A63-2l7-lOM TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT srmom BULLETIN NO. 213 C JANUARY, 1917 DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY The Composition of the Soils of South Central Texas B. YOUNGBLOOD, DIRECTOR. t HLLI-ICE STAT1ON_ BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS W. B. BizzELL, A. M., D. C. L., President TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS JOHN I. GUION, President, Ballinger. . _. . . . . . . . .. L. J. HART, Vice-President, San Antonio . . . . . . . . E.H. ASTIN. Bryan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. J. R. KUBENA, Fayetteville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A.~ B. Davidson, Cuero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WILL A. MILLER JR., Amarillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JOHN C. DICKSON, Paris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. A. BREIHAN, Bartlett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. F. M. LAw. Houston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .Term expires 191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Term expires 191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Term expires 191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Term expires 192 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Term expires 192 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Term expires 192 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Term expires 192 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Term expires 192 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Term_expires 192 MAIN STATION COMMITTEE L.’ J.’ HART,’ Chairman WiLL AfMiLLER, JR. GOVERNING BOARD, STATE SUBSTATIONS P. L. Downs, President, Temple. . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . CHARLIE‘ ROGAN, Vice-President, Austin . . . . . . . . W. P. HOBBY, Beaumont . . . . . . . . . . . . J. E. Boos-Scorn Coleman’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Term'expires'l9ll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Termfexp_ires 192.’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Term_‘expires 191$ Term expires 1921 STATION STAFF‘ ADMINISTRATION B. YOUNG-BLOOD, M. S., Director A. B. CoNNER, B. S., Vice Director CHAS. A. FELKER. Chief Clerk A. S. \VARE, Secretary DIVISION OF VETERINARY SCIENCE _ M. FRANcis, D. V. S., VCICFIIIGIIGII in Charge . _ _ H. SCHMIDT, D. V. M., Veterinarian DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY _ _ G. FRAPS, Ph. D., Chemist in Charge; State Chemist _ W. T. P. SPROTT, B. S., Assistant Chemist H. LEBESON, M. S., Assistant Chemist CHARLES BUCI-IWALD, M. S., Assistant Chemist DIVISION OF HORTICULTURE ‘ H. NEss, M. S., Ilorticulturist in Charge W. S. Hotchkiss, Horticulturist DIVISION OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY J. C. BURNS, B. S., Animal Husbandman, Feeding Investigations J. M. JONES, A. M., Animal Husbandmari, Breeding Investigations DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY _ _ F. B. Paddock, M. S.,_Entomologist in Charge; State Entomologist _ . J. REiNiiARn, B. S., Assistant Ento- malogist County Apiary Inspectors R. C. Abernathy, Ladonia; William Atch- lev, Mathis; J. W. Basham, Barstow; Victor Boeer, Jourdanton: T. W. Burle- son, Waxahachie; W. C. Collier, Goliad; E. W. Cothran, Roxton; G. F. Davidson, Pleasanton; John Doneizan, Seguin; A. R. Graham, Milano; J. B. Kiniz. Bates- ville; N. G. LeGear, Waco; R. A. Little, Pearsall; M. C. Stearns, Brady;_ S. _H. Stephens, Uvalde; M. B. Tally, Victoria; James W. Traylor, Enl0e;_R. E. Watson, Heidenheimer; W. H. White, Greenville; W. P. Bankston, Buffalo; F. C. Belt, Ysleta. DIVISION OF AGRONOMY _ . A. B. Cowman, B. S., Agronomisl in Charge A. H. LEIDIGH, B. S., Agronomist _ Louis WERiviELsRiRcnEN, B. S., Agronomist DIVISION OF PLANT PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY J. J. TAUBENHAUS, Ph. D., Plant Patholo- gist and Physiologist in Charge _ A. D. Jonuson, B. S., Graduate Assistant CLERICAL ASSISTANTS . J. M. SCHAEDEL, Stenographer DAisv LEE, Registration Clerk W. F. CHRISTIAN, Stenographer ELIZABETH WALKER, Stenographer E. E. KiLBoRN, Stenographer *As of February 1, 1917. **In cooperation with United States Department of Agriculture. DIVISION OF POULTRY HUSBANDRY R N. HARVEY, B. S., Poullrgman in Charm DIVISION OF PLANT BREEDING E. P. IIUMBERT, Ph. D., Plant Breeder ii Charge J. S. lVIOGI-‘ORD, B. S., Graduate Assistant DIVISION OF DAIRYING J. E. Harper, M. S., Dairgman in Charge DIVISION OF FEED CONTROL SERVICE - JAMES SULLIVAN. Executive Secretary J. -H. BncERs, Inspector W. H. W000. Inspector T. H. WoLTERs. Inspector S. D. PEARCE‘, Inspector W. M. \Vici . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 [Blank Page in Original Bulletin] THE COMPOSITION OF THE SOILSOF SOUTH CENTRAL TEXAS. BY G. S. FRAPS, CHEMIsT IN CHARGE. This bulletin deals with the chemical composition of samples of soil _ from nineteen counties in South Central Texas, and is the sixth of a series dealing with the chemical compos-ition of typical Texas soils. The samples analyzed were sent us by the field agents of‘ the Bureau of Soils of the United States Department of Agriculture. ' A description of the soils and a map of this area has been published by the Bureau of Soils under the title of “A Reconnaissance Soil Survey of South Central Texas,” by A. E. Kocher and party. These maps are on a scale of six miles to the inch. Bequestsfor this report should be addressed to the Bureau of Soils, Washington, D. C. MAINTENANCE OF FERTILITY. The following are the chief essentials to the maintenance of soil fertility: (1) Maintenance of vegetable matter and nitrogen, by growing legumes and turning these under or grazing them off. (2) Correction of deficiency in phosphoric acid, if needed, by use of phosphates. (3) Correction for acidity, if present, by use of ground limestone or lime. v (4) Correction for deficiency of potash, if needed, by use of potash fertilizers. Vegetable Matter. The maintenance of the supply of vegetable mat- ter in the soil is essential for the fertility of soils, though some soils produce well for along time without additions of vegetable matter, through liberal use of fertilizers. Vegetable matter may be supplied in farm yard manure, which is sufiicient- if the quantity available is enough, but barnyard manure is usually not at hand in large enough quantities. Legume crops, in such case, should be grown in rotation with other crops, and either turned under or grazed off. Turning under a heavy green crop may sour the land; if the crop is heavy, it is best to allow it to become nearly mature before turning it under._ The plant tissues are then harder, decay less rapidly, and are less likely to cause sourness. We are still more in favor of grazing off the crop, as in this case some of its feeding value is secured, while the droppings from the animal, together with the liquid excrement, contains the bulk of the plant food taken up by the crop. To make the crop into hay and save the manure from it is not such a good plan, as a large part of the fertility is lost in this way; and when the legume‘ is made into hay, to be sold, the land gains practically nothing in fertility. While other crops than legumes add vegetable matter to the soil when plowed under or grazed off, the legumes are the only plants which 6 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. can utilize thevfree nitrogen of the air. Hence the legumes are selected for the crop to be turned under or grazed off. The maintenance of the nitrogen supply of the soil is more impor- tant than the maintenance of the vegetable matter. The only practical way to do this for farm crops is to secure the nitrogen from the air by growing legumes. Nitrogen costs too much for the planter to pur- chase enough of it to maintain the nitrogen content of the soil. The purchase of a small supplementary quantity may be profitable, but the main supply for cotton, corn, kafir, etc, must come from the soil, Which then loses in fertility, unless it is first taken from the air by means of legumes. A It is not our intention to go into the matter of tho kind of legumes to grow, except to say that corn grown in six-foot rows with cowpeas between, often produces as many bushels of corn the first year as corn grown in the usual way, and the second year, if the legumes are turned under or grazed off, it often produces eight to twelve bushels more. A cotton crop following the corn and cowpeas likewise is considerably larger. (2) Phosphoric Acid. Soils are often deficient in phosphoric acid. The deficiencies of the soils discussed here will be shown later on. For discussion of the use of phosphates and other fertilizers, see Bulletin No. 167. (3) Acidity. Some soils contain organic or inorganic acids, and are acid in character. Certain crops do not grow well in acid soils, especially clover, alfalfa, barley, rye, etc. There are other crops, such as cowpeas and watermelons, which do well onacid soils. Acidity may be corrected by adding lime, either slaked lime, quicklime, or ground ~ limestone rock. The latter is usually the cheaper, and preferable in other respects. The acidity or non-acidity of the soils is shown in connection with the analyses. Many of the soils of the area contain an abundance of lime, and do 11ot need further additions. Only one acid soil was found which was Crawford Clay of Burnet county, and its acidity was very small and would becorrected by an application of 200 pounds stone lime per acre. . (4) Potash. Soils as a rule contain an abundance of potash to produce good crops, though there is a variation in this respect. In general potash is least often needed of any fertilizer and often need- lessly used in the South. The use of manure, the turning under of green crops, and the use of lime when needed, appear to assist the plants to secure potash from highly insoluble forms. The farmer should endeavor to secure the greatest benefit from his soil potash before undertaking to purchase fertilizer potash. HOW’ TO USE THE ANALYSES. Analyses of the soils are given in connection with the various types. The interpretation of the analyses is also given. If the soil is well supplied ‘with plant food, but does not give good yields, this indicates that its physical condition is poor, either in respect to cultivation, drainage, physical character, or in other respects. COMPOSITION or SoILs or Sourrr CENTRAL "Pumas. 7 If the soil is ivell supplied with total plant food, but low in active plant food, attempts should be made to increase the activity of soil agencies which make plant food available, by means of addition of manure, of green crops plowed under, or, if the soil is acid, by addi- tion of lime or ground limestone. If the crop yields are low and the plant food is deficient, the table shows the plant food that should be used first. _ Suppose, for example, a. farmer on Houston Clay of Comal county is securing a yield of one-fourth bale cotton per acre, what fertilizer should be used. Table 6 shows that this soil furnishes enough active phosphoric acid for 6 bushels corn, enough potash for 157 bushels corn, enough nitro- gen for 23 bushels corn, on an average, in pot experiments. Clearly, phosphoric acid is needed first, and iriost: of all, and then nitrogen. The farmer then should apply acid phosphate, for the purpose of fur- nishing phosphoric acid, and cottonseed meal, for the purpose of fur~ nishing nitrogen. These should increase the yields. But it would be still better for him to secure the nitrogen by growing legumes, and turning them under or grazing them ott, and then using acid phosphate to supply the phosphoric acid. On this particular soil proper crop rotation with legumes is probably the first necessity. As another example, take Yazoo Clay of Hays county (Table 6). If less than one-half bale cotton or 35 bushels corn are produced, the deficiency is probably’ not due to lack of plant food, but to bad physical condition deficient rainfall, or otherwise. Crop rotation, with legumes to add vegetable matter, would here be clearly indicated. ' PLANT FOOD REQUIREMENTS OF CROPS. Table 1 shows the plant food taken from the soil by certain average Texas crops. The plant food in the crop sold is given, and also that in the by-products, which may be returned to the soil, either directly or with some loss in manure. TABLE 1. Plant Food Removnd by Crops in Pounds Per Acre. Pho sphorici Valuation acid. l Nitrogen. Potash. ypegacre. y ‘ Ill Zorn, 40 bushels (in corn and cob) . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 19 38 13 $ 9.42 Zorn, (in stalk and leaves) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 y’ 22 29 6.50 Vheat, 25 bushels (in the grain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; 13 ‘ 29 8 7.06 Wheat (in the straw) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 5 1 l3 14 3.74 )ats, 4O bushels (in the grain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m 10 , 25 7 6.51 )ats (in the straw) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 10 21 3.50 Iotton (in 250 pounds lint) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1‘ 0.8 0 7 .21 lotion (III seed, 500 pounds) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 7 16 8 4.10 Zotton (in stalk and leaves) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ‘ 32 23 8.50 ‘otatoes. Irish (100 bushels. in the tuber). . . . . 10 ‘ 20 36 6.76 ‘otatoes, Sweet (200 bushels, in the tuber). . . . 20 28 72 11.12 ilfalfa, 4 tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 183* 143 48. 18 orghum, 3 tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W‘ 29 8 134 26.58 ugar cane, 20 tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l 15 153 44 34.14 Inions, 30.000 pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 37 i 72 72 20.94 tice, 1,900 pounds (in the grain) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ' 12 l 23 5 5.62 {ice (in 2,250 pounds straw) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 3 , 14 37 5.20 *A part of this nitrogen comes from the air. TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 0 0 0 0 ... . 0 ..0Q=k: ......... . . . . . ........-ENQ 0m CHM Oflw Owfldnhfivflmd wwm? wwm MM wwmm wwwaw. $0000 wwm 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .000>00w0 . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .00000_.000000 000 0000000000000. 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . .. . 02.’ N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......EGO 0m Gflmvw: NEG wiUwfl 000.0 0 000 0 000.0 000.0 000.00 00 . . . . . . .. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . 1:: E000,“ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0000__ 00.0000 00000000000004 00m 000.00 000. . 000.00 000.00 000 0 . . . . . . . . . . . .. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 000.0 000000 0 00. 000.00 000 0 000 0 000.00 000.00 00 .000. . . . . . . . . . . . .._.00000z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0. ._.. 00000.0. 0000M. M000 000.0 000. 000 000.0 000.0 000 000.0 . . . . . . . 100002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0M0 WEW 000 0~I00 000 000.000 000.0 000.0 000.00 0.0 000.0 00.02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .0 0000__.0000000_00“00000 000.00 000.0 000 000.0 000.00 000 .000 0 .............00m00=0w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..00._0.0._. .00..» 0000 00000000000000 000.0 000 0 000 000.00 000.00 0 0000 . . . ....00000=0o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..00.0.000_.00000 00000000000 000.0 000 000 000.0 000.00 00 000 . . . . . . . .. ...0000006_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......:m00_ 00000000000000 000.0 000. 000 000.0 000.00 00 .000 . . . . . . . . . . . :2 00:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00000000000000.0000 000.0 000.0 000 000.00 000.00 00 000. . . . . . . . . . 000000.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 00 0000 0 00.0 0000000000 000.000 000 0 000.... . 000.00 000.00 00 000.0 . . . . . . . . . . . ..0.0...:000C_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0. .030 0000 00. 00 002 000.0 000. . 000.0 000.00 000 . 0000.0 . . . . . . ; 000:0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......00..0.0 W0 00000000000 000.000 000 0 000 0 000.00 000.00 00 00.0. 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 00.00>_0>: 00000 20000.0 M0000 000.0 000. 000 000.0 000.00 000 000 . . . . . . . . . . 1.00002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7000 00000 00 0 000.0 000.0 000. 000.0 000.00 .00 000 . . . . . . . . . . 00000 . . . . . . . . . . . . L . . . . . . . . 1:0 .0 00 000 0000000 0000.00 000.0 00o 0 00o 0 80.00 000 0000. . . . . . . . . . . 0.050000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200.0. .0._0.0>000. 030002 000.000 000.0 000 000. 000.00 000 0000.0 . . . . . . . . . . .... 00000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........0000 00000000 000.000 000.0 000 000. 00 000.00 00 000. 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0000u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {:0 000 00000000 000.000 000.0 000. 000.0 000.00 00 .000. 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2200. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0000 00.0000 000000: 000.000 000.0 000 0 000.00 000.00 000 000.0 . . . . . . . . . . .. . 0.000000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .0000 02000 00000000 000.000 000.0 00 000.0 000.00 00 000.0 . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.00: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 0w0z0m000000m wwmfi? wwmm 00mm; 000.00. wwwxmm mm $00M 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . .00.0_.000m000000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0mm 0mmmwmw0 000M000 00000 000K: 00000 .0000 HHHHHHHMHHHM...00000U0xxHmHHHmmumHHmHHHHHHHH00000»0_0»0_0000000 000.000 000.0 000.0 . 000.00 000 .0 000.0 . . . . . . . . . ..0.0002 ......................... 00000» 000 00000000 000.00 800.0 000 0 0000.00 000.00 _00 000.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000000. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . :.....00_0 000000300000 000.000 000.0 0000.00 000.00 00 000.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 00000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 0.000000000000000 000.000 000.0 . . . . 000.0 000.00 000 . . 000 0 . . . . . . . . . 000009. . . . . . . . . . ..00000.00.00.000.»000 0000000000000 000.00 0000.0 . .000.00 000.00 000.0 . . . . . . .. . . . . . .00.0000m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..:.........0000 0:00 0000000000 000.00 000.0 000 0 000.00 000.00 000 000.0 . . . . . . . . . . . .. 00000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............00_0 0000000000000 000.00... 000.0 000 000.0 000.00 00 .000. ......... . . . .0000000 ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . .000 0000 0.00.0000 000.00 000.0 000 000.00. 000.00 000 000 0. ........... .. 0000 ................. ..... ..000.0000 00000000 000 000 000 0 00.0 . 000.00 000...: 000.0 . . . . . . . . . .. .00000m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00000000000000 000“... 000. 000.0 000. 00 . 000 . . . . . . . . . . .0000> 00> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. =00 00000 000000000 000.000 000.0 00 000.0 000.00 00 000. . . . . . . 0 . . . .0000> 00> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .000.0.0..0000 00000 0000000000 000.000 000 0 000 000.0 000.00 00 000.0 . . . . . . . . . ..000.0> 00>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .........000t00=0000000000 000.000 000.. 000 000.0 000.00 00 .000. 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . H 000000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.... . . . . . . . .0002 0000 0000000 000.000 000 0 000 000.0 000.00 00 000.0 ......... 00000 ............... .. . 00000000000 000 000 000 000 000 0 000 00 00 _000 0 00,000 1.00000 00000 000.0 00000000 0 .0000: domofim: 505cm 000000000 .00000000 .320 .3000 . . 200300 13cm. @2000. 03300 130B 01000000003 000007000009 $00500 dank 0000. 00000 03000. 1 00000. _ 0N HHHFH 60:0: 00000 u: 503D 0.: 3 o.0o< 5h 10cm 202m .3 025cm COMPOSITION OF SoILs OF SOUTH CENTRAL TEXAS. . . . . . . . - . . . ¢ . - -. .-.. . . . . . . . - ¢ - N . . . . . . . . . . . - » . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . ,% fl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QHMN@A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ¢ . Jhnflow >%vmnflw ~%=o#w owi@sogm@k 8P2 2%; mum H 2N; oemwm 8 26; . . . . . . . . . . . . . .951. .. . .. .... . . . 1.1M. . .83??? 23m omfiaoiwe a . - . . . 4 . - . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . - _ . - . - . . . - - - > . 8P3. o8; 3N 8P. 58.3 m3 _ o8 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1254 .....f.....fwwnn ..fim.._.>w=mm¢m=mao._wwe o8.» 8v; Sm oowxw Q3 Q m» 8w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 owsaeih o3 w 8N H o? 8w m ¢2x8 xv N2 . . . . . . . . . . . 522 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 $52 Sszzm Qwisoiwk 6E: domobmn 423cm i539“ é £38m 68w Eow 6:357; 130M. @334 033cm _ Each. owhosmwonn oionnmoan 55.00 i=3. E04 E5. _ Q53 .83. fiQGOGH no>om we 423D o5 8 o~u< hQAH each 222m Ha mwnzoh ioufiiavlm WJN€H 1O TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Table 2 shows the quantity of plant food in the surface soil of the various samples examined, expressed as pounds per acre. The assump- tion is made that the soil weighs two million pounds to the depth of 7 inches, an assumption only approximately correct. SOIL SERIES 1N THE AREA. The following is a brief description of the soil series found in this area: Table 3 shows the relation of the types to the county rocks. Blanco Series. These soils are of alluvial origin, occupying terraces standing above overflow. They are gray to light brown soils with brownish subsoils, which contain heavy plastic material of a decidedly heavy brown color in the lower portions of the subsoil. Brackett Series. These soils are derivedithrough the weathering of limestone on the Edwards Plateau. They are gray, yellowish gray, or light brown surface soils with whitish or light brown or brown sub- soils. O-razuford Series. These soils are derived from the weathering of indurated limestone, and occupy a large part of the Edwards Plateau. In the eastern part of the area these soils have dark brown to reddish brown surface soils, with reddish brown, subsoils. In the ceneral part, the red color of the surface soil is usually absent, and the surface soils are dark brown to black with reddish brown subsoils. In the western portion the soils are somewhat lighter in color. Frio Series. These soils are found in limestone valleys, and are mainly alluvial in origin. They have dark brown to grayish brown surface soils with dark gray to dark brown subsoils. Houston Series. These are derived from the weathering of lime- stone, and are one of the most extensive and valuable series of soil in the Gulf Coastal Plain, but only a small area is included in this survey. They have dark gray to black surface soils with lighter colored cal- oareous subsoils, and are prairie soils. Katemcy Series. This soil is largely derived from the weathering of granite rocks, and lies in the northern part. of Mason county. They have dark brown to black surface soils and a pale red subsoil. Lancaster Sleries. These soils are usually formed from the weather- ing of a yellowish brown sandstone containing iron. They lie on the western edge of the crystalline rock in Mason and Llano counties. The surface soils are gray to reddish brown in color and the subsoils are yellow or mottled yellow and gray, and rest on sandstone at compara- tively shallow depths. Laredo Series. These soils are alluvial soils, being made up largely of material brought down from the calcareous and more arid part of Texas. They are seldom or never overfiowed and occur as terraces COMPOSITION or SoILs or SOUTH CENTRAL TEXAS. 11 ilong streams in South Texas. They consist of gray to light brown ialcareous soils with gray calcareous subsoils. Miles Series. The Miles series are derived from the weathering of imestone. The surface soil is light grayish brown, or yellowish brown with a gray and brown or yellowish brown subsoil, having a pinkish zast, containing pinkish or white limestone gravel. Toward the north- zrn boundary of the area the surface has a slightly pinkish color. Miller Series. The Miller series is composed of soils washed down 3y the Colorado River, and consists of reddish colored, alluvial soils. Pedernales Series. These soils occur in basins of some 0f the streams if the area, and are derived from sandstone, limestone conglomerates, ind limestone. They include red colored soils and subsoils, the whole lying on limestone at a depth of three feet or less. Poritotoe Series. These soils are derived from the ferruginous red sandstone, and are bright red in color. The occupy only a small area. Roswell Series. These soils are composed principally of alluvial ma- terial, and are found along the Pecos River. They have gray or gray- ish brown surface soils, with light brown or pinkish subsoils. Rough Stony Land. This is not a soil type, properly speaking. It zonsists of land that is too rough and stony for tillage, and is adapted only to grazing. Considerable areas of this kind of land occur in the area surveyed. In many places the soil is very shallow, and in other places the rocks are exposed. FABLE53. RELATION OF SILS TO THE COUNTRY ROCKS (BUREAU OF SOILS). Soil Group. Origin. Series, Blanco _ _ _ _ Frio klluvial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixed derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . San Antonio Laredo Roswell Miller Residue from unconsolidated rocks. . Material of Cretaceous Age . . . . . . . . Houston ' Miles _ _ _ _ _ Rough stony land Residue from limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . Limestone ranging in age from Crawford ‘ Cretaceous to Cambrian . . . . . . . . . Brackett Pedernales Katemcy Residue from sandstone. . . . . . . . . . . . Material of early Paleoz_ic Age. . . . . Pontoc Lancaster Residue from crystalline rocks . . . . . . Material older than the Paleozic Tishomingo rocks of the region. San Antonio Series. The San Antonio series are derived from cal- zareous material of sedimentary origin. They have brown to chocolate brown surface soils and brownish red calcareous subsoils. 