TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPER BULLETIN N0. 73. Tho Composition of Rice By-Products. ‘ POSTOFFICE: COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS. 1904 THE BRYAN EAGLE BRYAN, TEXAS TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OFFI OERS GOVERNING BOARD. (BOARD OF DIRECTORS A. AND M. COLLEGE.) M. SANsoM, President.;:'.1<;7;‘ .. . . ,' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alvarado F. A. REIcHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Houston K. K. LEGGETT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Abi1ene GEO. T. IESTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ , . . ..Corsicana W. I. CLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Austin A. HAIDUSEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , _ _ , ,,LaGrange L. D. AMSLER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Hempstead A. I. BROWN. . . . .‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . , _ _ _ _ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Da11as STATION OFFICERS. DAVID F. HoUsToN, LL. D., President of the College. JOHN A. CRAIG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._.Dean and Director H. H. HARRINGTON, M. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Chemist M. FRANCIS, D. V. M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Veterinarian F. S. JOHNSTON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..Agricu1turist E. I. KYLE, M. S , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Horticu1turist F. R. IVIARSHALI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Anima1 Husbandry E. DWIGHT SANDERSON, B, S . . . . . . . ..Consu1ting Entomologist EDWARD C. GREEN, B. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .AssistantHorticu1turist G. S. F RAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Associate Chemist R. L. BENNETT _ _ _ , _ _ , _ _ , _ , _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ _ ,Cotton Specialist O. M. BALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Botanist I. G. HARRISON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Bookkeeper STATE SUB-STATION S. J. K. ROBERTSON, Superintendent . . . . . . . . ..Beevi1le, Bee County W. S. HOTCHKISS, Superintendent . . . . . . ..Troupe, Smith County N 0TE.—The main station is located on the grounds of the A gricult- ural and Mechanical College, in Brazos County. The Postoflice address is COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS. Reports and bulletins are sent free upon application to the Director. ' THE COMPOSITION OF RICE BY-PRODUCTS. G. S. FRAPS, PH. D. ASSOCIATE CHEMIST. The rice industry in Texas has developed t0 great proportions in the last few years. Since I895 the industry has grown from about 2ooo acres to about 225,000 acres. There has been a corresponding demand on the Experiment Station for information in regard to the composition and value of rice by-products. A press bulletin on this subject was issued last year by Prof. Harrington. The object of the present bulletin is to give more detailed information in regard to rice bran, rice polish, and rice hulls. RICE MILLING. Rough rice is sold in bags of 162 pounds, which yield practically I00 pounds of clean rice. The rice grain is covered by two layers; the inner coat being a closely fitting cuticle or skin, which is hard to remove, and the outer coat is a hard, rough, brittle husk, which is removed with comparative ease. Both these coatings are removed and the rice polished before it is ready for market. Three operations are required: husking, hulling, and polishing. Husking is accom- plished by passing the rice between revolving millstones, which are set far enough apart to crack the hull and allow the rice to fall out without breaking it too much. The husks or hulls are not removed completely, there always being some grains which retain their husks. The by-product from this process is rice hulls. The next process consists in passing the rice through one or more hullers, which removes the cuticle or skin adhering closely to the rice. The products of ‘this machine are rice bran, some flour, and clean rice. The final process consists in polishing the rice, which gives it a luster. The by-product from this process is rice. polish. The polished rice is sorted into diflerent grades, as a rule into four; fancy head, head, screenings, and