464-1008-3OII1

TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

BULLETIN N0. 113.
AUGUST, 190s.

SPRAY CALENDAR

BY

C. E. SANBORN.

ENTOMOLOGIST.

 

IPOSTOFFICEZ
COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS.

AUSTIN:
vow BOECKMANN-JONES COMPANY, PRINTERS
1908.

TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT S'1‘A’l‘I()NS

____.i__

OFFICERS. A

GOVERNING BOARD.
(Board of Directors A. and M. College.)

K. K. LEGETT, President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Abilen<

T. D. RoWELL, Vice-President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Jefferso1

A. HAIDUSEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..La Grangl

J. M. GREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Yoakun

WALTON PETEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dalla

" R. T. MILNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Austi1

L. L. MoINNIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Brya1

W. B. SEBASTIAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Breckenridg
STATION OFFICERS.
H. H. HARRINGTON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Directo

W. C. WELBORN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Vice-Direeto

' J. W. CARsoN . . . . . . . . .Assistant to Director and State Feed Inspecto

M. FRANCIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Veterinaria

O. M. BALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Botan1':

G. S. FRAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Chemis

JOHN C. BURNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Animal Husbandr

C. E. SANBoRN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Entomologis

N. C. HAMNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Assistant Research Chemi:

E. C. CARLYLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Assistant Chemi:

C. W. CRIsLER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Chief Cler

F. R. NAVAILLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Stenographe

A. S. WARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Stenograph<
STATE SUBSTATIONS.

W. S. HoToIIKIss, Superintendent . . . . . . . . . . . . .Troupe, Smith count

S. A. WAsoIIKA, Superintendent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Beeville, Bee count

NoTE.—-The main station is located on the grounds of the Agrier
tural and Mechanical College, in Brazos county. The postoffice addrl
is College Station, Texas. Reports and bulletins aresent free upon a
plioation to the Director. '

[Blank Page in Original Bulletin]

A FEW WORDS CONCERNING SPRAYING MACHINERY.

The frontispiece of this bulletin is intended to aid inexperienced
parties in selecting spray machinery, who might not otherwise know
what would be best suited for their conditions. i

For an ordinary “vest pocket” gardener, I advise the use of a com-
pressed air sprayer. (See frontispiece, Figure 5.) This sprayer is made
ready for spraying by means of an attached air pump, with which the
operator compresses air in the tank after placing therein the spray
liquid. He then has nothing to do except direct the spray. This
machine is very convenient for many other purposes than truck and
garden, since it can conveniently be used for spraying cats, dogs, poul-

try, cows, horses, and sprinkling halls, etc. The knapsack spray pump,

Figure 1, may also be used with equal success on small gardens,
shrubbery, etc., and is used considerably in large gardens. Constant
pumping is required by the operator in the use of this machine. Either
one of these sprayers is very convenient for use by parties who own
larger spraying apparatus, since many times an insect outbreak occurs
on a small area that is inconvenient of access to the larger machines.
Figure 5 retails at about $3.50 and Figure 1 at from $10 to $15.

Figures 3 and 6 represent two types of sprayers for distributing such
insecticides as Paris green, powdered lead arsenate, insect powder,
sulphur, hydrated lime, etc., in dry form. Figure 3 has an adjustable
tube by which two rows of potatoes or similar truck may be sprayed at
the same time. Figure 6 is used for similar purposes. These instru-
ments retail at from $5.50 to about $12 apiece, respectively. Special
(lusting machines are also made for large field and orchard work.

The barrel spray pumps, Figures '7 and 8, are used not only in small
and large orchards, but also in fields. Figure *7 is a very handy article
for the smaller orchards, and desirable by those who have no team and
wagon for carrying the apparatus. It is convenient for spraying shade
trees, bushes, and truck patches. This barrel can be easily removed
from its trucks and carried on a wagon.

Figure 4 is known as a “Row” or “Field Crop Sprayer.” It is
mounted by means of a clamp, which can be attached to the rear end
of a wagon bed. Several rows of field plants may be sprayed with it in
one operation, since its adjustable spray nozzles (the number is op-
tional with the purchaser) can be conveniently arranged so that the
spray may issue as desired.

Figure 2 represents a type of cheap and very convenient emulsion
pump, which is used in the preparation of emulsion formulae.

For general all-round spraying such as the ordinary nurseryman, or-
chardist, and trucker has, I advise the use of the “barrel” and “row”
spray pump outfit. The barrel with hose and extension rods mounted on
a wagon, may be used for trees. The same barrel and wagon may be used
in connection with the adjustable “row” sprayer for truck and field

6 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STAT1oNs.

crops. Barrel spray pumps retail at from $10 to $20. Field crop
sprayers retail at from $10 to $25. _

Spray N0zzZes.—For general work the Vermorel or Mistry nozzles
are highly recommended. For the field crop sprayer the “Seneca”
nozzle, which can be used to throw a fan-shaped spray, is often quite
desirable.

ADDRESSES OF SPRAY MACHINERY COMPANIES.

