COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS. ' ' 203

No. 10. CoTToN SEED WHITENs BUTTER: “Have fed some milk cows on cotton
seed at the rate of one-half gallon twice per day, mixed with bran and other feed,
and 1t makes butter perceptibly whiter and inferior in quality.

_ p From 20 to_60 years ago, linseed cake was largely used in England in conjunc-
tion with turnips and hay for feeding cattle successfully, and there is no reason
wlhy cfitton -seed might not be simil-arly used in combination with these materials
as we .”

Lampasas- WM. A. Ross.-

N o. 11. HULLs AND MEAL FOR MILK STooK: “I have fed no stock other than
cattle with cotton seed or meal. I made an experiment three years ago. During
the Winter I fed meal and hulls almost exclusively, using three or three and
one-half pounds of meal combined with as much hulls as the stock would eat "well,
and kept up a good flow of milk. I received a little over one pound of butter per
day, feeding 30 head of registered Jersey cows. In the spring following I lost
nearly half the calves. Two came dead, and others died ‘within one to three
weeks. I fed the same amount of meal with chopped oats and sorghum hay with
 good results. l ‘

“Am now feeding 6 to 7 pounds of cotton seed twice per day, with as much

 of butter.”
 Riesel. I-I. SOHARLACH.

No. 12. FEEDING RAW FEED: “I only feed seed in t-he summer, using about 3
gallons per day to each cow, which gives satis-faction in the fl-ow of milk and in
.1 ‘flesh. I did not feed any seed -in winter, because my pea crop keeps my stock very
"‘ fat.
 “Have let pigs ‘run where they could get cotton seed, and ithey eat well when
» fed plenty of corn in addition. In ’96 I saw hogs feeding around a gin- and seed
 swas their only food; while they remained in thin order they fattened well, when
in a p-en and fed corn. I use peas because of their fertilizing value in cultivating
sandy land.”

Comanche. F. T. EMERT.

No. 13. FEEDING SEED T0 CATTLE AND GOATS: “I am feeding raw seed to goats

is rather slovenly, but I do not consider the seed "wasted when tramped under
foot, as I carefully save the manure and return to the field.”
Curtis. J. H. BURKETT.

No. 14. COTTON SEED To CALVES AND YEARLINGS: “I use only cotton seed‘in
winter to feed calves and yearlings, or cows that come early with calves. I use
in connect-ion with the seed sorghum hay, corn fodder or shucks. I consider cotton
._, seed, on account of its lax-ative quality, ‘to be of very great value when fed in con-
 nection with such d-ry feed as we farmers usually have.”

Bracken. ALBERT NICHOLS.

    

No. 15. CoRN AND 00B CHOPS FOR YEARLINGS; ALFALFA FOR Hoes: “I am at
 present feeding two hundred head of yearling cattle upon c-orn cobs and shuck
if (crushed) combined with prairie hay, and give each ‘five pounds of the crushed
,_corn to five pounds of hay. They are thriving and growing well. I run hogs with
1 them, and also feed my hogs alfalfa hay, of wwhich they are very fond.”

A I Bonham. WILL LANIUS.

 bailed oats and sorghum hay as eaten clean, and average a fraction over a pound

and milk cows as a part of their ration, and they are doing well. The metho-d used _

    
     
     

204.- TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

No. 16. WASTE) IN HANDLING SEED: “I will mention a few channels whe‘
waste exists in feeding cotton seed and its products. The largest sort of waste 
generally at gins, because some gins fail to have good buildings, and this a 
sions loss. Then seed haulers are very careless in loading and unloading. Fa. or“
ers, in many instances, have no seed h-ouses to store seed in, and they are put '
the ground "with-out shelter and exposed to weather until fed out. Again, m
small feeders throw their seed on the ground, and allow their stock to eat s m;
and tramp some in the ground. These small wastes in the seed supply make b'i 
losses, andin many cases cause poo-r cattle. 1i

“Now, as a remedy, I would suggest that ginners furnish receptacles to pr
vent any ‘Waste, and compel their seed haulers ‘to pick up all that may be spill
in loading. The farmers should build good seed houses and feed in roomy troug
I never saw cotton seed fed to horses and mules, but I have seen some that -.- n_
to relish this feed, and believe that it would ‘be of value to horses if eaten.” 

Jonah. ' U. T. KILLGORE. i

Summary of Trials Feeding Milk Cows Cotton Seed and its Products
by Texas Station.

(Fronz Bulletin 33.)

s '1: is;
w Q2 o
Daily Ration Used. u; n 5 g _
E‘ ,2 8 g
_MQ___ i. 1i.

1. 6 lbs. alfalfa, 7.9 lbs. corn meal, 7.9 C. S. meal... 28 2 1226;,
2. 8.64 lbs. C. S. hulls, 7.09 lbs. corn meal, 7.09 lbs. '3

C. S. meal ................................................ .. 28 2 1008,
3. 4.03 lbs. hay, 7.14 lbs. silage, 7.99 lbs. corn meal, . 

