TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

BULLETIN NO. 98.

AUGUST, 1907.

SUMMARY.

TEXAS BULLETIN S NOS. 1 TO 94. INCLUSIVE.

    
 

1557i“ 
  

POSTOFFICEZ

COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS.

AUSTIN:
vou BOECKMANN-JONES 00., PRlNTERS
1907

TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

 

OFFICERS.

 

GOVERNING BoARn.

(BOARD OF DIRECTORS AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE.)

 

K. K. LEGGETT, President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Abilene. 

T. D. RoWELL, Vice-President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Jefferson- z

A. HAIDUSEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..La Grange. 

J. M. GREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Yoakum.. i

WALToN PETEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dallas-

R. T. MILNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Austin.

L. L. MoINNIS . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bryan.

W. B. SEBASTIAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Breckenridge.

STATION OFFICERS.

H. H. HARRINGTON, LL. D., President of the College and Director.
J. W. CARSoN, Assistant to Director and State Feed Inspector.
W. C. WELBORN, Vice-Director and Agriculturist.

M. FRANQIS, Veterinarian.

E. J. KYLE, Horticulturist.

J OHN C. BURNS, Animal Husbandry.

R. L. BENNETT, Cotton Specialist.

O. M. BALL, Botanist.

G. S. FRAPs, Chemist.

A. F. CoNRADI, Entomologist.

C. E. SANBoRN, Co-operative Entomologist.

N. C. HAMNER, Assistant Chemist.

L. MoLENNAN, Deputy Feed Inspector.

A. T. PoTTS, Deputy Feed Inspector.

J. H. RoGERS, Deputy Feed Inspector.

H. E. HANNA, Deputy Feed Inspector.

C. W. CRISLER, Chief Clerk Feed Control.

W. L. BoYETT, Clerk Feed Control.

C. A. POFFENBURGER, Chief Clerk Experiment Station.
W. E. BERRY, Stenographer.

STATE SUBSTATIONS.

W. S. HOTOHKISS, Superintendent . . . . . . . . . . . . .Troupe, Smith county.
S. A. WASOHKA, Superintendent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Beeville, Bee county.

NoTE.——The main station is located on the grounds of the Agricul-
tural and Mechanical College, in Brazos county. The postoflice address
is College Station, Texas. Reports and bulletins are sent free upon
application to the Director.

PREFACE.

The publication of this summary of bulletins is for the purpose of
putting in a form convenient for reference the problems studied and
the results obtained by the Experiment Station of the Agricultural and
Mechanical College of Texas since its establishment in 1888. A glance
at the summary will be sufiicient to show that remarkably rapid progress
has been made in the science of Agriculture during these years.

In the light of subsequent investigations some of the results published
in the earlier bulletins have been either abandoned or greatly modified;
for example, those dealing with costs of fattening animals, while true
at the time, are, owing to the great change in prices» of feed stuffs, no
longer in all respects reliable; but those not depending upon accidental
or changing circumstances are as true now as they were years ago, and
will always be true—they have become incorporated into the body of
permanent facts which go to make up the science of Agriculture as we
know it today.

Though the summarizing may not be so skillfully done as it might
have been if there had been more time to devote to it, yet it is sufficiently
clear and accurate to serve the purposes of those who are really inter-
ested in such investigations. The work is given to the public with the
hope that it may be suggestive and helpful to the thousands of pro-
gressive farmers, stockmen, and truck growers who are now doing so

_ much for the advancement of the material prosperity of the State.

J. W. CARSON,
Acting Director.

[Blank Page in Original Bulletin]

A SUMMARY OF BULLETINS ISSUED TO JUNE, 1907,

BY THE

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF TEXAS,

r-Il-Il-Ib-dr-ul-I
QEAFNFPFQWTIFQEBQPF“

AT

COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS.

CONTENTS.
PAGE
Plan of Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7

Reports on First Experiments . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7

Grasses . . . . . . . .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Root Rot of Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9

Creameries in Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l0

Feeding Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Cotton Root Rot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..12

Work in Horticulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Pear Stocks—Parasitic Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Feeding Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Efiect of Cotton Seed on Butter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..15

The Screw Worm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..16

Sorghum, Teosinte, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..17

Eifect of Cotton Seed on Creaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Influence of Climate on Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..19

Work in Horticulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..19

General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..19

Liver Flukes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2O

Corn Fodder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Composition of Grasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..21

Effect of Cotton Seed on Hogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..21

Alfalfa Root Rot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..23

Black Rot of the Grape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..23

The Cattle Tick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Texas Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Cost of Cotton Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

Steer Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..25

Sweet Potatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..26

Effects of Cotton Seed on Butter, Tallow, Lard and Suet . . . . . . . . . . ..26

Veterinary Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Insects Injurious to Stored Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Plums, Apricots, Persimnions, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..29

Feeding Milk Cows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3O

Field Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Miscellaneous Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Vegetables and Insecticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3l

Sundry Brief Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..32

Canaigre, the New Tanning Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..33

The Peach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..34

Field Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

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Conrnnrs
PAGE.
41. Steer Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..35

42. The‘ Irish Potato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

43. Report from Beeville Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..37

44. Paints and Painting Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..38

45. Cotton and Corn Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..38

46. Grasses and Forage Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..39

47. Effect 0f Food 0n Economic Dairy Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..41

48. The Grape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..43

49. Corn Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . ..43

50. Cotton Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..45

51. Fertilizers and Fertilizer Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..46

52. Cabbage and Cauliflower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..46

53. 'l‘exas Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..46

54. The Irish Potato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..47

55. Feeding Steers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..48

56. American Grapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..50

57. Cabbage and Cauliflower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . ..52

58. Pruning and Training-Peach Orchards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..52

59. Forage Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..52

60. Growing Onions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..53

61. Willis and Huntsville Tobacco Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . ..53

62. The Fig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

63. Texas Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..54

64. Insects Attacking Truck Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..55

65. The Tomato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..57

66. Forage Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..58

7. Commercial Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..58

68. The Manufacture of Cane Syrup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..60

69. Cabbage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

70. Composition of Texas Cotton Seed Meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A . . . . . . . . . .62

71. Irish Potatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..63

72. Strawberries at Troupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..63

73. Composition of Rice By-Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..65

74. Insects Mistaken for Bollweevil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - \ . . . . . . . . ..66

75. Cotton Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

76. Steer Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..69

77. Onions and Bunch Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..70

78. Feeding Fermented Cotton Seed Meal to Hogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..72

79. Breeding an Early Rapid Fruiting and Productive Cotton . . . . . . . . . . ..7'3

80. Peach Growing in Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..74

81. Alfalfa Seed Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..75

82. Maintaining the Fertility of Rice Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . ..76

83. Nitro-Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

84. Tomato Fertilizers at Troupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..78

85. v Commercial Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

86. Steer Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..80

87. The SanJosé Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..81

88. Length of Life in Vines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..83

89. Insects of the Garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..84

90. The Feed Control in 1906 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..86

91. Food Adulteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

92. The Producing Power of Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . ..86

93. The Sweet Potato Root-Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..87

94. Horticultural Survey of the Gulf Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

 o.mn.c.i.j....iwamn.i‘ “ ' '

‘ ‘mm-M

SUMMARY OF BULLETIN-S.

-____.___

BULLETIN No. 1. FEBRUARY, 1888.
THE PLAN OF ORGANIZATION.

This bulletin gives a brief sketch of the origin of the“ Texas Experi-
ment Station. In 1887 Congress made provision for establishing and
supporting Agricultural and Experiment Stations tQ be placed under
the supervision of the Board of Directors of the State Agricultural and
Mechanical Colleges, Where such colleges had been established. The Act
of Congress appropriated $15,000 per annum for the support of each
experiment station.

As soon as the funds became available the Board of Directors of
the Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College proceeded to organize
the station by electing F. A. Gulley, Professor of Agriculture in the
Agricultural College of Mississippi, Director, and by placing the work
of the station under the general supervision of a council, consisting of
Louis L. Mclnnis, Chairman of the Faculty; T. M. Scott, Agent of the
Board, and F. A. Gulley, Director of the Station.

BULLETIN No. 2. MAY, 1888.
REPORTS ON FIRST EXPERIMENTS.

F. A. GULLEY, Director.

G. W. CURTIS, Agriculturist.
H. H. HARRINGTON, Chemist.
T. L. BRUNK, Horticulturist.
J. H. KINEALY, Meteorologist.

This bulletin contains a statement of experiments begun and planned
—among others, those on Cotton Blight, on Cattle Feeding, on Fertilizers,

andon Drainage.
The Agriculturist reports a test of the feeding value of cob and

shuck ground with corn as compared with an equal amount of ground »

corn. The mixture was found to fatten the cattle a little faster than
the pure corn, but hardly fast enough to pay for the extra labor involved.

The Chemist explains the terms used in analyses of fertilizers and
feeds, and the method of valuing fertilizers; and gives analyses of ores,
grasses, and fertilizers.

EXPLANATION OF ANALYSES.-—FERTILIZERS.

In the determination of the commercial value of a fertilizer, only
the total nitrogen, its equivalent in ammonia, the potash. and the phos-
phoric acid are considered. Three phosphoric acid determinations are
made, in order to test further the value of this ingredient.

8 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

“The water soluble” has reference to that phosphoric acid which is
readily soluble in cold water, and which the plant can, therefore, at
once assimilate.

“The citrate soluble” is that part of the phosphate soluble in a per-
fectly neutral (neither acid nor alkaline) solution of ammonium
citrate of a definite specific gravity. This part of the phosphate is sup-
posed to be that which, once soluble, has reverted, or gone back into a
state less soluble than the “soluble phosphoric,” but which the plant can
take up Within a short time.

To “the citrate insoluble” is referred that amount of the phosphate
that is undissolved by the above “ammonium citrate solution.” It is
believed to be generally of little immediate value as plant food, and is
not accorded a cominercial valuation.

The “total phosphoric,” of course, means the whole amount of phos-
phoric acid present; While the “total available” is the sum of the citrate
soluble, or reverted, and the water soluble.

The “potash” is What the chemist knows as oxide of potassiunz; and is
the valuable fertilizing ingredient in all potash ‘salts, such as muriate,
sulphate, etc. “Nitrogen” is the most valuable ingredient in commerce,
belonging to the fertilizer. In 14 parts it is equal to 17 parts of
ammonia.

FEED STUFFS.

The manner in which the feed stuffs are reported will be noticed.
A fodder or hay is never so dry, however it may seemingly be, but that
considerable moisture can be extracted when dried at 212° F. (boiling
water) for four or five hours. This loss is indicated as “moisture.”
If a. fodder is burnt over a low flame until most of the organic matter is
driven off, a semi-white substance consisting of mineral matter (ashes)
is left behind. It contains, besides, a little unburned carbon. This mass
is “crude ash.” “Crude cellulose” is that part of a plant, or of vegetable
matter, that is insoluble at a boiling temperature in very dilute acids
and alkalis. It is non-nitrogenous, and is what remains of a plant after
all the more soluble portion has been taken away. “Ether extract,” or
crude fat, includes everything which can be extracted from the dry fod-
der, by means of absolute ether, oils, fats, chlorophyl, etc. “Nitrogen
free extract,” or carbohydrates, means starch and sugar usually, though
small amounts of gum and pectin substances are also present. “A1-
buminoids” may consist of a variety of substances chemically. They
include all the nitrogenous part of the plant. The total quantity of
albuminoids is obtained by multiplying the nitrogen found by 6;}, a cal-
culation based on the fact that all the albuminoids contain about 16
per cent nitrogen. (16><6-1-:100 per cent.) This method is not abso-
lutely accurate, but is sufliciently so for practical purposes.

VALUATION OF A FERTILIZER.

The commercial value of a fertilizer means the market value of its
fertilizing ingredients. It is usually calculated on the amount of
potash, available phosphoric acid, and nitrogen which it contains:
though there are obviously some fertilizers that have not a value as-

SUMMARY OF BULLETINS.

signed to them in this way, their price depending upon local conditions.
Such are gypsum, ashes, barnyard manure. .

Available phosphoric acid is worth in the market about 8 cents per
pound, nitrogen about 18 cents per pound and potash about 5 cents per
pound. In some fertilizers, the available phosphoric acid may be small,
and the fertilizer still of great value because of the large amount of total
phosphoric acid present; for example, cotton seed meal, and bone meal.
But, in these cases, the organic matter soon decays, and leaves the phos-
phoric acid as available.

The Horticulturist requests samples of new varieties of fruits and
vegetables, and gives a list of fifty-four varieties of grapes planted in
the Station vineyard.

The Meteorologist requests farmers to provide themselves with the
necessary instruments—a thermometer and a rain gauge——and to become
voluntary observers for the Station. He gives instructions for this work.

 

BULLETIN No. 3. OCTOBER 10, 1888.
GRASSES.

T. L. BRUNK, Horticulturist.

This bulletin gives the results of a number of tests to determine the
grasses best adapted to the climatic and soil conditions existing at Col-
lege Station. Of the fifty-three varieties of grasses tested, only twelve
survived the summer drouth and made a profitable growth: Milo Maize,
Bird’s-foot Clover, Alfalfa, Japan Clover,* Sweet Glover, Teosinte,
Pearl or Cat-tail Millet, Red Canary Grass, Bermuda Grass, Paspalum
pZati-cauli, Paspalum dilitatuvn, and Johnson Grass. Of the annuals
that are good hay plants are the following: Large and small Canary
Grasses, Hungarian Millet, Italian Millet, Rescue Grass. Those that
are best suited for permanent pastures are: Paspalum pZati-cauli, Ber-
muda Grass, Japan Clover, and perhaps Johnson Grass and Paspalum
dilitatum.

BULLETIN No. 4. BOTANICAL Sncrrorv. DECEMBER, 1888.
ROOT ROT OF COTTON, OR “COTTON BLIGHTF?
L. H. PAMMEL, Shaw School of Botany, St. Louis, Mo.

This bulletin presents a preliminary report on an investigation more
fully described in Bulletins Nos. 7 andi22. It shows that the theories
then largely held, namely, that the “dying of cotton” was due to alkaline,
or other chemical or physical conditions of the soil, or to insects, do not
accord with the facts; and that the real cause is a fungus, Ozonium
Auricomum, feeding on the roots. This fungus is also found on the
roots of sweet potatoes, cow peas, apple and pear trees, grapes and other
plants.

*Japan Clover has proved of value only in East Texas.

1O SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

Preventive remedies are recommended: Rotation with cereal crops,
such as corn, wheat, oats, millet, Whose fibrous roots are not attacked by
this fungus; destruction of infected plants; and drainage.

(See Bulletins Nos. 7 and 22.)

 

BULLETIN No. 5. AGRICULTURAL SECTION. MARoH, 1889.
CREAMERIES IN TEXAS.
F. A. GULLEY, Director.

This bulletin contains a discussion of the advantages of the creamery
as compared with the farm dairy; and an account of plans of organiza-
tion and control, and of different systems of creaming.

The creamery is recommended because it saves time and labor, espe-
cially of the women of the household. United effort and concentra-
tion of milk supply enables us to manufacture better butter at a less
cost. Creameries will create a demand for milk, and so stimulate the
breeding of better cows. They will keep money in circulation all the
year, and in this way benefit the merchants, who should, therefore, sub-
scribe liberally to creamery stock, even though small dividends may be
expected for a year or two.

A description, with cuts, of a plan for a creamery follows. The fol-
lowing practical suggestions are given:

“The best cow will give but little milk with insuflicient feed.”

“Handle the cows carefully and quietly-Alt will pay.”

“See that the cows have access to plenty of good water.”

“Salt regularly at least once a week-twice is better; or place good

‘lump salt where the cows can have access to it.”

“Milk regularly at a certain time morning and evening.”

“Do not let the milk stand where it can absorb odors from the stable or
barnyard filth. Milk is very sensitive in this respect, and good butter
can not be made from foul milk.”

“For small dairies, the barrel churn revolving endwise, or rocking
like the Buckeye patent, gives good results.”

“When coloring is used, add it to the cream when in churn.”

“When cream is thick, add Water, hot or cold, as needed. Tempera-
ture should be 63° to 65° F. in summer, and 69° to 70° in winter.
D0 not rely 0n guessing as t0 temperature; use a thermometer.”

“The time required for churning should be from 25 to 40 minutes.
If the cream is too cold, the churning may take several minutes longer.”

“Stop churning when the granules are almost the size of small peas,
draw off the buttermilk through a small hole near the bottom of churn,
and wash the butter clean with pure cold water.”

“Take up the butter in the granule form, weigh it. add salt of the
finest quality (é to 1 oz. to a pound of butter). The salt should be
evenly distributed a-nd the granules pressed firmly together—not
worked. Set away in a cool place for six to twelve hours, then work
just enough to make mass uniform and compact, and print or pack for
market.”

SUMMARY OF BULLETINS. 11

For special trade, print butter in pound or half-pound packages
neatly wrapped in parchment paper, will bring highest prices. For the
general market it will be most economical to pack in ash tubs. sizes to
suit churnings. Before using a tub, fill it with hot brine and let it soak
for at least twenty-four hours. Just before using, scald with clean hot
water- and cool quickly with a rinsing of cold water. Fit closely a circle
of parchment paper in the bottom of the tub. Press the butter firmly,
and when full cover with a second circle of parchment paper and fasten
on ,top.

Keep all vessels for milk, cream or butter scrupulously clean. Use
hot water always, and if greasy, washing soda. For all tinware, it may
be best to use warm water first, and then rinse with hot water or steam.
In cleaning churns no soda should be used unless carefully removed by
thorough rinsing.

-i_-__.

BULLETIN No. 6. JUNE, 1889.
AGRICULTURAL SEoT1oN—L1vE StrooK.
FEEDING EXPERIMENT

F. A. GULLEY, Director.
J. W. CARSON’, Assistant to Director.

This bulletin gives an account of the first of a series of feeding tests,
which the Director expected to continue for several years. These ques-
tions are asked: _

1. Is it profitable and practical to shelter range cattle in feeding?

2. What feed stuffs that can be supplied in the State give best re-
turns for cost?

3. Can the native Texas steer be fed profitably?

Fifty-five head of cattle were fed on different rations, made 11p of
corn, hay, cotton seed raw and cooked, cotton seed hulls, cotton seed
meal, and silage. Range steers were dehorned and fed loose under a
shed, crowded together like sheep. .

The results of the experiments established the following facts:

1. Steers dehorned and fed under a shelter made larger gains than
steers not dehorned and not sheltered, and at less cost for food.

2. Silage and cotton seed hulls for roughness, and cooked cotton
seed and cotton seed meal, with or without corn, made more rapid gains
than hay and corn, and at less cost. Except in favored and exception-
ally good hay-producing sections, cotton seed hulls in the vicinity of oil
mills, and corn and sorghum silage elsewhere in the State, supply rough
fodder in the cheapest form to the cattle feeder as the basis of food
rations.

3. With a margin of 1 cent per pound gross between thin and fat
cattle, steers may be profitably fed over a large portion of the State.

In this experiment cotton seed meal was rated at $20 a ton, cotton
seed $7.00, hulls $3.00, silage $2.00, hay $6.00, corn fodder $5.00, and
earn corn 40 cents a bushel. _

This report also contains the results of analyses of the food stuffs
employed, by Professor H. H. Harrington, Chemist, who says:

12 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

“There is a clear advantage from analysis in favor of Texas silage
over that reported from Northern States. The water is lower, while the
other ingredients are still higher, but the crude fiber not sufficiently so
to detract materially from the value of the silage. We can not say if
subsequent work will confirm these discrepancies.

“There seems to be little difference between the value of the corn
silage and the pea-vine silage. The changes in the pea-vine silage in
the silo are not truly such as have been expected. The nitrogenous
matter in the silo decreased and the fatty acids increased, as would have
been anticipated. But there was also a slight increase in cellulose and
a decrease in nitrogen-free extract.

“The sugar cane bagasse is not equal to silage in nutritive value, but
it makes a good showing and requires further investigation. A remark-
able thing about it is the large percentage 0f fats.”

This feeding experiment was continued the folloiving winter, and re-
ported in Bulletin No. 10.

BULLETIN No. 7. BOTANICAL SECTION. NOVEMBER, 1889.
COTTON BOOT ROT.
L. H. PAMMEL, of Ames, Iowa.

This bulletin presents a detailed report of the work outlined in Bul-
letin No. 4, page 9, confirming its conclusions, and adding many valu-
able facts.

The parasitic fungus, Ozoniuvn Auricomunz, occurs in many different
soils, and is worst in those whichare poorly drained, and in wet ‘seasons.
Chemical analyses have shown that the constituents of the soil have
nothing to do with it. Fibrous-rooted plants like the cereals and grasses,
seem to be immune; but it attacks weeds and forest-trees, and such crops
as sweet potatoes, cow-peas, watermelons, tobacco, Irish potatoes, okra,
and many fruit trees.

In the early stage of the disease, if the roots be examined before the
plant has wilted, a white mould-like fungus will be found on them.
Wart-like bodies, masses of the fungus, will also be found, and these
will retain the infection for a long time.

Rotation of crops, planting for three years in grasses, is the only
efficacious remedy. Fertilizers were found to do no appreciable good in
checking the disease. Drainage is helpful.

BULLETIN No. 8. HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. DECEMBER, 1889.

WORK IN HORTICULTURE.
T. L. BRUNK, Horticulturist.

This bulletin contains:
I. Notes on Experimental Vineyards.
II. Experiment and Notes on Strawberries.
III. Notes on Blackberries and Raspberries.
IV. Notes on Grasses.

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 13

V. Best Varieties of Fruits for the Different Sections of Texas,
with Notes from Correspondents.
VI. Lists of Fruits Growing in Experimental Grounds.
VII. List of Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees in College Ar-
boretum and Shrubs Growing on the Campus, with some Notes.
(See later bulletins.)

BULLETIN No. 9. HORTICULTURAL SEcrroN. MAY, 1890.
PEAR STOCKS.
T. L. BRUNK, Horticulturist.
SOME PARASITIC FUNGI OF TEXAS, WITH NOTES.
H. S. J ENNINGS, Assistant in Horticulture and Botany.

The first half of this bulletin is devoted to a discussion of the ques-
tion of the value of French pear or apple stocks on which to graft the
Le Conte and Keiffer pear. The claim that these foreign stocks would
come into bearing ‘sooner had made a number of Texas horticulturists
try them.’ On examination of these trees, the author found that in
every case when the scion had made an early growth, it had done so 0n
its own roots. He concludes that it is best to grow Le Conte and Keiifer
pears from cuttings, or else to side-graft a piece of root of French pear
or apple seedling to support the cutting until it sends out its own roots,
and in the fall, when removing from the nursery, cut off the grafted root.

SOME PARASITIC FUNGI OF TEXAS.
H. s. JENNINGS.

This treats of ninety-five species collected mainly at College Station,
1889-1890. Those of economic importance described are:
Cceoma N itens—-Orange Rust of Blackberry.
Tuberculina Persicina—A parasite destroying the above.
Cladosporium Fulvunz——-A fungus on Tomato leaves.
Cladosporiuvn Vitic0Zum—Grape-leaf Blight.
Exoascus Def0rmans—Leaf Curl on Peach.
Glaeospor-ium Decipiens—On the leaf of the Green Ash.
Glwosporium Fructigenum-Bitter Rot of Apple.
Lwstadia Bidwellik-Black Rot of Grape.
Plowriglztia M 01'b0sw-—Black Knot of Plum.
Gloeosporium Lagenarium, var. Follicolum-On Watermelon.
Puccinia C0r0nata,—Oats Rust.
Puccinia Graminis-Grass Rust.
Puccinia Pruni-Spin0sa—Peach and Plum Rust.
Sphacelloma Ampelinum——Anthracnose of Grape.
Sphwrella Fragariae—White Rust of Strawberry.
(See Bulletins Nos. 4, '7, 22, 23, pp. 9, 12, 23.)

14 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

BULLETIN No. 10. a MAY, 1890. 

AGRICULTURAL SECTIoN-Lrvn Srocx.
FEEDING EXPERIMENT NO. 2.

F. A. GULLEY, Director.
J. W. CARSON, Assistant Director.

The experiment reported in this bulletin is a continuation of the
feeding experiments reported in Bulletin N0. 6.

Several matters are investigated, but the two leading questions are:

1. What is best to feed with cotton hulls?

2. What is best to feed with silage?

Incidentally we ask:

(a) If sweetening the ration will make it more palatable to cattle?

(b) Is corn silage a better cattle food than dry corn fodder?

(c) What is the comparative value of cotton seed and cotton seed
meal for feeding? '

(d) Is corn the best grain to feed with corn silage?

(e) Will changing the ration stimulate the appetite and cause cattle
to fatten more rapidly?

(f) Will hogs do as well running after silage and cotton meal fed
cattle as after hay, corn, and cotton seed fed cattle?

(g) Will cotton seed improve the corn and hay ration?

(h) Is cotton hulls and cotton meal a good food to fatten sheep?

The cattle were fifty head of twos and threes, and twenty-two head
from four to six years old. The former were fed ninety days, the latter
seventy-nine.

The conclusions were:

1. The experiments for the two winters show that, of our different
cattle foods, a ration made up of cotton hulls and cotton meal 1s equal,
if not superior, to a ration of any other two feed stuffs used for fatten-
ing cattle, but a cheaper ration may be compounded of silage and cotton»
seed, or of corn, hay and cotton seed, at the prices given.

Prices of feed stuffs were as follows:

Corn fodder $5.00 a ton, silage $2.00, cotton seed raw and cooked,
$7.00, hay $6.00, corn and cob meal 40 cents a bushel, cotton seed meal
$20, molasses 20 cents a gallon, and cotton seed hulls at $3.00 a ton.

2. That the addition of some other feed stuff to the cotton hull
and cotton meal ration makes it more palatable to cattle, and produces
better results in gain in weight. Corn meal, hay, silage and molasses,
any one of these added to a ration of cotton hulls and cotton.meal, made
larger gains than hulls and meal alone, in the order named, molasses
giving the best results.

3. Of the several rations containing silage, silage, cotton hulls and
cotton meal gave the best gains; ‘silage and cotton seed meal second;
silage and boiled cotton seed third; silage, corn and cob meal and cotton
meal fourth; silage, corn and cob meal fifth. Dry corn fodder did not
give as large gain as silage. Molasses did not improve the ration con-
taining silage.

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 15

4. Cotton hulls and cotton meal with hay, corn, silage, and molasses
gave larger gains than silage and cotton meal, or silage and cotton seed.

5. Cotton seed meal, with other feed stuffs and fodders, gave larger
gains than cotton seed with other feed stuifs and fodders.

6. Cotton seed, with other feed stuffs and fodders, made gains at
less cost for food per pound gain than cotton meal with other feed stuffs
and fodders.

7'. After any one of the rations was used without change for sixty
days the daily gain diminished, until finally, in some pens, it ceased en-
tirely; but, with a change of ration, the daily gains in all the pens
was largely increased, in some pens exceeding the average of the first

i period of feeding.

8. Hay and corn alone is more costly, and will not fatten cattle so
rapidly as rations containing cotton seed and meal, with hulls or ‘silage;
and boiled cotton seed added to the corn and hay ration makes more
rapid gain than corn and hay alone, and at considerably less cost per
pound for the food consumed.

9. The waste from cattle fed on hay, corn, silage, and raw cotton
seed was Worth considerably more for hogs running after the steers than.
the waste from cattle fed on silage, cotton hulls, and cotton seed meal.

BULLETIN No. 11. AGRICULTURAL SECTION. AUGUST, 1890.

EFFECT OF COTTON SEED AND COTTON SEED MEAL ON
BUTTER PRODUCT.

Gno. W. CURTrs, Director. ,

This bulletin is a discussion of the questions (1) whether it is true,
as generally believed, that feeding cotton seed makes the butter firmer,
white, and of poorer flavor; and (2), if this is true, how much cotton

seed may be fed, and with What other foods, without lowering the qual-

ity of the butter?

Chemical analyses made by Professor H. H. Harrington and W. Wip-
precht showed that the melting point and volatile acids rose steadily as
the amount of cotton seed, or meal, increased. Therefore, cotton seed
butter would be firmer and easier to ship and to handle in hot weather.
It is true, that "in hot weather heavy feeding of such rich food is not advis-
able; but moderate feeding of cotton seed meal all the year is practicable
if combined with the proper roughage. A moderate ration of cotton
seed meal increased the flow of milk, and hence increased the yield of
butter.

Samples sent to experts in New York, Illinois, Iowa and Louisiana
showed that the quality of butter fell off as the proportion of cotton seed
meal increased. When the cattle received plenty of fresh grass or en-
silage, they could eat more cotton seed without injury to the, flavor or
the texture of the butter.