12 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Tishoimmigo Series. These soils are derived mainly from the weath- ering of granites, schists, and gneisses, and to a much less extent from sandstone. They have reddish colored surface soils with red, yellow, brown, and mottled brown, and gray subsoils. They vary considerably in appearance and character. Vernon ideries. This series seems to be derived from the wind- blown material carried in from the Permian red beds, and are reddish colored in appearance. DESCRIPTION OF SOIL TYPES. We give below a detailed description of the soil types found in this area, condensed from the report of the Bureau of Soils referred to above. Table 4 shows the areas of the various soil types. TABLE 4. CLASSIFICATION AND AREA OF SOILS (BUREAU OF SOILS). Soil Groups and Types. Acres. Per cent. Coastal Plain soils:-—— _ Upland soils:— Black soils:-— _ . Houston series :— Houston clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,128 0.1 Houston clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,432 . 1 Houston black clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,760 .1 Houston gravelly clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,368 .1 Terrace and Stream Bottom Soils:—- Gray soils:— Blanco series:— _ . _ Blanco fine sandy and silt 10am (undifferentiated) . . . . . . 19,584 . 1 Blanco silty clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,256 .2 Laredo series:— Laredo silty loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,688 .3 Reddish brown soils:— Miller series :—— Miller fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,368 .1 San Antonio series :-— San Antonio silty clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,760 1.0 Miscellaneous:— _ _ Gravelly soils (undifferentiated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 128 Edward Plateau Soils:— Plateau proper:—— Upland soils:— _ Reddish brown to_ black series:— Crawford series:— I Crawford silty clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426,240 2.9 Crawford stony clay. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . 4,098,112 28.1 Crawford g1 avelly clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,104 0.2 Crawford clay . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237,312 1.6 Crawford soils (undifferentiated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993,024 6.8 Misce1lane0us:—— Rough stony land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,554,304 31.2 Gray i0 light brown soils:—-— Brackett series:—- Brackett stony soils (undifferentiated) . . . . . . . . 1,105,920 7.6 Brackett siltyclayloam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,640 .6 Miles series:— Miles soils (undifferentiated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367,488 2.5 Red soils:— Vernon series:— Jlernon fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,152 .1 Terrace, Stream, Bottom and Valley Basin Soils:— . Grayish brown to dark brown soils:—- Frio series:— Frio silty clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566,784 3.9 Frio gravelly soils (undifferentiated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417,024 2.9 Roswell series:—- Roswell fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .¢ 46,080 0.3 COMPOSITION OF SorLs or SOUTH CENTRAL TEXAS. 13 TABLE 4—Continued. CLASSIFICATION AND AREA OF SOILS (BUREAU OF SOILS). Soil Groups and Types. Acres. Per cent. Red soils:— _ Pedernales series :— Pedernales stony sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,928 .3 Pedernales sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216,576 1 .5 Pedernales loam and sandy loam (undifferentiated) . . . . . . 36,864 .2 Pedernales stony fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,704 . 6 Pedernales stony loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,408 .2 Llano-Burnet Basin Soils:—— Upland soils:— Reddish colored soils:— Tishomingo S_€I‘l€SI-— Tishomingo stony sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264,960 1 .8 Tishomingo gravelly sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145, 152 1 .0 Tishomingo stony clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,632 .9 Tishomingo stony fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,672 . 1 Tishorningo sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,840 1 .3 Tishorningo fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,608 . 1 Tishomingo loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,975 . 1 Pontotoc series :-— Pontotoc stony sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ,456 . 1 Pontotoc sandy loam . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,864 .2 Grayish-brown soils:— ‘ Lancaster series :—- ' Lancaster stony sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,736 . 1 Lancaster sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,664 .5 Miscellane0us:— Katemcy soil (undifferentiated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,304 .Tota1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14,576,000 BLANCO SERIES. Blanca idilty Clay Loam. The Blanco silty clay 10am consists of a. l.ight gray to slightly pinkish gray clay loam 8 to 10 inches deep, with a heavy clay loam subsoil of somewhat darker color. This soil occupies only a small area. A few bodies lie in the valley of the Llano River at Junction, along "the north fork of the Llano River between Junction and Roosevelt. and for a short distance along Bear Creek, The soil occurs as terraces 15 to 25 feet above the normal water level of the stream. This is a productive soil and Well suited for use in the pro- duction of all farm. crops of the area. Little of it is at present under irrigation, although the situation is favorable for this purpose. Blanca Fine Sandy L0y1m and Silt Lgam, Undifferentiated. This type includes a variety of soils which could not be separated on the map an account of their small extent. They vary in texture from fine sandy loam to 10am to silt loam, the greater part being a. loose graylsn brown fine sandy loam, 8 to 10 inches deep, on a subsoil of yellowish orown loam or silt 10am. The‘ areas are of small extent, occurring in strips from one-fourth to one-half mile along the river courses, the widest being found on the Guadalupe River in the vicinity of New Braunfels. Other strips occur near Kerrville and along the Blanco 1nd Pedernales Rivers in Blanco and Gillespie counties. For the most part they are above overflow. Nearly all of these soils are in culti- vation, producing one-half to one-fourth bale cotton on the unirrigated ireas and from one-half to one bale per acre under irrigation. The #0118 give good results with early truck. Potatoes yield as much as [00 to 150 bushels per acre. These soils could be easily irrigated. 14 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. For analyses, see soils of Hays and Comal counties. The sampl< of Blanco loam of Hays county is likely to need crop rotation ant supplies of nitrogen first. It is Well supplied with total p-hosphorh acid, though a little low in active phosphoric acid. The sample o: Blanco silt loam from Comal county is low in nitrogen and activi phosphoric acid. It needs legume rotation and phosphates. Later o1 it will need potash. BRACKETT SERIES. Bmckett Stony Soils. The Brackett soils are derived principall] through the weathering of soft limestone on the Edwards Plateau, ant are distinguished from the Crawford soils by their much lighter color The Brackett Stony Soils, undifferentiated, usually consist of a gray yellowish gray, or light brown clay loam, carrying a large proportiol -of white limestone fragments. As a rule, the type is very shallow resting on limestone rock at a depth of 6 to 8 inches below the sur face. The largest body is found in the vicinity of Del Rio in thl southwestern part of Val Verde county, where for more than eight] miles it extends northwest in a more or less continuous strip acros| the divide which separates the drainage of DeviPs River, the Rio Grande and the Pecos. The type is also found west of the Pecos, and in the extreme northwest corner of the area. Extensive bodies occur in th< western part of Hays and Travis counties, the eastern part of Blanc< county, and in the northeastern part of Burnet county. Small area: occur throughout Menard, Kimble, Schleicher, and Sutton counties The surface is rolling upland, which ranges from almost level t( level and sloping. This type is unsuited for cultivation, and is used for grazing, considerable numbers of goats and cattle being pastureé on it. During diay‘ seasons, in the western part of the area when the weeds and grasses are gone, stock feed on guajillo leaves as long as they are green, and after that they feed on the desert growth of Soto? weed and Saeahinste grass. Often the ranchmen burn off the dagger- like leaves and split the edible part with an ax. It is said that in Crockett and Val Verde counties cattle require thirty to forty acres o1 land per head, while in the eastern part fifteen to thirty acres are considered sufficient. For analyses, see soils of Val Verde county. These soils are low in active phosphoric acid. 4 Brackett Silty Clay Loam. Braekett silty clay loam, usually known as “upland mesquite flats,” consists of 6 to 8 inches of a gray to gray- ish brown surface soil with a light brown or white silty clay 10am sub- soil of compact structure. At a. depth of 20 inches to 2 feet the type rests upon limestone rock, usually of a chalky nature. This soil- is found chiefly in the southern part of Val Verde county in the vicinity -of Del Rio. Some areas occur near Comstock, some small bodies occur in the long draws in various parts of Crockett, Schleicher, and Sutton counties. The type has a smooth topography and consists of upland COMPOSITION or So1Ls or SoUtrH CENTRAL TEXAS. 15 flats and shallow, basin-like depressions. The drainage is poorly de- veloped and some of the rounded depressions have no surface drainage. The greater part of the type is used for grazing. Kafir, milo, and sorghum are uncertain when depending upon rainfall alone, but under irrigation good crops of corn, sorghum, and kafir may be obtained. For analyses, see soils of Val Verde county. These soils are low in active phospho-ric acid. CRAWVFORD SERIES. Crawford Stony Clay. The surface soil consists of a dark brown to black heavy clay containing many large fragments of limestone. At the depth of 8 to 1O inches the soil varies from light brown to brown to reddish brown heavy compact clay, which rests on limestone rock at a depth of 2 to 4 feet. There are numerous small patches of lime where the surface soil is deeper. This soil is an extensive type and occupies nearly all the level upland in the southern half of the area east of Val Verde county. It includes nearly all of the north half of Edwards county, southern Sutton county, and the area along the eastern boundary of Val Verde county. Extensive bodies are found on the high divide that occurs in Kerr, Gillespie, and Blanco counties, and on the greater part of the less eroded upland of Comal, Hays, and Travis counties. Other ex- tensive bodies are found south of Menard in Menard county in the vicinity of Mayer, Schleicher county, and in the eastern half of Burnet county. This soil is found usually on the high plateaus and high divides‘ between the main drainage ways of the area and its topography ranges from almost level, or gently rolling‘ and hilly, to moderately rough and broken. This soil is well drained. It is primaflr adapted to grazing. The shallow soil‘ and the high content of stone inake it unfit for cul- tivation, except in small isolated bodies where the quantity of stone is small and can be removed. In such localities Egafir and sorghum have given fairly good results. The greater part is lised for grazing cattle which feed in the winter chiefly on weeds, prickly pear, and live oak leaves. For analyses of this type, see soils of Hays and Sutton counties. In Sutton county the sample is low in active phosphoric acid; in Hays county it is well supplied with plant food. » Crawford Clay. The surface soil