TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN NO. 196E AUGUST, 1916 DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY Digestibility 0f Sugars, Starches, and Pentosans 0f Roughages "T: FT; \| 1*? v l ' “T " ll "“\ T TT-T ,. , ,. POSTOFFICE: COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS AUSTIN, TEXAS: vox BOECKMANN-JONES c0., PRINTERS, 1916.‘ [Blank Page in Original Bulletin] TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT 31111311151540!“ BULLETIN NO. 196 AUGUST, 1916 DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY Digestibility of Sugars, Starches, and Pentosans of Roughages BY G. S. FRAPS, Ph. D., CHEMIST IN CHARGE; STATE CHEMIST POSTOFFICE: COLLEGE snmou, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS E AUSTIN, TEXAS vou BOECKIRIIQAIIEN-JONES c0 ; L1 AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS W. B. BIZZELL, A. M., D. C. L., President TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS . on»: I. GUION, President, Ballinger ............................................................................ ..Term expires 1919 E, J. HART, Vice President, San Antonio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Term expires 1919 F H. ASTIN, Bryan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Term expires 1919 JCS. ‘VILLIAMS, Paris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Term expires 1917 T. E. BATTLE, Marlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Term expires 1917 H. A. BREIHAN, Bartlett ............................. .. Term expires 19_17 J F. KUEENA, Favetteville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...Term expires 1921 W A. IVIXLLER, JRI, Amarillo ........................ .. ...Term expires 1921, AUB. DAVIDSON, Cuero .................................................................................................. ..Term expires 1921 MAIN STATION COMMITTEE L. J. HART, Chairman; J. S. \Vu.uAMs, \V. A. MILLER, JR. GOVERNING BOARD, STATE SUBSTATIONS P. L. Downs, President, Temple ........................... .. CRARLEs RocAN, Vice President, Austin... W. P. HOBBY, Beaumont ............................... .. J. E. Booc-Scorr, Coleman ................................... .. ..................................................... ..Term expires 1919 ................ ..Term expires 1919 ................ ..Term expires 1917 .......................... expires 1921 *STATION STAFF ADMINISTRATION _ B. YOUNGBLOOD, M. S.,_Director A. B. CONNER, B. S., VICE 131N610!‘ CnAs. A. FELKER, Chief Clerk A. S. WARE. Secretary DIVISIO OF VETE BINARY SCIENCE _ M. FRANcis, D. V. S., Veterinarian in Charge _ _ H. SCHMIDT, D. V. 1%., Veterinarian DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY G. S. FRAPs, Ph. D., Chemist in Charge; I Slate Chemist W. T. P. SPROTT, B. S., Assistant Chemisi H. LEBEsoN, M. S., Assistant Chemist CHAS. BUCHWALD, M. S., Assistant Chemist DIVISION OF HORTICULTURE H. NEss, M. S., Horticulturist in Charge W. S. Horcmnss, Horticulturist DIVISION OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY J. C. BURNS, B. S., Animal Husbandman, Feeding Investigations J. M. JONES, A. M., Animal Husbandman, Breeding Investigations DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY F. B. PADDOCK, M. S., Entomologist in Charge; State Entomologist H. J. REINHARD, B. S.Assistant Entomologist County Apiary Inspectors: - R. C. Abernath , Ladonia; William Atch; ley, Mathis; . W. E. Basham, Barstow; Victor Boeer, Jourdanton; T. W. Burle_ son, l/Vaxahachie: W. C. Collier, Goliad; E. W. Cothran, Roxton; G. F. Davidson PleasantomJohn Donegan. Seguin; Geo’ J. Elam, M.arlin; A. R. Graham, Milano- H. Grossenbacher, San Antonio: J. B King, Batesville; N. G. LeGear, Waco R. A. Little. Pearsall; H. L. Motield Hondo; M. C. Stearns, Brady; S. H Stephens, Uvalde; M. B.TaIl , Victoria; Jas. W. Traylor, Enloe; R. .Watson, Heidenheimer: W. H. White, Greenville. DIVISION OF AGRONOMY ’ A. B. CONNER, B. S., Agronomist in Charge A. H. LEmicn, B. S., Agronomist Louis WERmELsKiRcnEu, B. S., Agrono- mist DIVISION OF PLANT PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY J. J. TAURENnAus, Ph._D., Plant Pathol- oisist and Physiologist in Charge A. . JOHNSON, B. S., Graduate Assistant **DIVISION OF FARM MANAGEMENT REX E. WILLARD, M S., Farm Manage- ment Expert in Charge DIVISION OF POULTRY HUSBANDRY R. N. HARVEY, B. S., Poultrgman in Charge DIVISION OF FORESTRY J. FosTER, M. F., Fvrester in Charge; State Forester DIVISION OF PLANT BREEDING E. HUMBERT, Ph. D., Plant Breeder in Charge ’ ' DIVISION OF DAIRYING J. E. HARPER, M. S., Dairyman in Charge P. R. PEnKiNs, B. S., Herdsman DIVISION OF FEED CONTROL SERVICE JAMES SULLIVAN, Executive Secretary J. H. BosERs, Inspector . W001), Inspector . H. WOLTERS, Inspector . D. PEARCE, Inspector . M. WICKES, Inspector T. B. REEsE, Inspector SUBSTATION NO. 1: Beeville, Bee County E. E. BINFORD, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 2: Troup, Smith County W. S. HOTCHKISS, Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 3: Angleton, Brazoria County N. E. IIVINTERS, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION N0. 