Cream from cows fed on cotton se_ed mead had to be churned at a
higher temperature to bring the butter.

A discussion follows, of the value of sweet cream butter, which the
author considers as good as that from sour cream.

16 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

(N ote.—Later experiments at the Mississippi Station bear out the re-
sults as to cotton seed feed raising melting point of butter, and making
it hold up better in hot weather, but fed in amounts of 4 to 5 pounds
of meal or 6 pounds of seed per cow per day, along with wheat bran and
roughage, butter scored about as high as with any other combination of
feed.—W. C. Welborn.)

BULLETIN No. 12. VETERINARY SEoTIoN. SEPTEMBER, 1890.
THE SCREW WORM. y
M. FRANCIS, Veterinarian.

This bulletin gives the life history of the screw worm, an account of
its injurious effects on animals, and a discussion of remedies used.‘

The fly seems to be well distributed over the American continent, for
Dr. Williston, of Yale College, writes that “it occurs everywhere from
Canada to Patagonia.” Although so generally distributed, only in
Texas does it bear an economic importance in the United States. Of all
our domesticated animals, cattle suffer the most from its ravages. They
occur in wounds from horns, castrating, spaying, branding, dehorning,
barbed wire injuries, and often where ticks have burst on the brisket,
flank, or just behind the udder of cows. Screw worms often occur in
the vulvae of cows, after calving, especially if there has been a retention
of the placenta or afterbirth. Young calves are almost invariably af-

fected in the naval, and often in the mouth, causing the teeth to fall '

out. “One case occurred in the first stomach (paunch, or rumen) that is
worthy of mention: Last September the writer had occasion to kill a
Jersey bull calf, probably two months old, that had screw worms in both
hind legs just above the hock joint. On opening the abdomen, I found
hair-balls in the stomach (rumen), and, to my surprise, about twenty-
five fully matured screw worms almost buried in the wall of that organ.

I placed some of the worms in moist earth, and in ten to twelve days
they hatched out genuine screw worm flies. How did they come there?
My opinion is that the calf licked the sores on his legs, and in doing so
took in some eggs that hatched and developed in the stomach.”

Horses and mules are not so often attacked. In them they are usually
found in barbed wire injuries, and occasionally in the sheaths of horses,
the vaginae of mares, and the navels of colts.

Hogs are more liable to become affected than horses. They are fre-
quently wounded by dogs and by fighting, or there may be barbed wire
injuries, wounds from castration, etc.

Sheep are comparatively free from attacks unless injured by dogs.

In all animals alike, the eggs, after being laid by the fly, hatch into
larvae or so-called “worms.” The exact length of time this requires
seems to vary with circumstances. My present opinion is that, if the
eggs are laid in a moist place and on a warm day, it requires less than
one hour; whereas, if laid in a dry place they seem to dry up and lose
their vitality. The young larvae when first hatched are small and easily
overlooked. If they are hatched on the surface in a drop of blood from
a ruptured tick, for instance, they attempt to perforate the skin, and if

SUMMARY OF BULLETINS. l7

hatched in wounds they at once become buried out of sight. They ‘seem
to attach themselves by their heads, and burrow their way under the
skin, completely devouring the soft flesh. Occasionally a few are seen
moving from one place to another, but usually they remain fixed at one
point. The worms grow steadily in size, and the hole in the flesh be-
comes larger every day. Sometimes the Worms make tunnels, but not to
any depth; they usually ‘stay on the surface. They evidently produce
considerable irritation, for the part is always swollen and constantly
bleeding. This swollen, gaping appearance in the wounds, together with
the constant discharge of blood, are characteristic of the presence of
worms. It seems to require about a week for the worms to become fully
grown. At that time they are about five-eighths to six-eighths of an
inch long. They then leave the sore and go into the ground, Where they
pass their pupa state and hatch out as flies in from nine to twelve days.
Of several hundred hatched out by the writer, the shortest time was
nine days and the longest fourteen days, but in the majority of cases it
required from nine to twelve days. While the larvae are thus developing
the flies are constantly laying fresh eggs in the wounds, so that the
young worms take the places of the matured ones, and thus keep up a
constant and progressive loss of tissue. If the worms are not killed
they eat constantly deeper, and often kill the animal. Sometimes the
abdomen is opened and the bowels escape—especially in cases of
heifers spayed through the abdomen. At other times a tail is eaten off,
or extensive caverns are made into the muscles.

The treatment usually employed in these cases consists simply of kill-
ing the larvae with Cresylic Ointment, Calomel, Chloroform, or Carbolic
Acid. The ‘selection of the most suitable remedy will vary somewhat
with the location, character, and extent of the sores. In some cases band-
ages are useful. In others the sores can be filled with oakum and a few
stitches taken. All treatment should be supplemented by daubing the
margins of the wound with pine tar to ward off the fly. A vast number
of cases can be prevented by keeping cattle free from common cattle
ticks.

BULLETIN No. 13. CHEMICAL SECTION. DECEMBER, 1890.

SORGHUlVly VALUE AS AFEED STUFF; EFFECT ON SOIL.
TEOSINTE; ANALYSES AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF‘
GROWTH.

MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES.

H. H. HARRINGTON, Chemist.
DUNCAN ADRIANCE, Assistant Chemist.
P. S. TILsoN, Assistant in Chemistry.

SORGHUM.

This study of Sorghum, begun the previous year, proposed to learn
(1) the chemical difierences between varieties; (2) the best time to cut
sorghum; (3) its values as a feed stuff; (4) its effect on the soil.

The conclusions were:

18 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

1. The sweet sorghums are best, but there is little difference among
the sweet varieties. p '

2. Ripe sorghum contains more nourishment than sorghum in the
“dough state,” but when intended for hay it should be sown thick and
cut earlier, because it is more palatable.

3. When fed green with dry feed it is a good milk producer. trIts
digestibility compares favorably with that of corn except for the nitro-
genous matter.

4. Sorghum removes as much nitrogen from the soil as wheat or
corn, more phosphoric acid, and four times as much potash.

TEOSINTE.

A similar study made by Mr. Walter Wipprecht showed:

1. Teiosinte is inferior to corn or to Dhoura as a food stuff 5 and

2. It improves in value as it matures.

Analyses of sorghum and corn silage showed the corn silage to con-
tain much less water and to be more nutritious. Kaffir corn silage
more nearly approached the composition of corn silage than did the
sweet sorghum. '

Digestion experiments were made with sorghum fed in the dough
stage to milk cows. About '73 per cent of the dry matter was digested,
showing it to be an excellent feed.

A sample of nwcir from Crecnville showed in the air-dry material
nearly 2 per cent of nitrogen, which should give it a value of several
dollars a ton for fertilizing.

BULLETIN No. 14. AGRICULTURAL SEoTIoN. LlARoH, 1891.

EFFECT OF COTTON SEED AND COTTON SEED MEAL ON
THE DAIRY RATION.

G120. W. Corvus, Director.
J’. M. CARSON, Assistant Agriculturist. '

This is a continuation of Bulletin No. 11, and is a report of experi-
ments undertaken to find out if cotton seed and meal in the ration made
it any easier to separate the cream.

When the milk was set and the cream skimmed, only about half as
much was retained in the skimmed milk if the cows had been fed cotton
seed; but if, instead of using this “gravity process” a centrifugal sepa-
rator was used, it made no difference what the cows were fed, the sepa-
rator practically got out all the cream. Therefore, the use of the
separator would save to the dairyman about $9.75 per cow each year.

Chemical analyses in this bulletin were made by Assistant Professor
Tilson.

SUMMARY or BULLETINs. 19

BULLETIN N0. 15. CIIEMIoAL SEoTIoN. MAY, 1891.

INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON COMPOSITION OF CORN;
DIGESTIBILITY OF SOUTHERN FOOD STUFFS;
ASH ANALYSES; ROASTED COTTON SEED.

H. H. HARRINGTON, Chemist.

This bulletin describes experiments carried on in co-operation with the
stations in Connecticut, Georgia and New York, to find out if changes
of climate affected the chemical composition of corn. The results in-
dicated that Southern grown corns are richer in albuminoids, and fats,
with a corresponding diminution of the less important ingredients.

Experiments with cotton seed hulls and fodder showed that when
these were fed to cattle very little of the nourishment in the hulls was
digested; but that corn fodder was easily digested.

Digestion experiments were made with cotton seed hulls and corn
fodder (stripped leaves of corn). The hulls were found to be about 45
per cent digested and of the corn fodder over 59 per cent was digested.

Ptomaines were found in the stomachs of hogs which died after being
fed on cotton seed.*

An analysis of roasted cotton seed showed no marked change.

BULLETIN No. 16. IIORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. l JUNE, 1891.

WORK IN HORTICULTURE.
S. A. BEACH, Horticulturist.

This bulletin contains Drainage Hyper/intents, on Irish potatoes, cab-
bage and strawberries; a list of Russian fruits and ornamental trees
which the Station desired to propagate in co-operation with Texas hor-
ticulturists; a list of fruit trees in the Station orchard—167 varieties
of the peach, 68 of the plum, 32 of the cherry, 113 of the apple; and a
list of 67 forest trees and 28 shrubs given by the gardener, Mr. G. E.
Eberspacher, as having been successfully grown for two years on the
Campus.

The drainage experiments were of special value, showing an increase
of 1'70 per cent in the yield of Irish potatoes on the drained plats, while
the cabbages were much larger and earlier. The strawberries were not
allowed to fruit the first year, so no results could be reported in this
bulletin. A method of setting strawberries is described and recom-
mended.

BULLETIN No. 1'7. AUGUST, 1891.
GENERAL INFORMATION REGARDING THE STATION.
G. W. CURTIs, Director.

This publication contains a review of the acts of Congress and of the
State Legislature under which the Station was established, a brief ac-
count of the organization of the Station, with lists of oflicers, a sum-

*See Bulletins 2| and 7'8, pp. 21 and 72.

20 SUMMARY 0F BULLETINS.

mary of the results of experiments, an outline of the work in progress,’

an inventory of the Station property, and a financial statement for each
year during which the Station had been in operation.

.VErER1NARY SEor1oN. OCTOBER, 1891.

LIVER FLUKES.

BULLETIN No. 18.

M. FRANCIS, Veterinarian.

This bulletin shows that the common liver fluke, Distomum H apati-
cum, occurs quite abundantly among cattle and sheep raised on the
coastal prairies of Texas and along the river bottoms for one hundred
miles or more into the interior of the State. No new facts in regard to
its life history are given, but attention is called to the fact that one
stage of the development of the fluke is passed in the body of a small
Water-snail, and that in the cercarian stage the embryo fluke escapes
from the snail and encysts on water-grasses, which are devoured by ani-
mals. Thus the disease only occurs when stock have access to pools of
stagnant water and the herbage around them. Cattle ranging in salt
marshes are not seriously affected. This parasite appears in great num-
bers, and seriously injures and frequently kills both sheep and cattle,
causing dropsy, “water jaw” and “scours.” Medical treatment is of lit-
the value ; a pure water supply is the only efficient remedy.

During this investigation an undetermined fluke was often found in
the liver tissue of cattle, which was given the provisional name Dis-
tomum Texanicunz. Its life history was not determined. (Stiles has
restudied this fluke and regards it as Distomum Magna, described by
Bossi, as occuring in some deer in Italy.)

AGRICULTURAL SEoTIoN. DECEMBER, 1891.

CORN FODDER.

BULLETIN No. 19.

GEo. W. OURTrs, Director.

This bulletin discusses methods of saving fodder. Three methods,
“topping,” “pulling,” and “topping and pulling,” were tested, and re-
sults compared with regard (1) to effect on corn; (2) to value; (3) to
yield; (4) to digestibility, and (5) to cost.

“Topping” was found to give best results for yield of grain.

“Pulling” gave the most valuable fodder; “topping and pulling” the
greatest yield of forage, the yield of leaf-fodder being about half that
of the tops.

“Pulling” gave the most digestible fodder, the nutritive ratio of pure
leaf-fodder being 1:6.1—second only to clover hay.

The cost of “topping” was least, the cost of “pulling” being more
than three times as much as that of “topping.”

Rating labor at $1.00 a day and a man and team at $2.00 a day, the

. o " <
u. v.>4"$A-AA-¢Amfla~AAnJfl|1.ln‘Ii_4\vu<J- . ..

SUMMARY or‘ BULLETINS. 21

cost of a ton of forage would be, according to the method of saving and
storing, as follows:

Topping, $2.13 ; pulling the leaves, $7.67 ; topping and pulling leaves,
$2.25. It will thus be seen, two of the methods gave quite cheap forage.
Pulling leaves yielded 427 pounds fodder; topping 1093 pounds; top-
ping and pulling lower leaves gave 1467 pounds; all acres from corn
yielding about 17 bushels of shelled corn.

Pulling fodder seemed to decrease the corn yield about a bushel per
acre, but other methods did not.

All these kinds of fodder were found to be about 56 per cent digesti-
ble, being much higher in this respect than timothy hay.

BULLETIN No. 20. CHEMICAL SECTION. MARCH, 1892.

GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS—A STUDY OF COMPOSI-
TION AND VALUE.

TEXAS GBAINS—COMPOSITION.
H. H. IIARRINGTON, Chemist.

This bulletin reports analytical work done in 1891, by Duncan
Adriance, Assistant Chemist, on the composition and feeding value of
Johnson grass, rescue grass, alfalfa, burr clover; and ash analyses of
alfalfa and of several grains.

The bulletin also gives reports of analyses of corn, oats, wheat, rye
and barley from various parts of the State.

The bulletin also contains analyses of six samples of water.

BULLETIN No. 21. AGRICULTURAL SECTION. JUNE, 1892.

EFFECT OF COTTON SEED AND COTTON SEED MEAL IN
FEEDING HOGS.

GEo. W. CURTIs, Director.
J. W. CARsoN, Assistant to Director.

This bulletin gives an account of an experiment conducted for the
purpose of finding a satisfactory answer to the following questions:

1. Will cotton seed kill hogs?

2. If cotton seed, or cotton seed meal, can in any form be fed to
hogs with safety, can the cost of gain per pound be cheapened by the
use of low-priced cotton seed or meal, instead of high-priced corn?

3. What method of preparing cotton seed for feeding hogs will give
the greatest gain?

The experiment was conducted under the following conditions:
Feeding was begun on February 8, 1892. There were five pens, each
containing three shoats—one large, one medium, and one small. The
shoats designated as “large” were from ten to twelve months old; those

22 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

designated as “medium” were from five t0 ‘seven months old, and those
designated as “small” were from three and a half to four months old.
All were grades of the Essex breed, and had not been fed at any time
previous to the test, more than was sufficient to keep them in healthy
growing condition. The animals were all healthy and in even condi-
tion at the start. Each pen was supplied daily—morning, noon, and
night—with the alloted food, and an abundance of water. By a close
observation of the appetite of the animals, the waste was reduced to a
minimum. Each pen was kept supplied with ashes, salt, and sulphur-—
as ordinarily mixed for such a purpose. The conditions as regards heat,
ventilation, room for exercise, etc., were the same for all. Of the five
pens, one contained shoats fed on cotton seed meal and corn; another,
those fed on raw cotton seed—soaked——and corn; another, those fed on
boiled cotton seed and corn; another, those fed on roasted cotton seed
and corn; and another, those fed on corn only.

The same quantity of corn was allowed each of the first four pens,
viz., five pounds of shelled corn a day. The cotton seed, or cotton
seed meal for the same pens, varied in amount to suit the appetite of
individual animals. The length of time involved was shortened by the
death, or sickness of animals in certain pens. Weights are reported only
for the first thirty-three days, although the food was given for a much
longer period. Weights of all foods given, were taken dry and after-
wards prepared for feeding.

The results of the experiment give an affirmative answer to Question
1. Of the twelve shoats fed on cotton seed, seven died—two out of
three in each pen—except the one in which boiled cotton ‘seed was fed,
where only one of the three died. The deaths were confined to the small
and the medium-sized shoats; the larger ones all survived. This fact,
however, was not regarded as having any special significance. There
were no deaths in the pen where only corn was fed.

Question 2 received a decisive negative answer. The cost of a hun-
dred pounds gain for shoats fed on corn only was $2.51; for those fed
on boiled cotton seed and corn, $2.56 ; for those fed on roasted cotton
seed and corn, $3.21; for those fed on raw cotton seed—soaked—and
corn, $4.27 ; and for those fed on cotton seed meal and corn, $4.34. In
these results, no account is taken of the loss due to the large percentage
of deaths among the shoats fed on cotton ‘seed.

(In this experiment, the price of corn was estimated at 40 cents a
bushel, raw cotton seed at $6.00 a ton, and cotton seed meal at $20 a
ton.)

As to Question 3, the experiment showed that, all things considered,
boiled seed gave better results than roasted seed, raw seed, or cotton
seed meal. y

The results arrived at in this experiment agree in all essentials with
those of a similar experiment conducted by Messrs. Curtis and Carson,
in 1891.

Norm-See also Bulletin No. 78, p. 72.

SUMMARY OF BULLETINS. l 23

BULLETIN No. 22. SEPTEMBER, 1892.
ALFALFA ROOT BOT.

GEo. W. CURTIs, Director.

This disease was identified by Professor Geo. F. Atkinson, of the Ala-
bama Experiment Station at Auburn, with the Cotton Root Rot, Ozonium

Auricomumv.
(See Bulletins Nos. 4 and '7.)

 

BULLETIN No. 23. HORTIOULTURAL SEoTIoN. NOVEMBER, 1892.
BLACK BOT OF THE GRAPE.
R. H. PRICE, Horticulturist.

This bulletin treats of the life history of the fungus which causes the
Black Rot, and discusses methods of treatment. The plant itself can
be seen only with a microscope. The grapes affected shrink to about
two-thirds their normal size; the skin grows dry, and hard, and dark,
and is raised into strong, prominent irregular ridges, pressing closely
upon the seeds.

When the rot attacks the grape, it is too late to treat it. But it may
be successfully treated in its earlier stage, when it is found on the leaf,
in the form of irregular dark-brown spots, lighter in the center. They
have, as they develop, little pustules in the center, and the same may be
seen on the grapes affected. The rot on the leaf appears two or three
weeks earlier than on the fruit, and it may be destroyed by spraying
with Bordeaux mixture. When it reaches the fruit, it can destroy one-
third of the crop in twenty-four hours; and in twelve days a second
attack may be expected.

The fungus is carried over winter in the tissues of diseased grapes,
and possibly in the leaves also. All dead grapes and leaves should, there-
fore, be dstroyed before March.

BULLETIN No. 24. VETERINARY SEoTIoN. DEoEMBER, 1892.
THE‘ CATTLE TICK.

I. BIoLoeY.—CooPER CURTIcE, M. D., D. V. 8., Moravia, N. Y.
II. PREVENTIVE MEAsUREs-M. FRANoIs, Veterinarian.

The first half of this bulletin contains a description and life history
of the cattle tick, Boophilus Bovis, which transmits the micro-organ-
ism of Texas fever. Dr. Curtice gives a full account of his observa-
tions in 1899 on the eggs of some cattle ticks which he set to hatch
October 10, 1889, producing ticks which were allowed to go through
all their changes till they in turn produced eggs. The time required
for each stage was carefully noted, and later observations have confirmed

24 . SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

every fact recorded here; and upon the life history as here set down re-
cent successful methods of preventing Texas fever have been based.
We, therefore, give these parts of the bulletin in detail:

DATE. STAGE OF EXPERIMENT. TIME CONSUMED IN VARIOUS STAGES.
October 3.—Egg laying begun.
October 10.——Egg laying finished. Ovipositing, one week.
November 4L~Ticks appeared. Hatching three and four weeks.

November 15.——Rearing begun. (Unnecessary interval of one week.)
November 22.——First moult, larva to. Lasted one week.

November 29.—Second moult. Lasted one week.

December 11.—Femalc half grown; with male about two week's later.
December 16.——Experiment closed.

The eggs are laid in a little mass; the young ticks are at first small
“seed-ticks.” They can not reproduce in the larval or nymphal stages.
At first the males and females differ little; but in the last change the
females are much larger, and they increase in size enormously after they
have become half-grown, swelling with the blood sucked and the eggs
formed Within them. When fully gorged, the females drop ofl’ and lay
their eggs.

The conclusions drawn by Dr. Curtice are:

1. That the ticks were probably brought with the cattle from South-
ern Europe or Northern Africa, bringing the fever-germs with them.

2. That the life history of ticks is, first, an egg; second, a six-legged
“seedtick”; third, an eight-legged asexual nymph; fourth, an eight-
legged adult (which must drop off to lay its eggs).

,3. That ticks dropping off where cattle are confined or spend the
most time, cause these places to be the most infested with the young.

4. That ticks are associated with a disease in cattle, and that their
removal has prevented the disease from being communicated.

5. That by taking advantage of the climate and the use of remedies,
cattle and certain pastures may be freed from ticks.

6. That all cattle intended for transportation to Northern fields and
markets should be freed from ticks.

The second half of the bulletin treats of experiments at College Sta-
tion in ridding cattle of ticks by means of sulphur, salt, oils, and other
remedies. Sheep dip was found to be the best of these, and an ap-
paratus for dipping the cattle is described with drawings.

(See Bulletins Nos. 53 and 63 for more recent work on this subject.)

BULLETIN No. 25. CHEMICAL SECTION. DECEMBER, 1892.

TEXAS SOILS-A STUDY OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.
H. H. HARRINGTON, Chemist.

In this bulletin the soils of the State are considered in six divisions:
1. The Coast Belt.

2. The East Texas Belt.

3. The Black Prairie Belt.

=1 ALBA) ' ‘ “ inf-duh” " . .

SUMMARY 0F BULLETINS. 25

4. The Fort Worth Prairie Belt.

5. The Panhandle Soils.

6. The Alluvial Soils.

Analyses are given of soils from Cherokee, El Paso, Fort Bend and
Brazoria counties; from Terrell, Pecan_ Gap, Forney, Manor, Belton,
Waxahachie, New Braunfels, Abilene, Wichita, etc. Methods of re-
claiming alkali soils are suggested. These methods will vary according
to the kinds of alkali—chloride of lime or carbonate of soda. A chemi-
cal analysis will show what is needed. Deep cultivation, flooding, irri-
gation, planting of beets and sorghum, and application of gypsum, are

'means suggested for the reclamation of alkali soils.

 

BULLETIN No. 26. AGRICULTURAL SECTION. MARCH, 1893.
COST OF COTTON PRODUCTION AND PROFIT PER ACRE..

GEo. W. CURTIs, Director.
J. W. CARSON, Agriculturist.

This bulletin is compiled from reports made by six or eight planters,
and from experiments at the Station, but has only an historical value
now, as the items of cost have varied greatly in the past fourteen years.

BULLETIN No. 2'7. JUNE, 1893.
AGRICULTURAL SEOTION——LIVE Sroox.
STEER FEEDING.

J. H. CoNNELL, Director.
J. W. CARsoN, Assistant to Director.

The objects of the experiments reported here, made in the spring oi
1892 and in the winter of 1892-93, were as follows:

First—To test the relative feeding values of cotton seed, roasted,
boiled, and raw.

Second—To compare cotton seed, corn and hay rations with a ration
of corn and hay only.

Third—To test a ration of cotton seed meal, hulls and silage with the
other rations fed.

The cattle were forty native steers, twenty coming two years old, the
other twenty coming three years old in the spring. They were fed 50
days and 100 days.

The conclusions were:

First-—Roasted cotton seed do not have the laxative qualities of raw
seed, and are more palatable.

Second—Faster gains are made by feeding the boiled seed, but at a
greater cost per pound gain.

Third—The advantages to be gained in the use of roasted seed hardly
justifies its general use.

26 SUMMARY 0F BULLETINs.

Fourth-—Boiled seed are more palatable than raw seed, less laxative
and make faster gains. May continue to be used with profit.

Fifth-Steers fed on raw seed, eating a less quantity of seed, ate
slightly more hay in consequence.

Sixth—Cotton seed, at usual prices, is a good and cheap addition to
a corn and hay ration.

Seventh—The best beef ration found by previous experiments-cotton
seed meal, hulls, and silage is not here proven the best when calculated at
former prices—-raw seed, corn, and hay being better.

Eighth—When value of raw seed is raised to near present market
price, $10 per ton, the meal, hulls, and silage is again the better ration;
raw seed, corn, and hay being the next best. .

Ninth—The average cost of gain per pound in all 2 cents; at present
price of foods 3.64 cents.

Tenth-The cheapest food per pound gained for all steers fed, when
raw cotton ‘seed is valued at $10 per ton, was raw seed, corn, and hay.

BULLETIN No. 28. HoRTrouLTuRAL SEoTroN. DEoEMBER, 1893.
SWEET POTATOES.
R. H. PRICE, Horticulturist.

This bulletin discusses the value of the crop, and calls attention to
the feeding value of potato tops, as shown in an "analysis by Professor
Adriance.

Thirty-one varieties were tested, and a chemical analysis of the tubers
made, showing some varieties, like the yellow yam, higher in sugar con-
tent than the others, and therefore more desirable for Southern mar-
kets ; while dry varieties like Nansemond are best for shipping North.

A classification follows.

The Vineless, Shanghai, and Nansemond made the highest yields of
several varieties tried.

(See Bulletin No. 36.)

‘BULLETIN No. 29. CHEMICAL SEoTIoN. DECEMBER, 1893.

EFFECTS OF COTTON sEEn AND ooTToN SEED MEAL 0N
BUTTER, BEEF TALLOW, LARD, AND SHEEP SUET.

H. H. HARRINGTON, Chemist.
DUNoAN ADRIANCE, Associate Chemist.

This bulletin gives results of experiments to test the volatile acids
found in the fats of stock which had been fed cotton seed meal, and to
find out if these acids were a measure of the purity of butter fat, as
had heretofore been supposed. “The effect of the experiment was to
show that the former standard of volatile acids existing in pure butter
was unreliable, and that, judged by this standard alone, or taken in

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 27.

connection with the melting point, even pure butter derived from cotton
seed or cotton seed meal might be mistaken for butter adulterated with
other fats.”

Analyses were made not only of butter from the milk of cows fed on
cotton seed meal, but of tallow, lard and suet from different parts of
the body of animals fed on it.

The conclusions were:

1. The melting point of butter is raised several degrees by a feed of
cotton seed or cotton seed meal. The iodine absorption is greatly in-
creased. The volatile acids are greatly lowered.

2. The effect became apparent on a one-fourth ration of meal or
seed, but was not sufficient to affect, materially, the quality of the butter.

3. To a less degree the feed seems to influence lard and tallow ; while
on mutton suet its influence is almost as marked as on butter.

4. Oleomargarine, or more properly “butterine,” made from beef
tallow derived from steers fed on cotton seed meal and hulls, might give
Beechi’s test: confusing ordinary chemical tests for pure butter.

5. The effect of digestion on the different oils of the food is a mat- '

ter of interest. Since cotton oil contains a large amount of olein, liquid
at ordinary temperature, we would expect it to lower the melting point
of butter, as well as the melting points of the other fats operated on;
but in each case the effect seems to be the reverse.

BULLETIN No. 30. VETERINARY SECTION. MARCH, 1894.
VETERINARY SCIENCE.

I. Glanders Experiments.

II. Tuberculine Experiments.
III. Lump Jaw of Cattle.

IV. Notes on Parasites.

V. Texas Fever Experiments
VI. Device for Destroying Ticks.

M. FRANCIS, Veterinarian.

This bulletin shows the value of Mallein as a diagnostic agent in
glanders. The experiments show that, in cases of glanders, there oc-
curs a well-marked fever reaction eight to twelve hours after the sub-
cutaneous injection of 152 cc. of Mallein, and that this reaction does
not occur in horses not affected with this disease. It shows also that
Mallein is a reasonably stable preparation, as material which had been
kept a year at ordinary room conditions had not apparently changed.
A graphic record of the reaction curve is also shown.

The bulletin also contains an account of four cows that were tested
for tuberculosis by ‘subcutaneous injection of 2 cc. of tuberculin. No
reaction occurred. The conclusion reached was that no tubeculosis was
present. The point of interest in this work is that non-tuberculous ani-
mals show no reaction or at least a very feeble reaction, when injected
with a 2 cc. dose of tuberculin. This information becomes of value in
testing dairy herds in a practical way.