consists of 6 to 8 inches of dark brown chocolate brown, or black clay loam or clay with dark brown to reddish brown clay subsoils of compact structure usually several feet deep. Sometimes the limestone comes near to the surface. If plowed when dry, it forms a mellow surface soil, but when it is Wet it is sticky and difficult to plow. This soil is found on the highest part of Eldo- rado Plain. The largest body begins near the northwest corner of Schleicher county and extends southeast past Eldorado to the Sutton county line. The surface is level to gently rolling with good surface 16 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. drainage. The land is used chiefly for grazing, but satisfactory yields of staple crops have been obtained when thoroughly cultivated when rainfall conditions are good. ‘ ‘ For analyises of these soils, see soils of Burnet county. This sample- is well supplied with plant food. Crawford Silt}; Clay. The surface soil is a dark brown to reddish brown silty clay loam 8 to 10 inches deep with a heavy silty clay sub- soil of compact structure and somewhat redder color than the surface soil. Small chalky particles of decomposed limestone are scattered through soil and subsoil. Massive limestone is found beneath the sub- ‘ soil, and is found sometimes at a depth of from 15 to 20 inches from the surface. When plowed at the proper degree of moisture, the soil is pliable, but when wet it is sticky and tenacious. This type is ex- tensively distributed in the area, butusually occurs in small bodies, closely associatedwith the Crawford stony or gravelly soils in the eastern part of the area. A large tract occurs in northwest Edwards county and comparatively large bodies are found near Comfort, Boerne, Rock Springs, Bandera, and on the high divides south of Fredericks- burg. The type is well drained and in many places favorably situated for irrigation. The soil is well adapted to the staple crops of‘ the area, and excellent crops of corn, cotton, oats, wheat, grass, and alfalfa can be grown where water for irrigation is available. Where irrigation is not possible, good yields of sorghum, milo, and kafir are secured when proper methods of dry farming are followed. For analyses, see soils of Hays, Kendall, Kerr, Bandera, and Comal “counties. The sam les from Bandera, Ha rs Kerr and Comal counties . f) > > are well supplied with plant food. That from Kendall county is low in active phosphoricjleid. Legume rotation is the primary need. Crawford Graoellgj Clay. This soil is similar to the Crawford clay excepting that it contains a high percentage of gravel, composed of angular limestone fragments and rounded cobbles of chert. In some places this coarse material interferes seriously with cultivation. The type occupies only a comparatively small area. The largest area lies on the high divide between Comfort and Fredericksburg, northwest of Kerrville, and between Boerne and New Braunfels. The greater part of this type is used for grazing. A few fields have been cleared and put in cultivation to cotton, corn, sorghum, milo, and kafir. Fairly good yields are secured in favorable seasons, but in ordinary years the yields of corn and cotton are low. Crawford Soils Undifiere-nttated. A number of shallow valleys with long gentle slopes occur in the northeastern part of Burnet county, which contain a number of small bodies of Crawford soils which range in texture from heavy loam to clay loam and clay. It was impracti- cable to separate the various types in this reconnoissance survey. The» greater part of these soils consists of a light clay loam or clay, with. large quantities of lime and organic matter with a light brown to red- dish brown clay loam or clay subsoil, resting on soft limestone at the- COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF SOUTH CENTRAL TEXAS. 1'7 depth of 2 to 4L feet. The soils Work up well when sufficiently dry for cultivation, but when Wet they are sticky and heavy. The topography varies from level to gently rolling, and the soils are Well drained and lie favorably for cultivation. The series in the west are suited only for grazing, but in Burnet county these soils constitute important farm- ing lands and are Well adapted to the production of staple crops. Cot- ton, corn, sorghum, and oats are grown and in ordinary years cotton yields from one-fourth to one-third bale per acre. During Wet seasons and when thoroughly cultivated it yields as much as three-fourths bale per acre. Corn yields from 30 to 35 bushels per acre, depending upon the rainfall and the cultivation. Sorghum yields from two to three tons, and oats 25 to 30 bushels. » FRIO SERIES. Frio Silty Clay Loam. The Frio silty clay loam is a dark grayish Ibrown to brown silty clay loam surface soil With a slight reddish cast, 10 to 15 inches deep, with a subsoil consisting of a light brown to grayish brown compact, silty clay loam or silty clay. It is an alluvial soil, consisting of material originally derived from Weathering of lime- stone. It occurs in nearly all the valleys of the limestone regions of the area surveyed. The largest body is found in the valley of the San Saba River, and begins in shallow draws onythe Eldorado Plains and extends entirely across Menard county, varying in Widths from one to three miles. Another important body is found near Junction along the Llano River and its upper tributaries. Smaller bodies are found along the Guadalupe, San Saba, Medina, Frio and Nueces Rivers, and their tributaries, as Well as along draws throughout the Edwards Plateau. Along the larger streams, such as the Llano and San Saba Rivers, the soil occupies three or more terraces, separated by a bluff 16 to 2O inches in height and having good drainage. Within the smaller valleys and draws the type has a. gentle slope extending back from the dry water courses to the foot of the uplands. In its native state the type is heavily Wooded. This is one o_f the most important types of the area. It is naturally productive, easily worked and adapted to a Wide range of crops, and a large part of it may be irrigated at comparatively small expense. In the vicinity of Menard and Junction a large acreage of the type is irri- gated and used for the production of cotton, corn, sorghum, oats, Johnson grass, alfalfa, and vegetables. Under irrigation cotton yields one-half to one bale per acre; corn, 40 to 65 bushels; alfalfa from one to two tons per acre per cutting, with a usual production of three cuttings; oats, 45 to 60 bushels per acre, and sorghum, three to five tons per acre. Without irrigation crops are uncertain. For analyses, see soils of Menard, Kimble, Kerr, and Edwards counties. The sample from Menard county is well supplied with plant food. The sample from Kimble and Kerr counties is low in nitrogen. The samples from Kerr and Edwards counties are a little low in active phos- phoric acid though good in total phosphoric acid. 18 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Frio Gravelly Soils. These areas represent gravelly soils of varied texture. They are usually a gravelly, silty clay loam surface soil. The gravel consists of water worn fragments of limestone, ranging from 2 or 3 inches in diameter to 6 or 8 inches. These soils are found in the valleys of the Edwards Plateau, and are formed by th.e streams in the time of floods. Larger areas are found in the valley of the Devil’s River, the Pecos, the Frio, and the upper draws of the Guadalupe, Llano, and San Saba. The type is found in narrow strips in prac- tically every valley Within the limestone portion of the Edwards Plateau. The average width is one-fourth to one-half miles. Vege- tation is rather sparse. These soils are adapted only to grazing on account of the high content of gravel and stone, although small bodies are found where the gravel is less abundant, and which can be used for cultivated crop-s when irrigated. Gmwelly Soils U ndifierentiated. These consist of water worn gravel, composed of limestone and chert, ranging from 1 to 6 inches in diam- eter, and occupy a number of gravel-capped ridges bordering the valley of the Rio Grande in the vicinity of Del Rio. The soil is unfit for cultivation and is used as a range for cattle and goats. HOUSTON SERIES. Houston Clay Loam. The surface soil is a dark brown to black clay loam, 8_to 1.2 inches deep, with a dark gray clay subsoil which grades into _a lighter calcareous material. The color of the surface soil varies from light gray near the base of limestone hills to black in the valleys and level areas. The soil is well supplied with organic matter and is not hard to handle if not cultivated when too wet. Only a small area of this type is found in the district surveyed. The to- pography varies from level to gently rolling. The surface is sufiiciently sloping to secure good drainage. Corn, cotton, and sorghum are the chief crops grown. i For analyses of the soil, see Hays county. The sample is low in active phosphoric acid. Houston (Flay. The surface soil is a dark gray to black heavy clay loam or clay, 10 to, 12 inches deep with yellowish brown lime con- cretions. The subsoil is a stiff drab or yellowishbrown clay and be- comes lighter colored with increased depth. When wet it is sticky and plastic, but plowed in the right condition it works down into a fine loamy soil. It occupies only a small area in this section. The surface is level to gently rolling. It is a productive soil. It requires fre- quent cultivation to retain moisture. Cotton yields one-fourth to one- third bale per acre in dry years, and from one-half to one bale per acre when the rainfall is sufficient. Corn yields 2O to 50 bushels per acre in favorable seasons, but is frequently injured by dry weather. Sor- ghum yields three to five tons per acre in favorable years. Johnson grass is grown to some extent. COMPOSITION or Sorts OF SOUTH CENTRAL TExAs- 19 For analyses of these soils, see soils of Comal and Hays counties. The sample from Hays county is Well supplied with plant food. That from Comal county is low in nitrogen and in active phosphoric acid. Houston Black Clay. This soil consists of a dark gray to jet black clay, 10 to 12 inches deep, with a dark gray to black plastic clay sub- "soil of slightly lighter color. It is locally known as black waxy land. If cultivated at the right degree of moisture, it breaks up into a fine character, but it forms clods when plowed too wet. It occupies only a small area in the area surveyed in the vicinity of New Braunfels, Manchaca, and Austin. The drainage is usually excellent. Cotton yields from one-fourth to one-half bale per acre under ordinary con-‘ ditions, and with favorable rainfall one bale per acre. Sorghum yields from three to four tons from the first cutting, one to one and one-half for the second. cutting. The soil is considered an excellent soil for general farm crops. For analysis of the soil, see soils of Hays, Comal, and Travis coun- ties. The sample of Hays county is low in active phosphoric acid. Those of Comal and Travis counties are well supplied with plant food. Houston G/ravellg/ Clay. The surface soil is a dark brown to black clay loam or clay, 10 to 12 inches deep, containing a large amount of . gravel and water worn stones 1 to 5 inches in diameter. The subsoil is a light brown to black, stiff, heavy clay, containing more gravel than the surface soil. It is not a good soil to till, even when plowed atthe proper time. This soil occupies only a small area, on low, rounded ridges with excellent drainage. When well cultivated this soil gives good yields of all staple crops. Cotton yields from one-fourth to three- fourths bale per acre, corn from 20 to 35 bushels, and sorghum yields from three to six tons for the first cutting and one to one and one-half’ tons for the second cutting under favorable rainfall conditions. For analysis of the soil, see soils of Comal county. The sample is low in nitrogen. KATEMOY SERIES. Katemcy Soils Ifndijferenitiated. These so-ils have a dark brown to black surface soil, ranging in texture from fine sandy loam to looser sandy loam to loam and clay loam. Granite outcrops occur in places. The soils occur in only two small bodies in the northern part of Mason county, the total area being about three-sixths square miles. They have . a level, valley-like topography and are enclosed on the west and south by a high ridge of limestone hills. The drainage is good. Practically all of these soils are under cultivation. Good yields of staple crops are secured. 