7.99 lbs. C. S. meal ..................................... .. 28 2 1108;‘.
4. 7.19 lbs. common hay, 8.17 lbs corn meal, 8.17 ,

lbs. C. S. meal ........................................... .. 28 2 1150 i
1. 9.78 lbs. alfalfa, 3.75 lbs. corn meal, 2.25 lbs. C. i=-

S. meal .................................  ................... .. 28 2 8741
2. 13.16 lbs. cotton seed hulls, 3.75 lbs. corn meal, f 

2.25 lbs. C. S. meal ..................................... .. 28 2 736 
3. 5 lbs. choice prairie hay, 4.57 lbs. silage, 3.75 lbs. 

corn meal, 2.23 C. S. meal .......................... .. 28 2 680 >=
4. 9.6 lbs. choice prairie hay, 3.75 lbs. corn meal, if

2.25 lbs. C. S. meal ..................................... .. 28 2 780 I.
1. 10.9 lbs. cotton seed hulls, 11.57 lbs. C. S. meal... 28 2 1202 i
2. 11.96 lbs. “ “ “ 20.1 lbs. corn meal... 28 2 1112 
3. 5.9 lbs. alfalfa, 15.33 lbs. C. S. meal .................. .. 28 2 1134 i.
4. 12.7 lbs. common hay, 13.33 lbs. C. S. meal ....... .. 28 2 1022 
5. 9 lbs. common hay, 16.78 lbs. corn (boiled) ........ .. 28 2 1053 
1. 9. 9 lbs. cotton seed hulls, 8.87 lbs. C. S. meal..... 28 2 842 ,»
2. 5.3 lbs. “ “ “ 20 lbs. C. S. meal ...... .. 28 2 783 "
3. 5.16 lbs. “ “ “ 11.32 lbs. C. S. meal.... 28 2 756 
4. 8.92 lbs. “ “ “ 9.66 lbs. “ “  2s 2‘ 760 
5. 4.3 lbs. common hay, 9.73 lbs. corn (boiled) ....... .. 28 2 643 

COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS. 205

(From Bulletin. 47.)

. 6 lbs. c. s. m.; 18 lbs. c. s. h.; 35 lbs. silage .......... .. 14
. 2lbs.c.s.m.; 8lbs. bran; 18 lbs. c.s.h.; 35lbs. silage. 14
. 2lbs. c.s.m.; 8lbs. c.m.; 18lbs. c.s.h.; 35lbs. silage. 14
. 2lbs. c.s.m.; 8lbs. oats; 18 lbs. c.s.l1.; 35 lbs. silage. 14

1014. 65 47.00
1010. 95 41.08
1035. l 0 49.41

1 ..~ . U .1:
<3 E3‘ v55 S? v38 3
Daily ration used. ( a -+~ 5g; Egg

c6 5 2 2

Q Z 9-1 mm

. 7lbs. c. s. m.; 16 lbs. c. s. h.; 28 lbs. silage .......... .. 14 18 780.20 32.38
. 10 lbs. c. s. m.; 20 lbs. c. s. h ............................... .. 14 3 760.20 35.65
. 1O lbs. c. s. m.; 20 lbs. sorghum hay ......... ..'. ....... .. 14 3 814.00 39.06
. 10 lbs. c. s. m.; 16 lbs. c. s. h.; 33 lbs. silage ........ .. 14 3 986.00 48.14
. 6 lbs. c. s. m; 4 lbs. 13.; 16 lbs. c. s. h.; 33 lbs. silage. 14 3 984.20 46.41
. 6lbs. c.s.m.; 4 lbs. c.m.; 16 lbs. c.s.h.; 33 lbs. silage. 14 3 915.35 39.87
. 6 lbs. c.s.m.; 4lbs. 0.; 16 lbs. c.s.h.; 33 lbs. silage... 14 31017.65 49.40
. 8 lbs. c. s. m.; 25 lbs. c s. h ................................. .. 14 3 767.85 35.11
. 8 lbs. c. s. m.; 30 lbs. sorghum hay ...................... .. 14 3 836.50 38.07
. 8 lbs. c. s. m.; 18 lbs. c. s. h.; 35 lbs. silage .......... .. 14 3 1069.55 47.82
. 4 lbs. c.s.m.; 6 lbs. B.; 18 lbs. c.s.h.; 35 lbs. silage. 14 3 1051.88 48.03
. 4 lbs. c.s.m.; 6 lbs. c.m.; 18lbs. c.s.h.; 35 lbssilage. 14 31039.76 42.47
. 4 lbs. c.s.m.; 6 lbs. oats; 18lbs. c.s.h.; 35 lbs, silage. 14 31030.46 49.54
. 6 lbs. c. s. m., 25 lbs. c. s. h ................................ .. 14 3 794.00 39.06
; 6lbs. c. s. m.; so lbs. sorghum hay ...................... .. 14 3 816.66; 31.39
31076.85 50.41

3
3
3

5. FEEDIINKG COTTON SEED AND ITS MEAL TO HORSES. i

    
   
    
    
   
    
   
 
  
  
 
   

The variable results obtained in feeding cotton seed or cotton seed meal to
rses or mules are hard to reconcile, unless we assume that the difference in
n position in seed (which causes a difierence in the composition of meal made
erefrom) arises from difference in varieties of cotton, variable climatic condi-
ns and difference in coils upon which seed has been g1rown——all of which tend
change the flavor and alter the quality, so that where stock will eat and thrive
n feed given by one person, other feeders report that the stock refuse the feed,
when freely eaten some derangement of the digestive organs ensue.

In other States and in some foreign countries cotton seed meal has been used
some extent regularly, without bad results, and it is worthy of especial notice
at some high bred stock have been fed continuously on the meal as -a part of the
ain ration.