28 SUMMARY OF BULLETINS.

Section III gives an account of several cases of lumpy-jaw of cattle
treated with iodide of potash, given internally. Four cases made satis-
factoryrecoveries when given doses ranging from 5 to 15 grains daily
for a week or ten days. One case that showed enormous enlargement
of the bone was too badly diseased to recover, as the tumor was dis-
charging pus and fungi several months after the treatment was given.

Section IV gives the results of some experiments made to show
whether Texas Fever can be communicated by the lone-star tick, and
also to confirm whether the common cattle tick will convey this disease.

Lot “A” consisted of young lone-star ticks.

Lot “B” consisted of young fever ticks.

Both lots had been hatched at College Station, Texas, and were sent
at the same time to the Kansas Experiment Station in 1893. Lot “A”
were put on two calves. They grew fairly well for awhile, then disap-
peared; only a few matured. A careful record of the temperature for
sixty days indicates that no infection occurred.

Lot “B” consisted of fever ticks. These were hatched September 15th.
September 28th about 100 of the young ticks were put on a three-year-
old heifer. October 10th a high fever began, which continued about a
week and caused death of the animal. The experiment shows very
clearly that the common cattle tick, B. bovis, may convey Texas fever,
also that the lone-star tick, A. unipunctota, derived from the same
source, failed to produce Texas fever in susceptible animals. [Later
work has abundantly confirmed these observations]

Section VI gives the plan and dimensions of a dipping vat for cat-
tle. This is simply a modification of the vat built by R. J. Kleberg
several years before. No experiments of the effects of the various dips
are given.

BULLETIN No. 31. JUNE, 1894.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO STORED GRAIN.
R. H. PRICE, Horticulturist.

In this bulletin are described the corn weevil, three bean weevils, the
rice weevil, the grain beetle, the grain moth, and the pea weevil.

It was advised:

1. To store corn early, and to examine it often.

2. To disinfect all bins with fumes of “high life” (carbon bisul-
phide), and by sprinkling naphthaline in them.

,3. To use carbon bisulphide to kill insects already in the grain. It
will not injure the grain for seed used too long, or too strong; but care
must be taken not to keep it near a fire.

Noun-The Entomological Department has notes made during the past year on ex eri -
ments to test the injurious efiect of carbon bisulphide on seed corn. These Wlll be pub ish -
ed as soon as possible.

SUMMARY OF BULLETINS. 29

BULLETIN No. 32. HORTICULTURAL SECTION. SEPTEMBER, 1894.

VARIETIES OF PLUMS, APRICOTS, AND PERSIMMONS, AND
INJURIOUS FUNGI AND INSECTS.

R. H. PRIcE, Horticulturist.

This gives results of two years’ study of varieties, and of injurious
insects, and diseases affecting the plum.

Conclusions :

1. Over twenty varieties of plums have originated in Texas. Some
of them, belonging to the Chickasaw group, are more productive and
more free from injury by insects and fungi than other varieties tested
here.

2. The following varieties of the Chickasaw group are recommended
for general orchard planting: Caddo Chief, Lone Star, Marianna,
Munson, Newman, Paris Belle, Robinson, and Transparent.

3. The Wild Goose group does not seem so well adapted to Texas as
the Chickasaw group.

4. The Chickasaw group seems better adapted to Texas than the
American group. r

5. The European species of plums have almost entirely failed.

6. The Japan plums are of good size and fiavor._ Very attractive,
and would ship well. Many of the varieties need to be sprayed to pre-
vent injury by insects and fungi.

'7. The following Japan varieties are promising: Abundance, Bur-
bank, Douglas, Georgeson, Kelsey, and Norman.

8. Marianna as plum stock does not do well for all varieties, espe-
cially when they are set on dry upland.

*9. Nearly all injurious fungi and insects can be prevented from
doing injury to plums by spraying the trees with three ounces of Lon-
don purple stirred into every twenty-five gallons of Bordeaux mixture.
Spraying should begin early, before the blooms all fall off, and be re-
peated every two weeks till the fruit is half grown.

10. It is often necessary to spray once after the fruit is gathered, to
prevent blight defoliating the trees in the fall.

11. Plums are more fruitful if several varieties which bloom near
the same time are set close together in the orchard.

12. The following apricots are the most promising which we have
tested: Myer’s Early and Royal.

13. Japan persimmon is a very promising new fruit which seems
well adapted to Texas. It grows well when budded upon stock of the
native wild persimmon. The most promising varieties tested are
Hachiyja, Tane Nashi, and Xengi.

The tough skin of the Hachiya and the fact that it has a long ripen-
ing period make it desirable for shipping.

*NOTE.-—See Bulletin No. 89 for more recent recommendations.

30 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

BULLETIN No. 33. AGRICULTURAL SECTION. DECEMBER, 1894.
FEEDING MILK COWS.

J. H. CoNNELL, Director.
JAMES CLAYTON, Agriculturist.

This bulletin reports experimentslcarried on in 1894 to determine -

the relative value of different feeds in milk and butter production. The
feeds tested were cotton seed hulls, alfalfa hay, prairie hay, and silage;
cotton "seed meal and corn meal.

These questions, considered and answered, were;

How much cotton seed hulls is equal to 1 pound alfalfa hay? An-
swer——1.58 pounds when combined with 3 pounds cotton seed meal and
5 pounds corn meal.

How much cotton seed hulls is equal to 1 pound choice prairie hay P"
Answer--1.45 pounds when combined with 3 pounds cotton seed meal
and 5 pounds corn meal.

How much choice prairie hay is equal to 1 pound alfalfa? Answer—_
1.12 pounds when combined with 3 pounds cotton seed meal and 5
pounds corn meal. a I

Does the addition of silage to a ration of common hay cheapen the

a ration? Answer-It does.

Having cotton seed meal, what ‘single forage should be fed with it to
produce largest fiow of milk? (Forage tested—-cotton seed hulls, al-
falfa hay, silage, and prairie hay.) Answer-Cotton seed hulls.

Having common prairie hay, what single grain is the best to feed
with it to produce largest flow of milk? (Grains tested were cotton seed
and cotton seed meal.) Answer-—Cotton seed.

Having cotton "seed hulls, what single grain is the best to feed with
it to produce largest flow of milk? (Grains tested—cornmeal and cot-
ton seed meal.) Answer—Cotton seed meal.

BULLETIN No. 34. AGRICULTURAL SEoTroN. FEBRUARY, 1895.

FIELD EXPERIMENTS AT COLLEGE STATION, AND Mo-
KINNEY, AND WICHITA FALLS.

J. H. GoNNELL.
JAS. CLAYTON.

These experiments include tests of thirty-one varieties of cotton,
thirty varieties of peas, a large number of grasses and other forage
plants, sixty-one varieties of corn, and more than 200 varieties of wheat.

The object was to learn what new varieties of these field crops can
be profitably introduced into different sections of the State; and if
manures can be economically used, what sorts and how best applied, and
how much is needed, for several characteristic soils.

There were fifty-seven varieties of wheat planted at McKinney, and‘
fifty-three at Wichita Falls, each of which gave larger yields than Medi-
terranean.

None of the fertilizers used on corn or wheat at McKinney proved

profitable. At Wichita Falls, fresh and rotted manure gave a profit.

SUMMARY 0F BULLETINS. 31

on wheat lands. Subsoiling cotton land at McKinney more than paid
for the extra cost. [Note-Subsoiling at various stations has generally
proved unprofitable]

The grasses and forage plants that succeeded best were: v

At McKinney—-Melilotus, alfalfa, alsike clover, English rye grass.

At Wichita Falls—Alfalfa, melilotus, rye grass, meadow oat grass
and timothy.

At College Station—Alfalfa, burr clover, crimson clover, Japan clover,
rescue grass, and rye grass. [Note.—Alfalfa and Japan clover have
generally not succeeded at College Station. Acid phosphate and stable
manure were profitably used on cor at College Station]

BULLETIN No. 35. CHEMIoAL SEoTIoN. MAY, 1895.
MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES.

H. H. HARRINGTON, Chemist.
DUNCAN ADRIANCE, Associate Chemist.
P. S. TILsoN, Assistant in Chemistry.

This bulletin contains analyses of twenty-two mineral waters; eleven
samples of soils; clays, marls, limestone, iron ore, bat guano, cactus,
natural gas, and crude petroleum. The latter was from Corsicana, and
proved to be a good oil.

 

BULLETIN No. 36. HORTICULTURAL SEoTIoN. JULY, 1896.
VEGETABLES AND INSECTICIDES.

R. H. PRICE, Horticulturist.
H. NEss, Assistant Horticulturist.
H. H. HARRINGTON, Chemist.

I. Sweet Potatoes (B. H. Price). This reports results of experi-
ments begun the year before, carried on through 1894. Fifty varieties
were tested; and the work embraced cultural methods, methods of propa-
gation, chemical analyses after storage, fertilizers, and comparative pro-
ductiveness of varieties.

“General Grant” made the largest yield for one year; “Shanghai”
for two.

Slips from very small tubers were found to grow as large potatoes as

slips from large tubers.

“The vineless yam” is highly recommended, owing to the greater con-
venience of cultivation. The tops of this variety may be cut with a
mower, and fed green ‘to stock. Only one strain of “Vineless” is recom-
mended.

The fertilizer tests showed best results for bone black, 300 pounds,
and potassium sulphate, 200 pounds, in this soil. Nitrate of soda and
muriate of potash decreased the yield.

Some tests made at Hulen by Professor F. W. Mally are reported.

Experiments with patent transplanting tools are reported. To trans-
plant successfully, the ground should be somewhat moist—not Wet-

32 SUi/LMARY or BULLETINS.

well prepared, and the plants set on a cloudy day, or late in the after-

noon; the earth should be pressed firmly about the roots. If the roots‘

be “puddled” in thin mud before being set, they will not dry out, and
may be transplanted into a furrow, and covered by a turning plow.

The crop should not be gathered till fully matured; a mature potato
heals over when cut; a green one turns greenish-black. A sharp rolling
coulter on the beam of a turning plow just in front of the point will
clear away the vines. No bruised potatoes should be stored; it will take
two weeks to dry them. They may then be stored in a ventilated potato
house in fresh sand. The purple-skinned sorts kept best.

Soft rot, Rhizopus N igrieans, may be best prevented by careful drying
and sorting of tubers before storing.

Black rot, Ceratocystis Finibrista, is likely to be carried from dis-
eased slips, and, therefore, vine cuttings are recommended.

Stem rot, N ectria I pomese, comes from infected slips, and from the
egg-plant. Sweet potato scurf, Monilochaetes Infuseans, may also be
propagated from diseased tubers.

The sweet potato borer, Cylas Formicarius, mentioned here, has since

been more fully treated in Bulletin No. 93 (which see).

Varieties are divided into three classes, by their foliage. _

II. Water and Sugar in Sweet Potatoes, as Affected by Keeping (H.
H. Harrington). Three analyses, made November 1, December 20,
1893, and March 6, 1894, of sixteen varieties of potatoes, showed that
the vineless (or Early Bunch) Yam proved to be the best potato for
table use, in the South, where a dry potato with a large amount of sugar
is wanted.

III. Varieties of Onions (B. H. Price), contains information given
more fully in Bulletins Nos. 60 and '77.

IV. Muslcnielons and Cantaloupes (B. H. Price) describes varie-
ties and methods of culture, better treated in later publications.*

V. Celery (R. H. Price) describes experiments in 1893 and 1894
with eleven varieties of celery, in spring and fall, on rather poor dry
upland soil. Giant Paschal, Henderson’s Rose, and Golden Self-Blanch-
ing were the best varieties. The crop is strongly recommended wherever
suflicient water supply, natural or artificial, can be obtained.

VI. Beans (B. H. Price) and

VII. Cabbage, Cauliflower and Tomatoes  Ness) are more fully
treated in later bulletins} The best cabbage out of thirty-three varieties
‘was Jersey Wakefield; the best cauliflower, Erfurt Earliest Dwarf; the
best tomato, Atlantic Prize.

Some notes on insecticides are added.

BULLETIN No. 37. DECEMBER, 1895.
SUNDRY BRIEF ARTICLES.

J. H. CONNELL, and
Other Members of the Station Staff.

This contains miscellaneous matter selected from the “Press Notes”
of the previous year.

*See Bulletins Nos. 64, 89, 94. TSee Bulletins Nos. 5.2, 57, 65, 69, 84.

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 33

BULLETIN No. 38. CHEMICAL SECTION. MARCH, 1896.
CANAIGRE-THE NEW TANNING PLANT.

H. H. HARRINGTON, Chemist.
DUNCAN ADRIANCE, Associate Chemist.

This bulletin describes the canaigre plant (Rumea: Hymenosepalus),
and the methods of growing, and preparing for the market; and gives
results of analyses of seventy-two specimens, from various localities,
showing surprising divergences in the amount of tannic acid produced;
and discusses the value of the crop as an industry.

Most of the data, and most of the specimens analyzed, were drawn
from the field experiments of Mr. R. J. Kerr, who, ten years before,
introduced the plant from Tucson, Arizona. On his plantation at
Monahans, in West Texas, and at Pomona plantation, near Hockley, in
Central Texas, he was at the time cultivating the plant for commercial
purposes, with profit.

1. Descripti0n.——The canaigre is described as a species of dock,
springing up from year to year from the roots, which increase in tannic
acid for eighteen months, and resemble sweet potatoes; they are from
six to eight inches long, and not more than two and a half inches thick,
smooth, light yellow to dark-brownish red. When dried, they become
very hard.

The plant is propagated by tubers, and takes two years to form roots
for commercial purposes.

2. Culiivati0n.—Any soil suitable for sweet potatoes will grow
canaigre. Plow the ground thoroughly six to eight inches deep; har-
row with a disc harrow, and finish with an Acme or common tooth har-
row to get the ground well pulverized; bed up, thirty-six inches apart,
like sweet potatoes and plant in drills. Plant the whole root, ten inches
apart in the drill, and as shallow as possible, not over three inches deep.
One carload, of twelve tons, will plant fifty acres. Plant from May
15th to September 15th. Cultivate four to six times during the season.
Potash fertilizers are recommended.

3. Preparation and Marketivngr-The roots can not be shipped green.
They may be sliced and dried, or the tannin may be extracted. Freezing
does not injure them, but- fermentation does. The slicing machines cost
from $125 to $300. In West Texas, it costs $1.60 to the ton of green
roots, to slice, dry, and sack; in Central Texas, 75 cents per ton. It is
recommended that co-operation be adopted by neighboring farmers, in
establishing driers ; or that one farmer establish one, and buy roots from
his neighobrs. In slicing, the roots are cut into chips about one-twen-
tieth (1-20) of an inch thick, which must be dried rapidly at a low
temperature—120° to 130° F. Extract factories are recommended.

4. Cost and Market Value of Crop. It is estimated that the lowest
average yield per acre is 17,640 pounds; that it can be raised at $2.00
per ton, f. o. b. cars; that it can be sold at $5.00 per ton. It is said to
produce a very fine mellow leather, of a beautiful yellow color and great
durability.

5. C0nclusi0ns.—Canaigre, though it does well on any soil that is

3% SUMMARY or -BULLETINS.

not too cold and too moist, seems particularly adapted to West and 

South Texas, but may be profitable elsewhere.
It can not be readily adapted to the farmer of limited means; but on
the co-operative plan is almost sure to give good returns.

p While the root continues to increase in tannic acid for some time (as i
shown by analyses given), it will pay best to gather when a year, or a

season, old. _
Cultivation increases the tannin.

BULLETIN No. 39. Honrrcurxrunxri SECTION. JULY, 1896.
THE PEACH.
R. H. PRICE, Horticulturist.

This bulletin contains notes on varieties tested at College Station
for three years; some suggestions about varieties for different climates;
rules of nomenclature; origin; and classification. There are also hints
on orchard setting (see Bulletin No. 80 for more recent methods), a

method of dormant budding, and brief notes on diseases and injurious '

insects. and a list of peaches recommended by horticulturists in the
different parts of Texas.

Of the varieties tested, two belonged to the Peen-To race; five to South
China; eleven to the Spanish; twenty-one to the North China; and
eighty-six to the Persian; while forty-four were mixed.

The author recommends the following varieties for Middle and North-
ern Tvxas, arranged in the order of ripening.

Ear/y V arietics.—Alexander, Mamie Ross, Amsden, Miss Lolo,
Anxalia. Rivers, Tillotson, Yellow St. John, and Family Favorite.

fllwdiunz Early Varieties.—Spottswood, Elberta, Thurber, Gen. Lee,
Cobler and Curtis. i

Late Varifltivs.—l\/Iixon Free, Stonewall Jackson, Columbia, Texas,
Bilvea and Victoria.

T7rz1'ieties' for Middle and Southern Tecvas.—Arranged in order of
ripening. .

Early V n.rir>ties.-Alexander (shy bearer), Mamie Ross, Early China,
Coleman. Pallas. Mountain, Tillotson and Family Favorite.

J/fldium Enrly.--Spottswood, Elberta, Gen. Lee and Cobler.

Lair» I7arieties.—Onderdonk, Stonewall Jackson, Columbia, Texas and
Victoria.

A method of dormant budding, devised by Professor H. Ness, is given.
The method consists of cutting a slip of bark, with some wood attached,
down the tree about one inch, leaving it attached at the lower end.
About half this slip is then cut 0H, leaving the other half still attached
to the tree. Cut ofl’ a bud, leaving some wood attached to it, to prevent
injury, and then carefully place it between the slip and the tree, so that
it will fit nicely. and the cambium of the bud and tree come in contact
Tie tight with some good material. such as raffia. In five or six days

the bud will he found to have knit firmly. Treat it then as those budded

in the usual way.

SUMMARY oE BULLETINs. 35

BULLETIN No. 40. AGRICULTURAL SECTION. SEPTEMBER, 1894.

FIELD EXPERIMENTS AT COLLEGE STATION WITH CORN,
COTTON AND FORAGE PLANTS.

J. H. CoNNELL, Director.
JAMEs CLAYTON, Agriculturist.

The experiments reported in this bulletin were made during two‘
years—1894 and 1895—on sixty-two varieties of corn, thirty-four vari-
ties of cotton, twenty-one varieties of grass, ten varieties of clover, two
varieties of vetch and thirty-two other forage plants.

' The soil was a black, sandy soil, deficient in phosphates, with a blue
clay subsoil and very poor drainage.

The variety which made the largest yield of seed cotton in 1895, early
planting, was Dickson Early Cluster; late planting, Welborn’s Pet; in
1894, early planting, Sure Fruit; late planting, Peterkin Limbed
Cluster.

Of corn, the varieties making the largest yields were Mosby’s Prolific
and Blount’s Prolific.

The experience of all stations testing varieties now for many years
seems to have been that any one variety making the best yield one year
is likely to make the best yield any other year. No one variety has
often, if ever, made the best yields for the same year at any two sta-
tions, however near together the stations may be. No variety has often
made best yields at the same station in both late and early plantings.
The whole question of variety tests, particularly for cotton, is very com-
plex. The best that can be said is that certain types* of cotton, includ-
ing many so-called varieties, have averaged a little more productive than
other types, including many other so-called varieties.

The Peterkin or Rio Grande type has perhaps stood first at as many
stations during as many years as any other. The Peerless type and the
Fruit or Big Boll type have both averaged near the top. The former is
earlier and the latter later than the Peterkin type. The Early Cluster
or Dickson type of varieties and the King type have often stood first,
and would average near the others named. These two types have aver-
aged earlier than the others.

All experiments would indicate that the farmer who sends a long
distance and pays a fancy price for extravagantly advertised seed gener-
ally throws away good money. Seed claimed to yield two to four bales
per acre have seldom, if ever, surpassed well known and common kinds.

Of Forage Plants, Forage Sorghum and White African Millet pro-
duced most.

BULLETIN No. 41. AGRICULTURAL SEorIoN. DEoEMBER, 1896.

TWO STEER-FEEDING EXPERIMENTS.

J. H. CoNNELL, Director.
J. W. CAEsoN, Assistant to Director.

The purpose of these experiments carried on in the winters of 1894-95
and 1895-96 was to determine:

*NOTE.-S68 Bulletins 75 and 79, pp. 66 and 73.

36 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

1. In what proportions should cotton seed meal and hulls be fed for 

cheapest gain in flesh for long and short fattening periods?

2. What combinations of meal with hulls fed to steers give the larg-
est daily gain in live Weight when fed for long and short periods?

3. Can sound meal and hulls be so proportioned or- fed as to pro-
duce blindness or “fat sickness” in good cattle with healthful surround-
ings?

The cattle used were 100 head of threes and fours. They were fed
for '70 days and 120 days. '

The conclusions were:

1. At current or probable prices of meal and hulls, it pays best to
feed some 5 or 6 pounds of hulls to every pound of meal eaten.

2. The largest daily gain in live weight can be secured by feeding
meal and hulls in a very common proportion of 3 pounds of hulls to 1
pound of meal. The quicker gain, secured by increasing the amount of
meal fed daily from 4 pounds to 6 pounds, increases the cost of feeding
each steer $1.25 or $1.50 for every one hundred days.

3. Changing the amount of cotton seed meal from a light feed of
meal for first fifty days to heavy meal for last seventy days gave results
of no marked value, although the change of ration clearly added to the
cost of maintenance.

4. We were totally unable to cause “fat sickness” in steers fed on
sound dry cotton seed meal and hulls when combined in various propor-
tions and fed for one hundred and fifty days, continuing into hot
Weather.

5. When less than 2% pounds of hulls is fed to 1 pound of cotton
seed meal, the appetite is disturbed and indigestion is produced, result-
ing in light feeding and slow gains.

6. From the trials here reported,‘ we may safely conclude that when
the price of a ton of cotton seed meal as compared with a ton of hulls
is as 5 to 1, then a pound of meal should be accompanied by at least 5
pounds of hulls. When the difference in price widens, then the hulls
should be correspondingly increased. Thus, if meal be, worth $15 per
ton and hulls $3.00, at least 5 pounds of hulls should be fed to 1 pound
of meal; if meal be worth $15 and hulls $2.00 per ton, 7-}- pounds of
hulls should be fed to every pound of meal, provided the steers eat freely
of the foods mixed in this proportion.

BULLETIN No. 42. HORTIOULTURAL SECTION. ‘MARCH, 1897.
THE IRISH POTATO.
B. H. PRICE, Horticulturist.

This bulletin reports results of experiments begun in 1895 on some
fifty varieties of Irish Potatoes; in keeping them; in preventing injury
from disease; and in testing the effects of fertilizers on the yield.

Bliss Triumph was found to be the best keeping quality; Early
Puritan andEarly Ohio gave slightly greater yields in this test.

A fertilizer consisting of 300 pounds bone black and 200 pounds
potassium sulphate was found to give greater yield in the soil of the

 

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 37

Station—a rather stiff clay. Nitrate of soda lowered the yield. It was
found that a fertilizer that increased or decreased the yield of sweet
potatoes would be apt to do the same for Irish potatoes.

Of various methods of keeping potatoes, none was found satisfactory.
Best results were obtained from leaving them in the ground, covering
them well with a turning plow. By this means the crop may be held
four weeks.

The planting of second-crop potatoes is strongly recommended. This
will save importing Northern seed. Mature tubers should be kept in
the shade and sprouted and planted from July 20th to August 15th, when
the ground is moist. Bows should be three feet apart and four to six
inches deep. Large potatoes sliced were found to sprout quicker than
small ones. They should be covered about three inches deep at first and
more earth added when growth begins, with level culture afterwards.
Second-crop tubers may be kept in the ground or stored in sand.

Early leaf blight (Macrosporium solain) and dry rot (Fusarium
solain) were troublesome, and no effective remedy was found for either.

I

 

BULLETIN No. 43. APRIL, 1897.
REPORT FROM BEEVILLE STATION—-NO. 1.

J. H. CoNNELL, Director.
S. A. MOHENRY, Superintendent of Beeville Station.

I. Soils.
II. Climate.

III. Water Supply.

IV. Irrigation Equipment.

This is the first report of the Experiment Station in this part of
Southern Texas, provided for by the State appropriation and established
in 1894.

I. SoiLsa-A gently rolling prairie, covered with chaparral and tree-
less except along the streams, where post-oak, live-oak and elm form the
timber. Mesquite and prickly pear and mesquite grass cover the prairie.
The soil is a dark-brown, sandy loam, overlying a whitish marl which
contains much lime. Bee county lies in that geological region known
as the Fayette beds, which have a great deal of sulphur and gypsum, and
in hot dry seasons these elements seem to burn out the organic matter in
the soils. Broadcast sown forage crops and crops for green manure

are, therefore, needed to maintain the fertility of these soils. Analyses r

of three samples of soil from different depths are given.

II. Climate and RainfaJZF-The average annual rainfall of this
region is twenty to thirty inches. During the coldest weather in 1896,
when the thermometer registered 19° above zero. cabbages were not killed.

III. An account is given of the method of “Plow Irrigation” and
the “Campbell system” of “subsoil packing,” on which the experiments
were planned for the following year, but the work was actually done
with the aid of irrigation from the underground water supply. Fifty
to one hundred and fifty feet below the surface a coarse water-bearing
sand supplies bored wells with good water, usually abundant, but the
flow decreases in long drouths.

38 SUMMARY OF BULLETINS.
5

Windmills were found to be insufficient for pumping these Wells, since
the winds were not constant, so a four-horse-power gasoline engine was
installed. A reservoir was built, 8 feet deep and 28x48 at the bottom,
44x64 at the top. The highest available location was chosen for it, and
the soil tested; it was found to hold water very badly; tar mastic*
was, therefore, used to coat it, and the foundation laid in a furrow or
ditch, which is called “reseating.”

Different methods of irrigation—by furrows, on hillsides, by ditches
and by basins—-are described and discussed. At Beeville it was neces-
sary to irrigate every furrow.

To counteract alkali in the soils and in waters, flooding irrigation
with pure water and the growth of such crops as sorghum and beets are
recommended.

BULLETIN No. 44. CHEMICAL SECTION. JULY, 1897.
PAINTS AND PAINTING MATERIALS AND MISCELLANEOUS
ANALYSES.

H. H. HARRINGTON, Chemist.
P. S. TILsoN, Associate Chemist.

Tests of drying properties of refined and crude cotton seed oil and
analyses for thirteen samples of common paints are here reported.

Cotton seed oil treated with 3-10 of 1 per cent of manganese borate
and heated at 1'70 degrees for one hour was found to dry rapidly and
make good mixer for paints—more tenacious and less likely to crack
than linseed oil. For outside work, cotton seed oil may be used without
treatment, but it runs and is a poor dryer.

It is cheaper to buy paints and other materials and mix them than
to buy ready-mixed paints.

Analyses of mineral waters and other miscellaneous articles are given.

Several samples of lignite were analyzed. One sample from Crockett
was found of excellent quality.

A sample of iron ore from Buffalo was found to have 53 per cent
oxide of iron, making it a very good quality.

Analyses were made of Satol for feeding. The heart of the plant is
better than turnips as a feed, containing about twice as much dry nutri-
tive matter in a given weight as turnips, but is probably not quite so
digestible.

 

BULLETIN No. 45. AGRICULTURAL SECTION. DECEMBER, 1897.

COTTCN AND CORN EXPERIMENTS.
B. C. Prrruox, Agriculturist.
I. Bohemian, Welborn’s Pet and Peterkin Limbed Cluster made
largest yields when planted in three-foot rows and two feet in the drill;
Texas Oak, in four-foot rows and two feet in the drill; Jones’ Improved,

in four-foot rows and three feet in the drill.
II. The largest individual yield (738.5 pounds seed cotton) in cot-

*See Bulletin No. 69, p. 6'2.

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 39

ton fertilizer test was given by a single application of phosphoric acid
in the form of bone black, at the rate of 500 pounds per acre. Of the
nitrogenous fertilizers, cotton seed meal, at the rate of 500 pounds per
acre, gave the largest yield—711.6 pounds seed cotton. Of the potash
fertilizers, cotton seed hull ashes, at the rate of 500 pounds per acre,
gave the largest yield—670.1 pounds seed cotton. Of the complete fer-
tilizers, acid phosphate, 200 pounds per acre, and stable manure, 4000

pounds per acre, gave the largest yield——665.5 pounds seed cotton.

[Note.—From the experience of many stations, it is probable that
fertilizers were applied in too large amounts to give most profitable re-
sults. It is quite likely that one-third the amounts would have given
almost as good yields. Much work has been done at several stations to
test the best distances to thin cotton. The general trend of all results
has been to show that it makes most when left rather thick-say fifteen
to eighteen inches in three to four-foot rows. Thick cotton undoubt-
edly tends to mature earlier]

The largest individual yield (37.2 bushels) in corn fertilizer test was
given by a single application of acid phosphate, applied at the rate of
500 pounds per acre.