No. 2. Head is chiefly un- broken rice, and is the best grade, while No. 2, also called brewers’ rice, is the lowest and is used chiefly in brewing. The amount of the different grades obtained depends largely upon the quality of the rice, and the process of milling. If the rice is brittle and easily broken, a larger proportion of the lower grades will result than if the rice is not easily broken. We are informed that about 62 parts fancy head, 23 parts head, 1o parts straights, and 5 parts brewers rice are produced from 10o parts clean rice. In reply to inquiry, five Texas mills informed the TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Aus;/N\\ ‘t: fierou ______§ Mwmoflfpyqv" vuonouv arm/var v I ‘.\ l/N" O \\',{_/\,\_ ,*.\uaznrr —~- Q a - - ./ ‘- . ---- "~ ’ . ' .1 I,_/ BA om/ ‘1 6'0 \\_ JEFfHUGV W. \_ _/ IAAUST/N 4% ‘. 1145915 """""" "1 ‘ Qfilpwfltx/I/FAYET T9 *7 \_ I ,- » . a ~ 85% ! ,' ‘- /C~OL R/wo- ‘~ k z l';.__.__.\\\ [II D ~51; _ 1 ,3. LAVACA y’ , \ i} i’. O\_\ ,_/\_\_w/-/AR7' . fix BRA - -' o‘~~ o A» 1' DE W/7r_/' '\ /' Q9 \ ‘FORT $ "I i I 6M 55m \_\ O \ \ 1' - ' j GONZALES ;' a’ (D Z OR/A \"' o \ 1:,4f-\_ l, _/’ (D Ac/rso/v, k \ .\ 65?)’ V/GTOR/A . .‘ Q" L c, " OOL/AD {q ~~._>. "a XE“ méfifgy MAP snowme '“';;,;';A,R,c,5i“;£ ~§ RISE DISTIZIGT -=--— 47 o [E55 r/m/v 1000 40/255 o 1000 r0 5000 e 5000 -~ /5000 -- Q/5000 -- 25000 -~ i a i u 01/52, 05000 ~ ; . i ' NUECLS .9 l ifill/VERON i i MEX. USIIBUIN CO. ENILDALLA; 15,!- RICE DISTRICT OF TEXAS. Trns Coiwrrosrrron OF R1012 BY-PRODUCTS. 5 writer how much of the different by-products are produced from a sack of rice (162 lbs). The answers are summarized in the following table: PRODUCTS FROM A SACK OF RICE. Average Maximum Minimum pounds pounds pounds Rice hulls . . . . . . . . .. 32.1 34.5 30 Rice bran . . . . . . . . . .. 20.2 25.5 17.5 Rice polish . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 8 5 Clean rice . . . . . . . . . . 10o 104 99 Loss . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . 3.4 5 2 The loss consists of trash, etc. The amount of by-products varies considerably with different lots of rice; the above are considered. average values. The figures given by Dr, Stubbs of the Louisiana Experiment Station are somewhat different from these: 29 lbs. of hulls, straw, trash, etc. 30 “ of bran. 8 “ of polish. 95 “ of clean rice of all grades. 1 62 lbs. total. The rice crop of Texas for 1903 is estimated at two to two and a half million sacks, worth from $5, 500,000 to $7.5oo,00o. The pro- duction of different by-products from this crop would average as fol- lows, figured on a two million sack crop: Tons. Rice hulls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,000 Rice bran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2o,ooo Rice polish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,300 Estimating the rice bran at $9.00 and the polish at $18.00 a ton, the value of these by-products would be $180,000 and $113,000 re- spectively, a total of $293,000 for the state of Texas. The term rice meal is sometimes applied to rice bran. Ground hulls are also sold as rice meal, and also mixtures of rice bran and hulls are sold under this name. CONSTITUENTS OF RICE PRODUCTS. The constituents 0f rice by-products and other feeding-stufis are divided by chemists into six groups: water, ash, protein, fat, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract. Water is found in all feeding-stuffs. The amount varies. WVhiIe necessary to the life "of an animal, water in a feeding stuff is not con- *6 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. i sidered of any value, since it is furnished most largely in a liquid form.“ Ash is the residue left on burning the material. Ash constituents . are necessary to the life 0t animals, since an animal fed on food from which the ash ingredients have been extracted will die. Young : animals require more ash constituents than old ones, since they build up the bones. Feeding-stuffs contain an abundance of ash, however, and ash is little regarded in considering the food value of different materials- Protein is the constituent of a food which builds up flesh, muscle, and tissues in the animal body. Lean meat is composed almost en- tirely of protein and water. Every animal uses up a certain amount of protein every day, and a certain amount must be digestedto supply the loss, or