INVES'I‘I(}A'I‘ION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AEIERICAN GRAPES. 265

POST-OAK GRAPE NO. 3 FAMILY.

0 Beach, P-O No. 3, >< 'l‘riumpl1 ..........  1889 ‘ 12-517 ea. lg. m. b.
0 Belvin, “ >< Elvira .............. .. 1889 ‘ 1TH m. lg. m. b.
0 Curtis, “ >< Triumpl1............. 1889 i ‘ if}; m. lg. m. b.

W. B. Munson, P-O No. 3, >< Triumph. 1889 ‘ “in lt. lg. m. b.

 

Nearly all the progeny of this variety are subject to mildew in foliage,
otherwise an excellent mother. _No. 3 itself mildewed badly in moist
seasons, ~

TEN DOLLAR PRIZE POST-OAK GRAPE

FAMIL Y.

In 1883 the Writer offered $10 for the best wild Post-Oak grape, to be
shown ripe, at the annual exhibition of the North Texas Horticultural
Society, in Denise-n, Texas, on condition that the vine from which the
premium grapes came should become his property. A remarlkable display

was brought out,—some twentyvarieties fro-m various parts of Grays-on

county. The one shown by Mr. Hopkins, a. gardener and fruit grower,
now deceased, won the prize by» decision of the committee of five good

grape judges, according to a scale of ten points covering eta-ch quality of i
value in a vine. Many hybrids of it were produced. A few of the better '

of these are given, following:

Armlong, $10 Prize >< Black Eagle..... 1889 , “is, v.lt. v.1g. lg. b.
o Badart, “ >< Triumph ....... .. 1889 ‘ 15%? lt. lg’. lg. b.
0 Ben, “ >< Norton .......... .. 1889 , 1%,, lt. lg. m. b.
o Bumper, “ >< Norton .......... .. 1889 , W55 lt. v.1g. m. b.
* Hopkins," “ >< Norton .......... .. 1889 ‘ {@5515 v.lt. lg. m. b.
0 Hopherb, “ >< Herbemont  1889 ‘ @525 v.lt. lg. m.s. b.
o Hopmont, “ >< Herbemont....... 1889 ‘ Tfgfi v.11, lg. m b.

Profusion, “ >< Norton .......... .. 1889 t ‘ T§5§§ v.lt. lg. m b.

ARML OZVG FAMZL Y.

Armbrilong, Armlong >< Brilliant...... 1899 , if“; lt vlg. m red
* Husmann, Armlong >< Perry ....... .. 1896 ‘ flew v 1t vlg. m purp
Olitatoo, Armlong >< Excelsior ......... .. 1896 ‘ 101g lt vlg. m Wh

Olitatoo is a most beautiful variety in vine and fruit, and of fine-st qual-
ity, but much subject to mildew and black rot. It would be superb in
Southwest Texas. ' '

TEXAS AGRICULTURAL

EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

POSTOFFICEZ T
COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS.

_ BULLETIN NO. 56.
Special Services.—N0vEMBER, 1899.-—Il0rz5iczdt2u'e.

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT

AMERICAN GRAPES

MUN SON EXPERIMENT GROUNDS
DENISON, TEXAS,

FROM 1876 TO 1900.

BY

T. V. MUNSON, M. S.

 

AUSTIN, TEXAS:
von BOECKMANN, SCHUTZE s. 00., STATE CONTRACTORS.
1900.

(215)

TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT snmousil

OFFICERS.

GOVERNING BOARD.

(BOARD OF DIRECTORS A. & M. COLLEGE.)

M. SANsoM, President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..A1varado. 1

F. A. REIOHARDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Houston.”

D. A. PAULUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Ha11ettsvi1ie. 

P. H. 'TOBIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Denison. "

A. P. SMYTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mart. 

JOHN W. KOKERNOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .San Antonio. 
JEFFERSON JOHNSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Austin. 

SITAJPION STAFF.

THE PRESIDENT-TREASURER 0F THE COLLEGE.

J . H. CoNNELL, M. S0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Direct0r. 

H. H. HARRINGTON, M. S0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chemist. .,

M. FRANCIS, D. V. M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Veterinarian. 

R. H. PRICE, B. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Horticu1turist and Mycologist. 

B. c. PITTUOK, B. s. A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Agricu1turist. 

P. S. TrLsoN, M. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .As.s0ciate Chemist.

W. ‘C. MARTIN, B. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Assistant Chemist.

H. C. KYLE, B. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F0reman of Farm.

J. C. HARRrsoN. . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bookkeeper.

A. M. FERGUSON, M. S0 . . . . . . .As~sistant Horticulturist and Mycoiogist.

T. V. MUNsoN, M. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special Service.

SUBERINTENDENT OF BEEVILLE STATION.

S. A. MCHENRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Beievi11e, Bee County.

NOTE.—The main station is located on the grounds of the Agricultural
and Mechanical College, in Brazos County. The postoflice address is
COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS. Reports are sent free of cost to farm-
ers of the State upon application to the Director.

(216)

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN
GRAPES.

By T. V. MUNSON.

INTRODUCTION.

In undertaking the preparation of this bulletin for the Texas State
Experiment Station, the author has understood that the object of‘ the
Board of Trustees and Director of the Station, in engaging the Work done,
was topreserve the knowledge and results of the work to others who may
be engaged along similar lines, or who may Wish to take it up and carry
it forward in part or whole; to- stimulate this character of development in
horticulture, and to present facts and principles discovered, bearing upon
practical grape growing. To be more explicit, the author is expected to
make known the causes which led to the Work 3 the plan of the work ; the

methods and extent of search and research to prepare for the experiments i

and to secure the necessary materials; a mention and classification of
materials employed; the character of experimental work done and explana-
tion of its application; the results obtained, both in principles established
and varietal development; prospectively, what may yet be done in this
special field, and the profitableness of such experimental work.

Thus stated, the object of the management of the State Experiment
Station pretty well outlines the bulletin, and to meet its expectations to
the fullest extent and aid in establishing broad permanent foundations
for American viticulture, without bias or selfish interest, shall be the con-
stant aim of the author.

For so great a nation as ours, both in expanse of territory and demand
for every variety of vineyard product, the foundation should be laid most
intelligently broad and deep. It is quickly apparent to any practical vine-
yardist, that, The Chief M aterial Structure 0f American Viticulture, mu-st
necessarily be,—~ i

THE NATIVE GRAPES OF ALIERIOA.

Without these we cannot secure adaptability and endurance. To secure
the best results from these, requires that the best wild varieties that have
been, and may yet be found, should be sought out before they forever p-erish
by browsing cattle and the woodman’-s ax; brought together and tested
for the various uses in which grapes are employed in the home and in
commerce; then intermingled with each other and the best adapted varie-
ties of the Old World, as experience may show, to give best results, so as

(217)

218 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL }<JXPERI1\I}<1N'1‘ S'l‘A'1‘IONS.
eventually‘ to supply every use and season with thi-s most beautiful. most
wholesome and nutritious, most certain andi profitable fruit, which will
succeed 1n some one or other of its numerous varieties upon almost every;
soil and in nearly every climate.

THE PASSION FOR EXPERIMENTATION WITH GRAPES AROUSED.

In the fall of 1873 the writer visited the vineyards of Dr. Robert Peter,
residing near Lexington, Kentucky. In these vineyards were all the lead-
ing, and nearly all the then introduced varieties of American grapes.

The vines were bearing generally, and the fruit on nearly all was ripe
or ripening. ‘The Doctor, having been my instructor in chemistry in Ken-
tucky State Agricultural College, in which I had completed the scientific
course in 1870, discoursed freelynupon the character of vine and fruit of
the varieties. It seemed to me that there might be numerous combina-
tions, which would naturally occur in such a vineyard, and that one could
expect some of the seedlings grown from such crossed seeds to turn out
better than any in the vineyard, by combination of excellencies of both
parents in the crosses.

This reflection aroused within 1ne a strong desire to test the matter-
The Doctor gave me clusters of all wished, some thirty or forty kinds.
The seeds of these were carefully saved, separately labeled, and noted as
t0 varieties standing near the vine WhlCh bore the seeds. These seeds
were planted at my new home in Nebraska, but the season and other con-
ditions being a-dverse, all were lost, yet the kindled flame of passion for
experimentation continued to burn. The timbered belts along the streams
of that bleak country were ransacked for the few wild grapes growing
there, and the vines bearing the best fruit were marked to be removed to
vineyard and later hybridized with larger berried kinds, as the only species
there (V. vulpina) has small berries, although often quite sweet, and pure
in quality. However, a series of years of adversity,——with drouth,
intensely hard winters, and grasshoppers,—coming on, further experimen-
tation there in that line was dropped.

Coming to Denis-on, Texas, in April, 187 6, a rough piece of dark lime-
stone, timbered land on the bluffs of Red River was improved. In the
woods surrounding, innumerable wild grape vines grew. On the higher“
sandy lands, covered with post-oak, black jack, hickory, scarlet oak and
other timber, grew many “Post~O;ak Grape” vines (V. Lin/cecumii), gen-
erally climbing the post-oak trees, hence the name of Post-Oak Grape.

Along the ravines of the uplands, and in the river bottoms, were numer-_
ous vines of the “Mustang Grape” (V. camdicans), the “Sour Winter,”
or “Frost Grape” (V. CONZTIfOZtQ), and “Sweet Winter Grape” (V. mine-
rea), the latter penetrating and growing luxuriantly in the lower bottoms,
where the others were seldom found. Directly along the high banks of
Red River were found vines of the “Sand,” or “Bush Grape” (V. Longili),
drifted down from the Texas Pan Handle regions, where it grows in
great profusion. Hybrids of it with the Mustang Grape are often found

flflkmllimnn 1x1» )_‘q~‘ . . ' .

i. IN\'}<]S'l‘IGA’1‘ION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 219

along Red River. Occasionally are also found vines of the “Riverside
” Grape” (V. vuZpin-a, or riparian), along Red. River banks.
There were rarely found on the high bottoms of Red River and larger

vines of the “South-earn Muscadine” species (V . rotundvifolia), and. this
i-gappears -to be its Western limit of distribution alo-ng Red River. Here
were six or eight good sp-ecies of Wild grapes, several of which had not been
seen by me previously. I had found my grape paradise! Surely now,
*-_ thought I, “this is the place for experimentation with grapes!”

It Was soon learned from that veteran experimenter with, and writer

 creeks in this, Grayson County, when the writer came to the State, Wild

 on grapes, ‘Mr. Gilbert Ondaerdonk, and by my own observations, that in

 all the southwest, especially in the dry, hot parts of the State, the
 northern varieties of Labrusca and its hybrids with Vtnifera, were subject
 to many diseases, short-lived, and their fruit lasted only a short season in
" I July.

But here was a profusion of native grapes, perfectly suited to- the soils
and climate; little attacked by disease, and. “What sih-o-uld hinder the
 obtaining of a long succession of most desirable varieties, by judicious
 selection, crossing and hybridizing with fine quality grapes?” was the
 question of my mind.

' Thus was rekindled my passion for experimental work with grapes._
 Already, pretty familiar With What had been done ‘by others in the
Y» improvement of our native grapes, it seemed so inadequate to the needs
 and rcapabilities of the country, tlhat I determined to devote a portion of
f‘ my time and ground to aid the study and development of vine-culture in
" America.

'~< ~41!" ‘Q17, “ "T"

SPECIAL STUDY OF GRAPE BOTANY NECESSARY.

 It was at once apparent to me that a thorough botanical investigation of
1}- all species of our Wild grapes must be made before much valuable Work
in this field could be done.

The characters and properties of each species must be learned; the cli-
matic and soil conditions under which each thrives best; 3 the climatic and
soil conditions in general of the various sections of country, so that varie-

   *_._. ~ '
m. 

:52 studied.

Such work requires long continued and extensive investigation. The
 originator must travel much in the Woods of every section where wild
grapes grow, and study the habits; search out and collect together the best
l: varieties from every region and breed up their good properties if he would
 most certainly produce varieties best adapted to those sections.

; At various times during the past twenty-five years, the Writer traveled
 through thirty-five of‘ the states and territories of the Union, never neg-
i lecting any opportunity to hunt and study the wild plants, especially the
s, grapes and other Wild fruits. In these journeys altogether Were not less
Lthan fifty thousand miles traveled by railway, and many hundreds on

v. H24‘;
u‘ 1hr"

   
   
 
  

ties best suited to each may be produced, must be sought and thoroughly '

. in form and biological, 0r life, action and habit.

220 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIBIENT STATIONS.

horseback and on foot. In these travels thousands of vines of nearly every
species of American grape were studied growing in their native habitats.

Correspondence was had With botanists, vineyardists and other good
observers in nearly every state and territory.

Botanical specimens and vines of all American and most of the Asiatic
species were collected. Seeds and plants of the best varieties were obtained
of all these species and grown in experimental vineyards.

CRITICAL STUDY OF GRAPE BOTANY TAKEN UP.

iThe standard’ botanical classification of American grapes, at the time
the study was begun by the writer, was that of Dr. Geo. Engelmann. This,
with most of the other works extant upon our native grapes, was taken up
and carefully studied, and used, in trying "to identify the species of the
vines found in the woods. Many imperfections and errors were dis-cov-
ered in these works, and it was apparent that they were inadequate, as
guides, in identifying all the existing species, and this led the author to
undertake the task of completely working over American grape botany
into a new, more natural a11d thorough classification.

Beginning original botanical research among our wild grapes in 1880,
it has been continued up to the present time, rewarding us with the correc-
ti-o-n of many errors in the old classification and nomenclature, and with
the discovery of a number of new species; besides, what was of far more
importance to ‘practical vine culture, the finding of much valuable mate-
rial, such EUS fine wild varieties ‘with which to start new families of imarket,
table and wine grapes, and most excellent resistant graft stocks, and many
cultural principles of great practical value, necessary to apply in order to
reach the higher development of vineyard varieties.

The grape herbariums of Harvard in Cambridge, of the Academy of
Sciences, Philadelphia; of the Division of Botany and of the National
Museum in Washington, D. C. , of Dr. Geo. Engelmann, in the Missouri
Botanical Gardens of St. Louis, were studied and noted. All the species
and numerous hybrids were studied and noted in germination and devel-
opment in the seed beds, in the testvineyards and in all points for prac-
tical vineyard purposes, as well as to learn strict botanical characters, both
The notes were always
made on the spot, in presence of the vines under study.

Several years of thus accumulating facts were spent before any attempt
was made in constructing a new classification.

At that time the writer was in correspondence with Professors E. Plan-
chon, A. Millardet, Pierre Viala and other leading French ampelographers,
who have always held front rank in such work. Their works on grape
botany were carefully studied.

Not until 1885 did the writer attempt a new classification of species,
and that has undergone much revision and change in its author’s hands.

 

  
  
 
  
 
    
  
   
   
   
 
   
    
   
   
 
 
 
 
  
  

INVESTIGATION ANI) IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. QQI

PRACTICAL BENEFIT TO VITICULTURE,  CHIEF AIM.

It was not only necessary to know the general botany of grapes, but as
well what was desirable and undesirable in varieties in cultivation, and
how much of the season and market demand they covered, so as to direct
effort to the best advantage in creating varieties to fill up the vacancies.

AN IDEAL LIST, OR SUCOESSION OF VARIETIES.

_v To keep the object of the work clearly in view, an ideal succession of

varieties was constructed which might be in time filled with excellent and
profitable kinds.

It wasobserved, that, any considerable market demands all the time,

three colors of grapes to lsatisfy all customers. These are, in the order
zip-of preference, or extent of demand :—( 1 ) bright, lively red, such as Dela-
 ware, Flame Tokay, etc. ; (2) black, or dark purple, with clear complexion,
 * 10h as Black Hamburg, Black Prince, Violet Chasselas, etc. ; Concord is-
too dull, has too much white, flour-like bloom; (3) translucent, yellowish
Yyraricties, such as Golden Chasselas, Calahrian, etc. Niagara, when thor-
oughly ripe in sunny weather does pretty well. Varieties that are green
fiwhen ripe do not sell well. '
 In the South, some varieties of grapes, such as Champion, begin ripen-
ing in June, and by August 1st all the varieties commonly grown in they
lNorth are gone in the South, and yet at the time when grapes are most
relished, through August, September and October, only Herbemont, ‘Le
“Keir ‘and the Muscadines, such as Scuppernong, Thomas, could be used to
Qfill up the latter part of the season, yet these pass away in August and
‘early September, still leaving the best half of the season unsupplied,
-‘ except by importation.
5 Ripe fruit cannot be profitably retainedon the vines in the heat of sum-
?" er, except in rare cases, longer than about ten days after ripe enough
jto market. But when the cool nights of September and October come,
 can hang twenty to thirty daysin good condition. This would give
ilthree periods of ten days each for July and August; two periods of fifteen
hays each for September and one period for October, making nine in all,
ich requiring three colors, thus giving room for profitable growing no
less than twenty-seven varieties, to cover the entire season, with only one
7ariety of each color at any one time, to say nothing of strictly wine grapes,
‘ind to make apparent the needs the following s-cheme was devised:

a

222 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

SKELETON FOR IDEAL SUOOESSION OF GRAPES FOR THE SOUTH.
27 Varieties.

p Translucent
Tmbnsluceqlvt Red’ Bart/hr Iiluck, 1 clloic, 0r
Should be as good as Brighton. New?!‘ POOP?!‘ White"

than (Joneord. Never poorer
than Niagara.

i
l

1. July 1st to 10th ............................................ .. 1 1
2. July 10th to 20th., ........................................ .. 2 2
3. July 20th to 31st ............................................. .. 3 3
4. Aug. lst to 10th ........................................... .. 4 ‘ 4
5. Aug. 11th to 20th .......................................... .. 5 5
6. Aug. 21st t0 31st ........................................... .. 6 6
7. Sept. 1st t0 15th ......................  .......  ......... .. 7 7
8. Sept. 15th t0 30th .......................................  8 8
9. October ....................................................... .. 9 9

Let any one try to fill this skeleton list with varieties generally culti-
vated and he Will quickly become aware of the inadequacy of existing
varieties for the purpose.

We make the attempt below, admitting a number of varieties not up to
the standard of excellence desired, but the best of each season and color
available among the commonly grown kinds. In several of the seasons
more than one variety of the same color rare named, to give greater variety
in quality. This shows the 3rd and 4th periods well supplied for northern
regions which cannot extend beyond the 5th period, and few of these
varieties are satisfactory in the South.

 

 

 

   

 

   
    
    
  
  
   
 
    
   
 
  

 

 IN\'ES’I‘IGA'I‘ION AND IMPROVQMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 223
 MOST AVAILABLE LIST OF ooMuoN VARIETIES OF GRAPES.
 M ‘ gss%_wfl____ss¢___sugg
 Ifetl. Black.  Yellowish Green.
 1. Champion. Early Ohio. 0
p i, M oyer. SPEZLTIY‘ Lady.
 ' Norfolk (Progress). Canlpbén Early Green Mountain.
 lhigtdion. —— y . n a
 3 Bggnvéfglgg‘  Moore Diamond.
i’, . Lindley ¥larqly gctgnrt Niagara.
_ Salem,‘ Agawam V9“ e e ' _
 w‘ ‘ ' Martha.
 Jefferson. Concord. - - - -
y 4. . y . _ Missouri Riesling.
. Diana. Wilder. Barry. P0ccknngt0n_
. i 1-, i. a . T . i“
 o. 8%,)???‘ ‘Highland. friumph.
 a vifiziaataamv  war“
Thomas. Scuppernong.
m..l__/,_»*_*__ *____n
i__ ,*_.___ i _1
 ______ 

This shows the South With little more than half the available time
supplied with grapes, and then, when we remember‘ that only some four
or five of the varieties named are adapted to the climate, while the others
are subject to many diseases and are short-lived, and- most of these are
; of ordinary or poor quality, and not a variety in the list Without some
 serious defect, we come to understand the vasit work yet to be done by
originators of new varieties of grapes.

VINEYARDS PLANTED BY THE AUTHOR.

"stone soil, containing 25 to 40 per cent. of lime, With eastern exposure at
jtop of Red River bluffs, south side of river, in northern suburbs of Denison,
lTexas. .

i’ Vineyard N0. 2: One acre, planted in 1881-2, iadijoining vineyard No.
Y1, lower down the eastern slope. _ I

Wneyard N0. 3: One-half acre, adjoining vineyard No. 2, on the south.
Tfinelyanl N0. 1;: ‘Two acres, planted in 1886-7, on deep light sandy
fil on yellow clay subsoil, eastern slope, in southern suburbs of Denison,
Texas, two [miles southwest of vineyards 1, 2, 3f

_ Vineyard N0. 5: Four acres, planted in 1887, southwest of vineyard
‘No. 4 two hundired yards, on ‘a deep reddish sandy soil, on a red clay sub-

Vineyard N 0. 1: Two acres, planted in 187819, on strong, black lime- a

224 TEXAS AGRICULTURALIExrnRniENT STATIONS.

soil 18 to 24 inches below surface, with southern and southwestern expos-
ure. *

Vineyard N0. 6: Two acres, adjoining vineyard No. 5 on the east,
with same character of soil, and southern slope.

Vineyard N0. ‘7: One acre, planted in 1894, adjoining vineyard No.
4 on 'the south, with same character of soil, with eastern, western and
southern slope. _

Vineyard N0. 8: One-eighth acre, adjoining vineyard No. 6 on the
east, with similar soil and exposure.

The leading and most of the better American varieties, and a good many
Vinifera varieties, and vines of ‘all the native species were planted in the
vineyards. Not all were planted in all the vineyards, but all, or nearly
all, were grown in both the limy and sandy soil. The leading varieties
were grown in marketable quantities. [See Chapter II. for list of species
and varieties planted in the vineyards]

GRAPE NURSERIES, PLANTED WITH OUTTINGS.

Each year since 1880, from one to five acres of land. have been devoted
to growing plants from cuttings of nearly all introduced varieties} that
were planted in the vineyards, including, during several years, all the
native wild grape species of the United States, excepting V. rotundifolvla
andV. Munsoniana, which do not grow from cuttings, but are propagated
by layering in vineyard.

SEEDLING GRAPE NURSERIES.

Since 1881, when the first were planted in Texas, some ten different
years, have large numbers of select and hybridized grape seeds been
planted, carefully tilled, studied, culled and the young vines been trans-
planted and‘ rigidly tested in test vineyards, as described in Chapter III.

After thus educating myself for the work and making such extensive
preparation for the origination of varieties, which were essential to vine-
yard culture, to enable it to fill its entire sphere, few persons regarded my
effort otherwise than that of a “crank,” and‘ often have I heard myself
mentioned as the “vine crank.” ‘This, to me, was good evidence that my
object was not comprehended; that the special knowledige necessary to
comprehend it, and become interested in it, was lacking generally among
grape growers, and even among the majority of writers upon grapes. It
was clear to me that in order to make the work generally beneficial, and
regarded with any degree of favor by the public, that,-

THE PEOPLE MUST BE EDUOATED.

Those who are to plant the varieties must know, as well as the originator,
why the new varieties arepreferable to the old, and be demonstrably con-
vinced that they are better and more profitable. It must be shown that the
most essential virtues of varieties are founded in specific blood.

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF ABIERICAN GRAPES. Q25

Especially must experimenters understand the nature and character of
species in order to create the best varieties. Such intelligent experiment-
ers are exceedingly few. Many more are needed.

But it is no little work to educate the public, or even the vineyardists
up to a full comprehension of such matters, so that they can derive full
benefit therefrom.

In order that each successive generation of experimenters and vineyard-
ists might take up the work where the last left off, and continue to progress
all the time, and not merely repeat old work, with little or no advance,
there must ‘be carried forward a system of general education on ‘the sub-.
ject.

The horticultural press and horticultural societies are very generous in
publishing information of _this character, and have often invited articles
from my pen concerning this specialty. But such treatment of the subject
is fragmentary at best, and very inconvenient for future reference, hence
more enduring methods have also been sought and used.

RESUME or THE Arrrrrorfs EDUCATIONAL WORK ON AMERICAN GRAPES AND
' THEIR DEVELOPMENT.

It is presumed that a short mention of the Writer’s educative work on A

grapes will not be out of place here.