 

BULLETIN No. 46. AGRICULTURAL SEoTIoN. 1898.
GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS.
B. C. PITTUOK, Agriculturist.

This bulletin contains an account of experiments tried at the Station
in 1897, with seeds furnished by the United States Agricultural Depart-
ment. Besides planting seeds at College Station, co-operative experi-
ments were attempted with farmers in other parts of the State. Of the
value of this latter work, the author says: “Although this phase of our
experimental work is in its infancy, we feel sure that the community
interests will continue the demands for such work.” * * * “To
make an experiment as to the adaptability of grasses and forage plants
of general interest, the investigator finds himself contending with many
variable conditions in the State. The climate, soil, and elevation above
the sea level have a wonderful range. Along our Gulf coast a humid,
semi-tropical climate is met, but on pushing on some 4O miles further
north or west, we can perceive a marked change in temperature.

“Beginning on our southeastern border, the altitude increases to the
west and north; our rainfall varies from forty to fifty inches on the
eastern border, to four and five inches on the .west; the soil changes
gradually from sandy, through the different grades of loams and clays,
and back again to sand, with surprising abruptness. With such condi-
tions to combat, much study is necessary to properly adjust the plants
most suitable to each locality, and it can only be accomplished by an
extensive system of experimental investigation, carried on among and
by the farmers themselves. * * * With our large number of grasses,
ranging in growth from early spring to late winter, with proper care
and selection, our farmers should be able to increase the feeding power
of their native pastures twofold. The prairie region's of Texas are gen-

A4O SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

erally rich soils, and make an excellent growth of native grasses under or-
dinary circumstances, but in many cases they have been improved by
seeding and light fertilizer application in the form of manure. A too
heavy application has been found to be non-beneficial, owing to a tend-
ency to thin the grasses, producing an uneven growth. We do not ad-
vocate changing native pastures, in every case, into new pastures of new
grasses, but, by proper selection, new species can be introduced into these
pastures, thereby greatly improving them.” .

Of forty-three grasses tested, ten are reported on favorably.

Agropyron repens—Couch Grass.

Agropyron Richardsonll.

Bouteloua 0llg0stachya—Mesquite Grass.

Bouteloua Racem0sa—l\lesquite Grass.

Bromus unll0ides-—Rescue Grass.

Emgrostis Abyssinica.

Panicum crus-gal1§——Barnyard Grass.

Panicum Teasanum—-Colorado Bottom Grass.

Poa arachnifera—Texas Blue Grass.

Lycerus phleoldes.

A part of the bulletin is devoted to some special experiments on meth-
ods of growing Sorghum, which is highly recommended for dairying
and stock feeding; while even the farmer, for whose purpose it is not
so essential, will find it more profitable than corn. He is advised to
plant it as a crop to follow on corn land, and to plant oats after the
sorghum, and peas the next spring to restore the nitrogen, which is soon
exhausted by sorghum.

As a result of the experiments in methods tried at the Station, the
following conclusions are given:

In each instance where sorghum was drilled in three feet, eight-inch
rows, the yields resulted strongly in favor of seeding at the rate of one-
half bushel per acre, against seeding at the rate of one bushel per acre,
though a coarser quality of hay was produced from this seeding.

[Note.—-Sorghum planted on land subsoiled fifteen inches deep
yielded 5% tons per acres of hay; on land plowed five inches deep it
yielded 5.85 tons per acre, and on land plowed three inches deep it
yielded 5 tons per acre. In this trial, five-inch plowing gave better re-
sults than subsoiling, and three-inch plowing gave nearly as good results
as subsoiling. Subsoiling has generally proved unprofitable at all the
stations testing it] '

Descriptions and methods are given of Alfalfa, Burr Clover, Teosinte,
and several Vetches, and other forage plants.

Of alfalfa, the author savs: “It has been grown very successfully
here, both from a ‘spring and fall planting. Fall planting is preferred,
provided the season is to be had which will allow the plant to establish
a good root system before the frost. Planted in the early spring, with
a thorough preparation of the soil, this plant will make a strong growth,
and, unless drowned by heavy rains or injured by excessive heat previous
to its firm establishment, will give one or two cuttings during the first
season. Alfalfa is a deep-rooted perennial plant, often sending its feed-
ers to a depth of twenty or twenty-five feet, in favorable soils. It pre-

SUMMARY OF BULLETINS. 4.1

fers a rich sandy soil underlaid by a permeable subsoil, and demands
good drainage for best results.

“Alfalfa is difficult to cure properly. The large number of tender,
succulent leaves renders the greatest care and best of weather necessary
to save them. It is a very nutritious feed, both as hay and for soiling.
Much care must be exercised in pasturing cattle on alfalfa. An over-
feed, or injudicious feeding, is liable to result in bloat among cattle and
‘founder’ among horses. Wet alfalfa is injurious, and should be
avoided.”

[Note.—-From later experience with alfalfa in Texas and elsewhere,
it does not seem probable that it will succeed on any sandy land in East
Texas. Its best success seems to be met with on the stiff, black prairies,
or the buckshot lands of the river bottoms, where it is well drained,
naturally or artificially, and on the arid and semi-arid lands of the
West, under irrigation. These last named lands, although they may
appear sandy, are quite rich in lime and other elements of plant food]

Of Burr Clover, the author says: “This clover makes a wonderful
growth in this section, remaining green and succulent during winter,
and up to May, when its seeds mature. In connection with rescue
grass and Bermuda, it makes almost continuous green pasturage. Our
objection to the burr clo-ver is that, although green and succulent, stock
are not very fond of it, but will pick out other grasses in preference.
At this Station, parts of the campus are covered with this plant, mixed
with rescue grass and Bermuda.

 

BULLETIN No. 4'7. AGRICULTURAL SECTION. 1898.
THE EFFECT OF FOOD ON ECONOMIC DAIRY PRODUC-
TIONS.

A. M. SoULE, Assistant Agriculturist.

This bulletin reports results of experiments in 1897, with eighteen
Jersey and Holstein grades, to study some of the principles of feeding
for dairy production. Different proportions of cotton seed hulls and
cotton seed meal, and sorghum hay with cotton seed meal, were fed
against several combinations of silage and cotton seed hulls, with cotton
seed meal and bran, corn meal and oats, to determine:

1. What ration produced milk and butter most economically?

2. The effect of changes in the feed, on cost, yield, and nutrition.

' 3. Whether cotton seed meal alone, or combined with bran or corn
meal or oats, gave best results? .

4. Whether Jersey or Holstein blood is best in dairy cows?

5. How far other factors than food affect milk and butter yields?

The results reached were:

1. A “narrow” ration (one rich in protein, lacking in fats) proved

i best for milk and butter production. A nutritive ratio of 1 :5 o-r 1 :6 is

recommended.

2. Changes in the elements of the rations affected yrield and nutri-
tion and cost, even when the nutritive ratio was kept unchanged. Some
feeds are more appetizing ; and an excess of one nutrient could take the
place, to some extent, of another.

42 SUMMARY 0F BULLETINS.

3. A combination of bran, corn meal, or oats, with cotton seed meal
prevented the waste of protein, which was evident when the nitrogenous
meal" was fed alone with roughage.

4. Both Jersey and Holstein sires with native cows produce excellent
grades for dairy stock. The Jersey is best for butter purposes; the Hol-
stein for milk production.

5. Many other factors besides food and breed affect the yield of
milk and butter. Weather may do it; a sudden cold spell reduced the
amounts for several days. The cow’s state of health, her surroundings,
the period of lactation, also affect it. But the character of the cow--
her “individuality”-—is the most important influence of all. Each cow
has a maximum ability to produce milk and butter, which depends
partly, but not wholly, on her ancestry, and is determined by various
causes. Some cows can digest and assimilate more food than they can
render into milk, so that a fat cow may be a good milker; but, as a
rule, a cow which fattens rapidly is not. The cost of keeping a cow
depends on the use she makes of the food. A record should be kept of
each cow, and only the profitable ones kept in the herd.

Besides these results, two other things were evident:

l. That it paid better—at prices then prevailing in that section-
to sell milk than butter,

2. That the fertilizing value of the manure was enough to cover the
cost of caring for the cows, milking, and handling of the products.

A description is given of a good type of dairy cow: She should pos-
sess a well-developed wedge shape, and indications of great nervous
energy. A clean-cut contour, with a well-fleshed body-not fat, but not
mere skin-and-bones. A wide, deep chest, and narrow withers, with great
depth and breadth through the pelvic regions. Tremendous digestive
and udder capacity, and every indication of a great circulation of the
blood, as shown by the skin and milk veins. A good milch cow need
not be sleek, smooth, and well-rounded out.

Improved dairy practice should be based on the use of foods that will
increase both the quantity and the circulation of the blood, maintain
the animal system in a state of equilibrium, and keep it in a healthy
and vigorous condition at all times.

Cotton seed meal failed to increase the percentage of fats in milk more
than other meals. The feed cost of milk ranged from 50 cents to 68 cents
a hundred pounds in these experiments, or about 5 cents a gallon. Feed
cost for butter ranged from 11 to 14 cent-s per pound. A part succulent
ration—containing silage—proved superior to an entirely dry ration.
The cows receiving the greatest variety in their rations also made the
most profit.

Cotton seed meal and hulls alone, fed to dairy cows, tend to produce
fat, and are not the best feed without mixing with some other feed.

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 43

BULLETIN No. 48. HORTIOULTURAL SECTION. 1898.
THE GRAPE.

B. H. PRICE, Horticulturist.
H. NEss, Assistant Horticulturist.

This bulletin is in two parts:
I. Experimental Work, and
II. Care and Management of the Grape.

The experiments at the Station were made 0n 205 varieties, from ~

vines of each variety, set in December, 1893.

The conclusions reached were:

1. No variety with any great amount of Labrusca or Vinifera blood
withstood the climate. Varieties with Lincecumit and Bourquiniana
blood did excellently. "

2. The ‘varieties which were found best for table grapes were:
Brilliant, Bailey, Delaware, Dracut, Duchess, Golden Gem, Gold Coin,
Green Mountain, Herbert. For wine: America, Catawba, Herbemont,
Herman, LeNoir, Mrs. Munson.

II. Care and Management 0f the Grape-Jfhis treats of propagation,
pruning and training grapes; setting, cultivating, and trellising a vine-
yard; diseases, insect enemies, and how to treat them.

BULLETIN No. 4:9. AGRICULTURAL SECTION. DECEMBER, 1898.
CORN EXPERIMENTS AND VARIETIES.

B. C. PITTUCK, Agriculturist.
J. H. CoNNELL, Director.

I.

The following experiment with Corn was carried on at College Sta-
tion during theseason of 1898:

1. Variety Test—-Ernbracing forty-two varieties.

The following field experiments with Corn were carried on at the Bee-
ville Station during the season of 1898:

1. Variety Test-Embracing twenty-five varieties; distance between
rows four feet, and twenty inches in the drill.

2. Variety and Distance Test—-Embracing five varieties, the distance
varying between rows from three feet to five feet, and two and one-half
to three feet in the drill.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS.
COLLEGE STATION.

I7arieties—With the varieties tested at College Station, Blount’s Pro-
lific, a Southern-grown (Virginia) seed corn, gave the largest yield (40.7
bushels) per acre.

44 SUMMARY OF BULLETINS.

Second best yield (39.5 bushels) was made by St. Charles White. a
Northern (Illinois) grown seed corn.

Third best yield (37.2 bushels) was made by a Delaware grown seed
corn.

By a comparison of yields during the past three and four years, we
find Blount’s Prolific made the largest average yield over all other varie-
ties. This indicates to us the pressing need of more distinct varieties
of Southern-grown seed corn.

BEEVILLE SUB-STATION.

1. Varieties—The three varieties making largest yields at College
Station also made largest yields at the Beeville Station, notwithstanding
the difference in soil and seasons.

2. Distance Test—With corn planted at varying distances, three out
of the five varieties gave largest yields when planted in rows four feet
apart and two and one-half feet in the drill. With varying methods of
preparation, this distance gave largest yields in each case. These re-
"sults indicate that with all varieties and methods of preparation used
in these two soil sections that the best average distance to be given corn
is four feet by two and one-half feet, for seasons such as that experi-
enced in 1898. This conclusionis also confirmed by the results of our
previous experiments and observations. .

Best YieZds—Of the five varieties planted three feet by two and one-
half feet, Golden Beauty gave the largest yield. Of the five varieties
planted four feet by two and one-half feet, the 100-Day Bristol gave the
largest yield. Of the five varieties planted four and one-half feet by
three feet, Forsyth’s Favorite gave the largest yield. Of the five varie-
ties planted five feet by three feet, Thomas gave the largest yield.

II.
BEST VARIETIES OF CORN.

The subject of varieties of corn best suited to different sections of
Texas is discussed. Late and medium early varieties are briefly de-
scribed, and the number of days required to mature them, when tested, is
given. The conditions of soil and climate in relation to corn culture in
different parts of the State are considered, and the rainfall and daily
mean temperature for the year are recorded.

For milling and feeding purposes, the authors recommend: Welborn
Conscience, Mosby Prolific, White Southern Bread, and Mexican June
Corn. -

In East Texas, where forty inches and more rain falls in a season,
and in the moist bottom soil of Bainbelt No. 2, where less than forty
inches of rain may be expected, late varieties of corn are recommended,
since they are more prolific than the early-maturing kinds. On the up-
lands of Rainbelt No. 2, medium early corns are recommended. For
Rainbelt No. 3, where less than thirty inches of rain may be expected,
Kaffir corn, milo maize, and sorghum are recommended, instead of_corn.

SUMMARY or BULLETINs. 45

BULLETIN No. 50. FEBRUARY, 1899.
AGRICULTURAL SEoT1oN—FIELn ORoPs AND LIvE STooK.
COTTON EXPERIMENTS.

I. EXPERIMENTS WITH OoTToN AT COLLEGE STATION.

B. O. PITTUoK, Agriculturist.

In 1898, the Cotton experiments at the Station Were:

1. A continuation of test with varieties——twelve varieties.

2. A continuation of test with fertilizers—fertilizers applied during
January, 1897. [First year’s work published in Bulletin No. 45.]

The varieties making the largest yield in 1898 Were Dixon’s Improved
and Beck’s Big Boll. Largest money value, Beek’s Big Boll.

Of the fertilizers, cotton seed meal gave largest yield and largest net
gain, making 1357 pounds seed cotton.

Of the phosphate fertilizers, bone black, at the rate of 500 pounds
per acre, gave a yield of 1315 pounds seed cotton. Of the potash fer-
tilizers, Wood ashes, at the rate of 2000 pounds per acre, gave a yield of
1060 pounds seed cotton] A mixture of 200 pounds acid phosphate and
2000 pounds stable manure gave a yield of 1162 pounds seed cotton.
The two acres having no manure yielded an average of 81'?’ pounds seed
cotton.

[Note.—Later experience suggests that cotton seed meal to furnish
nitrogen, and acid phosphate or bone black to furnish phosphoric acid,
should be mixed and used to get best results. One and a half parts acid
phosphate and one part cotton seed meal mixed, and used at the rate of
300 pounds per acre, would probably give profitable results on any rather
thin sandy, loamy, or clay land in East Texas. On the black waxy or
lime lands, such fertilizers have not given good results. On these latter
soils, cotton seed, coarse manures, growing restorative crops, such as peas,
beans, alfalfa, melilotus, vetch, ete., would seem to be the best means of
enrichment]

II. EXPERIMENTs AT BEEvILLE STATION.

B. O. PITTUoK, Agriculturist.
S. A. MOHENRY, Superintendent of Beeville Station.

In 1898, the experiments with cotton at Beeville were:

1. A variety test of twelve varieties.

A variety and distance test of five varieties; the distance varying from
three-foot rows and two feet in the drill to five-foot rows and three feet
in the drill. ‘ a

The varieties making largest yield were Nancy Hanks and Gilbert’s
Lamb Wool; largest money value, Hawkins’ Extra Prolific and Griffin’s
Drouth Proof. . -

2. Humphrey’s Dailkeith and Strickland’s Improved gave best re-
sults when planted in three-foot rows, two feet in the drill.

Beck’s Improved and Lowry’s Improved, in four-foot rows, two feet
in the drill.

46 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

Texas Oak, in four-foot rows, three feet in the drill.

Beck’s Improved gave largest yield at each distance. The distance,
three feet by two feet, gave a little better result than greater distances,
on an average.

BULLETIN N0. 51. CHEMICAL SEoTIoN. 1899.
FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZER ANALYSES.
H. H. HARRINGTON, Chemist.

The text of the law providing for the inspection of fertilizer and
commercial poisons recently passed by the Legislature of Texas, and
discussions of the nature, function, valuation, and use of fertilizers, and
analyses of fifteen samples of fertilizing materials, including bat guano
and bat guano ash, mineral phosphates, acid phosphates, bone meal, tank-
ago, cotton hull ashes, sulphate of ammonia, kainit, and barnyard
manure. A sample of barnyard manure showed a chemical value of
$3.97 per ton. I

BULLETIN No. 52. JULY, 1899.

AGRICULTURAL SEcTIoN—HoETIoULTUEE.
(BEEvILLE, No. 3.)

CABBAGE AND CAULIFLOWEB.

B. C. PITTUCK, Agriculturist.
S. A. MUHENRY, Superintendent of Beeville Station.

This bulletin contains notes on the germination, growth, yield, and
character of thirty-five varieties of Cabbage and eight of Cauliflower.

The cabbage most highly recommended are Early Jersey, Wakefield,
Improved Early Summer, Lauderback All Year. The cauliflower:
Le Normand, Short Stem, llenderson’s Early Snowball, Late Italian
Glant.

(See Bulletins Nos. 57 and 69.)

BULLETIN No. 53. VETERINARY SEoTIoN. OCTOBER, 1899.
TEXAS FEVER.

M. FRANCIS, Veterinarian.
J. W. CoNNAwAY, Veterinarian, Missouri Experiment Station.

This bulletin contains a description of experiments made to ascertain
whether immunity to Texas fever can be brought about in any one of
three ways:

1. By the subcutaneous injection of the blood serum of immune ani-
mals in such quantities as to produce a passive immunity until the

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 47

danger of death from an attack of fever contracted in the usual way
will have passed.

2. By the production of actual immunity by infecting the animals
gradually by means of ticks.

3. By the production of actual immunity, in a degree of tolerance
that will amount to a practical immunity, by simply infecting suitable
animals by subcutaneous inoculation of infected cattle blood: and by
giving the animals proper care, succeed in saving a large per cent of
them.

The conclusions reached at the time were (1) that the blood
serum of Southern cattle, which are practically immune to Texas fever,
can not be used in a practical way to produce a temporary immunity
to Texas fever; (2) the production of immunity by gradual tick infec-
tion is entirely successful, but is somewhat hard to manage on account
of the danger of other cattle becoming infected and causing much mis-
chief; (3) that the production of immunity by simply infecting suitable
cattle by subcutaneous injections of the blood of Southern cattle is the
most practical method of meeting this problem. It is shown that the
most suitable subjects are young cattle from ten to sixteen months of
age; that they should be inoculated during the winter months; that the
result is an attack of genuine Texas fever, which appears about ten days
after inoculation; that a second fever period occurs about thirty days

- after inoculation; that the death rate is about 3 per cent from inocula-

tion fever; that about 5- per cent more die of relapse, due to actual tick
infestation during the summer; that, of the 432 animals reported at
this time, the total death rate is about 8 per cent; that we have no
medicinal remedy for this disease which will abate, or cure it.

(See Bulletin No. 63, which contains further Work along this line.)

BULLETIN No. 54. HORTIGULTURAL SECTION. NOVEMBER, 1899.
THE IRISH POTATO (SEooND REPORT).

R. H. PRICE, Horticulturist.
H. NEss, Professor of Botany.

This is a continuation of Bulletin No. 42, and covers, with that bul-
letin, the work of four years. The results already given in Bulletin
No. 42 are repeated, with the following conclusions:

1. Plant early varieties and ship the crop just as early as it will do
to harvest.

2. If the season be dry and the market crowded, let the crop stay
in the ground about four weeks after maturing, when the markets in
Texas are somewhat empty, and then harvest and market at once. If
a heavy soaking rain should come after the tubers mature, there is risk
of losing the crop.

3. Grow a second crop whenever it can be grown. Irrigation is a
great help in growing the late crop. Seed of second-crop potatoes
planted next spring have made much better yields than Northern-grown
seed. They come up later, but make about as early, and seem freer
from blight. '

48 SUMMARY OF BULLETINS.

4. By spreading the tubers out on the floor of a cellar, or even under

.a house, where some light covering of leaves or straw could be placed

over them, enough can be stored for family use till after Christmas or
later.
5. Potatoes grown on vvell-drained, sandy loam soils will keep better
than those grown on stiif, heavy, clay soils.

6. Make sweet potatoes more largely takethe place of the Irish
potato for family use, since they are not difficult to keep, and may be

grown anywhere in the State.

(See Bulletin No. '71 for later work on this subject. A bulletin is in _

preparation, treating of cultural methods and fertilizers for potatoes,
the result of recent careful experiments.)

BULLETIN No. 55. DECEMBER, 1899.

AGRICULTURAL SEcTIoN-Livn STooK.
I. FEEDING STEERS.

J. H. CoNNELL, Director.
H. C. KYLE, Foreman of Farm.

II. FEED VALUE OF COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS.

1. Feeding Steers.—The experiments described in this bulletin were
instituted at the request of the Texas Live Stock Association, using the
“hull and meal” ration as a basis, to answer the following questions:

1. Can corn meal, or hay, be added profitably to a cotton seed meal
and hull ration?

2. In what proportion should corn meal, cotton seed meal, and hulls
be fed for best results?

3. Can oats be profitably used as companion food for meal and hulls?

4. What is the best pro-portion of oats, meal and hulls to be fed in
fattening steers?

5. Which of the three groups that are fed difierent rations will give
the best finish in 100 to 140 days?

6. What profit may be expected in feeding well-bred Texas cattle
until they are thoroughly ripe?

Forty-eight head of short two-year olds were fed 100 days, and the
results checked up; then they were fed 4O days longer, and the results
for both the 100-day and the PLO-day periods were compared; the cattle
were shipped to St. Louis and sold at a good price, and the bulletin
gives the dressed weights, live weights at St. Louis, and other data.

From which the following conclusions are drawn:

1. Sorghum hay is more than equal to cotton seed hulls, when fed
with hulls and cotton seed meal.

2. The common practice of “topping out” the hull and meal ration
with corn chops is not so profitable, as to feed the same amount of corn
chops from the beginning.

3. Steers fed 100 days only will make rapid gains on the several
rations used.

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 49

4. When corn chops is combined with hulls and meal, a feed of 2
pounds of chops made more gain at less cost than when 4i pounds of
chops were used.

5. Equal parts of oats, corn chops, and cotton seed meal, combined
with hulls, make an excellent ration.

(S. Corn chops and shelled oats are of equal value for fattening steers
when fed with hulls and meal. _

'7. Steers eating corn chops shrink largely in live weight, when
shipped, if the chops is combined with hulls and meal.

A statement of cost of sorghum hay is given as $2.05 a ton, exclusive
of land rent.

II‘. Feed Value of Cotton Seed and Its Products-This section eon-
tains: (1) Experience of feeders and farmers, and (2) Station experi-
ments on the results of feeding cotton seed meal to (a) beef; (b) hogs;
(c) sheep; (d) milk cattle and young stock; (e) horses; (f) poultry;
and (3) some guesses as to the reasons why cotton seed meal may affect
the health of animals injuriously. -

The results arrived at may be summarized as follows:

1. Cotton seed meal and its products, used judiciously, form a cheap
and valuable feed for cattle.

2. About half the feeders report that cotton seed, even when cooked,
will kill hogs. The results of experiments at the Texas and Mississippi
Stations, and elsewhere, seem to show that hogs, when fed on cotton
seed, will begin to die about the fortieth day. Attention is called to
the fact that cotton seed, when rotted, seems to agree with the hogs bet-
ter than when boiled, crushed, or roasted. An analysis made by Pro-
fessor H. H. Harrington, Texas Experiment Station, is given, which
shows that partially rotted seed contains 30 per cent crude protein and
3O per cent water, in place of 23.48 per cent crude protein and only
7.64 per cent water in the sound seed. One of the feeders recommends
thoroughly wetting the seed, because he thinks it is the lint which chokes
and kills the hogs; but the Texas Experiment Station expressly advises
against feeding wet seed, unless it is allowed to rot. It declares also
that roasting produces no better effect than boiling.

3. It is recommended that cotton seed be more largely used for fatten-
ing sheep, as well as for carrying them through the winter.

4. As a dairy feed, it is recommended for its cheapness; it makes
butter firmer but whiter, and lowers the quality.

5. For horses, the reports vary. Some consider it a useful feed for
horses and mules; others do not, and report that it is hard to make them
eat it.

6. For poultry, it seems to have been little used; it makes the flesh
and eggs darker, and gives a peculiar flavor, when used with wheat and
bran.

7. Four possible reasons for injurious effects are offered:

(1) The possible presence of an active poison in the seed or the meal.

(‘Zi The development of “ptomaincs” during the process of digestion.

(S) The development of microscopic germs (hacterialin damaoerl cot-
ton seed meal, and parts of fermented rations left in troughs and about
feeding places.

(4) The trouble arising from feeding the entire seed, or cotton seed

50 SUMMARY or BULLETINs.

hulls, has been attributed to the indigestibility of the hull, because of

its tough and impervious nature, together with the harmful effect of - '

lint lodged in the lungs of the animal.

A report by the German mycologist, Zopf, on certain microscopic
fungi, bacterium vernzicosuwi, found in cotton seed meal, shows nothing
that would indicate that these fungi caused the death of the animals,
though they are similar to bacteria found in the blood of the animals
dying after eating the meal.

BULLETIN No. 56. HORTIOULTURAL SEoTIoN. NOVEMBER, 1899.

INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF AMERICAN
GRAPES AT THE MUNSON EXPERIMENT GROUNDS,
NEAR DENISON, TEXAs, FROM 1870 To 1000.

T. V. MUNsoN, Denison, ‘Texas.

From this most valuable and interesting bulletin, only a few brief
practical points may here be reproduced, as of special use to the grower
of grapes. The conclusion drawn by Mr. Munson from his twenty-five
years’ work in vine-breeding (of which this bulletin gives a short ac-
count) are:

1.. That the native or wild grapes of America, which have learned to
resist heat, drouth, mildew, rot, and insects, must form the foundation
of American vine-breeding. -

2. That by selecting the best of these, crossing their seedlings, and
hybridizing with foreign or cultivated species, or with other native sorts,
a series of varieties may be produced which will supply a succession of
desirable table and wine grapes, marketable from July 1st till October.

3. That seventeen species of grapes-all but two, native——can supply
a basis for breeding for all parts of this country, from Puget Sound and
Dakota to Puerto Rico.

He recommends:

(1) For graft-stocks (a) in temperate regions (Northern California),
V. Vulpina, V. Rupestris, V. Doaniana, V. Champini; the two last for
limy soils; (b) in hot, dry regions (Southwest Texas), V. Champini,
V. Doaniana, V. Berlandieri.

(2) For breeding, for market and table use (a) for the north, V.
Vulpina, V. Lincecumii, V. Bicolor, V. Bupcstris, V. Doaniana, using
V. Vinifera in alteration of one-fourth to one-eighth or less; for ex-
ample, such hybrids as Brighton, Brilliant, etc. ; (b) for the South, all
these, with V. Champini, V. Bourquiniana, V. Berlandieri, V. Rotundi-
folia, and others.

(3) For breeding grapes for wine, the small-berried species, V. Rupes-
tris, V. Bourquiniana, V. Lincecumii, V. Berlandieri, etc.

4. That in addition to vines bearing perfect flowers—with both pistils
and stamens—the grower should cultivate male (or pollen-bearing) and
female (or fruit-bearing vines), because these produce more vigorous,
productive, and long-lived seedlings; and allow cross-fertilization by a
much easier and quicker method—which he describes in detail—than the
ordinary one. Careful directions are given for hybridizing and cross-

SUMMARY OF BULLETINS. 51

ing, for saving of pollen, and for testing, growing and selecting varieties ;
and for breeding for special qualities, such as earliness, size, flavor, etc.