the animal will lose flesh. In a growing animal, or one giving milk or forming some other product, an additional amount of protein is required, part of which is stored up as flesh, or elaborated into the protein of milk, etc. If at any time, the supply of protein is diminished, the result is a decrease in the amount of flesh laid on, or milk produced, etc. Protein is the most costly part of any food. Fats, nitrogen-free extract, and crude fiber are burned in the animal to produce heat to keep it warm, to produce motion of different kinds, or to produce work. Just as the coal or petroleum burned in a loco- motive enables it to move or to pull a train, so the food eaten by a horse or mule enables it to move, or to pull a wagon or plow. The burning in the two cases takes place in different ways, but the final products are the same. Any excess of these nutrients over the needs of the animal is partly stored up as fat or elaborated into the fat or sugar of milk, or in other products. Crude fiber is the woody part of the plant, and is digested to a less extent than fat or nitrogen-free extract. Nitrogen-free extract con- tains sugars, starch, and other ingredients. Fats are more concen- trated than crude fiber or nitrogenlfree extract. A pound of digested fat is equal to 2% pounds digested nitrogen-free extract or crude fiber. COMPOSITION OF RICE HULLS. The samples analyzed were received in response to a request ad- dressed to different Texas mills. Only three samples of rice hulls were received. The analyses are given in table I, together with an analysis of “Star bran” ground hulls) made by Dr. Fraenkel, and such other analyses made in the United States as we have been able to find. Rice hulls contain little protein and fat, and are rich in ash and crude fiber. In no sense can they be considered as a concentrated feeding-stuff, but belong in the same class as wheat straw, rice straw, corn stalks and other roughage, being worth about $3.00 a ton or less. The average composition of rice hulls may be compared with that of corn stover, timothy hay, wheat straw and oat straw in table I. Since it contains less fat, less protein, and less nitrogen-free extract (with the exception of corn stover) than any of these feeding-stuffs, it is not equal in value to any of them. Its composition approaches that of wheat straw. THE CoM1>0sIT1oN OF Rrca BY-PRODUCTS. 7 TABLE I—COMPOSITION OF RICE HULLS. i Nitrogen- Crude1 Free Water Fat Protein Fiber1 extract Ash 1 . No. 4 Seaboard Rice Mills, Galveston - - - - - - - - - - -- 9.10 2.21 1 4.50 34.04 32.46 17.69 N0. 47 Port Arthur Rice Milling C0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8.11 .98 1 3.25 40.351 30.91 16.40 No. 48 Lane City Rice Milling C0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0‘6_ 1.31 1 3.25 43.73, 24.44 19.21 Average, 1903 samples ...................... .. 3.42 1.501 3.67 39.371 29.27 17.77 ___________. OTHER ANALYSES. * l 1 1 128.70. 36.82 Houston RiceMilllng C0.—Star bran t ........... .. 10.05 12.501 3.57 18.33 North Carolina Station, bul1etin 9p b . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8.42 .67 1 2.19 137.951 31.83 18.94 u H “ - ............ .. 9.32 .68 1.61 141.23 39.15 3.01 H H __ Report. 1332 .............. .. 1 $.78 .651 4.5m; 30.27 41.22 115.10 .............. .. . .5 f“! 3. 2 3s."7 38. 10.52 Louisiana Station Bulletin 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 8.27 2.89 138,15. 35.99 13.85 New Jersey Station Bulletin . . . . . . . . . . . - . - .. ‘ .......... 92‘ 2,14 ‘$2.90 ...................... _. H “ H H r; ............... 1.66 3.67 1 ..................... .., ....... .. __ H U H U i ................ .. 1.2g 135.32. ................ ..1 ...... .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 3. 132,90 Rhode Island Station, Bulletin 94 ........................... 431 2,19 1 ________1____ . ____‘____*_____ Average, all analyses ........................ .. 3.62 11.121 3.07 136.171 34.66 115.38 > _ >2, _ __ _, _>*__ __ ___7__ ___, i 1 1 7 >77 >7_¥ Ev-E <75 — _ 1 l __“"_ $0111 stover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40.1 1.1 3.8 19.7 1 31,9 1 3,4 imothy hay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13,2 2,5 5,9 29,0 45,0 4,4 Wheat Straw .... .............................. .. 