For addresses of reliable manufacturers and dealers of spray ma-
chinery, I refer interested parties to their local dealers or to their lead-
ing, farm, truck, and horticultural journals. -

FORMULAE.

Oftentimes an insect outbreak occurs and serious results follow so
rapidly that it is impractical to wait from two or three days to a week
in order to find out what kind of a remedy should be used. By consult-

ing the following directions and formulae, .a remedy can be readily con»

cocted for nearly all of our prevalent injurious insects:

ARSENICAL SPRAYS OR SPRAYS FOR LEAF-EATING INSECTS.

I. ARsENATE OF LEAD.
(Mild spray for fruit or nut-bearing trees.)

Arsenate of lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1% lbs.
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 gals.

Dissolve the arsenate of lead in a small quantity of the water, then
strain into the remainder of the water.
II. ARsENATE OF LEAD.

(Strong spray for leaf-eating insects disseminating into fields).

Arsenate of lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3 or 4 lbs.
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 gals.

III. PARrs GREEN.
(Mild spray for orchards and shrubs affected with leaf-eating insects.)

Paris green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 ozs. or 9.»- lb.
Lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 lb.
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 gals.

Dissolve the Paris green and lime in a small quantity of the water
and strain it into the remainder of the water.

IV. PARrs‘ GREEN.

(Strong spray for potato and other similar vines; also weed patches,
from which insects are disseminating.)

Paris green) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 lb.
Lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 lbs.
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 gals.

SPRAY CALENDAR. '7

V. LONDON PURPLE.

(Used for same purposes and applied same as Paris green. Results
on plants are sometimes caustic. As a partial remedy against a prob-
able caustic effect, use about five times as much lime as London purple.)

DUST SPRAYS.

It is often convenient to use such chemicals as powdered lead arsen-
ate, Paris green, green arsenoid, or London purple and similar articles
without addition of water. The results are equally effective if the
poisons are caused to adhere to the plant. In order to aid this desirable
adhesiveness, dust chemicals should be applied while the foliage is damp,
i. e., -while the dew is on or after a shower, and while the atmosphere
is calm.

Apply these with a dust machine at the rate of 1 pound per acre on
short foliage, such as cotton six inches high or less. And use 2 pounds
per acre on such a plant taller than six inches.

When used roughly without a machine, use same amount mixed with
10 to 2O pounds hydrated lime or similar substance.

For use in checking dissemination of insect from weed patches, etc.,
no lime need be added, since a slight burning of the foliage is of no
consequence.

VI. BORDEAUX MIXTURE WITH ARSENIGAL.

Copper sulphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 lbs.
Lime (unslaked) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 lbs.
Lead arsenate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . .2 lbs.
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 gals.

Place copper sulphate in a sack and submerge in three or four gallons
of the water. At same time allow lime to slake in four or five gallons
of the water. Mix lead arsenate into a paste with water in a third
vessel. The next day strain all simultaneously into the remainder of
fifty gallons of water. To be used on diseased potato or other similar
hardy plants that are also infested with leaf-eating insects.

Do not use this on stone fruit trees in foliage. Too much depends
upon the weather as to probable results.* As a fungicide or disease-
destroyer, the formula can be used under the same conditions without
the addition of arsenate of lead.

VII. POISONED BEAN MASH.

Wheat bran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‘ . . . . . . . . . . . .25 lbs.
White arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 lb.
Molasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 qts.

Mix the bran and arsenic, dilute the molasses with one-half gallon
of warm water; pour this into a vessel containing the bran and arsenic

 

*In a former spray calendar (Circular No. 10) issued by this department is
designated a “Bordeaux Mixture” for stone fruits. To this the following phrase
should be added: “Not to be used on the trees while in foliage.”

8 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL Exrnnuusnr SFATIONS.

and mix thoroughly. Add enough water to make a stiff mash. To be
used for killing such insects. as grasshoppers while crossing barren places,
or in early spring before vegetation is abundant.

CONTACT SPRAYS, EMULSIONS, DUST SPRAYS, ETC, NOT NECESSARILY

POISONOUS.
VIII. LIME SULPnUn.
Lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 lbs.
Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 lbs.
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 gals.

I Mix the sulphur into a paste with some of the water; add about
fifteen gallons ofthe boiling water, then add the lime and stir thor-
oughly 5 continue boiling until bright yellow color of sulphur disappears.
The color should then be a rich amber. Time of boiling should be about
three-quarters of an hour.

This is for application to dormant trees infected with San Jose or
similar scales. It is also a good fungicide and has bad effect on over-
wintering eggs, such as those of aphids, and pupa, such as those of the
pecan bud worm. .

IX. KERosENE EMULSION.

Hard soap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “l, lb.
Boiling soft water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1 gal.
Kerosene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 gals.

Shave the soap fine and thoroughly dissolve in the boiling water;
add the two gallons of kerosene, away from the fire. Thoroughly emul-
sify by pumping or churning it. (See pump, Figure '7, frontispiece.)
When properly emulsified it should be of the consistency of cream and
noticeably increased in bulk. Should be diluted at the rate of one
gallon to ten or fifteen of soft water.