5. That the vine is apt to inherit its constitution from its mother;
therefore, a hardy, vigorous, disease-resisting female should be chosen.
This law, however, has many exceptions.

6. That the ideal vine should possess these qualities:

(1) Great vigor, hardiness, long life, in the climate for which it ‘is
desired.

(2) Greatest possible resistance to Phylloxera, Doxvny Mildew, Black
Rot, and Leaf Folder.

(3) Easily grown from cuttings.

(4) Perfect flowers, so that the vine will bear well standing alone.

(5) Prolific bearing.

(6) Large, full, handsome clusters.

('7) Berries persistent to the pedicles, with thin, delicate, yet tough,
non-cracking skin, without astringency or bitterness; color bright; pulp
meaty, yet tender, juicy, readily freeing the seeds, of pure fine quality,
rich in sugar and agreeably sprightly with acid, having a pleasing char-
acteristic flavor; seeds few and small; if for table or market, berry
large; or good keeping quality.

'7. That not more than one out of a thousand carefully selected and
hybridized seedlings may be expected to prove Worthy. Out of 75,000
seedlings, in his own experience, not more than one hundred are recom-
mended as equal or superior to such a grape as the Concord, for example,
and, therefore, worthy to be introduced into general use. From this list
of one hundred excellent varieties, he selects the following to make a
series that comes nearest to filling the needs spoken of in Section 2:

l
Translucent Red, as good or ‘ Bright Black, as good as White or Yellnwisb, as good

better th Ln Brighton. Concord, or better. or better than Niagara.
1. Headlight and Presly. _
2. Pontotoc. OnyX. Manilo. Marvina.
‘Fnsliahoma. ‘Nashua, Rlalskwood. Bell.
3. Brilliant. Yomaga. Lukfztta. Wapanuka:
4. Amethyst. Tonkawa. Delmerlie, Modena. Rommel. Hidalgo.
5. Waneta. RQZLPOII, R. W’. Munson. Estella. Tamala.
American. Bailey. Wetumka.
Captain. Hopeon.
Carman, Xlnta, La.
. lteine.
6. Big Hope. Hopkins, Universal. Albania.
- Muench. Wine King. Gold Coin.
'7. Fern and Laussel. Kiowa. Husmann. Onderclonk.
Profusion, I a Salle.
8. Marguerite. Waubeclc. Dixie.
San Jacinto.
9. ................................... .. Winter YVine.

52 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

BULLETIN No. 57. AGRICULTURAL SEoTIoN. JULY, 1900.
(BEEVILLE N0. 4.)

CABBAGE AND GAULIFLOWER.

B. C. PITTUoK, Agriculturist.
S. A. MCHENRY, Superintendent of Beeville Station.

General directions (which are to be found in greater detail in Bulle-
tin No. 69) are given for growing and marketing Cabbage and Cauli-
flower.

ln the variety tests with cabbage, Stein Early Flat Dutch gave the
largest yield. Danish Ball Head, when young, would not withstand cold
better than the average variety, but when two-thirds grown was the most
hardy variety tested. Frotschefs Superior Late Flat Dutch was the most
hardy at all stages.

The coldest weather in this section generally comes February 15th to
25th. By planting early-maturing varieties about August 1st and using
fertilizers freely, the crop may be matured before the February freeze.

Barnyard manure produced the best and quickest results.

The cauliflower test was a failure because damaged by cold. If the
crop had been properly fertilized, it would have escaped injury by earlier
maturity. “Early Snowball” proved to be the surest header and earliest
variety of the five tested. Late Italian Giant was found valuable.

 

BULLETIN N 0. 58. HORTICULTURAL SnoTIoN. DECEMBER, 1900.
PRUNING AND TRAINING PEACH ORCHARDS.
R. H. PRICE, Horticulturist.

The subject of this bulletin is treated in Bulletin No. 80, which gives
more recent views on the subject.

 

BULLETIN No. 59. hhnorr, 1901.
AGRICULTURAL SEoTIoN-FIELU Cnors AND LIVE STooK.
FORAGE CROPS.

REPonTs or Co-orEnATINo STocKMnN AND FARMERS FnoM SEVENTY-
ONE CoUNTIEs.

The crops which were tested in these co-operative experiments were
AlfGZfLL-Jflplflfl Clover. llleliloius. Crinvson Clover, White (llorer, Velvet
Bean. Beggar-weed, Cow-peas, Rescue Grass, Kafiir Corn, Field Corn and
Chi/fax.

Brief cultural directions for each crop are given. The average an-
nual precipitation for the difterent regions of the State. and the location
of the co-operative tests, are shown on maps. and the plans of other
forage crop work pursued by the Station briefly outlined.

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 53

BULLETIN No. 60. Q J UNE, 1901.
AGRICULTURAL SEorroN--Ho1rr1cUL'rURE.
TWO METHODS OF GROWING ONIONS.

B. C. PITTUCK, Agriculturist.
S. A. MGHENRY, Superintendent of Beeville Station.

This bulletin gives an account of duplicate experiments tried with
horse, and hand culture on two varieties of 0n-i0ns—Creole and Red Ber-
muda——in 1898, to determine the difference in yield and cost of growing
according t0 the two methods, and also to find out if planting in the beds
and transplanting were more profitable than field planting. Methods of
onion culture are also given. [See Bulletin No. '77.]

The results showed little difference in the cost of growing either
variety to maturity, by horse cultivation, whether the seed is sown in
beds or in the field; but the yield was nearly double, and the profits more
than double with the Red Bermuda when transplanted; while with the
Creole there was a somewhat greater yield and profit.

In horse cultivation the rows were thirty inches apart, and only fourteen
inches in hand cultivation. The cost of hand cultivation was only '75
cents more than the other, while the yield was increased from 36 per
cent in the case of the Creole variety to 188 per cent with the Red Ber-
muda onions. This shows that it pays to give onions the hand cultiva-
tion and transplanting, especially the Bermuda onions.

Good seed is important. Creole seed are grown in Louisiana, and
may be grown in Texas equally well. But the best Bermuda seed come
from Teneriife. Of twenty-three varieties tested at Beeville, only these
two are recommended for South Texas.

These crops are grown without irrigation.

A study of the markets shows that the best market for Texas onions
is just before the Southern crop moves (May) and again after the South-
ern crop is marketed (July and August). The Red Bermuda onions are
suitable for the early market; the Creole for the later.

iii-

BULLETIN No. 61. OCTOBER, 1901.
CHEMICAL SECTION-——FIELD CRoPs AND HORTIOULTURE.
WILLIS AND HUNTSVILLE TOBACCO SOILS.

H. H. HARRINGTON, Chemist.
P. S. TILsoN, Associate Chemist.

Chemical and mechanical analyses of eighteen samples of soil from
Willis and six from Huntsville are reported, and compared with analyses
of Connecticut Valley soils, with the result that it is stated that “with the
same care and expense that is devoted to tobacco culture in other lo-

. calities, Willis, Texas, could soon acquire a national reputation as a

tobacco district.”
Recommendations are given as to fertilizers for the difierent soils,

SUMMARY OF BULLETINS.

based upon analyses of samples of tobacco ash. The amount of nicotine 

was small—-1.75 per cent in the wrapper to 2.50 per cent in the filler.
The authors conclude:

1. That tobacco soils of Willis and Huntsville are admirably adapted

to the growth of a high-grade filler or wrapper.

2. Willis is perhaps the southern limit, along the I. & G. N. R. R,
of the typical tobacco land. . .

3. The tobacco area extends north and almost certainly east.

4. A comparison of Connecticut and Willis soils shows a difference
in favor of Willis for high-grade Havana filler or wrapper.

5. Under present conditions, it may be more profitable to grow the
Havana filler. But with greater outlay of capital, by means of shade,
irrigation, and fertilizers, a most satisfactory wrapper can be produced.

[TORTICULTURAL SECTION.
THE FIG.
R. H. PRICE, Horticulturist.

BULLETIN No. 62. DECEMBER, 1901,

A brief discussion of fig culture in Texas; directions for propagation,
fertilizing, planting and pruning._ Figs are easily grown, yield abund-
antly, and are very wholesome.

Three classes of figs—Capri figs, Smyrna figs and Adriatic figs—are
known. The Smyrna figs produce only female flowers, and can not
fruit unless the Capri fig and a small insect, called the blastophaga, are
present to pollenize them. It is not known if the blastophaga will live
in Texas. Capri figs have been grown at Del Rio. Adriatic figs are
grown all over the South. Twenty varieties are described in this bulle-
tin. The most productive at College Station were Brown Turkey, Black
Marseilles, White Marseilles, and Brunswick. This latter is identified
as the same as Dr. Hogg’s Clare and Barnisotte, and is known in Texas
as the “Magnolia Fig.”

VETERINARY SEoTIoN. JANUARY, 1902.

TEXAS FEVER.

BULLETIN No. 63.

M; FRANCIS, Veterinarian.

This is really a continuation of the work reported in Bulletin No. 53,
and presents the results of further experiments in which the conclusions
there given are abundantly confirmed. The data on more than 1250
animals are given, and show that the most practical way to import
Northern cattle into the Southern States is to:

1. Select young cattle from twelve to eighteen months of age.

2. Bring them South during the winter months.

3. Inoculate each with one cubic-centimeter of the blood of Southern y

cattle immediately on arrival.

 

_. - _ i -  Y“ ‘v  31w’: . 1- if”

SUMMARY OF BULLETINs. 55

4. Keep them separated from the Southern cattle and in a tick-free
enclosure for sixty days.

5. Run them on green stuff—say, green oats, rye, wheat.

6. No “fever medicines” are effective.

'7. After sixty days turn them among Southern cattle.

8. Inoculated cattle should be Well fed and cared for the entire first
summer.

This bulletin also contains a map of Texas "showing the distribution
of the animals inoculated.

A graphic record showing the regular and irregular type of the fever.

Some fever records taken at short intervals, day and night. during the
reaction, with data on the age, breed, and gain of loss in flesh, etc.

A record of some fifteen cases that died with inoculation fever.

A record of forty cases in detail, compiled to ascertain if there be any
difference in susceptibility due to breed.

A temperature of ten young suckling calves ranging in age from forty
to seventy days.

A record of forty-nine heifers which were given a second inoculation
sixty-seven day's after the first one.

A list of the owners of 1251 cattle, their present location, and death
rate of the cattle.

Other technical matters of interest only to specialists in this subject.

[Since Bulletins Nos. 53 and 63 were published this work has been
continued by the Station until now (1907) about three thousand ani-
mals have passed through its hands. Of these we have saved from 90
to 92 per cent]

BULLETIN No. 64. APRIL, 1902.
INSECT PESTS JYFTACKING TRUCK CROPS.

FREDERICK W. MALLY, Professor of Entomology.

This bulletin briefly describes the transformations of insects from
egg to adult. The second stage of an insect is the larva, and it is dur-
ing this stage that it does its growing. Some insects pass through three
stages, viz., egg, larva and adult. The larva generally resembles the
adult. Other insects pass through four stages, viz., egg, larva, pupa and
adult. The larva is a worm or caterpillar, and does not resemble the
adult. Some insects chew and swallow certain parts of the plant, while
others merely insert their beaks and suck the ‘sap. Against the former
poisons may be used effectively, while against those that suck, contact
insecticides are recommended.

The hotbed is the first battleground. The author believes that greater
losses are suffered from excessive moisture and heat than from insects.
To obviate this, subirrigation of the hotbed is recommended, as follows:

“Three or four-inch tiling is used and laid on a dead level in forty to
fifty-foot beds. For four-foot beds only one series of tiling is laid along
the center; for six-foot beds two series are used. Water is introduced
into the tile, from which it diffuses in the soil through the joints of the
drain. The temperature of the water may be regulated to suit weather
conditions.

56 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

“Hotbeds for winter or seed beds for mid-summer or autumn should
be well prepared fully a month ahead of seed-sowing. The soil should
be well dug up, watered thoroughly, then pulverized and leveled off.
This done, treat with carbon bisulphide (high life) as follows: Take
any ordinary garden dibble and punch holes six inches deep two feet
apart all over the surface of the bed. Then pour an ounce of carbon
bisulphide in each hole, immediately fill it up with earth, giving it a
slight pressure. D0 this as quickly as possible and then cover with hot-
bed sash or cloth. 1n case of autumn seed beds, cover the surface with
Wet gunny sacks. Allow the beds to remain in this condition for a

i couple of Weeks and then uncover and air well. This fumigation process

destroys any insect eggs or lower animal life in the soil and at the same
time most of the fungus spores. 1n addition, it stimulates a healthy
vigorous plant growth afterwards. '

“As the season progresses, save and gather up plenty of wood ashes.

“Pile them so as to leach well and rot thoroughly by the time fumi-
gation is completed. At sowing time, spade the seed bed over thor-
oughly, and level off as before. Sow the seed, cover well (about an
inch deep) and tamp the surface lightly. If it be an autumn seed bed,
give a liberal top dressing of tobacco dust at the rate of 500 pounds per
acre and rake in lightly. Then apply a dressing of well-leached wood ashes
to a depth of about one-sixteenth inch. This is done by taking a coaise
sieve and sifting the ashes evenly over the entire surface. If for a hot-
bed, sift the wood ashes on first and then apply a dusting of a mixture
of one ounce of sulphur to three ounces of air-slaked lime. Use a finer
meshed sieve than for the ashes and sift on enough to make the surface
look like a frosty morning. Then take the coarser sieve again and give
an evenly distributed application of tobacco dust at the rate of about
300 pounds to the acre or until the whitishness of the lime application
is hidden. The l.ime and sulphur prevent damping ofi’ and the tobacco
dust destroys or drives out all insect or animal life. The ordinary heat
of the bed generates vapor enough from the moisture to set free the
fumes of tobacco to such an extent that the odor is very noticeable when
the sash is opened for airing the beds. For this reason, if no other, hot-
bed sashes are preferred to cloth covers. With subirrigation, keeping the
surface dry and with the dressings of fungicide and insecticide materials
above indicated, the author has yet to experience his first loss of plants
in seed beds or hotbeds, due to insect ravages or fungus diseases. Root
maggots in autumn seed beds especially are easily prevented bv the fumi-
gation and anti-pest dressing manipulation just outlined. This kind of
management is also especially advisable in those localities where onions
are grown extensively, in order that the various root troubles may be
avoided. The above "outlined treatment and preventive measures apply
equally well to all locations or for any season of the year, and should,
therefore, have a much wider application among gardeners than has here-
tofore been given the system. '

“COLD-FRAME MANAGEMENT.

“It has been my practice to give these almost the same management,
as to preparation, that is given the hotbed. There is, of course, no bottom
heat; Water is used more freely and, except in permanently located cold

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 57

frames, the watering is done from the surface. Where the cold frames
have a permanent location it is well to provide for subirrigation. Cold
frames should be given the carbon bisulphide treatment some two weeks
in advance of transplanting time. After the plants have been trans-
ferred to the cold frames, then a liberal top dressing of about 1 pound
of tobacco dust per one hundred square feet‘ is sifted evenly over the
surface. The next day after transplanting they are thoroughly sprayed
with a solution of arsenate of lead in proportion of 1 pound to twenty-
five gallons of water. This should be done as a general precautionary
measure to guard against the sudden appearance of some voracious leaf-
feeding insect which would cause sad havoc before treatment could other-
wise be given. Just before the plants are taken from the cold frames
to the field for transplanting they should be well sprayed with the arsen-
ate of lead solution already indicated.

“FIELD MANAGEMENT.

“For such crops as are taken from the cold frame to the field with a
small block of the cold-frame earth, it is to be urged that a small hand-
ful of tobacco dust be applied as a fertilizer at the time of transplanting,
followed with a liberal application as a top dressing around the plants.

In case of onions which are transferred direct from the original seed
bed to the field, the rows should be first marked off lightly with a bull
tongue and tobacco dust applied at the rate of about 500 pounds per acre.
Mix with earth well by running a bull tongue through it. Bed lightly
so as to fill up the furrow, and smooth down the rows to a level. A good
fertilizer drill will answer the purpose as well and is more expeditious.
After the onions are transplanted, give another liberal top dressing of
tobacco dust alongside of the rows and in between the plants. This
treatment applies equally well to all crops or seeds to be planted or sown
directly in the fields. Such operation should always be accompanied
with the intelligent and liberal use of tobacco dust. The author be-
lieves that the value of tobacco dust is underestimated; that it is worth,
as a fertilizer, practically all it costs.”

BULLETIN No. 65. HORTICULTURAL SEorIoN. JANUARY, 1903.
THE TOMATO.

E. J. KYLE, Horticulturist.
E. C. GREEN, Assistant Horticulturist.

This contains a very complete account of practical tomato culture;
discusses seed and soils, planting, pruning and staking, cultivation, in-
sects, and diseases, harvesting, marketing, yield and value of crop, rela-
tive success of large and small plantations, and overproduction.

For specific experiments on tomato fertilizers, see Bulletin N0. 84.

58 SUMMARY OF BULLETINS.

BULLETIN N0. 66. AGRICULTURAL SEoTIoN. MAY, 1903. l

FORAGE CROPS.
B. C. PITTUoK, Agriculturist.

Alfalfa, Peanuts, Velvet Beans, Millet and Rapa are discussed in this
bulletin.
ALFALFA ON BRAZOS BOTTOM SOILS.

The soil of this section is deep, fertile, warm, and well drained—an
ideal soil for alfalfa. It produces the finest alfalfa in the World. But
a large part of this section is subject to overflows of fromione to eight
days’ duration; and twenty-four to thirty-six hours under water will, it
has been asserted, kill alfalfa. The experience of several Brazos bottom
planters, however, given at length in this bulletin, leads the author to
conclude (1) that, where the soil is favorable, alfalfa will often recuper-
ate wonderfully even after it has been flooded for six or eight days; (2)
that winter overflows do it little harm, and that late summer overflows
are rare; (3) that the damage is due chiefly to the smothering by de-
posits of ‘sediment, so that only near the river front, and in poorly
drained spots, will there be much damage done.

An experiment with some drought-resisting alfalfa seed from Utah
gave no advantage the first year, but the second season showed a differ-
ence of 2071 pounds in favor of the Utah seed.

PEANUTS.

The peanut as a forage and pasture plant is rapidly, and deservedly,
becoming popular with the Texas farmer. Being a legume, it exercises
a highly beneficial effect on the soil and at the same time furnishes a
highly nitrogenous feed stuff, greatly relished by stock as green feed or

 

as hay. Peanuts are partial to loose soils of a light color. The land’

should be well drained and not too rich in vegetable matter. Barnyard
manure should be used only in small quantities. Phosphoric acid and
potash are the main elements of plant food required by the peanut for
best results. '

BULLETIN No. 6'7. CHEMICAL SECTION. JULY, 1903.
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND COMMERCIAL POISONOUS
INSECTICIDES. -

H. H. HARRINGTON, Chemist.

This bulletin contains a discussion of some of the fundamental prin-
ciples underlying the use of fertilizer and insecticides; an account of
their chemical composition, and a list of the dealers and agents handling
commercial fertilizers, and manufacturers of poisonous insecticides in the
State. Most of the analyses were made by Dr. N. Fraenkel, Mr. O. D.
Hargis and Professor P. S. Tilson. The amount of fertilizer used in

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 59

the State was only 10,000 tons, but that was twice as much as the year
before. -

1t is explained that the ‘statement at the top of the fertilizer tag,
“Not good after such and such a date,” refers to the tag, not to the fer-
tilizer; that the purchaser should judge of the fertilizer by its amount
of available phosphoric acid, of nitrogen, and of potash. By using cot-
ton seed meal—which contains about 3 per cent of phosphoric acid (worth
7 cents per pound), 1.5 per cent of potash (5 cents per pound), and 7 per
cent of nitrogen (5 cents per pound) or a‘ total value of $25 per ton—
as a standard, the farmer can judge from the analysis of any given fer-
tilizer of its value for any given soil and crop. Cotton seed meal, with
its excess of nitrogen, is not a perfectly balanced fertilizer, and, for most
soils and crops, acid phosphate and kainit (or better, sulphate or muriate
of potash) should be added.

Suppose the farmer makes a mixture as follows:

Tankage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,200 pounds.
Acid phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 pounds.
Kainit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 500 pounds.

Assuming that the tankage carries 6 per cent of nitrogen and 8.5‘

per cent of available phosphoric acid; that acid phosphate had 14 per
cent of available phosphoric acid, and the kainit 12 per cent of actual
potash, the above mixture would show about

3.6 per cent nitrogen.

7.2 per cent available phosphoric acid.

3.0 per cent potash.

It should be noted, however, that the composition of tankage varies
quite widely, according to the relative amounts of dried blood or dried
meat to that of crushed bones; the nitrogen, of course, being derived
mainly from the former, and the phosphoric acid from the latter.

Using Bat Guano Compost, with a guaranteed composition of 4L per
cent of nitrogen, 6 per cent available phosphoric acid, and a} of 1 per
cent of potash, we may supplement its acid phosphate and potash as
follows: i '

1,400 pounds of bat guano compost.

400 pounds of acid phosphate.
200 pounds of high-grade muriate of potash.

This would give us a mixture of about the following proportion of
plant food:

9.0 per cent available phosphoric acid.

2.8 per cent nitrogen.

5.5 per cent potash. _

This makes a highly concentrated and quick, acting fertilizer. Bat
guano compost is nothing but a mixture of bat guano and bat guano
ash. The bat guano itself varies quite widely in composition, owing to
the varying amount of dirt and foreign material mixed with it. The
following analysis shows the results of a recent sample:

Moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.18 per cent.
Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..17.93 per cent.
Organic matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69.89 per cent.

6O SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

Total nitrogen . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9.94 per cent.
Total phosphoric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . .. 5.00 per cent.
No nitrate present.

If we desire the quick efiects of nitrate of soda, we may use this‘.

mixture:
300 pounds nitrate of soda.
1,200 pounds acid phosphate.

500 pounds kainit.

The above combinations are, in composition, very much like the fer-
tilizers usually recommended for truck crops. Average fertilizers used
for cotton contain about 2 per cent nitrogen, 8 or 9 per cent available
phosphoric acid and 1.5 to 2 per cent potash.

Tobacco Waste, used as an insecticide, is stated to be worth about $12
a ton as a fertilizer also.

Goat and sheep manure, barnyard manure, spent bone black fmm sugar
refineries are analyzed and their fertilizing value explained.

The insecticides discussed are Arsenate of Lead-which is recom-
mended for the cotton-leaf worm——Paris Green, London Purple, White

‘ Arsenic.

BULLETIN No. 68. CHEMICAL SECTION. JuLY, 1903.
THE MANUFACTURE OF CANE SYRUP.
H. H. HARRINGTON, Chemist.

The object of this bulletin is to encourage the small farmer to raise
sugar cane and make syrup for his own use and for the local market.
lit contains instructions for planting the cane and making the syrup, a
plan for a syrup mill, and analyses of various syrups on the market.

Its conclusions are:

1. That cane syrup, even when made in small quantity, is a paying
crop for the farmer.

2. A very simple and inexpensive outfit, consisting merely of a three-
roller horse mill for grinding the cane, and one single-horse evaporating
pan, is all that is absolutely necessary for making a fair grade of the
syrup.

3. That this simple apparatus can be much improved, at‘ very little
increased cost, by the addition of the following:

(a) A simple hydrometer, as described, for taking the specific gravity
of the syrup, and thus getting it all of a proper density.

(b) Gray moss, when it can be obtained, for filtering the juice as it
comes from the mill. l

(c) Upright settling tanks, for the finished syrup. This is very
important.

4. That if moss can not be had, or if more than a few hundred gal-
lons of svrup is to be made, a sulphur box, and lime, should be used.

5. That if the syrup is properly made it can be kept for one year
or more, even in barrels, if these are agitated very little, and the syrup
exposed to the air as seldom as possible. But that in small vessels
that are tightly corked, not even sealed, the syrup will keep indefinitely.

 

SUMMARY o-F- BULLETINS. 61

6. That pure cane syrups, or even “open kettle syrups,” are seldom
found on the market; and that most of the table syrup which we use is
only a mixture of glucose, starch, or corn syrup, with lowest grade of
refuse cane molasses.

7. That we very rarely get pure maple syrup in the open market.

[Note.—In Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and Florida,
large quantities of pure cane syrup are now put up in cans, jugs and
bottles and sealed ; the syrup being put into the receptacle hot to insure
perfect sterilization. In this way the syrup keeps fresh indefinitely. An
average yield of syrup on the pine woodlands of these States, by the use
of some fertilizers, appears to be about 300 gallons to 400 gallons per
acre. Prices for the last year or two have been about 50 cents a gallon.]

BULLETIN No. 69. AGRICULTURAL SECTION. JULY, 1903.
(BEEVILLE No. 6.)

CABBAGE.

VARIETIES—FERTILIZERS.

B. C. PrrTUoK, Agriculturist.
S. A. MCHENRY, Superintendent of Beeville Station.

This bulletin contains summaries of results of experiments at Bee-
ville on eighteen varieties of Cabbage. tested in 1901-1902 and twelve
varieties tested in 1002-1903; fertilizer experiments begun in 1902 by a
eo-operative method at five other points in the coast country besides
Beeville; and instructions for cultivation of cabbage. A

1. The varieties making largest yield were Premium Late Flat Dutch,
Early Flat Dutch, and Autumn Iiing. The varieties maturing largest
per cent heads from transplanted plants were Lauderbaek’s All Year,
Reedland’s Early Drumhead, Early Flat Dutch, and Autumn King.

2. The fertilizer experiments giving the best results were at:

Beeville.—Acid Phosphate, 600 pounds per acre, yield, 18,020 pounds.

Edna.—Bat Guano, 500 pounds, and Nitrate Soda, 200 pounds per
acre; yield, 27,040 pounds.

Runge;—Ground Tankage, 800 pounds, and Muriate Potash, 500
pounds per acre; yield, 9920 pounds.

Skidrnore.—Stahle Manure, 1000 pounds, and Wood Ashes, 3000
pounds per acre: yield, 20,280 pounds.

Richmond.-—Bat Guano, 1000 pounds per acre; yield, 19,120 pounds.

Cuero.--Bat Guano, 600 pounds, and Wood Ashes, 3000 pounds per
acre; yield, 10,560 pounds.

3. (7z./iiz'.i;ation.—l.anrl should be carefully prepared. If seasons per-
mit, plmving should be done during the summer, rebreaking early in the
fall. thorougilily pulverizing and harrowing before transplanting. When
irrigation is to he used, the land should he carefully leveled. In South
Texas seeds are planted in cold frames during the early part of August,
and transplanted in September or October. (‘ultivate the crop from six
to nine times a season. and hoe once. The Planet. J12, cultivator with
pqilverizing attachments, and the Iron Age five-tooth cultivator are rec-

62 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

 
 
   
 
  
   
   
  
  
  
 
  
  

ommended ; the twelve-tooth for level culture and the fixie-tooth to thryf
dirt up, and protect against freezes. 

4. Irfigation—Reservoirs.—The method of irrigation is by furroi
20,000 t0 40,000 gallons per acre applied before transplanting, 35,0
gallons at each succeeding irrigation, at from 60 cents to $2.40 per ac f
To prevent leakage, the reservoir is lined with far Mastic, prepared 
follows: Use by weight 25 per cent coal tar, 2 per cent lime, '7 3 per c N;
sand} Weigh lime and sand dry. Weigh tar after boiling. Mix a‘, 
slaked lime and sand dry, pour in boiling tar, and mix with hoe. Appl
to bottom and sides of reservoir, while-hot, using about 53 pounds pe
square yard. To close small crevices left by cooling, go over the enti a?
surface with flashed tar paint, made by boiling tar twenty minutes, an,
“flashing” (setting on fire), while boiling, until all grease is burned outf;
Apply with a paint brush. Before lining a reservoir, the sides should
be allowed to settle, and theyshould not be steeper than 45°. Put inf
no fish for a year or two, for the tar will kill them. f
- 5. Insecticidesr-Paris green is recommended for the cabbage worm ;*i
the blow-torch and kerosene emulsion for the Harlequin bug. The resin‘-
lime mixture was found to be fatal to the cabbage worm, but only drove I
away the Harlequin bug. ’~

6. Cutting, Packing and Shipping.—To judge when to cut the heads, 
the testing by touch is advised. Cutting and loading should take place 
the same day. Care should be taken not to market immature heads; nor 
to bruise the heads. They should be crated in standard crates, 20x20x28 
inches, holding 150 pounds, and made of poplar, sweet gum or cotton- 
wood. Packing should be tight with tops turned toward the center.
Medium-sized heads—2 to 5 pounds—sell best. If shipped in bulk ;
(which is not advised), they should be well ventilated. a

'7. Cost 0f Growingr-At $1.00 a day for labor, and $1.50 for team, a
the cost of an acre of cabbage is estimated to be $12.85, exclusive of fer- 1%
tilizers, irrigation, handling, crating, and shipping.