9.6 1.3 3.4 381 l 43.4 1 4.2 9.2 2.3 4.0 37.0 j 42.4 1 5.1 I Oat Straw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i Analysis by Dr. Fraenkel. * Termed rice meal. FEEDING RICE HULLS. The value of a feeding-stuff depends not so much upon the amount of protein,» fat, and other nutrients which it contains, as on the amount which can be digested from it. ' Feeding rice hulls in large quantity is attended with some danger. The rice hulls are composed of a large number of very sharply pointed fibers, which may produce irritation of the delicate mucous mem- branes of the stomach. Swenson Bros., of Stamford, Texas, at- tempted to use rice hulls to supply part of the roughage for some cattle, and were immediately troubled by vomiting on the part of their animals. This was probably caused by irritation of the stomach walls by the sharp membranes in the rice hulls. >l<>1< Feeding excess- ive quantities of rice hulls is no doubt dangerous, but moderate amounts have been fed without any ill efiects. Two of the rice mills informed us that they do not grind the rice hulls but use them for fuel. COMPOSITION OF RICE POLISH. Five samples of rice polish were analyzed in connection with this work, and the results are presented in table II. In addition analyses ** This case is quoted by Dr. C. A. Browne, Louisiana Planter, June 13, 1903, p. 383. ‘ Louisiana Sitation, Bulletin 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ‘ - - - - ‘ - -- l 8 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.‘ made by Dr. Fraenkel in I902 have been placed in the table, and also such analyses as the writer has been able to find. Rice polish does not contain much ash or crude fiber, and is com- paratively rich in carbohydrates. Its composition does not vary to a. great extent. In chemical composition rice bran is slightly better than corn, or corn meal. and is about equal to oats or Wheat, though containing more fat, It does not contain as much protein, the flesh- forming nutrient, as Wheat bran, but contains more fat and nitrogen- free extract. TABLE II——-COMPOSITION OF RICE POLISH. Crudel Nitro-Freel extract lAsh l i Water Fat lProtein Fiber . ' l El No. 3 Seaboard Rice Milling C0-, Galveston . . . . .. 8.58 l11.38' 12.69 1 27l 60.69 l 5.39 No.43 McFadden-Weiss-Kyle Rice Milling Co---- 10.24 | 5.38 10.75 -71l 70-44 l 2-48 No. 44 Port Arthur Rice Milling C0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.08 5.26 13.81 2.034 65.88 2.88 No. 45 Orange Rice Milling Co_ 1 - -- l 8.75 10.11 14.13 1.47 59.41 6.03 No. 46 Lane» City Rice Milling (.0 - - - . - . . - . . - . - - - - .. l 10.02 5.01 11.75 .86 69.29 l 3.17 Average of 1903 samples . - - - - - - . - - - - . . . - - - - . .. l 9.53 7.43 12.64 1.27 65.14 3.99 l "T601632?E/SfikfiéiénkéifNlh/éinibér;21952.08“ M‘ 2 ‘I I J. J. Thompson C0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11.71 8.02. 11.68 1.98 61.66 4.95 Eagle Lake c6..._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.2, 5.81; 12.37 1.s/l 63.65 3.33 Houston Rice Milling C0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.19 7.05; 13.50 1.73 61.65 3.42 Bayou City Mills A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.01 5.'8_7l 10.62 2.01 63.04 5.45 Bayou City Mills B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.28 5./1l 11.00 2.10l 66.10 2.81 Average of 1902 samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l 12.34 l 6.49l 12 O3 1 94, 63.22 3 98 l OTHER ANALYSES. ; North Carolina Station, Bulletin 90b - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 2.10 11.20 6.59 64.99 3.92 North Carolina Station, Report 1882 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l 11.21 7.69 12.93 2.41 62.96 2.80 9.33 l 3100 1113s 14.45 45:54 11130 Louisiana Station, Bulletin 24 . - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 10.63 7.02 10.94 2.62 63.34 5.45 South Larolina Station, Bulletin 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l 10.76 .10.65 11.88 1.23 60.76 4.72 “ “ “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l 10,51 ' 8,47 10.38 6.63 56.74 7.27 Louisiana Station (Louisiana-Planter).... . . . . . . . . .. 11.83 a 5.92 11.06 3.76 63.97 3.46 _____>__1i_. .if___>_.. i_____ m? ___i_i__ Average all analyses ......................... .. l 10.77 l 6.93 11.86 3.31 62.22 4.36 OTHER FEEDING STUEFS. l l Corn ............................................ .. l 10.9 5.4 l 10.5 2.1 l" 69. 