TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. BULLETIN N0. 13s. Chemical Section, April, 1911. (Io-operative Fertilizer Experiments with Corn, Cotton, Rice, Cauliflower, Peanuts, Onions, Tomatoes and Potatoes,l908-9-i§). G. S. FRAPS, Chemist. POSTOFFICE COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS. AUSTIN, TEXAS vou BOECKMANN-JONES 00., PRINTERS 1911 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. OFFICERS. GOVERNING BOARD. (Board of Directors A. and M. College.) W. A. TRENCKLIANN, President . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Austii Ed. B. KONE, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Austi1 WALTON PETEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Fort Wortl CIiAs. DAVIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Steel’s Stor JOHN I. GUION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Ballinge L. J. HART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. San Antoni< DR. J. ALLEN KYLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Housto1 B. L. BENNETT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pari PRESIDENT or COLLEGE. B. T ATILNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Tollege Statior STATION OFFICERS. H. H. HARRINGTON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Directo: J. W. CARsoN . . . . . . . . . Assistant to Director and State Feed Inspectoi M. FRANCIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Veterinaria1 G. S. FRAPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Chemis J. C. BURNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Animal Husbandry H. NEss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Horticulturis" RAYBIOND H. POND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Plant Pathologis‘ WILMON N EWELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Entomologis" H. L. MOKNIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Agriculturisl N. C. HAMNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Assistant ChQIIIlSl J. B. RATHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Assistant Chemis1 J. B. KELLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Assistant Chemist C. W. CRIsLER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chief Clerl CARRIE FUQIYA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Steno-gra.phe1 A. S. WARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Stenographe1 STATE AGBICULTU {AL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. GOVERNING BOARD. HIS EXOELLENOY GOVERNOR O. B. COLQUITT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Aust.ir LIEUTFENANT GOVERNOR A. B. DAvInsoN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Cuerc (‘oiiMissioNisia OF AGiucurTuiin HON. E. H. KONE . . . . . . . . . ..Austin DIRECTOR OF STATIONS. H. H. HARRINGTON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..College Station sUI>E1O:Oi.\"rENnEN'rs or STATIONS. A. T. PoTTs, Beeville Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Beeville, Bee County W. B. HOTOHKIss, Troup Station . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Troup, Smith County A. L. PASCHALL, Lubbock Station . . . . . . . . .Lubbock, Lubbock County J. T. CRUsE, Fort Worth Station . . . . . . . . .Fort Worth, Tarrant County H. C. STEWART, Pecos Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Pecos, Reeves County T. W. BLELL, Denton Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Den.ton, Denton County I. S. YORK, Spur Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spur, Dickens County A. L. HARRIs, Angleton Station . . . . . . . . ..Angleton, Brazoria County J. K. FITZGERALD, Beaumont Station. . . . .Beaumont, Jeiferson County H. C. PIOLEIES, Temple Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Temple, Bell County NOTE——Th€ main station is located on the grounds of the Agricultural and Mechanical College, in Brazos Cotinty". The postoffice address is College Station, Tlexas. Reports and bulletins are sent free upon appli- cation to the Director. CONTENTS Slature and Significance of Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 Controlling Conditions of Crop Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6 Relation of Fertilizers to Maintenance of Fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6 Interpretation of Field Experiments with Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 The Co-operative Fertilizer Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 Experiments with“ Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .. 8 Conclusions from 1908 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1O Conclusions from 1909 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..14 Corn Experiments with Thomas Phosphate, 1910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..16 Conclusions from 1910 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..32 General Results from the Corn Experiments, 1908-9-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 The Chemical Composition of the Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Experiments on Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Conclusions from the Cotton Experiments, 1909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..43 General Conclusions of Cotton Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..48 Experiments with Thomas Phosphate on Rice. . H‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..48 Experiments on Cauliflower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..51 Experiments on Tomatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . .52 Experiments on Peanuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..53 Experiments on Onions . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..55 Experiments on Potatoes in 1909 . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..58 ‘ Experiments on Potatoes in 1910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . ..62 Conclusions from Potato Experiments. . . . T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..66 Summary a11d Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..67 [Blank Page in Original Bulletin] Co-operative Fertilizer Experiments With Corn, Cotton, Rice, Cauliflower, Peanuts, Onions, Tomatoes and Potatoes--1908-9-10. BY G. S. FRAPS, Chemist. ‘lo-operative fertilizer experiments were begun in 1907 by this Divi- sion of the "Pexas Agricultural Experiment Station, only a few experi- ments with nitrate of soda being undertaken then, however. In 1908', a larger number of experiments was instituted, and since then the Work has been vigorously prosecuted. We have several (lbjGCiS in vitrw in conducting these experiments. One is to ascertain what fertilizers or plant foods give the best results under ordinary farming conditions on the various types of Texas soils. It is very import-ant that information of this kind should be secured, both for the benefit of farmers in general, and for the particular farmer who un- dertakes the experiment. The rational and intelligent use of fertilizers is certainly more likely to be profitable than hit-or-miss systems. The information which we have collected concerning the chemical properties and composition of our soils will enable us to make wide applications of the results of these and other experiments. ‘ A second, and more scientific, object in instituting these fertilizer experiments is to ascertain the relation between the needs of the soil as shown by field experiments, and the needs as shown by pot experiments and chemical ainalyses. This is a relation which must be definitely estab- lished if our analyses and pot c=xp(.-riments are to become of the greatest " possible practical significance. NATlfltE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF FERTILIZERS. A full discussion of the nature and use of commercial fertilizers ' is presented in Bulletin 112 of this station. Only a fcwfacts pertaining to the experiments under discussion will be given here. The object of a fertilizer is to supply plant food to the soil in such forms that plants can take it up. All soils contain plant food, but they do not all contain a sufficient quantity, or in such forms as to be easily consumed by plants. Plants vary in their need for food and in their capacity to secure it. Soils vary in their content of plant food and their ability to supply it. to the plant. Hence arises great diversity in the effect-s of applications of plant food. The adaptation of fertilizers to soils and plants means the use of such as will supply the necessary food, on the one hand without too great excess of waste, on the other hand without a deficiency of some needed element. ‘ - ' The three important forms of plant food are phosphoric acid, potash, 6 ’l‘tux.is AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Srxrrorrs and nitrogen. Our soil analyses show that, as a rule, Texas soils are often deficient in phosphoric acid, less often so in nitrogen and least so in potash. Phosphoric acid was supplied, in our experiments, by the use of acid » phosphate, which contained about 14 per cent available phosphoric acid, that is, suitable for plants. Nitrogen was supplied by cottonseed meal, which contains about 7 per _ cent nitrogen, with about 1.5 per cent potash and 2.5 per cent phosphoric acid. '.l‘he presence of phosphoric acid and potash in the cottonseed meal complicates matters a little, but it is the form of nitrogen very generally used in Texas. Dried blood, sulphate of ammonia, and nitrate of soda _ also contain nitrogen. ' Potash was supplied as kainit, which contains 12 per cent potash, or sulphate or muriate of potash, containing 50 per cent of potash approxi- mately. ' CONTROLLING CONDITIONS or onor GROXVTII. Plant food is not the only condition which controls the growth of the crop and the corresponding yield. In fact it may, at times, be of a rela- tively small importance. The size of the crop depends on the condition least favorable to its growth. The controlling condition may be excess or deficiency of Water, too low or too high a temperature, too much or too little light, the depth of the soil, the physical character or condition of the soil, the quantity available of any given plant food, acidity of the soil, insect pests, or plant diseases, kind of seed, etc. The controlling condition may not be constant. At one period during the growth of the crop, excess of water may control. At another time deficiency of, say, phosphoric acid, may control. Later on, drought may ' set in, and deficiency of water become the controlling condition. The conditions of plant life are not independent, but affect one an- , other. An excess of water interferes with the elaboration of plant food. The-physical condition or character of the soil affects the amount of water it retains. A liberal supply of plant food may: economize water, and so on. . The practical farmer must study the limiting conditions, and endeavor to raise the limit to a higher one.’ A knowledge of the limiting condi- ' . tion, thus, is of prime importance. A study of the relation of Texas soils to water is, we believe, of great importance. Moisture and other climatic conditions, arethe great eon- trolling conditions. Methods of removing surplus xvatcrs, and of stor- ing and conserving water in the soil, should be learned and practiced by the farmer. a IIELATION OF FEIITILIZERS TO BIAINTENANCE OF FERTILITY. In order to maintain fertility, it is essential that a good sup-ply of activcplant food be kept in the soil. Phosphoric acid and potash are comparatively cheap,_antl may be profitably purchased, but nitrogen is expensive, and it is not practical to ‘purchase all the nitrogen sufficient for ordinary farm crops. In other words, the bulk of the nitrogen must be secured otherwise than in commercial fertilizers. Nitrogen in the Cfo-ornnrxqirxre FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 _ 7’ . rtilizer may be applied to supplement that in the soil, but to purchase “ ragen is too expensive as a means of maintaining soil fertility when dinary farm crops are grown. Hence it is necessary to secure means obtaining the nitrogen from other sources. The improper use of com- rcial fertilizers may, indeed, impoverish the soil in nitrogen. (See lletin No. 112.) The nitrogen may be secured from the air by the use of leguminous ps. These plants have the power of fixing free atmospheric nitrogen. » a maintenance of soil fertility requires the growth of these crops. INTERPRETATION OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS. 'eld experiments, of whatever kind, require care in their interpreta- Variations in the soil, its depth or physical character, local vari- _ ns in fertility, the attacks of birds or insects, injury by storm, the nation ivith respect t0 drainage, may influence the plots unequally. It '1 own that plot-s on a field apparently of uniform fertility, and treated tly alike, do not produce exactly the same yield, and further, that i": ‘e variations are not always in the same direction each year. Un- “ ground conditions may be one cause of this,‘ such as differences in _ility, or differences in depth, and in character of subsoil, causing dif- "jnces in moisture conditions of not always the same effect in different ' ns. - ' latever the cause of such variations, they do exist, and often cause rwise unaccountable results in field experiments. Their existence t always be kept in mind in connection with such experiments. 171-111] CO-OPERATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERILIENTS. hen announcement was made in the press of our intention to carry the-so experiments, we received a large number of applications from y 5e wishing to take part in the work. We accepted as many as we ‘ll handle with the means at our disposal. Each year we have been ,ged to disappoint a number of those wishing to conduct the experi- Qél as many as nearly three hundred one year. We hope that those _,-~ desire to do so will later on have opportunity to take‘ part in this . k. etailerl accounts of the various co-operative experiments will be pre- Qted in the succeeding pages, together with a discussion of them, and clusions drawn from them. Only the successful experiments a_re're- _j_ ed. Each year a number of experiments failed, from various causes, the chief cause of failure in the past three years was drought. M he writer wrishes to express his appreciation of the work of those who _.e carried out these experiments, both to those who succeeded and to e whose crops were injured or destroyed. The work is of value not to those who carried it out, but to farmers in general. Many of - who copperated with us have done so for two or three years, and §believe this shows the work to have been of service to them. tiacknoxvledgment must also be made to the German Kali Works, for “,- muriate of potash; to .the Nitrate of Soda Propaganda, for nitrate :00, to the New Orleans Acid and Fertilizer Company, for one ton ull Dog Acid Phosphate; to the Fidelity Cotton Oil and Fertilizer Afr pany, of Houston, for various courtesies in connection with this 8 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL fExPEruirENT Srixrrroxs work; to the (loelrfortimer Company, of New York, for Thomas l phate; and to H. Dittlinger & Company, of New Braunfels, for lots of hydrated lime. All this was of material assistance in extcn our experiments. EXPERIMENTS WITH eonx. Fertilizer experiments with cotton and corn have now been carri for three years. The objects of these experiments are to ascertain needs of various types of soils for fertilizers, to determine the relai} between deficiency and chemical composition, and to study the app tion of plant tests to needs of the soil. i EXPERIMENTS IN 1908. The following- instructions were sent out in 1908, together with“, fertilizer mixtures: Plain for Fertilizer Test with 00m anld O0tt0n.—-Select a piece of about three-quarters of an acre where the soil is uniform. For each :F plication of fertilizer select four rows of cotton or corn 280 feet lo or 8 rows 140 feet long, or 16 rows '70 feet long. If the rows are 4 f apart each app-lication of fertilizer will then be made approximately t’ one-tenth of an acre of land. We will assume that four rows of cotton =j corn i380 feetlong were selected, 4 feet apart. l I. To the first four rows apply 20 pounds of acid phosphate. II. To the second four rows apply nothing. _ III. To the third four rows apply a mixture of 2O pounds of aci phosphate and three pounds cottonseed meal. IV. To the fourth four rows apply a mixture o-f 20 pounds aei phosphate and 10 pounds cottonseed meal. ; V. To the fifth four rows apply a mixture of 20 pounds acid pho. phate, three pounds cottonseed meal and two pounds kainit. u VI. To the sixth four rows apply a mixture of 20 pounds acid phos- phate, three pounds cottonseed meal and five pounds kainit. f. 'l.‘he' fertilizer should be mixed well, and applied in the rows about a week before the seed is planted. The entire field should receive the. same treatment, and if any of the plots are damaged by storms, insects, or anything else, the facts should be noted and considered. The onlyf difference between the plots should be the quantity of fertilizer. The g crop from each plot should be harvested and weighed separately’. l’ ' The difference between p-lot II and the others shows the effect of the p various fertilizers. The difference between. I and II shows the effect of acid phosphate (containing phosphoric acid) alone. The difference between I and III shows the effect of nitrogen in eot- I tonseed meal. The difference between III and IV shows the effect of increasing the nitrogen. The difference between III and V shows the effect of potash (kainit). I The difference between V and VI shows the effect of increasing the otash. - p Quantity of Fev'til'izer.—’l‘he quantity of fertilizer used corresponded to 200 pounds acid phosphate per acre, 30 or 100 pounds cottonseed meal, and 20 or 50 pounds kainit. This would correspond to 28 pounds .- CO—QPIJR.A'[‘IVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 9 s ilhosphoric acid, 2.1 or 7 pounds nitrogen, and 3.6 or 7.2 pounds potash. {his does not allow for the potash or pho-sphoric acid in the cottonseed fieal. These are light applications of fertilizer, but were selected in " der to bringthe experiments into relation '\Vll'.ll ordinary cotton fer- lizers, containing 8 or 10 per cent phosphoric acid, 1.65 per cent nitro- n and 2 per cent potash. Mixture No. 4. corresponds to a mixture of 1 part. cottonseed meal to parts acid phosphate. ‘The mixture applied to 1T0. 5 would contain 2 per cent phosphoric acid, 0.8 per cent nitrogen and 1.4 per cent ‘rash. The application of nitrogen in this series is small. RESULTS or THE TESTS, 1908. QChaS. J. M acres, TGQFCZTIUCHUZ, Bowie C'0unty.—’_l‘he yield of shelled corn Jin Table No. 1. The last plot was next toa fence-row with trees be- nd, the lOW jyielrl being probably caused by the shade. - The acid phosphate was inost effective in the experiment. The addi- n of cottonseed meal to the acid phosphate was not profitable. . . G. Landis, Platirwiezu, Hale Countgp-Jfhe fertilizer was applied » cotton planted May 8th, but the cotton was a failure owing to heavy i s, and on June 12th, June corn Was planted on the same plots. The 51 was somewhat tangled by a storm and was not cultivated as much zcoulrl be desired. Results are in Table 1. Rows 280 feet long. This riment is inconclusive. Acid phosphate was the only application _ch made a gain. ' ‘ ' N0. 1——Weight or Corn in Pounds per Plot in (Jo-operative Expenments,1908 Texarkana, Plainview, Thornton, Bowie Hale Limestone county. county. county. Shelled Shelled corn, lbs. corn, lbs. Lbs. = lbs. acid phosphate .............................................. .. 77 148 200 ~ addition ................................................................ .. e0 112 116 lbs. acid phosphate, 3 lbs. cottonseed meal ...... .. 80 109 161 lbs. acid phosphate, 1O lbs. cottonseed meal .... .. 85 109 151 lbs. acid phosphate, 3 lbs. cottonseed meal, 5~ lb. muriate of potash ............................................ .. 70 104 139 _§ ilbs. acid phosphate, 3 lbs. cottonseed meal, 1%; lbs. muriate of potash .......................................... .. 40 115 164 . Apparent effect of: ‘d phosphate. ......................................................... .. + 17 -36 ~84 ....................... .. +3 —39 ~39 == ounds cottonseed me ....................... .. +8 —39 —49 1' alf pound muriate of pota. 1 ........................ .. —10 * +5 * ——21 t; and one-fourth pounds muriate of potash..... -—40 . * +6 * +3 i crop was not as large as with acid phosphate alone, so that the potash actually caused . It decreased the apparent loss due to cottonseed meal. , hn Griffin, Thornton, Lintestone C0unty.——The corn was planted thick. Results are in Table 1. Number 1 and 6 were outside rows, ‘h may have caused them to do better. No. 4 showed the best growth i lk but did not make the corn. Acid phosphate was the only appli- fyn which made a gain. Mr. Griffin also made an experiment with n in 1909. . (trifiinisf soils are low in phosphoric acid, good in nitrogen, and 10 'l.‘1<:XAs AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIoNS fair in lime and potash. They are low in active phosphoric acid. II? the fertilizer experiment, acid phosphate was the only application whicl made a gain. In the cotton experiment, 1909, only the first pickingi were Weighed, the other pickings being mixed by mistake. The result: of the cotton experiment so far asiit goes were similar to the corn ex- periment, only the acid phosphate giving results. i I Description, of S01'Z.——Probably Orangeburg fine sandy loam. For analysis, see Table 3. No. 1257, depth 0”-6", located i11 Thornton, Lime stone County, on the old Kidd farm. Occupied by J. B. Gritlin. Con- sidered good, produces one-third bale cotton,- 25 bushels corn per acre. Represents 80 per cent farm, 50 to 60 per cent of county. Corn, cotton, peanuts, millet, are the principal crops grown. It is a reddish broxvn, friable loam, which behaves well in both wet and dry seasons. It has a southeast slope. * No. 1258.——Uncultivated soil. Depth to clay subsoil is 10". CONCLUSIONS FROM 1908 EXPERIMENTS. Only three experiments with corn Were reported. Acid phosphate produced increased yields with all three. Cottonseed meal increased the crop in only one experiment. In the other two it caused apparently a decrease. This may have been due t0 the increased growth of leaves caused by the nitrogen of the meal in- creasing the requirements of the plant for water, and causing it to suffer from the dry weather which followed. Muriate of potash did not produce any increase in any of the experi- ments, but produced an average decrease. None of the six plots which received potash gave as large yields as the acid phosphate plot. Potash is used more largely by the leaves and stalk than any other portion of the plant, and. may possibly have acted in production of increased foli- age, with consequent greater suffering from drought. The results of these experiments might xvell have been different under more favorable conditions. EXPERIMENTS CON coax", 1909. The season of 1.909 was also a very dry one, and corn suflfcred severely. A number of our experiments were destroyed by the drought, and the results of the other experiments might well have been different had sea- sonal conditions been otherwise. Acid phosphate, as a general rule, produced results. Cottonseed meal increased the growth of stalk, but the larger plant required more water, so that the production of corn was in many cases actually less when it was added to the acid phosphate. The seasonal conditions were against the favorable use of nitrogen. These observations do not, of course,‘ apply to all the experiments. Plan 0f Worla-Jllhe same instructions for work were used as in 1908. §f .. ‘p _ "g,g_ar III-Irlli-i —" ’ ‘ "_“ i" T Co-oPnuArIvE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 11 RESULTS. David C. Barr, Rayiro0d, Liberty Connty.