BULLETIN No. '70. CHEMICAL SEorroN. MARCH, 1904-
THE COMPOSITION OF TEXAS COTTON SEED MEAL.

H. H. HARRINGTON, Chemist.
G. S. FRAPs, Associate Chemist.

This bulletin shows results of analyses of forty-six samples of Texas
cotton seed meal, representing forty-three mills in thirty-four counties.
It contains a discussion of the value of cotton seed products, of the food
elements they contain, and a list of Texas mills.

The following conclusions are drawn:

1. The feeding value of cotton seed meal depends chiefly ‘upon the-
amount of nitrogen and fat which it contains, nitrogen in protein being
a flesh-forming food, and fat serving for fuel and to be stored up as fat.

2. The fertilizing value of cotton seed meal depends chiefly upon the-
amount of nitrogen which it contains.

3. Of forty-six samples of Texas meal tested, thirty-three contained

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 63

over 7.5 per cent of nitrogen, while of 151 samples of meal examined in
nine other States, only eight contained over 7.5 per cent nitrogen.

4. Texas cotton seed meals on the average are richer in nitrogen
than meal from other sections, and, therefore, should have a higher com-
mercial value.

5. The meals richest in nitrogen come from the Western part of the 

State; those lowest in nitrogen from the east, and the medium grades
from the central cotton-growing region.

A map shows the distribution of the meals.

6. There is very possibly a relation between the rainfall and the
nitrogen contentof cotton seed, the seed being richer in more arid sec-
tions. This difference may, however, be due to other causes.

BULLETIN No. 71. HORTICULTURAL SEorroN. - APRIL, 1904.
IRISH POTATOES.
EDWARD C. GREEN, Assistant Horticulturist.

This bulletin describes a single seasorfs work with early Irish Pota-
toes at Troupe, Smith county. The conclusions of the author were:

1. Potatoes planted three inches deep matured earlier and produced
a larger crop than those planted four and one-half and six inches deep.

2. Level culture proved more profitable than bedding and “hilling
up” the rows.

3. The gray, sandy clay soil, with red subsoil, at Troupe Station, re-
sponded more profitably to application of acid phosphate than to any
other single fertilizer.

4. In a complete fertilizer, potash over 6 per cent was unprofitable,
while unusually large percentages (8 per cent and 10 per cent) of phos-
phoric acid greatly increased the yield.

5. Cotton seed meal applied only a few days before planting was too
slowly available to prove a desirable fertilizer for early potatoes.

6. Northern-grown seed potatoes produced their crop at least one
week in advance of second-crop Texas-grown seed.

'7. Some of the white sorts, Thorburn, and Irish Cobbler, produced
much more abundantly than the red Triumph and were equally early.
It is suggested that these varieties be planted experimentally by truckers.

BULLETIN No. 72. HORTIOULTURAL SEoTioN. JULY, 1907.
STRAWBERRIES AT TROUPE STATION.
EDWARD C. GREEN, Assistant Horticulturist.

This bulletin deals with the results of experiments tried at Troupe,
in Smith county, by Dr. E. P. Stiles, Mr. W. S. Hotchkiss and Professor
Green. A variety test and a shipping test are described, and sugges

64 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

tions for culture given, from which were drawn the following conclu-

sions: ~

1. For distant market Excelsior and Lady Thompson for early, and

Aroma and Haverland for mid-season are the varieties of proven value.
2. For distant market the lilondyke for early offers great promise

and is worthy of extensive trial by commercial growers. For late the

" Barton’s Eclipse is a promising variety, but should be tested further

before given extensive trial.

3. For the home table J ohnson’s Early and Darling for early, Haver-
land, Aroma and Wm. Belt for medium to late.

4. The results indicate that Haverland is a perfect shipper, and that
Aroma, Barton’s Eclipse and Mexican, are satisfactory.

SUGGESTIONS FOR STRAWBERRY CULTURE.

Strawberries do well on nearly every kind of soil, but the location
should be carefully chosen. Land subject to drought, wet soil, cold
or quicksand, very light or very stiff soil should be avoided. Low places
totally surrounded by higher land should be avoided on account of prob-

ability of spring frost. Chocolate, sandy loam, and light clay soils have-

proven best for strawberries, while rolling land with ample air drainage
is safest from frost. Bottom land is often satisfactory when not too
wet in spring, or subject to untimely frost. -

The best preparation for the strawberry field is to turn under deeply
in fall a heavy crop of cow-peas. Barnyard manure and wood ashes
may be applied any time during the winter and harrowed in. Plow again
in early spring and harrow again until perfectly mellow. Continue work
with the harrow once a week until planting. Early in March the plants
should be set about eighteen inches apart in three and one-half-foot roxvs.

None but young plants which have never borne a crop should be used
in the new field. All dry stems and old leaves should be removed, leav-
ing only two or three young leaves about the center.

In ease plants obtained from a distance are received in a poor con-
dition, they should be taken from the bundles and heeled in with roots
well spread in long shallow trenches and sprinkled lightly once a day;
in a short time it will be seen which will be likely to endure field plant»-
ing, and no time will be lost in ‘setting worthless plants.

A full stand depends much on the setting. The plants must not be
put over a quarter of an inch deeper than they were in their original situ-
ation, or the terminal buds, covered with earth. will be killed. Plants
set too high suffer when the ground settles, as this leaves their roots and
crowns exposed and dried, and death of plants quickly follows. Another
apparently small but essentially important point is care in spreading the
roots out thinly so that their entire surface may be against the soil,
which should be opened for them by the use of a spade or a flat dibble.

The cultivation throughout the summer should be shallow and thor-
ough, and the rows must be kept free from grass and weeds by means of
hand labor. “Then the runners form, let them fill any vacant places;
the other runners then should be kept down by cutting ofi with a hoe
0r a rolling cutter attached to a cultivator.

Late in the fall after all growth has stopped cover the rows with a

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 65

mulch of clean straw or pine needles. This should be left in place un--
til the middles can be cultivated in February, after which the mulch
may be raked off the rows to cover the middles and more straw added, if
necessary, to make a blanket deep enough t0 retain moisture and prevent.
weed growth.

If the soil is reasonably rich and has been prepared in the manner as
suggested, no further fertilization is necessary; but, failing in this, it is
desirable to work in 500 pounds of acid phosphate and fifty bushels of‘
ashes between the rows during the February’ cultivation before the mulch.
is raked from the rows.

In harvesting, the berries should be picked by passing the thumb and
forefinger over the berry and snapping off the stem about half an inch
from the fruit.

Of the diseases attacking the strawberry, the leaf-spot (Sphoerella
fragariae) is the most serious. It is almost impossible to grow certain
varieties on account of this fungus, as it attacks both leaves and fruit
stalks, girdling the latter and causing the spray of young fruit to
wither. In setting new beds, remove from plants all spotted leaves and
dry stems, and if convenient spray with Bordeaux mixture once or twice
within a few weeks after planting. In renovating old beds, the practice-
of burning over is recommended. Choose a time when the soil is damp»
and leaves and mulch dry enough to burn slowly. When the young
leaves push forth, thoroughly spray with Bordeaux mixture.

BULLETIN No. 73. CHEMICAL ‘SECTION. JULY, 1904.
THE COMPOSITION OF RICE BY-PRODUCTS.
G. S. FRAPs, Associate Chemist.

The object of this bulletin is to give an account of rice bran, rice
polish, and rice hulls. The samples are compared with samples analyzed
the year before by Dr. N. Fraenkel, and with analyses made at other
stations. Three samples of hulls, five of polish, and six of bran, were
analyzed.

The conclusions drawn were:

1. Rice hulls have a low feeding value 3 their composition approxi-
mates that of wheat straw, but the hulls have less value.

2. Rice polish has a slightly higher feeding value than corn, and is
about equal to oats or xvheat.

3. Three classes of so-called rice bran are sold in Texas: Pure»
rice bran, consisting of the cuticle of the grain mixed with a small
amount of hulls incidental to the process of milling; rice bran mixed‘
with rice hulls; rice bran, rice polish, and rice hulls mixed. This con-
fusion will eventually damage the trade.

4. Pure rice bran should contain not less than 1O per cent protein
and 6 per cent fat, nor more than 20 per cent crude fiber.

5. Pure rice bran is slightly superior in composition to corn meal.

6. Any addition of rice hulls lowers the feeding value of the mixture.

'7. Commercial rice bran may contain as low as 4 per cent protein,
and as high as 50 per cent crude fiber.

66 SUMMARY or BULLETINs.

8. The mixture of rice, bran, and hullsin the proportion in which
they come from the grain will contain about 7.5 per cent protein and
25 per cent crude fiber, and has a little over half the value of pure bran.

9. Mixtures of rice bran with rice hulls, or with hulls and polish,
should be sold under their true names, and on their own merits, and not
under the name and on the merits of a superior article. »

BULLETIN N0. '74. SEPTEMBER, 1904.

INSECTS MISTAKEN FOR THE MEXICAN COTTON BOLL
WEEVIL.

E. DWIGHT SANnERsoN, Entomologist.

In this bulletin the author illustrates and describes the insects fre-
quently found in and around the cotton field which are commonly mis-
tziken for the Boll Weevil. While many snout beetles have spines on the
thick portion of the front legs near the knee joint, the cotton boll weevil
may be readily distinguished by the presence of a swelling, bearing two
teeth, one larger than the other, and located immediately above the knee

joint of the front legs.

BULLETIN No. 75. AeRIoULTURAL DEPARTMENT. OoToBER, 1904.

CoTToN INVESTIGATIONS or THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, U. 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND THE TEXAs EXPERIMENT
STATION.

EARLY COTTONS.
R. L. BENNETT, Cotton Specialist.

This bulletin describes one year’s Work, carried on at College Station
and at San Angelo on sandy loam soil, and at Waxahachie, Ellis county,
on black waxy soil, to produce early varieties of cotton, which would
make a crop before the boll weevils became very prevalent.

The first half of the bulletin treats of seed selection, and describes
the type of cotton which should be chosen for early yields; the second
treats of fertilizing as a. means of producing an early crop.

Seeds of early and of late varieties, seeds from the northern edge of
the cotton belt, and local seeds were planted. The intention was to study
early and late varieties, and cotton from north and south edges of cot-
ton region, and local seeds in their relations of growth and earliness. The
varieties are listed herewith: King, Shine, Toole, Welborn, Herlong,
Doughty, Drake, Boyd, Peerless, Peterkin, Hawkins Excelsion, Russell,
Truitt, Allen, Berry Big Boll, Bowdan, Jones’ Storm-Proof, Bohemian,
Jones, Little Boll, Owens, Meyer, and three Texas big boll cottons.

The conclusions reached were: '

1. The type of cotton that makes an early crop has a short-jointed
main stem, with short jointed long fruit limbs (not wood limbs) at each

S Unit-lax or BULLETIXS. b‘?

joint on the main stem; the relative length of fruit limbs decreasing
with age from base of stalk upward; the first fruit limbs should be at
the first joints on the main stem; the first fruit in the first axil or
joint of the first fruit limb, and successively at each joint on all fruit
limbs to the close of the season. The larger the bolls, the greater will
be the yield. Such a plant fruits earliest, most rapidly, is earliest in
maturing fruit, and is most productive. The highest development of
such a plant is a matter of seed selection, and, with the type defined,
stalks nearest approaching the type can be recognized in the field when
picking, it is not necessary to watch and mark the plants that open the
first boll.

2. From the time the square first appears in the leaf axil to the
full-grown boll is practically the same in both the early and late cottons
and in both large and "small-boll cottons. Though the large boll takes
a few days longer to dry out and open, it is not exposed to the weevils’
attacks when mature. '

3. A rapid rate of growth is desirable, and this may be obtained by
selecting seeds from the largest stalks of the right type.

4. It is a mistake to suppose that early cotton necessarily has small
bolls and short fiber, or that long staple cotton can be grown only in
the lowlands. ‘

5. To increase the yield of cotton, the grower has two means within
the plant: increasing the number of bolls and increasing the size. By
taking the type which will produce an early, abundant crop of large
bolls as a guide, and carefully selecting seed from the plants conforming
most nearly to that type, he may fix these features each year more per-
fectly, and proper cultivation and plant food will enable him to produce
a maximum crop. _

6. Imported small-boll short-staple Carolina seed, and seed from
Northern Arkansas and the Panhandle, gave results no better than native
Texas seed.

7. The large, thick hulls of the native big-boll cottons were found to
protect the lint from storms.

II. On fertilizing cotton for earliness, experiments were tried at
College Station, in the Brazos bottom, and at Waxahachie:

First——To get information as to the eifect of the three fertilizing ele-
ments of the earliness of the cotton plant.

Second‘——To get some data as to the relative yield of cotton in a short
fruiting season when fertilized and not fertilized.

Third——To learn the way that fertilizers cause an early maturity of
the cotton crop. Phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and potash, the elements
of plant food applied to soils, were used in this work as acid phosphate,
sulphate of ammonia and kainit. Each was applied in small, medium
and excessive amounts, and also the three were mixed in like amounts,
as follows: _

Acid phosphate, 100, 200 and 500 pounds per acre.

Potash or kainit, 100, 200 and 500 pounds per acre.

Nitrogen or sulphate of ammonia, 250 and 500 pounds per acre.

The mixture was made of one part kainit, one and one-half parts cot-
ton seed meal for nitrogen and two parts of acid phosphate. This com-
bination was applied at the rate of 225 and 600 pounds per acre.

68 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

Kainit contained 12 per cent potash; acid phosphate, 14 per cent.
available phosphoric acid; sulphate of ammonia contained 20% per cent
of nitrogen~—as analyzed by Dr. Fraps of the College. Nitrate of soda.
was used in the place of sulphate of ammonia in the Brazos bottoms and

i at Waxahachie.

The results observed were these:

(1) Neither potash nor nitrogen seemed to hasten or delay maturity;
but (2) at College the use of phosphoric acid made a very rapid growth
and greatly increased the yield.

The conclusion drawn is that, when the soil is deficient in one ele-
ment, there will be a decided increase in yield due to rapid growth, if
that element is added. The important thing is to find out which ele-
ment the soil lacks. Few Texas soils need potash for cotton. Some
sandy or dormant soils may; need nitrogen, which may be supplied by
applying cotton seed meal at the rate of 100 to 150 pounds per acre.
Most soils, except the black waxy, need phosphoric acid, which may be
applied in the form of acid phosphate at the rate of 100 to 200 pounds
per acre, when the phosphoric acid is 14 to 15 per cent. The black
waxy soil did not respond to any of the fertilizers applied, yet the yield
showed that some stimulus was needed. Deep breaking is suggested.

A few ‘suggestions are added, telling:

WHEN AND How TO APPLY FERTILIZERS T0 Sort.

The land should be broken fiat in winter, December or earlier, or if
cotton stubble it may be bedded in the old middles. About the last of
January, or a sufficient period before planting for the seed bed to be-
come firm, furrows for rows are run ofi on the flat broken land and fer-
tilizers distributed in these furrows. On the rebedded cotton stubble
land, the fertilizers may be applied in the middle furrow, which was the
old row before breaking. The fertilizers in the furrow are bedded on
and the cotton planted in the usual manner. The cotton seed should
be planted directly over the fertilizer and not in the furrow with the
fertilizer, or at least not in contact, as their vitality may be destroyed.

Fertilizers may be distributed in the bed without rebreaking by seed
planters, or by one-horse fertilizer distributors, or by hand. If they
are distributed by hand, a tin bugle or horn is necessary to prevent the
wind interfering. This device is made of tin, writ-h a diameter of about
two inches, and about three feet in length, with an enlarged funnel-like
shape at the top, and to one side of the top a handle is soldered. The
laborer takes the fertilizer in a sack on his right side and holds the
bugle in his left hand with the lower end of the bugle in the furrow,
and while walking rapidly along works the fingers of his right hand
for an even distribution of the fertilizer. After a few hours’ practice,
a good man can put it down uniformly and at a rapid walk.

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 69

BULLETIN No. 76. NOVEMBER, 1904.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY SECTION.
EXPERIMENTS 1N STEER FEEDING.

J OHN A. CRAIG, Dean and Director.
F. R. MARSHALL, Professor of Animal Husbandry.

This bulletin covers two years’ work, 1903-1901, and five lines of
experiments :
I. Rice By-Products for Steer Feeding.

II. Fodders for Feeding Steers With Cotton Seed Meal.

III. Molasses for Steer Feeding.

IV. Comparison of Yearlings With Two-Year-Olds for Fattening.
V. Corn vs. Corn and Cotton Seed Meal for Steerson Pasture.

The object was t0 study materials of special interest to Southern feed-
ers.

The experiments reported under I and III were begun in 1903 by
W. D. Gibbs, then Director, and J. W. Carson, Superintendent of the
Farm Department. Forty steers were used; ten were two-year-olds,
thirty yearlings; they were fed 100 days.

In January, 1904, Professors Craig and Marshall continued these ex-
periments with thirty head of yearlings fed for seventy days. Besides
these, ten Northern-bred cattle, previously inoculated at the Station to
render them immune to Texas fever, were fed for sixty days. The
following summer thirty-eight yearling steers were pastured, with corn
and cotton seed meal added, for 196 days:

Their conclusions were: ’

1. Rice bran added to a ration of cotton seed meal and hulls in two
out of three trials gave an increased rate of gain at a lower costf

2. Rice polish added to a ration of cotton seed meal and hulls slightly
increased the rate of gain at the "same cost.

3. Rice hulls were not satisfactory as a substitute for cotton seed
hulls, as the steers did not relish them.

4. Rice hulls fed with cotton seed meal, rice bran and molasses were
unsatisfactory, as the steers could not be induced to eat a fair ration.

5. Sorghum hay in a ration of cotton seed meal and rice bran gave
about equal results to cotton seed hulls, as 1 in the former results equal
to 1.02 pounds of cotton seed hulls. The daily rate of gain per head
was slightlyin favor of the hulls, being 2.98 pounds as against 2.35
pounds in the instance of the sorghum.

6. Cow pea hay was not found as satisfactory as cotton seed hulls
in a ration of rice bran and cotton seed meal, as the daily rate of gain
per head was 2.98 pounds in the instance of the lot receiving hulls and
2.3 pounds in the trial with cow pea hay. A pound of cow pea hay was
equaled by .94 of a pound of hulls.

7. Peanut hay was very unsatisfactory fed with rice bran and cotton
seed meal, owing to the fact that it was a very nutritive food, being too
similar to cotton seed meal in composition to mix well with it.

8. Alfalfa hay was a very unsatisfactory addition to rice bran and
cotton seed meal ration, for the reason that it was also rich in those con-

T0 SUMMARY or Btrrnfrix s.

stituents which are abundant in cotton seed 111eal, making the ration too O

nitrogenous. »

an 1 ‘k armimmruam.

i‘.

Cotton seed meal and hulls make the most generally used ration in i

the cotton belt, while corn and alfalfa hay are most highly thought of as
a ration in the corn belt. A comparison of these rations becomes in-
teresting from these facts.

The steers receiving the ration of cotton seed meal and hulls ate daily
per head 5.7 pounds of cotton seed meal and" 22.4 pounds of hulls, and
gained 2.21 pounds. ' With the cotton seed meal at $20 per ton and the
hulls at $4.00 per ton, the cost of 1 pound of gain was 4 cents.

9. The steers receiving the alfalfa and corn and cob meal ate daily
per head 11 pounds of corn and cob meal and 16.9 pounds of alfalfa,
and gained 2.53 pounds. With the corn and cob meal at 4O cents per
bushel, and the alfalfa at $5 per ton, the cost of 1 pound of gain was
4.1 cents. It will be seen from this that the cost of fattening steers
under the very best circumstances for securing the most economical
rations is very similar.

10. Molasses added to a ration consisting of cotton seed meal and
hulls resulted in a gereater and cheaper gain from those receiving it, as
they gained 3.11 pounds per head daily, while those not receiving it
gained 2.59 pounds.

11. Yearling steers in comparison with two-year-old steers on rations
of cotton seed meal and hulls made about the same gain at a little
cheaper cost. The two-year-old steers gained 2.59 pounds per head daily
and the yearlings 2.21 pounds.

12. In feeding steers on pasture it was found that a corn and cotton
seed meal ration gave better returns than corn alone. The substitution
of 3257 pounds of cotton seed meal for 3438 pounds of corn gave an
increased gain of 831 pounds on the total lot of nineteen head.

BULLETIN No. '77. HORTICULTURAL SEorioN. DECEMBER, 1904.

ONIONS AND BUNCH CROPS AT BEEVILLE.

J. K. ROBERTSON, Superintendent Beeville Station.
EDWARD O. GREEN, Assistant Horticulturist.

This bulletin treats of the cost, culture, and yields of irrigated and
unirrigated plats of Onions, Beets, Radishes, Lettuce, Carrots and Tur-
nips, at the Station grounds, in 1904. Variety tests were also made.

Oni0ns.-—The seed were sown in beds——a rich sandy loam broken with
a plow and worked over with a spading fork to the depth of four or five
inches. Seeds were drilled in half an inch deep; the rows spaced about
three inches. Six ounces planted a 4x50-foot bed; and five or six such
beds will set an acre, four feet apart in fifteen-foot rows. The beds
were Watered by ‘sprinkling when they needed it, in the middle of the clay
by preference. -

Thrips appeared in the seed beds in December, and were promptly
destroyed by an application of 2 pounds of whale oil soap dissolved in
six gallons of water. The solution was sprayed over the bed thoroughly,
and no further trouble was experienced.

S UMMARY or BULLETINS. 71

Preparatory to the removal of seedlings to the field, the seed beds
were soaked by flooding, and the plants drawn by hand. The tops were
trimmed to about five inches, and the roots were cut to about three-
fourths of an inch long.

The soil used for the onion field was a rich, black loam containing
some sand, and, though naturally rich, it was not especially fertile at
the time of experiment, owing to the continuous cropping of previous
years. During September the land was plowed seven inches deep with
a single disk, and harrowed thoroughly, and on December 17th’ it was
again broken with a turning plow set six inches deep and harrowed. On
January 30th furrows were laid oif two and a half feet from center to
center, using a twenty-four-inch sweep, and water applied at the rate
of 40,000 gallons per acre. February 2d the field was leveled xvithan
Acme pulverizer, cultivated three inches deep with a five-tooth culti-
vator, and planked to smooth the surface for planting, and on the fol-
lowing day the onions were set for both experiments. Eight cultiva-
tions were given. In addition, the unirrigated plat received one lioeing.
Level cultivation, to preserve a dust mulch, stirring ‘the soil after
each rain or irrigation, was at no tiine deeper than 1.5 inches.

The irrigated plat received four irrigations in addition to the pre-
paratory one given to both plats. A mixed fertilizer containing 5 per
cent nitrogen, 6 per cent phosphoric acid, and 9 per cent potash was
applied at the rate of 500 pounds per acre and worked in at each side
of the row, in “arch. ~

On one-twentieth of an acre the irrigated plat yielded 1928 pounds,
of which only 2 pounds were unmarketable. The unirrigated plat of
the same area yielded 987.4 pounds, of which 12 pounds were unmarket-
able. The difference in yield would have been greater if the irrigation
equipment had not been old and inefficient. As it was, selling the onions
at 2 cents per pound in Beeville, the profits were $33.45 on the irrigated
plat against $15.19 on the check plat. The variety which, in the variety
test, proved the best was the Red Bermuda. The variety test was car-
ried on with nineteen varieties, planted and cultivated just as described
in the irrigated plat.

Beets.—This is the favorite bunch crop of South Texas; it requires
eighty to ninety days, and two crops may be grown from October to
May ; and a net profit of $1500 per acre on one crop is possible.

In the Station experiment, the land was plowed deep in November,
thoroughly harrowed and pulverized, and later furrows were laid off
with a twelve-inch sweep and the land irrigated. Bat guano, at the rate
of 500_pounds per acre, was sown broadcast and worked into the soil
with a five-tooth cultivator. On December 15th the seed was drilled a
half inch deep in rows seventeen inches apart, at the rate of 5 pounds
per acre, and the packed track made by the planter was covered by run-
ning a Wheel hoe around the rows. Six irrigations and nine cultiva-
tions were given. The beets in the variety tests were thinned to one
plant every two or three inches, and so they matured evenly and were
soon harvested, while it took sixty days to harvest the others. As soon
as the beets were about three inches in diameter they were gathered for
market, washed and trimmed and tied in bunches of three to five, and
packed in ventilated barrels, nineteen to twenty-five dozen bunches to

‘72 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

the barrel, with their tops toward the center, and shipped without ice;
covering the top of the barrel with burlaps was found sufficient. The
‘crop was marketed in Kansas City and St. Joseph, Mo., bringing 40
cents a dozen bunches in March and April; 25 cents in May; profit
$54.23 on one-tenth of an acre.

The Electric is recommended as the safest commercial variety; but in
the test of twelve kinds the Crimson Globe and the New Meteor showed
great promise.

Raclishea-JThis crops takes only thirty-five days to grow’, so that
three crops may be planted in a season. A one-tenth-acre yield. test was
conducted, and twenty-eight varieties tested.

The soil was prepared as for beets, but without fertilizer. Cultiva-
tion was given with wheel hoes, and one irrigation was sufficient. Eight
pounds of seed were planted to the acre. Harvesting was the same as
for beets except that the tops were not cut.

The barrels are not ventilated but iced, four half-inch holes being
bored in the bottom for the water to run out. Like beets, the radishes
are laid in concentric circles with tops to the center, with three layers
of ice, 5O pounds in all, in lun1ps.the size of an egg, and heaped up on
the top layer so as to have the barrel full on arrival.

The turnip-rotted varieties were most profitable, when marketed in
Kansas City and St. Louis, and of these the Scarlet White Tipped is
recommended. Of the long varieties the Market Gardeners Long Scarlet
was found the best for home use; the Round Scarlet Chinese and Icicle
are recommended.

A profit of $33.67 on each one-tenth acre is reported. About a barrel
and a half were lo-st by a severe January freeze.

Lettuce, Carrots and Tu1'nips.—The cultural tests with these crops
failed; but, of twenty-one varieties of lettuce tested, Big Boston, Han-
son, and California Cream Butter gave good results. Of sixteen varie-
ties of turnips the Purple Top, White Globe and the White Dutch Strap
Leaf proved most valuable for market purposes.

Lettuce should be planted in land that has had clean culture for two
years, as white grubs injure it severely. It should have plenty of water

and well-rotted barnyard manure.

BULLETIN No. 78. OCTOBER, 1905.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Snorrox.
FEEDING COTTON SEED MEAL TO HOG-S.
F. R. MARSHALL, Professor of Animal Plusbandryt.

This bulletin contains an account of an experiment tried on forty
hogs, to determine whether or not hogs can safely consume fermented
cotton seed meal in larger quantities or for longer periods than they can
unfermented seed. The experiment was carried on in the spring and
early summer, and was a very severe test of the method, which is known
as the “Allison method” of feeding cotton seed.

The first part of the bulletin contains a summary of the investiga-

Suniriinx or BULLETINS. 73

tions in feeding cotton seed meal by other investigators, including two
experiments at this Station in 1891 and 1892 (see Bulletin No. 21);
an account of the “Allison method” of the experiences of the feeders
who have used it, and of the slaughter test on the hogs in this experi-
ment. ’

The results reached are thus stated:

1. A comparison of the results of this experiment with those of
other stations at which cotton seed meal was fed in the ordinary way
indicates that cotton seed meal may be used in larger quantities and for
longer periods when fermented and fed in a slop than when fed Without
being fermented.

2. The reports of feeders who have used cotton seed meal for hogs
indicate "that a light feed of cotton seed meal may be continued indefi-
nitely, and that the consumption of green feed lessens the danger of
death from feeding cotton seed meal.

3. In this trial the hogs were yard-fed during the hot summer sea-

‘son, consequently they were under conditions which made the trial as

severe as possible. Under such conditions fer-me-nting cotton seed meal
does not entirely remove its injurious effects when fed to hogs.