By invitation and request of Mr. Parker Earle, President of the Aimer- »

ican Horticultural Society and Chief of the Horticultural Section of the
Cotton Centennial ‘Exposition, the Writer, in 1885,"exhibited, in the Horti-
cultural Hall of the exposition, a complete set of herbarial specimens,
classified in glass frames, of all the known species of American grapes, and
specimen plants of the same growing in pots. This was supplemented by
a paper read before the American Horticultural Society, holding it.s ses-
sions in the exposition building in New Orleans, in February, 1885, and
the paper was published in the report of the society for that year. _ This
paper contained my first attempt at. a new botanical classification of grape
species.

' The specimens, at the close of the exposition, were presented to the
University of Missouri, and were taken in charge by Professor S. M.
Tracy, Botanist of the University, and placed in the University herba-
rium, Columbia, Mo.

This new classification, with some revision, was set forth in a paper
by the writer before the American Pomological Society, meeting in Grand
Rapids, Michigan, in September, 1885, an.d was published in the Society’s
report of that year, and favorably noticed by the horticultural press. The

§ _ new classification was yet very imperfect.

Following this, during several years, The American Agriculturist, The
Rural New-Yorker, The American Gardening, Garden and Forest, Farm
and Ranch, The Révue die Viticulture, of France, and other leading hor-
ticultural and agricultural journals published illustrated articl-es upon

 

226 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

classification, hybridization a.nd varieties of grape-s prepared by the Writer
at request of their editor-s. .

During 1887 to 1892 the author, supplied complete sets of botanical
specimens of American grapes, arranged according to his plan of classifi-
cation, to -the herbariums of various educational institutions, one going to
the School of Viticulture, tM-ontpellier, France; one each to Harvard Uni-
versity, Cornell University, Columbia University, N. Y.; Philadelphia
Academy of Sciences, the National Herbarium in National Museum, and
one to the ‘herbarium in the Division of Botany, Department of Agricult-
ure. "Ilo Dr. Vasey, Botanist of the Department of Agriculture, eleven
sets were supplied. »These were placed in as many agricultural colleges.
These sets contained young and mature wood, leaves, flowers and fruit of
each American species.

Sets of photographs, life size, of Wood, leaves, flowers, fruit and seeds
of all American species have been supplied to about a dozen colleges and
botanists in the United States and Europe.

A large number of complete sets of live plants of all species of American
grapes have been supplied to state experiment st-ations and individuals in
the United States and Europe. -

To stimulate experimentation, over 1000 packets of hytbridized grape
seeds of select varieties were distributed, gratis, to some 500 grape-grow-
ers, located in all parts of the Union. Quite a number of the-se already
have bearing ‘vines from those seeds, and several have sent specimen clus-
ters, showing some very fine fruit, well worthy a place in any vineyard.

In 1889, the Division of Pomology published its Bulletin No. 3, eon-
taining an outline skeleton of my classification of grapes, as an announce-
ment of an exhaustive monograph of American grapes, which the Secre-
tary of Agriculture, through the Pomo-logist, H. E. Van Deman, engaged
me to prepare. The manuscript for this monograph, with accurate life-
size colored plates of all our native grape species, was prepared and deliv-
ered, but from lack of sufiicient appropriation by Congress the wort-k
remains unpublished. -

In 1893, in the Horticultural Building of the Columbian Exposition,
Chicago, the writer exhibited all American and most Asiatic species of-

'grapes, represented by growing plants, by roots preserved in natural

appearance in liquid, by sections of wood from aged and ytoung growth, by
pressed leaves, upper and lower surfaces, and in all stages of development
by flowers, by clusters of ripe fruit in plates, and preserved in liquid in
jars, by seeds, and by lite-size photographs of wood, leaves, flowers, fruit
and seeds, all labeled with their common and technical names, and pre-
sented in classified arrangement according to the plans shown in Plates I.
and II. In addition to this, over 150 old and new varieties, representing
all manner of crossed and hybrid combinations, "were shown in ripe clus-
ters on plates for three months in succession.

‘This exhibit was the most complete botanical display of the grape genus
ever made. It was presented to the Department of Agriculture, and since

INVES'I‘I(}A'I‘ION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 227

, _ the Exposition all its durable parts have been mounted near the entry in
the National Museum in Washington. i

_O ULTURAL STUDIES.

The habits of the species and varieties as to germinating from seed,
rooting from cuttings, leafing out, flowering, bearing, growing ‘on trellis,
requirements in pruning for best results, have been carefully studied and
notes preserved, which shall be drawn upon in the preparation of the body
,. of this bulletin, except my method of trellising and] training the vine,
 which has frequently been published in horticultural journals and in bul-
" letins. The best presentation of it was in Farm and Ranch, October 21st,
1899.

 

THE CHIEF WORK.

All this botanical and cultural study was only preliminary to the
1*; auth0r’s chief work with grapes, which has been to collect the best wild
and cultivated varieties, to test them side by side, and intermingle them
‘ by crossing and hybridizing, to produce new varieties of best possible quai-
ities, in the endeavor to fill out the ideal list of varieties as presented here-
 tofore, and to provide the best p-ossible resistant graft stocks upon which to
 graft Vinifera varieties.
I - IFor this undertaking all the details of the science and art of hybridiza-
 tion have been studied, and‘ the different methods put into practice, as
i. amplified to some extent in the body of the bulletin.
Y, To fully set forth all the details» of the work, in the customary bulletin
j? method, would require the space of a large book, hence we must content
 ourselves with the statement of the chief practical results and principles

5-; reached. My aim shall be to make the statements as clear, comprehensible V

i; and“ practical as my ability and space alloted will permit.

p. iThe bulletin can attempt only a skeleton outline of the basal work so
 far accomplished at the Munson Experiment Grounds, and to thereby aid
 the practical vineyardist to make the best selections for his region, and to
_ _help other originators to choose the best materials with which to push
t, forward special lines of development among grapes.

It would be desirable to take up and fully describe and classify accord-
iiing to a scale of meritorious po=ints all the varieties tested and originated
 by the writer, but that alone would be sufficient to fill a large bulletin.
 However, some of the most essential points in descriptions will be given in
igconnection with each variety, as mentioned in the variety lists.

__ No excellence for the literary composition of the bulletin is claimed.
j The writer is painfully aware that it has defects in this. respect. The
 mind has been kept rivited so closely on the subject matter that all embel-
"lishments in composition have been pushed aside. But it is believed that
f body of fresh facts in viticulture, suflicient to well compensate any exper-
imental or practical ‘vine-igr-ower for its perusal and stud-y, is given with
suflicient clearness as to make it easily understood.

s. M; 

   
  
  
  
  
  
   

228 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL rzxrniumuaxi‘ STATIONS.

‘CHAPTER |.
Wild, or Native Grapes of the United States.

In order to well understand the full scope of the phrase “Improvement
of American Grapes,” we must have a clear idea of the kinds and character
of the Wild grapes which are native in the United States, and in what
regions, locations and conditions they grow.

Hence, some tangible presentation of the different species is necessary.
A study of the botanical characters of all the species is necessary to com-

prehend their relationships, and Why they should be classified one way.
rather than another, but that would require more space than can be allowed-

here, so we must make it suffice by presenting some engravings of typical
specimens of the species» best adapted to be used as first parents in crossing
and hybridizing to get varieties profitable in practical vineyard culture;
and to show by skeleton or outline classifications how the species have been
found by critical study to be related, without attempting to prove such
relationships. '

At this point, a careful study of all the plates is suggested.

"The seeds, Plate I., tare shlo-wn arranged in groups, designated as Series,
according to natural relationships, as nearly as it is possible to do so, after
years of critical study of all the species side by sid-e.

The species in each series are much more nearly allied to the other
species shown in the same series, than to species in any other series, not
only in botanical character, but in habits of growth, flowering, fruiting,
and soil and climatic adaptation, hence the recognition of these relation-
ships is of much practical importance in vine culture, especially to the

_ intelligent originator of varieties.

lAs to the relationships of the series to each other, there is much more

division of opinion among botanists, and it is of less practical application. _

VARIATION AND DIVISION.

The tendency in nature of the progenyof any individual to vary and
diverge wider and wider from the original parent form with each genera-
tion, as influenced by surrounding conditions, is the subtle agency seized
by the originator to produce at will whatever product he designs in
harmony with the character of the original individual, or individuals, and
conditions under which he operates. Elven the blind law of “the survival
of the fittest,” as stated by Herbert Spencer, or of the “unlike,” as Pro-
fessor L. H. Bailey puts it, fills the world with infinite, yet related forms.

The process of individual, varietal, specific and generic variation, is well
typified in every tree, by its body, forks, large branches, secondary
branches, sprays and bud-s.

 

 

 

 

  

 

IN\'ES'I‘IGA'I‘ION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 229

The known grape genus would be represented by a forked tree, having
one division much larger than the other. ‘The larger division would rep-
resent the true grapes (Euvitis), the smaller the warty-avoo-d section
(Lenticellosis). ‘The ‘body below the fork would represent the primordial
form, once a species itself, but different from any species at present exist-
ing, yet that out of which all existing, and several extinct species, as proven
in fossil forms, have sprung. ‘The larger fork, or division, branched» much
more numerously than the smaller. Its great branches represent the series
Ripamlae, Occidentales, Coriaceae, Labruscae, Aestvlva/les, Gordifoliae, and
Oinerascentes, as shown in the classification of American species in Plate I.
and two or three Asiatic series. The secondary branches represent the
species in the series 5 the sprays represent the subspecies and botanical vari-
eties, and the buds represent the individual vines, which, when we culti-
vate, we call varieties. They are multiplied not by seeds, but by cuttings,
layers, grafts. Seeds produce other distinct individuals, or vineyard
varieties.

The smaller division of the tree, representing the warty Wood grapes
(Lenticellosis), would have only two secondary branches, the whole divis-
ion, constituting the section Lenticellosis, and also the Series Uhiri-Sim-
pleses (simple-tendril species), generally designated by botanists as
Muscadinia. In this section, there is but one series and two species known.
Botanical varieties are few, although individual vines are very numerous.

‘The comparatively little variation in this section an-d its uniform, stub-
born resistance to change by hybridizing, indicates that its individuals
have been confined to very similar, or almost identical, conditions of
climate and soil for a great length of time, and have not intermingled by
natural hybridization with other species, as have‘ the species of true grapes
(Eutiitis).

NATURAL DISTRIBUTION OF OUR “FILD SPECIES OF GRAPES.

It is reasonable to suppose that a variety of any species of grape will
succeed better in the climate and soil where its progenitors were naturally
developed than in very different soils and climates; and by practical expe-
rience we find this true; therefore, distribution of species becomes an
important matter to» know, by the originator and vineyardist, and hence a

brief statement of the distribution of our species is justified at this place. .

As it is planned to present a somewhat different arrangement of series
and species from that shown in Plate I . by using size of berry as a char-
acter or principle of division, and thus make the classification conform to
a cultural idea rather than to a purely scientific one, yet without seriously
departing from natural relationships, the species will be mentioned in the
order of this new arrangement. See table of cultural characters, page—.
As this new arrangement is presented for the purpose of affording prac-
tical cultural study, throughout, the distribution becomes a part of it and
should be studied with it.

By it, the true grapes (Euvitis), are divided into two groups, namely,

230 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

the Small Berry (ilI/icrocrtrpae) Group, comprehending the four series,
Ripariae, Occidentalcs, Uordrifolictc and Cilrzci'a.scewrtes, and tlhe Large Berry
(Mwcroccrrpae) Group, comprehending, likewise, four series, including the
cultivated Old World grapes as a series, Virtefcrae», Aestivales, (70riaceae‘~
and Labruscac. '

The section Lenticcllosiis remains unchanged in arrangement.

Now taking the species in their order in this arrangement; V. rupestris
is found wild in limestone regions, where the soil is generally black, from
the Rio Grande in the region of Eagle Pass and Del Rio, in.the hilly coun-
try running northeastwardly through Uvalde, Kerr, Gillespie, Lampasas,
Hays, Travis, Burnet, Bell, Williamson, Coryell, Bosque, Johnson, Tar-
rant counties, in Texas, then again in the Indian Territory among the
hills, or old mountain ranges, which are a continuation of the Ozark
uplift, thence through northwestern Arkansas and southern Missouri,
thence across into southern Kentucky, through Tennessee, and thence up
the Cumberland range as far north as into southern Pennsylvania, nearly
always along gravelly banks and beds of ravines, which have running water
only a portion of the year, but plenty of growing moisture at all times
within reach of the roots.

V. Longii is found along the banks and bluffs, nearly always in ravines
and gulches putting into the larger streams, and on the banks of Red
River, and its tributaries and‘ along. the Canadian, Cimmaron and Arkan-
sas rivers, all through the Texas Panhandle, westward into New Mexico,
eastward into Oklahoma and northward into Kansas and southeastern
Colorado.

V. vulpivza (or Mparia) is verywidely distributed along the sandy banks
of streams and lakes, beginning sparingly on Red river, Texas, extending
throughout all States northward into Canada, and eastward; from Salt
Lake to the Atlantic coast. The vines of this species in the Dakotas and

Minnesota endure 40° to. 60° below zero.

V. Treleasei is found wild along the ravines and gulches of western New
Mexico, Arizona and southern Utah. .

V. Arizonioa, very closely allied to Treleasei, is found in similar situa-
tions in the same regions and extending farther south into parts of western
Texas, northern Mexico, and into southern California east of the San
Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains.

V. Cfirdiana is found as the only species of Wild grape all through south-
ern California, especially west of the San Jacinto mountains and south of
the Colorado or Mojave desert, along streams. i

V. Californian ranges as the only wild species through the northern half
of California, along streams, west of the Sierra Nevada mountains, and
north onto Rogue river in southern Oregon, its northern limit.

V. monticola is found about the tops of the limestone hills, in very limy
soils, in a dozen counties, more or less, westward and northward from Aus-
tin, Texas.

V. rubm (or palmaita) grows wild in. the river bottoms of the southern

 

I.\'\'ES'I‘I(1‘A'I‘I()I\' AND 1l\lPRO\'}<j.\1l<lN'[‘ HF AMERICAN GRAPES. 231

part of Illinois, and southward into southeastern Missouri and northeast-
ern Arkansas.

V. cord/ifolia occurs in its Western limits 0n the Brazos river, Texas,
southeastern Kansas, southeastern Iowa, into Illinois to the 41° parallel,
thence eastward to the Atlantic slope along high land ravines, in limes-tone
soils mostly, and into the higher bottoms of creeks and rivers. It has pro-
d-uced vines having the largest trunks of any American species.

V. Baileyarta is native only in the higher altitudes along streams among
the Apalachian ranges in South and N-orth Carolina, Virginia. and West
Virginia.

V. Berlandieri occuns in the same regions with V. monti-cola, but is less
restricted locally, growing from the tops of the hills all along dorwn and
along the creek bottoms of those regions. It also extends over a wider
extent of county somewhat. I i

V. cinerea covers the same range with V. cordvifolta, except on the south
it goes nearer the Gulf, and on the southwest extends. across the Rio

A Grande as far as into southwestern Coahuila. It does not occur so abun-

dantly on upland ravines, and extends farther into river bottoms.

V. Bourquinriam, represented in the United States only by varieties in
cultivation; seems to be an exotic from southern Europe, but is Well
adapted t0 the South, especially southwestern Texas, represented by Herbe-
mont, Le Noir, etc. _

V. UZlTZItfGTCL, an Asiatic species, but mentioned because it enters into so

many of our hybrids, and is the source of fine qualities to a greater extent‘

than any other species, and by judicious use can be made of great value
inphybridizing, and by grafting on resistant roots. It loves a warm, dry
climate, and thrives in almost any well drained soil, and will grow in
quite limy soils, where some species turn yell-ow in foliage (chlorose), and
soon die. Its weakness lies in its-non-resistance to Phylloxera, Mildew,
Black Rot and severe cold.

V. Lincecumii grows wild abundantly on high, well drained sandy tim-
bered lands, throughout the eastern half of Texas, the Indian Territory,
northwestern Arkansas, and southern Missouri. It is never found on the
black lands nor in low ‘bottom lands. It will do well in black sandy soils,
and endures great heat, drouth and cold.

V. bicolor ra-nges northeastwardly from where Lincecumii is found, in
north Missouri, Illinois, southern Wisconsin, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio,
Kentucky, Pennsylvania, New York and southwestern Ontario, New J er-
sey, Maryland, in similar soils and locations liked by Lincecumii, its chief
difference from that form being in much smaller fruit, and a glaucous
undersurface of leaves.

V. aestivalis ranges east of the region occupied by Lincecumid and south
of the region where bicolor gro-ws, to the Gulf and Florida. It differs
from bicolor chiefly in having a rusty, cottony thin wool, on lower surface

' of leaves, and larger, more open clusters of fruit, and the leaves often more

numerously and deeply lobed. It grows on high, warm, sandy soil-s.
2—Bu1. 56.

232 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT‘ sTATIoNs.

V. Simpsoni is confined almost entirely to Florida. It differs from
aestivalis in ‘having a much stronger longer growth, in the young wood
and leaves being much more Woolly, and more deeply and numerously ,
lobed, with scalloped teeth; clusters larger, more open, with less astringent 
berries. It flowers and ripens much later, and can endure very little cold.
It prefers warm, sandy soil.

V. coriacea, native only in Florida. Leaves small, triangular or D
shaped, with scalloped teeth, and dense white or brownish white felt on
under surface. Thrives in either sandy or limy soil. Very sensitive to
cold. ' '

V. candicans, native in southern parts of the Indian Territory and. Okla-
homa, all through Texas, east of the Pecos river, especially abundant along
upland ravines in “black waxy” lands, but also extends into the river
bottoms, and canopies the tallest cottonwoods along the river banks. It
endures great drouth and heat, but little cold, ten to fifteen degrees below
zero being sufficie-nt to kill it, unless well protected in the woods. ‘“ .»

V. Doaniana has nearly the same range with V. Length}, but is not so 
abundant and occurs more on the limy soils. It readily» endures great_ .
climatic extremes. -, .

V. Uhanupiml natively occurs in the same regions in which Berlcmdizzfl 
occurs, less in the bottoms and less numerously. 

V. laibrusca is confined almost entirely to the Atlantic slope from Geor- l,
gia to Massachusetts, in rather low, moist sandy lands, acquiring the com- ~l
mon namethereby of “Swamp Grape,” in some regions. It occurs in 
limited regions in such lands in southern Tennessee and southern Indiana, 
along the Ohio river. p 

V. rotundifolia, grows wild abundantly on high, well drained bottom 
and hammock lands all through the South as far north as Norfolk, Va.,
Tennessee, Arkansas, Texas to about the 97th meridian, where it is rare.

V. Munsoniana is native in the southern half of Florida and on the
Florida Keys._ It can endure no ‘more than a. zero temperature, and differs
from Rotundtfolm in having more slender vines, s-maller, fewer, but larger
toothed leaves, larger clusters with smaller berries, and much small-er, 
seeds, and fruit of a different flavor, bright shining black, with thin skin,
juicy without pulp. p.

Space will not permit full descriptions of the species, but to familiarize ' "
the reader with those species found most promising in aiding viticulture, _\
half-tone engravings of them have been presented in their proper places in 
the foregoing mention of species, and to make this still more practical, it '
is supplemented with a table of cultural characters.

DISCUSSION OF THE TABLE.

It will be noticed that species having wide distribution varry greatly ,_
among their individual vines from different regions in nearly all their 
characters, hence vines for experimental purposes taken at random can :;
promise little in development toward improvement of varieties for cultiva- 

 

 

 TABLE 30F CULTURA]
 1 4 rSoil
 ‘ - Prefer-wed.
 *5 1 1
., SPECIFIC gig 1 1 =
’ AND NAME. 1 3g 1 m: 1 m“
COMMON _ 1 $3 1 5g 1 5g
r 5 1 S; | 7D. a 1 i  j ; "m
= .2 ' s .92 1 1 5 1 "v 1 i‘
.. += o =-. 1 Q , 1 t.‘
I 0 L. <1> 1 f" 1 o: 1 -
_; (3 <5 w 1 1 ~15 1 m . 1 Q a
 1 ‘ . . 1 1 1 ' 13V
 a f rVltll-i‘ rllggéastris .................................. ..1 1 t0 2 l1 1  1 t04 '
 | g >0 __ rape. A _ j i
. l] .5 J1 V. lgonfigu, ($010212 ..........................  2 t0 3 1 2 - I 3 1
g v ,5 , us 0r u c rape. 1 1
 r  I == 1LV. lxéulpinaisrigaria) ..........................  2 t0 4 1 3 t0 5 , 1 _ 1
1 , 1vers1 e ‘rape. ’ 1 *
 g l; i] V. élfrelefiseij .........  ........................  1 t0 2  1 t0 2 I1 1 to 2 1
1. fa; _ p mp0 1_ anyon ‘rape. 1 ,
; i; '1 g 1V.]1)&51z0n18a .......  .........................  2 t0 4 1 1 to 2 1 1 t0 3 1 3 t
 ,__ .2 V, _wr_1y anyon rape. 1 1 1 I
1- cg | g 1 V. Glrdlana ............................  3t05 1 1t02 2t03 1 2t
 __ g g l1 South Cahtorma Grape. . 1 1 '
i g p} =’ , V. Oalifornica. .... .. ............................  3 to 4 1 1 to 2 I 2 to 3 1 1 1;
i, 5 1 1 W’ North Gahtorma Grape. 3 1 1 1
 w _ (W. Inontlcola .....  ............................. ..1 1 t0 2 g 1 to 4 1 5  1 1-,
s 3 g I Sweet Mountaln Grape. ; a 1 1 i
_i l~ g g  V. éggrgigéarélagag ............................ .1 2 t0 3  1 t0 3 j 3 to 4 ‘ 1 t-
1 a E . . . p ' 1  1
.125. 3 3 1 V. cordltoha .................................... ..1. 4 t0 5 ; 1 t0 3 1 3 t0 4 1 1 t<
 3 1 Frqst, 0r Sour Winter Grape. 1 f I
.15 .3 é l[ V. Balleyana ....................................  2 t0 3  1 t0 3 1 1 t0 3 1 t1
‘ E E. § Possum Grape. 1 c 1 
lg g ,1 V. lll3iegrt1lzfanlrxi£telr1ti.t.é.i.r.l..éi‘é ................ ..| 3 to 4  1 t0 4 I 4 to 5 1 t1
. 2 | r - 1 1
_:j L’ 1V. cinerea .......................................  4t05 1 1t04 1 3t 4 11;
; “ X u  7 Sweet Wiuter, 0r Ashy Grape. 1 _  O (
‘f; I1 g- ‘; W .  ...................... .. 3 to 5 ‘ 1 t0 4 2 to 3 1 1;<
 | E J . _ _ ‘ c _ S‘ 1
   ILV.  ..................... .. 1 t0 5 1 t0 4 2 t0 4 3 t(
. - Q4 I ' .
i, 5 =5 (V. Lincecumii... ............................... .. 3 t 5 1 t '
Vii E 1 Y Ppst-Oak 0r Turkey Grape. O O a 1 to 3 0 t‘
 E .5 i W . b1c010r ......................................... .. 3 to 4 1 t0 5 1 () u
 E E J Blue Grape.
~ m :5 V. aestlvahs ..................................... .. 3 t0 4 1 t0 5 1 0 tg
. » Q, 3g Summer Grape. -
. g» V.  .......................... .. 3 t0 5 1 t0 5 1 to 2 0 tc
1: V.  ..................... .. 3 to 5 1 t0 5 2 t0 3 0 tc
 g g V. candicans ..................................... .. 4 to 5 1 to 5 4 130 5 0 w
 g4 é _ Mustang Grape.
 § g V.  ..... n, 3 to 5 1 t0 5 3 t0 4 3 t0
 g v. ggglrtzpggda..é.r.ébé ......................  3 t0 5 . 1 t0 5 4 n55 4 t0
‘i - g ‘V. 155111555 ...............  ...................... ..1 2 u 3 1 1 1; 5 1 -
f’ _ k E 5 1 V Nczrthgrfnllfox Grape. ‘ ) 0 3 to
 - (é .r0uni0ia ................................ .. 4t 5 1t 5
E 1   1 5 1V §Vi>utherr1 Muscadine. 0 0 1 2 ‘J03 O
35- 3 . uusonlana ............................... .. 3t05 1t 5 2t 3 O
'__ 15 a 1 é’ 1 Flonda Bird Grape O O

 

‘IES ‘OF

GRAPE SPECIES.
arance. Resisten ce. Size‘ __ m a
    _, , i, , .5 I 
i   l 52 1 i; 1  j   
15§4‘4“!51"0"=1"i1§§15;2
:<E10§5JEE’?0'515:5
 z» ‘r 8 j 3  1:  *5  *5 J Q4 _j_g_
{M3004} 5  5  5 [1002 2 300412004
3004 I 4005  4005i 5 [1002 2 114005 2004
5 4005 I 4005 f 4005 I 1003  1002  3004 (2004
2004  3004  1002 1 1002  1002! 2 3005142004
2003 I 3004  1002  0001  1002f 1 ‘400514005
1002 5 2003 0001  0 {2004 2  4005 3004
1003  1003 0 f 0 1'2003 2 {4000 3005
2004 5 3005 F4005  1003  2003? 5 1003
4  5  5  5 2004 51002  5 2004
2004 5  5 4005 f 2004 ' 1002 5 1002
2004 5 4005 14005  4005 | 2003 1  5 3004
2004 5 4005 5 [200510021 5 3005
2004  5 4005 0 5 [3005  1  5 2004
2003  3 1003  10041 2005  2003  ' 4005
100-2  0001  0002  0002  2000  2006 ‘ 0 41105
2004 i 4005  2004 fl 1005  2004  2004 0004 0004
4005  4005 11300-4  5 2003 J 2  1005 0001
20043004 |I4005 1400552004 ’2003 ‘r1005 0004
1003  4005 4005 4005 I 3004 2003 3004 0004
1002 14005 5_ 4005 f 2 2004 5 0001
2003 5 5 5 ‘1002 3005 5 0t02
3004 5 3005 4005 J 2003 21504 5 1003
2004 5 2005 5 ' 1002 2004 5 2003
3004 2003 5 3005 1003 3005 0003 0003
1003 5 5 5 U 1 3005 0 3004
1002 5 5 5 u 1002 2003 10032 3004

 

><><><><E><E
XXXX

XXXX

XXXXXXX

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 233

tion. Species native in high, arid regions, as are Vimlfiera and all the
species west of the Rocky Mountains Where the air is too dry to permit the
growth of mildews and rots, quickly are attacked and greatly weakened or
destroyed when transplanted into low, moist climates. Likewise, vines of
species growing in regions where Phylloxera does not exist, when trans-
planted into regions infested by it, soon perish by its attacks, and when
the insect is transported into the soil where such vines grow, no matter
how well the vines have always grown, will pale and die in three or four
years after the insect begins to feed and multiply upon the roots.