20 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LANCASTER SERIES. Lancaster Stony Sandy Loam. Lancaster stony sandy loam con- sists, as a rule, of a light sandy loam or loamy sand, 3 to 6 inches deep, resting upon sandstone rock. When wet the soil has a dark brown color, and when dry a grayish brown appearance. In some places along draws, the soil is 12 to 15 inches deep. Quantities of angular fragments of yellowish or brownish stone are scattered over the sur- face. This soil occurs chiefly in Mason and Llano counties. The largest body occupies about four square miles and lies southeast of Fredonia. Several other areas occur between Fredonia and Mason in Mason county, and in the vicinity of Valley Spring and Click in Llano county. The surface ranges from hilly to rough and broken. The shallow and stony character of the soil renders it practically unfit for agriculture, but it furnishes fairly good grazing. Lancaster Sandy Loam. Lancaster sandy loam consists of a brown or slightly reddish brown medium-textured sandy loam or loamy sand surface soil, 18 to 24 inches deep, with a small amount of sandstone and quartz gravel, with a yellow or a mottled yellow and gray, com- pact sandy loam subsoil, usually underlaid by sandstone rock at a depth of three feet or less. The largest body of about ten square miles is found near Streeter. Other bodies are found in the vicinity of Fre- donia, Katemcy, Mason, Pontotoc, Valley Spring, Starkes, Cherry Spring, and Loyal Valley. The soil occupies level to gently rolling areas and has good drainage, while the porous nature of the surface ‘soil and subsoil secures good under drainage. A large portion of the type is under cultivation and produces one-fourth bale of cotton and 15 to 20 bushels of corn in an average season. It is said that crops have never been a complete failure on this soil even in the dryest years. Berries and all kinds of truck do very well with the proper cultivation. For analyses see soils of Mason county. The sample is low in active phosphoric acid and in nitrogen. Legume rotation and phosphates are needed. LAREDO SERIES. Laredo Silt Loam. The Laredo silt loam consists of a gray to light brown silt loam, 8 to 10 inches deep, with a light, slightly yellowish brown silt loam or clay loam subsoil. It occurs as terraces along the streams and constitutes valuable farming land when irrigated. It is found as a narrow strip along the Rio Grande and Pecos Rivers. The largest body occurs at Del Bio. The surface varies from level to gently rolling. The soil could be easily irrigated, although only a small amount is as yet under irrigation. In the vicinity of Del Rio, about 2000 acres are irrigated and used for the production of cotton, corn, oats, sorghum, Johnson grass, and truck, such as Bermuda onions, cabbage, peppers, and sweet potatoes. All of the crops give good yields. The soil has a tendency to bake and form a crust on- the surface, and for this reason requires frequent cultivation. COMPOSITION or SorLs OF SOUTH CENTRAL TEXAS. 21 For analyses of these soils, see Val Verde county. The sample is 10w in active phosphoric acid. MILES SERIES. Miles Soils Unclifierentilated. The lVliles soils are light colored soils which have been formed under semi-arid conditions in the northwestern part of the area from the Weathering of limestone. A greater part of the area is mapped as Miles soils undifferentiated, and consist of a silty clay loam surface soil, of a light grayish brown color, 8 to 12 inches deep, with a few fragments of a white or pinkish colored limestone. The subsoil is a light grayish brown or yellowish brown material of heavier texture with a slightly pinkish cast. The quantity of limestone in- creases with the depth of the soil until it grades into a mass of lime- stone at the depth of 2 to 5 feet. Small areas of light grayish brown silty clay and silt loam are found in which the limestone fragments are almost entirely absent. These soils are confined almost entirely to the high open plains of Crockett county. The largest body begins near the northeast corner of the county and. extends for nearly fifty miles along the north‘ and south divide which separates the drainage of Johnson Creek and Howares Creek. At the Crawford ranch this body divides and a large lobe extends southeast for nearly twenty miles. The soils have a level to gentle rolling surface. They are used almost entirely for grazing cattle and goats and provide good pasturage when not overstocked. These soils are friable, easily worked and naturally productive, but on account of insufficient rainfall they do not produce well. Moderate yields are produced in ordinary- seasons, but in favor- able seasons, which occur about once in five years, excellent yields of cotton, corn, oats, and also other staple crops are harvested. For analyses, see soils of Crockett county. The sample is well sup- plied with plant. food. MILLER SERIES. “Miller Fine Sandy Loam. The Miller fine sandy loam consists of a brown to reddish brown fine sandy loam 10 to 12 inches deep with a brown to reddish brown clay loam or clay subsoil. It is an alluvial soil, found only in narrow strips along the Colorado River. The largest bodies average- from one-fourth to one-half mile in width and occur in the beds of the river at Austin, Bluffton, and in the vicinity of Kingsland and Marble Falls. Several other bodies lie along the river in Llano and Burnet counties. The type occupies the lowest portion of the Colorado River valley, which is 15 to 20 feet above the normal flow and very rarely reached by floods. Most of the type is used for grazing. In the vicinity of Austin the average yield of cotton I is one-half to three-fourths bale and of corn, 40 to 50 bushels per acre. For analyses. see soils of Llano county. The sample is low in nitrogen. 22 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. PEDERNALES SERIES. Pedernales Stony Sandy Loam. The Pedernales stony sandy 10am consists of a red or reddish brown sandy loam surface soil, 8 to 12 inches deep, with a red sandy cl.ay subsoil about 10 inches thick and resting on limestone at a depth of 15 to 18 inches. Quantities of flat limestone fragments are scattered over the surface. Outcrops of rock also occur. The greater part of this type is confined to Blanco county, where it occurs in strips one-half to three miles or more in width along the Pedernales River and Cypress Creek. Other small areas occur along some of the small creeks in the southwestern part of Mason county and along Live Oak Creek in Gillespie county. The topography varies from level and gently rolling to rough and broken. The greater part of the type has no value for farming and is used for grazing. For analyses, see soils of Mason county. The sample "is well supplied with plant food. - Pedernales Stony Fine Sandy Loam. The Pedernales stony fine sandy loam has a red to reddish brown fine sandy loam surface soil from 2 to 6 inches deep resting on limestone or sandstone rock. Many frag- ments of limestone and sandstone occur on the surface of the soil. This type occurs in Llano, Burnet, and Mason counties. An area of approximately fifty square miles lies northwest of Terry Springs. Other areas are found in the vicinity of Valley Springs, Starkes, Katemcy, Fredonia, Hilda, Burnet, Marble Falls, and on Riley Moun- tain. The topography ranges from hilly to rough and broken. ' The soil is too rough, shallow and broken to place in cultivation, but is used for grazing. For analysis, see soils of Gillespie county. The sample is low in nitrogen. Pedernales Sandy Loam. The Pedernales sandy loam usually con- sists of a reddish brown to reddish, medium textured, sandy loam sur- face soil with a compact, red sandy clay loam to clay subsoil several feet deep, resting upon limestone rock. Small areas of darker colored and heavier textured soils occur, and also knolls of heavily textured gravelly soils, together with strips of fine ‘sandy loam. The type is confined almost entirely to the valley-like basins of the Pedernales and Llano Rivers and their tributaries, and occurs in Gillespie, Blanco, Mason, Menard, and Kimble counties. The largest area extends in a wide strip from Morris ranch, in Gillespie county, eastward to the Blanco county line, a distance of thirty miles. Other areas are found in the northern part of Blanoo, the southwestern part of Mason, the northeastern part of Kimble and the southern part of Menard counties. The surface is level to rolling, with suflicient slope for good drainage in most cases, although there are small flat areas that would undoubt- -edly be improved by under drainage. A large part of this type in ‘ Gillespie county has been cleared and cultivated for a number of years and is some of the most valuable agricultural soils in the region. Corn ' COMPOSITION OF SorLs OF SOUTH CENTRAL TEXAS. 23 yields 20 to 25 bushels, cotton one-third to one-half bale, sorghum two to and and one-half tons, oats 35 to 60 bushels, and wheat 25 to 35 bushels per acre in average seasons. A considerable part of the type in Mason county is still used for grazing. Small grains give better chances of success, as they are sown in ‘the fall and make most of their growth during Winter, spring, and early summer months, when the rainfall chiefly occurs. ' For analysis, sce soils’ of Gillespie county. Two of the samples are ' very low in active phosphoric acid. Two are low in nitrogen, the other one is only fair. Legume rotation and phosphate fertilizers are in- dicated. Pedernales Stony Loam. The Pedernales stony loam consists of a I brown loam, or silty loam surface soil, 2 to 8 inches deep, resting on limestone rock, and contains large quantities of gravel, with scattering fragments of limestone rock on the surface. Areas occur in the south- ern part of Mason county. The largest area is southwest of Hilda, and occupies approximately forty square miles. The surface is hilly to rough and broken. The type is too rough and shallow to be used for other than grazing purposes. For analyses, see soils of Mason county. Pedernales Loam and Sandy Loam lfndifierentiated. These soils consist of areas of loam and sandy loam in such small bodies that it was impracticable to make a separation on a map of the scale used. Heavier portions of the type consist of a reddish brown to dark brown loam surface soil, 10 to 15 inches deep, with a red sandy clay loam subsoil resting on limestone at a. depth of 2 feet or less. The greater part of the type consists of light brown to reddish brown or red, medium-textured sandy loam, 12 to 18 inches deep, with a sandy clay loam subsoil underlain with limestone rock at a. depth of 3 to 6 feet below the surface. The greater part of this type is found in eastern Menard and western Mason counties, the largest bodies occurring in the vicinity of Hext- and northeast of London. The surface is level to gently rolling, with sufficient slope to insure good drainage. The greater part of the type is under cultivation.’ In favorable seasons corn yields 10 to 20 bushels, cotton one-fourth to one-third bale, and oats 50 to '75 bushels per acre._ Milo, millet, and sorghum also do Well. As the soil is shallow, summer crops are frequently damaged by drouth. For analyses, see soils of Menard county. The sample is low in active phosphoric acid and nitrogen. Legume rotation and phosphates are indicated. PONTOTOO SERIES. Pontotoc Sandy Loam. The I Pontotoc sandy loam consists of a bright red, medium-textured, sandy loam surface soil, having an aver- age depth of 2 feet, and a lighter colored subsoil of slightly heavier " texture. There are areas in which the subsoil is a red loam or sandy clay loam. In other cases, sandstone occurs at the depth of 2 feet or 24 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. less. Areas of this type border the sandstone and limestone hills in Llano, Mason, and Burnet counties. Nearly a.ll the areas mapped are small, the largest, containing approximately two square miles, lies north- west of Streeter.’ Other areas are found in the vicinity of Burnet, Mason, Fredonia, Hilda, and Riley Mountain, and northeast of Lone Grove. The topography varies from level to gently rolling, with good _ surface drainage. Practically all of this type is under cultivation. It is easily cultivated and warms early in the spring, but frequent culti- vation ‘is necessary to retain sufficient moisture. Cotton ordinarily yields one-fourth to one-third bale, and corn 12 to 15 bushels. Oats yield 5O to 60 bushels, and wheat 25 to 30 bushels in seasons of normal rainfall. For analysis, see soils of Mason county. The sample is low in nitro- gen. Legume rotation is indicated. Pontotoc idtony Sandy Loam. The Pontotoc stony sandy loam con- sists of a bright red sandy loam of fine to medium‘ texture, mixed with many fragments of bright red sandstone, and resting on dark gray sandstone rock at a depth varying from a few inches to two feet or more. Outcrops of rock occur frequently. The type is of a very small extent, occurring only in a few small bodies, as low rounded ridges, or on the lower slopes of hills in Mason, Llano, and Burnet counties. An area is found at the base of Bald Mountain, about eight miles north- west of Burnet. On account of the rough topography and stony char- acter of the soil the type is used only for stock ranges. ROSYVELL SERIES. Roswell Fine Sandy Loam. This soil for the greater. part consists of a brown, fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 inches deep, with a light brown fine sandy loam subsoil of heavier texture. A phase of the type de- veloped near the northwest corner of the area consists of a light gray to grayish brown silt loam, 8 to 12 inches deep, with a silty clay loam subsoil, which when dry is light reddish or pinkish brown and when wet a light chocolate color. This soil occurs as a strip from one-fourth to two miles wide and about forty-five miles along the Pecos River and Five Mile Creek in the extreme northwest corner of Crockett county. It is an alluvial soil, above high water mark, but not too high for irri- gation. This soil was not utilized for farming purposes at the time this survey was made. Rough Stony Land. This consists of land too rough and stony for tillage, and adapted only to grazing. It includes a difference of the soil character rather than difference in types. The soil is for the most part very shallow and on the slopes large areas occur where the hard underlying limestone is exposed. The soil is rarely more than a few inches deep. The soil is very extensive in area and is found in all the counties surveyed. The topography is very rough and broken. The land is incapable of being cultivated, but fairly well adapted to grazing. COMPOSITION OF SorLs OF SOUTH CENTRAL TEXAS. 25 SAN AN TONIO SERIES. San Antonio Silty Clay Loam. The San Antonio silty clay loam consists of a dark chocolate brown or brownish red silty clay loam, 6 to 10 inches deep, with a dull red to brownish red compact clay sub- soil, carrying small quantities of small limestone fragment, which be- come more numerous with the depth. The material passes into rounded fragments, which rest on limestone rock 3 to 5 feet below the surface. The soil is usually deeper near the streams. The type is both alluvial and colluvial in origin. It is of relatively small extent, but of con- siderable agricultural importance. It occurs almost entirely in narrow valleys of Cibollo Creek and the Guadalupe, Medina, and Sabinal Rivers. There is a narrow strip along the base of the escarpment at San Marcos. The largest and most important body is found along the Guadalupe,- where it comprises a more or less-continuous strip one-fourth to one- half mile from near the town of Ingram to a few miles below Waring. The type occurs in narrow valleys and has a gentle slope towards the stream. This is one of the best agricultural soils in the area. It is early, easily worked, and productive, and is favorably situated for irrigation. The principal crops are cotton, corn, oats, wheat, sorghum, and kafir. Cotton yields one-half bale or more per acre in favorable years, al- though the average is about one-third bale per acre. Corn yields about 30 bushels; oats, 3O to 6O bushels with an average of about 35 bushels; and one acre is said to furnish grazing for two cows for about two months during winter. Wheat yields 18 to 30 bushels with an average of about 25. Very little of the land is under irrigation. For analyses, see soils of Kerr and Kendall counties. One sample is well supplied with plant food, the other is low in nitrogen. TISHOMINGO SERIES. Tishiomingo Stony Sandy Loa-m. The Tishomingo stony loam has a brown or reddish brown sandy loam surface soil, 18 to 24 inches deep, with a red, yellow, or mottled brown, gray, and yellow sandy subsoil. The soil, however, varies considerably. It ranges in depth from 6 to 36 inches. Angular quartz and feldspar gravel are usually found in both surface and subsoil in considerable quantities, and outcrops of rock also occur. The soil as a rule is too shallow and rocky to be of value for farming. Bodies ranging from a few acres to several square miles occur in the northern part of Gillespie and Blanco counties, in the eastern part of Mason county, and in all parts of Llano county. The topography ranges from rolling and hilly to rough and broken. The soil has thorough drainage, but the rainfall of the section is de- ficient. Only a very small quantity of this type has been placed under cultivation. In seasons of average rainfall cotton yields one-fourth to one-third bale and corn 15 to 25 bushels per acre. Nearly all of the type is used for pasture, and it is a good soil for this purpose, as the grasses start early in the spring and are not so readily killed by the 26 “Farms AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT sTATION. long dry spells as are the heavier so_ils. It is estimated in the eastern part of the area. that ten acres will support one cow, whereas in the western part twenty acres are required. For analysis, see soi.ls of Llano county. The sample is low in active phosphoric acid and not well supplied with nitrogen. Tishomingo Stony Fine Sandy Loam. This soil consists of red or reddish-brown sandy loam surface soil, 18 to A20 inches deep, with a red, compact, gravelly loam to gravelly clay loam subsoil, resting upon bed rock at an average depth of two feet or less. The surface soil has considerable quantities of angular quartz and feldspar gravel. Along some of the draws the soil with subsoil is three feet deep, while on the ridges it is often not over one foot deep. Only a few bodies of this _ type have been mapped. A few of these cover an area of several square miles in the southeastern part of Llano county. The topography is rolling to hilly. The soil is devoted almost exclusively to grazing. For analyses, see soils of Llano county. Tishomingo Graivelly Sandy Loam. The Tishomingo gravelly sandy loam consists of reddish-brown to dark brown heavy sandy loam or' light loam, 15 to 20 inches deep, containing much angular quartz and feldspar gravel. The subsoil is a very compact, gravelly clay of a bright red color as a rule, although there are areas in which it is yellow or mottled red and yellow, resting upon decomposed granite at a depth of 2 to 5 feet. This type is found in various parts of Llano, Mason, and Burnet counties. The most extensive bodies embrace several square miles and lie between Lone Grove and Kingsland, in the eastern part of Llano county, and west of Marble Falls in Burnet county. Other areas occur in the vicinity of Katemcy, Plehweville, Oxford, and Grit, southeast of Oastell, and in the extreme southeastern part of Llano county. The topography is level to gently rolling and as a rule the soil is well drained, although some small level areas and depressions are poorly drained. Only a small part of the type is under cultivation. The soil does not retain moisture as well as some of the lighter soils. The most extensively cultivated area is near Bluffton. Most of this type is used for grazing. For analyses, see soils of Mason county. The soil is fairly well sup- plied with plant food. Tislzom-in g0 Slto-riy Clay Low/n. The Tishomingo stony clay loam con- sists of 3 to 8 inches of a red loam, or a heavy red fine sandy loam, containing considerable quantities of angular quartz and feldspar gravel, with a red clay loam or clay subsoil usually underlaid by bedrock at a depth of 18 inches to 2 feet from the surface. This type occurs chiefly in Mason and Llano counties, and extensive areas occur in the vicinity of Llano, Mason, and southeast of Kingsland. Small areas are also found in the northern part of Blanco and Gillespie counties. It has a rolling to level topography, with good surface drainage, whilethe COMPOSITION or SorLs OF SOUTH CENTRAL TEXAS. 2'7 soil retains moisture well when properly cultivated. A few small areas have been placed under cultivation and produce from one-fourth to one- third bale of cotton, 15 to 25 bushels of corn, and two to two and one-half tons of sorghum per acre in seasons of average rainfall. In seasons of abundant rainfall the yields are considerably greater. The greater part of this type is grazing land. ~ For analyses, see soils of Llano county. The soil is low in active phosphoric acid. Tishomingo Savrndy Loam. The surface soil consists of a red to red- iish brown medium-textured sandy loam or loamy sand, carrying small iuantities of fine quartz gravel, 18 to 24 inches deep, with a. compact iandy clay loam subsoil of a dark red color resting upon weathered rock at a depth of 2 to 4 feet deep. The soil frequently has a dark )I'OWIl color. Extensive areas occur where the subsoil is either yellow >r red, mottled with yellow and gray. Variations in texture‘ occur. [‘his soil occurs to a limited extent in the northern part of Gillespie and Blanco counties, but most- of it is found in the eastern part of Mason, the western part of Burnet, and through all parts of Llano rounty. The areas range from a few acres to several square miles in extent. Extensive areas are found in the vicinity of Mason. Castell, Valley Spring, and Pontotoc. The surface varies from level to gently ‘olling or occasionally hilly. The soil has good natural surface drain- lge. This soil is widely cultivated, although large areas are used ex- flusively for grazing. Sorghum yields from one and one-half to two ons, oats 20 to 30 bushels, cotton one-fourth to one-third bale, and :orn 1.5 to 25 bushels per acre in the average season. In good seasons arger yields are secured. The soil is easily worked and a good mulch- s easily secured. For analysis, see soils of Llano county. The sample is low in active )l'10Spl101‘lC acid. Tishomingo Fine-Sandy Loam. Tishomingo fine sandy loam con- ists of a fine red sandy loam, 10 to 12 inches deep, with a. red clay loam ubsoil of rather compact structure on rock at a depth of about 5 to 6 feet. The soil is friable and easily worked. It occupies only a small .rea, occurring in a small body in the basin-like area near Fairland nd in other small bodies throughout the other Tishomingo soils in glano and Mason counties. The surface is level to gently sloping. .’ractically all this type is cleared and highly cultivated. In favorable ears excellent yields of cotton, corn, sorghum and small grain crops re secured. The soil stands drouth well. For analysis, see soils of Burnet county. The sample is well supplied rith plant food. Legume rotation is indicated. Tishomingo Loam. The Tishomingo loam consists of a red loam, r sandy loam, carrying considerable quantities of angular gravel, with compact, red clay loam, or clay subsoil, resting on rock at the depth f one to three feet, with an average depth of two feet. The type occu- ies approximately twenty-three square miles in the area surveyed. A 28 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. body of it lies east of Loyal Valley in Mason county, and other bodies along Coal Creek, in the southeastern part of Llano county and in the southeastern part of Burnet county. The surface is rolling and has good surface drainage. Practically all of the type is used for grazing, although one or two small tracts are in cultivation. For analyses, seel- soils of Llano county. The soil is fairly well S1113- plied with plant food. I VERNON SERIES. Vernon Fine Sandy Loam. The Vernon fine sandy loam consists of a brown to reddish brown fine sand, or fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 inches deep with a light brown fine sandy loam subsoil. Both surface soil and subsoil are loose and open in structure, and the surface is drifted into small ridges and dunes by the wind. This soil occupies only one small body near the corner of Crockett county, although it is found in con- siderable areas further north of the section surveyed. This type is best suited to grazing. Irrigation is necessary for successful farming. LIST OF SOIL TYPES BY COUNTIES. The following is a list of types found by counties: Bandem Coqmty. Crawford silty clay. Crawford stony clay. Frio silty clay loam. Rough stony land.