4: Beaumont, Jefferson ewes ounty H. H. LAUDE, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 5: Teniple, Bell County D.T. KILLOUGH, B.S.. Acting Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 6: Denton, Denton County V. L. CORY, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. ‘i: Spur, Dickens County R. E. DICKSON, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 8: Lubbock, Lubbock ounty R. E. KARPER, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 9: Pecos, Reeves County J. W. JACKSON, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 10 (Feeding and Breeding ~ Substation): College Station, Brazos County T. M. REDDELL. Superintendent G. F. JORDAN, B. S., Scientific Assistant SUBSTATION NO. 11: Nacogdoches, Nacog- doches County G. T. McNEss, Superintendent “SUBSTATION NO. 12: Chillicothe, Horde‘ man County B. W. EDWARDS, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 13, Sonora, Sutton County E. M. PETERS, B. S., Acting Superintenden CLERICAL A SSISTANTS J. M. SCHAEDEL, Stenographer DAISY LEE, Registration Clerk \V. F. CHRISTIAN, Stenographer ELIZABETH WALKER, Stenoqrapher A. T. JAcKsoN, Stenographer *As of September 1, 1916. E. E. KILBORN, Stenographer M. P. HOLLEMAN, JR., Steno rapher H. M. MAYo, JR., Mailing Ierk WILLIE JOHNSON, Tag Clerk "In cooperation with the United States Department 0t Agriculture. » CONTENTS. _ PAGF Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Method of Work'....l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 Composition of the Feeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. '7 Digestibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10 Sugars by 11- per cent acid and caustic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Tables of Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24 Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36 [Blank Page in Original Bulletin] Digestibility of Sugars, Starches and Pentosans of Roughages BY G. S. FRAPs, PH. D., CHEMIsT IN CHARGE, STATE CHEMIST. Comparatively little Work has been done upon the composition and digestibility of the nitrogen-free extract of feeding-stufis. The writer (Bulletin No. 1'72, N. C. Experiment Station, 1900) has studied the digestibility of sugars and pentosans, and given a review of the litera- ture up to 1900. Further data is given by the writer in Bulletin N o. 104 of the Texas Experiment Station. Dr. Frear (Pennsylvania Re- port, 1903-4) has studied the composition of timothy hay in detail, and Dr. Headden (Bulletin No. 124, Colorado Experiment Station, 1907) has made quite extensive studies into the composition, constit- uents, and digestibility of a number of feeding-stuffs. As thisbulletin is largely a report of progress, we will not go further into the litera- ture of the subject, but will postpone such discussion to a later bulletin. METHODS OF WORK. The material used in this work was secured in the digestion ex- periments described in Bulletin No. 147 (1912) of this Station. For details of the digestion work, reference should be made to that bulletin. Reducing Sugars.—Five grams substance'is added to 75 c.c. water and let stand for thirty minutes, stirring about every five minutes, filtered, and washed to a volume of about 1'75 c.c. in a 200 c.c. flask. Five c.c. lead subacetate is added and shaken well. Ten c.c. of 10 per cent. sodium sulphate is added and the mixture shaken. Ten c.c. of 10 per cent. copper sulphate is added and shaken and the liquid made up to 200 c.c. It is then filtered immediately through a fluted filter into a dry flask. Thirty c.c. of Allihn’s copper solution, 30 c.c. of alkaline tartrate solution, and 35 c.c. water are placed in a beaker and heated to boiling. Then add 50 c.c. of the above solution, heat to boiling, and as soon as it boils, turn over the two minute sand glass, heat two minutes, then filter immediately through a thick asbestos filter without diluting, and wash thoroughly with hot water. Deter- mine copper by Low’s method (A. O. A. C. Methods). Calculate to reducing sugars. Total Sugavrs.—(b) Fifty c.c. is placed in a beaker, 5 c.c. of con- centrated hydrochloric acid added, the beaker placed in a water bath which is at 70°, with a thermometer arranged so that it hangs in the center of the beaker. It should take about two and one-half minutes to reach 69°, and should be maintained at this temperature for seven and one-half minutes. Then cool and neutralize with sodium car- 6 AG-RICULTIIRAL Exrisnriwrnxr STATION. bonate. Heat up the mixed reagent as in (a), pour into the beaker, heat to boiling and boil two minutes, and complete as in (a). Cal- culate to dextrose, subtract the reducing sugars, and the result mul- tiplied by 0.95 is the di-sugars or polysaccharoses. Starch.