—i\Ioderate, prairie soil, low, black; with clay subsoil, cultivated two years, produces 12 to 15 bushels corn, 10 to 15 "sacks rice. The crop had to be replanted but made a fine stand with the exception of No. 1. The results are in Table 2. All the fertilizing constituents gave results. This soil is fairly well supplied with nitrogen, lime, and potash. It is low in phosphoric acid. It is also probably low in active phosphoric acid. _ - ' Description of Soik-Probablv Lufkin clay. For analysis, see Table 3. N0. 2375—Depth, 0'58", located in Haywood, Liberty county, on farm of D. C. Barr. Sample taken in northeast corner of Section 166. Wash- ington county survey. This soil is level and has fair drainage. Fifteen to 20 bushels corn and 12 to 18 sacks of rice were produced per acre. Rice and corn are principally grown. In wet seasons water stands on this land; on drying out, the soil gets hard on the surface. No. 2376—I)epth, 8”-18". Subsoil to No. 2375. _ J. D. Randolph, Austin, Travis County.—L~ight sandy loam, second bottom soil with rod clay subsoil; 30 years in cultivation. Produces 20 bushels corn, one-quarter bale cotton. The crop Was thoroughly culti- vated. Acid phosphate alone gave results. G. B. Tha-ggard, Teazarkana, Bowie County. Light gray sandy soil, moderate upland, with good drainage, produces 12 bushels corn, or one- half bale cotton. In cultivation 3 years. Harvest was very light, due to severe drought. Peas had been grown on this patch the previous year. Acid phosphate and cottonseed meal both gave results, in spite of the drought. S. W. Ilarper, Sartger, Denton Goiznty.—Poor, gravelly, red, upland soil with clay subsoil, 35 years in cultivation, produces 10 to 15 bushels corn. Stand secured was 95 per cent, excepting on plots 5, 85 per cent, ‘and 6, 90 per cent. Had not had a good rain since November, 1908, nearly a year. Acid phosphate and cottonseed meal both gave results. Potash gave results on one plot and none on the other. Mr. Harper also conducted an experiment with Irish potatoes in 1910, in which acid phosphate and cottonseed meal gave results, and potash did not. . This soil is fair in lime, high in potash, fair in nitrogen, and low in phosphoric acid. It is also low in active phosphoric acid. A Description of S0iiZ.—No. 3124, depth, 0"-6", Sanger, Denton county. Considerated moderate to poor land. On northwest corner of prairie farm, '75 yards south and 60 yards east from corner. Two hundred and fifty pounds cotton, '7 or 8 bushels corn, and 10 bushels oats are usually produced on an acre. Corn, cotton, wheat and oats are grown. The yields are fair in wet seasons but poor in dry. The land is rolling an r‘ drainage is good. NO./3l25—S11l)SOll to 3124, depth 6”—15”. - ‘ R. l/Vindsor, Buffalo, Loon. County/r-Light red sandy, hilly soil, with red stiff clay subsoil; in cultivation 30 years and producing 15 bushels corn and one-third bale cotton. Prolonged drought during the experi- ment. Stand, fair. Acid phosphate alone gaveresults. Mr. Windsor also carried out a. 12 "TnXAs AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS corn experiment in 1910, in which acid phosphate gave results, one ap- ' plication of cottonseed meal increased the yield, and one did not, and ' potash had no effect. _ 'l.‘his soil is fair in lime and potash, low in nitrogen and phosphoric acid. This soil is unusually high in active phosphoric acid, and it is questionable if the soil sample represents the field correctly, the surface soil being very l1igh in active phosphoric acid, and the subsoil 10W. DFSCTiptYi/Jrz/ of $oiZ.—Pr(>bably' Orangeburg fine sandy loam. N0. 3367-—Depth 0”--'7”. 17min of B. Windsor, nine miles south of Buffalo, Leon county, on p-reemption section, G. W. Weims survey. Sample taken on rise in (renter of field close to an old peach tree. The soil is Well drained, rolling and considered moderately fertile. It is locallv known as “sandy land.” Fifteen bushels of corn and one-third bale of cotton are produced per acre. ' Corn, cotton and peas are the chief crops. This is a. light reddish sandy soil with good underdrainage, which packs, crumbles, does not crack or wash, and dirt does not wash onto it. I t has been cultivated 54 years, represents tire-thirds of farm, and is an average of the countv. N o fertilizers or manure have ever been applied. Crab grass and Weeds plowed under helped mechanically. , No. 3368——Deptl1 7'”-]9”. Subsoil to No. 3367. This is a light red clay. ' T. O. Plankett, Jlaraslzaii, Harrison. C0unty.-—Dark sandy soil with stitf red clay subsoil, 12 to 15 years in cultivation. Moderate, produc- tion 15 bushels corn or one-quarter bale cotton. On account of the un- usual drought the test cannot be considered a fair one. Acid phosphate alone gave results. In another test in 1910 on corn none of the fertilizer applications gave results, the yields being irregular. Mr. Plunkett’s soil is a little low in lime, well supplied with potash. and low in nitrogen and phosphoric acid. It is low in active phosphoric acid, and evidently needs phosphatic fertilizers, and rotation of crops with legumes to supply nitrogen. Description of S0iZ.-—Probably Orangeburg fine sandy loam. No. 3359——Depth O”-4". Located. two miles northwest of Marshall, Harri- son county, on farm of Tom O. Plunkett, on north half of Samuel Har- per survey, 150 yards north from tenant house. This soil is almost level upland soil and is known as dark sandy loam. It is considered of mod- erate fertility and produces one-third bale of cotton to the acre. Corn and cotton are the principal crop-s. No fertilizer has been used on this soil. The native vegetation is lezpedeza and Wild sage. The soil packs when very wet, crumbles on drying and washes verv little. This soil has been cultivated since the Civil War, but has been idle for several years. No green crops have been plowed under and no manure has ever been applied. The soil represents 50 acres of farm. No. 3360——Deptl1 4513". Subsoil to No. 3359. Jas. S. Duncan, Zllount Pleasant, Titus Counter-Dark loam, upland ' soil, with sandy clay subsoil, cultivated eight years in corn and cotton, produces 1,500 pounds seed cotton. The (lifference of production in the plots was due to the xveight of ears and not in the number. Plots 3, L1, 5 and 6 had a greater growth of fodder and shuck. The weather was verv dry, hence it is not considered a fair test. The acid phosphate alone gave results. l1-44_¢ ‘L; ‘..___---- CO—OPERATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 13 E. T. J osey, H UHiSUfZZQ, l/Valkm‘ Oounty.-—L.ight colored sandy upland soil with clay subsoil, 2O years in cultivation and produces 29 bushels corn. The corn was injured by a severe hailstorm on Hay 15. Acid phosphate alone gave results. G. T. Plescco, Wititesboro, Gray/son C’0uniy.~—Dark red sandy loam soil, with red clay subsoil. Good upland prairie, cultivated 25 years in corn, cotton and oats, and produces 20 to 40 bushels corn, 2O to 50 bushels oats, and one-quarter to three-quarters bale cotton. Plot No. 1 was next to- cotton, which gave it some advantage. Season a dry one. Stand perfect. Acid phosphate alone gave results. Soil probably Orangeburg fine sandy loam. S. B. Blair, ilI-aajguez, Leon C0unty.-—Light red sandy loam upland soil, with red- clay subsoil, in cultivation 16 years and producing 15 bushels corn and one-third bale cotton. Bedded in fall, cut down with disc harrow, fertilizer applied, and listed with turning plows and mid- dles run out. Corn planted March 18 and replanted April 2. Got a fairly goodstand and cultivated five times. Acid phosphate and perhaps cottonseed meal and potash gave results. The experiment in 1910 of Mr. Blair gave practically the same results. Acid phosphateiproduced an increase, the light application of cottonseed meal gave no results, but the heavy application gave a decided increase. The potash had the same effect as an increase in the quantity of cotton- seed meal. Mr. Blair’s soil is low in lime, potash, nitrogen and phosphoric acid. It is better supplied with active phosphoric acid than many of the soils tested, having an average corn possibility of 20 bushels per acre. Nitro- gen is thus probably needed more than phosphoric acid. Like many other ‘Texas soils, this soil needs a rotation of crops in which legumes are grazed off or plowed under, to supply the soil with nitrogen and with vegetable matter. Phosphatic fertilizers should be used, with perhaps an application of potash also. Description, of ,S‘0iZ.-—Probabl_y1 Orangeburg fine sandy "loam. No. 3250—-Depth 0'54” to 6", located in Marquez, Leon county, on farm of S. B. Blair. Sample taken in north field of 25-acre plat.‘ The soil is considered moderately fertile and produces 15 bushels of corn and onei third bale cotton per acre. Corn and cotton are the chief crops. The land is slightly rolling and the darinage fair. Crops drown out and soil runs together in wet weather. It gets very hard and dry in dry sea- sons. The soil represents nine-tenths of farm and three-quarters of county. No. 3251——Depth d” to 6" to 15". Subsoil to No. 3250. S. L. H orne, Frankston, Anderson C70ui1ty.—~White sandy upland soil with red clay subsoil, cultivated eight years in corn and cotton and pro-' duces 15 to 2O bushels corn. Moles destroyed crop and had to replant April 20. No rain from June 15 to August 31. Acid p-rosphate alone gave results. In an experiment on potatoes in 1910, Hr. Horne found phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen, all three, of advantage. Mr. Horne’s soil is low in lime, in phosphoric acid and in nitrogen. It is good in potash, for this grade of soil. The active phosphoric acid is 29 parts per million, corresponding to an average corn possibility of 20 bushels corn per acre. This soil needs rotation of crops, legumes 14 TEXAS sieurcurxruruii. EXPERIMENT STATIONS turned under or grazed oft’, supplemented with phosphatic fertilizers for corn, and with potash in addition for potatoes. N. K. Wright, Sadler, Gray/son. C0un2fy.—Black sandy rolling upland soil, with yellowish red clay subsoil, 2O years in cultivation. Produces 15 to 20 bushels corn. All the fertilizer ingredients gave results. D. S. Clark, M ens-in, Limestone Counter-Light sandy soil, moderate, upland, produces 15 bushels corn, 500 pounds seed cotton. Drainage good. In cultivationprobably 15 years. No rain from June 1st to August 8th. Acid phosphate alone gave results. His experiment in ' 1910 with corn gave the same results. Mr. Clark’s soil is fair in nitrogen and potash, a little lOW in lime, and loW in phosphoric acid and in active phosphoric acid. It needs rota- tion of crops, legume treatment, and fertilization with phosphoric fer- tilizers. Description 0f S'0iZ.—Probably' Orangcburg sand. ' Description of S0iZ.—N o. 3.256—Depth 0'57". L-ocated one and one- half miles east of Mexia, farm of D. S. Clark. Soil sampled on spot to left of road leading through field from lot just north of garden. H. & T. C. Railroad survey. This is an upland soil, locally known as “Mes- quite.” It is considered moderately fertile and produces 15 bushels corn and 500 pounds seed cotton per acre. Corn and cotton are the principal crops grown. The natural vegetation is weeds and crab grass. The soil crusts in dry seasons. In wet seasons it runs together and packs. The drainage is good, dirt does not wash off or onto it. This land has been cultivated 20 to 25 years and represents 100 acres on the farm. No green crops have ever been plowed under. .\'o. 3.257—Depth T" to 18”. Subsoil to No. 3256. CONCLUSIONS FROM THE 1909 CORN EXPERIMENTS. ’l.‘hirteen successful experiments were reported. Almost all of these tests sufifered from dry weather. Acid phosphate increased the yields 1n every case. Cottonseed meal, 3 pounds, increased the yield in five of the thirteen experiments. Ten pounds per plot increased the yield in six experi- ments. We may consider that cottonseed meal caused an average in- crease in five experiments. In three of the five experiments, ten pounds cottonseed meal caused a much greater increase than three pounds. Cot- _ tonseed meal caused an increase in five experiments, and an apparent decrease ineight. The explanation of this is probably that given in dis- cussing the 1908 experiments. The greater yield of foliage induced by the cottonseed meal caused the corn to suffer more from the drought and so decreased the crop. Kainit (containing potash) increased the yield of corn in six of the thirteen experiments. Two of these increases are decidedly large (Bay- Wood and Marquez). 'llhe average increase is very small at Sanger, and at Alexia. the increase is apparent rather than real, since neither of the plots with the complete fertilizer yielded as much as the one with acid phosphate alone at Mexia, and the plot with the most potash did not yield as much as the acid phosphate plot at Frankston, though Frankston should, perhaps, be counted as a gain for potash. li544_a J‘; “:4- _—‘_-‘ 15 CO-OIPEILATIVE FBIRTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 bofiov o» 26 mwo: EQEQEW o5 wwwwmgoww S 51mm o: wwmsmo E552“ swag: 2S H23 om .238 33 6:03 oussmmosm :6.“ :33 ms Q32 ms we: mg, Q30 on?“ Olbbfih owl mm! 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I EIQMSQQE awanvAOQwm W mm ........ .. ..........€@E uwowzofioo .2: on > Hm ...................................................... ..::Ex .2: m JQQE uwwwcofiou db: m 6HQQQwOQQ Eva i: om w w: aw: mvm ...................................................... 12x13: Q: m _ .:@@E wwwwcofiou i: m dfiwzawos: Eva w: om m. mm mm: Hmmm .135 wwwmcogboo .2: o: dewnnmos: Eva d9: om w om w“: mom :55 uwwwnoiou .2: m 6.223222: Eva .5: 8 m m: ma: wm .................................................................. ¢wcE8Z w Qa . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ilwgfinmmong wiUfi H L V H J a . mm l um. m.“ . m. M1 em Mm 1 WW mu No N Ow w .6 .0 0.. . .0 w _ . Envfirsnxm 82 E 5.6 8 3E Sn fiESBIN dz HA5; .16 Texas AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS EXPERIMENTS ON CORN IN 1910. The season of 1910 was al.so a dry one, though it was a better season for corn than for cotton. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE TESTS. The following instructions were sent out both for corn and cotton in 1910. Some special tests were also made, under special instructions. These will be discussed later on. _ ' Select a piece of land about three-quarters of an acre where the soil is uniform. For each application of fertilizer select four rows of cot- ton or corn 280 feet long, pr eight rows 140 feet long, or sixteen '70 feet long. If the rows are four feet apart, each application of fertilizer will "then be made on approximately one-tenth acre of land. We will assume that four rows of cotton or corn 280 feet long were selected, four feet apart. iWe prefer corn to cotton for "the purpose of the experiment. 1. To the first four rows apply 20 pounds acid phosphate (Bag No. 1 . 2. )To the second four rows apply Mixture No. 2 (20 pounds acid phosphate and six pounds cottonseed meal). 3. To the third four rows apply nothing‘. 4-. To the fourth four rows apply Mixture No. 4 (20 potinds acid phosphate and 12 pounds cottonseed meal). 5. To the fifth four rows apply Mixture No. 5 (20 pounds acid phosphate, six pounds cottonseed meal and one-half poun-l murizite of potash). ' 6. Te the sixth four rows apply Mixture No. 6 (20 pounds zicid phos- phatc, six pounds cottonseed meal and one and one-quarter pounds muri- ate of potash). ‘ 7. If you can do so, apply four loads manure to a seventh four rows. The fertilizer should be mixed well, and applied in the drill about a week before the seed is planted. The entire field should receive the same treatment, and if any of the plots are damaged by storms, insects, or anything else, the fact should be noted and considered. The only dif- ference between the plots should be the fertilizer. The date of maturity should be stated and the crop from each plot should be harvestedand weighed separately. The stand should also be reported. _ The difference between 1 and 3 shows the effect of acid phosphate (containing phosphoric acid) alone. The difference between 1 and 2 shows the effect of nitrogen in cotton- seed meal. The difference between 2 and 4 shows the effect of increas- ing the nitrogen. The difference between 2 and 5 shows the effect of potash. The dif- ference between 5 and 6 shows the effect of increasing the potash. The difference between plot 3 and the others shows the effect of the various fertilizers. This experiment should show which of these fertilizers would prove prob-ably most profitable for cotton and corn under your conditions and it would give you an intelligent basis for fertilizing next season. We will discuss the matter fully with you when the work is completed. CO-OPERATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 17 The quantity of fertilizer used corresponds to 200 pounds acid phos- phate per acre, 60 or 120 pounds cottonseed meal, and 5 or 12.5 pounds muriate of potash. The application of‘ cottonseed meal was thus larger than in the 1908 or 1909 experiments. The application would cor- respond to 28 pounds phosphoric acid, or 8.4 pounds nitrogen, and 2.5 or 6.3 pounds of potash per acre. Mixture No. 5 would be equal to 28 pounds phosphoric acid, 4.2 pounds nitrogen, and 2.5 pounds of potash per acre. or the equivalent. of 280 pounds per acre of a fertilizer containing 10 per cent phosphoric acid, 1.5 per cent nitrogen, and 1 per cent potash. Mixture No. 6 would equal 28 pounds phosphoric acid, pounds nitrogen, and 6.3 pounds potash, or the equivalent of 280 pounds per acre of a fertilizer containing 10 per cent phosphoric acid, 1.5 per cent nitrogen, and 2 per cent potash. Mixture No. 2 would correspond to a fertilizer containing 10 per cent phosphoric acid and 3.3 per cent nitrogen at. the rate of 280 pounds per acre, or to one con- taining 8 per cent phosphoric acid and 2.7 per cent nitrogen at the rate of 350 pounds per acre. _ The application of nitrogen is thus light except with Mixture No. 2, and that of potash is light except with Mixture No. 6. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENTS. G. S. Smith, Stephc-n~viille, Erath Coimty.—Light colored upland sandy soil with red clay subsoil, one and one-half niiles east of Stephen- ville, in cultivation about 20 years in cotton and corn and produces 20 bushels corn. Corn planted about March 10th, harvested August 27th. Four rows per plot 4 feet apart,and 280 feet long. The land was flat- broken about four and one-half inches deep, harrowed, planted, and har- rowed deep, plowed deep, and plowed with six small sweeps through the middle with diverse cultivator. The crop is very short on account of the drought. One hundred and thirty feet on the end of each plot was (lam- aged by sand storm and report is on the remaining 150 feet. The plot which received four loads of manure suffered more from the drought than the others. He is unable to account for the difference in yields of plots 2 and 4 unless it is due to difference in the soil. Acid. phosphate alone produced results. Results in 1910, on cotton, were irregular. ' This soil is fair in potash and low in nitrogen, phosphoric acid and active phosphoric acid. It needs vegetable matter, applications of phos- phates and nitrogen. A rotation of crops should be adopted, in which legumes are plowed under or grazed eff. u _ Ihscripiion 0f SoiZ.——No. 337"7-—De]r>th 0'56". Located one and one- half miles cast of Stcphenville, Erath, county, on lower Grandberry road, farm of George S. Smith, known as the H. B. Smith farm, John Blain survey. Sample taken about center of farm. This is upland soil and considered poor. It produces one-half bale of cotton and 20 bushels corn per acre. Corn and cotton are the principal crops. No fertilizer has been applied to this land. The native vegetation is post oak, black jack and sedge grass. 'l.‘he soil is a reddish sand with good surface drain- age. 1t gets mellow when wet but becomes very hard if not stirred after a heavy rain. It does not pack badly oir crack, but dries into clods. The under-drainage is poor. Tt does not wash much and dirt does not wash 18 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL ' EXPERIMENT STATIONS onto it. The land has been under cultivation for 20 yrears. It repre- sents 30 acres of this farm, and about one-tenth of the county. No green crop has ever been ploughed under, but once a fair covering of manure was applied, which increased the yield one-third. Humus seems very beneficial. No. 3378——Depth 6"-18". Subsoil to 3377. This soil is a bright red clav. T. B. Breeding, Argyle, Danton County.——-Gray' sandy upland soil with light red clay subsoil, in cultivation to cotton and corn 30 years, and pro- duces 15 bushels corn or 600 pounds seed cotton. Located 10 miles south of Denton. Corn was planted April and harvested August 24th. The fertilizer Was applied in the hill, four rows per plot, 4 feet apart and 280 feet long. Flat broke January 15th about 4 inches and checked 4 feet, all cultivated three times. Nos. 5 and 6 were damaged more than the others by sand storm. No rain on this since about June 8th. Acid phosphate and cottonseed meal gave results. The soil is low in lime, potash, nitrogen and phosphoric acid. It is low in active phosphoric acid also. This soil needs rotation of crops with legumes plowed under or grazed off, to supply nitrogen and vege- table matter, and also applications of acid phosphate, for corn or cotton. Dcnscripi-ion 0f iS’0iZ.—Probably Orangeburg fine sand. No. 3373— 'Depth 0”-6”. Located four miles southeast of Argyle, Denton county, on Lewisville and Argyle public road; farm of T. B. Breeding. Sam- ple taken on north. side of public road opposite residence of T. B. Breed- ing. The plot is 280 feet north and south by 112 feet east and west. Lizcnlayr survey, abstract 767'. This is a rolling soil of moderate fertility, locally known as “sandy; land.” It is a light reddishbrown sand and pro- duces one-third bale of cotton and 15 bushels of corn per acre. Cotton is the principal crop, although corn is sometimes grown. This land has never been artificially fertilized. The native vegetation is broom sage, green briars, post oak and black jack. This plot does not seep, but other parts of field do. The soil stands drouth, extremely well. It does not pack or crack, but crumbles and washes a. little. Dirt does not wash onto it. It has been cultivated 25 years and represents one-half of the farm and probably one-fifth of county. No manure has been applied, but weeds plowed under seemed to refresh cotton. The land has a south- ern slope and the subsoil is redder and the soil poorer at the north end. No. 3374-—Depth 6”-18". Subsoilto N0. 