1.5 Oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11.0 5.0 11.8 9.5 59.7 3.0 Cowpeas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14,3 1,4 20,3 4_1 55f 32 Wheat bran.... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 l 4.0 15,4- 9_() 53 5_8 I CLASSES OF COMMERCIAL RICE BRAN. At least three difierent kinds of products are placed on the market as rice bran. ( 1) Pure rice bran, properly so-called, consists most largely of the cuticle which adheres closely to the rice bran. It will also con- THE COMPOSITION OF RICE BY-PRODUCTS. 9 tain some broken rice, and a certain quantity of hulls, since the hulls are never removed completely from the rice during the first process. (2) “Rice bran” is sold which is a mixture of pure rice bran and from 25 to 75 per cent of rice hulls. The writer is informed by a prominent rice man that he does not consider this practice to be de- ceptive, since the market price of mixed rice bran is below that of the genuine article. In other words, if pure rice bran is selling for $10.00 a ton, rice bran at $8.00 will contain a certain amount of hulls, and bran at $7.00 will contain larger quantities of hulls. The practice may not deceive the large buyer or the large consumer who is familiar with conditions, but it would certainly deceive those not acquainted with the practice. The practice of selling a mixed food under the name of an unmixed food is always to be condemned. Rice bran mixed with rice hulls should not be sold as rice bran any more than wheat bran mixed with rice hulls should be sold as wheat bran. If it is necessary to place the mixture on the market, let it be sold under its true name. (3) A mixture of rice bran, rice polish, and rice hulls, in the pro- portions in which they come from the rough rice, is sold by certain mills under the name of “rice bran.” This mixture was formerly sold as “rice feed” by several mills. It would contain on an average 54.7 per cent hulls, 34.5 per cent bran and 10.8 per cent polish. This mixture should also be sold under its true name, where sold. It can- not be regarded as rice bran any more than cor11 and corn cobs ground together can be regarded as corn meal. There is no objection to sell- ing the mixture under its true name, and on its own merits, but there is decided objection to selling it under the name, and on the merits of a superior article (4) Rice hulls have been sold under the name of rice bran. This, however, is rare. It is needless to say that such a sale is a fraud pure and simple. Thus we see that at least three different kinds of goods are passing under the name of rice bran; namely, pure rice bran, rice bran mixed with from 25 to 75 per cent“ of rice hulls, and a mixture of rice bran, rice polish and rice hulls. The composition and value of these pro- ducts will be discussed in later paragraphs. The term rice meal has been applied to pure rice bran, to rice hulls, and to various mixtures of bran and hulls, or bran, hulls, and polish. COMPOSITION OF PURE RICE BRAN. The samples of rice bran analyzed in 1903 were received in re- sponse to letters sent to the mills, and for this reason, taken in con- nection with their chemical composition, they are believed to repre- sent rice bran which is pure from a mechanical standpoint. All the samples contain a certain amount of hulls, but the process of remov- ing the hulls from the rough rice is always imperfect, so that a certain amount of hulls would be found in the bran. Table III contains the results of the analyses of rice bran, and also the analyses made by Dr. Fraenkel, in 1902, under the direction of ll l. l. l. l. l‘ l l 1o TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Prof. Harrington, and in addition such analyses of rice bran made in this country that we have been able to find. ' TABLE III-COMPOSITION OF RICE BRAN. l lCrudel Nitro.-Free Water ' Fat Protein lFiber extract Ash . l l s "1 N0. 2 Seaboard Rice Milling Co., Galveston - - - - -. 1 10.00 l 12.92 12.50 l 10.19l 46.39 l 8,00 No. 36 McFadden-Weiss-Kyle Co., Beaumont - - - - -. l 9.34 E 6.31 10.12 l 20.301 42,52 11,41 No. 39 Urange Rice Milling Co., Orange . . . . . . . . .. l 9.96 l 15.31 14.41 l 15.56l 36.26 8.50 No. 40 Lane City Rice Milling Co., Houston - - - . . .. l 8.35 l 9.50 10.50 , 21,30l 38.34 12.01 No. 49 Houston Rice Milling Co., Houston . . . . . . . .. I 7.75 l 11.93 10.25 i 18.15. 