The Phylloxera-resistant vines of the world are all native between the
Rocky mountains and the Atlantic coast in North America, where the
Phylloxera is common wherever wild vines grow in all that territory, and
by long struggling against the insiduous enemy, by “the survival of the
fittest” law, now grow luxuriantly while the louse obtains a precarious
living by tugging at the hard wiry root.s, which their infinite attacks have
developed. Then it is perfectly clear, that to have vines which will resist
Phylloxera, mildew and rot, we must select as parents those which are
least attacked by these, and such are found only in the regions east of the
Rocky mountains in the United States. /

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AT THE MUNSON EXPERIMENT GROUNDS.

The section in which the writer lives and has his experiment grounds,
latitude 34° 30', is abundantly supplied with Phylloxera in the black lime-
stone soils, mildew, Black, Brown, Bird’s-eye, Bitter and other rots, with

Leaf-folders and Chafers, and no better place could be found in which to y
test varieties against these maladies. Besides» the climate is an exceed- “

ingly variable one, subject to sudden and severe changes, the summer tem-
perature reaching 110° in the shade some days, and extreme drouths
occur some years, which kill many forest trees in the woods, where a little
crowded; sometimes the temperature falls forty, fifty, sixty, and even sev-
enty or more degrees in twenty-four to forty-eight hours, occasionally
going as low as 8 to 15° below zero (F.) ; where the average annual rain
fall is over forty inches, yet some s-easons less than twenty, and others near
100 inches. In spite of all these maladies and extremes we have suceeded
in finding and producing varieties which resist them all, and annually
bear heavy crops of fine fruit.

By critical study of the foregoing table of specific cultural facts, even
for one who has not seen the test work, from which it was compiled——a
history of which space will not permit here-—-can quickly select with cer-
tainty the species promising best results, either as direct producers, or for
graft-stocks for various regions and soils.

PRACTICAL USE OF THE TABLE.

Selecting thus by the aid of the table, we would get excellent graft-
stocks for northern regions. of countries like California, France, and other

234 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

temperate climates Where V inifepra grapes endure, for sandy soils, the fol-
lowing: (1) V. zmlptl-na, (2) V. rupesta-is, (3) V. Longiivl, named in
order of preference; and for moderately limy soils V. mpestris and V.

Doaniawza. For very liiny soil V. Chantpini, where ground does not freeze .

over 18 inches deep. All of these just named do Well in sandy soils in the
regions designated.

CRAFT-STOCKS FOR VERY HOT, DRY REGIONS,

in any soil, such as Southwest Texas and South California:

(1) V. Ohampi/ni, (2) V. Doanalcmct, (3) V. Berlandiefl, (4) V. candi-
cans, (5) V. monticola.

The last thre-e, being difficult to grow from cuttings, are better utilized
in hybrid varieties with the first two and with V. rupestris. V. monttcola,
V. Berlandieri, V. candicans and V. Cha/ntpint, while doing finely in sandy
soil, grow the best of any species in very limy soils, up to 60% of carbonate
of lime.

SELECTING TO BREED DIRECT PRODUCERS OF FRUIT.

‘For Market and ‘Table, for the North, we would select best varieties of
V. Zabmsca, V. vulpina, V. Lincecuvniii, V. bicolor, V. rupestris, V. Doan-
iana, and use V. vinifera, its hardiest, healthiest varieties, in attenuation
of i to g or less, by using hybrids, and hybrids of hybrids as parents, such
as Brighton, Brilliant, Moore’s Diamond, Jefferson, etc.

BREEDING DIRECT PRODUCERS FOR THE SOUTH.

Here is almost unlimited range. All the. above named for the North,
V. Lab/rwsca, V. Vulpina, and Vin-iferct, in attenuation not over 1}, with the
addition of V. Ghampiml, V. Bourqztiotiana, V. Berlavtdiervl, V. nto/rttticola,
V. rotundtfolia, and for Gulf regions and Florida, V. Simpsoni and V.
Munsoniana. In anoth-er place it will be shown that all these species have
given good evidence of their usefulness alone, or in combination. (See

Chapter IV.)

BEST SPECIES FOR WINE.

It is found that. small-berry species generally possess properties for
wine-making far superior to the large-berry species, hence if one seeks to
produce varieties for wine-making he should not neglect "those with small
berries.

The species possessing best wine properties are those in the series Ripa-
riae, Viniferae, Aestivales, Oinerascentes and Uortlaceae, especially the

 

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INVIESTIGATION AND IMPROVEDIENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 235

species Rupestris, Bouirquiniana, Lmcecunzii, Berlandvieri; Ohampini,
Doaniana and Vmifevra.
We thus reach the conclusion as to,—

The Specific Basis of Anzerican Viticulture.

Rupestris, Longdi, Vulpilnw, M ontécola, Berlandieri, Bourquvlniana, Vin-
ifera, Lincewmii, Bicolor, Aestivalis, Simpsoni, Uandicans, Doaniana,
Uhwmpini, Labmasca, Rotundifolia, Munsoniana, seventeen in all.

These with proper application as to climate and soil can well supply all
parts, from Puget’s Sound and‘ Dakota to Puerto Rico. ~

All the other species can be neglected Without loss.

‘An abridgement of the above, which would still supply nearly every
requirement, and be the best possible list for the number of species
included, would be, Rupestris, Vulpina, Berlandieri, Bourquiniana, Vini-
fera, Lincecumii, Simpsoni, Doaniana, Cham-pini, Labrusca, Rotundi-
folia.

236 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMPJNG‘ srArioxs.

CHAPTER ll.
Selecting Parent Varieties of Grapes.

At first thought,-it seems a very simple and easy election t0 make, but
when one learns by sad and expensive experience, involving years of nurs-
ing and solicitude, that he has been breeding weakness and producing only
food which disease will consume, by starting with inherently weak, non-
resistant parents, he becomes very cautious in undertaking to originate

more varieties. Better to study first the work of others who have made

known the errors which lead to failure.

Let a variety ‘be taken for parent, no matter how beautiful and fine in
quality of fruit, which is puny, easily hurt by climatic changes and ex-
tremes, a prey of insect and fungus diseases, dropping easily from cluster,
skin easily cracking, non-productive, etc., and its progeny will bring forth
its Weaknesses to the third, fourth, and even to the tenth generation.

By hybridizing with varieties, very strong in points where the other
parents are weak, the maladies can be somewhat counteracted, and much
more rapidly reduced than simply selecting the best generation after gen-
eration of pure seedlings. ,

How much more satisfactory, more economical of time, more profitable
to originator and planter, would it be to have the parentage on both sides
of the very best in constitution and productiveness as well as in quality!

THOROUGHBRED VINES.

‘While there are no truly thoroughbred varieties of grapes, or other
plants, as there are of domestic animals, yet ‘no cause can be shown why
good results may not as well be obtained with grapes, so bred as with cat-
tle or horses. The nearest approach to a thoroughbred grape "that I can
cite is the McPike, if its parentage is as reported, a seedling of Worden,
which is a seedling of Concord, which is a seedling of a good wild grape
of Massachusetts. But such a thoroughbred is very different in its gene-
alogy from a thoroughbred animal.

A true thoroughbred grape would be obtained by intercrossing Concord,
Ives, Perkins, Hartford and other distinct, select pure varieties of
Labrusca, and then perpetually intercrossing the progeny of each new gen-
eration, but avoiding direct “in and in” breeding as of Concord seedlings
upon Concord seedlings and these upon their pure progeny perpetually,
which would finallv run out.

In the first and better sense we would have a true Labrusca breed, and
many other pure Labrusca breeds distinct from this could be established
by starting with another set of wild or distinct varieties. The second
would be a pure Concord breed.

But a better breed still, for grapes, seems to be made by starting with

 

1
I

   
 

 development during more than ten years.
t. "great loss to the development of American vine culture.

l», were lost.

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 237

the best of several species, and then by hybridizing and crossing among
these, to reach certain ideals, would probably give best results. This very
thing in a manner has gradually taken place among several species of Old
World grapes, giving the complex Vinifera species in cultivation. This
is more a breed of grapes than a species. But it is not strictly thorough-
bred.

E. S. ROGERS AND HERMANN JAEGER.

The first intelligent step toward starting thoroughbreds among grapes
in the United States was by Mr. E. S. Rogers, of Massachusetts. v But he
seemed to loo-k forward to nothing but the immediate hybrids——one gen-
eration—'produced, yet What a grand start that generation gave us!

Mr. Hermann J aeger, of Neosho, Mo, went ahead of this, by diligently
and intelligently searching extensive ranges of forests where wild grapes
grew, collecting the best varieties of several species, and hybridizing them
with each other, and with the varieties in cultivation most resistant to
grape diseases, which are numerous and destructive in the region where he
operated. For more than twenty years did he hunt and hybridize grapes.
How few, indeed, were the vines, among all the tens of thousands he exam-
ined in the woods, with which he was content to begin with as breeders!
The list is soon told. Out of hundreds moved into his grounds and num-
bered, he used less than half a dozen to br-eed from’!

Of the PosteOak (V. Lincecumii) grape the Neosho and his No. 43 are
the only ones that produced varieties considered good enough to make the
foundation of his breed, in combination with a male variety produced from
his No. 60 Rupestrzls, the best of this species found by him. The best of
this uni-on was his No. '70, named Munson, and from this has arisen my

America family. (See Chapter IV.) By pollinating his 43 with Herbe- A

mont he obtained two very good grapes, which he named Dufour and
Longworth. N eosho he never used as a parent, but the writer has with
excellent results. (See Neosho Family, Chapter IV.) .

‘This glimpse of my greatly esteemed co-worker is given as a small trib-
ute to great merit, and because with him the writer corresponded, visited,
exchanged specimens and varieties and discussed every phase of grape
His sad disappearance was a

However, the results of his work in neither this country nor in Europe
In France they are reporting fine hybrids on his No. 43, and
best Rupestris for “direct producers” in vineyard culture, and an exam-
ination of the J aeger 43 Family in Chapter IV. will show some of its

1 fruits in this country.

HUNTING GOOD WILD GRAPES FOR PARENT VINES.

Bordering Red River, s-everal miles wide, both in Texas and the Indian

 Territory, on the sandy uplands, from Texarkana to above Henrietta,

238 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

before the lands were so much cleared, and browsed by cattle, innumerable
Post-Oak grapes grew, when the Writer came to Texas twenty-four years
ago, and a good many vines yet are to be found, especially on the Terri-
tory side. It was my delight for many years to traverse these woods, in
ripening time, on horseback, where little of the countrywas fenced, seek-
ing and tasting the fruit of many thousands of vines ; hoping perchance
to find some good enough to move into my vineyards t-0 use as parents in
hybridizing. Hundreds of miles of such travel in this Red River belt only
whetted my desire to hunt in others, and I gratified it. I hunted Wild
grapes about Tyler, Troupe, Jefferson, Palestine, Crockett, and in the
counties of Gonzales, Caldwell, McLennan, Bell, Williamson, Burnet,
Travis, Blanco, Kerr, Cnillespie, Llano, Lampasas, San Saba, Del Rio, Jeff
Davis, Donnelly, Wilbarger, Clay, Montague, Cooke, Denton, Tarrant,
Dallas and others, and much in other States. lThe varieties found in these
hunts considered worthy to begin with as parents for table and market
grapes did not exceed a score. With these and others found by friends
and sent me, in connection With the best introduced varieties, afford a very
ample collection from which to choose parents for any purpose, soil or
climate. However, all the good wild grapes have not yet been found, and
other experimenters may, as we have, find much recreation, if not money,
in hunting for them.

Of the writer’s collected varieties, only the cream for special purposes
and regions are used, and yet there is room for combinations enough to
require the full life of dozens of persons to make, without exhausting the
materials.

So it appears, that to the pioneers in this broader viticultural» founda-
tion work, the s-election of parents with which to begin the development
of new races of vineyard varieties is, in itself, quite a large and expensive
task. The extent of this foundation will be better understood by giving
a summary of the parts, which is now presented.

 

5,“;

_4_Q~1\‘1‘~i .x"._'.f_g_,___w,g. A.’ 1-. v.3 \-

INVESTIGATION AND IBIPROVICMPINT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 239

 

 PARTIAL LIST OF VARIETIES OF GRAPES THAT HAVE
A‘ BEEN, OR ARE, GROWING m THE MUNSON
   EXPERIMENT GROUNDS.

*7
r .

 For iS'f/n7_1/, Tes-ti/ig, III’L]_'))'OI'GIIZ6II.Z, and Jilar/iret P11irp<>s0s~, 4V0?‘ [viclucl-

 iuy/ Variet/Yas Oriyi/izwztezl by t/ze TVrifer.

i EXPLANATION.

  
   
 
   
    
  
   
 
    
   
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
  

After each species and variety are placed some characters and figures;
"for example, T7. rzzpestris T , 26%? This (T) means that the vine or
vines have staminate flowers. This , tl1at the vine or vines have flow-

- An abridgement of the above, which would still supply nearly every
requirement, and be the best possible list for the number of species in-
Titled‘, would be Rupestris, Vulpina, Berlandieri, Bourquiniana, Vini-
arepollenized by vines having erect stamens, but cannot fertilize them-
wselves. In other words, (T) means male vine or vines-and (,) means
Jfemale vine or vines; (‘) means, hermaphrodite, or perfect, flowers with
" ect stamens. The figures tell the date at which the species or variety
ooms at Denison, Texasp The upper figure is for the month, the lower
r the day of month. The above figures mean April 20th to 30th. b.
eans black, r. red, and w. white; thus, Concord ‘ F}? b. means that
oncord has perfect flower, erect stamens, blooms May 5th to 10th, at
enison, and is black. _

This will be found a very convenient and useful table both for the
perimentei‘ and practical vineya-rdist, as varieties with reflexed sta-
pens mus-t have vines with erect stamens, flowering at same time near
gyy to bear well.

.5

LIST.
Species. lild'iij'id'lb(ll Vines or Varieties.

rupestris, T , Win, about 125 vines, from Texas and Missouri, including
Mr. Jaegefls best kinds.

Lon-gii, T , Wflgv, twenty-five or more vines from various parts of north-
western Texas, and hybrids for graft-stock.

ralpiiia, T , W453, over a dozen vines from Minn., Wis, Mich., N. Y.,

(mpamw) Mo, Kans, Ind. Ter., and hybrids with Concord and other
varieties. .

Treleasei, T , {T5, from Bradshaw mountains, Ariz.

 Arizonica, T , 16-523, a score of vines from Western Ariz. and South Cali-

; fornia.

.- Girdiana, T , y"? 5, a dozen ‘vines from southern California and Mexico.

g Oalifornicct. T , “fin, many vines from N apa, Sacramento, and Feather

_ river, Cal., and Rogue river, Qregon. _ _

monticola. T , fie, a score or more of vines, collected from San Saba,
Lampasas, Llano, Ooryell, Bell, Travis, Burnet, Kerr, Uvalde,
and other counties of Texas. and its hybrids with other species.

p iubra, (or palmata), T , fi-“f-g, a dozen or more vines from Mississippi river

~ * bottom, above St. Louis.

ers with pistils and reflexed stamens and can bear fruit if the flowers ,

240 auaxxs AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

‘=4
, 1

cordijfolia, T , 5-555, many vines from Fla, Mo., Tex.
Barley/aim, T , 55 to 55, some dozen vines from Va., W. Va., N. Car.
Berlaiidieri, T, 5551105, 100 or more vines from same counties in which

cinema, T , 555 to 555, many vines from Fl., Ark., Mo., Texas, and Coahii-
ila., Mex.

Bourquiiziana, cultivated varieties. Herbemont ‘ 55-5555, LeNoir ‘ 55555555,
Cunningham ‘ 555, Pauline, Purple Favorite ‘ 555, Deveraiix ‘ 555,
Warren, Louisiana." 555, Harwoo ‘ 555, Bertrand ‘ 555, and many
seedlings and hybrids of Herbemont.

viiizfera, 5555, cultivated varieties, Black Hamburg ‘ , Black Morocco ‘ ,
Calabrian, ‘ w., Carminet du Medoc ‘ b., Chavoochee ‘ w.,
Crujidero ‘ w., Falier Szagos ‘ w., Eivorita ‘ w., Flame Tokay
‘ r., Golden Champion ‘ w., Griesa de Piemonte ‘ b., Malaga
‘ w., Mission ‘ r., Millennium, ‘ w., Olivet de Cadinet , b.,
Qugliano ‘ r., Rose of Peru ‘ b., Sauvignon Jaiine ‘ w., Ver-
delho ‘ w., Violet Chasselas ‘ and others from different parts

_ of Europe, Persia and Japan.

V. LiIl-CCCll/ITIH T , 555555, numerous vines from southwest Mo., northeast and

south Texas, and some hybrids of it with other species.

F1 Fifififi

V. bicolor, T , 5555-5, several vines from Wis, _Mich., Ills., IndQOhio, N. 'Y.,.

V. oestivzzlis,  gé-éfngdilnzbélg,“iiitdluIdiiiffg“ul%ldlift.on ‘ 555 b., N. Car., S. Car.,

V. Si77lp8O'7lZ',G'Tr'a.,, score or more from different parts of Fla, and.

V. coriacert, T  Jghcgwiadgg zflifognfienztieamlzgnd south Fla.
ccmdieaiis, T , 555 to ,5, many vines from various parts of Texas.

V. Chcmzpirzii, , 545 to 5, a dozen or more vines collected from San Saba,
Lampasas, Llano, and Bell connties, and hybrids.

V. Domiiana, T , 55555-5, more than a dozen vines from Greer Co., Okl., and
Wilbarger, Donley and Motley counties in the Texas Pan
Handle.

V. labrus-ca, T , 5-55, wild varieties from N. Car., Tenn., Md., Pa., Mass,
and many cultivated varieties as follows:

Cultivated Pure Labrusca Varieties.

Ann Arbor ‘ 5555. w.. Concord ‘ .555, b., Champion ‘ 1'55, b., Coliimbian,
gjClglufrliibian‘Irnperialqg,  pap}, lottfigiilf 5E, ‘Danvillalba Eaton  
1. . ayes 5555, w., ar or , 555, ., ic s 555-55, ., ves 555, ., a y
‘ 555, w., Martha ‘ 5-555, w., Mary Ann, b., Moore lilarly ‘ 555, b., HcPike ‘ 55-55, b.,
Perkins ‘ 5-55, r., Pocklington ‘ 5-55, y., Red Giant , 5-55, r., Rockwood ‘ 55555. b.,
Whitehall ‘ 5-5-5, w., Worden ‘ 5-55, b., Zylphan b.

Ow

Labruscco >< ' Vinifizra H3/bi'z'cls.

b Agavyam , (53555, ri), fialgryl, 5‘55,5b.,l Black‘; Ililagle ,  5555, Iirlgghfioili ‘,  CatiiDw~
a, 5555-, r., amp e ar y 55, i., u cies 5-55, w., in e 5555-, r., e-
lawba ‘ 5-555, izEDiamonéit‘ 555, w., Dialna  r., Ellmélélfé, 55555, b, Excel-
sior ‘55555-5, r., mpire rate ‘ 555, w 1., oet ie ‘ 5 r., eneva 55555, w.,
Green Mountain ‘ 555, wh., Herbert ‘ 555, b., Irving ‘ 55555, w., Isabella ‘ 555, b.,
Jefferson ‘ 55555, r., Laura ‘_5555, purp., Lindley, 55-555, r., Lady Washington
‘ 55-55, w., Mrs. McClure ‘  w., Wills ‘ 5 5;, b., Niagara ‘ 5555, w., ‘Naomi
‘ 5-5 5, w., Norfolk ‘ 555, r, Peter Wylie‘ 5555, w., Prentiss ‘ 5555, w., Rogers
No 2, , 5551555, b., Ruck and ‘ 55555555, r., Salem ‘ 555-, r., Secretary, b.. Superb
55- b., Trium ‘n ‘55-5 lster ‘  r., Ver ennes ‘ 555, r., “Toodriiff
119 10 1o 1

6 9 W‘9 ‘i? ‘
555, r. Wyoming , 5555 r., Wilder , 5-5555, b., Waverly, b., and others received
from originators for testing

' l-‘TUI i-4|

mag; 

INVESTlGuVPION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 241

   
   
  
  
    
   
 
  
 
 
  
   
  
 
   
   

Labrusca >< Vulpina Hybrids.

Bacchus ‘ g4, to a, b., Bartholomew ‘ 97-, b., Berck_mans.=(Qlinton >< Dela
ware) ‘$5,, r., Clinton ‘ s44“, b., Elvira ‘ giig, w., Missouri Riesling ‘ §§§; b.
Montefiore ‘ Big, b., Nectar ‘ B-f-U, b., Noah , gag, w., Sherman ‘ new, b

7

Supposed Lotblrusca >< Bozarquvlniana Hybrids.

Delaware ‘ F%U, r., Early Victor ‘ 2%, b., Golden Gem ‘ 5% to i, w., Jessica
‘ , w., Poughkeepsie ‘ fig, r., Walter ‘ 19W, r.

 V. rotundzfolia ‘r , gljg, a number of wild vines from Arkansas and East
Texas, and the following cultivated varieties,—Flowers , gig, b.,
James , $91,, b., Scuppernong , 5%, amber, Tenderpulp , F511;, b
Thomas , 1516;, .

Muozsovziana t , ?%5, b, more than a score of vines from different parts
of‘ Florida.

'9

 From the foregoing list it appears that the most promising elements in
i American and Foreign grapes have be-en before the writer for study and
 se in his work of s-electing and hybridizing. (See results in Chapter IV.)

THE IDEAL VARIETY.