The writer has induced work stock to eat the meal by introducing it in very
, all quantities to mules and horses and so accustom them to its tas-te and odor.
f» this way a large per cent. of work stock can be induced to eat it regularly in
, all amounts, though some refuse it entirely. Have known large amounts to
“eaten safely by mules.

w

‘Yo. 1. SUCCESSFUL USE OF MEAL: “I c-ame to Texas twenty-one years ago,

11 having fed horses on linseed meal in the Norflh concluded I would try cotton
Vmeal here. We had three fine bred stalli-ons. I found that cotton seed meal
 the equal of linseed. During one winter We fed four ‘horses and two mules on
 potatoes with one quart of cotton seed meal and one quart of bran mixed.
‘p put one quart of the mixture on the potatoes, and worked the mules and horses

1 and they were fat and remained in fine condition. The next year we fed corn,

‘r
1.

206 'l‘EXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

meal, bran and cotton seed in equal proportions, resulting in fat horses, and ever
since this we ‘have fed cotton seed meal mixed with other feeds, and find that it
is most valuable. As a feed for milk cows it has no superior. I feed one part of
bran, one par-t corn meal and one part cotton seed meal, and as long as I continue
to feed horses, mules and milk cows will continue -to feed cotton seed meal.

“I have fed cows four quarts of cotton seed meal per day, combined with cotton
seed hulls. I know of no feed so good as cotton seed meal.”

Alvin. L. H. ROWAN.

No. 2. SEED FED T0 MULEs: “I once fed cot-ton seed mixed with corn to a pair
of mules,—on-e quart of seed to two quarts of corn to each mule twice a day for
about three months.”

Ft. McKavitt. C. G. BURBANK.

No. 3. SEED CAN BE USED: “As a feed for horses, where they can be induced
to eat it voluntary, a small amount of cotton seed and its products can be used to
advantage.” <

Blaclcland. M. & ‘C. ZELLNER.

No. 4. HORSES REFUSE SEED:
could not make them e-at it.”
Phair.

“I have tried to feed horses on cotton seed, but

H. J. KLoRREs.

\

No.  FINAL REsULTs WERE BAD: “Horses and hogs both do well on cotton
seed and its products for a time, but it ultimately has bad effects.” -
IVh/arrtont. B. W. MARTIN.

The following statements bearing on this subject have been taken from “Feeds
and Feeding” by Henry: ‘

N0. 6. “Baron E. dkllingevs, agrliculturist of the Biltmore estates, Biltmore,
N. 'C., writes that he has fed working horses and mules during 6 days of the week
for 3 years on the following ration: l3 -to 15 p-ounds of cut hay and corn fodder,
4 pounds of wheat bran, 2 pounds of cotton seed meal, and six pounds of corn meal,
On Sundays he gives whole corn and oats and uncult hay.”

N0. 7. “At the North Carolina Station 2 old horses were fed for 2 periods of
12 and 18 days on 2 and 2% pounds of cotton seed meal, respectively, with 4 pounds
each of corn meal and ship stuff and clover and timothy hay. The animals ate
the rations well and gained weight.”

N0. 8. “Gebek states that draft horses do well on- 2 pounds of cotton seed meal

I daily in their rations.”

6. COTTON SEED A'ND COTTON SEED MEAL FOR POULTRY, HOGS,
SHEEP, BEEF CATTLE, AND HORSES.

A number of letters received from correspondents give in a single letter the
results of experience with several classes of stock, and the substance of these is
presented below, because they cannot be easily classified. _

In addition -to the valuable facts brought out in these letters, it is evident that
much stock has been lost in experimental feeding by ‘private individuals.

No. 1. COTTON SEED FOR SHEEP, CATTLE, AND TURKEYS: “I consider a bushel
of cotton seed fully equal to a bushel of corn as a feed for sheep, and find that such

 

-  ‘fltlsanflj 33314511:

5%

3

 
 

 

COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS. . 207

e,;,1a small amount as two quarts of cotton seed per day will enable a calf to thrive,
H 0r will keep a poor cow alive upon very s-canty pasture during winter season.

 . ‘TI have never known chicken-s to eat cotton seed, but alt one time h-ad turkeys
g, that did eat it, Fbut it made their flesh taste so much like cotton seed that it made

   

 

Tit unpalatable. The turkeys throve upon it, however, as shown by their growth I

?-a.nd glossy feathers.”
~; rah McKavitt. c. e. BURBANK.

 

f. N0. 2. WINTERING CATTLE AND FEEDING Hoes: “I fi-nd that I can keep cattle
1' very swell for a few months 0n seed alone (with light pasture), but by adding one
un-d of corn meal or chops to four pounds of seed, I find they do much better.
oonsider cotton seed meal fed i'n connection with turnips a cheap feed for sheep,
nd by adding meal or chops, -or by allowing corn at lambing. time, yo-u -have a
odel feed, provided the sheep have the run of pasture.

I As a feed for hogs, cotton seed will not do. My experience has been that they
ill kill hogs sooner or later in any way you can feed them, although I have fed
em a short time with some profilt with turnips or chops or corn, fed in the form
slo .

“Thld best way to feed cotton ‘seed to stock i-s ‘to feed in troughs, lbut I do not
nsider it wasteful to feed on ground, provided the party owns the land upon
hich the feeding is ldone and does not feed upon the same ground too long. In
llowing this practice, I place the seed in small piles containing about one pound
ch.” ‘

Hooks. ' R. M. HboKs.