4. The results of this experiment show that for the first forty-three
days of the feeding the mixture containing the cotton seed meal and
the corn gave larger and cheaper gains than the straight corn ration,
while the second period of forty days the results were reversed. This
leads to the ‘suggestion that, to improve a corn ration, it would be
advisable to add cotton seed meal to it for about forty days, preferably,
for other reasons also, during the last forty days of the feeding instead
of the first.

5. The hogs that received cotton seed. meal as part of their ration
in this trial showed less fat and more lean meat in the carcass.

6. The carcasses of the hogs that received cotton seed meal, con-
trary to the previously expressed opinion of the packers, were firmer
and therefore more acceptable to them than those of the corn-ted hogs.

BULLETIN No. 7'9. OCTOBER, 1905.

BUREAU or PLANT INDUSTRY or THE U. S. DEPARTMENT or AGRICUL-
TURE. AND THE AGRICULTURAL SEoTIoN, TEXAS
EXPERIMENT STATION.

BREEDING AN EARLY, RAPID FRUITING, AND PRODUCTIVE
COTTON.

R. L. BENNETT, In Charge Cotton Breeding.

This bulletin presents results of two years’ work in breeding a_ cotton
that will produce a crop in spite of the boll weevil, and shows how the
farmer may, from the native Texas big-boll cotton on his own farm, by

careful seed selection produce an early and productive variety of good

staple cotton which will mature before the boll weevils have become very
numerous.

The experiments showed:
. 1. That seed from the northern edge of the cotton belt, from Arkan-

74 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

  

sas or Oklahoma, or from the East, did not produce an early ripenin

kind of cotton.

 

2. That large-boll cotton was as likely to be early as small-boll cot;
ton; and was better because it produced more cotton and was injured

less by storms.

 

3. That it is easily possible, by careful selection of the seed, to pro-i
duce an early cotton, and also, by the same means, to increase the pro-f.

portion of lint to seed.

4. The type of cotton to be chosen for these ends is described as;

follows :
FOR EARLY FRUITING.

The first fruit limbs must be low—not higher than the fifth joint

above the seed leaf joint.
Primary or wood limbs must be low the first not above the fifth 0
sixth joint, and not exceeding four in number is desirable. .

FOR RAPID FRUITING.

The joints on the main stem, fruit limbs and primary limbs must be i.

short; not to exceed two to three inches is desirable.
Fruit limbs should grow in succession at each joint of the main stem

and primary limbs and should be continuous in growth for continuous 5i

fruiting.
FOR PRODUOTIVENESS.

The bolls should not be less than one and one-half inches in diameter. 

The per cent of lint to seed cotton should not be less than 33%.

The rate of growth is very important, and, therefore, the larger the i’
plant, of the type, the greater is its inherent rate of growth, its earliness, ,

rapidity of fruiting, and yield.

Early opening of bolls, or maturity, is not important in escaping 
weevils. In States further north, it is important in escaping early T

fall frosts. It is not invariably a measure of the early setting of fruit-

[A third bulletin will be issued, containing an account. of the com- 

plete series of experiments; amplifying the description given, of the de-
sirable type; and giving the results of other experiments which relate to
factors that may aid in the productiveness and improve the quality of
the product]

BULLETIN No. 80. HoRTIcULTURAL SECTION. DECEMBER, 1905.
PEACH-GROWING IN TEXAS.
E. J. KYLE, Horticulturist.

This bulletin gives methods of cultivation to insure a uniform pro-
duction each "season. “It is the crop in the off-year that brings the
most money.” To prevent the frequent failure of this crop, due to too
early blossoming, or to scanty growth, the grower is advised to plant
fewer trees and to keep them in vigorous condition by frequent and
thorough cultivation.

SUMMARY or BULLErrNs. 75

The land should be completely cleared and very deeply plowed. If
the land has been impoverished, Irish potatoes or some other quick-
maturing crop may precede the orchard, so that cow peas can be planted
and plowed under in the fall.

The hexagonal method of setting out is preferred, as it gives 126
trees to the acre, set twenty feet apart, instead of 108, and allows cul-
tivation in six directions. Take a fence as base line, and run rows
parallel, every seventeen feet and four inches. Cross these every ten feet,
and put a tree at every other crossing; at the odd crossings on the first
rows, and at the even crossings on the second and other even rows.

Plant in December; trim the roots, but not too severely, and cut the
top so that when set it is about eighteen inches above ground. At least
twice during the summer all buds that are not desired should be rubbed
off. Three to five branches, from ten to fifteen inches from the ground,
may be left. It should be severely pruned till the end of the third year,
and moderately pruned each year afterward.

Clean cultivation is recommended; plowing with a turning plow as
soon as growth begins in the spring, and harrowing just after. Then a
spike-tooth harrow every two weeks may be used till September to keep
a “dust mulch” over the roots. In case of rain and consequent growth
of weeds, a disc may be used instead of the harrow.

If, however, the grower decides to crop his orchard, an early crop like
Irish potatoes may be followed by cow peas, peanuts, or sweet potatoes.
Thus the soil is kept stirred and fertilized. Corn and cotton are not
recommended as orchard crops. When the trees begin to bear, clean
cultivation, after growth begins in the spring, continuing at ten-day in-
“tervals, should be practiced.

The fruit should be thinned, to a distance of six or eight inches, by
hand.

For the “crown gall,” a fungus growth on peach roots, no complete
remedy has been found. It is very contagious. A paste made one part
of copperas, two of copper sulphate, and three of lime, applied to the
roots after pulling the earth back with a hoe, is recommended.

For the borer, cutting the larva out with a knife in the spring and
fall is advised. The tree may be painted to about a foot from the
ground with seven gallons of Beaumont oil to one pint of carbolic acid.
Clean cultivation is the best preventive of borers.

 

BULLETIN No. 81. BOTANICAL SECTION. DECEMBER, 1905.
ALFALFA SEED TESTING.
O. M. BALL, Botanist.

This bulletin gives results of tests of thirty-two samples of Alfalfa
Seed, made, in 1905, for purity and vitality. '

Out of these, thirty different kinds of weed-seeds were taken; only
four samples were free from weed-seeds. Many of the weeds were harm-
less, but some were noxious, like hemlock and Russian thistle. Draw-

76 SUMMARY 0F BULLETINS.

ings showing appearance of alfalfa seed and of the seeds of other plants

commonly found in alfalfa seed are given.

The vitality of the thirty-two samples was found to vary between $9.5
and 96.5. It is shown that seed at 16 cents, which germinates well, is
cheaper than seed at 11 cents which germinates badly.

Seed will be tested for purity and vitality free of charge at the Col-
lege Experiment Station if an ounce or more is sent with name of
sender, price per pound, and date and place of growth. Directions are
given for testing vitality at home, by means of the simple apparatus
described in Bulletin No. 81.

BULLETIN No. 82. CHEMICAL Snorrox.

MAINTAINING THE FERTILITY OF RICE SOILS—A CHEMI-
CAL STUDY.

JAN may, 1906.

C. S. FRAPS, Acting Chemist.

This bulletin is a study of the chemical composition and properties
of some rice soils, rice irrigation waters, and the rice plant, with a view
to find ways of maintaining the fertility of rice soils. It determined
the following points:

1. Food Requirements of Rice.—An average Texas crop consumes
16 pounds phosphoric acid, 42 pounds nitrogen, and 53 pounds pot-
ash per acre. Rice straw carries with it, when removed, 3 pounds
phosphoric acid, 14 pounds nitrogen, 31 pounds. potash per acre. In
burning rice stubble, nearly 5 pounds nitrogen is lost; in burning rice
straw, 14 pounds nitrogen, per acre. The ashes contain 3 pounds phos-
phoric acid and 37 pounds potash per acre.

An average crop of rice consumes more nitrogen than one of cotton,
oats, or corn. If the rice straw is taken away, four times as much potash
is removed as by a crop of cotton, oats, or corn. If the ashes are scat-
tered over the field after burning rice straw, only about half as much
potash is withdrawn as by crops of oats, corn, or cotton.

2. Irrigation Waters.——Deducting losses from seepage and off-flow,
the irrigation water adds about 3.1 pounds phosphoric acid and 2O
pounds potash, but removes some nitrogen; as much as 20 pounds per
acre in winter may seep through and be lost.

3. Total Loss.——If the straw is removed and the stubble burned, the
total loss per acre may be estimated at 12 pounds phosphoric acid, 60
pounds nitrogen, 22 pounds potash. This may be reduced to 9 pounds
phosphoric acid, 5'7 pounds nitrogen, if the stubble is plowed under and
the straw-ashes returned; and there will be gain of 15 pounds of potash.

4. Composition of Certain Rice S0ils.—The soil samples from Jeffer-
son, Orange, De Witt, Victoria and the black lands of Brazoria contain
small quantities of phosphoric acid. Those from Harris county, the Rio
Grande valley and the red bottom lands of Brazoria contain an abundance
of phosphoric acid. The Orange county soil is low in potash and in
lime. The Rio Grande Valley is rich in potash.

The Brownsville and De Witt soils have an unfavorable ratio of lime
and magnesia. A Japanese investigator seems to have ‘shown that lime

‘ rm

in, nan.‘ aiulmnnillw- ' " 

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 7'7

and magnesia should be present in soil in equal quantities. The Brazos
river carries enough carbonate of lime to neutralize the acidity of Bra-
zoria soil in a year, but the Neches river, and Cow Bayou, would require
eight and sixteen years respectively. Rice is probably not as much af-
fected by acidity as other crops.

Tests showed that the amount of phosphoric acid and potash avail-
able for use in the Orange and Brazoria soils was not enough.

5. Treatment 0f S0iZs.——Burning the straw is wasteful; but, if
burned, the ashes should be scattered on the field. The stubble should
be ploived under. The nitrogen content of the soil should be kept up
by growing lcguminous crops—cow peas, vetch, etc. These may be grown
in rotation with rice during a season, thus destroying water-weeds and
“red rice.” Or a winter growing plant may be planted in the fall and
plowed under in the spring.

One hundred pounds per acre of acid phosphate may be used to add
phosphoric acid to the Orange, J eiferson, Brazoria, and Victoria soils.

Potash fertilizers may improve the Orange soil.

Lime, tried on a small scale at first, and always in small amounts,
may be of advantage east of Houston. ‘

Magnesia sulphate or magnesite may help the De Witt and Brownsville
soils.

BuLLiarqN No. 83. BOTANICAL SECTION. JANUARY, 1906.
NITRO-OULTURE.
O. M. BALL, Mycologist.

This bulletin records results of experiments in 1904 and 1905 to test
the claims that:

l. The presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria on the roots of legumes
is requisite for the production of good crops, especially where the soil
is lacking in nitrates.

2. The various legumes are affected by a species of bacterium which
has so adapted itself to its host plantqthat each legume has its own
variety of that species. »

3. If soils are naturally deficient in nitrogen-fixing bacteria, these
may be introduced by inoculation of the soil, or of the seed to be ‘sown.

4. In order to obtain the best results, it is necessary to inoculate
a given legume with its own variety of bacterium.

 By cultivation of these bacteria under suitable conditions,—for
example, in solutions of food stuff in which no nitrogen is present—their
“virility” or greed for nitrogen may be greatly increased.

6. After having been inoculated with these greedy bacteria, the crop
of a given legume will be vastly enlarged, because the bacteria will fix
a quantity of nitrates corresponding to their enhanced appetites, thus
affording a greatly enlarged food supply for the legume.

The experiments were by means of pot-cultures, and were planned to
determine: '

‘ 1. (a) Whether nodules will appear on the roots of alfalfa when it
is grown in the soil which had grown burr clover but no alfalfa before.

78 SUMMARY OF BULLETINS.

(b) Whether alfalfa in sterilized soil could be inoculated with germs
from burr-clover nodules.

2. Whether “nitro-culture” produced any good results.

The results proved:

1. (a) That alfalfa Will grow nodules when grown in soil produc-
ing burr clover, or (b) after being Watered With Water containing such
soil, or in which nodules from burr clover had been.

2. That inoculation With “nitro-culture” produced fewer tubercles
than those growing on the plant in natural conditions; and that these
few seemed to do the plant no good. A parallel series of experiments
with burr clover produced similar results.

The conclusions drawn from these and similar experiments at other
stations are, with reference to the claims tested:

1. This is to some extent true, though in a soil Where nitrates are
abundant the legumes seem to get along just as well without nodules.

2. It is certain that the bacteria growing on alfalfa will also grow
on burr clover, and vice versa. Alfalfa and mellilotus bacteria seem
also to be the same, judging by results gotten in Illinois and Oklahoma.

3. It would be hard to find a soil entirely free from these bacteria,
unless artificially sterilized. '

4. This is shown to be untrue by the experiments described.

5. Not proven.

6. The experiments disproved this.

BULLETIN No. 84. HORTIOULTURAL Snorron. JANUARY, 1906.
TOMATO FERTILIZERS AT TROUPE.

W. S. HOTOHKISS, Superintendent Troupe Station.
EDWARD O. GREEN, Assistant Horticulturist.

An account of the fertilizer experiments and variety tests with T0- I

matoes at the Troupe Station during 1904 and 1905.

The fertilizer ingredients used included cotton seed meal, muriate of
potash, acid phosphate, wood ashes, cow manure, nitrate of soda, lime
and tankage, either alone or in combinations.

Beauty, Acme, Earliana were the varieties tested. Acme was used as
the standard. The soil is a fine gray sand, from eight to eighteen inches
deep, underlaid with a red clay.

The conclusions were:

1. Acid phosphate produced more constant beneficial results than any
other single fertilizer.

2. On new land an application of 300 pounds of acid phosphate per
acre gave best results.» -

3. On old land, which had never been fertilized, an application of
300 pounds of acid phosphate and 200 pounds of cotton seed meal per
acre gave the most satisfactory returns.

(Note.—The literature of agriculture, even down to the present time,
almost universally recommends very large percentages of potash in fer-
tilizers for truck crops. The writer has never seen any record of any

SUMMARY or BULLnTiNs. 79

experiments to justify the high percentages of pOtzlSll. commonly recom-
mended and actually put into fertilizers and used for truck crops. These
experiments and others made in Louisiana, Mississippi and other States
indicate very clearly that potash is not needed for most trucking crops
and on most trucking soils. Where needed at all, there is no proof that
the writer has seen that would support the belief that it is needed in
larger proportionate amount than for cotton.

Potash, either alone or in combination, was at least unsatisfactory.
Lime was injurious.

Wood ashes were valueless.

The Earliana was earlier than Acme or Beauty, and commends
itself as a profitable variety for early express shipments. It is not rec-

T299"?

ommended for the general crop.

BULLETIN No. 85. CHEMICAL SECTION. JUNE, 1906.
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS IN 1905-1906..
G. S. FRAPS, Acting Chemist.

This bulletin gives the test of the State fertilizer law, together with
information regarding the taking of samples; form of tag, terms used

' reporting analyses; valuation of fertilizers; fertilizers for cotton, corn,

rice, and potatoes; home mixtures, fertilizer recipes, and bat guano.
The valuation put on the ingredients of fertilizers is for nitrogen
16 cents a pound, available phosphoric acid 6 cents, and potash 5 cents.
Cotton seed meal, nitrate of soda, tankage and bat guano are our best
sources of nitrogen. Texas cotton seed meal contains '7 to 8 per cent
of nitrogen, 3 per cent of phosphoric acid, and 1% per cent of potash.
The average selling price of mixed fertilizers on the Texas market dur-
ing the season 1905-1906 was $26.15, or $5.35 higher than the valua-
tions for nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash used in this bulletin.

; Moderate amounts of fertilizers are recommended, because, While large
. amounts may give more increase in crops, the increase will not be pro-

 

portionate to the increase in cost of fertilizer.

Two hundred pounds of cotton seed meal per acre are recommended
for certain old, worn, sandy land. Two hundred pounds of acid phos-
phate are suited to certain bottom and black prairie lands. Two hun-
dred pounds acid phosphate per acre have been known to increase the
yield of rice two to three sacks. Mixed fertilizers containing about 2
per cent nitrogen, 8 per cent available phosphoric acid and 2 per cent
potash are commonly used for cotton, and even on uplands other ‘than
black prairie with good effect.

Some Texas potato soils need potash and some do not. These soils
need further study. Where no potash is needed, equal parts cotton seed
meal and acid phosphate are recommended.

80 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

  

   
   
 

BULLETIN No. 86. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY SECTION. SEPTEMBER, 190
CATTLE FEEDING EXPERIMENTS.

Joni: A. CRAIG, Director.
F. H. MARSHALL, Professor of Animal Husbandry.

This bulletin contains results of experiments carried on in 1905 on: '4

I. Molasses for fattening cattle.

II. Rough rice as a steer feed. .
III. Profit from different systems of feeding cattle. 
It contains also a discussion of cane molasses, of molasses as a feed‘
for horses and swine, and of difierent methods of feeding molasses; and {.
accounts of early experiments tried with it at this Station. (See Bul-
letin No. 76 and Bulletin No. 10.) ~
Cane molasses is shown to be so different in its composition from?
beet molasses that the German experiments with the latter are ‘of no '
use to the feeder of “Black strap molasses,” which may be fed quite v
freely xvitholut giving diarrhea to cattle or horses, if the rest of the .
ration contains the proper elements. I
The experiments in detail were: 

I. Feeding Molasses to Two-Year-Old Steers Being Finished for 
Marhet.-—Eighteen steers in three equal lots being fed for eighty days on ,7
cotton seed meal, corn chops, and molasses, with cotton seed hulls as 
roughage. The cattle that were fed the largest ration of molasses made 
greatest and cheapest gains; and fifteen head selected from these cattle 
won first prize at the Fort Worth Fat Stock Show, March, 1905, were- f
reserve champion carload, and sold for $5.50 a hundred. 
II. Feeding Different Amounts of Molasses to Yearling Steera- 
Eighteen steers in three equal lots fed for 100 days, on cotton seed meal,
hulls, and varying amounts of molasses, with the addition of corn chops y
and alfalfa hay during the latter part of the test. The cattle receiving

the most molasses made the greatest gains.

III. Feeding Molasses from Trough to Cattle 0n Grass.—In this 

experiment the same cattle fed in test II were used, dividing them intd
two lots, of which one was allowed to eat as much molasses as they
would—a gallon a day for each steer—while the others had none for
sixty days. When sold in Chicago, December, 1905, at $6.00 a hundred,
the molasses-fed lot averaged 31 pounds more.

IV. Feeding Rough Rice t0 Steers.—Fifteen yearling steers in three
lots were fed for seventy days on cotton seed meal and cotton seed hulls;
on cotton seed meal, rough rice, and hulls; and on rough rice and hulls.
It was found desirable to grind the rice. It required 2.3 pounds rice to
equal 1 pound cotton seed meal. It was believed that with the alfalfa,
cow pea, or peanut hay, better results would have been obtained.

Conclusions : -

I. In our experiments the addition of molasses to a fattening
ration has always produced an increased gain.
II. Addition of molasses to a ration of cotton seed meal and hulls
lowered the cost of gains. _
III. When molasses was added to a balanced ration it gave larger~

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 81

gains and improved the appearance of the cattle but did not lower the

, cost of gain.

IV. There was no undesirable result from feeding yearling steers
one gallon of molasses each per day, and there is good reason to believe
that larger amounts might be used.

V. In experiment II the cheapest gains in each month were made
by the lot receiving most nearly a balanced ration.

VI. Molasses returned from‘3 to 30 cents per gallon. The lower
value was obtained when molasses was added to a ration already bal-
anced and when, in the early part of the feeding period, an unbalanced
ration was fed the higher value was obtained. _

VII. When cotton seed hulls were used as roughage, a ton o1‘. rough
rice was equal to one-half a ton of cotton seed meal.

Yearling steers proved much more profitable to feed than older cattle.
In fact, they made a profit where the older cattle were fed at a. financial
loss.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION.

SAN JOSE SCALE.

BULLETIN No. 8'7. NOVEMBER, 1906.

ALBERT F. CONRADI, Entomologist.

This bulletin discusses one of the most serious problems of the fruit
grower. The San J osé scale is known to occur in a number of places
in Texas east of the 98th meridian, and there has been one case farther
West. It is spreading rapidly. An account is given of its history from
its introduction into California from China, a description of the pest,
its life history, a list of its food plants; and an account of remedies used
against it follows, with a resume of work done in combating it in Texas.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SCALE.

The full grown scale is circular in shape, of an ashy-gray color, with
a small protuberance called nipple at the center. Around the nipple are
two more concentric rings, the general shape being conical except when
crowded, when all kinds of shapes may be found. When the scale is
raised with a knife blade, the small orange-yellow body of the insect
may be seen below it.

The male scale is more elongated, smaller, and frequently darker.
The nipple is not at the center, but is nearer the anterior end of the
scale. When young, the scale of both sexes is nearly jet black and often
very difficult to see with the naked eye. .

LIFE HISTORY.

The females never leave their scales; under them they live and die.
The male, however, molts in early spring and leaves the scales as a
minute active insect With two wings. It dies after mating. The female
gives birth to living young. The newly-born scales are very minute and
oval in shape, but their bright orange-yellow color makes them con-
spicuous on the bark. After wandering about from twelve hours to a

82 SUMMARY 0F BULLETINS.

day, they settle down to feed. The insect then inserts its beak into the
tissues and sucks the sap. Here it remains during the feeding period.
The male becomes full grown in about twenty-five days, but the female
requires a little longer time. In from ten to eighteen days the young
of the next generation appear. During the season of activity, each
female may give birth to from three hundred to four hundred young.
The over-wintering females produce about one hundred young, which
become full grown in about thirty days. As from five to six broods
occur in a single season, calculation will show that one pair of insects
can theoretically give rise to over 3,000,000,000 young in a single
season.
HOW T0 DETEOT SCALE.

When a shipment of nursery stock has been received, even fumiga-
tion should not be depended on. The orchardist should keep close watch
over such shipments as they arrive. The plants should be carefully
gone over with the reading glass, paying special attention to the crotches
and anything on the bark that may suggest an appearance like the de-
scription given above should be removed without touching it directly,
packed securely in a regulation mailing case and sent to the office of the
State Entomologist for identification.

In light infestations the leaves and fruit are but sparsely attacked,
but on badly infested trees the insects settle anywhere on the plants
Where the tissues are exposed. They become so crowded as to overlap,
creating an ashy-gray scurvy incrustation on the bark.

They may occur on both sides of the leaf, causing purplish, grayish, .

or reddish discolorations on the young wood of peach. The bark turns
red and when cut the coloration may be seen to extend to the wood.
Individual scales cause reddish spots with a diameter several times that
of the scale. The winter is passed in all stages of growth from half-
grown to mature insects. Many of the adult females die; these dead
and dried-up scales are always in evidence. When a knife handle or
some other hard object, or thumb nail is rubbed over the surface of a
badly infested twig, the insects are crushed under the scales and a yel-
lowish fluid appears.
HOW THE SCALE SPREADS.

The scale was introduced into the United States from a few nur-
series spread over the country. The fact that it has thus spread shows
the extreme importance of using the most scrupulous precautions in
handling trees to keep it from being disseminated.

The young can crawl the first day after birth. As the broods are
not defined, these crawling specimens are in evidence on all infested
trees during the entire growing season. They may be carried by birds.
bees and other insects. They may be blown by the wind, and fre-
quently, while spraying an infested orchard, careless operators carry
them on their hands and clothing. After they have become stationary.
they may be carried by the plowman when cultivating the orchard. Cor-
respondents often wrap infested twigs carelessly when transmitting
them through the mails for identification.

The results of all experiments tried by the Department in Texas show
that the best remedy yet applied is the

SUMMARY 01> HULLETINS. 83

LI ME SULPHUR WASH .

This is today the standard spray used in commercial orchards. lt is
the cheapest, and superior to all others in point of safety, as it does not
injure the trees. It is not only effective in killing the scale, but it is
also valuable in controlling fungi, notably the peach-leaf curl. In view
of the efficiency of the spray as compared with others in Texas during
the past year, no commercial fruit grower is justificd in substituting
other sprays simply because the Lime Sulphur Wash is more difficult to
prepare and has a corrosive effect on the apparatus.

In the original California wash, salt was used. It also formed a part
of the mixture in the East until recently it was found that the salt was
of little benefit, if any, except that in rainy seasons it adheres better.
The washes in this State Were as effective Without any salt as those con-
taining it.

FUMIGATION.

Upon receipt of nursery stock, unless the grower has undoubted evi-
dence that it was fumigated according to law, it is always best to fumi-
gate immediately. The gas is made as follows: Potassium cyanide
(98 per cent) 1 ounce, commercial sulphuric acid, 1 ounce, water 3
ounces for every one hundred cubic feet of space. The fumigation should
be continued for forty-five minutes. The room or box should be gas
tight and provided with ventilators and doors so that gas can be re-
moved rapidly at the end of the fumigation period. It must never be
forgotten that the gas is deadly poisonous, and that under no circum-
stances must the least amount be inhaled.

BULLETIN No. 88. HORTIOULTURAL Snorrox. JUNE, 1906.

LENGTH OF LIFE OF VINES OF VARIOUS SPECIES AND i
VARIETIES OF GRAPES; PROFITABLENESS; AND
BY WHAT DISEASES SERIOUSLY AFFECTED.

T. V. MUNsoN, D. Se, Denison, Texas.

This bulletin, prepared at the suggestion of Professor E. J. Kyle.
gives the results of Mr. Munson’s nineteen years’ experimenting with
grapes on light sandy land, with red subsoil, near Denison.

His conclusions are: _

“All species and varieties grow well in sandy soils where carbonate of
lime does not exceed 25 per cent of the soil. Some varieties can not
well endure more than 25 or 30 per cent of lime, while others will flour-
ish in 50 and even 60 per cent of lime.

“The species naturally found in limy soils are: Berlandieri, Blancoii,
Bourquiniana, Cafidicans, Champini, Cinerea, Cordifolia, Coriacea,
Doaniana, Monticola, Rubra, Rupestris, Vinifera. And varieties of such
species generally succeed well in limy soils.

“Varieties much subject to rot and mildewshould not be planted in
regions such as the forest area of East Texas, unless thoroughly treated

84 SUMMARY OF BULLETINS.

with spray of sulphate, or carbonate of copper solution, but they may do
well in Central or Western Texas, if set in proper soil, without spraying.

“N o grape will succeed in boggy or scepy soil, and a high location sur-
rounded by lower grounds, is preferable to the reverse location, on ac-
count of late frosts, and fungus diseases prevailing much more in low
than in high localities.”

Two tables are given: No. 1 shows relative longevity of vines of
various species of native and other grapes in sandy ‘soil. No. 2 shows

‘ longevity, profitableness, and pedigree of varieties of cultivated grapes.

The most valuable wild grape for hybridizing in sandy soil, he found
to be the Post Oak Grape—Vitis Lincecumii.

The most profitable varieties were:

“America” (black) -—Lincecumii X Bupestris.

“Bailey” (black) ——Lincecumii >< Triumph.

“Fern Munson” (black)—Lincecumii><Catawba.
“Gold Coin” (yellow)-Norton VirginiaXMartha.  -
“Herbniont” (red-purple)—-Bourquiniana.

“J aeger No. 43” (black)—Lincecumii.

“Laussel” (black) —-Lincecumii >< Gold Coin.

“Muench” (black) —Lincecumii >< Herbmont.

“Neva” (black) —-Lincecumii >< Herbmont.

“Niagara” (white ) -—Labrusca >< Vinifera.

“Presly” (red) —Elvira >< Champion.

“R. W. Munson” (black)--Lincecumii><Triumph.
“Scuppernong” (yellow ) ——Rotundifolia

“Triumph” (white)—Concord><Muscat.

BULLETIN No. 89. ENTOMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. DECEMBER, 1906.
INSECTS OF THE GARDEN.
ALBERT F. CONRADI, Entomologist.

'_l‘his bulletin treats of thirty different species of insects injurious to
garden crops. It gives the distribution, seasonal occurrence, life his-
tory, habits, host plants, and remedial and preventive measures, with
forty-four figures, including two full-page illustrations.

Carbon bisulphide, “high life,” is recommended for the different bean
and pea weevils. It is used at the rate of 1 pound to 100 bushels for for-
ty-eight hours. On‘a small scale a coal oil barrel may be employed. The
barrel may be covered with a heavy canvas which was previously saturated
in linseed oil or painted. Three ounces of CS, is sufficient for each bar-
rel, which contains approximately five bushels.