40.61 11.31 No. 41 Port Arthur Rice Milling Co., Port Arthur. .. i 7.72 l 10.70 13.70 l 8.91l 42.32 16,65 _Average,1903 samples - - - - - . - . . . - - - - - - . . - - . - .. l 8.85 lll. 11.92 15.73l 41.08 11.31 l l 1 Analyses by Dr. Fraenkel, November, 1902. l l l go. l2 J. TlfiompsgnakCo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l l 49.78 8 9O . 0- "agle ake o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l , l , , , 5 3386 1 , No.3 Houston Rice Milling c6 .................. .. g 11.66 l 6.63 9.31 10.61 60.07 9.30 No. 4 Bayou City Mills, Sample A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 11.54 10.02 11.56 15.75 42.03 9.10 No. 5 Bayou City Mills, Sample Bl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11.23 l 4.53 7.37 1 25 07 37.02 14.78 Average Nos. 1, a, and 4 ..................... .. 11.63 9.60 10.30 12.54 47.29 8.64 jAnalyses at other Stations. l l N0. 6 U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Report 1880 . . . . . .. 9.30 l 5.23 12.78 . 2 00 62.34 l 8.35 N0, '7 North Carolina Statign, RQpQrt188Z . . . . . . . . 8-78 l 8.20 10.93 17 70 41.93 l 12.40 N0. 8 Louisiana Station, Bulletin 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 9.90 i 10 90 13 50 7 00 49.32 9.26 N0, 9 “ " “ 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 9.56 l 9 50 11 81 9 85 50.46 l 8 82 No. 10 “ " “ .24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l‘ 10.67 l 9.97l 1t 29 10 95 46.02 11.00 N0. 11 South Carolina Station, Bulletin 59 . . . . . . . . .. ‘ 10.43 l 17.74 l 13.31 8 14 44 57 l 8.81 No. 12 " “ " " 5 ' . . . . . . .. 9.33 l 5.89 l 4.06 30 77 33.87 l 16.08 No. l3 California Station, Report 1895-7 . . . . . . . . .. 10.55 l 12.80 l 14 96 4 85 50.20 l 6 64 No. 14 Wisconsin Station, Bulletin 106T . . . . . . . . . . .. 10.35 l 2 23 5 4.57 l 50.66 9.54 l 17.65 No. 15 “ “ “ “ . . . . . . . . . . .. l 8.80 l 11.88 12 44' l 12.00 46.28 l 8 60 No. 16 Louisiana Station (Louisiana Planter) . . . . . . .. l 9.84 l 9.91 9.88 l 14.76 44.26 l 11.35 ; e ‘i- l-—-~— —————~—~ ——- Average, excluding 12 and 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ‘ 9.76 § 10.35 I 12.33 1 9 70 48.38 9.48 - - l ‘ l i l . Average all analyses except 2, 5,12 and 14 . . . . . . .. l 9.77 10 48l 11 85 12.19l 45.76 l 9.95 S‘ OTHER FEEDlNG-STUFFS. l ‘l Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . l 5 4 l 10 5 21 69.6 1.5 l .0 l 5.0 11.8 9.5 59 7 3 0 Cowpeas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . l 14.8 l 1.4 l 208 4.1 55.7 3.2 Wheat bran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11.9 l 4.0 15 4 9.0 l 53 9 5.8 In the I903 samples, the percentage of fatrvaries from 6.31 to 15.31 per cent, crude fiber from 8.91 to 21.30 per cent, and ash from 8.00 to 16.65 per cent. Protein is not subject to such a great varia- tion. Among the 1902 samples two are clearly not pure rice bran. This is shown by the low percentage of fat and protein, and the high percentage of ash and crude fiber in samples 2 and 5, Two samples in the analyses compiled are also not pure. T These samples are not pure rice bran. * Rice hulls. THE COMPOSITION OF RICE BY-PRODUCTS. 11 These samples were omitted from the average, since we are here considering pure rice bran. Considering all the samples, we feel justified in saying that a pure rice bran should contain not less than 1o per cent protein and 6 per cent fat, and not more than 2o per cent of crude fiber. This is a con- servative requirement, and allows the presence of a certain amount of hulls. The writer indeed believes that the process of separating the hulls should be so carried out that not more than 15 per cent crude fiber would be present, The machinery in use is adequate to accom- plish this. In order to obtain an idea as to the amount of rice hulls which might be in a bran under ordinary conditions of milling, the writer secured samples of rice which had been hulled and were ready to have the cuticle removed. The percentage of unhulled rice was estimated and the percentage of hulls which would occur in the bran calculated, with the following results: Per cent un- Per cent hulls hulled rice. in bran. No. 85 . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ , . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 27 “ 86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7.6 r3 “ 87k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .9 i’ 31 “ 89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .8 1.3 “ 9o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..17.7 34 “ 94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 32 The variation in the percentage of unhulled rice is somewhat sur- prising. i Commercial rice bran, which is pure from a mechanical standpoint, may yet contain as much as 34 per cent hulls. COMPARISON WITH OTHER FEEDING-STUFFS. In table III the average composition of pure rice bran is compared with the average for some other concentrated feeding-stuffs. It con- tains more fat than corn, oats, cowpeas or Wheat bran, more protein than corn, about the same as oats, and less than cowpeas or wheat bran; less nitrogen-free extract than any of them. This deficiency in nitrogen-tree extract is, however, largely counterbalanced by the ex- cess in fat. COMPOSITION OF COMMERCIAL BRAN. It is necessary to make a distinction between pure rice bran and commercial rice bran, for the reason already stated; namely, that pure rice bran, rice bran mixed with rice hulls, and a mixture of rice bran, rice hulls and rice polish, are all sold under the name of rice bran. Commercial rice bran may contain as low as 4 per cent of protein, in- stead of IO per cent and over in pure rice bran; 2 per cent of fat, in- T This sample contained 4.6 per cent hulls. lt was stated that a small amount of hulls was left in the rice to facilitate the work of the huller. 12 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. stead of from 6 t0 15 per cent; and as high as 50 per cent crude fiber, instead of less than 20 per cent. Any addition of rice hulls de- creases the feeding value of bran in proportion t0 the amount of hulls added. Consumers are therefore cautioned to be on their guard in regard t0 the mixed articles. Any mixture should be sold under its true name’? The mixture of bran, polish and hulls sold as rice bran deserves special consideration, since those who handle this claim that since they put in their polish, Worth considerably more than bran, they can also put in their hulls. This mixture would contain, on an average, 54.7 per cent hulls, 34.5 per cent bran, and 10.8 per cent polish, Taking the average composition of these substances for 1903 as a basis, the composition of the mixture would be as follows: Fat Protein Crude Nitro.-Free Ash fiber extract 54.7 hulls . . . . .. .8 2.0 21.6 17.0 9.7 34.5 bran . . . . ..3.8 4.1 6.5 14.2 3.9 10.8 “ polish.....o.8 1.4 .1 6.7 .4 Total in 10o lbs. . . . .5.4 7.5 28.2 37.9 14.0 Average for pure bran . . . . . . . .. 11.11 11.92 15.73 41.08 11.31 This mixture contains less than one-half as much fat, and about 63 per cent as much protein as average pure rice bran, and in addition, the protein is less valuable. With bran at $10.00 a ton, polish at $20.00 and the hulls at $3.00, the cost of a ton of the mixture would be: For the bran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , $3.45 For the polish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.16 For the hulls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.64 $57-25 With bran at $10.00 a ton the feeding value of the mixture would be less than $7.00. There is no justification in selling this mixture, 0r any other mixture under the name 0f rice bran. It is by no means equal in feeding value to rice bran, and even if it were the mixture would not be entitled t0 the name 0f rice bran. Every food, and every other article for that matter, should be sold under its true name and on its own merits. A good name for this mixture is “rice feed” * Since the above was written, we have received a sample of "rice bran” which contained only 6.2 per cent protein. it is undoubtedlya mixture of hulls and bran, and perhaps polish; salt was also added to make the mixture more palatable. Sale of such mixtures under the name of rice bran will in- evitably damage the trade. THE COMPOSITION or RICE BY-PRODUCTS, 13 STANDARDS FOR RICE BRAN. The sale of mixtures of rice bran and hulls, rice bran, rice polish and hulls, under the name of rice bran is sure to work damage to the trade in the long run. Such mixtures should be sold under their own names. The following standards are suggested. Rice bran is the cuticle of the grain, and containing only such an amount of hulls as necessarily escape previous processes. It should contain at least IO per cent protein, and not more than 2o per cent crude fiberfi Rice feed is a mixture of rice bran, rice polish and rice hulls in the proportion in which they come from the mills. It should not contain less than 6.6 per cent protein, or over 3o per cent fiber. DIGESTIBILITY OF RICE BY-PRODUCTS. The value of any food to an animal depends upon the nourishment which the animal can extract from it—that is, on its digestibility. Table IV gives the coefficients of digestibility for different rice products. These figures mean the proportion of each nutrient di- gested. That is, out of roo parts protein fed in rice bran 63 parts are digested. - TABLE IV-COEFFICIENTS OF DIGESTIBILITY. 