—\Veigh out 4 grams of the material if it is a hay or excre- ment; if it is corn chops, kafir, rice polish, or a similar concentrate, use 2 grams—~and extract with five successive portions of 10 c.c. each of ether on a hardened filter No. 589. Wash the residue from the paper into a beaker With 100 c.c. of water. Run a blank on the malt with each set. Heat on a sand bath to boiling with constant stirring and continue the boiling and stirring thirty minutes. Replace the water lost by evaporation. Immerse the beaker in. a water bath and keep it between 55° and 60°. When cooled to 55° C, add 1O c.c. of fresh extract of malt. (See below.) Do not add the malt extract until the liquid is cooled. Digest the mixture with occasional stirring for one hour at 55° to 60° C. Boil a second time for fifteen minutes, replace the water lost by evaporation, cool to 55° and digest as be- fore with 10 c.c. of malt extract for one hour. Heat to boiling, cool, and make up to 250 c.c. in a graduated flask. Filter through a dry paper and remove 200 c.c. of the filtrate to 500 c.c. flask. Plug the flask with cotton wool. 'l‘wenty c.c. of the 25 per cent. hydrochloric acid, specific gravity, 1.125, is added and heated for three hours in a boiling water bath, then cooled. Neutralize with carbonate of soda, make up to 500 c.c. and filter through a (lry paper. Determine the reducing sugars in the filtrate by the Allihn method. Calculate the total cuprous oxide reduced to dextrose, then subtract the blank in the malt, previously calculated to dextrose. Next divide by the quantity of substance used. The total sugars must be subtracted before calcu- lating to starch. Jllalt Extractr-Digest cold two to three hours 2O grams of fresh malt over night with 200 c.c. of water and filter. This solution will not keep over thirty hours. Each time a fresh solution is made up, determine the reducing sugars produced. from it, using 20 c.c. and going through the above process with p-ure water the same as if it contained starch. Pentosans in Nitrogen-Phase Erutract.—-The digestibility of the pen- tosans is discussed in another Bulletin (see Bulletin No. 1'75). The pentosans in the nitrogen-free extract are inserted in the table for the purpose of comparison and discussion. Reducing rQ-zrgars from He1ni-(7eiZZuZ0se.——This term is applied to the sugars produced from material dissolved by approximately N/5O acid and approximately N/5O alkali. Two grams substance was boiled thirty minutes with 200 c.c. water and 20 c.c. N/5 hydrochloric acid, then 410 c.c. N/5 sodium hydroxide added, and the boiling continued for fifteen minutes. It was then filtered through asbestos, the volume of the filtrate made 400 c.c., placed in a 500 c.c. flask, and 40 c.c. of 25 per cent. hydrochloric acid added. The liquid was heated three hours in a boiling water bath, cooled, nearly neutralized with caustic DIGESTIBILYEY or SUGARs, STAQCHES, Ere, 0F ROUGHAGES. 7 soda, and made up to 500 c.c. Dextrose was then determined by the Allihn method. As the filtrate contains both the starch and reducing sugars, these were subtracted (as dextrose) from the result, and the remainder taken to be dextrose as reducing sugars from hemi-celluloses. Pentosans were dissolved by the acid and alkali, and partly destroyed (see Bulletin No. IT'S). Pentosans have nearly the same reducing power as dextrose. Jlaterial Rendered Insoluble by Ae/iclrlfhe treatment with hydro- chloric acid (25 per cent.) in the above method rendered some of the material insoluble, as a brown or black powder. This was filtered off on asbestos, washed with water, and the quantity estimated. This sub- stance is, of course, indefinite. Soluble Resiclue.-—The “residue” is left after subtracting the sugars, starch, pentosans and material rendered insoluble by acid, from the soluble nitrogen-free extract. It represents the nitrogen-free extract soluble in approximately N/50 acid and alkali, not included in the groups named. Soluble Nitrogeu-Iflruee Extract.—\\*e use this term to designate the nitrogen-free extract dissolved by approximately N/50 acid and alkali as described in the following method: Eu. Reagents, Idifth Normal Sulphuric Acicl.