‘ San Antonio silty clay loam. Brackett stony soils. Blanco fine sandy loam and silt. Crawford gravelly clay. Blanca County. Rough stony land. Crawford silty clay. Frio silty clay loam. Crawford stony clay. Brackett clay loam. Crawford gravelly clay. San Antonio silty clay loam. Blanco fine sandy loam and silt. Pedernales stony fine sandy loam. Pedernales stony sandy loam. Tishomingo sandy loam. Pontotoc sandy loam. Tishomingo stony sandy loam. COMPOSITION on SorLs OF SOUTH CENTRAL TEXAS. Burnet County. Tishomingo loam. Tishomingo stony clay loam. Tishomingo sandy 10am. Tishomingo gravelly sandy 10am. Tishomingo stony sandy 10am. Rough stony land. Crawford stony clay. Brackett clay loam. Miller fine sandy 10am. "Crawford silty clay. Pedernales stony fine sandy loam. Pontotoc sandy 10am. Crawford soils. Pontotoc stony sandy loam. CCrawford gravelly clay. Blanoo fine sandy 10am and silt. Comal C onnty. ‘Crawford stony clay. San Antonio silty clay loam. Crawford silty clay. Crawford soils. - Crawford gravelly clay. Houston gravelly clay. Rough stony land. Houston clay. Houston black clay. Blanco fine sandy loam and silt. Brackett stony soils. . Crockett County. Crawford stony clay. Rough stony land. Miles soils. Frio silty clay loam. “Crawford clay. Frio gravelly soils. Roswell fine sandy 10am. ‘Crawford soils. Edwards County. ‘Crawford stony clay. Crawford silty clay. Rough stony land. Frio gravelly soils. Brackett stony soils. Frio silty clay 10am. Crawford gravelly clay. 29 30 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATioN. Gillespie County. Crawford silty clay. Crawford stony clay. Brackett stony soils. Crawford gravelly clay. Pedernales sandy loam. Rough stony land. Houston clay 10am. Frio silty clay loam. Pedernales loam and sandy loam. Pedernales stony sandy 10am. Tishomingo stony sandy loam. Tishomingo sandy 10am. Pedernales sandy loam. Lancaster sandy loam. Pontotoo sandy l.oam. Pedernales stony fine sandy loam. Hays County. Crawford stony clay. Crawford silty clay. Brackett stony soils. Blanco fine sandy 10am and silt. San Antonio silty clay loam. Houston clay. Crawford gravelly clay. Rough stony land. Houston loam. Kendall County. Crawford silty clay. Crawford stony clay. Rough stony land. Frio silty clay loam. Brackett stony soils. San Antonio silty clay 10am. Crawford gravelly clay. K err County. Crawford gravelly’ clay. Brackett stony soils. Crawford silty clay. Crawford stony clay. Frio‘ silty clay loam. Frio gravelly soils. San Antonio silty clay 10am. Rough stony land. Brackett stony soils. COMPOSITION OF Sorrs or SOUTH CENTRAL TEXAS. Kimble County. Crawford soils. Crawford gravelly clay. Frio gravelly soils. Frio silty clay 10am. Crawford silty clay. Blanco silty clay 10am. Rough stony land. Pedernales sandy loam. Brackett stony soils. Houston clay-. Crawford stony clay. Llano County. Tishomingo sandy loam. Tishomingo gravelly sandy loam. Tishomingo stony sandy loam. Tishomingo stony fine sandy loam. Tishomingo stony clay loam. Rough stony land. Pedernales stony fine sandy loam. Miller fine sandy loam. Lancaster sandy loam. Pontotoc- sandy loam. Crawford stony clay. Crawford soils. Katemcy soils. Lancaster stony sandy loam. Mason County. Rough stony land. Pedernales stony fine sandy loam. Pedernales stony loam. Pontotoc sandy loam. Tishomingo sandy loam. Pedernales sandy loam. Pedernales stony sandy loam. Tishomingo 10am. Tishomingo stony sandy loam. - Lancaster sandy loam. Pontotoo stony sandy loam. Crawford soils. Crawford silty clay. Crawford gravelly clay. Lancaster stony sandy loam. Pedernales stony loam. 31 32 TEXAs AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT S/TATION. Zll-enard County. Crawford stony clay. Crawford silty clay. .Crawford soils. Frio silty clay loam. Rough stony land. Pedernales stony fine sandy loam. Brackett stony soils. Real County. Rough stony land. Frio gravelly soils. Frio silty clay loam. Blanco fine sandy loam and silt. Crawford silty clay. Crawford stony clay. San Antonio silty clay loam. Brackett stony soils. Schletchew" County. Crawford soils. Frio gravelly soils. Crawford clay. Frio silty clay loam. Rough stony land. Crawford stony clay. Miles soils. _ Sutton County. Crawford stony clay. Rough stony land. Frio gravelly soils. Crawford soils. Miles soils. Frio silty clay loam. Crawford clay. Travis County. Crawford stony clay. Brackett stony soils. Rough stony land. Houston black clay’. Crawford gravelly clay. Pedernales sandy loam. Crawford soils. Crawford silty clay. Houston clay loam. Miller fine sandy loam. Tishomingo stony sandy loam. Tishomingo stony clay loam. Tishomingo gravelly sandy loam. COMPOSITION OF SoILs OF SOUTH CENTRAL TEXAS. Val Verde County. Crawford stony clay. Rough stony land. Frio gravelly soils. Frio silty clay loam. Brackett silty clay 10am. Bracket’: stony soils. Gravelly soils. Laredo silty loam. y 33 34 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Q Q Q Q Q Q C Q .. . . . . . . mm wfi 8 Em m: NS m3 mom E. om . . . . . . .. ....... .. . . . . . .. awfiom @>$u< i w v § ... u. -u¢-»- olnonulcuciltwuliiwio< 502:2 5m 35m 2: o0; Dim $6 $4. $1.“ Rmm S.» “Ad. S; whd $6 ..........H.....H.......2_:mm¢2 Ea wmzm 3.: m9». 36 8a 3.2 £1: an S; .85 5.2 .5553 commaq M: .2 $12 mfi Umv g3 3E aflmh RH? fixfi 3% 35w wwév 3 .5 . . . M . . . . . . “vim 032cm v.8 Qzzewfl woe $40. on E is»! 3&3 Q hfi 8 h 3.0 36 i; 3mm NTNN . . . . .. .... J..mo>.~.~.w wwwmb. 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E ENm Q18 ~58 N53 N7 i. 8.3 . . . . . ........ .325 Qzsow YE ~3=B¢=~ mama 2mm 3W6 5w mN. Z EA: ma}: 3:2 EH2 5.8 N92 3.2 . .. . . . . . 345C .3 wExO can @2252 WQ- §@. @@- wmw. Qww. mnm. Maw. fifi- au@- mw§. mun-M. ......................-.....-.flwmw-mwflz hN. S. wNbN 36m may: NNUE if. 8w m: 2N mm} QB . . . . . . . . . . ..................oE~A R} oN.N 2Q 8.; 2.; ma; Q." 3.} mm. w? 3. 3. ......................ifiom_fi¢h whv -- - - - _ - -..1-o-nonouuuunnuaocnflww€om No. s. 2. 2m mfl. S. 3. wn. ma. ha. no. ow. . . . . . . . . . 95:4 . . . . . . . . . . .. . .68 2.5 no 8 8 8. 2 S. fl. 8. S. 8. 8. 2. 8. . .. .. .< . .3 .5 m ~ 3 3 3 vNNh mmfi Nhoh K2 £5 3:. $8 $3 .53 mwow zownsm ouflfisw zownsm oofltsw zomnsw oowfisw zomnsw ooflism momnsm sexism aomnnw oofltsm 582 human Afinwnognv dowfianokuwmwm: Aomwna viwwv $20 $3.2m 492a v3.2a moifliouom Ewofwmrw». 5:» 2?» mo-WE m.».wo_.~oB~w-_Tm c3553 aofisom . 4:00 3m SwnnoU oEmoEU c3550 nwuwBwm .3550 fioxoouU sficnoU i500 dfiom k9 ZOm~H$o< . . . . . . . . wm vmom wwm . . . . . . . . ofi ham v m m w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IE3» oionmmcnm e334 .5522 3m 28m Ffim EMN mnw SQ 5S woe 2w. mo w £5 3m. on. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........~.......@._5mMo§ 9s omdfi Ea $ n NwH 9H2 S»? fie w»; 2a. mm. , . . . . . . . . . . . 5E5: cowmoq 3am 85m mwfl... 2 H8 5.3 >9? mwsw 2 . H“ wwsh wm. S. 3.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55w 932% Ea @3302; 901m gm v95 2...: 5Q vhd and Sig mmfi: mmwfi i: . . . . . . . . . . .....:o§ a. 03x0 Ea wEEE< x%. §$- ¢N- §@- §%- Qm- 3m. @§. §o. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-..----.»ul-.wrmacwwg wvém 3.x. mm; mm; owql 5.2 ww. mv. mw. fin. m7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......QEMA Nu. wm. ma; mod an} ww. om; wofi wad mwé mm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inmfiomiwpoh. ow. mo. 5. ms. we om. om. mm; ww. vw. a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23cm no. 3 mo. wfi. mo. m7 we. mo. no. we. mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........:o ohtz ofi- ié- mo! x0. .P.P- %o~ ic- mo: No. . . . . . - - - - . . . . . - . - . . ¢ - . ¢ . mwmiun wmm Rm wwm mam fin $3 $3 $3 £8 $8 zomnsm» ouwisw momnsw wuwinm zomnsw oomfism Qowism mownnw oomism zowncm Qowfism $20 Em .530 xuwE .55.: 3.53 .252 35mm .282 3E3 .Emo_ comma whomBwhU c3351 use 55$ mfiwiowom wfiaiwwvm 4:00 Em Rxmfliouom dfiom HO ZOE~N£H_qrmw< m2 vmm 2; m: 5m m2 o3 N. m2 . . . . . . . . ‘qifii w>$o< mm 8 w m“ I mm mm Hm . . . . .204 §2E8§ u>$o< .5522 .6.» “tam 5.» a; 3m 3A Nmam 3m 31m 3 m. mfiw .....................2=.~m€2 82w iim an.“ mwa 3e Q; $5 3» 2 8i .............._6E=m~ commoq $92 2w No . . . . mo. E. fiaw 3am Ewm E. Q 3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435m 2.23m E5 @3235 3H2 $4; 3.2 mma R w N; .N~ Q92 5.2 . . . . . . . . . . .. cob “B wExO Ea @5252 @@ fix. @@. m@. %§. @$. ¢¢- §©Jl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -.N@WQQ@WE mvfi. wmmm wwd ow. hm. fimdm mmdfl 5.2 ov.m~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................oEWA i} S.“ 2A 3. 3w. mm. mm. mo; N». .............:mm..o.:w~o.H uh. om. Si 3i mm. mo. we. mm. mmm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53cm Z mm mm. mo. m7 2. mm. mm. ow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .............no Q52 mo. E. m7 mo. mo. Nfi 2. I. 2. .... . .33.‘ Qcfinwaam m3“. his wmm mm». Em mmm mmm 8m an». zomnsm 3 wism 0092mm zownsm ouflimm 103cm 335m zownsm ouwpism A~QQMQOQQV $30 .953 5.31m? 3mm SEQ oonfiw .252 cofiuom SEQ c3253 UuOMBNnU 45.0 hum dfiom mo zonifiizau fioiniicélaa 1511a‘ u. 38 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Q Q .... Q Q . . ......Q Q O ........Q ......... . . . . . . . . ...............%.~$u_._O< 0N3 ww . ..........wow meow R. wmw . . . . .........awwwcn~o>flu< 1m ofi Eb mm . . .. w v 2 2: w om . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Eu< oceiwoam o>$o< 50:12 6m mtwm ..............-.---.-...-..-UH:@M@°2 ma...“ .2; fiwm mm»: 2x2 S.“ mwk mmb 3s mm.» “m6 .......................=¢E=m_ co wmoq 3.? $16 fig 5.; 95m xumwm Sh...“ NW3 3 3b mwéh. 31$ .. . . . . . . . . . . 85w @228 Ea 2.33mi M53 fim 8.» Mfifiw om...‘ 2Q 2 N. 2.: ww 2 mmfi: a}: ... . . . . .. i=9; Ho QExO Ea mEEE< R.#. AwQ. fink». @@. @@. Vfi- @@. Tiw. .. .... . . . . . . . . . ............NmflQCuN2 q@-% §Q. Au-aw. N.@- @@. ... ...............-...-.-..-...n-E@A mm; Q: firm ma; 8. m» i: 8w 2: EA Q: .............1:...........~m2¢fi2fi8. %§. @@- $§- %m¢ mmm. @@- ... ..-.. . . . . - -.-..-.-.-¢.--. WNBQ“ we. v0. mo. mo. . mo. S. mo. mo. m7 mo. no. obmZ we. ow 2 we no mo. on. no. mo. mo. mo. .. ....................Eo25 .Ewo_>w_u 3mm 62.? 0.5V Afinwnokav H222 6E2 wcaw oih 2:024 cam $2». 2mm .Emo_>m_o 5m» JnoU 3m . QUJJEOQmWH. Efigwhv oih .3526 can a SfiEoU 038m! uficsoU FEM . .m.=om EC ZOM-~fio< w Mm 5 mm Ma m“ ... ... . Ma Ma wg W0 2 .....é..< Q _.=_._.m..._fl. i: . .0252 00m 35m m. o. . . . . . . . . QNJ ARA .....................o.5.~m202 m? m? Mm i M? m? . . . . . . . . . ._.. Knob 2 .8 8.8 8.8 0M3 Si 5 03a ~18 Ana? w». 3 ~63 STE. .. . 285m 033cm B; v32 5 2.2 m: 2Q. Ea 8.3 mmAA 2.3 no.0 mwAA $3 8am 3.3 . . . Mwmrfiw v1.0. a=Em2< :. 2. ma. a. Q. a. a. a. 0. s. m2 8. mm. 2. AA. $2 mm. 3i 2. 5. AN. Cm ow. MEQA 2H Nwé 3.2m 8d AmA NTN n: 2.» 3m 3w £2 firm .................2_m.cwmww.¢e m“. m...“ m“ Wm“ MM“ w“ m“ w“ m» m.» m? w. e5 v0. S. AA. 8. 2. v0. 3. 8. v0. A5. 8. 8. .............u20< 05.0.0250 88 86 82w 8S $8 02w ES 85 “A5 2:. 2:. HA5 momnsw 0020mm mownsm 003.5% momnsm 002.25 =omnsm 00225 mownsm 325m momnsm oomfism .Em2 3E: .502 hwcmm AGMO- .Em2%w:wm>n0~w 5G2 >053 .502 >20 >003 >223 >=o>a~m oovownom omfifioswrfi omfifiosmwfi owfifioami. omfiiosmwfi JGOU 3h 0m: WED-EFF 5.2500 .3222 $2500 052A oh41Ii>H4 i, Vd>filllfllw HQ><>J ‘:D::::,’L 2.11:: l. TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. o . . . . . . o o o o o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..m.........>£w€< 11.1.13 vw w: mm n“. own m»? wow . m2 . . . . . . . . . . I5ww¢0mo>$0< 5. w... 3» mm . wN 2 9: I 3 5 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304 052E855 o>$0< 50:52 50m 3.5m . . . . . . . . . . .......... . . . . . ......0.=~dm@O2 2.0 whé 55w $5 3.0 $5 £5 Sn 5N5 $5 fix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50355 50 30A 5.? 91$ 5.5.56 01$ 3Q mmew 05.5.? mNdh 8.5 5.5.5 ~93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55w 033% 05w 03335 $5 2A 8a .520 m?» £5 5Z0 8.: 2S £5 $5 . . . . 1250C 50 35x0 05w 0555?. 5N. ow. wc. ww. 5w. ooA mN. . . . . . . IwN. S. om. . . . . .............~...5535552 mw. 2w. 3.x wed 5;»; 092 09x5 N5. mm. i. 2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . I055 H». Ne. ww. we. oHA mm; ow; mmé. wmé mm; mm; ...........................aww~0n:m~0.H 5m. I. mm. . mN. we. wN. . . . . . . . . Cow. hm. Nfi. Nm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930m 5o. we. mo. N5. mo. ma. I. mo. no. mo. m5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............j5o 0.552 NO: No. mo: Xo- “on £1. #0. %o. mo. £0: - . . - . . ~ - - - - . - . - ¢ ~ - - . - . u m: N: :5 25 m2 . 5: $5 23 M35 2.5. $.50 =0mn5w 0025mm momnuw 005.55 =0wn5w ouflism 003.55 zomnsm 00355 00wfi5m 0035i .552 505mm 05w Sm? x053 .552 3.55m 05w .553 .552 .502 .552 055505555 505505 50.55am >20 hi? mfifiiowum 505mm 505mm >503 .5500 5m . 25h 50300505 mfiafiwwom 535500 55C. 535500 0.5502 43550U 5052 40 550m HQ 209555200 éou=znaolfiaum5u< F 2 3 Z w I . . . . . . . . Z MK. E. w. . Q .. E04 Eofiwcam o>$o< 0 . . .552 a...“ 22$ S . a L mmfi mod NMWN 2d mvd wv. wm. 3.“. Nfid $8 mvd . . . . . . . . . . . .....................o.:52o2 . m .2. mm...“ WWW... Mm. w... W? MM... “m. ma. w? %%%%%%%%%%% ...y.........W.M.WQWW_MW..M..M.M . . . . m . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w m WM“. mm“. ma. mm“... m. w; m? W“... mi w“... Wm»... H“HHNHHHHMHMHHfl..e.......m@...a..wmmma O mflwm N92 n52 mesa oosm mm. “N. 3mm mflm 2.. Ddfi INKWmmmmmKmEmZHHHI...LIQEWA N a. N? a. s. Q3 a; m... 2w o... . ............. .............._......__...§ o a. s. s. a. s. s. a. an 2.. s. a. .................. .2... 1 2. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. .8. 8 Q. S. 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ohzz H S 2 . 2 . 8 . 8. mo. s. 3 . 8 . 3 8 3.5. 2~2Qw2~m S O . Q ~ m kw? . _..w....w. .%......W. _.%m. awn... aw»... .%......._...... =5... .m=a awe... fir... % dio- JHNO- 2i .Emo_ Aziwnoknv $20 5.3m .222: 51:52: . ha? >55.