1 i l Total i Nitro.-Free ‘l RICE BRAN l dry matter Protein Fat extract ,Crude fiber Ash l_-_n_n __.- M--. l N‘ l .‘ i Mass. (Hatch) Report 19031 ........ .. i 73.8 61.8 91.1 g 92.3 l .............. W ...... .. North Carolina bulletin 160* . . . . . . . . . .. 64.7 62.9 88.6 l 78.2 i 29.2 , 2.4 LouisianaT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. i 58.0 64.7 54.8 \ 78.1 ' 13.8 l 33.0 Averagg ........... ........... ..l 65.5w 63.1 i 78.2 82.9 i i i ! RICE Foilsu Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82.5 65.6 73.6 92.7 22 1 31 4 I ‘a T 2 steers (average) * 2 sheep (average) Table V shows the average amount of digestible nutrients in the different rice products, compared with other feeding stuffs Rice bran contains 2o per cent more digestible protein than corn meal, and though it contains less nitrogen-free extract, the excess of fat almost makes up for this deficiency, so that rice bran may be con- sidered as somewhat better than corn meal. Compared with wheat bran, rice bran contains nearly as much di- gestible nitrogen-free extract, and much more fat, but only about 6o I While rice bran may contain 2O per cent crude fiber and be pure from a mechanical stand- point, yet we believe that the manufacturing process should be such that not over 15 per cent fiber would be present. A good grade of rice bran should contain 12 per cent protein. 14 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Squamous. per cent as much digestible protein, For this reason it is less val- uable than wheat bran. . Rice polish contains little more digestible protein than rice bran, but much more digestible nitrogen-free extract. It is therefore worth somewhat more than rice bran for feeding, though the difference is not great. TABLE V-AVERAGE DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS. (POUNDS PER 10o) l l l Total l l i) Nitro.-Free dry matter l Fat I Protein’ extract lCrude fiber‘ Ash l l l l l l l"‘*‘ ” Pure rice bran .......... . . . . . . . . . . .. . 59.5 g; I 2.5 l 33.3 l ........ ..; .... ..l Rice polish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13,2 l 1,3 ’ /_8 l 51,9 l _, l Eice hulls! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76 O l a 4 I 6 2 ( 3 0- l 0m mea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j . _ . l 1. . ............... .. Wheat bran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 54.9 2.5 l 12.0 41.0 l 2.0 a l l SUMMARY. (1) Rice hulls have a low feeding value; their composition ap- proximates that of wheat straw, but 1t has less value. (2) Rice polish has a slightly higher feeding value than corn, and is about equal to oats or wheat. (3) Three classes of so-called rice bran are sold in Texas; pure rice bran, consisting of cuticle of the grain mixed with a small amount of hulls incidental to the process of milling; rice bran mixed with rice hulls; rice bran, rice polish, and rice hulls mixed. This confus- ion will eventually damage the trade. (4) Pure rice bran should contain not less than 1o per cent pro- tein and 6 per cent fat, or more than 20 per cent crude fiber. (5) Pure rice bran is slightly superior in composition to corn meal. l (6) Any addition of rice hulls lowers the feeding value of the mixture. (7) Commercial rice bran may contain as low as 4 per cent pro- tein, and as high as 5o per cent crude fiber. (S) The mixture of bran, polish and hulls in the proportions in which they come from the grain will contain about 7.5 per cent pro- tein and 28 per cent crude fiber, and has a little over half the value of pure bran. (9) Mixtures of rice bran with rice hulls, or with hulls and polish, should be sold under their true names, and on their own merits, and not under the name and on the merits of a superior article.