 In order to make intelligent selection of vines for parents, it is not only
‘inecessary to have abundance of material; that is, varieties of diverse char-
iafiter to suit all purposes; but the originator mus-t have determined the
 pecial character of variety desired, to suit a particular soil and climate,
l‘ nd best serve the use for which it is- designed, as for market, table or wine.-
 But included in every variety for special purposes, there are general
7qualities that every valuable variety must possess, and these general qual-
ities, combined, go to make up the ideal vine.
 T-hese general qualities are :-— ' _
. 1. i/Great vigor, hardiness, long life, in the climate for which it is
’ desired.
Great-est possible resistance to Phylloxera, Downy Mildew, Black

Rot, and Leaf Folder.
 3. Easily grown from cuttings.
i; 4. Perfect flowers, so that the vine will bear well standing alone.

5 Prolific hearing.

6 Large, full, handsome clusters. r
Berries persistent it-o t-he pedicles, with thin, delicate, yet tough,

non-cracking skin, without astringency or bitterness; color
. bright; pulp meaty, yet tender, juicy, readily freeing the seeds,
‘l’. of pure fine quality, rich in sugar and agreeably sprightly with
_;f\ acid, and having a pleasing characteristic flavor; seeds few and
* small; if for table or market, berry large; of good keeping quality.
Of course, no such perfectly ideal varieties are ever found wild, but the
‘Ire of these points possessed by the parent the less the time required in
i eding to secure valuable varieties.
fWith the very best that nature ever does, there yet remains a vast amount
i' the experimenter to accomplish by selection and hybridization.

242 'I‘EXAS AGRICUIJFURAL IQXPERIBIICNI‘ STHYFIONS.

PERSONAL QUALIFICATIONS NECESSARY IN THE ORIGINATOR.

This Work requires not only theoretical knowledge, but also direct per-
sonal knowledge, experience, skill and much of the inventive faculty, With
great patience and perseverance, without the stimulus of money-making
in it, for there is little to the originator. There is no law providing pro-
tection to the inventions (varieties) of an originator, as there is to the
less ‘meritorious mechanical inventor. ‘The originator must have a great
fund of enthusiasm, and an ambition to add something to the general
fund of human development for the benefit of the world at large, and, that
he may reap some personal compensation, or enjoyment, he must have an
intense ‘love of close communion with nature, causing him to admire the
infinite correlated life movements»; to study the loves and hates prevailing
in all organic life and growth, discovering the great. fundamental truth
in ethics, as well as in the development of organic beings, that love breeds
life, irate breeds death. Such a spirit of investigation leads the student
of biology, especially when working in this field of most practical appli-
cation of the principles of biology, to the contemplation of the all-binding
energies and impulses belonging to and circulating through, by mutual
reciprocation, influencing and controlling all objects, thus creating the
best concept of the self-governed Infinite.

 

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 243

CHAPTER Ill.

Creation of New Varieties.

  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  

At length We have arrived at the very core of our consideration.

Here, the writer feels most keenly the inadequacy of a bulletin space t0
_;_- present his actual Work with grapes, the history of which, for the last
Li twenty years, day by day, in the experimental grounds, would require large
1 books. Even the abbreviated notes preserved cannot be given, and the
’ best We can do is to discuss loriefly some principles discovered, and meth-
 ods found most practical and expeditious. This brevity of pres-entation,
‘a of necessity gives the treatment a dogmatic appearance, While the writer
1 detests dogmatism. Feeling well assured that the actual Work from which
l,- the conclusions are drawn, fully sustain them, they are presented, with

 the request that they be given all the more critical examination, so that if
f, there be error it may be detected.

av

é

PURE-BREEDING, CROSSING AND HYBRIDIZING. ‘ "’

~ If a vine grows from a Concord seed, produced by receiving Concord
Fpollen, then the vine is termed a pure seedling of Concord. If this should
]pr-oduce likewise pure seedlings of itself, and these still others, and so on
under intelligent selection, as of large berries, or clusters, or both com-
‘;bined, presently a fixed type would be secured to the extent, that all the

qlyprogeny would have large berries and large clusters, and thus far a pure-
ébreed or thoroughbreed, of the “in and in bred” type would be secured.
,Experience shows that such breeds become feeble inconstitution and

growth, and cease t-o be prolific, easily succumbing to attacks of disease.
Concord in several of its third and fourth generations of pure-lbred vari-
ieties, Lady, for example, and all of a lot of pure Moore’s Early seedlings
 own by me, are feeble and poor bearers.
g Crossing and hybridizing come to our rescue here, and enable us, by
'udicious selection of parents, to derive full benefit of selection, and give
Ihe added benefit of often increasing vigor and actually creating new
,vors, and increasing quality, just as in chemistry the union of two or
A Ore different substances gives us practically a new substance, often little
xmbling either component part. . '
T; In practice, crossing and hybridizing are identically the same in manip-
_tion, but in the selection of parents, different, those in a cross being
osen from the same species, as if Concord and Ives should be united, the
pgeny would be a cross, and of pure Labrusca blood still; but if Concord
 Black Hamburg, or Black Prince, as was the case in producing the
‘ck Eagle variety by Mr. S. W. Underhill, the result is a Labruscax
Jlfera hybrid, and the variety shows characters not like either‘ parent,
' usually intermediately between the two, so that a botanist will quickly

(l

 
   
  
  
    
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
  
  

24:4: TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

decide that the vine is not of pure specific blood, but a combination of the
two species, Labrusca and Vinifera.

Thus, selection and cross- and hybrid-pollination are the conjury of the
originator in intelligently creating new and valuable varieties.

How is it done?

SIMPLE SELECTION.

To produce varieties one may know nothing about the flowers, their
parts and functions. The best of a lot of seedlings are selected. Seeds of
these are planted, and when these bear, seeds of the best again ar-e taken,
regardless of whether they are pure or cross pollenized in flowering.

Farmers and gardeners everywhere practice this much in preserving and

improving their varieties. How much they are failing to advance as

rapidly as they might, did they use judicious hy-bridation and crossing,
they will never realize until they study and practice cross pollenization.

This requires an intimate knowledge of the essential organs of the flow-
ers of the species to be operated upon, the periods of successful conjugation
of the pollen grain and ovule, and how to screen away pollen not Wanted
and apply that selected.

STRUCTURE OF GRAPE FLOWERS.

There are threelkinds of flowers in grapes, as shown in the cut, greatly
enlarged. Fig. 1 represents the perfect, hermaphrodite, self-impregnating
flower. Fig. 2 the practically pistilate flower, with weak, recurved sta-
mens, generally incapable of self-impregnation. Fig. 3 a staminate, or
male, flower.

 

DISCUSSION OF SEX AND IMPREGNATION IN GRAPES.

The vines producing male or purely" staminate flowers are non-bearing
in the very necessity of their character, having no pistil, the part in bear-
ing vines that develops into the grape.

But the pistil in the great majority of cases will not develop into a

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES, 24-5

grape unless one or more of the ovules (female germs) Within it have been
impregnated by a pollen grain.

SEEDLESS VARIETIES.

In rar-e cases such development takes place witho-ut the ovules being im-
pregnated, as in Seedless Sultana and Thompson’s Seedless, both of the
Vinifera species. No American variety bears all seedless berries, yet
occasionally berries without seeds occur on a good many varieties. There
is no known way to produce seedless varieties at will. Such are accidental,
yet we believe there is a cause for such, whether practically controllable
by human agency or not. The cause is undiscovered.

i NATURE'S METHOD OF IMPREGNATION.

N ature’s preferred method, and the only one we can practically apply,
is to place pollen grains upon the stigma, when in a receptive condition,
which is shortly after ‘the flower has opened, and the stigma has thrown

outa minute quantity of protoplasm upon its surface, appearing moist}

In this liquid the poll-en grain germinates within 30 to 60 minutes, when
the tmperature is 70° to 90°, and the light, and fair weather present.
Naturally, gentle winds and small winged insects, which visit the flowers,
K carry pollen from flower to flower. The slender, thread-like root of the
 pollen grain grows down one of the microscopic tubes in the style and pistil
l until it comes against the ovule cell-iwall, which it penetrates and tlhen
 intermingles its substance—protoplasm--with the protoplasm of the ovule.
, Th-e pistil holding such impregnated ovule or ovules at once begins to
é enlarge, and in time becomes a mature grape, and the ovules mature seeds
within. ‘

As the male flower has no pistil it is clear that its vine cann-ot bear,
It unless the vine changes its action from producing purely staminate flowers,
l‘ to bearing pistilate flowers,‘ which in two or three instances only, in all
E1 my observation, have I known to occur. =

p.
, .

 
 
    
   
   
  
  
   
 
  
  

LIALE VINES SHOULD NOT BE NEGLEOTED.

The male vines are certainly of value to the species or they would not
T have been developed in nature. They come by the law of division of labor,
 in reproducing the species, and thus not burden a vine with a double func-_
 tion, that of furnishing both male and female elements in reproduction.
. It seems that the genus Vitis (grapes) has, in comparatively recent epochs,
i geologically speaking, developed separate sexes, for by cultivation and
a‘ stimulation we get them to develop true hermaphrodite flowers-Jooth sexes
1 in one fl0wer—as in most vineyard varieties, just as all other genera of
 the grape family (Vitaceae) have; thus easily going back to a less devel-
‘foped or specialized state. By dividing the burden of reproduction between _
separate individuals greater vigor and longer individual life is maintained
-;, among the vines, and the pollen from a male vine is more oiril—potent—
fithan that from a hermaphrodite vine, and still more than that from a vine
gjwith weak recurved stamens. The flowering of the male vines appears

246 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERlMENl‘ STATIONS.

to be as great a strain upon them as the bearing of fruit is upon the vines
having r-ecurved stamens—practically pistilate fiowers-—incapable of im-
pregnating themselves with their own pollen. In fact, in a large number

Iof vines of V. rupestris, about equally staminate and pistilate, from seed

of the same vine, the male vines, although at first as vigorous, or more
vigorous than the bearing vines, soonest. began to die by exhaustion,
although the pistilate vines bore heavily annually. No other cause of such
earlier failure could be discovered. It is to be noted that the clusters of.
flowers on male or staminate vines are far larger—often two to four times
as large as the clusters on bearing vines, showing that nature provides the
male element far more abundantly than the female, providing for great
losses that must occur by Wind, rain and insect consumption.

It is a pretty general rule in nature for the females to outlive the 'males.
This preserves the species better than for “the males to outlive the females.

T10 state the whole matter of pollination or impregnation among
grapes, but not to ibe too rigidly exact, as many other causes come in to
have their effects, the following are suggested as

GENERAL LAWS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN GRAPES WTTII
REFERENCE TO PARENTAGE, IN POLLINATION.

1. The most vigorous and enduring progeny are produced by vines, as
n1others,—other things being the same,—which have re-curved
stamens and well developed pistils, When pollinaitedi by purely
staminate vines, as for example, when Meyer, Lindley, Brighton,

i etc., are pollinat-ed by staminate seedlings of say Dracut, Perkins,
Presley, etc.

2. Next in vigor are the progeny of mothers having reflexed stamens
with large pistils, impregnated by hermaphrodite vines; e. g.,
Brighton or Lindl-ey by Concord, Ives, Delaware, etc.

3. The third in vigor and endurance would be the progeny of hermaph-
rodite vines, such as- Concord, Ives, Perkins, Catawba, and the
majority of varieties in cultivation (See the Tables of Varieties
in Chapters II. and IV.), impregnated by staminate vines. But
in this case the majority of the progeny will be staminate vines.

4. Fourth in vigor would be the progeny of hermaphrodite vines pol-
linated by other hermaphrodite vines; for example, Concord pol-
linated by Delaware or Ives, and still weaker if pollinated by
itself, or its own progeny, such as Moore’s Early, Worden, Martha,
et-c., making “in and in” breeding. The progeny of such im-
pregnations generally have hermaphrodite or self-pollinating
flowers, the kind preferred by vineyardists, who do not under-
stand sex amo-ng vines, because they bear planted alone in vine-
yard. Most hybrids of Labrusca with Vinif-era have been of this
class.

5. More feeble still, when any progeny at all are produced. is that of
vines with recurved stamens, impregnated by varieties with re-

 

 


i

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENHI‘ or AMERICAN GRAPES. 247

curved stamens, as in case Moyer could be impregnated by
Brighton, or Lindley. .

6. In case a variety with recurved stamens should impregnate itself,——
if possiblc,——i\ir. Jaeger thought his No. 43 did that——we would
expect the feeblest progeny. Such impregnations, however, are
very rare, if at all. Pistilate varieties thus p-ollinated generally
cast the pistils in a few days afterward, but the pistils may first
enlarge a little." Professor S. A. Beach has designated such vari-
eties “self-excitant,” or “self-irritant,” but sterile.

DESIRABILITY 6F HERMAPHRODITE VINES.

 has been stated, the vineyardist not understanding pollination, pre-
fers varieties with hermaphrodite flowers, so that they will bear in solid
vineyard of one kind. To produce such, and yet maintain as much Vigor
as possible, the parentage, mentioned under Laws 2 and‘3' is preferable, if
possible to get varieties with erect stamens thereby.

But undermethod 4, there is more certainty of getting perfect flower
kinds, and ifthat is used then the parents had better be of distinct species,
or if of same species, then entirely distinct varieties in origin.

With these hints the ingenious originator will find it easy to» seleot
parents to go-od advantage, remembering that Mgor, hardiness, healtfliiness
and productiveness are always essentials every variety must possess to
retain position with practical vineyardists.

Having now prepared the way we can venture into the details of

HOW’ TO CROSS AND HYBRIDIZE THE GRAPE, WHEN THE PARENT
VINES BLOOM AT THE SAME TIMIE.

As the operation is the same in each after we have selected our parents, ~

we can include both under one description of method.

The common, old method has so often been given, -of lifting the flower
caps, removing the anthers from the mother flowers, applying the pollen
with a moist camel’s hair pencil, enclosing the cluster in gauze or tissue
paper sack, etc., that more than the mere mention of it would be out of
place in a bulletin intended to convey fresh facts.

As few hybrids, as well as simple seedlings, prove to be truly valuable,
the hybridizer, to make speedy progress, must have some way of more

 rapidly doing the work than by the common method.

It has been shown that the best mother, other things being the same, is
a vine having short, recurved stamens, incapable of self-impregnation,
h-ence in the operation of pollenizing, the anthers need not be removed,
and this permits a very

SPEEDY hiETHOD OF HYBRIDIZATION.

The writer "has, by much practice, found the following to ‘be very speedy

, and certain, when the mother vine-has reflexed stamens. (Se-e variety

3——Bul1. 56

.-..-_ =-§n»<;_a1~ is

248 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

tables, giving character of flowers.) Nearly all wild bearing vines have
such flowers, and that largely accounts for such endless variation among
Wild grapes. a

The selected mother vine should be in the best condition, and as soon
as the flower-clusters appear, the small and illy shaped ones should be
clipped ofi and the others noticed daily until they begin to flower. Then
clip off every flower that has opened.

Enclose each cluster in a tissue paper sack so insects cannot enter. The
next day, if warm, still and sunny, visit the vine, and if found blooming
within the sacks, collect a few clusters of the variety or varieties to be used
as male parents, seeing that many flowers on such clusters are freshly
opening. Remove the paper sacks, one at a time, from the clusters of the
mother vine, and brush each over gently with one of the pollenizing
clusters. This will knock off all the caps, exposing the stigmas and spill-
ing pollen profusely in the air all through and about the cluster and each
exposed stigma will be almost certain to receive pollen from the clus-ter
used as pollenizer. Then, if the clusters used for pollenizing are numer-
ous enough, put one in each sack, above and resting on the cluster being
impregnated, enclosing both together until the next day, when, with fresh
clusters from the same pollenizing vines, the operation is repeated,‘ the
old pollen cluster thrown out and a new one put in each day for three -to
five days in succession. After each operation other flowers on the enclosed
clusters will open and the process of pollenization continues after the oper-
ator has gone. The sacks are allowed to remain on several days longer,
until all flowers on the enclosed mother clus-ters have opened. Then the
number of little grapes set on the clusters will show what has been the
success. It is almost certain that all seed-s borne by the sacked clusters
will be crossed or hybridized by the variety used as the pollenizing parent.

By this method probably a hundred fold more hybrid seeds may be pro-
duced with the same expense of time and far less tediousness in manipula-
tion than by the old method, with equal or greater certainty of making the
intended combination, and so a pers-on can have time to produce a far
greater number of different combinations and. more individuals of each
combination during the flowering season, than he can by the old method.

If a variety with hermaphrodite flowers, such as Concord, Herbemont,
etc., is chosen for mother vine, then there is no surer or better method than
that commonly recommended. However, by planting the two vines to
be crossed or hybridized side by side in the vineyard row, the writer has
been enabled to greatly expedite the work. The selection of parents was
made when the vineyards were planted, and the various crosses or hybrids
intended arranged by planting -the pairs of vines in vineyard, to be oper-
ated upon when coming into bearing. In pruning time, an arm of each
parent is trained alongside each other on same wire, and at flowering time
a shoot of the mother vine has all the open flowers clipped off, and then
all caps just about ready to shed, which will lift by inserting the point of
a needle at base of petals and lifting gently are removed, the anthers all

INVESIIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 249

hooked off with a minute hook made by bending the point of a pin back
upon itself at an acute angle, the hook being one-sixteenth of an inch long.
.After all flowers that will release their caps are thus treated, a cluster in
bloom from the other parent vine is taken, turning it so as to touch the
disc of the stigma of the emasculated flower, with the opening face of an
 anther just discharging pollen, each exposed stigma is thus treated, and
' r then the shoot with the clusters of emasculated flowers, along with a shoot
having flowers abundantly opening on it, from the other vine, are com-
pletely enclosed in gauze, or cheese cloth, to keep off insects and outer
X pollen in the wind. If many seeds are wanted, all the bearing shoots ‘of
 the arm of each parent trained together may be treated and protected to-
 gethen Each day at 9 or 10 a. m. the operation must be repeated so as,
to have all flowers of the mother vine, enclosed, emasculated before they
have pollinated themselves. At the last operati-on all amopened flowers
on the shoots enclosed of the mother vine must be remov-ed, as they would
 become self-pollinated. ‘Whatever fruit ripens on the enclosed shoots of
.12 the mother vine are supposed to be crossed or hybridized. ‘

If the mother vine have re-flexed- stamens while the other growing by its
s-i-de has erect st-amens, either male purely, or hermaphrodite, all that is
 necessary is to cover both vines together with a sheet or other sufficient
, light cloth, so insects cannot readily enter, during blooming time, and
 daily shake the pollen-bearing vine to cause the pollen to be well distrib-
T‘ uted all inside the covering. All the seeds developing on the vine with
,,_' reflexed stamens will quite surely be impregnated by pollen from the other
=;1V1I1€. l

4.‘

 

  
    
  
   
   
   
    
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
  
  

HYBRIDIZING VARIETIES NOT BLOOLIING TOGETHER.

_ When the intended parent vines do not bloom at same time, then either
ifthe earlier variety must be retarded, by cutting off the primary shoots, and
y, thus forcing the secondary later; or the later must be made to bloom earlier
fs~>by pruning close in the fall soon after leaf-fall, and the earlier belated as
adirected abov-e, 0r by not pruning until buds start in spring, or by both,
git/natural times of flowering of the two intended parents are wide apart, or
fielse by saving pollen of the earlier to apply to the stigma of the later.
 Pollen can be preserved for weeks, and even a year, and still be efficient
in impregnating, as proven by the writer, by practicing the following
fmethod.

é COLLECTING AND PRESERVING POLLEN.

i‘; From the vine chosen to be male parent, which must be either s-taminate
fir hermaphrodite, collect the clusters when fullest of opening flowers,
‘hich time Will generally be from 10 to 11 a. m. of a still sunny morning.
 rry the .clusters at once, without shaking or jarring, to a well lighted,
 y, warm room, free from currents of air. Having provided a new, clean
n box, say three inches square by one inch deep, with tightly fitting lid;
t »- up each cluster by the stem and strike it gently several times into the

f

250 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

open box. This will cause the pollen to fall out of all open anthers and
adhere either to the bottom or sides of the box, the pollen being a little
gummy. When all the clusters have been so treated, then with small
sharp scissors clip off all the anthers of open flowers, into the box, and set
the bo-x, open, on window sill, window closed, so strong diffused light, but
not direct sun rays, enters the box. Every twenty or thirty minutes close
the lid of box and shake sharply, then open and expose to light again.
Repeat the shaking three or four times, when all the pollen will be dis-
lodged from the anthers thatwill come out; then gently winnow off the
shriveled anthers, corollas, and other foreign particles that may have
fallen in with them from the clusters. The pollen will appear as a pale
yellow flour about the sides, top and bottom of the box. Now let the box
stand open in the warm air and diffused light for an hour or two, when it
will be dry and in good keeping condition. Close the box and paste over
the seam between lid and box a strip of paper to keep out air and minute
insects. Wrap and label the box with variety name of grape, and keep in
a dry warm room, never below 60° nor above 80°, if possible.

TO USE PRESERVED POLLEN.

When the flowers to be pollenized are opening, properly prepare them,
as heretofore directed, and with the tip of a delicate camel’s hair (or cat’s
tail hair) pencil, moistened in pure water, take up soime of the pollen
from the box and apply to the stigmas, and cover the pollenized clusters
in tissue paper sacks.

SAVING THE snnns.

Every cluster thus pollenized in our work is at once labeled and
recorded, and the fruit carefully guarded, by sacking, and gathereld as
soon as well colored. The seeds are taken from the berries and dried on

paper in roo-m, then carefully wrapped, labeled as to parentage, and put
away from mice. A

PLANTING T HE SEEDS.

A warm, rich, piece of level or nearlyr levelsoil, free from weed seeds
as possible, protect-ed from sweeping winds, and scratching fowls, is

selected and pulverized deeply with spade or plow, made fine and smooth

with the rake, in November or December. The seeds are then sown in
drills, about three feet apart, and about ‘as thickly along the drills as radish
seeds are sown, and one to one and a half inches deep ; covered with mel-
low soil and firmly pressed down, by walking on the row after covering,
then smoothing again with rake. Each variety is labeled on ‘a stake
driven at its beginning, and a record of the plantation made in the experi-
ment book.

The seeds germinate slowly, and being very hard, nut-like, do better to
thus get frozen in the moist soil. The plantlets of the early l-eafing spe-

 

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 251

cies will appear in spring about with the young oak leaves, some varieties
much sooner than other-s, the slowest species coming two, three or four
weeks later than the first. As will be observed in table of Cultural Char-
; acters, Chapter 1., species which leaf out, 0r germinate early, will gener-
,_ ally also flower and ripen early. There are, however, some exceptions to
i} this rule, the V. candvloans (Mustang) being one such, which leaves, flow-
s ers and ripens early, but the seeds germinate v-ery late.

 
  
   
  
    
   
 
  
   
    
     
 
    
  

TENDING AND CULLING THE SEEDLINGS.

In spring the seed bed‘ is carefully watched, and no Weed seeds allowed
 ' to more than show their germs above ground until they are destroyed, and
1 the soil kept well pulverized without disturbing the grape seeds.

i As soon as the grape plantlets are well up and have formed their second
y leaves, they are carefully gone over, and every Weakly and deformed plant
, pulled out. Within a montheafter first culling, and‘ when the hot moist
weather of May and June is very favorable to development 0f mildew, the
 plants are again critically examined, every feeble and mildewed plant
 pulled out. Plants which resist mildew at this stage will rarely ever be
‘Iinjuriously attacked‘ when older. '

i When the plants are five or six inches high, they are staked, as the gard-
i. ner stakes peas which climb, and none allowed to sprawl on the ground.
 By thus carefully cultivating and, training the first year, they generally
 fruit a year sooner, than if n-ot staked and well cultivated.

THE TESTING VINEYARD.

A By using good fresh land, well prepared, and planting the selected one-
q-year seedlings in November, cut back to three or four buds, four feet
 apart between plants and rows eight feet apart, and trellising -at once, or
7izbef~ore growth starts in spring, so as to train onto the trellis the first season
f,’ after setting, and allowing only a. single shoo-t to grow up, the writer has
jbsucceeded in getting about three-fourths of the vines to fruit the second
g season after transplanting, or third season after sowing the seeds. The
fypremainder fruit the next year. As ordinarily grown, it requires one to
f two years longer than this. This is a big clear gain to one doing much
" experimental work, and in the course of fifteen or twenty years of extensive
experimentation makes a large saving in time and labor,

J NOTING AND SELECTING THE VARIETIES.

a While the vines rare fruiting the first time, they are verycarefully exam-
Qined and noted in every particular of growth, foliage, season of leafing,
iflOWETI-Ilg, ripening, quality, diseases affecting, leaf-fall ; the ‘character of
flower, whether staminate, pistilate or hermaphrodite; degree of perfec-
ttion in setting fruit, persistence to pedicel, etc., are recorded.