   
  
    
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
    
  
 

No. 3. FEEDING SEED FOR FATTENINe STEERs AND Hoes: “My experience has
n confined ‘to feeding naw seed. Hlave tried to fat-ten old stock on cotton seed,
t the experiment proved a f-ailure. One of my neighbors also tried to fatten a
noh of the same claiss of stock on cotton seed land cane fodder; the result was
satisfactory. I have fattened hogs by cooking the seed, and have also fed the
w seed to stock hogs by wetting them and scattering o.n the ground, but have
it some hogs by their eating dry seed.”

Ponltotoc. E. W. MARSHALL.

v No. 4. FEEDING SEED 0N PASTURE AND TO Hoes: “I feed my own cattle the
Qeed that grow on my own farm, as I think it the best possible Way to save labor
_nd seed. I take what raw seed I think necessary in a wagon and drive around
f5: pasture, throwing a shovelful on the ground, a.nd the cattle gather the seed
 clean. .

f “I once placed equal quantities of seed and corn where hogs could feed on it
éfr eat as much of -ei-ther or both as they pleased. The result was ‘that "all my
 died.”

Valley Zllills. N. E. EIGLEHART.

  
    
   
     
    
   

No. 5. SEED FOR FARM CATTLE AND SHEEP: “My experience in feeding cotton
d and its products has shown thazt ‘as a -hog feed it is dangerous and unprofit-
ble; in fact, -we consider that it is worthless.

 “For cattle and sheep, seed and its products are recognized as a good feed.
ie meal and Ihulls. we all know can be used very profitably in fattening cattle
 feeding during the last thir;ty diays equal pa-rts of chopped corn with meal and
ulls, and during the last ten days feeding chopped corn fed with hay and hulls.
eed fed on the farm with good care i-s worth per hundred pounds twice as much
' meal a.nd hulls fed carelessly. Raw seed fed on the farm, properly proportioned
p: each animal, enables the farmer zto use his roughness to advantage. In addition
1- this fact, the droppings are far superior as a fertilizer than Where meal and
ulls are fed.

‘ seen as nice pigs that have fed on rotted seed as when fed anything else.”

208 TExAs AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

 

“We also find that for milk cows cotton seed mixed with oats is the greatest 
milk and butter producer in existence.”
Btackland. M. &. C. ZELLNER.

No, 6. SEED FOR MILK CATTLE: “Though I have had little experience in stock
feeding, I give my milk cows a bucket of cotton seed twice a. day during the feed-
ing season. They soon tire of it so that they do not eat it clean.” j

Phair. H. J. KLORRES. "

. "

 

No. 7. VALUE OF CoTToN SEED ON THE FARM: “I have fed cott-o-n seed to cattle
for twenty-five years, and consider them worth half as much as corn. '

“I have never fed ‘them to horses, mules or sheep,.and think them worth nothing _.
to hogs, as I have never been able to get them to eat enough of the seed to do any‘
good, except when used i-n a raw state, and then they -will kill shotes and pigs.

“I think "that all of the seed should be saved and fed on the fiarm, which will,
in part, compensate for the low price of the lint. I would not sell the seed at
twenty cents per bushel where I have cattle to consume them.” 1

Boonsville. _ D. P. NEWSON.

No. 8. SEED AND MEAL Goon FOR CATTLE ONLY: “I regard both cotton seed ‘l:
and its products good for cattle, but I do not recommend the meal for horses,
hogs orpoultry. I have had long experience in feeding it to hogs, horses and ~,,
poultry, as I operated a mill for two o-r three years, and I regard it as a failure for 
all except cattle. Horses and hogs do well on it for a tim-e, but i~t ultimately has. g"
bad effects.”

Wharton. B. W. MARTIN.

No. 9. EXCHANGING SEED FOR MEAL; RoTTED SEED FOR Hoes: “I have been
feeding cotton seed to my cattle for a lo-ng time, and think it -the best offeeds. I ‘
have only fed the seed straight. I on-ce tried a plan of exchanging seed for cotton
seed meal when cotton seed sold fo-r fifteen dollars per ton. I sold a few tons of
seed and took the same m-oney and bought meal at two dollars per hundred pounds,
and proved to my satisfaction -a;t that time that it did not pay to make the ex-
change. The raw seed went the f-zrrtherest. -

“I think hulls a good substitute for cheap hay, lbut I have had no experience in
feeding them. Cotton seed for hogs have always been dangerous, though I have

\ . - t, I ‘
:3 ~ " » gxffiv“; r». .‘
w,_..,_. __. _.  -

Lulmg. J. D. ANDERSON.

No. l0. CoTToN SEED MEAL, SHORTS AND WHEAT BEAN FOR CnIcKExs: “* * *  '
After a preliminary feeding trial of 2'5 days, the hens and chickens were each
separated in nth-e two lots of five each, and were fed 125 days. Lot 1 of both hens
and chickens were fed nitrogenous ration consisting of 1/3 part wheat bran, 1/3
part ‘wheat shorts, \l/3 part cotton seed meal, and 2 parts skim milk. Lot 2
were fed a carbonaceous ration of cracked corn and corn dough. Both lots were
given a small amount of green clover as long as it lasted, and afterwards cabbage.
The details of the experiment are given in notes and tables.

“The chickens fed on nitrogenous food (cotton seed meal ration) just about
doubled in weight, while those fed carbonaceous food only added about 1/3 of
their weight.

“At the end of the experiment, little difference could be seen in the hens of the
two‘ groups, but the two lots of chickens were in» striking contrast. While the
chickens fed on nitrogenous food were large, plump, healthy, active, and well
feathered, the chickens fed on carbonaceous ration were, in general much smaller,
sickly, and, in several cases, almost destitute of feathers. Two of them had per-

 

COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS. 209

fectly bare backs, and so ravenous were they for flesh and blood that they began
eating one another.