—Dilu.te 25 c.c. sulphuric acid with 4000 c.c. Water and titrate 10 c.c with N/10 ammonia. and cochineal. Adjust so tht 10 c.c. requires from 19.9 to 20.2 c.c. am- monia to neutralize. Caustic Sacha-Dissolve 35 grams caustic soda pure by alcohol in 4000 c.c. water. Tllitrate 10 c.c. with N/5 hydrochloric acid and cochi- neal and adjust so that 10 c.c. requires between 9.95 to 10.05 c.c. of the acid. Estimatioum-Extract 2 grams material xvith ether. Transfer to tall beaker and add 200 c.c. boiling water (measured with a cylinder) and 20 c.c. fifth normal sulphuric acid, measured With a pipette. Boil thirty minutes, using a round-bottom flask as a condenser. While boiling, add 4-0 c.c. fifth normal caustic soda. measured with a pipette and continue to boil for fifteen minutes. Filter on asbestos, wash with hot Water, then once with alcohol and dry ten hours. Weigh, ignite, and weigh again. The loss in weight is the total material insoluble in approximately N/50 acid and alkali. This includes crude fiber and proteins. The proteins were determined, and proteins plus crude fiber subtracted from the insoluble residue. The difference is the insoluble nitrogen-free extract. This is" not strictly correct, as the crude fiber contains some protein. The total nitrogen-free extract less the insolu- ble gives the soluble nitrogen-free extract. COMPOSITION OF THE FEEDS. Table 1 shows the percentage composition of the roughages used in the experiments. Table 2 shows the percentage composition of the nitrogen-free extract. 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Em... :9. osm 2.: mp2 5mm www wax w? . . . . . . . . . 1w .02 202.5%: E wow: ha: wwwom Qifii 53w www .... Hm Ea Nam we o .38 :3 m.wa wwa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .02 ucoiionxfl E wow: wwmom EQEO mmmw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OZ QCQETflwQKM 5% wvmvwi ~fifl£ GUQRwOU woo mwm Tm. 1mm o won. aaw Ema :3 w? . . . . . . . .2 .02 EoEEoQxM E wow: .28.: EoU B? o.wm Nmm a.mw Nwm a. 5 o qfimw o. 5 fiww w? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a d2 Eoicoéno E wow: wwwow 29,3». wwww amh wfi. fiww Nzma mo» ca... imw vow waw :3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zo d2 Eoécooxm E wow: woo/Bo .C:@ meow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .QZ HGOET~QQKQ 5% wvnvm; flmufighnwm 0mm 23R o. C. v.3. am.w w 5 T...» w? N? m.wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2w d2 Eoicfiim E wow: ha: w:m.:< 51m dEEow wwmoa owEE-oo EQ 6:02 Aombxfl Jowbxfl Hombxfl .o:wmwoo >2 AEo: wswwow d2 HA .2 #2 .2 HA .2 oEEom oEEQw Eoh Eom Eoooom l|l wooh 2o oEmZ AEA 13oF finEowfi 13cm. 1E wowow 2&5. mE 053cm wwmw:w éofl |o:wofl QQLAHIFmHmZQ mo wezm-oimmoolw QANFH 1.2 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. The sugars are highly digested. This is in accord with previous work (N. C. Bulletin, N0. 1'72, Texas Bulletin N0. 104). One or two cases of lower digestibility occur, but as the excrements contain other reducing substances in addition to sugars, it is quite possible that the lower results are due to these substances and not to the presence of sugars. Starch also has a high dige-stibility. There are some cases in which the digestibility is low, notably with millet. It is probable that other substances in addition to starch are dissolved by the treatment with malt, and the low results in these particular cases may be due to these other substances, which may even possibly be formed during the process of digestion. The reducing sugars formed from the hemi-celluloses exhibit quite marked variations in digestibility from 0 or less, to 92 per cent. This may be ascribed in part at least to the unsatisfactory character of this determination, due to the partial destruction of sugars already discussed. It may also be in part due to the production, during the fermentation in the intestines, of soluble products from materials previously insoluble. t The material rendered insoluble by acids is an indefinite group, and its digestibility varies. It is a question if much significance can be attached to this group. Pentosans were determined in a number of these insolubles, with the following results: Per Cent. Per Cent. No. Description. Insoluble. Pentosans. 3649 Vetch hay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.94 0.79 3700 Excrement, tietch hay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.21 .00 3877 Excrement, rice straw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.88 .00 4249 Excrement, millet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7.07 .00 4254 Excrement, Bermuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.68 .00 4559 Excreinent, corn shucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7.52 .00 3609 Burr clover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.44 0.94 3623 Excrement, burr clover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.9’? 0.38 4238 Johnson grass hay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.54 0.31 4240 Excrement, Johnson grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7.59 0.43 4552 Guam grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.81 0.30 4554 Excrement, guam grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.69 0.29 The substances selected contained a high percentage of material made insoluble. If pentosans are made insoluble by the hydrochloric acid, their character is destroyed, so that they no longer yield furfural. Nitrogen was also determined in some of the insolubles, and the results calculated to protein. Results are in the table: Per Cent. Per Cent. X0. Description. Insoluble. Pentosans. 