 After all the vines that can bear (some will be staminate) have fruited,
and those decidedly not worthy further trial, are grafted to the most

252 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT sTATIONs.

promising (it will be found the great majority are not worth trying fur-
ther), then comes the long careful test of three to five years, to determine
the complete character of the few that turn out w-orthy of recommenda-
tion for general trial over the country. Their record in all points should
be high, approaching the “ideal vine” in character. Several vines of
each of those of high merit. are planted in various different soils and situ-
ations and fruited several years before they are disseminated.

AGE AT WHICH YOUNG VARIETIES REACH FULL DEVELOPMENT.

On an average, it requires about eight years from germination, under
good treatment, for a variety to fully display its true permanent char-
acter, hence should not be disseminated until that old, unless its parent-
age is exceptionally good, and itself every way satisfactory.

Oftener there is improvement rather than deterioration in a young
variety, but sometimes a variety changes fro-m good promise to worth-
lessness. i

PERCENTAGE OF LIERITORIOUS VARIETIES. ‘

Out of over 75,000 grape seedlings, chiefly hybrids, having been sub-
ject to culling and selecting by the writer, not over 100 have passed meri-
toriously through the entire period of testing and been considered worthy
of recommendation for general trial by planters.

Hence it may/be safely estimated that one really good variety t-o every
1000 carefully selected and hybridized grape seeds will be the 0riginator’s
reward.

However, this is a ratio obtained by starting with much new material—
untried combinations of new species in a large degree. By now using
only the best of the varieties tested and new ones produced, a much greater
percentage of worthy varieties should be obtained.

Some lots of hybrids, especially in my later work, have yielded as high
as one or two per cent of good varieties, and as the work progresses farther
and farther toward thoroughbreds, the greater and greater will be the
percentage of valuable varieties; providing all the laws of adaptation, con-
geniality, health, etc., and fine judgment in selecting and making com-
binations are employed. '

FIELD OF DEVELOPMENT ILLIMITABLE.

When We view the development, both natural and artificial, arrived at,
and then reflect and compare the small cymose cluster and minute, skinny,
seedy, pungent fruit of the Virginia Creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia)
with the larger clustered, but scarcely larger berried, skinny, seedy, pun-
gent, Fro-st Grape (V. cordifolia) we can notice a decide-d advance in
quality. When we compare the Frost Grape with the Fo-X Grape (V.
Zabrusca’), the Southern Muscadine (V. rotundefolia), or the Post-Oak
Grape (V. Lincecumii), we fall in love with nature for teaching us what

 

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT‘ OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 253

wonderful development, the blind, haphazard selection by natural circum-
stances, aided doubtlessly by birds and other animals eating the best and
carrying the seeds into new regions to start new and better families, have
produced during several mill-ion years, since the true grapes Were evolved
out of a wild vine, with probably inferior fruit to the Ampelopsas or
Sumach. But when we compare the best wild grapes ever found with a
Malaga, Cornichon, Muscat, Black Hamburg, and know that the keern
yet unsystematic selection of man for only a fe-w thousand years has done
this, and when such men as E. S. Rogers have taught us that by hybridi-
zation we can, at-a single bound, transplant the-se fine fruits, almost per-
feet, into our vig-orous, healthy natives, we enjoy an encouragement un-
known to the ancient, sl-oW-plodding world‘. Moreover, our native species
excel in many point.s the Old World grapes. Some have rare delicious
flavors unknown in the Vinifera varieties, others great size of cluster,
others very large berries, others small and few seeds, all great vigor and
resistance to disease, adaptability to our variable climate, and our experi-
ence clearly shows that all the species can be intermingled at will of the
intelligent hybridizer. The lists of American varieties given in this bul-
letin with their parentage are ample proof that the process of selection
and hybridization can produce almost any desired character within a

comparatively short time.

We are assured by all these facts that the field of development is illim-
itable and full of grand prospects and encouragement.

BREEDING FOR SPECIAL CHARACTER AND PURPOSE.

While it appears that there is no direct road in breeding up to a special-

purpose ideal, yet the only way to approach such ideal is to have it clearly i

in mind and continue from generation to generation t-o select and- pair
varieties which embody the greatest number of the elements of the ideal.

WHITE, RED AND BLACK VARIETIES PRODUCED AT WILL.

All of many seedlings of Triumph (a white variety, a Concord >< Muscat
hybrid), grown by the writer, were white. Of a large number of pure
seedlings of Elvira, a greenish white variety, the majority were white,
some black and some amber or pale red. Elvira crossed by Triumph

produced all white varieties, the Rommel being one of the lot. Pure

Rommel seedlings are all white. Rommel crossed with Brilliant pro-
duced all yellowish white varieties, of which Wapanuka is one. In this
case the white blood is most potent as to color, but the vines of this cross
resemble Brilliant more than Rommel, yet Rommel was the mother. The
Gold Coin, a hybrid of Norton, black, impregnated by Martha, a pure
greenish white seedling of ‘Concord, has produced many pure seedlings

 for the writer, all yellowish white. Concord is well known to oc-casionally

produce white varieties among its pure seedlings. Of Norton I have

 grown many pure seedlings, of which about one-third were yellowish

white, none as good as the parent, and the others all black, a few equal,

..._A.~.-......‘_e_..- ..~_ > v" m. "y,

 

2-34 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT‘ S/PAITOXS.

and the Winona a little superior to the parent. Neither Concord nor
Norton have ever produced pure, red seedlings. The te-ndency to white
or albino varieties in them When united, a.s in the Gold Coin, completely
dominate-s the color in all its pure seedlings, and these seedlings are all
much more feeble in growth than the black varieties, resulting from
hybridizing Concord and Norton. Many other examples following the
same course can be produced, but these are considered sufhcient illustra-
tion of the general law, that to produce White varieties surely, cross or

hybridize White varieties. To avoid or overcome the element of weak

growth in white varieties, only the most vigorous of this, color should be

used for parents.

‘This consideration of producing White varieties has been specially ampli-
fied, because the writer was once told by an eminent hybridizer of grap-es
that he thought that white grapes could‘ be produced as readily out of
bla-ck varieties as out of ‘white, and cited Empire State as an example,
said to be a hybrid of Hartford and Clinton, two black varieties. But the
botanical characters in Empire State do not show the least bit of Clinton,
but plainly some light wooded Viniifara, or Labruscctx Iiilimlfera hybrid,
proving clearly an error in the supposed parentage.

In my work with red (See Lindley‘, Delaware a11d Delago families, in
Chapter IV.) and black varieties (See America, Concord and other f-am-
ilies of black ‘grapes, Chapter IV.), there is abundant proof that the same
law holds good as with white varieties, that “like produces like,” the com-
monly accepted rule, as to reproduction in nature, yet in this matter of
white and red varieties occasionally coming out of black varieties, as they
surely do, from some occult cause not fully understood, we must admit
that the law is not absolute, but has occasional exceptions.

BREEDING FOR SPECIAL SEASON.

It has likewise been found generally true, yet with occasional excep-
tions, that early ripening parents produce early ripening progeny. Where
there is much variation from this rule in pure seedlings of a variety as in
Concord, in which the majority are early or medium, as Moore’s Early,
Worden, etc, while rarely like Miner’s Victoria, some of its seedlings are
very late; or as in Jaeger’s No. 70, and America, a combination of Rapes-
tris, a very early species, and Jaeger’s No. 43, a very late variety of Lin-
cccuimii, a late species, the progeny ripen all along from early to late. It
would seem that such varieties, the progeny of which vary much in season
and other characteristics, contain different specific blood in their make up.
The latest introduced variety produced by the writer is the Marguerite, a
hybrid of a very late Post-Oak grape with Herbemont, a very late variety;
and a much later kind still is the Winterwine, a hybrid of V . Simipsonvi
with Marguerite, both very late, Sii/n/psomi being latest. Little or nothing
could be gained by uniting very early with very late kinds.

Generallyr season of leafinq, flowering and ripening belong ‘to species, as
the table of cultural characters in Chapter I. shows.

5i

 

1 -  mrimwweer"'>""fa~"-"* “t  “

<. Wynn

IN\'I<JS'I‘IGA'I‘ION AND IMPROVEMENT OF ABIERICAN GRAPES. 255
BREEDING FOR SIZE IX CLUSTER AND BERRY.

Like season, size of cluster and‘ berry belongs originally< to different
species, although it varies considerably in all the species, and in some, as
V. Liner/cartel, greatly. The rule holds good generally throughout the
genus, that where the berry is large, the cluster ‘is small, and where the-
elusler is large, the berry {is small; but several species have both berry and
cluster small. This is true of-all the earliest ripening species.

It seems a necessary result from this fact that the large clustered, large
berried varieties are the result of selection and breeding by man. History
of grape culture sustains this conclusion. It is in this particular piece
‘of development Where the hybridizer of American grapes may (accomplish
Wonders. Oontemplate the union of the largest berried Labrusea, Lin-
eeeawztii, Rotandifolia and Vlnifeira varieties (see Red Giant, Early Purple
and Thomas plates) With the nuinerously berried clusters o-f Berlandieri!
The largest clusteredforeign grapes may be excelled in American species
some day‘.

BREEDING FOR QUALITY.

It is found generally With grapes, as With most other fruits, that
“as size goes up, quality comes dioWn.” This Will probably ever remain
so With Wine grapes, for it appears that the perfecting of the juices, devel-
oping large percent-age of sugar and other desirable Wine properties, the
berries must be small to admit the better action of light and air to the

smaller packages of juice; in other words, giving greater surface to the

.same amount of juice to be acted upon. But by developing size and
texture of pulp With flavors agreeable to the palate, large grapes may be
produced of excellent table quality Which Would have very ordinary or

poor Wine properties.

So the originator finds his Wits, taxed to the utmost in endeavoring to
get into one variety a large cluster, with large, handsome berry‘, of very
fine quality. 1t surely has been done in a number of foreign grapes, such
as Muscat, Hamburg, Malaga and others, and" Whjf not in the future thor-
oughbred American grape?

In the matter of quality, the common law, that “like produces like”
holds more rigi-dly than in almost any other character, and is brought out
by long and careful selection through many generations -

PREPOTENCY, OR SUPERIOR POTENCY, OF ONE PARENT OVER THE OTHER.

Some experienced hybridizers have claimed. that it, is a general law
among grapes and other fruits that the mother transmits more of the vine,
or tree characteristics, While the male. or pollen parent, more of the fruit
characteristics. After observing and‘ studyiing my crosses and hybrids
with reference to this point, there seems no adequate ground of support to

l’ lay it down as a law, farther than that the mother appears to transmit its

l

 

_!\1~:Q flflamnalmsjmsng. 

 

 
 

 

 

 

w!’
‘w
it

=_4=+.-.<‘ 1 4.:-

 

A!_5Z'L)l' Ae‘:_“:5¥:‘A‘-.'  ea.‘ ~ - -‘: ‘

 

. union produces puny, sickly progeny, when both parents are vigorous, they a

256 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

 

degree of hardiness in resisting climatic extremes and diseases better than
the male parent. Theoretically this would be reasonable, as the ovule,
afiter impregnation, receives all its support and growth from the mother,
until it becomes a mature seed; hence the mother vine should always have
greatest capability possible to endure hardships and resist disease and yet
include excellence in fruit. a,

The following list of species and varieties which have been used“ in cross ?
and hybrid combinations is given for What it is worth, which seems little," 
as the point has not» been put to the test of special experimentation. 

lThe species, or variety in each pair, which is italicized, seems to be-
strongest in impressing its characters upon the progeny in the unions
made. Where they unite equally, both are in Roman print. Where the

are marked Incongenial. The first named is always the mother.

Scientific demonstration is not claimed in this work. It is only tenta-
tive, and it is hoped will call out careful work on this subject from others.

Rupestris >< Vulpina. Rupestris >< Longii.

Rupestris >< Gandicans. Rupestmls >< Labrusca.

Rupesitris >< Vinifera ; Rupetstris, controls vine, Vimlfera the fruit.

Rupestris >< Bourquiniana (Herbemont and Rulander).

‘Rupestris >< Lincecumii. Rup-estris >< Cinema,- Cinerea. controls the vine‘
and fruit.

Rupestris >< Bcwlandieri. Rupestris >< Monticola.

Rupestris >< R-otundifolia, Incongenial.

Longii >< Lincecumii. Longii >< Candicans.

Longii >< Labrusca ; Longii contro-ls vine, Labrusca the fruit. '

Vulpina >< Longii. Vulpina >< Candicans.

Vulpina ><»Labr1isca; Vulpina controls the vine, Labrusca the fruit.
Vulpina >< Bicolor. Vulpina >< Cinerea.

Vulpina >< Vinifera ; Vulpina. controls the vine, Vinifera the fruit.
Girdiana >< Vinifera.

Ohampiml >< Labrusca; Champini controls the vine, Labrusca the fruit-
Uhampini >< (Labrusca >< Vinifera).

Oandicains >< Rupestris; "Candicans controls both vine and fruit.
Labrusca >< Vinifera; Labrusca controls- vine, Vinifera the fruit.
Labrusca >< Vulpina.

Bourquiniana (Herbemont) ><Lab1'usca, (Martha).

Bourquiniana (Herbemont) >< Aestivalis, (Norton). -
Bourquiniana, (Herbeinont) >< Triumph; Herbemo-nt controls vine,

Triumph the fruit.
Lincecumii >< Rupestris, Lincecumii >< Labrusca ; Lincecumii controls-
vine, Labrusca the fruit.
Lincecumii >< Uandiccms.
Lincecumii >< Cordifolia.
f Lincecumii >< Herbemont ; Lincecumii controls vine, Herbemont the-
ruit.

I

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 257

(Lincecunnii >< Herbemont) >< Vmifera. In these Vinifera appeared to
control vine in botanical markings, but Herbemont tandi Lincecuanii in
vigor and" fruit. Several such hybrids were quite uniform. Aestivalis
(Norton) >< La-bru-sca (Concord), the union quite even.

Cinerea ><‘Cordiifo1ia.“ Berlandieri >< M onticola.

Berlandieri >< Uhampiml. Berlandiervl >< Fern.

Monticola >< Rupestris. M onticola >< Fern.

Rubra >< Herbemont. -

Rotundifolia (Scuppernong) >< Post-Oak Grape hybrid. Rotundifolia
i-s very persistent in impressing its character upon its hybrid progeny, both
in vine and fruit.

Rotundifolia >< M unsomlana.

y Generally, the more distinct and uniform a species the more prepotent
it is over less distinct and less uniform species. In conformity to this,
the more complex a hybrid is the less it sho-ws of itself in combination

 with a pure variety of a pure species.

Also in conformity to this law, the more complex a ‘hybrid is the more

 variable among themselves are its pure seedlings.

We may expect the male parent to more often control in appearance

 and quality in fruit, and the female in vine; yet, if we designate it a
Mgeneral law, there will be found many exceptions. -

258 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

CHAPTER IV.

Some of the Results of Twenty Years Selection and Hybrid-
ization.

After dwelling upon the materials and’ processes in development, the
reader naturally asks for results.

It is, in a matter of this kind, ditficult in the limited space t0 present
any adequate idea of results, for full descriptions and life size illustrations
are necessary t0 convey knowledge of varieties», and varieties are the
results. Besides an originator, of all persons, can descriptively mention
his OWIl varieties with the least impartiality.

Again, the originator, in mentioning ‘his own Work, however correctly,
labors under the disadvantage that he is hardly credited with unbiased
statements.

With all these impediments in view will the reader’s question, “What
have you accomplished?” be candidly, truthfully, briefly answered.

No attempt will be made to mention all, nor any but a s-mall fraction of
the number of varieties produced by the author. _

It is in quality where the originator is probably more apt to over esti~
mate, therefore special mention of quality in connection with the varieties
is generally avoided, but would say that Concord being tolerated by the

majority of Americans as a fairly good table grape, and consumed more '

largely than any other grown in America, it is taken as the “low water-
mark” by the Writer in quality_for varieties produced "by him to allow
dissemination.

The varieties are so selected, arranged and described as to be instructive
as a study for the scientific experimenter, and the practical planter as
well. ‘Fuller descriptions would be very desirable, but space will not

allow it.

A few of the best wild grapes of different species found by the writer,
or by other wild grape hunters, and sent him to test and use in his work,
‘are first mentioned, and then, if any worthy of mention, either pure or
hybrid seedlings, have been made of that species they are given under-
neath the wild varieties.

‘The list of seedlings and hybrids is the cream from over 75,000 pure
and hybrid seedlings, germinated and carried through partly or entirely
the rigid cullings and testings instituted in ourexperimental grounds.

A few lifeasize photo-engravings of varieties are distributed through
the list to illustrate the results of certain combinations. When it is under-
stood that for the true “bunch-grapes,” that no variety with a cluster
smaller, that is, having fewer berries than Lukfata, nor smaller berries
than Talaquah, nor poorer in quality than. Concord, is considered worthy
of introduction for market, and that the varieties mentioned in this list

 


A
. 
i
/ i

INVESTTGATFION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. ‘Z59

not marked discarded will come up to or surpass this standard, some con-
ception can be formed- of how the collection would look if all were illus-
trated as are the few represented ‘by engravings. Pl-ate IL, Chapter 1.,
shows, amsong other things, 47 of these varieties on as many plates, which
will give a faint idea of results accomplished.

THE MUN SON “SCHOOL” OF GRAPES.

INCLUDING A FEWV FOUND BY OTHER PERSONS, TO SHOWV PARENTAGE.

Explanation.

‘The parentage of each variety, when given at all, is given immediately
to its right, the mother being named- first.

existence now, 1900.

‘Those preceded by one star(*) have passed the long crucical vineyard
‘test favorably, and ‘have been considered worthy of general trial by plant-
ers.

commended by experiment stations and impartial vine growers.
Those preceded ‘by no mark are yet under the final vineyard test. Many
_ of these are of great promise, but further test, with higher standard
required, will reject a good porti-on of them.
‘The description of varieties stands directly to right of parentage in
same line, and consists in giving the kind of flower, the  dagger mean-
_ing staminate or male; the (,) large comma signifying pistilate, with
short reflexed stamens; the (‘) large inverted comma signifying her-
maphrodite flower, capable of self-impregnation. Next after flower
stands average date of flowering, first date the beginning, second date the
. closing, at Denison, Texas. Next comes season of ripening, the size oi
cluster, then size of berry, and last, color.

RUPESTRIS GROUP. I.

l
. N- eof Pa ent: 1r . Character D- t f - SIZE‘
', Variet;%pecies. Femralnallljgle. glltosvéigl; Flodwgriflng. Rlpens‘ i?‘ C010"-
' Cluster. Berry.
*0 Giant, Rupestris, wild mo. day.
-_, from Mo ................... .. ‘r 4—20. ................................... ..y ....... ..
t‘ o Red‘ Leaf, Rupestris, I
, h‘ wild, from Mo. .......  , 4-23. earliest. very sm. sm. black.
g; o small Leat, Rupestris,
L. wild, from Tex .......... .. , 4-24. “ “ “ “"
 o Rupel, Rup. >< 25th,
j July .......................... .. ‘ 5~-1. early. sm. sm. “
: 0 Sharp Beak, Rup. ><
Elvira ....................... .. , 4-28. “ “ “ “

  

,_ V. rupestris does not seem. to be a good mother, but it has given excel-
 lent results as a pollenizer of V. Lincecumii (see J-aeger 43 Family), and
 in France as pollenizer of Vinifera to give “producteurs direct,” it is con-
»;.sidered superior to all other species.

Those preceded by a (o) have been discarded, and are mostly‘ out of

Those preceded by two stars  have been numerously and highly _

260 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

LON GII GROUP. II.

 

NAMED WILD VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS. Seas.  Ripe.   Color.
Australis. V. Long/ii, found 0n bank of
d V ged RiyIerfi ........  ...... .. , fgigfz“ v.ea. stom v.s. b
A obe. . ongii i u ciinson o.,"exas
“Pan Handle” .....................  , s-Gig; ea. s s. b
Davis. V. Longiz‘, Hutchinson Co., Texas, ~_1
“Pan Handle” ...................... .. ,  ea. s. s. b. ._
Hutchinson. V. Longii, Hutchinson 00., g
Texas, “Pan Handle”) ........ .. , igfjigg m. s. s. b 
Large Berry. V. Longii, Motley Co., I
Texas, “Pan Handle” ........... .. , yfifi e. s. m.s b v;
Large Leaf. V. LongzLMotley Co.,Texas, f
“Pan Handle” ...................... .. , 2-1221" e. s.  b é
Robusta-V. Longii, Motley Co., Texas, '2;
“Pan Handle” ...................... .. , miss e. s. s. b. , f1‘
Solonis. V. Longii, Arkansas River, Cult. 
in France .............................. .. , flin- e. s.  b. 
Hutporup. Hybrid. V. Longii, >< (Lince- l);
oumii >< "Hupestris) ......  ....... .. , 24%;, e. s. s. b. 
Solrupo. Hybrid. V. Long/ii, (Lince- jfi
cumii >< Rupestris) ............. .. , gfigigjj e.   b. - 
These are excellent graft-stocks in sandy and moderately limy soils. f?
VULPINA (RIPARIA) GROUP. III. ‘a
Grote. V. vulpina, from near Mauston, t t t
,_ Wis ...................................... .. , 1734.211, ea. s. l s. I b.
a Luders. V. vulpivza, from near Madison, _
 I ¢ . - - ~ . . . - - - - - - - - . . . . . - - - - - - - - I - - - - ¢ - - q 0  l 
Mauston. V. vutpina, from near Maus- .2
ton, Wis ............................... .. , grey; ea. s  .b 1
o Minnesota. V. "vulpina, *fron1 near ' ‘ I L
Carver, Minn ........................ .. , ffi-O v.e. s. l vs. lwhite. “
| \ r t 
No hybrids of Vulpina, as mother, have been made by the wvriter. - 
These are good graft-stocks» in sandy soils in the North. a 
MONTICOLA GROUP. 1v. ' 
_ \ \
Big Cluster. V$0ntic0la,ll3e1lC£o./Pex. , ‘ 5-3 1 wit. lrntlolgsto tpurple.
Monlintawba. mmonticoa >< ern.... , 5- v. t. . s. “
Montisella. V. monticola, X, Lausselm.‘ , i 5~8 § \~'.lt. t m. ’ m. l “
* Pukwana. V. anonticola, >< Rupestrss.‘ , to m. | s. I s. l b. 1
' l l i .

 
   

   

A most unique species, promising a very distinct class of hybrid varie-
ties, exceedingly sweet, and peculiarly flavored. Pukwana is a most excel-
lent graft-stock in limy soils and hot climate. Big Cluster is the best
variety found.

 

BERLANDIERI GROUP. V.

a
()'—5
5...

sm. I b.
m. s. jpurp.

v.1t.
v.lt.

Millardet». V. Berlmrdieri. Llano, Co. Tex.

v.1g.
Berlaussel. “ >< Laussel .......... ..

lg.

,-
>

 

 

       

l

Oiving to the large compound clusters and fine quality in berry of the
best varieties of this species, it offers an excellent base on which to build
for great clusters and fine quality fruit With small seeds, and no better

; r-~;\--w;1er-"w;='1<:=;=vw?v'"'r*efl~<~?"*Yj"~'"  “if ~.  ; i. f!

 
   
   

graft-stock can be made for hot, dry climate and limy soils, but to grow
easily from cuttings should be hybridized; with Rupestris or Ohampini.
BOURQUINIANA GROUP. VI.
H erbemont Family.
0 Bush, Herbemont, >< Lincecunrziriu‘ .....  ‘ 5-16 v.1t. m. l m b.
0 Black IIerbemont, Herb >< Nort0n.....l ‘ 5-18 late. v.1g. sm b.