Carbon bisulphide is also recommended against the cabbage maggot.
It is employed by burying in the soils, near the base of the plant, a
small wad of the cotton saturated with carbon bisulphide. The liquid
should never touch any portion of the plant. Carbolic acid emulsion,
when properly used, is also effective.

Bordeaux mixture is used successfully against the striped beetle and
flea beetles. "The plants should he kept thoroughly covered. Bordeaux

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 85

is also recommended against the twelve-spotted beetle and is more ef-
fective when poison is added. Planting an excessive amount of seed is
recommended.

Paris green ordinarily used at the rate of 1 pound to 150 gallons of
water is recommended for cabbage Worms, grasshoppers, cut Worms, June
bugs and potato beetles. In case of the striped beetle it is dusted,
either undiluted or diluted With a cheap diluent like lime, land plaster,
road dust,.etc., at the rate of one poison to seventy-five of diluent by
weight. Pyrethrum powder may be employed against the cabbage worms
where poisons are undesirable. It should be dusted on the plants heavily.

Harlequin bugs are controlled by timely hand-picking, also by use of
the plumber’s torch With Which they are scorched off the plants.

Squash bugs are destroyed by placing boards between the rows, and
every morning the insects that have collected under them are destroyed.

Cultural methods are depended upon for destroying cut Worms, grass-
hoppers, corn ear Worms, June bugs and White grubs. Poisoned bran
mash and poisoned grass distributed over infested territory is effective
against cut Worms.

Great stress is laid upon the destruction of ‘the remains of crops after
harvest. This is of prime importance against the potato stalk Weevil.

The onion maggot may appear in Texas at any time. Frequent
changes of seed bud, keeping the bulbs Well covered with soil and liberal
applications of carbolic acid emulsions are the principal measures rec-
ommended to be used against it. i

The maggots frequently appearing in onions above the ground are
seed-corn maggots. Onion sets should be immersed in carbolic acid
emulsion before they are transplanted. Infested plants should be dug
up (not pulled up) and thrown into a pail containing either carbolic
emulsion, crude oil or kerosene. ~

There are three lines of operations recommended against plant lice,
vizfl, fumigation, sprays and the propagation and retention of parasites and
predaceous insects. This last may be brought about by the use of trap
plants like rape. Artificial hibernation experiments for the purpose of
determining the best methods for retaining these natural enemies are in
progress, but not yet completed. This method is intended to control the
insects on large plantations Where other recommendations are inappli-
cable.

Fumigation With gases is more effective than sprays. While carbon
hisulphide can be effectively used in the hands of intelligent operators,
it is not recommended Where cheap labor is employed. Nicotine prepa-
rations are preferred. For plant covers a cheap muslin thathas been
saturated in linseed olil and dried in a mild sunlight is recommended.
A covering less porous prevents the circulation of the fumes and causes
an accumulation of heat that is injurious. The fumigation tent consists
of a rectangular folding frame 4x6 feet, With the canvas tacked over it,
leaving ‘the sides unfastened in order to make the tent adjustable for
different plants.

A spray of Whale oil soap, 1 pound to six gallons of Water, is used
against plant lice, other than the melon louse, in emergencies; While
against the onion thrips the same is used at the rate of 1 to 2 pounds.

86 SUMMARY 0E BULLETINs.

BULLETIN No. 90. CI-IEMIoAL SEoTIoN. SEPTEMBER, 1906.
THE FEED CONTROL IN 1905-1906.

J. W. CARsoN, Vice-Director.
G. S. FRAPs, Chemist.

The Legislature of 1905 passed a law governing the sale of concen-
trated feeding stuffs in Texas. This bulletin reports the Work done
under this law for; the season of 1905-1906.

It contains a copy of the Feeding Stuff Law 3 directions for regis-
tration under it , a definition of such terms as “protein,” “fat,” “crude
fiber,” and an explanation of the required guarantees; of what is meant
by “adulteration” and “purity” under the law as enacted (it has since
been amended—see Bulletin No. 95) ; a description of various feeding
stuffs and their average composition; and a discussion of feed control
analyses, showing that for the most part the feeds on the Texas market
are of excellent quality.

A list of the registered feeds, the name and manufacturer of each,
with the guarantee of protein and fat, and the analysis, follows.

BLYLLETIN No. 91'. CIIEMIoAL SEoTIoN. OoToEER, 1906.
FOOD ADULTERATION IN TEXAS.
G. S. FRAPS, PH. D., Chemist.

This bulletin contains analyses of 211 samples of sausage, dried fruit,
condiments, syrups, canned goods, lard, etc., of which 101 were found to
be “illegal” under the Texas law; a definition of “adulteration” and
“misbranding”; the Texas Food Law, and the Federal Food Law; an
account of chemical preservatives and other adulterants; and conclusions
as follows:

That there is a goodkleal of adulteration in certain classes of foods,
some harmless, but all calculated to impose on the purchaser an inferior
article; that the Federal law will prevent adulteration of goods shipped
in from other States; but not of sausage, dried fruit, molasses, soda
water, lard and other products made in Texas. A State law, with an
appropriation to enforce it, is recommended.

BULLETIN No. 92. DECEMBER, 1906.

A TEST OF THE PRODUCING POWER OF SOME TEXAS SEED
CORN.

R. L. BENNETT, In Charge of Cotton Investigation and Breeding.

This describes a test Inade in 1906 of seed corn obtained from some
two dozen growers, in different parts of the State, to determine the rela-
tive productiveness of individual ears. It is known that growers who
shell their corn into a bin, and plant seed drawn at random, can expect

I"

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 8r

only an average yield under the best Weather and soil conditions, since
the productiveness of different ears varies greatly. Some ears produce
a progeny which xvill almost uniformly grow a good ear to each stalk,
While others will have many barren stalks, and a low yield. If, there-
fore, a maximum yield is desired, the farmer should plant seeds from
each ear in a different row, and the next year select seed from the row
producing the largest yield.

In the test described, as carried on at the Station by Mr. W. A. Price,
this was done. Of 108 ears planted, one produced twelve bushels more
than the average of all the yields. This twelve bushels represents ap-
proximately the loss of farmers who do not select their seed; but by
careful selection, even this maximum may be increased.

The conclusions drawn are:

1. That a very large part of the corn grown in Texas does not yield
what would be produced if the seed came from an ear that was highly
productive.

2. That Texas farmers need not import seed for increased yields;
they need only select their own best ears. Seed from the same locality
is apt to be more productive than imported seed, if it is equally well
chosen.

3. That the farmer should select the best ears on the stalks, plant
each ear to a row; compare yields of each row, and select the best producer
for the next year’s seed. The best type depends on what use is to be
made of the ears and stalks. For general use on the farm it is desirable
to have the stalk not extra tall, but with a large diameter and fairly
short joints. This type of stalk will have vigor and resistance to the
winds and the weather. The ear should be at a height comfortable to
husk and not so high as to overbalance the stalk.

The ear should have a medium diameter of cob, of good length and
filled with grains, which should be of good length, not too tapering and
with as little space as possible between the rows of grain.

Select seed ears on the stalk and store in a dry place.

BULLETIN No. 93. _ 1907.
THE SWEET POTATO ROOT-BORER.
A. F. CONRADI.

This is a l6-page bulletin with four figures and one folding map of
Texas, showing the present distribution of the insect as well as the
territory over which it will become most destructive.

Since the middle of the last century Texas has been one of the most im-
portant States growing sweet potatoes, but the industry is seriously
threatened by the Sweet Potato Root-Borer, also known as the Sweet
Potato Weevil.

The insect being of a tropical original is most destructive in South
Texas, less so in Central Texas, while sporadic outbreaks are possible
during the growing season in any section of North Texas.

The insect has been on record since 1798. It was reported on sweet
potato as early as 1857. lt was probably introduced from the West

E8 SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

Indies. It was first reported in the United States from New Orleans in
1875, the first report from Texas being 1890. It is present in South
Texas West as far as Comal and Cameron counties, and north as far as
Milam county.

Early varieties as well as potatoes planted early are more seriously in-
jured than late varieties and those planted late. _

Shallow planted tubers are more infested than those planted deep.

The weevils reach the tubers chiefly by burrowing along the vines.

The full grown insect is an elongated glossy snout beetle with a black
head, middle part of body and legs red, hind part dark steel blue, and
about one-fourth inch long. It lays its eggs on tubers and vines. The
larva, which is a white footless grub about one-fifth inch long, tunnels
in the tuber. It pupates at the end of its tunnel. The entire life cycle
is completed in the potato in about thirty-five days.

The beetles can subsist on other plants besides sweet potatoes, prin-
cipally on those plants that are closely related to the sweet potato vines,
such as morning glory plants.

The insect has never been observed in flight in this country. It has
well-developed wings which makes it appear that migration on the wing
is possible.

Rotation of sweet potato fields, combined with other methods, is of
value not only from an insect ‘standpoint but from an agricultural point
of view as well. Plant as remote from last field as possible.

We have not found any variety of sweet potato that is immune.

Raw tubers should never be thrown out nor fed to stock without hav-
ing been boiled.

Harrow the ground after the crop has been gathered. In spring by
means of volunteer plants the over-wintering weevils may be destroyed
on them.

As a rule stock will eat the tubers with the exception of those badly
riddled and dried up. Remnants left by stock ‘should always be gath-

-ered and destroyed by burning.

Burying infested tubers is discouraged.

A totally infested crop should be gathered clean, and vines and all

thrown into a hot fire and burned.

Tuber traps may be used to advantage if carefully manipulated.

Gathering volunteer slips from tubers left in the ground from the last
crop as well as selecting home-grown seed from infested farms is dan-
gerous.

Adults can be easily killed when exposed to the fumes of carbon bi-
sulphide (high life) at the rate of 1 pound to 1000 cubic feet of space
for twenty-four hours.

To kill the stages in the tubers carbon bisulphide should be used at
the rate of 3 pounds to 100 bushels or 1000 cubic feet of space for thirty
hours. The bin should be tightly closed.

All ‘seed should be imported from non-infected sections, carefully
packed to avoid danger of infestation en route.

Tie vines, such as morning glories. should be kept down by grazing
or otherwise, as much as possible. When this is impossible they might
be poisoned in and about a potato field.

Farmers should co-operate in controlling the pest.

SUMMARY or BULLETINS. 89

BULLETIN No. 94. HORTIOULTURAL SECTION. MARCH, 1907.
HORTIOULTURAL SURVEY OF THE GULF COAST.
EDWARD C. GREEN, Assistant Horticulturist.

This is an account of visits to seven towns in South Texas, describ-
ing the new truck industry in the region recently opened up by new
railroads. ‘ v I ,

The newcomer is advised to lay aside all preconceived ideas as to
crops and methods, and to follow the local custom. He is informed, too,
that it is not wise to attempt special truck crops on the new land, but
rather to plant cotton and corn or sorghum the first season, and in this
manner subdue the wild land by plenty of culture with team tools.
Land from the brush can seldom be prepared for truck crops the first
season, and disappointment is likely to result from the attempt. On the
other hand, cotton will flourish on new soil and produce returns which,
labor considered, are fairly proportionate to those obtained from truck.
Corn with favorable rains or timely irrigation will make two crops a
year, while the nature of the plant allows a system of culture which is
most beneficial to the new land.

As to the crops for the various localities visited, the successful truck-
ers list them, in order of profitableness and certainty, about as follows:

Corpus Christi.—-First, cabbage; second, cucumbers; third, onions;
fourth, beets.

Kingsville.—First, carrots; second, beets; third, onions.

Sarita.-First, Irish potatoes; ‘second, watermelons ; third, cucumbers.

Raymondsville.—First, watermelons; second, onions; third, Irish
potatoes; fourth, cucumbers.

Harlingen.—First, watermelons; second, onions.

Br0wnsville.-—First, cabbage; second, onions; third, Irish potatoes;
fourth, cucumbers.

Santa Maria.——First, onions; second, cucumbers; third, beans; fourth,
cabbage.

Detailed accounts follow, of conditions in each of these towns; fol-
lowed by brief suggestions on insects and diseases attacking the crop.
The tomato worm, found to attack the Irish potato at Sarita, was de-
stroyed with a-Paris green spray. The cantaloupe is attacked by the
melon louse; no other remedy but the fumigation described in Bulletin
No. 89, has yet been found.

The potato scab and black rot of cauliflower are to be stamped out
by the use of corrosive sublimate—four ounces to thirty gallons of soft
water. Seed potatoes should be immersed in this for one and one-half
hours; cabbage and cauliflower seed for fifteen minutes.

Uniform methods of assorting, packing and marketing vegetables are
recommended.

90

SUMMARY or BULLETINS.

METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.

Below is a summary of the data concerning the weather at College
Station more or less complete for fifteen whole years. It is regretted

that no records are available for the years 1899, 1900 and 1901.

For the fifteen years available the average rainfall was 37.50 inches.

MONTHLY PRECIPITATION FOR SEVEN YEARS—l889 TO 1898.

1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898.
January ........................ .. 8.67 3.04 0.50 3.54 2.37 10.96 3.85 ....... ..
February . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.05 1.96 1.24 2.07 1.13 4.38 0.15 ....... ..
Maroh..........  ............. .. 0.98 2.50 2.17 2.56 1.91 2.32 2.87 ....... ..
April ........................ .. 7.01 2.44 1.41 3.24 1.71 1.46 1.57 ....... ..
May ............................. .. ’ 1.99 3.54 9.10 1.66 12 94 3.20 2.70 ....... ..
June ............................ .. 1.60 3.84 3.50 1.88 5.26 0.10 3.35 .... 
July . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.36 4.20 0.45 1.64 1.51 0.48 4.68 ....... ..
August ...................... .. 0.09 2.13 1.85 4.7 2.81 0.60 4.68 ....... ..
September... ................ .. 4.93 2.32 1.75 1.52 1.22 9.59 2.41 ....... ..
October ....................... .. 0.00 2.47 0.17 1.10 3.35 2.00 5.07 ....... ..
November ................... .. 4.46 4.37 5.59 0.30 4.67 1.30 1.28 ....... ..
December  ............... .. 9.24 11.03 1.73 0.26 2.18 1.87 3.61 ....... ..
l Total  50.58 40.44 42.38 43.86 29.46 24.48 41.06 38.26 36.22 41.47
METEOROLOGICAL RECORD FOR 1902.
. ' _ ‘a a.   | I vlwk .
._. o ___ o _ _ _ "‘ o “-~
Months of- 23 ,5? gegg 33$ 33v» 8.5 f: H
a t” 8g’ ‘*5 2 a ‘° 2 a ‘° i’) 2 a 8 -'
Q ° °° 2 2 a ~ ' “s "'
i? i? 5E3” gag E23” g5 5&5
January ....... .. 51 36 40 56 on 3d..... 24 on 27th... 9 .4
February ...... .. * 35 .....................  25 on 41h“... 1.1 .3
March .......... .. * 46 ......................... .. 34 on 4th..... 1.1 .6
April ............ .. * 62 ...................... .. 55 on l8th... 3.2 1.3
May ............. .. * 75 ......................... .. 68 on 12th.... 3.8 2
June 92 80 86 97 on 2d..... 68 on 22d .... .. 1.4 1.3
July ............. .. 94 73 84 102 on 20th.. 68 on 25th.... 9.3 2.83
August . ....... .. 98 77 87 104 on 27th.. 70 on 25th." ......................... ..
September .... .. 92 65 75 101 on 2 & 3 51 on 13th.... 3.78 1
O ........ .. 58 1 5 3 .. 5 .... .. . 4. 1 .
1.93351... .... .. 3% 5s a Z2 33 83 1.11.1233 221...... 9.2. 3.3
December  63 41 52 78 on 12th.. 26 on 4th...... 1.15 .55
Total precipitation for year ...................................... .. 39.99

* Not taken.

HPYPEOROLOGICAL REPORT. 91
' METEOROLOGICAL RECORD FOR 1903.
' ‘ ' | I | ‘L 
.3 5 3 °’ ° S 5 a.“ .8; 2i
*4 - ‘E 3 g8 ' “U ~ c0 U . Q I‘) n“
11559115 of g5; ~53)» 53$ 123$ 32g 2E 55m-
2 Q 1'“ 3 3 ‘Q i’ "1 “i E i‘ . 3 5g
5s s 5E s s8 s 2s s» 5 s s: e
go g gEQ 55o. 35c gs 5S5
January ....... .. 59 40 49 82 on 29th 24 on 17th 2.71 1.36
February........ 58 34 46 8O on 2nd 17 on 17th 5.44 .98
March .......... .. 69 51 59 78 on 9th 41 on 1st 2.06 1.02
April ........... .. 73 68 70 88 on 19th 44 0n 4th 1.25 1.16
May ............. .. 81 66 74 94 on 9th 53 on 4th 1.75 .77
June ............. .. 9O 64 77 101 on 26th 53 on 1st 1.81 .78
July ............. .. 94 7O 82 110 on 24th 52 on 16th 6.58 1.83
August ......... .. 94 72 83 110 on 17th 65 0n 11th 1.28 .39
September .... .. 91 64 77 102 on 12th 49 on 17th .37 .27
October ......... .. 83 57 70 93 on 3d,7th 42 on 24th 4.74 1.35
Xovember .... .. 68 47 57 85 on 15th 27 on 18th .44 .32
December .... .. 65 41 53 75 0n 23d 29 0n 13th 3 17 2.27
’1‘otal precipitation for year ................................... .. 31.60
LIETEOROLOGICAL RECORD FOR 1904.
s e"     
a w Q =11 58 E“; e13 5g 2 ,3
"g3 ._.$ Q8 _ was _ Er! '58 9mg
51051115 0t “ti. 5?» 5%’ “g3 3°01 25 +.-=
a Q a Q 3S Q 771 c6 on *’ g g Q 3 g u;
‘Egg ‘gm QQQ GDQH goh !—4' 9.97.4
s e e ~ s s. ~ s" e e s” 9s s5 g
g g gin 53m 33c: 5;: 5:2;
January ........ .. 63 37 50 77 on 20th 16 on 26th 1.25 1
February . . . . . .. 7O 47 58 84 on 29th 28 on 11th 1.75 .79
March .......... .. 78 54 66 91 on 12th 31 on 4th .4]. .27
April ........... .. 78 55 67 88 on 20th 39 0n 10th 3.03 .82
May ............. -- 88 60 74 97 on 26th 50 on 9th 5.99 2.67
10th
June ............ .. * 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65 on‘; 11th 2.51 1.55
13th
July ............. .. 92 72 82 98 on 12th 65 0n 3rd 1.6 .51
August ......... .. 94 7O 82 102 on 26th 66 0n 1st 3.61 1.61
September  s9 s9 7. 9s on  s5 on 8th .75 .42
October: ...... .. s6 59 67 100 511.3 12g 4s on 20m 5.07 1.25
November ..... .. 72 47 57 88 on 24th 31 on 12th 1.10 .75
December ..... .. s5 s7 51 s2 e51  19 0n 16th 5.95 2.5
'1'0ta1 precipitation for year ............................. .. 29102

* Not taken.

92 METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.
‘METEOROLOGICAL RECORD FOR 1905.
. _ ' 1 ' "L v3
g 5 52% g4  f5 v3 ~93
g u; ‘S’ r11 5 5 g5‘ m: ‘ag 8n
...a Q w‘ i) Q 1U SPQ u-n 54111
*4 i’ c: i.’ g a - B - w: - ° g m“
Months of “no “bu 0*?) 92$ ‘Hag’; 53-4 ‘5.5 -
a 4' E1 “J P2 a.) m 5 o *5 :6 a: 91 q; g 2
:1 c: C! o w o '* ' " O51
do dc fig?!)  3&2}! f§q fi-so
g g gee’ £22.’ 5:3  gee
20 on 14th,
January ...... .. 59 37 48 76 on llth... 15th and  .22 .2
26th.
February . . . . . .. 53 34 44 78 0n 26th.... 14 0n 14th.... 1.67 1
March ......... .. 69 ‘ 53 61 87 on 2d .... .. 39 on 8th .... .. 3.29 2
April ........... .. 77 61 69 85 on 26-27t11 44 on 16th.... 4.31 2
ay ............. .. 81 71 76 95 on 31st.....|57 on 1st ..... .. 3.10 1.5
June ............ .. 90 71 81 98 0n 19th.... 68 on 3-10-22 15.03 6.7
July ............. .. 92 72 81 100 0n 31st.... (i4 0n 10th.... 1.15 .92
August ...... .. 98 74 81 102 on 1-15th 63 0n 29th.... 1.61 1.05
September .... .. 94 70 82 100 on 12-22d 65 on 23-26th .965 .52
October ........ .. 82 59 68 97 on 2d .... .. 42 on 20th.... 4.48 2.15
November  69 49 59 98 on 7th .... .. 38 on 29th.... 1.8 .8
December  56 37 . T 72 0n 22d .... .. 31 0n 2d-4th 4.49 1.5
Total precipitation for year .... .. ........................... .. 42.065
METEOROLOGICAL RECORD FOR 1906.
. ' I 1 r15
a 8' 1e‘ E -  - .'. . 12-:
Ee- ge»  $5 3:2 E4 8%
--—- ‘l’ ... “,5 n. "c: E1: W‘: “g
:2 ==~ aa- 3c‘ °’<:-' s2 '2.
Months 0f ‘Sgt Egan 85g .3533? 25a’ 31-1 5.5?-
GJ Q 5D -- n4 h ~
2 2 Sag moi-a 55C: an walk-i
January ...... .. 61 44 52 so on 20m 23 on 22nd .95 .48
February ...... .. 63 44 54 79 on 26th 28 0n 5th 1.79 .92
March .......... .. 69 49 59 85 on 27th 29 on 20th 1.09 .58
April ........... .. 83 62 72 90 on 23d 53 0n 17th 1.24 .40
May ............. .. 89 67 78 101 0n 27th 54 on 10th 2.02 .72
10th
June... ......... .. 94 76 85 101 on { 16th 62 on 14th 1.89 .82
18th
July ............ .. 96 75 85 I02 on 2nd, 14th 68 on 5th 5.5 1.8
August ......... .. 93 71 82 99 on 2nd 61 on 28th 4.72 1.6
September .... .. 90 70 s0 99 e111  65 on 28th 2.93 1.08
October......  80 54 62 88 0n3d 45 on 28th 4.65 3.5
November ................................................................. .. 1.21 .65
December .... .. 69 50 58 81 on 3d 36 on 18th 3 66 2.45
Total precipitation ............................................ .. 31.65

Average precipitation for 15 years, 37.50 inches.

METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.

METEOROLOGICAL RECORD FOR 1907.

CO
<50

§      
a . e . 2% 5% . 5% .  2E5
Months of gfg §§ 3%  3% “if. an;
gm g: gem gun SEQ E3: 5:2
January ..... .. 68 53 61 80 0n 16-18th 37 on 26bh... 1.15 .5
February  65 48 56 77 0n 17th.. 3O 0n 4th.... 2.65 1.6
March ........ .. 74 59 66 78 on 5th.... 41 on 15Lh... 2.96 1.6
April ......... .. 67 54 59 82 0n 16th... 43 on 23d..... 3.73 1.62
May ........... .. 68 6O 64 86 on 26th... 43 on 1st-4nh 6.50 1.32
June .......... .. 82 70 76 97 on 12th.“ 60 on 18th... .4 .

_ July ........... .. 90 72 81 101 0n 3lst.. 68 on 9th"... 2.93 .9
August........... ........................................................................................ ..
September ........................................................................................... ..
October.......... .................................................................................... ..
November . ......................................................................................... ..
December ................................................................................................. ..

Total precipitation for above months ...................... .. 20.32

[Blank Page in Original Bulletin]

INDEX.

V no. rues.
GENERAL.
Plan of Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 7

Reports of First Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 2 7

General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 19

Sundry Brief Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37 32

Report from Beeville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43 7

AGRICULTURAL.

Dairying—
Creameries in Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 1U
Effect of Cotton Seed on Butter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1l 15
Effect of Cotton Seed on Creaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14 18
Effect of Cotton Seed on Butter, Tallow, Lard and Suet 29 26
Feeding Milk Cows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33 30
Effect of Food on Economic Dairy Production . . . . . . . . .. 47 41

Cotton-
Cost of Cotton Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26 25

Field Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 30

Field Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 35

Cotton Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45 38

Cotton Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 45

Cotton Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 66

Breeding an Early and Productive Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 73
Forage Plants—
Grasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 9

Sorghum and Teosinte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .. 13 17

Influence of Climate on Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15 ' 19

Corn Fodder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l9 20

Grasses and Forage Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20 2]

Alfalfa Root Rot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .. 22 23

Field Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34 30

Field Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . , . . . . . .. 40 35

Corn Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45 3i:

Grasses and Forage Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46 39

Corn Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . 49 43

Forage Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c , . . c .. 59 5'2

Forage Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 58

Alfalfa Seed Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . .. 81 '75

Producing Power of Corn . . . . . . c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 92 86
Truck Crops—
The Sweet Potato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28 26

Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 _3l

The Irish Potato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42 36

Cabbage and Cauliflower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..52 46

The Irish Potato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 54 47

Cabbage and Cauliflower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57 52

Growing Onions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 53

The Tomato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65 7

Cabbage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 61

Irish Potatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 63

Strawberries at Troupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 72 63

Onions and Bunch Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77 70

Tomato Fertilizers at Troupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 84 78

Horticultural Survey of the Gulf Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 94 89

96 INDEX.
no.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. _
Feeding Experiment . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6

Feeding Steers . . . . . . . . . . . . e . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . .. 10

Effect 0f Cotton Seed. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. :..... ll

Effect of Cotton Seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . l4

Digestibility 0f Southern Food Stuffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15

Effect of Cotton Seed on Hogs . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21

Steer Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Effect of Cotton Seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29

Feeding Milk Cows . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33

Steer Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Effect of Food on Economic Dairy Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47

Feeding Steers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55

Steer Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76

Feeding Fermented Cotton Seed to Hogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Steer Feeding . . . . . . . A . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 86
CHEMICAL.
Reports on First Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2

Sorghum and Teosinte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13

Influence of Climate on Corn . . . . . . , . . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15

Grasses and Forage Plants.. . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20

Texas Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Effect of Cotton Seed on Butter, Tallow, Lard and Suet. . . . . 29
Miscellaneous Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Canaigre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38

Paints and Painting Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 44

Fertilizer and Fertilizer Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51

Tobacco Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61

Commercial Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

The Manufacture of Cane Syrup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 68

Composition of Texas Cotton Seed Meal . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . .. 7U

Composition of Rice By-Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 73

Maintaining Fertility of Rice Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82

The Commercial Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 85

Feed Control . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Food Adulteration . . . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . 91
HORTICULTURAL.
Gardens———
Work in Horticulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8

Parasitic Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9

Work in Horticulture . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i .. 16

The Sweet Potato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 28

Injurious Fungi and Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32

Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

The Irish Potato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41

Cabbage and Cauliflower . l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52

Cabbage and Cauliflower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . .. 57

Growing Onions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 60

Insects Attacking Truck Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64

The Tomato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65

Cabbage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Irish Potatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 71

Strawberries at Troupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . a 72

Onions and Bunch Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . 77

Tomato Fertilizers at Troupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 84

Horticultural Survey of the Gulf Coast . . . . . . . . . . . l . . .. 94
Orchards and Vineyards—
Work in Horticulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8

Pear Stocks—Parasitic Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9

l2

19
26
29
31
35
46
52
53
55
57
61
63
63
70

89

12
13

P

INDEX. 91

no. PAGE.
HORTICULTURAIr-continued.
Orchards and Vineyards—continued.
YVork in Horticulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16 19

Black Rot of the Grape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23 23

Plums, Apricots, Japan Persimmons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32 29

The Peach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39 34

The Grape . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 43

American Grapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 50

Peach Orchards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 - 52

The Fig ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62 54

Peach Growing in Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 80 74

Length of Life in Vines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 88 83
BOTANICAL AND MY COLOGICAL.
Root Rot 0f Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 9

Cotton Root Rot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 12

Parasitic Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 13

Alfalfa Root Rot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 23

Black Rot of the Grape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23 23

Alfalfa Seed 'l‘esting' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 81 75

Nitro-Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83 77
PIHTOMOLOGICAL.
Insects Injurious to Stored Grain . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31 28

Injurious Insects and Fungi . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32 29

Insects Attacking Truck Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64 55

Insects Mistaken for the AIeXican Boll Weevil . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 74 66

The San Jose Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 87 81

Insects of the Garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 84

Sweet Potato Root-Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 93 87
VETERINARY.
The Screw Worm. . . f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 16

Liver Flukes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 20

The Cattle Tick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . .. 24 23

Veterinary Science . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30 27

Texas Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53 46

Texas Fever . . i . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63 54