3373. I). S. Clark, illezria, Limtastone C’0untg/.—Light colored upland sandy soil with red clay subsoil, 12 miles south of Groesbeck, in cultivation to cor11 and cotton for about 15 years. Corn planted March 18th and har- ‘vested September 10th. Two rows 3 feet 2 inches apart, 540 feet long. Land flat broke, fertilizer bedded on, cultivated flat, laid by on ridge. A.ll plots were damaged by chinch bugs, and also by dry weather. The fertilized plots suffered more from the dry weather than the others. No rain from June i-‘lth until July 7th. Acid phosphate alone produced results. This is the same as in 1909. For description of soil, see 1909 cor11 experiments. Tom O. Plunkett, llrlairshall, Harrison. Countyr-Dark sandy loam upland soil with clay subsoil, 15 years in cultivation, not cultivated for two years, produces one-half bale cotton or 20 bushels corn. Corn 1.9 CO-OPERATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 ooom oo. E. ooww .... .. oo. oo oo. mmH .............. .. oobmH oo. woH ooooH .......................... .. oo. HvmH .................... dwsoon 2/33.. oo. v oo. o oo. w oo. wm oo. h oo. NH oo. oH oo. wwH oo. H. oo. w ........................... .. oo.wH Eon uvHosHHmoHHHH @334.» 282:5 .H®Q 216m ow. H mo. wo. “H. om. m ow. mo. m Ho. .................................................... ..95owHo2 3a 2a 3a 3H Rim moH .58 3H .... .. 1..................cooHocwHso mwoq om. ow 2.. Ho 3. 5 oH. 8 Ho. mo “o. mo ww. 3 Ho. mm ................... ..wuHHHw oHnsHom us.» wHnsHomcH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..ww2§w:@2 om. p mo. H. 2.. v 34.. mm. H mm. m oo. oH 8. m .................... dob Ho 2on5 ............................ £5834 ooH. oHH. o2. oHH. owo. ooH. ooo. ooo. .............. AoEmoE HHHHHHHHsw ooH. omm. _oHm. owo. omm. ooo. omm. ooo. .....§w@:m@2 .............. .. o2. omH. oHH. owH. omH. SN. obH. ..............@EHA omm. oom. oom. oHH. ofi. oHm. o3. ooH. .......sm§om omo. m8. 3o. $5. Hmo. Hvo. moo. $0. ....HHQMO.HQWZ >3. Humo. to. mHo. Se. omo. 5o. 2o. ........................................ Haws otosnmosm domnsw $3 23.3w ommm H625 ommm i025 $2” fiownzm $3 downsw fimm HHownsw BNH $3 3mm oomm womm £3 38 wmmH évmofi QQHHUHHWE Hfismofiz dfitsm Hwwcaw doozzemfl dooEHoHrH. JHEHO w AH 52m .m w i8E2qH..o H. Jowufi? MH awabwfl .3 w QEm .0 EERH 5520 AH H. .82 5.8a 28m Ho nagmonflao wwfiqfizwml» dz NAm> _ danflm Am dwiosmH s? 6.532. .6 .2 -2520 .H AH QQEHFH .2 .>>_ dHsO uH H. Hafim AH .,H. 528w Q .0 6H3 iwHHuHHHHoHHMH H300 dnom Ho flcHaHwH-nnnoo owaafluouomli. .02 HAMFH. 22 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS we have studied. It is low in active phosphoric acid, having an average corn possibility of 20 bushels corn per acre. A rotation of crops should be adopted. _ ‘ Description of SoiZ.—Probably Norfolk fine sand. No. 3l11—Depth 0”-6”. Located one and one-half miles northwest of Bockdale, Milam county, on W. M. Farmer’s place. The field is in the S. C. Robinson survey‘ and lies in extreme west of tract joining Tom Murray on- north side and Spence Malone on west side. ' The soil is well drained upland and considered moderately fertile. It is “new ground” and only one crop (pop corn) has been grown. Land next to i.t produces 20 bushels of ‘corn per acre. N o fertilizer, green crop or manure has been applied. The soil is a gray sand, boggy in very wet seasons and holds moisture well. It does not pack 0r crack, but crumbles. The underdrainage is good and the land does not wash; VGTy little dirt washes onto it. The sample represents two acres on the farm. No. 3412—-depth 6”-18”. Subsoil to No. 3411. The soil is a whitish sand. J. D. Boyd and D. I. Crawford, Bethel, Tarramf C0unty.——Sandy loam upland with yrelloxxr-red clay subsoil at a. depth of 6 inches to 24 inches, Fifty years in cultivation, but rested some. Produces 1O bushels corn. Corn planted March 19th and harvested August 26th. Four rows per plot, 6 feet 6 inches apart and 24- feet long. Plowed with cultivator three times. No. at had a bad stand; was near the middle, and the birds got some of it. A flood in April and then frost followed by dry weather damaged the crop. ‘Plot No. 1 wras only two rows and had only five pounds acid phosphate instead of ten pounds. (The yield is doubled in the table.) ' All the fertilizer applications apparently gave results. This soil is-low in phosphoric acid, nitrogen, potash and lime, also in active phosphoric acid and active potash. It needs rotation of crops, grazing off or plowing under of legumes, the use oftphosphates and potash in fertilizers. Descriptim-z. of Soil.——Probabl_yr Orangeburg fine sandy loam. No. 3254—Depth 0'37 to 11”. On farm of D. I. Crawford, Bethel, Tarrant county, on King survey, 14-. miles south of Malakoif and one mile north- ' east of Concord church, known as the Crawford place. The soil is well drained and considered moderately fertile and is known as “sandy land.” Corn and cotton are chiefly grown. The native vegetation is black jack and hickory and sedge grass. ' . In wet seasons cotton takes rust and corn has a red tinge to blades in wet seasons. The soil packs and runs together, crumbles; it does not wash much; dirt does not wash onto it; it crumbles where the subsoil is close. This land has been cultivated 6O years and represents nearly all of farm and county. Cowpeas were plowed under last fall, but efiect can not be noticed yet. Years ago, barnyard manure was used and the yield doubled. The surface soil is full of black gravel. ' No. 3255.—-Depth 11"-22". Subsoil to No. 3254. The subsoil has rusty spots in it. 23 CO-OPERATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 F a: 522E 87C EvvE om E5051. m3 U 5+ .m E5 H .moZ EvvEvvua v53 oE wvfivzvn E 30E 52E vvEE E5vva vmEE 4H 5| EEI . 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H.» oo. on oo. H2 _oo. oHqH oo. ooH oo. ow oo. wmH oo. HmH 5o. »o oo. HHH ..................:w§o.H w>$o< oogwm ooo H52 oo.»m 8.3 oo. HH 8.2 32 oo. HH oo.w oo.w ooH. oo.w 8.2 Eva Qtosamosm Q>SQ< “c255 HQHH mfism Hm. m omo. m. owo. m oww. w owv. o»o. omo. m ooo. H omw. o oww. H Q3. N 8H. 2.». o3. .............. 6562.2 mo. » ow». o owHh ooo. m omwo ooH. H 3H4. oHw. H. 3m. » ooo. m 2;.» o9» H ooo. m owm. H ....=o§cwH co wwoq 8. H.» TH». o» oow. o» o»w. Hw omo. Ho Q32. o»? w» .............. .. 2.». 9. o»m. ow oo». »w Q3. mo Q3. oo omo. mo ............................ 432?. oHnzHow UHHQ mHnsHowcH ................ .. ......@mocsw:@E mmvam .................. do: Ho 2E3 was dHCHHHD~< omH. omo. oHo. .............................. .. owo. omo. .............................. .. ..............@EwoHHo HszHHHsw i... omv. omm. 3%. o2. ooH. oHm. H omm: omH. ooH. oHm. o2. o3. owo. .... .. samawSH $1 o3. omw. oow. o»o. ooo. omm. omm. owo. o o»o. omH. 3H. owH. omH. ...... 6E5 fix 6%. Q3. o3. ooH ooH. omw. i». .............................. .. own. oom. omH. omH. ztzflmfifivnm mH. 52. »wo. mHH. Hmo. woo. m3. wmH. Hoo. m8. omo. $5. 3o. omo. dwmoBHZ mo. T8. »Ho. omo. mmo. N3. »mo. moo. omH. omo. N2. omo. »Ho. 2o. ............ 68d Ucosomoom 63w o ooww wowm ma? Ho?“ .83 wwmm 3mm 23 _ HHom momm Homo oomm owmm dowHwtwH. éHHHiém oEBwwm dowfinrw 338G .9259 < oswswsom Q Htoto»? .< w fifiéowow H. ézBHm H. HH @525.» .0 .0 éwfiw .2 H. SSH mEowH 63H iaflm-EHHQHMM F30 dHHam Ho flOflfimOfiaflO owaanoehomlewoz MAMFH. Co-oPnuATnrE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 25 R. Whirndsor, Brzfialo, Leon Couniy.—llpland, sandy soil, slightly mixed With red clay’, red clay subsoil, 55 years in cultivation and pro- duces 20 bushels corn or one-third bale cotton. Corn planted llilarch 18th and harvested September 7th., Four rows per plot, 4 feet apart and 280 feet long. The land was plowed four feet deep, then leveled, cultivated four times with. sweeps. All the plots were damaged by rain 0n January 4th. Acid phosphate gave results. Cottonseed meal is doubt- ful. Good yields were secured. For description of soil, see 1909 corn experiments. In 1909 acid phosphate alone gave results. N. G. Atwood, Ifillsboro. H-{ZZ (70z¢nt;z/.——Darl§ gray, fine sand xvith clay subsoil, first branch bottom; length of time in cultivation unknown. Produces about 20 bushels corn. Corn planted March 14th and har- vested September 9th. Four rows per plot, 3 feet apart and 280 feet long. After planting, harrowed with section harrow and plowed twice with heel sweeps on cultivator and harrowed twice. Plot No. '7 was damaged by small wash and plots Nos. 1 and 2 by large pecan tree grow- ing near them, which was nearest to No. 1. Cottonseed meal alone gave results. i This soil is fairly well supplied with potash and lime, and although the phosphoric acid is low, the lime may help it to be less deficient. Nitrogen is fair. Active phosphoric acid is low. According to the experiment, cottonseed meal alone gives results, but the phosphate plot was damaged by a tree near it, and we are inclined to believe that the» soil is certainly in need of lahosphoric acid to give good results. Description of Soil. No. 3252——Depth 0'59". Located four and one- half miles northeast of Hillsboro, Hill county, on the farm of M. G.- _ Atwood. Sample taken 4.00 yards east of the house on the Hanby survey, in bend of Jacks branch, 200 yards west of Brokett’s barn. This is considered a soil of moderate fertility and is known as sandy bottom land. Twenty bushels of corn and one-half bale of cotton are produced per acre. Corn and cotton are the principal crops. No fertilizer has been used and no manure until last winter for crop of 1910. Native- vegetation is crab grass. The soil does reasonably well in both wet and dry seasons. It packs a little, crumbles, does not crack on drying. It is drained by a branch and washes a little close to hill. Does not know how long soil has been cultivated. It represents 20 acres on farm. No- green crops have been plowed under. Some of soil is loose and some much tighter. The land. overflows one year in eight or ten. No. 3253. Subsoil to No. 3252. P. L. Moore, Gujs Store, Leon C0urzty.——Black clay prairie upland soil with clay subsoil. In cultivation about 20 years, but laid out for" ‘ six years until last year; produces 15 to 20 bushels of corn. Located 300 yards south of Guy’s store. Corn planted April 1st and harvested September 8th. Two rows per plot, 3 feet 6 inches apart, and 280 feet long. Run weeder ten days after planting; plowed with cultivator twice- then plowed with turning plow. All the plots were injured by drought. Cottonseed meal alone gave results. The acid phosphate plot was on the outside of the corn plot, with weeds about three feet from it. This may account for its low yield. S. B. Blair, fllarqzwz, Leon Oountgp-hlediuni light sandy loam upland soil with medium red clay subsoil; about 4:0 years in cultivation“ and 26 TEXAS AGRIOULTUIMI. EXPERIMENT STATIONS produces 15 bushels of corn or one-third bale of cotton. Located three and one-half miles northeast of Marquez. Corn planted March 15th and harvested September 13th. Plowed three times with sweep, laid by with large sw-‘reep in middle, after that scratcher was run in middle. The condition of plots very good on June 28th, but all plots were affected by a 20 days drought in June. Results are the same as in 1909 (which see). The acid phosphate gave i results, and also the heavy application of cottonseed meal and the potash. For description of soil, see 1909 corn experiments. W. Rirclccr, Lingletrille, Eraih Countyr-Dark sandy upland soil with clay subsoil; 14 years in cultivation, and produces about 15 bushels of corn. Located 10 miles west of Lingleville. Corn planted March 10th and harvested September 14th. Four rows per plot, 4 feet apart and 280 feet long. It was a very dry season for corn and plots Nos. 1 and 2 especially seemed to suffer from it. None of the applications produced results. The soil is fair in lime and potash, low in phosphoric acid and nitro- gen, and low in active phosphoric acid, with an average corn possibility with phosphoric acid of 12.5 bushels per acre; maximum 31 bushels. Only one of the plots with fertilizer gave a greater yield than the one without fertilizer. Probably another season would give different results, ‘ as the soil is no doubt low in phosphoric acid and nitrogen. Description of S0iZ.——No. i 3381—Depth 0'57"’. Located 10 miles northwest of Lingleville, Erath county, on the farm of W. Rucker. The land is in the west part of Frath county and is situated on the head- waters of the Armstrong-southeast block of the Schafer survey. The soil is level tipland, well drained and considered moderately good. It is kIlOXVIl as “postoak sandy loam.” .'l1e land produces one-fourth bale of cotton and 1.0 to 15 bushels of corn per acre. Corn, cotton, peas and oats are the principal crops. Crab grass is the principal native vegeta- tion. This is a light brown sandy soil, which behaves very well in wet and moderately good in dry seasons. The soil does not pack but crumbles; cracks into small cracks on drying. It washes and dirt washes onto it when it rains heavily. lit-represents all of the farm and a large part of the county. The drainage from 25 acres drains towards place ‘from which sample was taken. No green crops and no manure have been applied to the soil. No. 3382—Depth '7”-19". Subsoil to No. 3381. Eugene Bis/lop, Gilmcr, U pshur U0unfy.——Darl; sandy upland soil xvith stiff red clay subsoil; original growth dogwood; in cultivation six years, and. produces about 25 bushels of corn. Lo-cated four and one-half miles northeast of Gilmer. Corn planted about March 15th and harvested September 27th. Four rows per plot, 3 feet 6 inches apart and 300 feet long. First plowed deep, plowed shallow three times and hoed once. Abut 3O feet on plots‘ Nos. 1 and 6 was washed up by a heavy rain. The corn was all killed to the ground by a frost on April 27th, but came up to a good stand. The yield was bad on all plots on account of dry weather. There was no rain after June 4th until harvest. This soil is fair in potash and lime and nitrogen, low in phosphoric acid, fair in active phosphoric acid with an average corn possibility of 20 bushels per acre with active phosphoric acid; maximum 38. Acid phosphate alone produced results. OO-OPIERATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 27 Description of Soil. No. 3'262—Depth 0”-8”. Four and one-half miles northeast of Gilmer, Upshur countryr, on Eugene Bishop’s farm. Soil taken on south side of residence; it fronts the Gilrner and Pittsburg road. The soil is slightly rolling upland and considered good; it pro- duces one-half bale of cotton and 25, to 30 bushels of corn per acre. Corn and cotton are the principal crops. No fertilizers are used. The native vegetation is oak, pine and hickory. The soil is not of a Wet nature and drains readily; it" does not pack or cra.ck on drying. It crumbles and washes a little. The land represents three-fourths of the farm and one-half of the county. No green crops and no manure have been applied. No. 3263——Depth 8”-20". Subsoil to No. 3262. _ W. T. Bird, Como, Ilopkins C0rrrzty.—;\ gray clay upland soil with gray subsoil; in cultivation four or five years, and produces 20 bushels of corn. Located three miles east of Como. Corn planted March 15th, replanted April 15th, and harvested September 28th. Four rows per plot, four feet apart ; plowed every eight or ten days until laid by. All plots were damaged by hot winds. Cottonseed meal alone produced results. ' Mr. Bird’s soil is high in potash, low in lime, fair in nitrogen and low in phosphoric acid and in active phosphoric acid. The failure of acid . phosphate to apparently produce results may have been due to soil irreg- ularities. Description of S0iZ.—No. 3385—-Depth 0”-6". Located on W.-T. Bird’s farm, three miles east of Como, Hopkins county, and 13 miles east of Sulphur Springs, and known as the old Sam Harris place. It is on the Jas. Webb survey. The soil is a well lying upland and consid- ered of moderate fertility. It produces one-third bale cotton and 15 to 20 bushels of corn per acre. Corn and cotton are the principal crops. Commercial fertilizers were used once, and they paid very well. The soil is a light loam locally known as “dirt land.” The native vegetation is wild collards. The soil runs together in wet seasons and will get tight and hard if not plowed at right time. It dries into clods and cracks on drying if not plowed. The land does not wash and dirt does not wash onto it. It has been cultivated 1O or 12 years, and represents '75 to .80 acres on farm and several hundred acres in the county. 'No green crops have been plowed under, but manure gave good results. The soil must r be broken deep and kept stirred after rains. - No. 3386-—Depth 6”-12". Subsoil to No. 3385. A light brow11 sub- soil. Louis Ely, Avery, Red River Countyr-Iiight. colored upland sandy soil with yellow clay subsoil; nine years in cultivation, and produces 20 ‘ bushels of corn or one-half bale of ‘cotton. Located one-half mile south of Avery. Corn planted iWIarch 21st and harvested October 11th. Two rows per plot, 4 feet apart, 560 feet long. Plowed six times and heed three times. All plots were injured by drouth. All the fertilizer appli- cations produced results. ._ * This soil is fair in lime and potash, low in phosphoric acid and nitro- gen. lit should, like many others of these soils, have a rotation of crops on it, in which legumes are plowed under or grazed off, with applications of acid phosphate and perhaps potash. Description of Sadr-Probably Norfolk fine sand. No. 3389—Depth 28 Twists Aenrcurrruaar. EXPERIMENT STATIONS O"-6". Located one and one-half miles south of Avery, Red River county 0n Lydie and Avery road 0n farm of Louis Ely. The land is in the northeast corner of the John Harty survey. This is upland soil of moderate. fertility, level, with some mounds, and locally known as light sandy land. It produces one-half bale of cotton, 2O bushels of corn and 3O bushels of oats per acre. Corn and cotton are- the chief crops. The native vegetation is crab grass and rag weeds. This land drowns out in Wet seasons. The best crops are produced in dry seasons. The soil packs, crumbles, gets hard, and does not crack on drying. There is very little surface drainage and no underdrainage. This land has been cultivated ten years and represents one-half of farm and one-fourth of county. Crab grass is the only green crop that has been plowed under and that seemed to mellow the land. No manure has been applied. Ten loads per acre on_ similar land helped potatoes - and doubled the yield of other crops. This is known as red oak and hickory land. a Some pinoaks are on the plot, but none near test. No. 3390—Depth 6”-18”. Subsoil to No. 3389. Light sandy soil, varying in color and texture. J. JV. Slaigle, Troupe, Smith County. Light colored upland loam, with clay subsoil; about 15 years in cultivation. and produces 2O bushels of corn. Located one and one-half miles southeast of Troup depot. Corn planted March 10th and harvested October 13th. Fertilizer applied in drill 10 days before planting. Four rows per plot, 4 feet 6 inches apart, . and 280 feet long. All plots were damaged some by dry Weather. Cot- tonseed meal produced results. Potash is doubtful. This soil is fair in lime. excellent in potash, but low in nitrogen and phosphoric acid and very low in active phosphoric acid. This is a very productive soil considering the low active phosphoric acid. Description of Soil.-—Probably Orangehurg fine sandy loam. No. 3361 ——Depth 0'58”. Located one-half mile southeast of Troupe, Smith county, on the farm of J. M Slagle; on 10-acre block joining negro school and church lot on southeast. Eason Gee section. This is level, well drained upland, considered of moderate fertility. It produces 25 bushels of corn and one-half bale of cotton per acre. It is known as chocolate land. Corn and cotton are the principal crops. The native vegetation consists of oak and hickory. The soil is easily managed when wet and stands drouth well. It does not pack, icrat-k or wash, nor does dirt wash onto it ; the soil crumbles on drying. The land has been cul- tivated 2O years. There are 1OO acres of this soil on this farm, and one- half of the county is similar to it. No green crop or fertilizer has been applied; five tons of manure per acre last year doubled the yield of corn. No. 3362——Depth 8"-20”. Subsoil to Yo. 3361. U. (7. Williams, lhtroit, 130d Hirer C0unty.—Dark red sandy surface soil with blue to red clay subsoil, producing 2O to 3O bushels of corn; about eight years in eultiyationyone mile north of Detroit. (lorn planted April 1st and harvested September 23d. Six rows per plot, 5 feet apart, 187 feet long. All plots damaged by chinch bugs and dry weather. Iiand near by laroduced 5O per cent of what it ordinarily does. All the applications produced. results. Description of Soz'Z.—-Probabl_y' Orangeburg fine sandy loam. No. 3611-—Depth O”—10”. Located three-fourths mile northwest of Detroit, CO-OPERATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 i‘ 29 Bed River county, on the Caton place, C. C. Williams. Sample taken on south side of farm, part of section 95, R. R. survey. This is a yellowish red sandy upland soil, considered moderately fer- tile. It is Well drained and produces one-fourth bale of cotton and 2O bushels of corn per acre. Cotton, corn, fruit and vegetables are grorvn. Place just purchased so owner knows nothing of history’. Crab grass, coekleburs and some sage occupy‘ the land. The soil packs a little, but does not crumble or crack on drying. It is well underdrained a, ' stands drouth well. It does not Wash nor does dirt Wash onto it. land has been cultivated six to eight years; represents all of farm (i acres) and is an average for county. N o green crops and no manure have been applied. Owner has Worked land four or five years. No. 3612——Depth 10”-20”. Subsoil to No. 3611. Dark brown clay. corm EXPERIMENTS, INCLUDING» THOMAS PI[OSPHATE——-1910. H. J. Kloores, Velasco. Brazoria Ooun-ty.—Da.rk sandy loam soil. with dark clay_subsoil; in cultivation about 18 years, and produces 15 to bushels of corn. Corn planted March 8th and harvested September 1st. Fertilizer applied in furrow opened with middle buster, sowed with hand and mixed with cultivator. Two rows per plot, 4 feet apart and 518 feet long. A long dry spell in the early spring injured the c1'op,’espe-, ' cially on the fertilized plots. “I ascribe the good yield of the first plot to the fact that peanuts were planted in an adjoining ‘patch, Which came up early and gave ‘the corn plenty of room.” * p Acid phosphate, muriate of potash and Thomas phosphate gave results. Mr. Kloores also conducted experiments on cotton in 1908 and pota- toes in 1909. The cotton results are irregular. In the potato experi- ment cottonseed meal alone gave results, but the experiment was not considered satisfactory. i This soil contains a. fair amount of lime, is well supplied with nitro- gen and potash and fairly well with phosphoric acid. It is low in active phosphoric acid. " ' Description 0f S0iZ.