I 0 Oompacta, Herbemont, >< Triumph ‘ 5-20 vflt. 1g. m. Wh.
 o Exquisite, Herbemont, Seedling ....... ..‘ ‘ 5-18 1t. l lg. s wh.
 0 Miller, r “ >< Martha ..... ..l ‘ 5-12 1t. lg. m Wh.
j, o Multiple, “ >< Triumph ‘ 5-18 1t. 1g. l m purp.
 0 Nell “ >< Norton ...... .. ‘ 5-19 v.1t. lg. s. wh.
 * Onderdonk “ >< Irving .......  ‘ 5-15 1t. lg. m.s. Wh.
 0 Planchette “ >< Triumphm...) ‘ 5-18 1t. m. Wh.
 0 Texas, Pure “ Seeding ......... .. ‘ 5-20 v.1t. 1. m.s. prpl.

Many other pure and hyibrid seedlings of Heribemont Were produced,
mostly red and White in color; many quite tender in enduring cold, a zero
temperature killing them to the ground. lHerbemont has not proven a.
a good mother, but as a ‘male parent, especially with Linoeamntli, has given
V, ‘some excellent results.

. ‘The next group (VII) promises more for American grape culture
f- than any other, and possibly than all others combined, and deserves care-
 ful study.

 LINCECUMII GROUP. VII.

Best Wild Varieties, Collected from the Woods-Heads of Families.

w“ v  w» i‘,

Found. g
Big Berry, V. Lincecumit, N. i
Texas ........................... .. 1882 , 12110-155 m.lt. lg. lg. blk.
Early Purple, V. Lincecuwzii, N. __
Texas .... .._. ........ .._., ........ .. 1888 , f’; to 1-5,» m. 1g. lg. purp.
J aegeris 43, V. Lmceertwziz, S. W. "
Mo ................................ .. 1880 , 1% to 3,51,- v.1t. v.1g. m. blk.
Lucky, V. Lincecumit, near Deni-
son, Tex ........................ .. 1885 , 1% to T5§ ea. lg. m. blk.
Neoshofl V. Livicecumii, near 1 1 \
‘eosho, Mo ................... .. 1868 , 15; to 1% v. t. g. m.s. “
Post-Oak Grape No. 1. V. Lin-
cecunzii, Denison, Tex .... .. 1881 , W53» 1t. lg. m.s. “"
Post-Oak GrapeINoJZ. V. Lin- i
ceeumii, Denison, Tex ....... .. 1883 ,; T5521; v.1t. m. m. “
Post-Oak Grape No 3. V. Lin- l
cecumii, Denison, Tex .... .. 1883 ',; »,-,,51—8- v.1t. m. m. , “
Ten Dollar Prize, V. Ltncecuwm‘, ’ -
Denison, Tex ................ .. 1883 , Us“ v.1t. 1g. m. “

INVESTIGATION AN_D IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 261\

262 TEXAS AhlRlClilJfURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Many other Wild Post-‘Oalk grapes were collected, but none better than
abo-ve. Jaegefs Neosho and, No. 4Z3 are included, because s0 intimately p
connect-ed With and much used as imother vines by the author. All those :-
in the above list preceded by a (o) were lost when the writer moved to a 
new place in 1887. a 

BIG BERR Y FAJHL Y. Hybrids.

  

.1

* Bailey, Big Berry >< Triumph. First * 
fruit 1889 ................................. .. ‘ 155,5 1t. 1g. lg. b. _.
** Beacon, Big Berry >< Concord. First
fruit 1889 .................................. .. ‘ 155,; m. v.1g. lg.
* Big Extra, Big Berry >< Triumph. First
fruit 1888 .............  ...........  ‘ Tie-m lt. lg. m. b.
* Big Hope, Bigsgerry X Triumph. First ‘ 5 1t 1 d
fruitl 9 .................................. .. 1T1,- . v. g. m. re .
* Delicious, Big Berry >< Herbemont.
First fruit 1889 .......................... .. ‘ If“, lt. lg. m. b.
* Dr. Collier, Big Berry >< Concord. First
fruit 1888 .................................. .. ‘ T551; m. lg. lg. red.
* Long John, Big Berry X Triumph. First
fruit 1889 .................................. .. ‘ 151W lt. v.1g. -lg. b.
o Newman, Big Berry >< Triumph. First
fruit 1889 .................................. .. ‘ jgifg‘ v.lt. lg. _ v.1g. b.
* R. W. Munson, Bi'g Berry >< Triumph.
First fruit 1889 ......................... .. ‘ ,0 H. m lg. lg. b.

BIG HOPE FAMILY.

6

._ ,5”
1F 1F

   

Hopeon, Big Hope>< Carman ........... +1899 lt. l lg. l lg. lwht.

 

i

(See the Ben Family, further on.)

EARL Y P URPLE FAMIL Y.

Bokchito, Early Purple >< Brilliant... ‘ W5;  lg.  ha
Epurill, “ “ >< ‘ ...I , KPH . m. v. g. re .
Nonpareil, “ “ >< “ ...‘1896 ‘ $5,; ea. m. lg. red.
Octavia, “ “ >< “  1896 , 7-,; m. lg. lg. red.
Quintina, “ “ >< Jaeger...... 1897 ‘ 1.151s lt. lg. m. b.

o Secunda “ “ >< Brilliant... 1896 , 9f»,- ea. m. lg. red.
Septimia “ “ >< Carman  1897 ‘ 7%? lt. lg. II]. b.

Early Purple is a goodi mother, and promises varieties of good quality _a
and great productiveness. i 

 

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT

 

26s

 
   
 
   

OF AMERICAN GRAPES.

f JAEGERQS‘ N0. 45> FAMIL Y.

gJaegefls N0. 70, No. 43 >< Male Ru-

jj pe-stris .......... ._. ....................... .. , W53; m. In. m. b.
fxJaegefis No. 72, No. 43 >< Male Riu- '
 Npestris ....................  ............ .. , W519 1t. sm. lg. b.
f1‘ Kiowa, 0. 43 >< Herbemont ....... .. 1895 ‘ if}; v.11; lg. m. s. b.
JWaubeek, No. 43 >< Laussel ............. .. 1896 ‘ g q; v. 1t. lg. m. b.

 
 



J aeger’s '70 (‘Munso-niand 72 are inserted becauseiused by the writer
heads of some of his most important families.

JAEGERS N0. 70 (ZIIUMSON) FAMILY

   
 

b ** America, Munson (J’s 70) >< Seed-

  

 

     

  

  
    
   
   
   
   
    
   
  
   
   
   
   
 
 

, ng ............................... 1888 ‘ T51; m. lg. m. b.
Early Wine, Munson (J’s 70) >< g
=, Seedling ........................ .. 1888 ‘ 7%; ea. m. m. b.
H Gulch, Munson (J’s 70) >< Seed-
 ling ................................ ..1888 ‘ fi-fi 1t. lg. m. b.
gobata, Munson (J’s 70) >< Profusion... 1897 , m? 1t. lg. m. b.
5
JAEGERQS‘ N0. 72 FAMILY
ella, No. 72 X Rommel.» .............. "11899 ‘ fill-g l1; i m I m. I wh
(See under Ben Family, further on.) ,
AZVIERIOA FAMIL Y.
Ambecon, AmericaXBe-acon ............. .. 1897 , .5122» 1t. lg. m. I b.
Amersion, AmericaxProfusion ......... ..1899 , in; 1t. 1g. m. b.
Amonta, AmericaxMonticola .......... .. 1239 W75 11;.   b.
Anuta, AmericaXBeacon .................. .. 1 9 ‘ ffi*f§ m. . . b.
Arbeka, AmerioaXProfusion ........  1899 ‘ 15W 1t. 1. m. b.
Atoka, AmericaX Delaware ............. .. 1895 ‘ -1- 9w 1t. 1. s.m. red.
Captain (Superior), AmericaX Beacon. 1899 ‘ fifif; It. 1. l. ‘ b.
Oloeta, Americax Beacon .................. .. 1899 ‘ W51? m. 1. l. b.
Davkina, AmericaXBeaeon .............. .. 1899 ‘ 99%,; m. l. l. b.
’ Eufaula, AmericaXLaura ................ .. 1895 ‘ .915,- lt. v.1. m.s.. red.
Gula, AmericaxBezicon .................... .. 1899 ‘ TT-fi m. l. l. b.
Kenena, AmerioaXDr. Collier .......... .. 1895 ‘ w fin 1t. 1. m. prpl.
Kruger, AmericaX R. W. Munson ..... .. 1899 ‘ 6—%1 1t. v.l. m. b.
aReine(Superior),America><Beacon.1899 ‘ 11-519? m. 1. l. b.
Mylitta, AmericaXBeacon ................ .. 1889 ‘ W539 1t. l. l. b.
ewtonia, AmericaXR. W. Munson.... 1897 ‘ W5“ ea. 1. m. b.
upert, Americax Brilliant ............. .. 1894 ‘ §-§§ m. 1. m. d. rd.
hala, AmericaXBe-acon .................. .. 1899 ‘ 84%, m. l. 1. b.
, heruah, AmericaX Beacon .............. .. 1899 ‘ ffijf§ m. 1. 1. b.
-Ta1aquah, AmericaXHerhemonb ..... .. 1895 ‘ T§jf§ 1t. - l. m.s. red.
niversal, AmericaxPrrwfusion ......... .. 1897 ‘ 9%.; v. 11;. l. m. b.
inrouge, AmericaXLaura ............... .. 1897 ‘ 4 ea. 1. m. b.
iwarmita, AmericaXBeacon ............. .. 1899 ‘ fi-fifi- m. l. l. b.
aewoka, AmericaXBeacon .............. .. 1899 ., Vi‘: 1t. v.1. 1. b.
 lnta, Americ-aXBeanon .................. .. 1896 , Viv m. 1. 1. b.

 

264 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

America is one of the best of mothers, as- well as one o-f the most healthy
and prolific of varieties (with long-arm pruning), and an excellent mar-
ket and wine, and also one of the very best resistant graft-stocks. Grows
very easily from cuttings. ~

‘The entire family is uncommonly healthy and vigorous.

L UUlfY (Post-Oak Grape) FA ZIIIL Y.

   

l = '
Aluwe, Lucky ><,Carman ........................... .. 1899 ‘ 39W  113.} 1. . lb.
Oatoosa, Lucky >< Car-man .......................... .. 1899 ‘ i251? ; 1t. 1. m. I b.
Ohoteau, Lucky>< Oarman .........................  1899 ‘ anew 1 1t.| 1. m. ‘lb.
Lukyne, Lucky >< Sweety ...........................  1897  ‘ 11-351? y lug 1. ‘ n1.  b.
. . I
And many others, hybrids of Lucky.
lVEOSH O FA ZIIIL Y.
I- * Mrs. MunsomNeoshoXHerbemont 1889 ‘ W523 lt. l. mspurp.
* Muench, “ >< “ 1889 ‘ new 1t. . m. “
* Neva. “ >< “ 1889 ‘ Wig; v.1t. 1. m.s. “

These and the Kiowa. are the hardiest Post-Oakx Herbemont hybrids
to endure cold, produced by the writer.

POST-OAK GRAPE N0. 1 FAMILY.

i !
** Carman, P-O 1 >< Triumph .........  1885 i ‘ I 135W i . ‘vlg. m. b
** Fern, “ 1 >< Catawba .........  1885 i ‘  !v.lt. lg. 1g. dr.rd
** Jaeger “ 1 >< Herbemont  1885 , ‘ T2511’? l 1t. I 1g. m. b.
Kemp, “ 1 >< Herbemont .....  1885 E ‘ T352; =v.1t., 1g. m. FlIZTd.
o Sweety. “ 1 >< Herbemont .... ..! 1887 ‘ '-1—;'1§0» 1t. 1 1g. l s. ldrmd.
o 'I‘eXas HighlantLP-O 1 >< Agawaml 1885 ‘ A1511? 1t. l m. ‘ml b.
0 Winedrop P-O 1 X Herbemontuw 1887 , 1 i??? 1t. i lg. s. ldnrd
l 1

 

|

Post-Oak No. 1 was the best in quality of this species known to the
writer, and so far as used one of the best mothers. It was a misfortune
to lose it.

POST-OAK GRAPE 1V0. 2 FAMILY.

** Laussel, P-O 2, >< Gold Coin ......... .. 1.888 ‘ F??? v.1t. m. lg. purp.
* Marguerite P-O 2 >< Herbemont... 1890 ‘ -i.- latest m. m. “
* Perry, P-O h, >< Herbemont .......... .. 1889 * Q52; v.lt. 1. m. “
* Vinita, P-O 2, >< Herbemont ........ .. 1888 ‘ jfg5§1 v.lt. 1. m.s. “

INVES'I‘I(}A'I‘ION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AEIERICAN GRAPES. 265

POST-OAK GRAPE NO. 3 FAMILY.

0 Beach, P-O No. 3, >< 'l‘riumpl1 ..........  1889 ‘ 12-517 ea. lg. m. b.
0 Belvin, “ >< Elvira .............. .. 1889 ‘ 1TH m. lg. m. b.
0 Curtis, “ >< Triumpl1............. 1889 i ‘ if}; m. lg. m. b.

W. B. Munson, P-O No. 3, >< Triumph. 1889 ‘ “in lt. lg. m. b.

 

Nearly all the progeny of this variety are subject to mildew in foliage,
otherwise an excellent mother. _No. 3 itself mildewed badly in moist
seasons, ~

TEN DOLLAR PRIZE POST-OAK GRAPE

FAMIL Y.

In 1883 the Writer offered $10 for the best wild Post-Oak grape, to be
shown ripe, at the annual exhibition of the North Texas Horticultural
Society, in Denise-n, Texas, on condition that the vine from which the
premium grapes came should become his property. A remarlkable display

was brought out,—some twentyvarieties fro-m various parts of Grays-on

county. The one shown by Mr. Hopkins, a. gardener and fruit grower,
now deceased, won the prize by» decision of the committee of five good

grape judges, according to a scale of ten points covering eta-ch quality of i
value in a vine. Many hybrids of it were produced. A few of the better '

of these are given, following:

Armlong, $10 Prize >< Black Eagle..... 1889 , “is, v.lt. v.1g. lg. b.
o Badart, “ >< Triumph ....... .. 1889 ‘ 15%? lt. lg’. lg. b.
0 Ben, “ >< Norton .......... .. 1889 , 1%,, lt. lg. m. b.
o Bumper, “ >< Norton .......... .. 1889 , W55 lt. v.1g. m. b.
* Hopkins," “ >< Norton .......... .. 1889 ‘ {@5515 v.lt. lg. m. b.
0 Hopherb, “ >< Herbemont  1889 ‘ @525 v.lt. lg. m.s. b.
o Hopmont, “ >< Herbemont....... 1889 ‘ Tfgfi v.11, lg. m b.

Profusion, “ >< Norton .......... .. 1889 t ‘ T§5§§ v.lt. lg. m b.

ARML OZVG FAMZL Y.

Armbrilong, Armlong >< Brilliant...... 1899 , if“; lt vlg. m red
* Husmann, Armlong >< Perry ....... .. 1896 ‘ flew v 1t vlg. m purp
Olitatoo, Armlong >< Excelsior ......... .. 1896 ‘ 101g lt vlg. m Wh

Olitatoo is a most beautiful variety in vine and fruit, and of fine-st qual-
ity, but much subject to mildew and black rot. It would be superb in
Southwest Texas. ' '

266 TExAs AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

 

BEN FAJIIL Y.
i 1
Albania, Ben >< Green Mountain ...... ..i1899l ‘ T555 1t. 1g. m. wh.
Ben Hur, “ >< Laura ..................... ..,l1899 ‘ Ami? ea. lg. m. b.
Blondin, “ >< Green Mountain ..... ..[1899I‘ T2517 v.1t. 1g. m Wh.

   

Albania, Blondin, Estella, Hopeon and Olitatoo are all the good White
varieties yet sprung from the Post-Oak grape species. ‘They promise
much for fine late to very late White market and table grapes.

BI COLOR GROUP. VIII.

An excellent accidental Wild hybrid of V. bicolor (the northernmost
type of V. aestivalis) With V. vulptna (or iriparia.) Was found in central
Wisconsin by Dr. Hunger, and obtained and sent me by Judge C. U.
Grote, of Mauston, Wis, some ten years ago. This is a combination
peculiarly adapted to the extreme North, Where temperatures of 40° to

‘ 50° below zero must be end-ured almost every Winter.

Upon this northern base the Writer has made one generation of hybrids,
specially intended for the far North, by using upon it Pollen of Bell, a
very sweet, fine early White grape, produced from Elvira impregnated by
Delaware, all American, capable of enduring severe cold.

Out of several dozen fairly good improvements of the Wild variety, a
few of the best have been selected for further development and to pl-ace
With experimenters in the North. ‘The original vine is named Bicrip, a
combination of the abbreviations of Bicolor and Riparia, and giving the
start -of What may be termed the Bicrip Famivlly.

‘These Bicrip hyibrids have fruited only once, but some are so fine in
vine and fruit that surely a Wise experimenter can get a great northern
race out of them in a few generations.

AESTIVALIS GROUP. IX.

FThe only variety of this species yet found considered Worthy of cultiva-
tion and- hybridizing is the Norton. By the closest comparison and study
of vines from most reliable sources under the names Norton and Cynthi-
ana, the Writer is unable to discover the slightest difference in any respect.

o They are considered synonymous of one variety. *The Norton has become

the head of a small family.
NORTON VIRGIIVIA FAMILY

o Cyncon, Norton (Oynthiana) X Con-
= d

 

cor ............................. ..1885 ‘ flan v 1t 1. m b
* * Gold Coin, Norton (Gynthiana) ><
Martha ........................... .. 1885 ‘ T§5T 1t. 1. 1. ye].

Winona, a pure seedling of Norton..... 1889] ‘ $rg lt. I 1. I m. s. b.
z _1

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 267

While Cyncon was discarded on account of straggling cluster, I have
seen a N orton>< Concord hybrid from near Bowling Green, Ky, named
Kentucky, that has a very large, handsome, compact cluster. IThis and
the Gold Coin prove the Norton a good mother in hybrid; combinations.
Winona better than Norton.

GOLD COIN FA ZIIIL Y.

 

Icterida, Gold 00in >< Bell ............... ..il897

_ ‘[5,r...r..11.|y.1.
Watova, Gold 00in >< Rommel ......... "P899 '3'

‘I i; I 1t. l 1. 1 1. lye].

 

Many other seedlings and hybrids of Gold Coin; mostly puny, and not
so good in quality as parent.

WIN ONA FAMIL Y.

6 5
TTT?

lt.}l.‘m.‘b.

 

Wine King, Winona x America ....... ..|l898

   

SIMPSONI GROUP. X.

Simpsoni is the South Florida representative of the great and variable
Aestioalmn series of species, and while incapable of enduring severe cold,
endures great heat and drouth, and resists fungus diseases Well, especially
black rot, and promises well as a base for Gulf States varieties for
extremely late ripening. Out of many hybrids with Fern, Laus-sel and
Marguerite only one is mentioned. It has endured 15° below zero well,
and bore following season a heavy cro-p of good grapes, more agreeable to
eat than Norton, ripening in October. Ala-chua and Manatee are the
only named vines.

MAN/l TEE FAMIL Y.

I

Winter Wine, Simpsoni >< Margue-y t i i l
rite .............................. ..|l898 , I ext. lt. l lg. I m. s. [ b.
v l l

 

CANDlCANS GROUP. .XI.
Wild Vines Under Study.

 

o Williamson, from Williamson 00., Tex ....... .. , 5%; ea. s v l b-
0 Blanco, from Blanco 00., Tex ..................... .. , 51-,- tog ea. s 1 b.
o Grayson, from Grayson 00., Tex ................ u; , g‘, to? ea. s 1 b.

268 TExAs AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Have not used this species any as a mother. Its extremely rampant
habit, its very pungent or acrid skin of fruit, and its great difficulty in
growing from cuttings, render it not promising either as a parent of
“direct producers” 0r of graft-stocks; yet it gives some indication of value,
as seen in the Elvicand, an ElviraxMustang hybrid, Which see under
Labrusca Group, Elvira Family. .

DUANIANA GROUP. XII.
Named Wild Varieties.

Greer, V. Doaniana, Greer 00., Okla .......  t l gfijz":  ..........  .... .. i .... ..
Judge, “ Greer 00., Okla. ...... ..; t l wig,- ‘ . . . . . . . . . .  .... .. l .... ..
Motley, “ Motley 00., Tex ......  , 214W ea s med b
Ponroy, “ Wilbarger 00., Texan; , W421i ea m med l b
Salt Creek, “ Greer 00., Okla ....... ..l , $2,421.; ea s s.m b
Silvain, “ Greer 00., Okla ....... ..l t W112», ................ .. l .... ..

' l
l l , - a

lThese all are excellent graft-stocks in any soil. No hybrids of this

species yet made, but it seems valuable for that. Excellent Wine has been

made from the fruit gathered from Wild vines». '

CHAMPINI GROUP. x1110.
Wild Varieties Named.

a

Barnes, V. Oliampini, Bell 00., Tex ....... .. , 4-30 med. sm. med. b.
De Grasset, V. Champini, Llano 00., Tex. , 4—29 ea. “ “ b.
Dog Ridge, V. C/iampilzi, Bell 00., Tex... , 4-25 med. “ “- b. .
Joly, V. Chanzpini, Lampasas 0o., Tex“... , 4--28 ea. “ “ b.
Ramsey, V. Champini, San Saba 00.,

TeX ..................................... .. -1——26 “ “ “ b.
Vermorel, V. Champim‘, Williamson 00.,

Tex .................................. .. , 4—~25 “ “ “ b.
Viala, V. Ohampini, Ooryell 00., Tex .... n! , el——27 “ “ “ b.

‘The Uhampi/rii is a noble graft-stock for dry, very limy and “adobe”
soils, While it does equally Well in sandy soils. All varieties of it named
above root readily from cuttings, and endure the climate of Massachu-
setts as Well as Texas. The species promises much in hybrid combina-
tions. ' ~

BARNES FAMILY, Especially Good for Limy Soils.
l

>31

a

 

* Champanel, Barnes >< Worden .........  
* Lukfata, Barnes >< Moore Early .......  , l 

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 269

   
   
  
  
   
  
  
   

 

DE GRASSELT FAMIL Y.

Belton, De Grasset >< Brilliant ......... .. ‘ i 4—-25 me. i m. I m. I b
0 Champovo, De Grasset >< Brilliant"... , 4-28 m. m. lg. b
‘MI Oktaha, De Grasset >< Delaware ....... .. ‘ 15% toi me. m m. b
1*_0 Salado, De Grasset >< Brilliant ......... .. , 5—-1 m. lg m. b
{o Valverde, De Grasset >< Brilliant ..... "1 ‘ 5--1 ' m. lg lg. b

 LABRUSCA GROUP. XIV.

Wild Varieties Collected.

     

,0 Buncombe, V. Zobrusca, from N. Cor ...... .. , g? m. sm. lg. b.
;o p, “ “ ........... .. , f’? m. sm. v.lg. wn.
 Red Giant, “ “ Pa. 1897 .... .. , 5-1; . m.‘ sm. largest. rd.
'10 Spinosa, “ “ N. C ......... .. ,V§4§IIO%‘III.IIT.SIIL‘ lg. bk.

 

_ Of these only the Red Giant is Worthy of special notice, on account of
" its great size, healthy vine and abundant bearing; although not yet used
as a mother it would. appear to. be a foundation for a family of very large-
berried varieties, especially for the Northeastern States. But far better
than any-of these for northern regions are a number of pure Labrusca

Early, McPike, Perkins, Worden. p
' I CONCORD FAMILY.

1885
1885

s b.
b.

ritavite, pure Concord Seedling .... ..
Conelva, Concord >< Elvira ........... ..

V.€‘3..
III.

T15
i
F1 II

m.
‘ m.

III.
III.

             

_. . And a number of others; none of value.‘ Including the seedlings and
fhybrids of Concord produced by others, this ‘is by far the largest family
Qof American grapes. I

MOOREHS‘ EARL Y FAMIL Y.

lo Denison, pure Moore Ea. Seedling 1885
r0 Gov. Ireland, “ “ “ “ 1885 ‘
 0 Grayson “ “ “ “ 1885 ‘

 

_ \ These Were better in quality than the parent, but less vigorous and less
;=;pI‘OllfiC. ‘Too much “in and in” bred.
f A number of others were still less meritorious.

    

LABRUSCA HYBRIDS FURTHER IIYBRIDIZED BY T. V. MUNSON.