, “The eggs laid by the nitrogenous fed hens rwere of small size, had -a disagree-
‘ able flavor, and red, watery albumin, and especially small, dark colored yolk,
with a tender vital-inc membran-e which turned black after being kept several
weeks; While the eggs of the carbonaceous fed hens were large, of fine flavor, of
naitunal smell, large normal albumin, and especially large, rich, yellow yolk, with
strong vitaline membrane, which was perfectly preserved several rWGQlGS in the
same brine with the other eggs.

“The flesh -of each group was submitted to a number of persons for a cookin i
test, and the almost unanimous verdict was that the flesh of the fowls fed a nitro-
genous ration was darker colored, more succulent, m-ore tender, and better_fla-
vored, though of this last there was some difference of opinion.”

(I. P. Roberts and J. E. Rice in lCorn-ell [~N. Y.] Bulletin.)

  

.,
‘l:
.4

No. l1. Goon FOR SEVERAL “CLASSES OF ISTOCKZ “In reference to meal and
hul-ls being fed to stock, I can cite you to several parties who have fed it here with
very satisfactory results; and the horses with which hulls a-re hauled from the
hull-house, are just ravenous after it while the Wagons are being loaded. I
have had some practical experience feeding to -some young stock, especially colts,

i and have hiad Ithe very best results. Have also seen colts fed small nations, say
1/10 of their food should Ybe meal. It is shown by the Government analysis that
this kind of feed will pr-oduce the greatest amount of muscle and flesh.

_ “Henry Exall, of ‘Dallas, who is one of the most fam-ous breeders of the Statte,

 feeds one-tenth of all his feed cotton seed meal; and he ‘has produced the finest

é: trotting and running honses in Texas. He has also received the highest price

5; for one year old col-ts that ever left Texas. Our farmers here at one time, when

if, corn wvas scarce, fed this meal and hulls to their stock very satisfactorily, and

_;, found it a great friend, as it is veryunuch cheaper and has ‘no bad effects.

i e ,“Mr. Goodwin, who is cashier of the First National Bank here, tells us that

his buggy and saddle anim-al will quit his corn and oats "to eat m-eal and hulls.

“In many inrstances I have seen meal and hulls fed to stock horses; to their
0wner’s and every one else’s surprise, they came out slick and fat. I do not hesi-
tate to say that this feed can be easily and successfully mixed with other feeds
for ‘work stock. I am inclined to think that the Work and exerci-se that these
horses get, counteracts any bad effects that might be caused by over-feeding.
To illustrate:

“You can feed oxen in the piney woods ‘where they haul lumber, on meal and
hulls, and it will ‘have no Ibad effects to give them this feed the year round. Upon
the other hand, feeding cattle in pens where they get no exercise, from 110 to
150 days is as long as they can be fed. I would say feed cotton seed meal to the
amount of one-tenth of the rations, and do away with tlhe prejudice that now ex-

 
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
  

orse feed, especially when Texas is short on corn.”
lVaacahrzrchie. R. K. ERWIN,
‘ Sec’y and Gen. Manager Waxahachie Cotton Oil Co.

7.——HOW COTTON SEED PRODUCTS MAY AFFECT THE HEALTH OF
ANIMALS. i

Although cotton seed meal has lbeen used successfully to a limited extent as
human ‘food, and is rich in those elements necessary to the body of man and
‘inot Linpalatable, it will never come into current use as a human food stuff
ntil the occasional bad effect Lipo-n live stock has been prevented. It is therefore
matter worthy of the widest study and investigation, and one upon which the at-
ntion of agriculturists and scientific investigators may be properly centered,
6—Bnll. 55.

ts, would be one of the greatest benefits our people could have in the way of _

210 TEXAS Aoiucuirrunar. EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

a

  

for up to this time we have hesitated to use cot-ton seed meal for ‘bread making’ i‘

purposes in this country.
The injurious effects of the meal upon the health of domestic animals has

been note-d in many interesting cases. It sometimes affects cattle by causing 
partial blindness, lameness, sluggish movements, loss of appetite, inflammation of f
the vulvus (in heifers) and inflammation of the eye. In hogs, loss of appetite }
has been noticed, labored breathing, and the absence of blood in the extremities 

when suffering severely.
The causes of these ‘troubles have been suggested in four forms:
(1) The possible presence of an active poison in the seed or the meal.

(2) The development of “ptomtaines” during the ‘process of digestion in the:

body. - p
(3) The development of microscopic germs (bacteria) in damaged cotton seed
meal and parts of/fermented rations left in troughs and about feeding places.

(4) T-he trouble arising from feeding the entire seed, or cotton seed hulls, 

has been attributed to the indigestibility of the hull, because of its tough and im-
pervious nature, together "with the harmful effect of lint lodged in the'lung's of
the animal.

The following instances are taken from “The Cotton Plant,” published by the
U. S. Departmentof Agriculture (Kilgore) , pages 420-421: “Nathusius observed
for several years that the vulvus of the ewes which had been fed considerable

quantities of cotton seed meal immediately after lambing, became highly inflamed, 

and the sheep soon died. It .is stated that only those animals eating American
cotton seed meal were affected, and when the use of the meal was stopped the
trouble disappeared. Relief was found in the use of carbolic acid wash.