——Probably Houston clay. \ No. 3387—Depth 0'57". Located northeast of Velasco, Bra.zoria county, on the farm of H. J. Kloores. Soil taken from Big Slough hill, 10 feet from fence at north end of plum orchard. This is hill land, Well drained and con- sidered fertile. It. is a black clay soil and produces 15 to 25 bushels of corn and one-half bale of cotton per acre. It is known as Big Slough soil. Corn and cotton are grown. No fertilizer has been applied. The soil gets too wet in the wet season and dries out quickly in dry. Soil does not pack or crack; crumbles, washes a little by big rains, and dirt does not wash onto it. The land is occupied by crab grass. It has been cultivated 1'7 years and represents five acres on the farm. No green crop and no manure has been used. The soil is easy to wet ‘but dries out quickly. _ No. 3388——'Depth '7”-20”. Subsoil to No. 3387. Broxvn loam subsoil. Joe bltapirens, Ba-gwell, Red River County. Sandy loam upland soil, inclined to be hill_v, with red clay subsoil; in cultivation from 12 to 15 years, and made 40 bushels of corn andy1000 pounds seed cotton when fresh, but now makes 18 bushels of corn or 500 pounds seed cotton. Corn planted lWarch 21st and harvested September 20th. Four ro-ws 30 Texas AGRICUT.TPU.RAT. EXPERIMENT STATIONS per plot, 3 feet 6 inches apart and 280 feet long. All plots were darn- i. aged some by dry Weather. The plants grew faster Where the cottonseed meal WEIS used, and the stalks were larger, but the corn was injured more § by the drouth and appeared to suffer quicker than the other. Acid phosphate alone gave results. This soil is low in lime, fair in potash, low in nitrogen and phosphoric acid, though not as low as some of the others. It is low in active phos- phoric acid and also in active potash. Description 0f iS*o1iZ.—Probably Orangeburg fine sandy loam. No. E3403 Depth 'O”-6”. Two miles northwest of Bagwell, Red River county, in John Robin survey, on the farm of Joe Stephens. This is a rolling, Well drained, red sandy upland soil and considered moderately fertile. It is known as sandy land. Cotton, corn and sweet potatoes are grown. The land will produce one-fourth bale of cotton, 15 bushels ‘ of corn and 15 bushels of oats per acre. No fertilizer has been used. The native vegetation consists of eoekleburs and crab grass. The soil is very slow drying and stays loamy and moist in dry seasons. The soil does not pack, crack, crumble, nor does dirt wash onto it. It Washes to some extent, however. The land has been cultivated 10 to 15 years. No green crops have been plowed under. Several loads (to the acre) of manure produced good results. No. 3404—Depth 6”-15”. Subsoil to No. 3403. Reddish sandy subsoil. g ' S’. W. Wofiord, Beeeille, Bee Coiuityr-Black upland soil with clay subsoil, 12 years in cultivation and producing 20 bushels corn and one- half bale cotton. "Fwo and one-half miles northeast of Beeville. Corn planted February 23rd, harvested August 12th. Fertilizer was not re- ceived until corn Was planted, when a furrow was plowed by rows with a turning plow, fertilizer distributed. Four rows per plot, three and one—half feet apart and 280 feet long. Harrowed several times, one cul- tivation every ten days or as near that: as conditions would allow until the corn Was blown down on May 2nd. l Cottonseed meal gave no returns. Phosphoric acid and muriate of potash were both effective. This soil is well supplied with lime, potash and nitrogen, but low in total phosphoric acid. It is also comparatively low in active phOS- phoric acid, having an average corn possibility of 2O bushels per acre, and a maximum of 39 bushels. Description, of Sofie-No. 3363—Depth 0”-9”. Located two and one- half miles northeast of Beeville, Bee county, on farm of S. A. Wofford. Sample taken from field west of windmill. This well drained, roll- ing upland soil, considered good soil and produces 20 bushels corn and one-half bale cotton per acre.‘ It is locally known as black land. Corn and cotton are the principal crops. No fertilizershave been applied. The native vegetation is mesquite grass. The soil does not pack, but dries into clods and cracks on drying. The underdrainage is good. It does not wash and dirt does not wash onto it. The land has been cul- tivated 12 years, and represents one-half of farm. No. -3364——Depth 9”-22”. Subsoil to No. 3363. Peter" Ifoelemiay, Nederlanid, 176176748071 Uoitnir .——Yellowish black clay surface soil with similar subsoil, produces 10 to 20 bushels corn, 12 years in cultivation. Slopes 4 feet to the mile, used for rice three years. 31 CO-OPERATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 ......... ; Om 3 n: 8 3w _ .......... .. iwsHom Ho @2235 .2 w .135 vwowcoHHou d8 NH §H§HE wwwwcoHHoo .25 wHfl 4 EH1 ,. . , . . . . . . . ‘ . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iwwdflfiwwcfig “Ho Hvwtm HGQHQQQA» _ _ ................................ Q25 .............. .. ........o.H:c@E Hiwmcfiwn 2E2 oBH H. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . § ASS 5Q PHHHGQCH HHHwQUdQw wwzfi b .......................... iwzafie 252 H H ...................... .. .........,H£HQ.H E 33.55 dmi wfi Jdwe cowwcoH H8 i: H aésgmafi 2% mnHmom H 2; w.» mm wmH om Hmm mom H» HmvH om E. ........................................ éHmsHo Ho HHEHHHE A: w .235 HHwwwcoH Hco Q: w aHEHWQHQ Eon f: om m mm HmH 8 wHm 8N mm wi 8 _ 3 .............................. HdwE HHwwmcoH . . How mm: NH HQHdQQwOSQ 32H f: om m mm Q: S gm 8 $H 8H bwm 8N Ho 3 2.. 3 .............................. JHQNHHHHHQH oZ m om wHH 3m 5R 8 H2 00H H3 e2 Hm Hvw om mm .. 13E @822 _ _ _ H8 EH H aHEHwQHH 3% Q: S N 8 oHH *8 HR“ om 2: 3 o3 mm W2 3 qw 8 M3 _ .................. azaiwcnn Eva .5: om H H _ 11 I I SE H HoHQ H03 _ HoHQ _ H03 H03 HoHHH H dHEHw 1 $0 953w Em HHHEHm 5Q 923m 3Q csaHm .32 ucaHw mwa UfldHfi _ 13 vswHm £5 m» .22 _ .25 2H § Mai . - 2H - ZHA . 2H H 2Q N .5560 Q3550 $2500 _l SHHHQmHQ QHHHHHHHHQQ 5355a QHHHHHHQQ 435:6 m. $3M HEM £35m $3M UQMH 25H om him D HHHaHmH cowA EBA JHQHHQQ dsobfi S$>< I 6500 QQEHHO 6HHH>wHwcHA éwsdHwfiH dHoHm P510 Hmuw. .33 éHncO J23 waflvfluflofiflfl gsfionaéol» .92.. NHN4H. "2 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL» EXPERIMENT STATIONS Laguna corn planted April 1th. merce, Beaumont. Acid phosphate had a decided effect. Thomas phosphate had some effect. For analyses of soil see under potato experiments. This soil is well supplied with lime, potash and nitrogen, but is low in phosphoric acid and in active phosphoric acid. The following are the results of a pot experiment with corn in 1910 on the subsoil (2410). Seed furnished by Chamber of Com- Grams Corn gAdditions Per Pot Phosphoric acid, potash, nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36.0 Phosphoric acid, potash nitrogen, lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.5 Phosphoric acid, nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.5 Phosphoric acid, potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.5 Potash, nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8.0. The subso-il in pots is thus strongly in need of phosphatic fertilizers, although it contains more active phosphoric acid than the surface soil. No. 2409—Surface soil. Depth 0"-4". From Nederland, Jefferson County, on farm of Koelemay Bros. This is a well drained upland soil and produces 2,800 pounds of rice and 15 bushels corn per acre. No. 2410-—Depth 4”-15”. Subsoil to No. 2409. ' TABLE N0. 8—0o-operative Fertilizer Experiment with Corn (Special), 1910. Velasco, . Bagwell, Beeville, Nederland, ' O Brazoria Red River Bee Jefferson z county. county. county. county. ‘a ——————i-- § weight Weight weight _ Weight i corn Stand corn Stand corn Stand corn i Stand 1 20 lbs. acid phosphate ................ .. 339 100i 160 .......... .. 129 95' 2 20 lbs. acid phosphate, 6 lbs. _ I cottonseed meal ...................... .. 284 100 164 130 95 ...................... .. 3 No application ............... ............ .. 280 100 104 1-08 95 4 20 lbs. acid phosphate, 12 lbs. , | - I cottonseed meal .................... .. 307 100 1'36 .......... .. 126 95‘ 5 20 lbs. Thomas phosphate........... 288 100 120 .......... .. 145 95 6 2O lbs. acid phosphate, 6 lbs. 1 cottonseed meal, 1%; lbs. mu- t riate ofpotash .......................... .. 311 100 140 .......... .. 135 95 7 20 lbs. acid phosphate, 3 lbs. muriate of potash ............................................................................................ .. e ‘ Apparent effect of: " _ Acid phosphate ........................... .. 59 .......... .. 54 .......... .. 21] .......... .. 6 lbs. cottonseed meal........ -55 .......... .. 4 .......... .. 1 ................................. . . 12 lbs. cottonseed meal. —32 .......... .. —24 .......... .. —3 .......... .. l} lbs. muriate of potas .. 27 .......... .. —24 .......... .. 5 .......... .. Thomas phosphate ..................... .. 4 .......... .. —44 .......... .. —15 .......... .. CONCLUSIONS FROM THE 1910 CORN EXPERIMENTS. The season of 1910 was somewhat better for corn than the previous seasons, although a number of the experiments suffered from dry weather. 'l‘wenty-one experiments are reported. Fifteen reported increases due to acid phosphate, and six, decreases, the latter being located at Mar- shall, Hillsboro, Lingleville, Como and Troup. The test at Marshall was not considered satisfactory on account of the dry weather. The acid phosphate plot at Hillsboro was injured by a large pecan tree. The Ninth..- m.‘ ‘lama Co-ornnatrrvn FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 33 acid phosphate plot at Lingleville appeared to suffer more from the drouth than the others (except. No. 2). No reason is given for the effect at Como or Troup, though these crops were damaged by hot dry winds, 0r drouth. Cottonseed meal (6 pounds or 12 pounds, both) produced increases in 12 of 21 tests. Eleven of the experiments may be considered to show need of nitrogen as shown by the effect of cottonseed meal. These increases are large, on an average. The application of 12 pounds of cottonseed meal, where it is effective, produces a much greater increase than the six pounds. In 10 of the 21 experiments, cottonseed meal had practically no effect, or else caused an apparent decrease. This decrease may have been due to stimulation of the growth of foliage and consequent greater injury by drouth than in previous seasons. Potash produced apparent increases-in the crop in 11 tests, but the increase is apparent rather than actual at Marshall, Lingleville and Velasco, since the crop with acid phosphate or with no fertilizer was greater than the crop which received the complete fertilizer. This leaves eight experiments in which potash was successful, and the increase was slight in two of these. The test at Marshall was claimed to be unsatisfactory on account of the dry weather. TABLE N0. il-Average Resultsiot Corn (Io-operative Experiments, 1910. Number of Net average increase + - y or decrease - Increases. Decreases. Acid phosphate ....................... ..................................... .. 11 l 6 +20 6 lbs. cottonseed meal .................................................. .. 11 4 +11 12 lbs. cottonseed meal. ............................................... .. 12 5 +38 =3 lb. muriate of otash ................................................ .. 8 9 + 15 11; lb. muriate o potash .............................................. .. 1O 7 +29 From these experiments it would seem that though the use of potash as a fertilizer is at present not necessary on many Texas soils, there are some soils on which its use is profitable in a good season. One-half pound of muriate of potash gives as good results as one and one-quarter pounds in most of the experiments. TABLE N0. 10;Summary o1 Corn Experiments. 1908 1909 1910 Total l Number of experiments—»total .................................................. .. 3 Number showing gain by acid phosphate ................................ .. y 3 {Number showing gain by cottonseed meal .............................. .. 1 Number showing gain by potash .......................................................... .. yAverage weight of ear corn gained when a gain occurred; in] y pounds per plot y lBy acid phosphate (20 lbs.) ...................................................... .1 44 ;By cottonseed meal (3 lbs.) .................................................... .. y 3 ‘By cottonseed meal (6 lbs.), .................................................... .......... .. ‘By cottonseed meal (10 lbs.) .................................................. .. i 8 By cottonseed meal (12 lbs.) ................................................... .. .......... .. By muriate of potash (a lb.) .................................................... .. .......... .. By muriate of potash (1% lbs.) .................................................. lfi\ 34 TEXAS Aenrotitxruietr. EXPERIMENT STATIONS In 11ine of the 21. experiments, manure wias applied to one of the plots. In six of these tests the manure gave better results than any of the fertilizer applications, and in one other case it was nearly as great. In the other two experiments it had little effect. We believe this favor- able action of the manure to be due not only to the plant food it ear- ries, but to its favorable action upon the physical character of the soil. Many Texas soils need the vegetable matter such as is carried by manure, or by green crops or crop residues turned under. Thomas phosphate Was used in four of the tests. Its effect Was con- siderably less than that of acid phosphate in each case. GENERAL ‘RESULTS OF THE CORN nxrnnntnnrs 1908-9-10. The experiments xvere conducted three years, two seasons being some- what unfavorable, and the other not ziltogether favorable, though in some sectionsof the State there were good seasons in all years. The results of the experiments are summarized in Table 10. We find that acid phosphate produced increases of ear corn in at least 31 of the 37 experiments. It is, under our present conditions, most generally effective on corn, especially in a dry season. Cottonseed meal produced favorable results in 1'7’ of the 3'7 experi- ments. Under more favorable seasonal conditions it would probably have made a better showing. Under conditions which would have allowed a larger production, the draft of the plant for nitrogen would have been heavier and the showing different. Where cottonseed meal did give results, 10 or 12 pounds gave better results than three or six pounds. Potash gave results in 12 of the 3'7’ tests, or about one in three. Where it was effective the average increase was quite large, but the larger application- was not as profitable as the smaller one. Perhaps in more favorable seasons potash would have made a better showing, ' THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SOILS. _ The chemical composition of many of the soils used in the co-o-perative fertilizer experiments is presented in tables preceding. Most of these soils were low in phosphoric acid and many were low in nitrogen. Nitr0gen.-—In Table 11 we show the percentages of nitrogen found in the soils and subsoils, dividing them into two groups, those which gave gains in the field experiments and those which did not. The quantity of nitrogen which can be taken up by plants depends as well upon the activity of the bacteria in the soil, which transforms the inert nitrogen into active forms, as on the quantity of nitrogen present. This bac- terial activity depends upon a number of factors, as the nature of soil, temperature, moisture conditions, cultivation, etc. (See Bulletin 106 of this station.) We cannot expect, therefore, the total nitrogen of the soil to be in any exact degree of relation to the need of the soil for nitrogenous fertilizers, on account of these other significant factors. We find, on examination of the table, that there are ten soils in each group which we subjected to analysis. There are two soils omitted from the first group, that from Chandler, because the cropiwith no application Was cut down, and that from Troup, in which there was evidently a P’ CO-OPICRATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 3o mistake, as the crop is larger than the productiveness of the soil pre- viously reported would warrant. We find that the soils in the first group were less productive, on an average, than those in the second, though, of course, we must not for- get that nitrogen may not have been the controlling factor. The soils which did not give gains with nitrogen contain, on an average, nearly 50 per cent more nitrogen in the surface soil than those which responded to the nitrogen as represented by cottonseed meal and 12 per cent more nitrogen in the subsoil. As we have already stated, the dry seasons had something to do with the effect of the nitrogen, and there are also irreg- ularities in plot experiments. To judge from these figures, however, soils are less liable to respond to nitrogen the more nitrogen they contain. TABLE N0. 11.—-Corn 1908-10.-—Rela.t1on to Total Nitrogen o! Soil. I Weight of corn on i Per cent nitrogen. ~ plots. i _ Average t No. nitro- gain due i In surface In gen. to nitro- ' soil. subsoil. 1 l l ' . 1909=Barr, Raywood, corn .................................. .. 98 +30 i .140 .................. .. Harper, Sanger, corn..... ...... .. 15 +12 086 .069 .Blair, Marquez, corn . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 122 +15 i .034 .040 Breeding, Argyle, corn......... 41 +15 .023 .038 Farmer, Rockdale, corn... 133 +40 .053 .024 Crawford, Bethel, corn......... .. 60 +58 .031 .030 Atwood, Hillsboro, corn... 150 +12 .064 O79 Baird, Como, corn .................... .. 152 +55 .057 039 Ely, Red River, Avery corn ..... .. 184 +82 .030 030 Slagle, Troupe, corn ........................ .. 296 +28 .044 030 Williams, Detroit, corn ........................ .. 116 +24 .050 150 Average ............................................ .. 124 .3 33 .7 .056 .053 ‘P. Koelemay, Nederland ....... .................. .. 50 —16 .150 .130 yGriffin, Thornton ..................... .. 116 ~44 .100 .100 Windsor, Buffalo ....................................... .. 172 ——13 .050 060 ;Plunkett, Marshall...... 106 .................. .. .040 030 ‘Clark, Mexia ............. .. 27 —8 .075 056 IKloores, Velasco...... 280 —44 .128 055 Stevens, Bagwell..... 104 ——10 .032 031 Wofford, Beeville ........ .. 108 ——1 .115 087 Smith, Stephenville .... .. 35 —5 .035 055 Rucker, Lingleville........ 206 + 1 .043 045 lBishop, Gilmer ........................................... .. 240 —8 .055 03o Average ...................................... .. 131 ~13 .5‘ .075 062 Phospltoric .~.lc:id.--—ln "able 1.2 we show the relation between the active phosphoric acid in surface and subsoil and the effect of acid phosphate in the plot experiments. Lot us remember that We must allow for irregularities due to seasonal conditions inherent in plot experiments. Where less than 10 parts per million of active phosphoric acid were present two of the soils shoived gains with phosphoric acid, and one did not. The latter soil gave a verLv, high yield for a soil which contains such low quantities of phosphoric acid, and we are inclined to believe there is some mistake in the sample. The average gain with the two plots is 23 pounds per plot, or about four bushels per acre. With more favorable wveather conditions the yield would- undoubtedly have been larger. , With soils containing 10 to 2O parts per million of phosphoric acid, six of the nine soils gaveincreases xvith phosphoric acid, the average increase being 38 pounds per plot, or about six bushels per acre. The average 36 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS yield without phosphate on the six plots which gave increases is 101. pounds per acre, or about 1'7 bushels corn per acre. . There were four soils containing 20 to 30 parts per million of active phosphoric acid, and all four responded to applications of acid phos-- phate, on an average 32 pounds per plot, or a little over five bushels. The average yield ivithout phosphate is 141 pounds per plot, or about 24 bushels per acre. ‘ TABLE N0. 12—Active Phosphoric Acid 0t S011 as Related to Crop. Total ~ phos- Active phos- Crop With phoric phoric acid. without acid Gain acid. acid phos- per p Ehos- phate—— plot—— Per cent - J p ate— lbs. lbs. surface Surface Subsoil | lbs. soil l Harper, Sanger ............................ .. .045 8 .2 6 .5 15 39 24 Clark, Mexia ................................ .. .024 8.8 7 .1 40 62 22 Average ............................................................................................ .. 50 23 Griflin, Thornton .................... .040 14.0 8.0 116 Plunkett, Marshall ...................... .. e30 11,7 7 _0 106 Smith, Stephenville .................... .. _012 14,1 6 ,4 35 Crawford, Bethel............................ .012 13 .5 6.5 60 Atwood, Hillsboro ...................... .. .032 10 .0 17 .0 150 Rucker, Lingleville ...................... .. .027 18.2 18.2 206 Bird, Como .................................. .. .027 18.2 8.8 152 Ely, Avery .................................... .. .015 12.1 8.2 184 Stephens, Bagwell.......................... _042 11 _2 14,1 104 Average .............................................................................................. .. Breeding, Argyle .......................... .. .023 20.6 19 .4 41 68 27 Farmer, Rockdale ........................ .. .037 27 .0 12 .4 133 156 23 Klorres, Velasco .......................... .. 065 25 ,1 12 ,4 280 _ 339 59 Wofford, Beeville ........................ .. _020 27,1 1s, 2 130 Y l 129 21 Average ...................................... ..-. ....................................................... .. 1 73 32i Blair, Marquez ................. .f. ......... .. .012 34 .7 1 .6 92 11s 2e Trapp, Seabrook .......................... .. .024 " 32.4 10.0 .............................................. .. E. Bishop, Gilmer ........................ .. .022 32 .8 8.6 240 270 30 In Bulletin 126 of this Experiment Station we presented a. table show- ing the average. and maximum" possibility of corn production per acre . of a number of soils, based upon the quantity of phosphoric acid remo-ved from the soil by corn in pots, and on the needs of corn for phosphoric- acid. The assumption was made that the corn fed to the depth of eight inches. If the roots penetrate deeper the corn possibility is thus greater. Further, the corn in the field has a longer period of growth than.that in pots. The corn in the pots received potash and nitrogen. (See Table 13.) . The effect of phosphoric acid in our plot tests xvas estimated by com- paring the “no fertilizer plot” With the phosphate plot. The limiting condition in the plot tests might be nitrogen or potash, and hence the actual effect of phosphate is more pronounced in the pot experiments- than in the field tests. . The results of the pot and field experiments are thus not strictly com- parable, but nevertheless the comparison yields results of interest. This is made in Table 13. i The corn production in the field was thus greater than the average corn possibility found in the pot experiments, but not so great as the _ Co-oPERATrvE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 37“ maximum. So many other factors besides the composition of the soil enter into the field experiments that we cannot expect close agreement, but must consider the other factors. In a. more favorable season the pro- duction in field experiments would have been much greater and the dif- erence more marked. TABLE NO. ilk-Comparison o1.