DELA 8W A RE FA ZIIIL Y.

(Delaware is supposed to be a Labrusca >< BourqwP/tiana hybrid.)

 

* * Delago, Delaware >< Goethe ............. ..
.1 .* Olita, Delaware >< Irving .............. ..

1885
1885

lt.
m.e.

red .
wht.

III.
III.

ls,
m.

5
Tg§
EDI?

9
6

             

 

varieties in cultivation, namely: Concord, Draeut, Eaton, Ives, Moore

O

270 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Many other Delaware crosses were made, but they Were generally very
feeble. Delago has been used as a mother in the prodhiction of a large
number of hybrid» crosses with splendid results, especially in giving very
beautiful red varieties, but also gave some very fine black and white vari-
eties. ‘The best of these are named below.

Every one of them is extra good in quality, some of the very finest
quality. Remembering the parentage of Delago (DelawarexGoethe),
and that Brilliant and other excellent varieties were used as male parents,
we should expect fine qualities, and we have them.

DELA G0 FAMIL Y.

Amethyst, Delago >< Brilliant. First

fruit .............................................. ..1899 ‘ 5-% med m. lg. red
Blackwood, Delago >< Gov. Ireland....... 1897 ‘ Z51; ea. lg. lg. b
Delmerlie, “ >< Gov. Ireland .... .. 1898 ‘ fig m. lg. lg. b
Hidalgo, “ >< Gov. Ross ........ .. 1899 ‘ §—%§ m. lg. lg. yel
Kiamichi, “ >< Brilliant .......... ..1899 , T536 m. In. lg. purp.
Kosoma, “ >< Beacon ............ ..1899 , Twin m. lg. lg. purp.
Meanko, “ >< Brilliant .......... .. 1899 ‘ ?%§ m. m. lg re .
Melasko, “ >< Gov Ireland .... ..1899 ‘ g5;- m. lg. lg b
Modena, “ >< Gov. Ireland .... .. 1899 ‘ ve§ m. lg. lg b.

' Ninekah, “ >< Brilliant .......... ..1899 ‘ s??? m. m. lg ~ rd.
Onyx, “ >< Golden Gem ..... .. 1899 ‘ 7%; ea. m. m dk. rd
Pontotoc, “ >< Brilliant .......... ..1899 , §*%f ea. lg. lg. rd
Tamala, “ >< Gov. Ross ....... .. 1899 ‘ fig m. m. lg. yel
Tishomingo, “ . >< Gov. Ireland .... ..1899 ‘ £14 m. m. lg.
Tonkawa, “ >< Brilliant. ......... ..1899 ‘ fir m. lg. lg. rd
Tuskahoma, “ >< Brilliant .......... ..1899 ‘ '§'%'3' ea. lg. lg. rd
Washita, “ >< Gov. Ireland .... ..1899 ‘ 6—% ea. m. lg. b
Waneta, “ >< Brilliant ........... ..1899 ‘ 154%; lt m. lg rd

* Yomago, “ >< Brilliant .......... ..1897 ‘ yfig ea m. m rd

EL VIR A FA MIL Y.

o Beagle, Elvira >< Ives Seedling.) 1885 , £15 ea. m. m. b.
* Bell, “ >< Delaware........ 1885 ‘ as; ea. m. m. w.
o Early Market, “ >< Bacchus ....... .. 1885 ‘ 151; ea. m. m. b.
o Elvin, “ >< Irving ........... .. 1885 ‘ gm m. m. lg. W.
* Elvicand, “ X Mustang Grape 1886 ‘ Kim m. sm. m. rd.
o Old Gold, “ >< Brighton ....... .. 1885 , f1; m. lg. lg. vel.
o One Seed, “ >< Humh0ldt....... 1886 , sen; lt. sm. lg. w.
* Presly, “ >< Champion ..... .. 1886 ‘ if‘? v.ea. med m. rd.
** Rommel, “ >< Triumph .......  1885 ‘ $511; m. med lg. wh.

Numerous other Elvira crosses produced, but unworthy of mention here.
(See Rommel and One Seed Families farther on.)

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. ‘271

EUMELAN FAMIL Y.

 

6

0 EumedeLEumelan X Delaware .... ..
0 Eumorly, “ X Moore Early.

1887
1887

  

             

    
     
  
 
  
 

It has been supposed, and so published by some Writers on the grape,
that Eumelan is a variety of Aestivalis, and several experimenters on this
supposition used it largely as a base for hybridization, D. S. Marvin more
largely than any other. But a critical study of it by the Writer reveal-s
only Labrusca and Vinifera, in combination. iMarvin’s Laura, which ap-
pears t0 be a cross of Delaware 0n Eumelan, is probably the best he pro-
duced. (See below.) a

LA URA FAMIL Y.

* Marvina, Laura >< Brilliant .........  1897 i ‘ i 15-, i ea.  lg. im. i w.

JIINDLE Y FAJIIIL Y.

   

 

 ' A ' / .
J; ** Brilliant, Lindley X Delawarem...’ 1883 i ‘ fr; I ea llg. ilg. rd.
' 0 Gold Dust, “ X Martha ....... .. 1883 , §_5T1 ea. m. m. yel.
o Golden Grain,“ >< Delaware .... .. 1883 ‘ gfl- ea. m. m. yell
0 Lindel, “ X Delaware .... .. 1883 , {If ea. m. lg. red.
o. Lindherbe, “ X Herbemont... 1883 ‘ T3521; lt. In. m s red
0 Lindmar, “ X Martha......... 1883 ‘ GJTT ea. m. m yel
o Opal, “ X Martha ....... .. 1883 ‘ 15%; lg. lg ‘yel
ONESEED FAZIIILY.
Oneovem, One Seed X Rommel... 1897 , ‘fig lt. m. lg. i w.
Silkyfine, “ “ X ‘F  1898 ‘ 15w lt. m lg. i W.
 Tryone, “ “ >< “  1x97 ‘ ma, vlt. lg. lg. w.
 A Wetumka,‘ “ “ X “ III1896[ ‘ 5%,; lt. lg. lg. yel.
ti’ See One-Seed under Elvira Family.
i
ROMMEL FAZIIILY.
’ i
Linley, Rommel X Delaware ..... .. 1897 §ro ea m i m. yel.
Rombrill, Rommel X Brilliant.... 1897 ‘ 657 m. lg. I lg. “
Wapanuka, Rommel X Brilliant. 1896 ‘ 45W ea. lg. rl lg. “

2 7 2 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS .

ROTUNDIFOLIA GROUP. XV.

IThis exceedingly healthy, large-berry species is well represented in the
Thomas (see Plate X1111). ‘Several other good varieties have been found
Wild and taken into cultivation. Scuppernong is the oldest cultivated
variety, being found in 1585, by colonists under Sir Walter Raleigh, on
an island in the Scuppernong river, N. Q, and is the only White or yel-
low variety yet found wild, and in quality is the best ever found Wild.

It long has been the ambition of the Writer to make hybrids of the
Scuppernong With the finer, large cluster, tightly clinging true grapes,
and thus secure the valuable properties of both in one combination. To
combine the perfectly disease and heat and drouth resisting character of
the Scuppernong, and its ri-ch fruity flavor with the great cluster, per-
sistent berry and other distinct flavors, and possibly the capability of
growing readily from cuttings of the true grapes, Would truly make an

p epoch in grape development worth a place in history.

Success in this direction has partly crowned the efforts of the Writer, as
the following varieties testify. A

From among several hundred seedlings and hybrids of Scuppeirnong the.

following have been selected as the best, and are quite an improvement
upon the parent.

s0 UPPERNOATG FA MIL Y.

 
 

r0 De S0130, Soup >< JVhonsmziand ............. .. 1896 , f}? v.1t. s m. yb.
*' La Salle, “ >< Linc. >< ‘P hyb ......... .. 1896 , T65 1t. s 1g. ‘b.
* San Jacinto, Soup >< Linc. hybrid ..... .. 1896 , 5~~§~@— v.1t. s 1g. b.

Tlhe clusters, in comparison with Concord, are small, but in comparison
with Scuppernong are very large——two or three times as large, and the
quality better. San Jacinto and ‘La Salle were little injured by 15° below
zero, and bore the following summer, 1899, while Scuppernong was killed
to the ground and De Soto entirely killed. ‘The La Salle and San Jacinto
hold their berries on cluster better than S-cuppernong, yet drop too easily
to allow marketing in the cluster. They are ‘more prolific than S_cup-
pernong, and altogether a great improvement upon it. (See exact‘ life-
size engraving from photo of San Jacinto in back of bulletin.)

SA 1V JA 011V] ’O FAMIL Y.

       

Dixie, San Jacinto >< Brilliant .............. ..\1899 , T§§ 1t. s. t 1g. iamber.
The berries of this variety are very persistent to the cluster. This is
one out of about 100 San J-acinto ‘hybrids which has; fruited. Its vine,

although so young, only two years old, passed the 15° below zero without
damage. The quality is excellent. Several others of this lot came through
unhurt, and they all promise to fruit in 1900.

¢Bert3 Xcfimt o": (If. ?

P1110’ YIV.

  

Plate XV.

America.

l

%H§j ‘>t 21¢

C
h
B

k6“ rize x

Plate X VIIT. Husmanu.

 

Plate XIX. Lukfata.

  
  
 
  
  
 
  
   
   
   
    
    
 
  
  
  
  

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 273

‘These hybrids appearjust as healthy as the pure Scuppernong, and it
would seem that ‘what we have so mulch desired may soon be accomplished.
This is, so far as. known to the writer, the only other variety of the spe-cies
, besides the Scuppernong 0-f a/yellow or amber color.

MUNSON VARIETIES IN THE SKELETON LIST.

Many Will naturally ask, “What have you done toward filling your
 Ideal Skeleton List for the South?” ’

In order to answer this question to our ‘best ability at this time, the vari-
ties which will best fill the color-s and seasons, all things considered, are
rranged in the skeleton outline. A »

M U NSON VA RIETIES TRIED [IV THE SKELE-
TON LIST

- l
Translucent Red. Bright Black. I White, or Yellowish Winlte,
_ as good. or ‘better than as good as Concord, ’ as good, or better than
Brighton. - or better. Niagara.

“ Headlight and Presly.
Pontotoc. Onyx. . Manito. . Marvina.
Tuskahoma. Washitzi, Blackwood. Bell.
Brilliant. Yomaga. Lukfata. Wapanuka.

Amethyst. Tonkawa. Delmerlie. Modena. Rommel. Hidalgo.

Waneta. Beacon, R. W. Munson. Estella, Tamala.
America, Bailey. Captain. Wetumka.
Oar-man, Xlnta, LaReine. Hopeon.
Hopkins, Universal. Albania.
Muench, Wine King. Gold Coin.
ern, and Laussel. Kiowa, Husmann. Onderdonk.

Profusion, La Salle,

Waubeck. Dixie.

San Jacinto,
Winter Wine. ,

tlt is perfectly true to say the grape season in the South is far more
inpletely covered by the new list than by the old, the quality throughout

er, the resistance to disease and climatic hardships in the South much
_ ater, the profits in actual test for several years much larger, especially
Y e1‘ the first of August, and this puts the seal of approval on the Work.
"t it is not finished. ‘There is abundance to occupy the lives of many
'inators before the highest tpye in constitution, size, color, quality in
the seasons is reached. .

Wl/‘IIAT MAY YET BE DONE?

tis quite clear to the ‘writer that, he who may ask this question will
re satisfactorily answer himself by a careful study of the bulletin, than
any other way; and believing that there is material for much study
 its pages, its perusal, at least, is invited, and its preservation, as a
.k of reference for the intelligent experimenter and practical vineyard-
gwill be compensated by its classified records of many facts, costing
of the best efforts of the author to discover.

274: TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

CHAPTER V.

Descriptions of Introduced Varieties which Originated in the
Munson Experimental‘ Grounds.

It is thought best that the bulletin include fuller descriptions of vari-.
eties which have been introduced by the writer, than the foregoing lists
give, to meet a wish of readers which will be certain t0 arise. This is sug-
gested by the Director of the aState Experiment Station, after examin-
ing the manuscript of the bulletin up to this chapter.

The descriptions are made up partly from Prof. R. H. Price’s observa-
tions, at College Station, as published in Bulletin 48, and partly by the
originator from notes made in presence of the vines in his grounds, at
Denison, Texas, during the entire life of these varieties, and are as nearly
correct as it is possible to have, without making them too minute and
tedious.

As for the older varieties, originated by others, which have been de-
scribed over and over in other works, and in many catalogues, growing in
the grounds of the writer, it would be out‘ of keeping with the scope of
this bulletin, and stale to most readers to redescribe, hence they will not be
again taken up. ‘Ripening period is for Denison, Texas, in every case.

It is thought improper to burden the bulletin with full descriptions of
the many new varieties mentio-ned in the different families, most of which
will never be introduced.

For tracing parentage, flower characters, etc, further than given in the
description in this Chapter (V.) refer to the varieties in their proper
families in Chapter IV.

AMERICA (Seedling of Jaeger N0. 70).~—~Gnovvtl1 very strong, vine much
branched, shoots smooth, glaucous; leaves medium size, lively green, smooth,
shallow 3-lobed, margins deeply unevenly toothed; clusters conical, sufliciently
compact, peduncle medium too long; berries very persistent, medium size, glob-
ular, black with little bloom, and scatteringly dotted jet black with white speck
in center of dots; skin thin and tender, but does not crack, pulp melting, juicy
easily freeing the 3 to 4 slender seeds, when fully ripe very rich in sugar, having
measured as high as 120° on Oesch-le’s scale, also iritch in agreeable ‘acid possessed
of a very distinct peculiar flavor, much liked lby some, and not by others, not
foxy, making a good combination market and wine grape, a very good port wine
having been made from it without fortifying; ripens at Denison, Texas, July
20th to August 1st, a little after Concord, and always evenly; very prolific with
long arm pruning and when pollenized by other varieties, as it does not thoroughly
pollenize itself. Beacon is ta good mate. For several years it has sold as well in
market as Concord with equal satisfaction, and much more profit, as it far out-
yields it. Grows very readily from cuttings, and endures the severest drouth with
ease. Has passed through 27° below zero without damage. Not attacked by
mildew or rot, and -has given excellent results in California as a resistant graft-
st-ock for Vinifera varieties.

 

 

I

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 275

ATOKA (America >< Dela-ware) .'--’G‘I'O'Wt\h vigorous, less bnanching than Amer-
ica, shoots smooth; leaves medium, somewhat more deeply 3-lobed than America,
i, teeth less prominent and more rounded; clusters large, slightly conical to nearly
1f,’ cylindrical, often with short shoulder, fairly compact, peduncle medium; berries
 persistent, small to medium, globular, dark purplish red, with little bloom, skin
 thin and sufliciently tough, never cracks, pulp juicy, tender, very sprightly, and
l. agreeable wihen well ripened, easily freeing the 2 to 3 seeds, of medium size,
 rich in {both sugar and acid, quality pur-e and fine, not s-0 agreeable to eat as
~§~_Delaware,-yet sells readily in the market, and gives satisfaction. Resists dis-

. '3

jeases and climatic changes excellently. Grows easily from cuttings.

 BAILEY (Big Berry Post-Oak >< Triumph).-—Growth strong, shoots slightly
“cottony; leaves large, deeply 3 to 5 lobed, d-owny on under side, steeth rounded,
ot very prominent; clusters large to very large, cylindrical, or often branched,
W enerally compact; berries p-ersistent, large, bla-ck, with little bloom, skin thin
‘Yand tough, never cracking, pulp meaty but not tough, juicy, sprightly, of pure
fivery good quality, considerably aibove ‘Concord; seeds 2 to 4 medium, readily
 arting from the pulp. Ripe July 20th to 30th. The foliag-e is attacked to some
i-extent by mildew, but easily preserved by spraying. Fruit little subject to rot.
thas behaved better -at College Station and in Victoria county than at Denison,
nd there is considered a valuable market grape, easily superseding Concord.
eBEAaOON (Big Berry Post-Oak >< Ooncord).—~Grovwth medium in South Texas
i_ strong in North Texas, and very strong in iMi-ssouri; shioots diamk lbrown, a little
"ttony, less thickened than in the Bailey; leaves medium ~.to large, 3-lobed,
early devoid of cotton, rich dark green, teeth rather prominent; very prolific, of
large cylindrical clusters, often shouldered, moderately compact; berries as large
or larger than Concord, black with rather heavy white bloom, hang to cluster
(bout equally well with Concord, but not so well as the Bailey, skin a little
ugher than Concord, never cracks, pulp rather more tender than Concord, very
Illicy, sprightly and of a very similar flavor to Concord, rather more agreeable;
l’ ds 2 to 4 medium size, readily leaving the pulp. Ripe July 15th to 25th. The
"nes have continuously borne very heavily, and endured the climatic hardships
ell in North Texas and in Missouri -and Illinois, passing 27° below zero at Pal-
li- Mo., in the grounds of Dr. J-audon, and bore heavily the following season.
 BIG EXTRA (Big Berry >< Triumph) .—Gr»owth strong, shoots nearly smooth,
{h much branched; leaves (large, d-eeply 3 to 5 lobed, little ioottony, teeth little
rominent; cluster oblong to cylindrical, sometimes shouldered, moderately com-
" ' ; berries persistent, globular, medium to large, dark purple to bllack, with
enate bloom, skin rthin, "tough, never cracks, pulp tender, juicy, sprightly,
1 eeable, sweet, seeds 2 to 4 medium, easily panting from pulp. Ripe July 25th
l» August 101th. Foliage mildews slightly in very rainy, sultry seasons at Den-
gn. Does better, like Bailey, in South Texas.
 BIG HOPE (Big Berry Post-Oak >< Triumph) .——~Gnowth strong, of simil-ar de-
‘nption to Big Extra, but less attacked by mildew, and excessively prolific, re-
"e1 'ring shorter pruning; clusters very large, often forked and rather open; ber-
j persistent, globular, dark red, handsome; skin thin, tough, never crack-s,

 

  
   
 
    
  
 
  
    
  
 
  
  
  
    
  
  
   
   
 
 
 
 
  
   
  
  
 
 
 
 
  

i-i easily. Ripe July 25th to August 10th. Handles and sells well i-n the
“frket after Concord is out.

QBRIIJLIANT (Lindleg >< Delaware) .-~Growth strong, shoots when growing,
; k purple, light brown when mature, interno-des rather long, buds large, showing
Vinifena blood coming from Lindley, buds do not endure col-d very well, 15°
~ zero being ‘about their limit of endurance, and 20° below zero ofiten kills the
 back in Iowa, Illinois, etc. Endures Texas climate well; leaves large, more or
f 3-lobed, distinctly felted underneath with a whitish or rusty tomentum,
iltifully ‘bronze violet on upper surface ~when young; clusters large, cylindri-
Ior" somewhat conical, often shouldered, open to compact; berries large, glob-
 light to dark red, translucent, with a thin bloom, very handsome (when well

3 tender, sprightly, juicy, of good quality, seeds 2 to 3, small, parting from the '

.riety blooming at same season, such ‘as the Beacon, Brilliant and Delaware,

  
  
 
 
   
  
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
  
  
  

276 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ripened, skin thin, rather tender, but seldom cracks, unless 0n some clusters whic
are very compact, pulp meaty, yet very melting and delicious, usually preferred '..
for table and eating fresh, to Delaware, with which it outsells 5 to 1O cents perj
8 pound basket in the markets where it is known, seeds 1 to 3 medium, readil
parting from pulp. Ripens just before the Delaware, and yields on an averag
nearly twice as much. It ships about equally well with (Concord. lts foliag
like Delaware, is attacked by mildew, but less severely. Less subject to mi
dew in South Texas than northward. It is favorably reported at College Statio
and at several places near the gulf coast. Grows readily from cuttings, and e
(lures heat and -drouth fairly ‘well, much better than Concord.

CABIMAN (Post-Oak Grape N0. 1 X Triumph) .—Gro-wth at Denison vigorous,»
at College ‘Station medium, (at H-ornsby, Travis county, vigorous, at Experiment, '
Ga, and Knoxville, JTenn., strong; very prolific; wood a little cottony; foliag
never mildews; leaves medium Ito large, 3 to 5 lobed, little cottony beneath; dark‘
green, margins prominently toothed; clusters large t-o very large, have reache
two pounds in rare instances, shouldered or branched, ‘conical, very compact;
berri-es very persistent, medium, globular, black with thin bloom, skin thin and
tough, never cracking,spulp meaty, firm, yet tender", when fully ripe of pure rich
quality, Inuch superior to Concord, seeds 1 ‘to 3, easily leaving the pulp. At
Denison, vines 13 y-ears old that have lbor-ne ten heavy crops show no signs of
decline, while younger vines at College Station show‘ decline. Soil at Denison,
sandy -on red clay suibsoil, at College Station, dark gravelly on stiff “joint-clay”
or “hard-pan” subsoil. There are hundreds of vines in bearing at Denison and
four at College ‘Station. It has been one of the most profitable market grapes

in the Denison market, ripening one to three weeks after Concord was gone.
CHABTPANEL (Barnes >< Worden) .—Gr1oi\vt-h rampant, young woo-d cottony;
foliage dark green, resistant =to mildew, but attacked late in season Iby Leaf-Folder ;
exceedingly resistant to heat and drouth, growing well in limy black soils; leaves __
medium, little or not at all lobed, margins with small obscure teeth, underneath -
quite cottony with white felt; clusters large conical, with long peduncle, rather
open; berries globular, large black with white Fbloom, persistent, skin thin, tough, -
pulp tender, juicy, very sprightly, acid unless well ripened, then quite agreeable,
seeds 2 to 4, rather large, easily leaving the pulp. ‘Ripe about with the Concord,
which it much resemfioles in cluster and berry. Valuable for bl-ack, limestone ~ __
lands in the South. Ripen-s evenly and not given to cracking or dropping, as  Q,‘
Worden, in the South. - 
DELAGO (Delaware >< Goethe [Rogers N0. 1]).—Grow-th moderate, a little7
stronger than Delamvare, and foliage less inclined to mildew; ‘wood smooth; leaves
a little larger than Delaware, less lobe-d, a little more downy beneath, a duller shade
of green; cluster below mediumfvery much the slhape of Delaware; berries large.
ovate, ‘persistent, dark red with little bloom, skin thin, tough, pulp similar to
Delaware but not so tenacious, and freeing the seeds easier, very juicy, rich,
with a Muscat flavor, seeds 1 to 3, above medium. A splendid shipping, market v
and table grape. The flower ‘has reflexed stamens, and some perfect flowered va-‘ 

growing near, is necessary to have it bear well. Rather difficult to grow from
cuttings. ~ ,_

DELICIOUS (Big Berry Post-Oak >< H erbemiont) .-—G=roiwth moderate, strong at '_
College ‘Station, but healthy and enduring. Grows with difficulty from cuttings, e l
wood a little cottony; leaves deeply 3 to 5 lobed, dark, rich green, nearly free from
down, medium size; clusters medium,.conical, rather open, with long peduncle;
berry medium, "globular, (black with little bloom, persistent, skin tough, pulp
tender, very juicy, sweet and sprightly; seeds rather large; a fair market grape,
and very promising (for wine.

ELVLOAND (Accidental hybrid‘ of ElmWa >< MastangL-Alrr-oxvth very strong,
much branched, young wood and ‘foliage white with cotton wool; leaves medium
to large, shallow 3 lobed and very cottony on lower surface, less 0n upper; cluster

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 277

 

small, moderately open; berries medium globular, dark purplish, translucent
red, persistent, when fully ripe, sweet, sprightly, with a little of the Mustang
flavor, pulp tender and juicy, seeds large; makes a very mild pleasant wine of ex-
cellent keeping qualities. A shy bearer 0n short pruning, flout bears heavily on
very long arm pruning. Will s-ucceed finely in “black Waxy” lands Where few
 other varieties succeed, and recommended for such only, although it grows well
' _ anywhere, and is very hardy. Leaf-Folders attack it.

i FERN MUNSON (Post-Oak N0. 1 >< Cato/tuba) .—Growt‘l1 very strong, shoots a
little downy; leaves large to very large, shallow 3-lob-ed, nearly devoid of cotton on
under side, -attacked by mildew in very wet, sultry seasons, but rarely suflicient
to damage crop; flowers very late, and although it has erect stamens, does not
alone pollenize itself t-hoiroughly, so that the clusters are open, but ‘WlTGII grown
near Laussel, Marguerite or Herbemont, it sets a good heavy crop when pruned
long, of medium to large clusters with long peduncles; (berries globular, medium
to large, very persistent, very dark purplish red to nearly black, skin thin, tough,
pulp firm but not tough, very juicy, sprightly’, with a very agreeable Catawba
flavor when fully ripe, seeds 1 to 3 medium, leaving the pulp readily. Ripens
very late, in August or early September, and ihIELD gs on until fnosit i-f desired, becom-
ging excellent in quality and giving full satisfaction in market. About 100 vines
 now l2 years old have never failed since two years of age to produce good crops
a that have been very profitable, as the grape-s coime rwhein all old varieties are
gone, and before shipments from the North set in. Black rot has never attacked
5 the variety at. Denison. At Palmyra, “Mo, it has endured 27° below zero, and
borne well, and is considere-d by Dr. J-audon, of that place, a critical judge of
rapes, as one of the most valuable varieties. It endures the climate at Denison
r excellently.