“Gautier reports sickness in calves, and Bonga-rd injuries to calves and sheep
from feeding cotton seed meal. Gips reports the death 0f three out of eight cattle
made sick from the eating of moulded cotton seed cake.

“Esser reports the death of about 100 fattening lambs after a few days feeding ii?

on 250 grammes cotton seed meal as auxiliary food. The meal seemed of good

quality, and was often fed to oxen without injury. Schwanefeldt reports the r i

death of calves from the eating of cotton seed meal, and Peschel of cows dying
of fever attributed to "the effects of cotton seed cake.

“Klein fed cotton seed cake to 12 rabbits and to carp. All the animals, except
one rabbit, di-ed in a short time of inflammation of the bowels. Marcker observed
in feeding cotton seed meal to sheep, that while ewes could not be affected, male
sheep sickened on a much smaller ration. Post-mortem examination showed
n1agnesium,.ammonium, ph-osphate, calculi in the bladder, which probably caused
irritation and could not be expelled so easily from the males as from the females.

“Emery, of the North Carolina Station, stated that three milk cows of different
kinds had disturbances -of the nervou-s system from eating cotton seed meal, and
one died from eating old cotton seed meal.

“Voelcker mentions the death of 5,006 sheep and lambs and serious injury to
many others, alleged to have been caused Iby eating decorticated cotton seed cake.
The cake was of good quality, and the sickness and death are ascribed to over-
eating. He also reports injuries to the health of cattle, and one death, from
eating cotton seed cake of good quality, in which no poison could be found, and
states that the ‘injury which the cake undoubtedly did ‘was clearly traced to the
coarse condition and consequent indige-stibility of the cotton seed husks in them.’
The same authority states that ‘Instances in which very mouldy feeding cakes
have injured or killed cattle are too numerous to leave any room for doubt of
the injuri-ous properties of damaged or mouldy linseed or other mouldy feeding
cakes.’ Instances of death, or injury to health of animals, resulting from eat-
ing mouldy cakes, oats, and other foods are numerous, and have been ascribed to
a mouldy (asspergillus spp.) known to be poisonous to animals. Zopf found in
cotton seed meal several organisms, particularly Bacterium oemicosiont, which
exercise poisonous powers.”

By the courtesy of Dr. A. C. True, of lVashington, D. 0.. and the assistance of
Prof. H. Ness, of this place, a translatirn of the important portions of the report

  

. up» —

 

viorrox SEED ANI) rrs Paonoors. 211

(in German) by Zopf, above referred to, has been made and it is evident that
throughout the trials with the fission fungi selected an-d tested, nothing but nega-
tive results were obtained, as indicated by the following extracts translated from
the original:

“INFORAIATION CONCERNING THE ORGANISMS IN THE AMERICAN COTTON SEED LIEAL.
>1< >s= ae >k a a

"ln order to solve the problem with certainty. or even to elucidate it. namely. that in the
meal concerned no infectious fission fungi were generally present, it would be necessary
to investigate each species of a great number separately, and especially to try its capa-
bility for infection; a problem which, each one acquainted with the subject will own.
would be impossible t0 solve for one man even in the decades of years.”

“Accordingly, there is nothing left except to make a selection from among these bacteria.
In what way should such selection be pursued without being entirely arbitrary? There
was, as the nearest, only one clew to the answer of this question, namely, the discovery
already made b Mr. von Nathusius Using this for a basis, I sought among the fission
fungi. separate by me, to find a species which showed the greatest similarity in form to
the one sent me in colored preparation by the above mentioned gentleman. In fact, there
was a species among them (it is in the following designated as bacterium vervricosurn)
which corresponded with the above so completely that the identity of both seemed very
probable. This fission fungus was then studied with regard to its morphology and phy.
siology. and at last, from pure culture. inoculated as well as fed to sheep by Professor
Puetz. Yet, in spite of the use of large quantities of this organism, the experiments upon
the animals turned out completely in the negative.” _

"We tried next to make the sheep sick by feeding them large quantities of the American
cotton seed meal sent me by Mr. von Naihusius-Hundisburg, along with the written iri-
formation that it had shown itself very harmful to sheep upon his estate. The experiment
remained, however, without the results wished for.”

"Inoculation of sheep had already been made before this from such other fission fungi
from the Kuntze meal, as by their entire physiological behaviour was suspected of capa-
bility of infection, yet these experiments gave no positive results.”

"In consideration of these things. especially the results of the feeding experiments car-
ried 0n with the meal. which was reputed to have shown decidedly harmful effects. it
seemed to Professor Puetz and myself that a further continuation of the inquiry would
be fruitless. and it was in this sense so reported to the minister.”

4< *4’ a a >:< >.~_
PATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS or‘ Bacterium Vernier/sum.

"The consideration of the facts that bacterium tiernictisitm, in regard to form and size in_
its vegetable state, correspond completely to one of the bacteria which the counsel of
rural economy, Mr. Ws von Nathusius. found to be so amply present in fresh blood of
sheep that sickened and died after being fed on American cotton seed meal; as well
as the consideration of the circumstance that this fungus is able to thrive at body
temperature (its optimum being 35 degrees to  degrees 0.), and furthermore, that it
possesses a peptonizing action. leads us to suppose that it would exert diverse patho-
genical effects on the animal body.”

"Accordingly, inoculation and feeding experiments on sheep were undertaken by Pro~
fessor Puetz and myself. I cultivated, for this purpose, thrifty colonies upon nutritive
gelatin. and swam them moderately in sterilized water (for injection), or picked the
slimy mass up with a sterilized scalpel and put it into pieces of turnip. made hollow for
the purpose with a knife heated to red heat (for feeding experiments)”

"In spite of the fact that the masses of fission fungi inoculated as well as fed. the
results remained negative.”