3258 Excrement, sorghum hav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8.90 1.56 3589 Excrement, Johnson grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.83 1.62 3595 Oat hay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.73 1.14 359'?’ Excrement, oat hay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..10.44 2.44 3625 Rice straw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.21 0.50 DIGESTIBILITY or SUGAHS, SrARoHEs, Euro, or ROUGHAGES. 13 Per Cent. Per Cent. X0. Description. _ Insoluble. Pentosans. 3883 Buffalo grass hay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.27 0.60 4247 Millet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.28 0.69 4252 Bermuda hay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.63 0.70 3877 Excrement, rice straw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5.88 1.36 4249 Excrement, millet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7.07 4.30 4254 Excrement, Bermuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.68 3.38 v This material, therefore, is composed for the most part of other sub- stances than pentosans or protein. The soluble residue is in some cases digested more, in others, less, than the total. soluble nitrogen-free extract. This soluble residue in- cludes the indefinite group of substances rendered insoluble by acids, and We cannot assume that they are rendered insoluble in quantitative proportions, but must await results of further experiments as to their nature. The total soluble nitrogen-free extract (soluble in approximately N/50 acid and alkali) is digested t0 a greater extent than the insolu- ble nitrogen-free extract. There are some exceptions to this state- ment; namely, oat hay and alfalfa. ' TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ¢¢.@ ~w.~_ Em.“ v>.¢ ww.N ow. mm. no. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..w.o7H¢=@==.@@xm =_@@w=.>@=.::@> mfimé 0M3: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. NOQ Nw. mwfv . . . . . . . . . . . . QIN .02 aionbiwmxm Gm wowi 52* Eflfimpom ~@ ~==@@m >w.@H vm fifi o mm. om. @@.w _N. m~.m .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..m.o7~¢=@¢:~@Q~m c@©oE~>m:~wo ¢N.w m@.@H fio. mm. H@.> ~N.w mm. mm.N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....~_.@»@~=@¢=~@@xm =.@@w= a==<¢ a~.- @w.wH vb.» wo. 0 mN.H wm. >@.¢ .. . . . . . . . . . . ..mH.o7H~=@=a.@@xm =.@@w=.@@@Q%.¢mm @m.m_ _>.m~ mh.¢ nw. o ow.~ wm. wo.N . . . . . . ..o~.owA~=o::~oQxmH:mvvw: zwnwmapmflricaow @w.__ ¢m.@ h@.m mw. wh.N Hw. wo. mm.~ . . . . . . . . ..¢.o»A ~=u¢:~oQxm-£ wow: was mmwhm cowcaow max. . . . . . . . . . . x§. @@.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .@% .02 flimvaTmmvavnm cw @Uw: wwflhm 655w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .......... Hm.~ om.~ ...............~.owA~cv::~@Qxm.c@wvw: has mon3onv w@.@~ ww.mH @@.m . . . . . . . . ..m@.m @w.H nfi. vm.~ . . . . . . . . . . . . ..h~.ov~¢:os:~@mxM :mwuw:mxo::mc~oU 2 .3 Q92 $1“ gm o Ea. Q. 3N . . . . . . . . . . . . 2m .02 EoEEwQxM i B? @220 ofitsm @m.w mw.om N@.w m@.¢ No.N >@.H mo. @~.~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..@.o»A¢=@=:~@@xm =.@@2~.@>om.-=m Nm.N~ mw.o~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ww. @m.~ w.N . . . . . . . . . . . ..NH.owA~c@=:~oQxM cflvvms has wwsniom H>.m Hm.@~ N@.@ w¢.¢ @H.m “m.H mm. ~w._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..m.¢~Q~=@::~@Q~m.=.@@w= >m= w:w:¢. .@_@=_Qw Aumbxfl Smbxm .OmO_5=0U 4Q 6:32 dwoh we oEnZ a .Z E .Z 2.28m aEow .3 flaw: 533w @_n:~om=~ _w~oh. u_Q:_omn~ ~co-~mw:w wkwmsm wioswofl fimOOh NIH. KO HUo_o.i:m Sin . . . . . . . . Ilwmlm on; 2Y0 cad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..$>oflobsm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .HCQEQMUNQ fifi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ~ . . . . . . . - . - - . . . . . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . - ~ - - . ¢ - ~ - Gm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .QGOEUHQ.NU mmfluw GOMQSO». mw . . - \ . . - 4 - ‘ | ~ ~ . - . . . . . . - - . ' . - . - . q ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ » . . . . \ ~ . . ¢ . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . 32m; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. mflé . . . . . . .. mTm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . llggufiviggxm @332 %%.§_ . . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . - . fifi. i . ~ - ¢ . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . - xx. - . . . . - . . . - . .0 -x . . . . . . 4 . . . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . - V . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . ' . . . . . » . - . ~ - . . . - - . . . - . . - - .. ..¢. - - - - -. . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -.-%“£ I Jgfiim @354 .2824 dSEEU 664 .2::E_=w ugh Eob Eob 26o SQ 89C E3 5Q GQWOSAZ ‘finfizowcw owmfiromim w; fl 3 vamfidooga vé fl >n Bniowfi cufiohm @3335 mbwmsm Bnfiowfi Ewmnw dz nflq AA ox. . . ~ . - - . - . . . . - . . - . . . . . . . . ‘ . - . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . - - . - . . . - . . . . - ¢ ... 4 . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . -.-¢-.-.-%@gP:=@Qm Zfmw mmq“ fimdm mwé wqmv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jcofiwhuxv Quantum wmfim 5d. hmdw and” mmémm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dwsEhwm 053‘ nob mwém on; hmfiw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JcuEohoxv H.222 N55 mw.m oNhmm mmYm modv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................~o_=§ £¢. ¢ . ~ . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . - . - . - . - . - - - . - . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - - - . . . - ...-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..--...->W;MW.N.H% . - - - - . - - - - - -AEv£ . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . - . . - - - . - . . . . . . . . . .. .-...... ..................................-.......-.....--.-%N£ . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . ..HCOEQ.~UNQ %NJ SQQQ> - - - . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . ~ . . ... . . . - . . . . . . . . . - . - . - . - - . . anvnafllnlllhni%mnnouv> wwdw , wwé 21mm S; mmfiwv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iwcwfivhoxo 353m 3mm mmém wmflm Sign mmé wwdm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......Bwbw aim Siam . . . . . . . . . . .. ambm Nfim mmdm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jcoifiuxo ~93? FEM 01mm .. wmrmw mmflmm 2.0m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..\.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......8>o_u.i:m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .HH~QEQHOXU WW3 HMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . - . . . - . - ... - . - . - . - - . -----%NJFNO . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . - . . . . . . - . . - . . . - . . . . . . . . . . - . - . . . . - . . . . - . . . - . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - . . . - . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - . - . - ¢ - - . - . . x@. . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . - .x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - - JWAMQEQkUuNQ - - . . . . . -.-. --¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . -.-. . . . . . . . . . . - . - . ..-¢-u-..-.-~hwg.w%ifl%?< . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . ¢ - . . . - - - .. . ¢ . - - - -.-. -... - . - . . . . . . - . - . . . . - . . ... - . . - . . . ..-.... . - . . . . . . - .-.-..-%@Q 58E‘ .:§=< dfiwswU .2:2&=w évpuwbxo Eofi Eob wave 5n .250 5m bwwsw @3302: QQNQQMQMZQ vi H he w; fi ha 130 u. cmfiohm fiaiowfi Ewmsm Emmsm dz :5 .~A - ¢ . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . » . 4 . . . . . . . . 4 . - . . . . . - 4 - . . . . - . Ho. wN H ow w w w mflm hfla . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ihmn HHBQ> on. Hm m Hxw a mdw mflw wfiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IBmbwouHMH wmH on H am m ohm 0.5 wdv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..$>oHo.~.5mH @R.. i 4 . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NHH hmH Hnh Him“. 5mm .H.R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IhmamrwHz wan! . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . 4 . . - 4 . . . . . . .232,» dHbHHHnHsm Hogfifim dfimzmU disnmHsw Qowbxm Hcuu Hum Hcoo 5Q oourvH Have 5m Hnoo 5Q voHrYH HfiH H w: HWH H E EwoEZ HYH H fiH HWH H E comobHZ fimmsm Emwsm uicHowcH Emmsw Emmnw oHnnHowaH do»; d5 ooH Eob Hxzmwmmw 35536 SHEQHXQwHQ Ho HcuHumHuoU .HA@}.-.@. .o.-..-..... -........ . . . . . ... . . .mQQU§WP:QEQhOunm - n - . a n - - a - - - n - u . u - - a n - 1 - - - - . - ~ - .N 00010100 011:0? -1101 00010100 4D .0002 agbxmQ 40.05am .000.5xmQ .0:Em0rQ 50C .300 >2 -110: .000bxmQ £33m HQ .Z NM .2 E .Z Emma? 03302: 80b 4Q .Z E || l|||||| 1000M. 033005 130E 0Q00x0 1000100E 0.20mi 0000325 0003i 130m. mE2010mQ fiEZMQEQMONH QQO ZQQPQmOQQEOOIo Hdflfih NNNo dz .03 23 DIGESTTBILITY OF SUGARS, STABOHES, ETcn, OF ROUGHAGES. 5d&b@&&A £hAQhAéh Qoonw Qoosw Qvonw Qvosw macaw noonw Qoonm Qoosw acofiouoxm HCQEQHOKmmQ HGQEQMONMm wcuiouoxfl HQQEQhONMw QGQEQhONMm HGOEUMUNMm HQOEQMONMm 24 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. . . . . . . .51? 0.3 5mm :5 . . . . . . . . . .. o wdh T3 Q3 . . . . . . .492 EEBSA Gob Easmm. omfififiwm . . . . . . 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' . . - . . . . - - - . . . . . . . . . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . . -.m.wi\ ....