A GOLID ClOIN (N Orton >< M artha) .—Growth medium, riather slender; young
f ish-oot-s and under sides of leaves thinly covered with a rusty cotton; leaves large,
ery shallow 3-lobed, dark dull green, not (attacked by mildew, but to some extent
y ‘Leaf-F-oildier late in ‘seas-on ; clusters medium. or above, ovaate shouldered,
roper degree of compactness, always sets a good crop of well filled clusters,
eduncle medium to long; berries large, globular, yellowish when fully ripe,
ersistent, skin thin, tough, never cracks, and rarely "attacked a little by rot;
ulp about same consistency as in Concord, very juicy and exceedingly sweet,
acks somewhat in sprightliness, retains a little of the Martha flavor, liked by
ost persons, seeds 2 to 4 medium, leaving the pulp with some difliculty; very
andsome in the basket and markets excellently, has always been very profitable;
ipens with Catawba, endures all extremes of climate well; favorable reports of
t from all parts of the South, and as far north as 40° latitude.

HOPKINS ($10 Prise Post-Oak >< Z\~’01't0n).—(}1'-o\vth very strong, young wood
,1. ‘little downy, dark reddish brown, roots with difficulty from cuttings; leaves
arge to very large, shallow 3-lobed, dark bright green, not attacked by mildew or
f-F-older, endures climatic hardships Well. At College Station does not do
ell, not suited to that soil. Clusters large, conical, branched, compact; berries
lobular, black, with little bloom, medium size, skin and pulp similar to Norton,
uality nearly as good, about a dozen vines for ten years have yielded fully twice
 much as same number of Norton under same conditions. A valuable red wine
 ape. »Ri=pens a little later than Norton.

‘if HERMANN JAEGER (Post-Oak N0, 1 >< Hcrbemont).—Groxvth very strong,
‘f Nd .a little downy; grows from cuttings fiairly well, endures the Texas climate
 ll and succeeds well at College Station; leaves large, deeply 3 to 5 lobed, little
,1 tony on undersurface; bunches large t-o very large, shouldered, conical, very

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
 
   
  
 
   
  
  
   
   
   
   
 
   
   
  
  
  
  
   
 
 
 
  

j~.-.| , quality better than Concord; a prlofituable market and wine grape; prolific;
ns about a week after Concord; not attacked to any extent b-y mil-dew, rot or
Folder. -"

“pact, peduncle sho-r-t; berries smiall to medium, black, persistent, skin thin, .
' gh, does no-t crack, pulp tender, very juicy, easily freeing the 1 to 3 medium ,

 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERLWIPIBTI‘ STATIONS-

HUSMANN (Armlong >< Perry [See $10 Prize and Post-Oak 2 Families for par-
entage of th€8€]).'—-GI"OWth vigorous, young Wood and under surface of leaves a
little cottony; endures Texas climate well, foliage attacked ‘by mildew in very
damp, sultry seasons, otherwise healthy; leaves very large, deeply 3 to 5 lobed;
clusters very large, long cylindrical, sometimes shouldered, on medium peduncles,
compact; berries medium size, gldbular, black, persistent, skin thin, delicate, yet
tough, pulp melting, very juicy, sprightly, of high, pure flavor, more satisfactory
by far as a market and KtEUbIQ grape than Herbemonlt, and excellent for red Wine;
seeds 2 to 3, small. Very prolific, even on rather short arms. Ripens with
Herbemont, and belongs in the same range of country. Rather slow to grow from
cuttings.

KENENA (America X Post-Oak Grape Hybrrld).——G.rowth very strong, much
branched, wood smooth; leaves small to medium, deeply 5 to 7 lobed, handsome;
cluster medium to lamge, cylindrical, with long peduncles; berries small to me-
dium, dark purple, nearly black, globular, persistent, skin thin, tough, pulp

tender, juicy, sprightly, agreeable quality, seeds small. Ripe just ‘before Herbe-

mont. Very healthy, a fair market and good wine grape. Endures heat and cold
excellently. ‘ _

KIOWTA (Jaeger’s N0. 43 X Iferbemont). Growth very strong and healthy,
shoots smooth; leaves large, leathery, shallow 3-lobed, of a rich dark bluish green;
cluster large, cylindrical, shouldered and sometimes branched, peduncle of medium
length; berries small to medium, a good size larger than Herbemont, globular,
persistent, black, skin thin, never cracks, pullp very juicy and sprightly, quality
nearly equalling Iler-beniont, juice red, seeds 2 to 3, small, rarely touched by rot,
a good market and excellent wine grape. Ripens after Herbemont a week. Re-
quires wide planting and long pruning. Cuttings grow about as easily as Her-
bemont. l t

LA SALLE (Scuppernong >< Post-Oak, Hybrid) .——G'I‘O‘Wt‘h equally as strong as
Scuppernong, and like it will not grow from cuttings; perfectly resistant to all
maladies, endures cold considerably rbettei" than Scuppernong, going through 15°
below zero and bearing well, While same wveather killed Scuppernong to the ground
and ‘the James outright; leaves larger than Scuppernong, yet much more re-
sembling the lvlusioadine species than the Post-Oak grape; vine and foliage
throughout smooth; flowers and ripens very late; cluster two to three times as
large as iScuppernong, yet small in comparison with Concord or Ives, ovate, short
peduncle; berries large to very large, black with white specks, drop when ripe,
pulp and quality similar or better than xScuppernong, very juicy and high fia-
vored, seeds 2 to 3, smaller than Scuppernong, ripe a week earlier, very prolific
on long pruning.

LAUSSEL (Post-Oak No. 2 >< Gold 00in) .-—G-r<o-\v~th strong, shoots thick,
smooth; difliculit Ito grow from cuttings; leaves very large, shallow 3-lobed, un-
evenly toothed, leathery, dark rich green, not attacked by mildew or Leaf-Folder ;
vine endures drouth and cold excellently; clusters (ovate, very compact, medium
size, short peduncle; berries medium or above, puripli-sh, nearly black, globular, per-

' sistent; skin thin, tough, pulp firm, juicy; sprightly, sweet and well flavored,

seeds 2 to 4, rather large; ripens veny late, just after the Fern ‘Munson, about
September 1st to 15th, and ihiangs on into October if desired. About 75 vines have
always been fruitful and quite profitable, the fruit selling well in the market.
Makes a fine White or amber wine, the juice having little coloring matter.
LUKFATA (Ba/mes >< Moore Early).——Gr-owth strong, shoots cottony; grows
readily fnom cuttings, very healthy, endures h-eat, drouth and cold remarkably well,
vine succeeds Well in black limy soils; leaves medium size, slight tendency to be

'3-lo1bed, dark green, cottony beneath, not injured by mildew, Leaf-Folder lattacks

occasionally; cluster medium, ovate, sometimes shouldered, compact; berries

globular, large, persistent, do not crack, pulp about same as Moore Early, more r

juicy and very sweet and agreeable, seeds *2 to 3, rather large; ripens early and
evenly, sells in market as well as Concord, and ships for better; little attacked by

 

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 279

rot. A good market and fair table grape. Flowers have refiexed stamens, hence
, it must gr-ow near some variety with erect stamens flowering at same time, such
 _ as Ives, then it bears well.

MANITO (America X Brilliamt).-—Growith v-ery similar to America, foliage a.
little larger an-d a little more lobed, very healthy, grows freely from cuttings, en-
dures extremes of climate very well, not oottony on wood or foliage; clusters long,
l. cylindrical, rather open, with long peduncle; flowers perfect, bears well alone,
» - very prolific; berries medium, globular, persistent, dark purple with white specks,
_ very distinct and unique in appearance, skin thin, tough, pulp very tender, juicy,
if sweet and agreeable, rparting from the seeds with ease, seeds 2 to 4, slender.
- iRipens very early, about with Moore Early, packs beautifully and ships excel-
lentl-y; a very profit-able market and table grape, also a good wine grape.

MAJRGUERITE (Post-Oak Grape N0. 2 X Herbemont).-——Gr~owth very strong,
annual wood ‘beset with spiny pwbescence, but not downy, foliage bright green,
leathery, and not attacked by mildew, endures Texas climate perfectly; cuttings
root with some difliculty; leaves medium to large, 3 to =5 lobed; clusters medium,
__ cylindrical, shouldered, with short peduncle, compact; [berries a good size larger
‘q-than Her-bemont, globular, dark purple, persistent, skin thin and tough, never
'cracks, ip-ulp tender, juicy, sprightly, about equal to Herbemont, seeds 2 to 3,
 medium; ripens some three we-eks later than Herbemont, and.hangs on through
 October, and sells well in the market. It makes a fine white wine. A shy bearer on
 ghort pruning, lbut on long arms bears heavily. lSucceeds everywhere in tho
= outh.

‘l IMARVINA (Laura, [Marvin/s] >< BriZliamt).—-G.rowth medium, sahoots a little
cottony; grows readily from cuttings, foliage "healthy, rarely touched by mildew;
leaves medium to large, shallow 3-lobed, little downy on under surface; clusters
above medium, cylindrical, often shouldered, compact, peduncle short; berries
medium to large, gldbular, persistent, clear yellowish white, skin ‘thin, delicate,
does not crack, pulp meaty, tender, delicious, easily freeing the 1 to 3 small seeds.
Ripe with the Green ‘Mountain, than which it is better in quality and l-ess subject
to rot, ‘better adapted to the ‘Tex-as climate, and promises to succeed wherever
Niagara does well.

. MRS. MUNSON (N eosho >< H erbemont) .-—Growth vigorous, shoots and foliage
 smooth, little attacked by mildew in wet sultry seasons, much less than Delaware;
leaves medium, shallow 3-lobed, bright clear green; clusters medium to large,
cylindrical ‘to subconical, shouldered, compact, with medium peduncles; berries
medium to small, grayish purple, globular, persistent, skin thin and delicate,
i}. yet tough, pulp tender, very sweet and agreeable, seeds 2 to 3, small. Ripe with
"Herbemont, much less subject to‘ rot, sells well in market, and an excellent ship-
gper, andva fine wvhite wine grape, well adapted to the iSouthern climate. Grows
1; poorly from cuttings, about same as ‘Herbemont.

_ MUENCIH, same parentage as M rs. Muns0n.—Vine similar Ibut stronger grower,
 clusters and berries larger considerably, about equally good in quality but more
Qsprightly, berries good medium size, clusters large to very large, sell readily in
, market. Rilpens a little later than Mrs. Munson. Well adapted to the South.
{Rather easier t'o grow from cuttings than sHenbem-ont.

A NEVA MUNSON, same parentage as M rs. M unso-n.—Growth very strong, foliage
l,“ milar but a little more lobed and of much darker green, never mildews, clusters
a little larger than Mrs. Munson, more compact, but berries never crack, same
isize and color of berries, quality equally fine and more sprightly. Ripens about
‘ W0 weeks later, about with Laussel; a fair late market grape and an excellent

’ ine grape. A ‘wine made of it in California and tested [by the wine expert of the
_ periment lSst-ation at Berkeley, Cal, placed it among good French wines. Re-
 uires long arm pruning to bear heavily. In short, all the Lincecumii X Herbe

,. ont hybrids require long pruning.

 ‘OKTAHA (De Grasset [V. Ghampmi] >< Delaware) .-—G\I'UWth medium, healthy,

5—Bt1ll. 55.

 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  

25C TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXlRERlMlfiNl‘ S'l‘A'l‘IOl\'S.

well adapted t0 the climate; grows Well from cuttings; leaves small, shallow 3-
lobed, fresh bright green, not downy; clusters small to medium, cylindrical, shoul-
dered, much same shape of Delaware, [peduncle short; moderately compact; berries
globular, medium or below, persistent, ‘black, with little ‘bloom, skin thin, tough,
pulp very juicy, sprightly, very good, seeds 2 to 3, medium. Ripens about With
lves, sell as well or better in market, and much better for eating and a far better
Wine grape; prolific, Well adapted to bl-ack limy lands.

OLITA (Delaware >< ITD’l.»7’Lg).—-‘G110‘VViJh moderate, shoots smooth; foliage at-
tacked by mildew not so much as the Delaware; grows fairly well from cuttings,
Wood pale brown, rand flattened; leaves medium, shallow 3-lobed, p-ale green, some-
What downy on under surface, clusters small to medium, ovalte, shouldered, short.
peduncle, open; berries medium, globular, persistent, pearly translucent White,
skin thin, delicate, tough, pulp melting, of highest quality When well ripened,

 

seeds l to 3, medium. Strictly an amateur grape, exquisite for desert. Ripe a .

little later than Delaware, about equally prolific, ‘but of light yield in weight.

PRES-LY (Elvira >< Champion) .—GroWth medium, young shoots reddish, a little
cottony; grows readily from cuttings; leaves large, usually deeply 3-lobed, smooth
dark dull green on upper, and rusty felted on lower surface, resists mildew well;
bunches ovate, shouldered, compact, with short peduncle; ‘berries small to medium,
a shade larger than Delaware, slightly ovate, moderately persistent. At first light
red, becoming dark when fully ripe, handsome as Delaware When packed in bas-
ket; skin thin, tough, do not crack, pulp tender, moderately juicy, fair quality,
much better than Champion, seeds 2 to 3, small to medium. Ripe rwith or before
Champion, and a profitable first early market grape. Endures the climate better
than Ives, but belongs farther north to be fully at home.

ROMMEL (Elvira >< Triumph) .—1ror\vth medium, shoots smooth, short jointed,
tapering rapidly, requires short pruning, prolific, endures the climate better than
Concord; ‘leaves medium, srhallow 3-lobe-d, smooth above, a lit-tle felted below.
teeth prominent, irregular, attacked by mildew in Wet sultry seasons, but less
than Delaware, always hold on until crop matures; clusters medium to small,
ovate or cylindrical, often shouldered, compact, peduncle short; ‘berries large,
globular, persistent, greenish yellow when fully ripe, ski-n very thin and delicate,
but Ififlfély cracks on vine, too tender for long shipmen-t, caries well 50 to 100
miles in 5 pound baskets; pulp melting and perfectly delicious when Well ripened,
but acid when under ripe, or if weather is wet and cloudy at ripening time.
Several hundred vines have always been very profitable in local market. Ripe
just before Concord. Fruit rarely attacked by rot.

R. W. MUNSON (Big Berry Post-Oak >< Triumph).—Groi\vth s-tno-ng, shoots
short, stiff, rather Lipright, smooth, grows readily from cuttings, endures the
climate. well, mildew and rot narely attack it, and then not seriously; leave-s 3 to 5
lobed, smooth, dark, rich, bright green; clusters medium to large, cylindrical, often
shouldered; peduncle medium; berries, when well grown, medium to large, globu-
lar, persistent, black, without bloom, skin never cracks, pulp tender, juicy, and of
very good quality, better than Concord, or Beacon, seeds ‘medium, few. Ripe just
before Concord, gives good satisfaction in market. Bears heavily on long pruning,
and when pollinated ‘by other erect stamened varieties flowering at same time,
its own pollen not fully adequate, although its flowers are perfect. Concord a
good pollinratior for it. (Ships well.

SAN JACINTO (Scilppernoiig X Linceaini-i Hybrid) .—Growth and general ap-
pearance very similar to La Salle, its sister, the description of which will also
cover this, except thiat the cluster of this is a little the larger (see back of Bul-
lctin) and the fruit ripens about tW-o “reeks later; quality even betster—the best
of any of this class of grapes known to the writer. Endured 15° below zero and
bore a fair c1 op same season-—l899.

WAPANUKA (Rommel >< B7"lll'ltl7lt).—-—~Gl'rO=\Villll medium to strong, equal with
Co-ncor-d; resembles Brilliant in vine more than Rommel; wv-ood smoo-th and darker
brown, grows readily from cuttings; leaves quite healthy, less attacked by mildew

l, INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMIEAIT OF AMERICAN GRAPES. 281

f‘ than brilliant; cluster medium to large, cylindrical, shouldered, properly compact,
‘ I peduncle short to medium; berries large, five-eighths to strven-eighths inch in diam-
_. eter, globular, persistent, rich, yellowish white, translucent, skin very thin and
 delicate, yet seldom cracks, and handles better than the Rommel, seeds few and
i" small t0 medium. Ripe about with Delaware. Far superior to Niagara and Green
. Mountain. For nearby market and the table there is no other variety superior,
a if equal to it. Very prolific, requires rather short pruning.

WETUMKA (Oncseed >< Gold G0in).~(}roxvtl1 medium, healthy, shoots slightly

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
 
  
   
   
   
  
  
  
   
  
  

 leaves large, shallow 3-lobed, smooth, or little cottony beneath; ‘bunches medium
 to large, ovate, sometimes shouldered, peduncle medium; berries large, globular,
, persistent, yellowish green, skin never cracks, pulp juicy, tender, freeing the 1 to
g2 rather large seeds, quality better than Niagara. ‘Ripe late, after Concord is
' ofl’. Bears Iheavily on short arms. A profitable market and table grape, and will
make an excellent white wine. I

l XLNTA (America >< Beacon).—Groxvth strong, shoots smooth, foliage healthy
.’ nd persistent, little attacked by mildew in wet seasons; grows well from cut-
iytings; leaves medium, shallow 3-lobed; clusters large, cylindrical, shouldered,
with medium peduncle, fairly compact, unless not well pollenized, then loose,
jflowers have retlexed stamens, and vine should be near perfect flowering kinds,
such as Brilliant or Delaware and Gold Coin; berries medium to large, globular,
rsistent, black, with little bloom, skin thin, never cracks, pulp meaty, tender,
. f very agreeable sprightly quality, seeds 2 to 3, small. Ripe with 0r later than
concord, very prolific on medium to long pruning, an excellent market and wine
rape. Endures climatic extremes well.

PYOMAGO (Deluge >< BrilZia1It).——G1=o\vtl1 medium, shoots smooth, foliage en-
‘i- es against mildew better than Delaware, and fruit like Delaware, rarely dam-
,- d by rot, grows pretty well from cuttings—better than Delaware; leaves
edium, shallow 3-lobed, little cottony on under surface; clusters about same
',e and shape and compactness as Delaware; berries good, medium size, about
_ice as heavy as Delaware, globular, translucent red, persistent, skin very thin,
ttough, never cracks, pulp very juicy and melting, much tenderer than Del-
are, Iand of the purest, finest flavor, even excelling Del-awrare, seeds l to 3,
‘dium, about same size as in Delaware. Ripe a few days earlier than Delaware.
f‘ ures the climate well, and will probably succeed wherever Delaware does well.
f t-sells Delaware in market. Ships well.

Y/cottony, growsfairly well from cuttings, and withstands mildew and rot well;'

CONTENTS OF BULLETIN.

PAGE.
INTRODUCTION. 217 to 227

The Chief Material Structure of American Viticulture must be the Native
Gnapes of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 217

The passion for experimentation with grapes airoused . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2118

Special sturdy of grape ‘botany necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Critical study of grape botany taken ‘up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 220

Practical benefit to viticulture the chief raim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

An ideal list or succession of varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 221

Skeleton for ideal succession of varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 222

Most available list of old varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Vineyards planted by the author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Grape nurseries ‘planted xvith cuttings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Seedling graape nurseries planted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

The people must be educated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 224

Resume of the authoris educational Work on grapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2215

Cultural studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

The chief work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
CHAPTER 1. 228 to 235
Wild or native gr-apes of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Natural distribution of the Wild grapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . 228

Discussion of the Table of Cultural Clliaracter-s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Climatic conditions at the lMUnSOn Experiment Grounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Pnactioal use of the Cultural Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 233

Graft-stocks for very hot dry regions ‘and limy soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Selecting species from which t-0 breed direct producers for market, table and
Iwine in the North, ‘also rfor the ‘South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  234
Best species for wine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 234
The specific basis of American viticulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
CHAPTER 11. 236 to 242
Selecting parent varieties of grapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2-36
Thoroughbred varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 236
E. S. Roger-s and Hermann J aeger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Hunting wi-ld grapes suitable for parent vines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

P-artial list of varieties grown in the ‘Munson Experiment Grounds, giving
flower character, dates of flowering, and ‘color of ‘fruit . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 to 241
Explan-rati-on of signs used in list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
The Ideal Variety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 241
Personal qualifications necessary in the originator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
CHAPTER 111. 243 to 257

Creation of New Varieties.

Pure-breeding, crossing, and hybridizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 243
Simple selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 244

(283)

  

284 CONTENTS OF BULLETIN.
PAGE.
Structure of grape flowers. . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Discussion of sex in grapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 '
iMale vines should not be neglecteld . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . .  . . 245 ’
General laws of constitutional development ‘in grapes with reference to kinds ' 6'
of flowers in parents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 246
Desiri-ability of hermaphrodite vines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 247
How to -cross and hybridize the grape when the parent vines flower at the
same time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . .. 247

Speedy method of hybridization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247-8 ’

Hybridizing varieties not flowering together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Collecting and preserving pol-len . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 249

To use preserved pollen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 250

Saving rthe seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 250

Planting the seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 250

Tending and culling the seedlings . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

The testing vineyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 251

Noting and selecting the best varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‘ 251

Age at which young varieties reach full development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Percentage of meritorious varieties. .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Field of development illimitable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 252

Breeding for special character and purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

White, red, and black varieties produced at will . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Breeding for special season . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

Breeding sfor ‘size in =clu1ster and berrry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Breeding for quality . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Superior potency of one parent over the other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2557 ‘
CHAPTER 1v. 258 to 274
Some of the results 0f twenty years’ selection and hybridization‘.
The ‘Munson “School” of Grapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . 259

Rupestris Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2159

Longii Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Vulpina Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 260

Monti-cola Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 261

B-erlandieri Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 261 -

Bourquiniana Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

-Herbemon)t Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Linceeumii Group—rHeardrs of Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 261

Big Berry Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 262

. Big" H-op-e Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 262

Early Punple Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

J-a-eger 43 Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..A . . . . . . . . . . .. 263

‘Jraeger 70 Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2163

Jaeger 72 Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . .. 263

America Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 263

Lucky Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

Neosfho Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

Post-Oak Grape No. 1 Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 264

Post-Oak Grape No. 2 Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t . . . . 264

Post-Oak Grape No. 3 Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . .. 265

‘Ten Drovll-ar Prize Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 265

Armlong Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . 2'65

‘Ben Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 266

Bicolor Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 266

A-estivalis Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 266

Norton Va. Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
     
  
   
   

i
 CONTENTS OF BULLETIN. 285
' PAGE.
 Gold ‘Coin Family . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 _\

 'Winona Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

 Simplsroni Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 267

:M~an-a~tee Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 267

Gandicans Gr-oup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 267

Do-aniiana Gmoup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Clmampini Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . 268

Labrusoa Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 269

Concord Family . -n7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Moore Early Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Delaware Eamily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 269

Delago Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . 270

Elvira Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

i Eumel-an Family’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Laura Family . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ." . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Lindley ‘Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Oneseerd Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

 _ Rommel Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Rotundif-olira Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . z . . . . . . . . .   272

Souppernong Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

wSan Jaeinto Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

un-son varieties tried in -the Skeleton List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = . . . . . . . . . . . 273

"What may yet ‘be d-one . . _. . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V273 r
CHAPTER V. 27 4 to 281
scriptions 0f the leading introduced varieties 0f grapes originated in the
MIIIDSOII Experimental GTOIIIIIdJS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274" to 281

a€»’!§%

[Blank Page in Original Bulletin]