For use in controlling sucking insects such as plant lice, leaf hoppers,
young squash and harlequin bugs; and in fact nearly all insects that can-
not be controlled with an arsenical. Used in the summer time while the
foliage is on the tree. Has bad effect on scale insects infesting citrus
trees. Also used for subjecting thrips and other similar small insects
on truck crops.

X. WHALE 01L SoAP EMULSION (STRONG SOLUTION).

Whale oil soap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2ilbs.
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 gal.

Dissolve soap in hot soft water. Apply to trunk and branches of
trees infested ‘with scales.

XI. WHALE 01L SOAP EMULSION (MILD SoLUTroN).

Whale oil soap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1 lb.
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J5 gals.

Spray foliage affected with scales, plant lice, mites, thrips, etc.

SPRAY C ALENDA i}. e i 9

XII. G-As TAR.
Preventive of peach tree borer. Print trcc trunk to half an inch

below surface of oil.

XIII. GASOLINE (A CHEAP GRADE).

Spray undiluted on blister beetles or similar insects when they are
in droves or colonies. Use a very fine spray nozzle.*

XIV. ZENOLIUM.

Zenolium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pint.
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 gals.

Zenolium is a disinfectant and insect repellant. y "

Above formula is a % per cent solution. This can be used for bath-
ing or spraying dogs and cats infested with fleas. A 4 per cent solu-
tion can be used for spraying the premises to eliminate fleas, mites, and
other similar obnoxious pests. If sprayed beneath and on the founda-
tion of houses infested with fleas, it will give satisfaction. It is a good
article to spray on barnyards, cow lots, pig pens, and in poultry houses.

XV. HYDRATED LIME.

Used largely as a repellant on cucumber and young melon vines to
eliminate ravages of cucumber beetles, etc. Apply same as poisonous
dust spray. Color the plants with it.

XVI. SULPHUR.

Good to use in poultry houses, yards, barns, etc. ; also on vegetation
affected with mites or spiders. Use copiously.

POISONOUS GASES.

XVII. HYDROOYANIC A011) Gas.

Used in killing insects injurious to stored grain or other products.-

Cyanide of potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1 oz.
Sulphuric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 oz.
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1} oz.

Should be used in air-tight enclosures. For generating, place water
in an earthenware vessel, add the sulphuric acid, then the cyanide of
potassium, then hasten from the room. Fumes are deadly poisonous to
animal life. Subject the latter to it for at least an hour, after which
open ventilators and allow the gas to escape.

The measure in this formula is for 100 cubic feet of space. It is
used for killing insects in stored grain, or other insects found under
similar conditions.

 

*Mr. A. P. Borden of Pierce, Texas, advises the use of this spray in eradicat-
ing blister beetles in alfalfa fields. If properly used, it is efiicient.

10 i TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

This gas is also used in fumigating orchards and nursery stock. The
latter while placed in a fumigating house. Special directions for such
work cannot be given here.

Cyanide of potassium is a deadly poison and should not only be
used with caution, but, if kept on the premises, it should be carefully
sealed and labeled. -

XVIII. CARBoN BISULPHIDE OR “HIGH LIFE.”

Used in killing insects injurious to stored grain or other products.

For use in air-tight enclosures at the rate of 1 pound to 1000 cubic
feet of space, or 1 pound to the 100 bushels of grain. Place necessary
amount in shallow pans under desired conditions and allow five hours
for results in hot weather. This liquid in order to give the best results
ought to evaporate rapidly, but should not be allowed to come in con-
tact with fire, as it is explosive. If used on a cool day, place con-
tainers on warm bricks. In addition to the fire caution, use same pre-
cautions as with hydrocyanic acid gas.

This gas is also used in killing ants, gophers, ground squirrels and
similar pests that have subterranean habits.

To eradicate an ordinary sized nest of red ants, pour 3 ounces of
the liquid into a shallow pan; place near entrance hole; cover with a
tub by inverting it over pan and entrance hole; mound the soil up
around edges of tub and close any nearby holes that may not be covered
by the tub. Apply when the earth is warm and moist.

XIX. TRAP LIGHTS.

Nocturnal insects, such as June bugs and other beetles, also millers
and many of the smaller insects, are attracted to lights on warm muggy
nights. If lights are placed over barrels or tubs of water with a pint
of kerosene on the surface, these insects flying to the light, will be killed
by dropping into the liquid.

XX. HYPOSULPHITE or SonA (E. S. TUoKENs FoRMULA).
(For “Red Bugs” or “Chiggers.”)

Hyposulphite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 oz.
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 oz.

Apply as a liniment to infested part of the body. Used similarly

also as a repellant before going to the woods or pastures where chiggersp

may be present.
XXI. INSECT 011 BUHACH Pownnn.

For ants or roaches, dust the powder copiously in cracks and crevices
used by them. For ants which enter cupboards, or collect on tables or
refrigerators from some “unknown source,” encircle the supports or legs
with a narrow band of fluffy cotton thoroughly dusted with this powder.

In addition to the formulae given herein, there are many proprietary
remedies on the market which are very effective.