This subject is of international importance, though it chiefly concerns the farm-
ers, stockmen, and the oil mills of Texas, because this State produces quite one-
third of the cotton grown in the United States and feeds more live stock than any
other. Much important data have ‘been secured by the Veterinarian and other
oflicials of this Station bearing upon the subject, but further scientific investiga-
tion is necessary in physiological, chemical, and bacteriological fields before posi-
tive results may be expected.

. Digestible Nutrients Fertilizing Constit-
f; in 100 lbs. uents in 1000 lbs.
§  V; _ A TE 1
E .2 2 ‘Q is’ i
r 1 E *1 .2
é . 2.. g g ' s .
r 2 r- s E 8 ‘a
m n.  n: z E a.
lbs 1b» n» lbs. lbs lbs lbs
(1.) GRAINS, ETC.
Corn (all analyses) . ............... .. 89.1 7.9 66.7 4.3 18.2 7.0 4 0
Dent Corn .............................. .. 89.4 7.8 66.7 4.3 16.5 ................ ..
Flint Corn ............................. .. 88.7 8. 66.2 4.3 16.8 ................ ..
Corn and (Job Meal ................ .. 84.9 4.4 60. 2.9 14.1 5.7 4.7
Wheat .................................. .. 89.5 10.2 69.2 1.7 23.6 7.9 5.0
’ Wheat bran .......................... .. 88.1 12.2 39.2 2.7 26.7 28.9 16.1
Wheat bran (winter wheat)..... 87.7 12.3 37.1 2.6 , ............. .; ......... ..
Wheat shorts ......................... .. 88.2 12.2 50.0 3.8 28.2 13.5 5. 9
Wheat middlings .................. .. 87.9 12.8 53.0 3.4 26.3 9.5 6.3
Rye ...................................... .. 88.4 9.9 67.6 1.1 17.6 8.2 5.4
Barley ................................... .. 89.1 8.7 65.6 1.6 15.1 7.9 4.8
Malt Sprouts ..................... .. 89.8 18.6 37.1 1.7 35.5 14.3 16.3
Brewers’ grains (wet) ........... .. 24.3 3.9 9.3 1.4 8.9 3.1 0.5
Brewers’ grains (dried) .......... .. 91.8 15.7 36.3 5.1 36.2 10.3 0.9
Oats ..............................  ..... .. 89.0 9.2 47.3 4.2 2O 6 8.2 6.2
Rice ....................................... .. 87.6 4.8 72.2 0.3 10.8 1.8 0.9
Rice hulls .............................. .. 91.8 1.6 44.5 0.6 5.8 1.7 1.4
Rice bran .............................. .. 90.3 5.3 45.1 7.3 7.1 2.9 2.4
Rice polish ............................ .. 90.0 9.0 56.4 6.5 19.7 26.7 7.1
Sorghum seed ........................ .. 87.2 7.0 52.1 3.1 14.8 8.1 4.2‘
Broom-corn seed .................... .. 85.9 7.4 48.3 2.9 16.3 ................ ..
Katfir corn ........................... .. 84.8 7.8 57.1 - 2.7 ......................... ..
Millet ................................... .. 86.0 8.91 46.0 3.2 20.4 8.5 3.6
Linseed meal (old process) ..... .. 90.8 29.3 32.7 7.0 54.3 16.6 13.7
Linseed meal (new process) .... .. 89.9 28.2 ' 40.1 2.8 57.8 18.3 13.9
Cotton seed ............................ .. 89.7 12.5 30.0 17.3 31.3 12.7 11.7
Cotton seed meal ................... .. 91.8 37.2 16.9 12.2 ‘7.9 28.8 8.7
Peas ..................................... .. 89.5 16.8. 51.8 0.7 30.8 8.2 9.9
Sojalsoy) bean ....................... .. 89.2 29.6! 22.3 14.4 53.0 18.7 19.9
Cow-pea ........................ ..! ...... .. 85.2 18.3 54.2 1.1 33.3 ................ ..
Horse bean ............................ .. 85.7 22.4 49.3 1.2 40.7 12.0 12 9

112 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ANALYSES OF FEED STUFFS.

Numerous inquiries are received by the Station ofiicers asking for in-~?.
formation as to the relative Values 0f various feeds, and in the table 
presented below there will be found the analyses of the most common
feed stuffs peculiar to the Southwest. ' . _j

The data show the water content of each feed stuff together with its
indicated feeding and fertilizing values. These are arranged for grains,
hays and green feeds.