‘ Pot and (Io-operative Field Experiments. I Plot experiments, Pot experiments, corn _ _ yield 1n bushels per equivalent in bushels l l 1 per acre. acre. Parts per million of active phosphoric _ _ l - acid in soil. 1 No feftlll- Efiect of 1 zer. acid phos- i Average. Maximum. L f‘ phate. l ' 1 Average. l Average. 0-10 .......................................................... .. 4 .5 9 4 .5 4 10—20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.5 31 17.0 6 20-30 .................................................... .. 20 .8 \ 36 24 .0 5 ~ i We hope to go into the relation between the pot and field experiments, and the chemical composition of the soil, more fully when we have: accumulated more data on the subject. ‘ EXPERIMENTS ON COTTON. The plan of experiment for cotton was the same as for com: (which see). ' RESULTS or 1908 rrnsrs wrrrr COTTON. C. G. Wuthrich, Taylor, Williamson G0unty.—Moderate upland soil‘, producing 20 bushels corn, or one-quarter bale cotton, in cultivation 19 years. The first picking was made on September 8th, the second one October 6th. The results are given in Table 111. All crops were goodl this season, whether manure was used or not. Barnyard manure gave very good results. This soil is a black soil. Cottonseed meal alone had effect. Mr. Wuthrich also carried out an experiment with cotton in 1909, likewise with unsatisfactory results from the applications. x These soils are high in lime, well supplied with potash and fairly well supplied with nitrogen. Soil No. 2169 is well supplied with phos- phoric acid, soil No. 2171 is low. Soil No. 2169 also contains muchi more active phosphoric acid than soil No. 2171. We arc inclined to believe that the trouble with this soil is due more‘ largely to poor physical character them to lack of plant food. If its- physical character were improved perhaps ifertilizers would then be effective. The good eifect that barnyard manure has is probably due: largely to the vegetable matter which it contains, which improves the physical character of the soil. This soil should have a rotation of crops, in which legumes are grown and plowed under or grazed oif. Such treatment would improve its physical character decidedly. Description of Soil.-Probably' Houston clay. No. 2169—-Depth O"-12”. Taylor, Williamson county, on C. G. Wuthrich’s farm, soil- No. 1. One-fourth bale cotton and 20 bushels corn are produced on this soil. It is well drained, rolling land xvith a southeast slope. The soil 38 _ TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS is a black fine sandy’ loam which remains wet for some time after rains. Cotton dies on this land. No. 2l70.—Depth 12”-2].”. No change in color between soil and sub- soil. Subsoil to No. 2-169. Black finc sandy loam. No. 2171——Depth 0”-12" (change of color at 8”). Soil No. 2. Tay- lor, Williamson county, on farm of C. G. Wuthrich. This is well drained rolling black, very fine sandy loam, which produces one-quarter bale cotton and 20 bushels corn per acre. This soil remains wet after rains. No. 2172——Deptl1 12"-2l". Subsoil to No. 2171. A light brown, very fine sandy loam. ' J esse H awry. Brjz/ttn, Brazos County.-—Stand perfect. iiesults are in Table 14:. This soil evidently needs acid phosphate at present, more than anything else. The experiment does not show whether cottonseed meal would or would not be profitable. The potash had little o-r no eifect. J. M. Peters, Bryan, Brazos O0unty._—Unable to work cotton prop- erly on account of sickness. Fertilizer was put in when cotton was two weeks old. Red River county lon_g staple cotton. Each plot was two rows 56 feet long. Potash alone was effective. J. H. Faison, Etlarguez, Leon Corurntyr-Cotton was hurt some by drouth. Two rows, 280 feet long. TABLE NO. 14—Go-operat1ve Experiments on Cotton, 1908. Taylor, Bryan, t a Williamson county. Brazos . ' county. Bryan, Marquez, 2 Addition. _ — Brazos Leon _ county. county. *3 First Second Total Total E picking picking. weight, V. pounds. ~ I 1 Acid phosphate ................................ ..! 28 25 53 118 48 4O 2 No addition ...................................... 29 25 53 92 48 29 ' 3 Acid phosphate and 3 lbs. cottonq seed meal ...................................... .. g 29 28 57 102 48 43 4 ACld phosphate and 10 lbs. cot-; , tonseed meal ................................. .. 2o 27 5e j 119 51 4e 5 Acid phosphate, 3 lbs. cottonseed? seed mealand 2 lbs. kainit ...... ‘Ii 2s 2s 5e I 120 53 41 6 Acid phosphate, 3 lbs. cottonseed; meal, and 5 lbs. kainit.................. 29 28 57 124 58 42 7 No addition ...................................... U‘, 29 28 57 .............................................. .. Apparent effect of: l Acid phosphate ................................ ..] ............................. .. ——1 26 .............. .. 11 3 lbs. cottonseed meal .................... .. t 4 —16 .............. .. 3 10 lbs. cottonseed ...... ._ 3 1 l 3 6 2 l-bs. kainit...... 1 2 l 2 —2 5 lbs. kainit... .. I 2 5 -1 H. J. Klorrcs, Vclasco, Bra2or1k/ (70zlnty.——’.[‘his experiment was some- what ditterent from the others, and although carried out very carefully by Mr. Klorres, the soilIis irregjular and contains spots on WlllCll the cotton does not do well. The rcésults, therefore, are not conclusive, and the details of the work will not be reported. The cotton 1nade.a rank growth, excepting on the so-called alkali spots, some of which were replanted two or three times. N" o crop on this soil for the last three years. Five pickings were made, August 28th, October 1st, October 15th, November 10th and November 724th. CO-OPICIIATIVE FERTILIZER Exrniminnrs, 1908-9-10 39 Experiment o! H. J. Kloores, Velasco, Brazorla. County. _.__ First Second Third Fourth Fifth picking. picking. picking. picking. picking. Total. 20 lbs. cottonseed meal ...................... .. 20 34 16 10 4 84 No addition... ....................................... .. 19 l 54 17 s 3 101 20 lbs. cottonseed me and 20 lbs. r acid phosphate .... .. 6 | 36 15 10 4 71 No addition .......................................... .. 9 32 15 10 5 71 20 lbs. acid phosphate and 6 lbs. . muriate of potash ............................ .. 12_ 35 17 9 3 76 Mr. Klorres also made experiments with corn in 1910 and potatoes in 1909. For analyses of soil see under corn 1910. CONCLUSIONS non THE oorror: 1908 EXPERIMENTS. Six reports were received on the 1908 cotton experiments, but one was practically a report on earliness, and one was so irregular as to be -of little value. Of the remaining four, acid phosphate gave increases in two cases, no change in two. Cottonseed meal gave increases in three experiments, the larger applications giving slightly better results. Kainit gave increases in two experiments, the larger application giving the heavier increase. EXPERIMENTS ON COTTON, 1909. The plan of the experiments was the same as in 1908. Bartlett Brothers, Malaleofi, “Henderson O0unty.—Light sandy soil with clay subsoil. No exact weights given, but they state that one-half bale per acre was secured with the fertilizer and one-fifth bale on adjoin- ing land. i D. A. Willis, lllilford, Ellis U0unty.——White upland soil with clay subsoil, known locally as white rock or mountain land, cultivated 15 years. Produces one-third bale czotton. Barnyard manure increases yield 40 per cent. Dry weather reduced the yield considerably. All applications had some effect. John Sta-nfieltl, Scurry, Kdltflfl/(lfl County.-—Dark gray sandy upland, with stiff red clay subsoil, 14 years in cultivation. Produces 25 bushels corn and one-third bale cotton. Boll weevils appeared in first forms, but dry xveather killed them and the cotton also. The applications had some effect. This soil is fair in lime, low in potash, nitrogen and phosphoric acid. It contains 38 parts per million of active phosphoric acid, which gives it an average corn possibility for phosphoric acid of 20 bushels per acre, maximum 3'7 bushels. This soil needs phosphatic fertilizers, but it also needs vegetable matter and nitrogen, and it should have a. rotation of crops, with legumes grazed off or plowed under on it. _ Description 0f S0il.—-No. 3351——Depth 0”-8"’. Three miles south east, Scurry, Kaufman county, on northeast corner of farm of John Stanfield, R. F. D. No. 2, Box 10. 'I.‘his is nearly level upland,_fairly' well drained, known as sandy or timber l.and and considered moderately fertile, 10 bushels corn and one-third bale cotton being produced per acre. Corn, cotton, potatoes and peanuts are grown. The native vegeta- 40 A TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS tion consists of sedge grass and timber. The best crops are grown when the soil is rather wet, when dry, there is almost a failure. The soil packs, crumbles and cracks in the subsoil. The underdrainage is bad. The land washes where it is rolling; dirt does not wash onto it. The land has been cultivated 15 years; it represents 80 per cent of this farm and thousands of acres in county. No fertilizer, green crops or manure have been used on this plot. The soil is similar to other timber land. No. 3352—-Subsoil of No. 3351, 8"-16". [lorry Simrrzs, Liz-dome, Fannin Courzt;z/.——-t§tray sandy poor upland, with clay subsoil 6 inches from surface, 30 years in cultivation and pro- duces one-fifth bale cotton. Conditions for the crop unfavorable, injured by plant lice and drouth. . All applications were effective. (7. M. Loving, L/irzdale, Smith C0unty.-—Lig"ht red upland sand with yellow clay subsoil, 18 to 20 years in cultivation and produces 550 pounds seed cotton. Acid phosphate and cottonseed meal were eifective. W. E. Harvey, z1rZingt0n, Torrent Oounty.——Lzight red sandy 10am upland, with clay subsoil, produces one-third to three-quarters bale cot- ton. There was never enough rain to wet the ground much after the cotton was planted. Does not consider it a fair test. The land was thoroughly broken. Other land with manure made a better crop. All applications were effective. Lola Lewis, Dart-son, ATa-oarro Uountty.—-Dark tight sand, rolling upland, with chocolate clay subsoil. In cultivation 15 years in oats, corn. Depth 8 inches. Produces one-half bale cotton, 30 bushels oats. Conditions abnormal, no good rain from planting to harvest. Did not make one~quarter crop on any land on account of drouth. One hun- dred pounds acid phosphate with 50 pounds cottonseed meal has in- creased yield from one-half bale per acre to three-quarters bale, the increase thus being one-quarter bale. All applications were effective. G. S. Smiiflz, iSlteph/anivillc, Eraih County.——Dark sand with red clay subsoil; cultivated five years. Produces 25 bushels of corn. Too dry to plant corn, so planted cotton. He regards the high relative yields of plots 5, 6 and as due to better soil. Cottonseed meal was alone effective. For analysis of soil, see corn, 1910. J . H. P010011, flttffltfifd, Iiouston Couniy.——Red sand, branch bottom, with clay subsoil ; eight years in cultivation; produces 20 bushels of corn. Acid phosphate and cottonseed meal were effective. John B. Grijittin, Thornton, Limestone Countyr-Tllhe pickers mixed the cotton of the second picking, so that only the first picking could be reported as given in the table. Acid phosphate gives the best results so far as the experiment goes. - a See also experiments with corn in 1908 and potatoes in 1910. C. G. Wuthrtch, Taylor, W illiamson C0unty.——Black moderate upland; 19 yearsin cultivation; produces 20 bushels of corn or one-fourth bale of cotton. None of the fertilizer had any effect, though the season was bad and he had to replant three or four times. Barnyard manure seems to give better results than any fertilizer. No report of yields. 41 CO-OPERATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 oo. HwH so. i: oo. HHH co. 8H 8. HwmH co. m» oo. we S. 3H 8. Hm oo. m2 oo. HKH oo. 3w ...................... ..im~.fiom @334 8. w S. m oo. N. 8. wm S. v oo. § co. oH co. mm S. mm 8. 3 S. o» S. w» ...... :29» utoimmoia M5504 "G258 Es 3.5m mo. H mm. aoH. omH. cow. owH. oo. m co». ....................................................................................... dvssafioia ma. m am. H omw. coo. H 3H. H o»? wHé cum. H ........ ............................................................... HSSEwH so wmoA . . . . . com. .3 oHv. E owe. an owm. 3 £05m Qiisiow His wHisHomsH .................................................................... v-Qmwgfiwzwg Q3. mH 3w. NH 3H. 2 46.: Ho 358 Es @5224 > fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cow. H. oHm. m ...................................... 125A oHm. com. .................................. imaiom moH. was. .............sowoh:Z owe. owo. .......Eu.~ orHoismoinH _ mow . sow sow flow flow sow . >H¢m w?” w?» wfim ism mwmm ism mmmm ism momm ism Hmmm ism HhHu ism 8S 03m oovm 2Q mmmm . . mpg ohHm . Hfio>i< dEoo mwiiflw mwiwsfl .EdH.~HHOm sowwism ébsum .3139 ..HOH%@H. Qmoswsm H. .< éomswam HH .3 sfiioH. .,H. .3 JEN HE> .m .4 55x0 Hm H. 4 .H.§u§w H. sszfisa» .6 .0 dusis? .6 .0 fiQ-MOEFHGQHH §8¢6U fifiOm MQ non-Hmcnaou GMNHHOOMQHIDH .02“ "H-HNQH. 112 Texas AGRICIIIEUILAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS See experiment in 1908 for analyses of soils. R. M QATaH. Brynn, Brazos- Uouniy.—Dark sandy upland prairie soil, "with blue clay subsoil. One year in cultivation and produces 30 bushels of corn and one-fourth bale of cotton. Planted March 23d, replanted April. 10th. Poor results 0n account of boll xveevil. Stalks grew six feet high xivhere fertilized. Acid phosphate alone was decidedly effective, though potash had some effect. A. S. Van. Ifirltr, 30711161412, Fannin O0untg/.—Black sandy upland, prairie soil, with dark clay subsoil; cultivated 2O years and produces one-fourth bale of cotton. Acid phosphate was effective, and perhaps some results from potash. This soil is well supplied with potash, phosphoric acid and nitrogen and lime, though low in active phosphoric acid. It evidently needs vege- table matter plowed under on it, with rotation of crops. Legumes should be grown and either plowed under or grazed oft, and some acid phosphate should also be applied. The moisture in this soil should be conserved by frequent, shallow cultivation diaring the growing season. Description of S0iZ.-—No. 3399——Depth 0”-9”. One mile north of Bonham, Fannin county, on Russell Heights addition to Bonham on Burkhart survey. The land is on Broad and Brenard streets, owned by A. S. Van Kirk. This is slightly rolling, well drained, upland prairie soil, known as sandy land, and is considered poor, one-fourth bale of cotton being produced to the acre. _ Oorn and cotton are the chiet’ crops. The soil is a black clay, which supports a native vegetation of wire grass and seems to grow an excess of weeds in wet seasons. In dry seasons the balance is better. The soil packs, drys into clods, cracks when very dry and becomes very hard. It washes very little and dirt does not wash onto it. The land has been cultivated 25 years; represents the entire farm and 15 square miles of county. No green crop has been plowed under, but a small amount of manure has been used with little benefit. ‘On similar soil acid phos- phate, kainit and cottonseed meal were used. Acid phosphate secured one-third better yields. The soil gets tight after rains. It does not fruit cotton properly. No. 3400—Deptl1 9"-21”. Subsoil to No. 3399. Dark brown clay loam. D. M. Foster, Carthage, Panola Connigp-Dark upland soil with clay subsoil; three years in cultivation to corn and cotton; produces one-half bale of cotton. A bad rain after planting WEIShQCl some rows. Cotton- seed meal and acid phosphate were effective. J. H. Gatlin, Bnrleson, Johnson O0nnty.—Sandy upland soil, with clay subsoil; 1'7 years in cultivation, and producing 20 bushels of corn and 700 pounds of cotton. Land grew fine peanuts in 1908. Cotton planted April 24th, was killed by sandstorm and replanted two weeks later. No rain, except light slioxvers, from October, 1908, to October, 1909. Acid phosphate alone was effective. This soil is low in nitrogen, in active phosphoric acid and in active potash. It needs rotation of crops with legumes plowed under or grazed oft, with applications of‘ acid phosphate. Description 0f SoiZA-No. 3209—-Depth 0"-6”. Burleson, Johnson county, on J . H. Gatliifs farm. This is slightly rolling land and is COOPERATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 13 considered moderately fertile, 500 pounds of cotton and 2O bushels of corn being produced per acre. The drainage is by means of ditches. The principal crops are corn, cotton, melons and cabbage. The soil gets lumpy when Wet and stands drouth well. The soil represents 60 acrs on farm. * No. 3210—-Dcpth 6"-15”. Subsoil to No. 3209. TABLE No. Iii-Pounds 0t Seed Cotton per Plot, 1909. . d o - q; - O o . - o ._. 0' - é s5 8 38 a: E3 s? 3 5 o - ._, o “P Z so as =5 am as as as as ‘as 8 hi2 r53 3c 2% £5.11: fig 51% gig v-u ‘"2 "-4 F-l "-4 m 2m 65M 3Q am 1E? QZ 873m <'A an 1 20 lbs. acid phosphate ...................... .. 60 9 O0 22 77 15 00' 49 22 115 .5 39 .0 2 Nothing .............................................. .. 56 7 0 18 64 12 00 44 32 101.5 12 .5 3 2O lbs. acid phosphate, 3 lbs. cot- tonseed meal ........ ..- ........................ .. 7O 9.25 22 81 18.00 51 33 121.0 39.0 4 20 lbs. acid phosphate, 1O lbs. cot- tonseed meal .................................. .. 72 10.00 27 88 19 .50 54 23 123 .5 4O 0 5 20 lbs. acid phosphate, 3 lbs. cot- tonseed meal. 2 lbs. kainit ......... .. 69 9 .25 34 84 20 .25 53 30 120 .5 30.0 6 20 lbs. acid phosphate, 3 lbs. cot- tonseed meal, 5 lbs. kainit .......... .. 8O 10 .00 35 79 20.25 55 34 121 .5 27 .0 7 Four loads manure .................................................................................................. .. 132 .0 ........ .. Effect of: Acidphosphate .................................. .. 4 1.50 4 13 3.00 5 —l0 14.5 ....... .. 3 lbs. cottonseed meal ...................... .. 1O .25 ........ .. 4 3.00 2 11 5.5 ........ .. 10 lbs. cottonseed meal .................... .. 12 1.00 5 11 4 .25 5 8 ................. .. 2 lbS. kainlt ........................................ .. - —1 ........ .. 12 3 2.25 2 —3 —.5 ........ .. 5 lbs. kainit ........................................ .. 1O % 13 ‘ —2 2.25 4 1 .5 ........ .. CONCLUSIONS r012 THE COTTON EXPERIMENTS———1909. _ Txvelve co-operative experiments with cotton were reported in 1909. Acid phosphate gave increases with eleven of these twelve experiments. In the one experiment which did not give an increase, the co-operator ascribes the high relative yields in plots 5, 6 and 2 to better soil. Cottonseed meal produces an increase in nine of these twelve tests. The increase, however, is very small in some instances. Ten pounds of meal produces a. better increase than three on an average. i Potash (kainit) increases the yield in five instances. There is an apparent increase with one of the applications in potash at Bryan and at- Bonham, but as the yield. with the complete fertilizer is lower than that with the acid phosphate alone, the increase is not considered as, real and is not included with the above. EXPERIMENTS WITH COTTON——1910. The plan was the same as for corn in 1910, the additions being as noted in the description of the experiments. W. T. Jordon, H ughes Springs, Cass C0unty.—Light colored sandy upland soil, with red clay subsoil; 30 years in cultivation, and produces 8 bushels of corn or 300 pounds seed cotton. Cotton planted April 28th and harvested October 1st. Four rows, 1 feet ap-art, 280 feet long. Chopped out and plowed May 20th; plowed every 12 days up to July 15th. Crop very short owing to very dry season. For the past nine months such a season is unknown by the oldest settlers. 44.- TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS ml .............................................................. zfififi: .2: n .l . . . ................ Juza: .9: m wl ............... ..EwE uwomcofioo Q: o: ml .............................. .. mm. “l .......................................................................... 1:38 uwwmcoggou .2: m .%.€ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . < . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V - - - - . Qo “ovum: on: ma: Hm m mu mm w om omdm on.» 9mm .......................................................... ..:E§: i: m 43E wwwmcoaaou i: m 58:325.: Eva Q: cm wm: ow: Hm w mm am w Hm oo. mm on. w m. mm . ........................................................ ..:E@x .2: m .235 uwwwcoqzoo i: m 5:21:25: Eva .9: ow m8 8N 1m m 8 mm h mm S. mm . 9.1m m. g ....:@wE “swéozou .2: 2 aénawoi: Bu.“ i: 8 2.: 3N 3 w mm § N. D mm. mm 2.. w m. wm 539: wwwflssao .2: m 63530:: 2% .2: om 3m 2: § w 2 2 h u: 3. cw oo. m m. fim .. . . .. .. ..................... 5033.?» oZ _ aw @ . @@.. @@. w ALJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wuwmvfi .m@§ axfifim 66E QEVBE Qcfium: $553 éfixofi @232: mfixufi dZ 12cm. .338 988w 5E: 430B “Beam a5: 4.308 vacuum 3b.: _ EH69 Samson. . £23m _ww§:fiao .%@GDO0 QOmGSOh. JQOmQZSm nuance HSGQPH .E..EcoQ .5550 monaem dmim v-(NCQKFLQ IO ‘QM ma .32 Hwfiaafiao 38 $5.15 .25.“ Eawfltwnum nfifiula .O.zmflflfl. i i r- Troltp Emperivnent Farr/z, by J. L. Welch, Superintendent. Cotton planted April 22d and harvested August 30th, September 15th and October 17th. Fertilizer applied with planter in furrow and listed on. Four rows per plot, 4 feet apart and 2S0 feet long. Land plowed four Co-orEnATIvE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 n 47 inches deep in November, 1909. Double disced and l121‘1‘OW€d in ‘March, 1910, marked ofl’ with middle buster, placed fertilizer and listed back. All plots injured by drouth. Plots with cottonseed meal showed stronger plants than phosphate alone, No. 4 showing better than No. .2, No. 7 showing stronger than all the others, Nos. 8 and 9 equal to No. 4 but on a little better soil. " Beeville Experiment Farm, by A. T. Potts, Superintendent. Cotton planted April 4th and harvested August 15th and September 23d. Fer- tilizer applied by hand in furrows. Four rows, except with 8 and 9, of which there are two only. (Yields are doubled in the table of totals.) Rows 280 feet long, 4 feet apart. Bows opened with middle buster, planted, and land leveled. with harrow. Thinned and cultivated every 10 (lays or sooner it needed. All plots were damaged by wind and rain September 2d. i Just at the time the crop vivas ready "for a. picking, early in September, it was damaged by a severe wind and rain. This would have been a very fine yield. Fertilizer did. not arrive before planting and was put in May’ 26th. TABLE VNO. iii-Fertilizer Experiment-Gotten at Troup and Beevllle Stations. l Troup, Smith county. t Beeville, Bee county. Weight per plot. Weight per plot. 2 First ‘SGCOIId Third First ‘Second ' <3 pick- p_ick- p_ick- Total pick- pick- Total Stand 5; mg. mg mg mg. mg. 1 20 lbs. acidéihosphate ................ .. 