-...¢~..-..-»..-..-..»...,.-..¥w@‘#@®mre? -..-..|..-..-..-v-...........-.........i..LLiL...........£.Z . . - . v -\~vnmrn¢ O-m . . . . . . . . . . . - . ~ - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ixbw owkmm .......................Tommm.oZ.wEwooovwoh I~ .02 .325 Sui mQQBoU ad? ~ .oZ totem cofiwowmC 6395a 3.5mm dwfinzou Eob dfiwswu Jaw Am wm .Z 633cm 66¢ >5 lino: AG .6502 3.3 wave QQQ 15o 5Q Bniowfi ESQ/M dswmwom 053cm Gob; £33m I AQGEQ w; H .3 w; w ~%§ 13cm. Li wouow 2&5 mi Emmsw Q3335 hwmsm bwwsm LEE 636m 505R: Qflh m2.wN ...... .@.HH w.mNH N.N¢N N.NNN @.NN >.vH N.moH m.NH N.N H.Nm ....U-~w~N~ m.NmH ¢.NNN H.NNN N.NNH m.hHH N.@N N.NN N. N. N @N o.¢@N N.@@N m.Nw@ N.NNN N.NNH N.HNH N.@N N.N N.N@ . HHHHHH N. N.N H.mN @.¢N N.“ N.N m.N N.H H. N.H ¢.NN N.w@N @.HNN N.mw@ N.@NN N.@NH N.@NH H.wm m.N m.@@ ...HHHHH @.NN N.mm H.>> w.H> >.NN N.@w @.H@ N.NN N.wN @.NN o.H> m.¢m m.mN N.¢N . . . . ... . . . . . . .. @.N@ N.@N w.@N w.>m ........m.NN N.mm N.m@N o.NNm . . . . ... . . . . . . ..N.NN @.¢@ @.@m N.NN ..m--mN.mH @.Nm @.NNN @.NNN .. . . . . . . . ..@.N@ N.N N.H N.H @.@@ w.N¢H H.>@m m.NHw . . . . . . .. ........ m.m@H N.N@ o.HN. N.N> . . . . . . .. N.H . N.N N.N N.NN ........ ........ H.m N.H N. N.H . ...... o.w@ o.NHH m.No¢H >.>NN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. N.wmH N.N@ N.HN @.Hw . . . . . . .. N.mN @.N@ @.wN m.N> . . ........ N.@@ N.N@ m.wN H.N@ . . . . . . .. m.Hm @.N@ N.NN> N.NN@ ........ ........ @.NoH m.N@ N.HN @.NN . . . . . . ..@.@H @.NN N.mHN m.mHN ................@.m@ >.N N. N.H . . . . . . .. N.N@ N.NHH @.N¢¢H >.NNN ........ ........ 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[m dZ Qowam . - . - . - - . . . . - ~ . . - - . . - - . » - . . . . . - . . - . . - . . . ~ . . . . . - - . - . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oz .wEw @OH®.~UKm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JMUHWM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11w- N NNN dz 2a m QHHEwNm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Qz .WEm IN dz Nazi Nam NHHFHZ 5E N dz HsExH Hernia ...-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....bQWMQW@@ QQNPCQOHUQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . .................TUBWU@@Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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Qmfihwfiwm c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.wNA 0.0 0AON was. 0AON 0S0 m.NAA A.0m :0 N. NMA .o7A.mE0wA0A Avfiwbxm 000A v.00 N000 w.00N. mwwm 0.00N 0.0m 000A w.00N 0.0m 0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IcoAwmA m.N m. 0.0 0AA A.0 0A NA 0.A A0 A. 0. My.Hw...H.wJHmJUQwwmdH/Twiwmmgwmmom wA: Nwm N.w0w N00“. 0.Nmm N.AAA 0.0m N.AAA w.NAN 0.wm 0mm . . . . . . . . 0|mN00.o7A.wE0 0000 00h IQYQZ .825 .2330 85m 5T5 A. .oZ 02.6% cofimwwwfi N00 0.00 0A0 0.mw A.m0 N.N0 00w 0.w0 w.N0 0N0 :3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033000 00.35650 Qmmsé 5mm. 0N0 0A0 0.Nw Nmmw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. m.N0 v.00 w.m0 A00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iwoAwommAv wmmAcoohonA %.R..W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. §.¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....- ...@QQMQ%@Q A00 0w Afiww w.00A 0.00A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108w 0A. N. ww ..o7A.wEw0AAA wofiioxmA 000A >80 0.mAA mmmN 0.020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. m.mNA Arms w.w 0 0w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............:vAmM m.. 0. w. A.A v.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. m. 0. 0 N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070000 67A dim mA wswfivfi wwmA 0.00 0.0AA w.00N 0.000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.0NA 0.0“. w.w 00w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 070000 67A dim 000w A03 AwAorA. . imdz Qoosw v.00 A00 0A0 00w w.w0 N. 0 0.0“. m.m0 Am“. m.0h N00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12035000 owmAcofionA 0w N00 FAA. N.mwA N..mN0 m.0N0 000A w.A0 08m A0 0.mw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lifivumawmfl 0.m0 5w N.ww 0.0mA A.0mA ASN w.0h w.0w 00A 0A 0.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....A..N00...oZ £50 000A 0329mm NwmA 0B0 0.mAA 0.00N 0.0?“ 0.50 mBmN 0.mNA omh w w N. 0w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Icofiwfl N. A. A. w. N.A w. 0. N. 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NNSN 0.0N0 0.00.0. 0S00 0.NON 0.N0 0.0N0 0.00 0.0 0. 0N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....000@0%%00M0_.0070 0E0 xmmmmnxoh _ B0000 000E 0050:0010 0000B 00 .070 000.000 0000000000 0.0N 0S0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 .N0 . . . . . . . 00S S.N0 S00 0S0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .000w0m00 0000000000 0000020 . . . . - . . . . - - - - . . - - - . . . . . . . . . - . .