 
 

COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS. 213
. Digestible Nutrients Fertilizing Constit-
B in 100 lbs. uents in 1000 lbs.
§ . g
c: f? +5 °
'1 ‘é  i
3 '0 ‘Q - ‘E2 _
‘é d 2’ m 5 2, -
E ‘6 O e E3” g '51,
r ‘<5 E 3  2 é’
Q n7. . o § z m m
' lbs lbs lbs lbs. lbs lbs lbs
(2. ) HAYS, ETC.
Timothy ........... ... ........ . .. ...... .. 86.8 2.8 43.4 1.4 12.6 5.3 9 0
Mixed grasses ........................ .. 71.01 5.9 40.9 1.2 14.1 2.7 15 5
Sago bean hay ....................... .. 88.7 10.8 38.7 1.5 23 2 6.7 10 8
Oat hay ................................. .. 91.1 4.3 46.4 1.5 ......................... ..
Cow pea hay ......................................................................................... ..
Fodda corn, green ....  ............ .. 20.7 1.0 11.6 .4 4.1 1.5 3.3
Fodda corn (field cured) 57.8 2.5 34.6 1.2 17.6 5.4 8 9
Fodda corn above ear ............. .. 50.3 3.08 25.99 1.62 ......................... ..
Katfir corn stover .........  ........ .. 80.82 1.48 43.78 .................................. ..
Katfir corn fodda....f .............. .. 90.35 2.15 53.49 .................................. ..
Katfir corn heads ................... .. 78.37 1.03 21.53   . ................ .. . ..... ..
Sorghum hay ......................... .. 82.04 2.4 40.6 1.2 ......................... ..
Cotton seed hulls ................... .. 88.9 .3 33.1 1.7 6.9 2.5 10.2
Wheat straw ......................... .. 90.4 .4 36.3 .4 5.9 1.2 5.1
Rye straw ......  ...................... .. 92.9 .6 40.6 .4 4.6 2.8 7.9
Oat straw .............................. .. 9.8 1.2 38.6 .8 6.2 2. 12.4
Barley straw .......  ............... .. 85.8 ' 17 41.2 .6 31.1 3. 20.9
Red clover (medium) ............. .. 84.7 6.8 35.8 1.7 20.7 3.8 22.
y _4 White clover ......................... .. 90.3 11.5 42.2 1.5 27.5 5.2 18.1
g Crimson clover ...................... .. 90.4 10.5 34.9 1.2 20.5 4. 13.1
*' Alfalfa ................................. .. 91.6 11. 39.6 1.2 21.9 5.1 16.8
._ (low pea ................................. .. 89.3 10.8 38.6 1.1 19.5 5.2 14.7
 Peavine straw ........................ .. 86.4 4.3 32.3 .8 14.3 3.5 10.2

 

214 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

 

r. I Digestible Nutrients IPertiIizing Oonstit- 
fi in 100 lbs. uents in 1000 lbs. E
3 =5 A 
'- v} - -~ "*3
.5 S.’ § 2 :23
P - >. x Q o £3
i  s 6 $1» a a; ‘i
‘i. =3 2 ‘é E3  .2 
E S: c“; é  i =3 i
(3) GREEN FEEDS ETC lbs lbs lbs lbs. 1b» lbs. lbs. 
- a - i!
Sorghum ............................... .. 82.4 2.4 4.1 1.2 ......................... .. 
Pasture grasses (mixed) .......  20. 2.5 10.2 .5 9.1 2.3 7.5 
Timothy (different stages) ..... .. 38.4 2.2 19.1 .6 4.8 2.6 7.6 .1
gat fogga .............................. .. 37.8 1.6 12.9 1. 4.9 1.3 3.8 
ye f0 er ............................. .. 23.4 2.1 1 .1 .4 3.3 1.5 7.3 
Green barley ......................... .. 21. 1.9 10.2 .4 ......................... .. _ 
Red clo-ver (diiferent stages).... 29.2 2.9 14.8 .7 5.3 1.3 4.6 I)?
Crlimlson clover ....................... .. 19.1 2.4 $29.1 .5 4.3 1.3 4.9 
A fa fa .....  ............................ .. 28.‘ 3.9 1‘ .7 .5 7.2 1.3 5.6
Cow peas .........  .................... .. 16.4 1.8 8.7 .2 2.7 1. 3.1
Saija bean ............................... .. 24.9 3.2 l1. .5 2.9 1.5 5.3
Corn silage ............................ .. 20.9 .9 11.3 .7 2.8 1.1 3.7
Sorghum silage ...................... .. 23.9 .6 14.9 .2 ......................... ..
Alfalfa silage ......................... .. 27.5 3. 8.5 1.9 ......................... ..
Cow peavine silage ................ .. 20.7 1.5 8 6 .9 ......................... ..
Soja bean silage ..................... .. 25.8 2.7 8.7 1.3 ......................... ..
Beet, sugar ............................ .. 13.5 1.1 10.2 0.1 2.2 1.0 4.8
Flat turnip ............................ .. 9.5 1.0 7.2 0.2 1.8 1.0 3.9
Iiutabaga .............................. .. 11.4 1.0 8.1 0.2 1.9 1.2 4.9
Artichoke .............................. .. 20.0 2.0 16.8 0.2 2.6 1.4 4.7
Pumpkin, field ...................... .. 9.1 1.0 5.8 0.3 ......................... ..
Rape ....................................... .. 14.0 1.5 8.1 0.2 4 5 1.5 3 6
Acorns, fresh ......................... .. 44.7 2.1 3.44 1.7 ......................... .. \r
Cow’s milk ............................ .. 12.8 3.6 4.9 3.7 _ 5.3 1.9 1.8 A
Oowis milk (colostrum) ..........  25.4 17.6 2.7 3.6 28.2 6.6 1.1
Skim milk (gravity). ............. .. 9.6 3.1 4.7 0.8 5.6 2.0 1.9
Skim milk (centrifugal) ......... .. 9.4 2.9 5.2 0.3 5.6 2.0 1.9
Buttermilk ............................. .. 9.9 3.9 4.0 1.1 4.8 1.7 1.6 ,
Whey ............. ..  .................. .. 6.6 0.8) 4.7 0.3 1.5 1.4) 1.8