30 20 7 57 37 .0 24 .50 61.5 . 95 20 lbs. aci phosphate, 6 lbs. cottonseed meal ...................... .. 37 16 3 56 36 .0 24 .75 60.75 90 3 Nothing ........................................ .. 2O 24 10 54 39 .5 19.50 59 .00 97 L4 20 lbs. acid phosphate, 12 lbs. t. cottonseed meal ...................... .. 35 26 10 74 66 .5 16 .50 83 .00 88 20 lbs. acid phosphate, 6 lbs. cottonseed meal, a lb. munatei of potash ............................... 35 26 10 71 65 0 15.50 80 50 90 6 2O lbs. acid phosphate, 6 lbs. cottonseed meal, l’; lbs. mu- riate of potash............................ 40 24 9 73 64 50 14.50 79 00 88 7 300 lbs. barn-yard manure ........ .. 58 23 7‘ 88 .............................................. .. 20 lbs. Thomas phosphate........... 24 36 23, 83 25 O0 8.50 67 00 85 9 20 lbs. acid phosphate, 1!; lbs 1 muriate of potash .................... .. 32 38 181 88 23 50 7.00 61 00 90 Effect of : t‘ Acid phosphate ............. .. .- ..................................... .. 3 ...................... .. 2.50 .......... .. 6 lbs. cottonseed meal..... ................................ ..l -1 ...................... .. 1 .25 .......... .. 12 lbs. cottonseed meal. ................................ ..l 17 ...................... .. 21.50 .......... .. 4 lb. muriate of potash. ................................. ..l 15 ...................... .. 19 .75 .......... .. 13; lbs. muriate of potasl l 17 ...................... .. 18 .25 .......... .. Thomas phosphate.......... CONCLUSIONS as TO COTTON EXPERIMENTS——1910. Only five successful experiments with cotton WQTQ made this season, ‘two being at State substations. On account of the boll weevil we thought it best not to undertake many cotton experiments. The season of 1910 was Imfavorable, as a rule, and the yield wvas short. - Acid phosphate produced increases in each of the five experiments. Cottonseed meal produced increases in three of the five experiments, the greater increase taking place with the heavier application. 48 Texas AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS Muriate of potash produced increases in three of the five experiments. A part of this increase at Troup is ascribed to better soil. Thomas phosphate, in tooth experiments, produces better gains than acid phosphate, but a part of the (lifference at Troup is ascribed t0 bet- ter soil. GENERAL ooNcLusroNs or COTTON EXPERIl\[ENTS———1908'—1910. 'llwent_v-one co-operative experiments with cotton are here taken into consideration, and the general summary is shown in Table 20. As with corn, acid phosphate gives the best results. Seventeen of the twenty-one tests gave increases caused by acid phosphate. Although the cotton seasons were not altogether favorable, the plant can stand more dry weather than corn. We do not find so many in- stances that the cottonseed meal produced a decrease with cotton, as with corn. The use of nitrogen with cotton appears more likely to be profit- able in a poor season than with corn. Potash shows results in half of the experiments. It is thus more likely to prove of value to cotton than to corn. OHEIVIICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS FOR COTTON EXPERIMENTS. Chemical analyses of a number of the soils used in the cotton experi- "ments are given in tables preceding. The following analyses are given in connection with the corn experiments: J. B. Griffin, Thornton; H. J. Klorres, Velasco; G. S. Smith, Stephenville. There are not a sufficient number of analyses from which to draw con- clusions. The active phosphoric acid and effect of phosphoric acid are shown in tables preceding. All these soils except two gave results with phosphoric acid. One of these is comparatively low in active phosphoric acid and the other is the black, waxy soil. TABLE N0. 20——Summary o1‘ Cotton Experiments, 1908-10. 1908 1909. 1910 Total. Number of experiments—total .................................. .. 4 12 5 21 Number showing gains by acid phosphate................ 2 11 5 18 Number showing gains by cottonseed meal.............. 3 9 3 15 Number showing gains by potash ............................ .. 2 5 3 10 Average gains of seed cotton when a gain occurred, in pounds per plot. _ 1 By acid phosphate (20 lbs.) ...................................... .. 18 .5 16 .0 5 .0 ...... .... .. By cottonseed meal (3 lbs.) ...................................... 2.0 10.5 .............................. .. |By cottonseed meal (6 lbs.) ...................................... .............. .............. .. 4 .0 .............. .. ;By cottonseed meal (10 lbs.) .................................... .. - 4 .0 1 9.7 .............................. .. ‘By cottonseed meal (12 lbs.) .................................................... .............. .. 16 .7 .............. .. By muriate of potash (e lb.) ...................................... .. 2.0 y 3 .0 14 .0 .............. .. By muriate of potash (1% lbs.) .................................. .. 5 .5 y 6 .0 12 .0 .............. .. EXPERTNIENTS WITH TI-IOBLAS PHOSPHATE ON RICE.‘ Thomas phosphate is a by-product in the manufacture of steel from iron containing phosphorus. I4ll\7€ acid phosphate, it is high in available phosphoric acid, containing about 16 per cont. Acid phosphate is an acidic fertilizer, being prepared from phosphate rock and sulphuric acid. CO-OPERATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 49 Thomas phosphate, on the other hand, is basic and contains free lime. Its use, therefore, would tend to correct any acidity which might be present. It has given excellent results 0n Italian rice fields. Our ex- periments were made with “llhomas phosphate furnished us by the Coe- Mortimer Company of New York, free of charge for experimental pur- poses. Nine lots were sent out to parties who had signified their desire to (‘o-operate with us. The following instructions were sent: Test of Thomas Phosphate for Ric0.—'1‘he sack contains 50 pounds of 'l‘homas phosphate, which should be applied to one-half acre of land just before planting. It may be drilled in, or applied broadcast, as is most convenient. The method of application should be noted. The treatment of the plot should be exactly like all the other rice. If it suffers from insects, lack of water, or any other reason not due to the fertilizer, the fact should be noted. Tlhe rice grown with the Thomas phosphate should be harvested sep- arately. The quantity of rough rice produced by the one-half acre of Thomas phosphate should be compared with the pro-duct with other fer- tilizer or with no fertilizer or both, on the same soil. If there is any striking difference between the fertilizer plot and the surrounding rice, we would like to be notified, as we may wish to send a representative to visit the field. RESULTS OF THE TESTS. Two of the tests were failures, due to dry Weather and lack of water. These two were at Orange, Orange county, and near Houston, Harris county. Reports from the other tests are given below. i David Garretson, Friendswood, Galveston C0unty.—-Soil was a very deep black walxy “We did not get to thresh a measured piece of land bordering that upon which I put the fertilizer, and since quite a little of our rice blew down before time to cut, I can not get a very accurate estimation. Off of the half acre we threshed eight sacks, while" our average yield was only nine sacks per acre, but we lost about four sacks per acre, I think, left laying 011 the ground. That one little piece and a few others were cut While standing.” The Thomas phosphate in this case appeared to produce a gain of about four sacks of rice per acre. " C. E. Fletcher, Ifatgr, Harris (.70untg/.—It was threshed separately but could tell no difference, neither could there be any difference seen while watering. It was all drilled in the same. It only ma.de 14L sacks of ‘Z00 y pounds. Some rice on different land in the same field, sowed later and watered differently, also a better stand, made 30 sacks per acre, averaging 201 pounds. The rice was of the Japan variety, known as the Chin- erieka. You can hardly tell the difference on ne-w land, no matter ivhat kind of fertilizer is used. Dr. George W. Dunn, Palacios, illatagorda 0OU7?/t:l/.——H€ could observe no difference betiveen fertilized and unfertilized, but believes the tenant did not water the rice as it should have been watered. David (f. Barr, ltayzvoocl, Liberty Cozmtyr-Heavy gumbo soil; two years in cultivation, and producing 12 to 15 bushels of corn and 10 to 15 sacks of rice. The rice was broadcasted on new land, as was the fer- 5O Texas AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS 11 Y! tilizer before planting same. The fertilized rice looked some better for-e? a while, but there was no great difference between the two plots in looksQi Neither plot made much of a yield on account of lack of water the last four WQGkS of the growing season. The fertilized rice yielded 496-} pounds, the unfertilized yielded 408 pounds. ‘ Oscar Schulz‘, El Campo, Wharton, Oounty.—Blac-k hog-wallow soil. “The phosphate or fertilizer was used on about one-fourth acre of rice - land. Six tons of other fertilizers were used on land adjoining, and i some of the land had no fertilizer, and through the growing season it looked like the fertilized rice was doing some better, but we could hardly see any difference in threshing. We noted the different lots carefully, but there was very little difference, if any. My land was black hog- wallow and had the third crop on it. I think fertilizers are good for light or sandy soils, but it does not help the black, waxy land very much.” John Linderholm, Ohestertuille, Colorado Uounty-i-“The rice without fertilizer stood the weather conditions very well, as “did the rice with the other fertilizer mentioned, but most of the stalks of the rice on which your fertilizer was used went down. Only a part could be harvested with the binder, so that no accurate account can be kept as to yield. The rice on which the phosphate was used did not seem to survive the weather. The adjoining cut planted without phosphate stood the weather fairly well, but the phosphate itself seemed to have some peculiar effect on the straw, it going flat. We could not harvest any of it, and are unable to give you any comparisons. y “From examination of the berry of the rice on which the phosphate was used and that planted without fertilizer, I beg to inform you that it was impossible for us to detect any difference. If we could have col- lected a sufficient quantity, it might have been possible to do so by weight or otherwise, but under the circumstances We could not.” J. U. Chaney, Jefferson County.--The following is a report of the experiment with Thomas phosphate, which was carried on in connection with some other tests by Mr. Chaney: _ Yield in Sacks Weight Per Aicre Kind of of 185 Pounds Per lot No. of Fertilizer. Fertilizer. i Acre. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 12-2 14.75 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 12-2 14.50 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 12-2 16.00 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14.00 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 10-4 14.00 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 10-4 13.65 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 7-2 5-3 14.60 S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 14 11.40 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Thomas phosphate 17.00 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS WITH RICE. The Thomas phosphate ivas effective in three of the tests, not effective in four, and apparently caused the rice to fall down in one case. In most of these experiments the soil was heavy black soil, probably fairly well supplied with plant food and not over three or four years in culti- vation. On such soils fertilizers often have little effect. Co-ornnarrvn FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 ' 51 The experiments do not show Whether Thomas phosphate or acid phos- phate would be better for our rice soils. It is believed that Thomas phosphate would give excellent results 011 rice soils not too richin nitro- gen. On ‘JCCOHIIt of the lime which it carries Thomas phosphate would aid in correcting the acidity of the soil, if the soil were acid. DISCUSSION OF THOMAS PHOSPHATE WITH CORN, COTTON AND RICE. The number of experiments is too few to draw any definite conclu- sions as to the comparative value of Thomas phosphate and acid phos- phate. The effect of Thomas phosphate was less than that of acid phos- phate in the four tests with corn, and was greater in the two tests with cotton. On rice we have no comparative results. i EXPERIMENT ON OAULIFLOWER. This experiment was made by Mr. Wm. M. Garrett, Center Point, K err cormtgr The land is postoak valley) land, and produces about one- fourth hale of cotton, 2'0 bushels of corn and 50 bushels of oats. Tt is a red clay) piostoal: soil with stiff red clay gravel beneath. The plants were set out August 20 to 25, 1910, a.nd harvested from time to time in December, 1910, the remainingcrop being destroyed by a. freeze on January 2, 1911. Plots 6 and 9 were not perfect as to stand. Nitrate of soda was used as a top dressing, on alternate rows, 100 pounds per acre. Four roxvs per plot, 3 feet apart and 80 yards long. The heaviest and most perfect heads were cut from plots 8 and 9. The crop was irrigated. The nitrate of soda produced heads 10 days earlier than where no nitrates were used. Fertilizer. Yield per Plot. , Pounds. 1. 3O pounds acid phosphate, 25 pounds cottonseed meal . . . . . .628 2. 30 pounds acid phosphate, 50 pounds cottonseed meal . . . . . .600 3. 15 pounds acid phosphate, 25 pounds cottonseed meal . . . . . .482 5O pounds cottonseed meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II%12 5. <15 pounds acid phosphate, 50 pounds cottonseed meal . . . . ..610 6. 3O pounds acid phosphate, '75 pounds cottonseed meal . . . . . .622 7. 30 pounds acid phosphate, 5O pounds cottonseed meal, 1O pounds sulphate of potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3724. 8. 30 pounds acid phosphate, 50 pounds cottonseed meal, 5 pounds sulphate of potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..832 9. 3O pounds Thomas phosphate, 5O pounds cottonseed meal. . .812 10. 2 tons manure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .490 It is evident that this soil needs phosphoric acid most of all, for caulifloxvers, and also potash. Nitrogen does not have a great effect, though the effect of the varying applications of nitrogen may have been masked by the zipplications of nitrate of soda to alternate rows. The great effect of acid phosphate may be seen by comparing the plots 4 and 10, which received no acid phosphate, with the others. There Was no advantage in using over 30 pounds acid phosphate and little advantage in over 25 pounds cottonseed meal on this soil and under these condi- C?! .2 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS tions. There was also no advantage in the use of more than five pounds sulphate of potash. The best results were apparently secured by the use of 300 pounds per acre of acid phosphate, 5O pounds sulphate of potash, 250 pounds cottonseed meal and 100 pounds nitrate of soda. This would involve the use of a fertilizer containing about 8 per cent phosphoric acid, 5 per cent potash and 3 per cent nitrogen, at the rate of 600 pounds per acre, and followed by a top dressing of 100 pounds per acre of nitrate of soda. EXPERIMENTS ON ToiviArroEs, 1909-10. Only one experiment was made on tomatoes in 1909 and one in 1910. The plan was the same as for potato-es. W. E. Han/Lilian, Fort W orth, Tnrrant County (1909).—Black sandy loam second bottom soil, with red clay subsoil, three years in cultivation to truck, no fertilizer. Plants were set after a shower and no more rain until nearly time for harvest, and then the sun was so hot as to wilt the vines. The largest tomatoes were on No. 4, the smallest on the first plot. N0. 1. 15 pounds acid phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1'75 pounds No. 2. 15 pounds acid phosphate and 20 pounds cotton- seed meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 191 pounds No. 3. 15 pounds acid phosphate, 20 pounds cottonseed meal and 1 pound muriate of potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 pounds No. 1. 1.5 pounds acid phosphate, 20 pounds cottonseed meal and 5 pounds muriate of potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 pounds No. 5. No addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 191 pounds Uonclusions.—The unfavorable weather prevented the action of the fertilizer. The potash was the only application which could be said to give results. One pound muriate of potash increased the yield four pounds, and five pounds muriate of p-otash increased the yield 25 pounds. The two increases are in nearly the same proportion. R. 0. Ellichman, Denton, Denton County (1910).—-Dark sand with yellow clay subsoil, nine years in cultivation and producing 15 bushels corn. Moderate upland soil. Tomatoes planted April 1st and harvested August 12th. Eight rows per plot, 1L feet apart, 100 feet long. Flat broke twice, harrowed twice and cultivated four times with diverse cul- tivator. Land slopes east and plot No. 1 is highest, and plot No. 5 is lowest. Season was very hot and dry and about one-half of the toma- toes were sun-scorched and lost. These were not included in the report. Vines in plots 3 and 4 were still green at the time of the report, and he believes that they will continue to bear until frost, and that he will get 1,000 pounds more tomatoes off of them. Where acid phosphate only was used the plants seemed to burn up_as soon as it got hot. Plot 5 was the lowest, which accounts for it doing so well without fer- tilizers. This soil is fair in lime, good in potash, fair in nitrogen and low in phosphoric acid. It coptalins a fair amount of active phosphoric acid and is low in active ‘o as 1. D6S07”'L'].Tt’t0n of Soill)—l\l'o. 34-14_—Depth 0”-12”. Located three miles southeast of Denton, Denton county, on Joseph White survey, farm of Co-ornniirrvn FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 53 R. O. Ellichman. Sample taken from north end of field. This is rolling land, known as black sand, and is considered moderately fertile; 20 bushels corn per acre are produced. Corn, cotton and truck are the principal crops. The soil is a dark sand, which behaves fairly well in both wet and dry seasons. It does not pack or crack, but dries into clods. g It washes, but dirt does not wash onto it. The surface drainage is E good. The land has been cultivated nine years and represents 5O acres lgon the farm. No fertilizers, green crop or manure has been applied , to the soil. The soil has no peculiarities. , No. 3415——Depth 12”-18"’. Subsoil to No. 3414. A reddish brown f 83nd. - A TABLE N0. 21—-Co-operat1ve Experiment on Tomatoes, 1910. Ellichman. Denton, Denton county. Weight per plot ._ Number. ___________.__.____________.____ 15 lbs. acid phosphate .................................................. .; .......................................... .. 280 15 lbs. acid phosphate, 2O lbs. cottonseed meal ................................................. .. 15 lbs. acid phosphate, 20 lbs. cottonseed meal, 1 lb. muriate of potash ........ .. 650 k5 lps. aicid phosphate, 20 lbs. cottonseed meal, 5 lbs. muriate of potash ........ .. 875 o erti izer ................................................................................................................ .. UHBWIOH‘ SUMMARY OF TOMATO EXPERIMENTS. p Only two experiments were made, in one of which only potash gave results, and in the other, both nitrogen and potash. Two experiments . are not sufficient to draw any general conclusions. EXPERIMENTS ON PEANUTS, 1908 AND 1910. ; Only two experiments were made with peanuts, one in 1908, the other ‘fin 1910. U. D. Andrews, Rock Island, Colorado County (1908).——The nuts were hulled and planted with a corn planter; rows 30 inches apart. 1' Hills from 8 to 10 inches in the drill, on April 12th. Harvested with a peanut digger August 12th, 110 days from time of planting. They i were hoed once, cultivated four times. Lime seemed to give best results. rThe season has been too dry for peanuts. The yield will be less by pne-third than last season. The fertilizer should be in the ground 20 ‘_ days before planting. P d t .oun s nu s 1N0. The application to the different plots. per plo-t. l. 14L pounds acid phosphate, 3 pounds kainit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 ‘ 2». To fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 .1. 3. 14 pounds acid phosphate, 3 pounds kainit, 40 pounds lime 43 i 4. 14 pounds acid phosphate, ~10 pounds lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 f; 5‘. 14 pounds acid phosphate, 12 pounds lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1.- 6. '7 pounds acid phosphate, 3 pounds lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‘ 2'7” 1 Effect of 14 pounds acid phosphate andi3 pounds kainit, 8 pounds. Effect of 7 pounds acid phosphate and 3 pounds kainit, 2 pounds. 545 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS woo omH oom mm wo .................................................... Hiaoom @>So< @® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "HHOSZHHH 8Q wish ooHM m owHgH. own. m omo. H oww. NH“. own. H ow». ......................................................... zwHHzmEHH 92. o o3. w oww. m own. H on». on. H Qwwa omm. w ........................ .. ....=oHfi.HHwH so wmQH m»... Hw 2.. ow ow. on HR. B o». oo 3N. m» oHHoo o3 3 omo. § 81%.. Ho. oo omHoo oHw. mo ........................ 385m 28.6w 9E @1362: .......................................................................................................... .. ooH. ooo. oH. .55...5...............@w2§wc@2 mo. w g5. mm. oH E. oH ww. N. ow». H. E92 omw. o oHh. m. 9K. H ww. H omo. o Q3. m ....... .. d9: u. 3E3 Ea @5253‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. NH“. om. mm. mo. mo. oHo. o8. H 2a. ooH. oho, HH. oHm. oHH. ....... .. ....Em@=w§>H ow. Ho. 8. H 3. was omo. m ooo. o ohm. m. omH. ooo. oo. ooH. owH. .... dEHq .............................................................................. ..oow. oow. ooH. oom. HH. omw. ooHi ...nm§om mo. oo. mo. no. mo. oho. woo. woo. owo. omo. mo. Hmo. moo. .................................. ..domoEHZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m»? Hm? 23 Ema Ewm HhoH . E2 oooH Si“ 3% =¢2=m gov mofizm ow? zownsm NH? H625 zmmnsm Hsfiéw H625 3Q | _ dozfim 53cm HwocoO doPHQH duwSA a HEEwH xoom .4 doocwfi AHxHm. wE>oomH .3356 .H>H <5 dowowamafigfiaH .280 .< <5 .@>>w.6c< AH .0 éaEsvHHHm .O MH _ anamwa nouzmanflau Qwfinsfimlaw .02 HHMQH Clo-ornnivrrvn FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 55 Effect of 3 pounds kainit, 5 pounds. Effect of 40 pounds lime, 10 pounds. Efiect of 7 pounds acid phosphate, 6 pounds. This soil is low in lime, nitrogen, potash. and phosphoric acid, also in active phosphoric acid. Limc has the greatest effect on the peanuts, acid phosphate next, and potash has the least efiect, though some. Nitro- gen was not applied. Description of SoiZs.