-.-¢-nu.w®fimmvmru ME... 0.2m ma...“ in... Em... ...... .._........@.mo~. vs m...“ 0.0. ..................... ..... ..0......00 N»Nw m~§ . ~ _ . - - . - . - 1 ©'N Y» m. . - - . - . . . - - . . . - . nn-n-v?w£fi 0oz 0.0N0 0.NSN 0.000 0.000 0.000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.00N 0.00 0.0 0.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.000 .070 0E0 00N0 00h ||0 .070 000000 A-%-%NN - . . . . - - - - . .-~. .7‘ $ . - . - - . . . . . . . . - - - . ...»-u-.U@FmQwr© mw.@N~ . . . . . . .. ....x.@@§ m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........-.¢.-@QHWUm@Q. a-oo N-w - - - - . - . |. - - - . - - I . N-§~ .?- m- . . - . . . . . . . . . - - . . - . q ~02 0.0N0 0.NSN 0S00 0.N00 0.000 . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00N 0.00 0. 0.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......:000m0 0m 0m 0.0 0.0 0.0 . . . . . . . . . ..0.0 N. 0. N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......0|S000 .070 0E0 N0 00004 0 0N0 0 NSN 0.000 0.000 0.000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00N 0.00 0.0 0.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-0.000 .070 .200 00N0 00.0 0000.0. l0 .070 0000000 0.0N 0.00 0S0 0S0 0S0 0.N0 0 0.N0 0.00 0.000 0S0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......000w0000 0000000000 @ - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....-.-..-.......@U.#MQ%@Q 0.00 0.0 S000 NS00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0 0 N. 0 . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .0000 .070 0E0 0000 000000000 S.0N0 0.NSN 0.N00 0.N00 S000 0.00N 0.00 0.NSN N00 0.0 0.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...0000000,0. S.0 0. 0.0 N.00 0.00 0.0 0. 0.0.. 0. 0. 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........0-S000.070@8000 00h 0.0N0 0.NSN 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00N N.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 . . . .. . . . . . . . ~00./00~0S..mm0.w0.070 0E0 00N0 0on0 .0 0: :00 003 S0 .070 0020.0 0000000000 0 000 U 00 . .000w:00 E000 00.000000 .0000 >00 .0m00:0000 .000 .o:00>0 0000 600250 0:0 .m0 v.0 . 70 00.00000 .0:00w0M0 0000300 -0500 400.0000 -0535 0-0 0 >00 0:00 000 0000000000 .@ v.0 .70 00000000 E000 0.50:0 000000000 0.80:0 0-0 0 >0 -005 000:0 000 0.60:0 |0:00m0 .QO0~0HA0 NEH 00000500 700 .QHH.H~0MONH Q70< 00.0.0005 £0.90 WFZHUFHDZIL» 000M000. 35 1T0, OF ROUGIIAGES. DIGESTIRILITY OF SUGARS, STARCHES, P _ l . . . . . . .. AL. T QWNQCUUMUQ Uwflhnzr/N . . . . . . ........$.@R. .........................vvU@wUw@%vnw@fl€inwnvhUL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............UQ.ww®w@Q . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 19cm mflwm $65 mfwow Q; mfi ma: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - - . - . - . , 1m dz $26 . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................<...-...-..@Q.wmfim@a 56g mdov ofiwm . ‘ . ¢ . . .. ......o._mm m6; o.o w.m ,. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 116mm“.dzéc-mwotumzouuxm- YTVNM M§A~b mfififim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..O.MN~ w.mm aim ~.NN . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . ...................ivwwmm . . . . . . . . . . mRN 991M 99R osfi mqfi can M: w _m Tmwwv oZ mE 8% 12:25 _ ||v.oZ 395 36 p TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. AGKNOYVLEDGMENT. Analyses and other work reported in this bulletin were made b_v Messrs. L. C. Ludlum; William Levin, J. B. Rather, J. W. Chewnirxg, and perhaps others. ' SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. 1. The roughages contain only‘ small percentages of sugars and starches, which are highly digestible. 2. Pentosans are destroyed by N/50 acid and alkali in the analyti- cal process employed. A black powder is also formed. 3. The nitrogen-free extract of legumes is on an average more readily soluble in N/50 acid and alkali than that of non-legumes. 4. The mother substances of the reducing sugars formed from the material dissolved by N/50 acid and. alkali vary decidedly in digesti- bility in the various tests. 5. The nitrogen-free extract soluble in X/50 acid and alkali is, as a rule, digested to a greater extent than that not soluble. 6. The black insoluble substance formed during the conversion of the material dissolved h‘_v N/50 acid and alkali into sugars is largely composed of non-nitrogenous material other than pentosans. '7. Much larger quantities of material yielding sugars are dissolved by l»; per cent. caustic soda. ~ 8. Boiling with caustic soda dissolves onlv small quantities of ma- terial converted into, sugars, but large quantities converted into an in- soluble black precipitate during the process. 9. It is probable that the substances dissolved bv acid and alkali contain considerable proportions of compounds other than carbo- hydrates. i