——No. 1.069——Black surface soil. No. 1070—-Subsoil to No. 1069, Rock Island, Colorado county. Farm of C. F. Andrews, sandy subsoil. _ No. 1.071—Clay subsoil beneath No. 1070 at varying depths. o College Experiment Field, College Station, by H. L. lllcKnight, zlgriczcllurisl (1910).—Five rows per plot, 3b inches apart, 295 feet long. “Thorough preparation With disc harrow, followed by section har- row, hoed twice and cultivated "three times. Suffered from dry weather. Analysis of soil under way. +5 o" Weight of EZ Application. icrop per p ot. Plot 70. 1 200 lbs. acid phosphate ........................................................................ ............. .. 410 2 No fertilizer ............................................................................................................ .. 330 3 200 lbs. Tliotnas phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 400 4 1200 lbs. hydrated lime .................................................................................. .. 310 5 60 lbs. sulphate of potash .................................................................................... .. 320 Plot 71. 6 200 lbs. acid phosphate ................................................................. f ..................... .. 370 7 Nothing .................................................................................................................. .. 330 8 200 lbs. acid phosphate, 20 lbs. sulphate of potash ....................................... .. 340 _ 9 200 lbs. acid phosphate, 60 lbs. sulphate of potash ............................... ....... .. 410 10 200 lbs. acid phosphate, 130 lbs. cottonseed meal .......................................... .. 381 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. The 1908 experiment was a test on production of nuts, the 1910 of hay. Lime was most effective in 1908. The acid phosphate and potash also had some effect. In 1910 acid phosphate was most eifective. Thomas phosphate had nearly the same effect. Lime gave negative results and sulphate of potash gave no average increase. Cotton seed meal gave a slight increase. EXPERIMENTS ON ONIONS. We here report one co-operatixre experiment and two independent ex- periments made at Laredo. Co-olpe-rative Experiment in 1908.—One test was made. The following instructions were sent: This fertilizer is to be applied in the row and each lot to be applied to one-twentieth acre of land. The mixture as adapted to your condi- tions are as follows: No. 1. Twenty pounds cottonseed meal. ' No. 2. Twenty pounds acid phosphate. No. 3. Twenty pounds cottonseed meal and 20 pounds acid phos- phate. 1 No. 56 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS No. 4. Twenty pounds cottonseed meal, 20 pounds acid phosphate and six pounds muriate of potash. Philip Pay/he, (liyde, Callahan Uoztniy (1908).—'l‘he season for test- ing the fertilizer was very unfavorable, not only lateness but heavy rains, followed by long hot dry weather. The soil usually produces about 200 bushels per acre of. “prize taker” onions from seed planted early in Feb- ruary and transplanted, with no fertilizer, and ordinary cultivation. Following is a statement of experiment with results: Variety, Prize taker. Soil, light sandy, thin. Length of rows, 150 yards, plots one-txventieth acre. Distance apart, 2 feet 6 inches. Dis- tance in drill, 6 inches. The crop was grown from seed planted Harch 15th in close drill and transplanted in the rows June 1st. Yield per acre in lbs. 1. 20 pounds cottonseed meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4800 No. 2. 20 pounds acid phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7800 No. 3. 20 pounds cottonseed meal, 20 pounds acid phos- phate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8000 No. 4. 20 pounds cottonseed meal, 20 pounds acid phos- phate and six pounds muriate of potash . . . . . .. 8000 No. 5. No fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3200 Effect of acid phosphate (1-5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4600 A Effect of acid phosphate (3-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3200 Cottonseed meal (2-5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1600 Cottonseed meal (3-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 200 Muriate of potash. . . . ._ . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 00 Acid phosphate was decidedly the most effective in this experiment. Cottonseed meal had some eifect, muriate of potash had no effect. W. A. Cone, Laredo, W ebb County (1909).—Be1'nzud¢z Oni0ns.—-This is not a co-operative fertilizer experiment, but was carried out entirely on Mr. Coneis own initiative and he kindly communicated the results to us. The plan of experiment was suggested by Prof. McCandles of the Georgia Station. Plots are one-tenth acre each. TABLE N0. 23—Ferti1izer Experiment on Onions at Laredo by W. A. Gone. 45.3 _ - Pounds 5 g Application per plot. per z plot 1 N0 fertilizer ...................... .f .................................................................................... .. 3700 2 150 lbs. cottonseed meal ................................................................................. .. 3650 3 200 lbs. acid phosphate .......................................................................................... .. 3600 4 100 lbs. kainit ............ .......................................................................................... .. 3350 5 N0 fertilizer ............................................................................................. ._ . ............ ~> 3750 6 200 lbs. acid phosphate, 150 lbs. cottonseed meal .............................................. .. 3750 7 150 lbs cottonseed meal, 100 lbs. kainit ................................................................ .. 3450 8 200 lbs. acid phosphate, 100 lbs. kainit ........................................... .. .. 4100 9 200 lbs. acid phosphate, 100 lbs. kainit, 150 lbs. cottonseed meal...................... 3750 10 100 lbs. slaked lime .................................................................................................. .. 4200 Apparent effect of: Cottonseed meal ................................................................................................... .. —40 Acid phosphate .................................................................................................... .. + 250 Kain’ ..................................................................................................................... .. +0 Lime ........................................................................................................................... .. l +450 CO-OPEHATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 57 T] 's experiment was carried on 0n a very productive piece of land, and the fertilizers had little eaifect. Acid phosphate had some effect, on the average, kainit no effect, cottonseed meal 11one, and lime had apparently the greatest effect. All the applications of fertilizer were excessive. Although lime appar- ently had effect, the soil contained large quantities of lime. (See analysis, Table 23.) ' This soil is high in lime and potash, fair in nitrogen and phosphoric acid. It is lo-w in active phosphoric acid, and acid phosphate should have an effect upon it. The surface soil contains 3.27 per cent lime, which is equivalent to 60,000 pounds of lime per acre to the depth of eight inches, a large part of which is present as carbonate. We are inclined to believe that the apparent effect of lime in the experiment is due to inequalities in the soil, and that it really does not need any lime. Description 0f i90iZ.—l\To. 2870-—Depth 0"-6” to 8". Laredo, Webb county, on farm of W. A. Cone. Sample taken on last 10-acre lot on east. and third 10-acre lot from east. This is a nearly level, well drained soil, considered moderately efertile. It produces 22,500 pounds onions per acre. Onions arethe principal crop. The soil represents 30 acres on farm and a small ai-ea in county. v No. 2S71—Deptl1 12" to 20". Subsoil to Ne. 2870. B. W. illasfcrson, Laredo, Webb County; (1910).—Bermuda 0ni0ns.--— This experiment was not carried out under our directions, but was made independently by Mr. B. W. Masterson, with suggestions from Mr. E. C. Green of the South Texas Garden, Brownsville. Each plot was . one-sixth acre. Seed planted September 20th, transplanted November 20th, 1909, har- vested April 20th, 1910. Ten rows per plot, 12 inches apart, 208 feet 9 inches long. Plot No. 9 was damaged by thrip to the extent of about 50 pounds. ' Weight of crop ‘Plot No. Application. in lbs. per acre. 1. No Ifertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,508 2. 21 pounds nitrate of soda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,784 3. 27 pounds acid phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,562 4. 12.5 pounds muriate of potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,670 5. 45 pounds cottonseed meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,784 6. 27 pounds acid phosphate, 12.5 pounds muriate of potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . 19,454 7. 27 pounds acid phosphate, 45 pounds cotton- r seed meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26,676 S. 12.5 pounds muriate of potash, 45 pounds cot- tonseed meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19,670 9. 27 pounds acid phosphaite, 12.5 pounds muriate of potash, 45 pounds cottonseed meal . . . . .. 19,724 l0. No fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,562 Apparent eflect of (plots 8 and 9 excluded): Acid phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . —60 Nitrate of Soda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .+7,276 Muriate of potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. +110 Cottonseed meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +7,194 58 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS The only application which proved profitable was the nitrate of soda or the cottonseed meal. (Soil analysis under -way.) Llrcperinzents at BceoiZZe.—Experiments were carried out at Beeville for four seasons on White Bermuda onions. The results are published in Bulletin 115 of this Experiment Station, by S. A. Waschka. The results indicate that acid phosphate, muriate of potash, nitrate of soda, cottonseed meal or bat guano had little effect upon the yield under the conditions of the experiment, though they apparently had some effect the last year of the test. Stable manure, at the rate of 24,000 or 40,000 pounds per acre, increased the yield during each of the four seasons, and the increase was greatest during the fourth, and much more with the manure than with any other application. We consider the results of this experiment show that the conditions which limited the yield of onions in this work was not the plant food in the soil, but some other conditions. The effect of manure, audits cumulative action, indicates that the physical condition or character of the soil is at least one of the limiting conditions. SUMMARY OF ONION RESULTS REPORTED. Each of the onion experiments here reported gives different- results,’ but they agree in one particular; potash gives no results With any of them. In the experiment at Clyde, phosphoric acid was needed most, and nitrogen, represented by cottonseed meal, next. In the experiment of Mr. Cone at Laredo, phosphoric acid apparently had some effect, but lime appears to have had moreeffect. It is hardly probable, however, that a soil which contains so much lime should respond to liming. The difference is more probably due to difierence in the soil, which without any fertilizer was so productive that the p-roductiveness was probably near the maximum. In the experiment of Mr. Masterson cottonseed meal or nitrate of soda have a very decided effect, and we consider nitro- gen to be the more important food, in spite of.the apparent non-effect of the fertilizer on plots 8 and 9. It is evident that a larger number of fertilizer experiments with onions should be conducted before decisive statements should be made. We believe that We are justified, however, in stating that nitrogen is the most important plant food for onions, phosphoric acid next and pot- ash least. A crop of 30,000 pounds onions takes up, in the bulb, approximately the following amounts of plant food: Pounds. Phosphoric ‘dCld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'7 Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '72 Potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '72 Composition of soils at Laredo is given in Bulletin 125. EXPERIMENTS ON POTATOES IN 1909. No successful experiments with potatoes were carried out in 1908. The instructions sent out in 1909 were as follows: Co-oPERATIvE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 59 PLAN FOR FERTILIZER TEST WITH IRISH POTATOES, 1909. l‘ bout one-quarter acre of land should beselected, where the soil is iiform. Plant, cultivate and harvest exactly as has been your custom. 1- only difference in the plots should be the addition of fertilizers. f: or each application of fertilizer select two rows 280 feet long, or ft four rows 140 feet long arc used for each plot. . lot 1. 'l‘o the first four rows apply 15 pounds acid phosphate. lot 2. To the second four rows apply the mixture of 15 pounds acid phate and 20 pounds cottonseed meal. flot 3. To the third four rows apply the mixture of 15 pounds acid sphatc, 20 pounds cottonseed meal and one pound muriate of potash. lot 4. To the fourth four rows apply the "mixture of 15 po-unds acid "phate, 20 pounds cottonseed meal and five pounds muriate of potash. lot 5. To the fifth four rows make no application. j e fertilizer may be applied in the row and bedded on, if desired. porn of paper or tin, reaching nearly to the ground, may be used to __ in applying it by hand. e fertilizer should be mixed well and applied about a week before ting. The entire field should receive the same treatment, and if _ of the plots are damaged by storms, insects, or anything else, the i should be noted and considered. The only" difference between the ‘:3 should be the quantity of fertilizer. The crop from each plot o _d be harvested and Weighed separately. .e difference between plot 5 and the others shows the effect of the us fertilizers. 1- e difference between plot 1 and 5 shows the effect of acid phosphate taining pho-sphoric acid) alone. i e difference between plot 1 and 2 shows the effect of nitrogen in pnseed meal. jh difference between plot 2 and 3 shows the effect of adding potash fit). The difference between plot 3 and 4 shows the effect of asing the amount of potash. COMPOSITION OF FERTILIZER. e application of fertilizers to potatoes was at the rate of 300 pounds phosphate per acre, 400 pounds cottonseed meal and 20 pounds or ounds muriate of potash. e acid pliosphate—cottonsecd meal mixture No. 2—would contain Tfciximately '7 per cent available phosphoric acid, and 4 per cent gen, 700 pounds per acre being used. To judge from our experi- l s, this fertilizer would give results on potatoes on almost any Texas 1 ith the light application of potash, the fertilizer would contain ,- '7 per cent available phosphoric acid, 4 per cent nitrogen and 1.5 potash. With the heavy application of potash, 800 pounds per {of fertilizer were used containing approximately 6 per cent avail- hosphoric acid, 3.5 per cent nitrogen and 6 per cent potash. .3. rows 140 feet long, or eight rows '70 feet long. We will assume _ 6O TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS PorArons—1909. H. J. Ifloores, V elrzsco, Brazoria County.—-Black sandy loam hilly soil, with red clay subsoil, 14 years in cultivation and producing one bale cotton before advent of boll weevil. Soil was dry and Weather cold, potatoes replanted, and low yield on being late. Experiment not con- sidered satisfactory. For analysis of soil, see corn 1910. W. W. Ramsay, lVirtnsboro, ‘Wood C0unty.-—-Sandy moderate upland soil, produces 14 bushels corn or one-third bale cotton, in cultivation 18 to 20 years. More rotten potatoes were in No. 1 than in all the rest put together. The best and finest potatoes were in the rows having the application of five pounds muriate of potash (No. 4). All the fertilizer applications were successful. W. E. Peek, flempstcad, Waller County. Black sandy upland soil, with red and yellow clay subsoil, 6O years in cultivation and producing 15 bushels corn. Plot 6 with cowpea manure made better yields than any of the fertilized plots. All the fertilizer application were successful. This soil is low in lime, nitrogen and phosphoric acid, fair in potash. It is low in active phosphoric acid and active potash. Descriptimi of S0il.-——No. 3266—Depth 0”-12”, one and one-half miles south of H. & T. O. depot, Hcmpstead, Waller county, farm of S. E. Peek. Sample taken from sandy land half way from center to east line. J. Lindo survey. This is a sandy upland soil with fair drainage, and considered moderately fertile, 15 bushels corn being produced per acre. Corn and cotton are the principal crops. The native vegetation con- sists of grass, sagewe-ed and postoak. The soil does not get very hard after drying out. The soil does not pack or crack on drying; it dries into soft clods. The land does not wash. It has been cultivated 6O years, represents 60 per cent of farm and 20 per cent of county. N0 green crops have been plowed under, but four loads of manure to the acre produced good results. The soii has no peculiarities. The land grows crab grass which has been pastured and plowed under, but mostly ' burned off. No. 3267—Deptl1 12”-24". Subsoil to Ne. 3266. W. G. Perkins, Greenville, flunt C01tnty.-—-Mulatto loam with clay subsoil, 30 years in cultivation. All crops damaged some by frost, especially Nos. 1 and 4. Crops also damaged by drouth, and experiment is considered as unsatisfactory. _ Cottonseed meal alone gave results. F. J. Trapp, SGCtbTOOIzI, H arm's C0unty.—Santly loam prairie soil, with yellow clay subsoil, 28 years in cultivation, produces 32 bushels corn. Early drouth caused the plants to make a slow start and mature early. A test on another plot, planted 14 days earlier on moist ground and dug some time later, fertilized xvith stable manure, gave 800 pounds. These soils are good in lime, fair in potash and nitrogen, andlow in phosphoric acid. ‘ They are also low in active phosphoric acid. Description of SOTZ$.—-NO. 28-44——Depth O”-12". Seabrook, Harris county, farm of F. J. Trapp. Plot bounded on south by line fence, on east by trifoliata hedge, on north by pecan trees and on west by ditch. ‘This is well drained level soil and considered moderately fertile, 20 bushels corn and 45 bushels potatoes being produced per acre. The OO-OPERATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 61 principal crops are corn and potatoes. The land suffers in dry seasons and works Well when Wet. It represents four acres on farm. No. 2845—Depth' 12”-24". Subsoil to No. 2844. No. 2846-Dcpth ()”-12". F. J. Trapp, Seabrook, Harris county. Soil taken from (lilferent place from Nos. 2844 and 2845 q. v. No. 2847——Depth 12”-24". Subsoil to No. 2846. No. 34il9—~l0(>p'tl1 0”-12"'. Located two miles northeast of Seabrook, Harris county", on farm of F. J. Trapp. Sample taken back of resi- dence between orange and pecan groves, West of concrete cottage 60 feet. South of pecan and north of orange grove. On subdivision No. 2, Bitson Morris league. '.l‘his land is virgin prairie upland soil known as black sandy and considered moderately fertile. Land is occupied by bermuda sod. No fertilizer has been applied. This is a grayish black clay soil which holds moisture in wet xveather and stiffers in dry seasons. The soil packs and runs together, crumloles, and the subsoil cracks into cubes on drying. The land washes and dirt washes onto it to some extent. Owner knows of no other similar land except a three-mile strip on the bay shore 1,000 feet Wide. The soil represents 10 acres on this farm. Bermuda grass was plowed under in November 1909. The subsoil con- tains iron gravel. No. 3410——Deptl1 ]2”-24". Srlbsoil to No. 3409. J. M. Yowell, Ennis, Ellis Cormty.—Black sandy soil With clay subsoil. Second bottom, 15 years in cultivation, produces 50 bushels corn. Crop suffered from frost, long drouth and hot Winds, made practically Without rain, and therefore cannot be considered a good test. Acid phosphate gave the best results, but all applications were effec- tive. Mr. Yoxvell carried out another experiment With potatoes in 1.910 (which see). In this test, potash gave no results. This soil is fair in lime and potash, a little loW in nitrogen and low in phosphoric acid and in active phosphoric acid. TABLE NO. 24—-Irish Potatoes, 1909. 8 5 g o- n? ~ a ' -- . ’ as so as ss 6 %5 3 B fir; QUE; m ,_, ~59 8.2% ,2 fi a ° E= g a '52’. g $3 ss sé as as‘ as as _ ___ __ t? A 15 lbs. acid phosphate ............................ .. 91 172 145 35 L 82 320 .0 15 lbs. acid phosphate, 2O lbs. cotton- . Seed meal .............................................. .. 112 240 280 5O 84 417 .5 15 lbs. acid phosphate,_20 lbs. cotton- seed meal, 1 lb. muriate of potash... 73 260 297 51 c 87 444.5 15 lbs. acid phosphate,_ 2O lbs. eotton— l seed meal, 5 lbs. muriate of potash... 93 292 314 35 92 345 .5 N0 addition .............................................. .. 91 80 131 43 71 202 .0 Effect of: t Acid phosphate .................................................... .. 92 14 —-8 11 118 .0 Cottonseed meal ..................................... .. 21 68 135 15 2 a 97 .5 1 lb. muriate of potash ......................... .. —39 20 17 1 3 27 .0 5 lbs. muriate of potash......................... t!‘ —19 521 34 ~15 8 —72.0 l Dascrip-tiovz of Soiile-No. 3418—Depth 0”-‘2”. Six miles southwest of Ennis, Ellis county, on League 11, Lea Pena survey, farm of J. M. Yowell, R. F. D. No. 2. The sample was taken from 20-acre field with 62 Texas AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS a gentle slope to the south. This soil is well drained, rolling black soil,;i known as sandy land and considered moderately fertile, 3O bushels corn? and 400 pounds cotton being produced per acre. Corn, cotton, oats and g; potatoes are grown. No fertilizer, green crops or manure have been‘? applied to this land. Prairie grass is the native vegetation. In wet; seasons the soil gets waterlogged, in dry seasons it packs. It dries into clods, does not crack, nor does dirt wash onto it. The soil washes, the underdrainage is good. The soil represents 40 acres of farm and several thousand acres of the county. In dry seasons the soil packs, it is hard to get a stand on same. ' N0. 3419—Depth 12524". ' Subsoil to No. 3418. Ennis, Ellis county, farm of J. M. Yowell. Black clay. RESULTS or THE 1909 POTATO EXPERIMENTS. Six experiments are reported. Acid phosphate produces increases in . four experiments, cottonseed meal in six, and muriate of potash in three. Y EXPERIMICNTS ON neutrons-1910. The plan of experiment was practically the same as in 1909. The’ successful results are as follows: , a Fred 07m‘, Cuero, De lVitt O0unty.—Blacl: and red sandy upland soil with reddish yellow clay subsoil; 12 to 15 years in cultivation and pro- ‘ ducing 20 to 25 bushels of corn. Located two and one-half miles west of (luero. Rows three feet apart and not bedded. He believes that the light yield is due to bad mechanical treatment. Each plot consists of eight rows 2'70 feet long. Acid phosphate and cottonseed meal were effective. This soil is a little low in potash, low in nitrogen and phosphoric acid, also in active phosphoric acid. Description of S0iZ.—No. 3375—-Depth 0"-9". Two and one-half miles west of Cuero, De Witt county, on H. Taylor league, on the farm of Fred Ohrt. This is black sandy upland,- well drained, slightly rolling, g known as black sandy or mixed sand and considered moderately fertile, 22 bushels of corn per acre being produced. Corn and cotton are the]; principal crops. No fertilizer, green crop or manure has been applied. '1 The soil does not pack, crack or wash, and dirt does not wash onto it. _ The underdrainage is good. The land has been under cultivation from 5 12 to 15 years, and represents six‘ to eight acres on the farm. Ten loads of manure were put on this soil January 15, 1910. No. 3376—Depth 9"-2'O”. Subsoil ‘to No. 3375. Dark brown grav- ell _v clay. T. E. Zllartin, Donnie, Freestone Coimty.—L~ight colored sandy soil,“ 10 to 15 inches deep with red clay subsoil; in cultivation eight years and produces 700 pounds cotton or 14 bushels of corn. Cotton makes large , enough stalk but does not fruit well. Located three and one-half miles Y‘. west of Donnie. Cottonseed meal and manure gave good results. Planted March 25th and harvested May 28th. Two rows per plot, 280 ‘ feet long and feet apart, bedded. The plants were cut to the ground by a frost on April 25th and the succeeding drouth of four weeks darn- ; aged the yield severely. None were larger than a guinea egg and were i rotting when gathered. Co-orumrrvn FERTILIZER. EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 63 Cottonseed meal was effective. This soil is low in lime, potash and nitrogen, fair“ in phosphoric acid, but low in active phosphoric acid. Descripiio-ryt 0f i80iZ.-—No. 3401——Depth 0"—'7”. Four miles west of Donnie, Freestone county; 12 acres lying south of the 11-league grant and next to southeast corner of Section 32, J. L. Chenert survey, on the farm of T. E. Martin. This is gray sandy upland, known as dark sandy hickory ridge land, and is considered moderately fertile; 20 bushels of corn and 7'00 pounds of cotton per acre Were produced. The drainage is by means of ditches. Corn and cotton are the principal crops. N0 fertilizer, green crops or manure has ‘been applied. The native vegeta- tion consists of elm, hickory’ and Spanish mulberry. In wet seasons the soil gets soft if fresh plowed, in dry seasons it gets loose. The soil docs not pack, crack, nor does dirt wash onto it. It crumbles on drying and heavy rains wash the land. This soil has been cultivated eightiyears; it represents one-half of farm and probably one-third of county. No. 3-102-—Depth '7"-1’7”. Subsoil to 1T0. 3401. Reddish sandy clay. S. L. H orne, Flrankstowt, Anderson (.70unty.—Black colored sand with red clay subsoil; three and one-half miles northeast of Frankston; in cultivation eight-or nine years with some rotation; produces about 18 bushels of corn. Potatoes planted February 21st and harvested June 14th. Four rows 38 inches apart, 140 feet long. Fertilizer was applied in furrows besides rows after planting. Harrowed across rows with sec- tion harrow iiarch 5th and 15th; plowed with diverse culivator March 28th, plowed with heel sweep April 15th. All were equally injured by 4 frost on April 23d and by succeeding dry weather. All applications were effective. This soil is low in lime, phosphoric acid and nitrogen, good in potash. It is low in active phosphoric acid. ‘ Dcscripiiorz of i80iZ.--No. 3383—Depth 0”-10” to 12". Three and one- l half miles southwest of Frankston. Anderson county. Furgeson survey, on east side of farm half way between~north and south lines, on the farm of S. L. Horne. This is light colored sandy upland soil, rolling and well drained. It is considered moderately fertile and produces 18 bushels of corn and one-third bale of cotton per acre. It is known as gray sandy land. Corn, cotton and some truck are grown. Pine, hickory and red oak are the native vegetation. The land stands wet and dry seasons equally well. The soil does not pack, crack or wash, nor does dirt wash onto it. The soil crumbles on drying. The soil has been cultivated eight or nine years and represents 18 or 20 acres on farm. No green crop, fertilizer or manure has been applied. » No. 3384-. Subsoil to No. 3383. Light sandy subsoil. Sam W . H arper, Sanger; Ihntooz C0u-nty.——Poor sandy clay soil, light red in color, with clay subsoil; in cultivation 30 years and produced two bushels per acre ofcorn in 1909. Located. five and one-half miles south of Denton. The yield of potatoes was very light and the potatoes were small; practically no rain from January 15th to April 8, 1.910. Pota- toes were severely injured by hail and rain on April 8th. All rows 140 feet long and 3 feet 8 inches apart. Acid phosphate and cottonseed meal were effective. 64 Texas AeRIour/runixr. EXPERIMENT STATIONS Tllhis soil is Well supplied with lime and potash, a. little low in nitro- gen, fair in phosphoric acid. It is, however, low in active phosphoric acid. Description of i9oiZ.—-No. 3353—Depth O”-10”. Five and one-half miles north of Benton, Denton county, on Wm. Roak survey, 0n the farm of S. W. Harper. Sample taken 200 yards south and 100 yards east of northivest corner of farm. This is upland soil, well (lrainetl and locally known as dark sandy land. It is considered moderately fertile, produc- ing bushels of corn and one-third bale of cotton per acre. Corn, cot- . ton, wheat and garden truck are grown. The yield is fair in wet sea- sons, not much in dry. The soil packs, dries into clods, cracks on dry- ing very small cracks) and Washes. Dirt do-es not Wash onto it. The underdrainage is fair. The land has been cultivated 3O years and it rep- resents seven or eight acres on this farm. Crab grass has been plowed under and a small amount of barnyard manure applied; the soil Was loosened and the yield increased. No fertilizer has been applied. The soil has no peculiarities. No. 3354—-Depth 10"-‘30". Subsoil to N0. 3353. John B. Grifiin, Thornton, Limestone‘ County.—Dark loam upland soil ‘with claysubsoil; 30 years in cultivation, being cropped in cotton exclusively until five years ago, and then commenced to lauild up. Pro- duces 25 bushels of corn and one-third bale of cotton. Peas and millet were grown on this soilthe previous season. Potatoes planted March 7th and harvested June 2d. Fertilizer drilled in furrow a week before “ planting and a plow run through at planting time. Two rows per plot, . 3 feet apart and 280 feet long. Potatoes covered with turning plow. Riolges were liar-rowed off; two weeks later gave one cultivation with sweep andlaid by. No. 5 had an ant bed in it. There was a difference i11 the quality in favor of the highly fertilized plots. ' Acid phosphate and cottonseed meal were effective. For analyses of soil, see corn experiments. J. M. Y ozccZZ, Ennis, Ellis Uoun.t_i/.—I.ight colored sandy soil with clay subsoil; cultivated 20 years and producing 20 bushels of corn or 500 pounds of seed cotton. Six miles north, of Ennis, Texas. The land was broken in December. Potatoes planted last week in Fébfllflfy and harvested June 17th. Fertilizer applied in furroxv on each side of row. Two rows per plot, 3 feet apart and 980 feet long. Acid phosphate and cottonseed meal were effective. A similar experiment was carried out in 1909, in which acid phosphate was most effective, but all applications gave results. For analysis of soil, see 1909 experiments. .E7Z§Z(Z7_I.(IT'(Z Brothers, Eagle Lake, Colorado O0Tl77/i_7/.——Dllll light red sandy loam soil with a similar subsoil. Spotted in character, but they used a uniform piece for the experiment. First and second bottom; six miles southwest of Eagle Lake. ’.l‘lie land contains some shells and is known as “(laney Land.” It has been in cultivation since the Civil War, mostly with cotton, and produces from 30 to bushels of corn and 6O to '75 bushels of potatoes. The results of the experiment were un- satisfactory, owing to the extreme drouth. A number of other tests were made, but only the results with the mixtures sent out are here reported. All the additions appeared to give results, but the soil is (35 CO-OPLTRATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 . . . . . . . . . . I mil fill» wl %Q .mQ.@ m. . . . . . . . . . . Z @|l T. ©ll .w "#0 H .......... .. 2 a mm NH m2 w m» wwwwcogpov .......... .. 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Q: o3 o3 om h: 3 2: Eva 2: am 25w 3m “mafia -25 i: ON EQEWQQE E3 .5 2 N .......... 1M3 o3 o2 om. mm 3Q 2: H: .3 mm 25w m2 ., .. ...........R_AEEQEE Eva .313 fi .......... .. ow om wm oZ o 8E 8E 8E SE 8E 8E 8E u 933m Em “Edam Ema vcfiw SQ 953w LSQ wcfiw 5n vcfim 5E wcmpm SQ o Ewfirww Emmy? Emir’? “aim? EH63 “BBQ? E235 uficsoo _ 43550 Sgcsoo Qficsou 43550 Spcsoo qficsou .0 oudhzoo 22H QEOQmQEfiH cog-ED E6393» wcoawwobm Efigwfl dxsq Bwam 622M dofiiosm. Qwwcwm éouwxcfih éwacofi 63:0 .32 @2589» G33 fiSHEEum Lsfiufiwm »>:8@E¢.¢ol§ .02 HAN¢H 66 lhaxxs AGIHCTJLTIIRAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS believed to be better where the additions were made, so that therc may have really been no eifectfrom the application. ' These two soils are both well supplied with lime and potash. No. 1974 contains much more phosphoric acid and nitrogen than No. 1973, ~ and is also a better soil, according to the yields produced. Both of these soils are well supplied with active phosphoric acid, but this phosphoric acid may be distributed through a considerable amount of lime, and, therefore, not be available at once. Description of igoilr-No. 1972, Surface soil, Eagle Lake, Colorado county, Englehard Brothers. One and one-half to three miles west of Colorado river. This is a red,-light sandy land, and is known as Caney soil. It is considered moderately fertile and produces one-third bale of cotton, 25 to 30 bushels of corn and 60 to '75 bushels of potatoes per acre. No. 1973. Subsoil to No. 1972. Red clay loam. No. 1974. Surface soil. Eagle Lake, Colorado county, near Colo- rado river, Englehard Brothers’ farm. This is considered good soil. One-fourth bale_of cotton and 115 bushels of corn are produced. The soil is a red clay loam. No. 1975. Subsoil to No. 1974. This subsoil is a clay loam. TABLE N0. 28. Summary of Potato Experiments, 1909-10. 1909 1910 Total. Number of experiments-Total ........................................ .., ....... .. 6 7 13 Number showing gains by acid phosphate ................................ .. 4 6 10 Number showing gains by cottonseed meal .............................. .. 6 7 13 Number showing gains by potash .............................................. .. 3 2 5 Average gains of potatoes when a gain occurred, in pounds per plot (1-20 acre) By acid phosphate, 15 lbs ........................................................... .. 59 23 By cottonseed meal, 20 lbs....... 59 40 By muriate of potash, 1 1b....... 13 40 By muriate of potash, 5 lbs .................. .. . 31 58 RESULTS or THE 1910 POTATO TESTS. The dry weather interfered with a number of these tests. Seven experiments are reported. Acid phosphate showed six gains, cottonseed _ meal seven gains, muriate of potash, two gains. These results are sim- ilar to those for 1909. SUlWMfARY OF POTATO EXPERIMENTS. A summary of the potato experiments is shown in Table F28. Ten of the 13 experiments show gains with acid phosphate, all gain with cotton- seed meal, and five gain ivith potash. From these results we would conclude that a mixture of acid phos- phate and cottonseed meal gives the most profitable results. The experi- ments do not show the best proportions to mix these. This must depend upon thesoil to some extent. and also on the season. The longer the soil has been in cultivation, the more cottonseed meal should be used. A mixture of equal parts cottonseed meal and acid phosphate should give good results. The amount of cottonseed meal may be increased for the poorer soils and decreased for better soils. The larger the quantity of fertilizer used, the richer it may be in cottonseed meal and the lower in acid phosphate. r 6'7 CO-OPERATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 5S. Q5 E 5Q QQ E m2 3 32 2Q N3 H2 3 S. 3 .................... .583 @233. S Q3 S. 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Q5. ................................ ..bmSQm QQ. Q3. 53. b3. QQQ. >3. 5Q. 3b. :3. QwQ. SQ. ..................bQwQEz QQQ. RQ. 3Q. Q3. m3. 3Q. 3Q. 3Q. 2Q. Q3. SQ. .5363 Qrobbébm Qbmm 5555 NQQM Qbmm. Qbwm “Q55 bQw~ “Q35 =3 £5 =8 .555 =3 33 =3 55 =8 QQ3 :3 Q33 :3 33m =3 53m b5 b5 b5 b5 b5 b5 b5 b5 AHQQQQQ .EO..-wMGfi.Hr.H. JVMGOQ .O.~®5U .MOO.~Qd®m .&OO.~Qd®w .MOO.~Qdow .U_m@@mQE®m hQbémsbTw dfiQmabm .5t2b.m.e fibo 32m dbfiebtm 3.59am Jbbfieewb 52:55.75 5253.5 .35 HQ qfibwQnflbo Qwfinfizwmlfi dz mnmfiu 68 " TEXAS AeEIorJLTUEAL- EXPERIMENT STATIONS Potash only gave results in 5 of the 13 experiments, but where it i effective it gave a good increase. Potato growers must make test’ their own and learn by their own experience the best fertilizers to‘ under their conditions. . i; Both years Where potash was effective (in 5 of the 13 tests), an. crease from one pound to five pounds muriate of potash caused an age increase of- 18 poundspof potatoes; that is, one pound increasei potash caused an average increase of nine pounds of potatoes. ’ A mixture of equal parts of acid phosphate and cottonseed meal,‘ of 1200 pounds of cottonseed meal to 800 pounds of acid phosph makes a good potato fertilizer for many Texas soils. On some soils _ use of potash would also be of advantage. O TABLE N0. 26—Percentage Composition or Soils. Potatoes. J. M. Yowell, Englehard Bros, Englehard Br r Ennis. Eagle Lake. Eagle Lake. Subsoil Subsoil ' 3418 3419 1972 1973 1974 Phosphoric acid .................................... .022 .052 .060 .095 .110 Nitrogen............... ................... ........ .. .070 .054 .060 .040 .130 Potash . . . . . . . . . . . . _ .. .330 .280 ,361 .345 .604 Lime...... ......... .. .250 .250 6 .650 6 .350 4 .870 Magnesi ......... .. .250 .260 .570 .980 1.100 Carbon dioxide. .................................................................................. .. Sulphur trioxid ................. .. .040 050 032 015 130 Alumina and oxide of iron 4 .330 6 090 5 380 5 900 8 870 Manganese .................... . ... .......................................................................................... .. Insoluble and soluble s1 ca. 91 270i 89 .150 74.140 71 350 65 000 Loss on ignition ................. .. 2 .600 2 .43 .............................................. .. Moisture .................. .. . .......... .. 1 .240 1 .630 ......................................................... .. Parts per million: Active phosphoric acid .................... .. 18 11 144 22 133 Active potash ..................................... ..] 81 87 160 39 316 ANAILYSES OF THE SOILS USED IN POTATO EXPERIBIENTS. The chemical composition of the soils used in the potato experiments? is presented in tables in the text.‘ Potatoes appear to require fertilizer; and to respond to it more frequently than corn or cot-ton. That is to say, the composition. of the soil is not such a great factor as with corn or" cotton. Of course, if the soil is rich, the plant food may ~not have a; great effect, but potatoes grow quickly, and benefit by a supply of easily ;~ available food, such as is furnished by fertilizers. ‘a Active Phosphoric Acid.-——'l‘he relation of this to the field yields is l, 4 shown in tables preceding. All. the soils are low in active phosphoric acid excepting the one from Eagle Lake. All but one respond to applications F of phosphates. The Eagle Lake soil apparently responds, but the results 5 here were unsatisfactory on account of drouth and differences in the soil, and it is not certain that the gain is really due to the acid phosphate. GENERAL STATEMENTS CONCERNING CORN, COTTON AND POTATO ~ EXPERIMENTS. ' In previous bulletins dealing with the composition and properties of’ Texas soils (Nos. 99 and 125) We have pointed out that Texas soils are most likely to be deficient in phosphoric acid, next in nitrogen, and last Co-orERArwE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 69 nd least in potash. The field experimentspresented in this bulletin onfirm this conclusion. A summary of the corn, cotton and potato xperiments is given in Table 29. Acid phosphate was effective in over 5'0 per cent of the tests, cottonseed meal in about 64 per cent, and potash n about 110 per cent. NoTE.-—We expect to discuss in full in later bulletins the relation ietween the composition of the soil, pot experiments and field experi- nents, and we expect to include analyses of soils on which experiments 1T6 reported in this bulletin, butwhich the analyses are not yet ready. TABLE N0. ‘rm-Summary o1 Corn, Cotton and. Potato Experiments. Corn. Cotton. Potatoes. Total. Total number of experiments . . . . . . . . .3"! 21 13 '71 Number of gains by acid phosphate. . . .31 18 10 59 Number of gains by cottonseed meal. . .17 15 13 415 Number of gains by potash . . . . . . . . ..12 10 5 27 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. 1. This bulletin contains the results of 3'? co-operative fertilizer experiments on corn, 21 on cotton, '7 on rice, 1 on cauliflower, 2 on peanuts, and ]on onions, 2 on tomatoes, and 13 on potatoes, carried out in 1908, 1909 and 1910. _ 2. ’J.‘he objects of these experiments are to ascertain the fertilizers adapted to various crops on Texas soils, under Texas conditions, and also to ascertain the relation between chemical composition, pot experi- ments and needs of soil as shown by fertilizer experiments. 3. Fertilizer supply plant food to the soil. Other conditions which control plant growths are moisture, temperature, depth and physical character of soil, condition of soil, insect pests, etc. The size of the crop depends upon the least favorable controlling condition. 4. Nitrogen for ordinary farin crops should be secured from the air ' by growing legumes and plowing them under or grazing them off. Phosphoric acid can be purchased as acid phosphate or bone meal, a.nd potash as potash salts. 5. Field experiments with Fertilizers are likely to vary on account of inequalities in soil on subsoil, or on account of other conditions than the one to be studied, and the fact must be considered in interpreting the results of such experiments. ' 6. Dry weather interfered to some extent with the experiments on corn. Acid phosphate at the rate of 200 pounds per acre increased the yield in 31 of the 37 experiments. The increase averaged from 390 a to 440 pounds per acre of ear corn in the three years. _'7. Seventeen of the 3'7 experiments gave increases with cottonseed meal, which supplies nitrogen mostly. The average increase was greater with 120 pounds per acre than with 60 pounds per acre. Corn fertil- ized with cottonseed meal appears to suffer more quickly from .drouth than that fertilized with acid phosphate. 8. Potash increased the yield in 12 of the 37 experiments. Where it was needed, it had a considerable effect on the yield. “ 9. The soils which gave increased yields with cottonseed meal con- 7O TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS tain, on an average, less nitrogen than those which did not give in- creases. 10. When less than 10 parts per million active phosphoric acid was present two soils gave increases with acid phosphate and one did not, but it is believed the sample did not represent this soil. The average yield without fertilizer on these two plots is 4.5 bushels per acre. The average corn possibility in pot experiments, based on phosphoric acid removed, is 4.5 bushels per acre. (See Bulletin 126.) 11. Six of nine soils containing 1O to 2O parts per million of active phosphoric acid gave increases with phosphate, and the average yield Without fertilizer is about 17 bushels per acre. The average corn pos— sibility based on pot experiments is 12.5 bushels per acre, maximum 3] bushels. 12. Four soils containing 2O to 3O parts per million of active phos- phoric acid all responded to phosphate and the average yield without fertilizer was about 24 bushels per acre. The average corn possibility from pot experiments was 20.8 bushels per acre, maximum 36 bushels. 13. There was a relation between the average production of corn by the soils, and the quantity of active phosphoric acid in them. ‘ 14. In 17 of 21 co-operative experiments on cotton, acid phosphate increased the yield. 15. In 15 of the 21 experiments cottonseed meal increased the yield. Qotton fertilized with cottonseed. meal does not suffer so much from drouth as does corn fertilized with it. 16. In 1O of the 21 experiments potash increased the yield. It would appear from these experiments that potash is more likely to be of Benefit to cotton on Texas soils than corn. 17. The effect of Thomas phosphate on corn was less than that of acid phosphate in the four tests, and greater on cotton in the two tests. 18. In the experiment on cauliflower the best results were secured with an application of 300 pounds acid phosphate per acre, 50 pounds sulphate of potash, 250 pounds cottonseed meal, with a top dressing of nitrate of soda, equivalent to 600 pounds per acre of a fertilizer con- taining 8 per cent phosphoric acid, 5 per cent. potash and 3 per cent nitrogen, followed by the top dressing with nitrate of soda._ 19. Potash was effective in two experiments on tomatoes. Nitrogen also was effective in one experiment. 20. Lime was most effective in the production of peanuts at Rock Island, acid phosphate and potash being also effective. Acid phosphate and Thomas phosphate were most effective in the production of hay at College Station. 21. One co-operative onion experiment and three other experiments on onions are reported. Potash gave no results in any of them. Phos- phoric acid was most effective atiCljyde, cottonseed meal was also effec- tive. Lime was app-arently most effective in one experiment at Laredo, but this soil is very rich in lime. Nitrate of soda or cottonseed meal was most effective in another experiment at Laredo. Barnyard manure was the only addition which had much effect at Beeville. 22. In 10 of 13 experiments in Irish potatoes acid phosphate pro- duced results. CO-OPERATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS, 1908-9-10 '71 23. In 13 of 13 experiments 0n potatoes cottonseed meal produced results. 24. In 5 of 13 experiments on potatoes potash produced results. 25. A mixture of equal parts acid phosphate and. cottonseed meal, or of 800 pounds acid phosphate to 1,200 pounds cottonseed meal, makes a good potato fertilizer for many TPexas soils. On some soils the use of p0 ash also would be of advantage. - _ 26. Inthe 71 tests with corn, cotton and potatoes, 59 tests responld to acid phosphate, 45 to cottonseed meal and 2'7 to potash. This con- firms our conclusions from soil analyses in previous bulletins, that Texas soils are likely to be deficient in phosphoric acid first of all, next ‘in nitrogen, and last and least often in potash.