“ ovoumd ha? >3? ma» 2:3» . w~o~3w~0 @1229 .230 hem w-oxowum . 33.13am 3333mm 43-500 uwuo> _a> 43.500 nofinm .5150 Evan? . 42 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPEEUMENT STATION. DESCRIPTION or SAMPLES. Bandera County. 6130. Crawford silty loam, depth 0-12 inches; brown to reddish brown silty clay; two miles northeast of Bandera. . 6131. Subsoil to 6130, depth 12-36 inches; reddish brown, heavy silty clay. Burnet County. 4336. Tishomingo fine sandy loam (probably), depth 0-9 inches; reddish brown fine sand; one miles north of Fairland. 4337. Subsoil to 4336, depth 9-21 inches; reddish fine sand. 11375. Crawford clay (probably), depth 0-6 inches; drab clay loam; eleven miles south of Copperas Cove. 11376. Subsoil to 11375; depth 6-15 inches; gray clay loam. Caldwell County. 336. Susquehanna fine sandy loam, three miles north of Lockhart. 337. Subsoil to 336. Comal County. 6085. Houston clay, depth 0-10 inches; dark brown clay; two and one-half miles southwest of New Braunfels. 6086. Subsoilto 6085, depth 10-36 inches; yellowish brown clay. 6087. Blanco fine sandy loam and silt (undifferentiated), depth, 0-10 inches; grayish brown fine sandy loa.m; two and one-half miles northeast of New Braunfels. 6088. Subsoil to 6087, depth 10-36 inches; yellowish brown loam. 6089. Houston black clay, depth 0-12 inches; black compact clay; three. and one-half miles southeast of New Braunfels. 6090. Subsoil to 6089, depth 12-30 inches; black heavy clay. 6091. Houston gravelly clay, depth O-10 inches; black gravelly clay; three miles southeast of New Braunfels. “ i 6092. Subsoil to 6091, depth 12-36 inches; black gravelly clay. 6134. Crawford silty clay_ depth 0-10 inches; dark brown silty clay; five miles northeast of New Braunfels. 6135. Subsoil to 6134, depth 10-36 inches; heavy dark brown silty clay. Crockett County. 7071. Miles soils, undifferentiated, depth 0-12 inches; brown silty clay loam; twelve miles northwest of Ozona. 7072. Subsoil to 7071, depth 12-30 inches g‘ light pinkish brown soil. F‘ U - Edwards County. 7223. Frio silty clay loam (probably), depth 0-12 inches; dark brown loam; Barksdale, Texas. 7224. Subsoil to 7223. depth 12-24 inches; dark brown clay. COMPOSITION OF SoILs OF SOUTH CENTRAL Terms. 43 Gillespie County. < 14. Pedernales sandy loam, depth 0-24 inches; red fine sandy i’ ; one miles northwest of Fredericksburg. j 15; Subsoil to 6114, depth 12-36 inches; red compact sandy clay. i j 24. Pedernales sandy loam, depth 0-24 inches; brown sandy loam; ‘miles north of Cherry Springs. f, 25. Subsoil to 6124, depth 24-36 inches; yellow sandy clay 10am. '. 38. Pedernales sandy loam, depth 0-8 inches; red heavy loam; ‘l miles south of Fredericksburg. 29. Subsoil to 6128, depth 8-36 inches; red clay. . 41. Pedernales stony fine sandy loam, depth 0-6 inches; red very stony sandyloam; three miles northwest of Cherry Springs. H ays County. Houston black clay, depth 0-10 inches; San Marcos. Subsoil to 324. i _ Crawford silt clay, depth 0_-10 inches; San Marcos. Subsoil to 326. Blanico loam, depth 0-10 inches; San Marcos. Subsoil to 328. Crawford stony clay; San Marcos. Subsoil to 330. Houston clay. depth O-10 or 12 inches; San Marcos. Subsoil to 332. Houston l.oam, depth 0-10 inches; San Marcos. Subsoil to 334. » Yazoo clay, depth 0-10 inches; San Marcos. I Kendall County. 9. Crawford silty clay (probably); Welfare, Texas. i0. Subsoil to 1209. . San Antonio silty clay loam (probably), depth 0-10 inches; heavy clay; seven miles northwest of Boerne. .8. Subsoil to 7147, depth 10-24 inches; red and black mottled K err County. , Frio silty clay loam (probably), depth 0-8 inches; dark red 1 soil ; southwest side of Center Point. ’ - i Siubsoil to 4380, depth 8-18 inches; dark red sandy soil. . Crawford silty clay (probably), depth 0-9 inches; black clay; iles southwest of Comfort. . i Subsoil to 5955; brown clay. a San Antonio silty clay loam, depth 0-10 inches; pinkish red ay loam; Kerrville. ' i Subsoil to 6120, depth 10-36 inches; light pinkish red silty l 44 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Srnrrox. Kimble County. 6132. Frio silty clay loam, depth 0-10. inches; light pinkish gray silty clay loam; Junction. 6133. Subsoil to 6132, depth 10-36 inches; light bluish gray silty clay loam. ' . Llano County. 976. Tishomingo sandy loam (probably), red sandy soil; Llano. 6110. Miller fine sandy loam, depth 0-12 inches; reddish brown fine sandy 10am; six miles southwest of Bluffton. 611]. Subsoil to 6110, depth 1-36 inches; pinkish red clay-loam. 611.2. Tishomingo stony clay loam, depth 0-8 inches; dark red loam; eight miles east of Llano. 6113. Subsoil to 6112, depth 8-36 inches; dark red clay loam. 6116. Tishomingo sandy loam, depth 0-18 inches; reddish brown sandy loam; one mile southwest of Castell. . i 6117. Subsoil to 6116, depth 18-36 inches; red sandy clay 10am. 6126. Tishomingo stony sandy loam, depth O-24 inches; red to red- i dish brown sandy loam; five miles northeast of Castell. 6.127. Subsoil to 6126, depth 24-36 inches; mottled red, yellow and brown sandy loam. 6136. Tishomingo loam, depth 0-6 inches; dark red loam; three miles east of Loyal Valley. 6137. Subsoil to 6136, depth 6-36 inches; dark red clay loam. Mason County. 6106. Pontotoc sandy loam, depth O-24 inches; Indian red sandyf loam. ' a 6108. Tishomingo gravelly sandy loam, depth 0-14 inches; reddishi brown gravelly sandy loam; seven miles West of Mason. Fl 6109. Suhsoil to 6108, depth 14-36 inches; red, mottled with yellow '1 gravelly clay loam. i 6139. Pedernales stony loam, depth 0-1 inches; grayish brown loam ;; five miles south of Hilda. 6140. Lancaster sandy loam, depth 0-18 inches; light brown sandy loam; one mile north of Mason. Zllenard County. 6118. Pedernales loam, depth 0-15 inches; reddish brown loam? four miles east of Hext. l, 6119. Suhsoil to 6118, depth 15-36 inches; reddish brown sandy clay.’ 6138. Frio silty clay loam.‘ depth 0-12 inches; dark gray to blao silty clay loam; two miles west of hlenard. i i‘ COMPOSITION OF SoiLs OF SOUTH CENTRAL ‘Isms. 4.5 Travis County. 08. Bastrop sandy loam; Austin. 09. Subsoil to 10S. a :10. Houston black clay; Austin. F111. Subsoil to 11.0. R12. Susquehanna fine loam; Austin. - 13. Subsoil to 112. ’ ' 414. ‘Travis gravelly’ loam; Austin. 5. Subsoil t0 114. Sutton County. >22. Crawford stony clay, depth 0-10 inches; dark brown to black " thirty-three miles southeast of Sonora. _ A23. Subsoil to 6122, depth 10-36 inches; dark brown to black clay. Val Verde County. K . 0. Brackett stony soil (probably), depth 0-5 to 8 inches; Semi- '1. Subsoil to 1260, depth 7-11 inches. i4. Brackett silty clay loam, depth 0-8 inches; brown silty clay Y three miles northeast of Del Rio. _ f Subsoil to 6094, depth 8-36 inches; light brown silty clay _6. Laredo silt loam; depth 0-8 inches; brown silt loam; one and if miles south of Del Rio. Subsoil to 6096, depth 8-36 inches; light brown silt loam. E: Brackett stony clay loam, depth 0-8‘ inches; light brown silt {four miles northeast of Del Rio. TABLE 6. ‘INTERPRETATION OF ANALYSES. t Corn possibility in bushels v t pfil‘ acre. - -_ Phos- ‘ ype and County. phone Potash I Lime. Active ;*_ acid. I phos; Active Total phone potash. nitro- t acid. gen. a upty:— _ - silty loam . . . . . . . . . . good good good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 ‘v- y:— - - o find sandy loam. . . . . good good good 50 37 13 ‘f- claty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . good . . . . . . . . high 45 157 43 - un y:— a tna fine sandy loam . . . . good good good 6 120 28 n y:—- ' . clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. good 1 good high 6 157 23 ’ It loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. good good high 12 51 12 _- black clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . good good high 45 182 33. _ gifavell clay . . . . . . . . . . . good good high 40 182 23 siltty c ay ( ark phase). . good good high 35 . . . . . . . . 48 I ‘In 377-‘ " (updifierentiated). . . . . . good good- high 30 182 48 Iun, y:— 7 clay loam )probably). . good good high. 18 157 48 ’:- y:—- . ~ sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . low ood fair 18 80 13 -; sandy loam‘ . . . . . . . . . . low ow faif 6 51 8 _ . sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . good good good 6 182 23 s stony fine sandy loam. good good good 50 120 28 46 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TABLE 6—C0ntinued. INTERPRETATION OF ANALYSES. l Corn possibility in bushel ; ’ per acre. I Phos- a Type and County. l ‘phoric Potash Lime. Active ‘ 1 acid. l phos_- Active Total phoric potash. nitro~ acid. gen. Ha s County :—— l _ _ ouston black clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . l good ‘l fair high 12 120 38 Crawford silt clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | good i good ood 5O 51 48 Blanco loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | good w igh 24 51 33 Crawford stony clay . . . . . . . . . . . . I good i good high 24 80 48 Houston clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! good ; low good 4O 51 48 Houston loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . low 1 good high 12 120 48 Yazoo clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i good l good high 40 51 38 Kendall County:— ; i _ Crawford silty clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . = low . good gigh 6 37 38 San Antonio silty clay loam. . . * good l good high 18 182 38 Kerr County :-—— j i Frio silty clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 good " . . . . . . . . good 18 207 23 Crawford s_ilty_ clay. .' . . . . . . . . . . . * good low ood 45 207 43 San Antonio silty clay] 0am. . . . . .1‘ good good igh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Kimble Count3 :— i _ Frio silty clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . i good good high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Llano County :— i Tishomingo sandy loam . . . . . . . . . i good good good 74 51 18 Miller fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . i good good good 45 . . . . . . . . 18 Tishomingo stony clay loam. . . . .i good good good 12 207 23 Tishomingo sandy loam. . . . . . . v good good good 6 120 18 Tishomingo stony sandy loam .. . i fair good fair 6 120 18 Tishomingo loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . good good good 24 120 23 Mason County:— i _ _ Pontotoc sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . fair good fair 50 157 13 Tishomingo gravelly sandy loam.. 1 good good good 24 120 23 Pedernales stony sandy loam. . . . . good go_od high 30 . . . . . . . . 38 Lancaster sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . i fair fair fair 12 51 13 Menard County:— } Pedernales lo am . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l good good good 12 182 . 23 Frio silty clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . i good . . . . . . . . high 45 182 33 Travis County :—— Bastrop fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . l good good good 12 37 13 Houston black clay . . . . . . . . . . . . good go_od high 24 80 33 Susquehanna fine sandy loam. . . . . low fair good 30 51 13 Travis gravelly loam . . . . . . . . . . . .\ good good good 12 120 38 Sutton County:—- l _ Crawford stony clay . . . . . . . . . . . . good good high 6 182 33 Val Verde County:— _ _ Brackett stony soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . low fair fair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Brackett silty clay loam . . . . . . . . . good good high 12 51 28 Laredo silty loam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l good good high 12 182 28 low good high 6 29 28 Brackett stony clay loam . . . . . . . . I IN TERPRETATION OF ANALYSES. The standards used in this bulletin for the analyses With strong acid are approximately as follows: Lime : .O0—-.05 per cent-l0w. .051—.10_ per cent--—fair in sands, low in loam and clays. .101—.2O per cent—good in sands, fair in loam, 10W in clays. .201——.30 per cent—-good in sands, loam ; fair in clays. .30—.50 per cent-——good in clay. Phosphoric acid: .00—.03 per cent—low. sands, loam and clays; low in very heav .031-—.10 per cent—fair in sands, low in loams and clays with loi lime; fair in loams and clays with fair lime good in loams and clays with good lime. COMPOSITION OF SoILs OF SOUTH CENTRAnTExAs. 4'7 1—.15 per cent—g00d in sands; fair in loam and clay withi 10w 1—.15 per cent-good in sands; fair in loam and clays with low i» lime; good in loam and clays with fair or good a lime. ’ . ‘i 1-i—up-—good. lPotash : 0—-.05 per cent—low. " ,1—.10 per cent-fair in sands; low in loams and clays. * 1—.15 per cent—g0od in sands; fair in loams; low in clays. 1—.25 per cent-good in sands and loams; fair in clays. 1—up—g<><>d~ I {A deficiency 0f lime may be ofiset to a certain extent by an abundance l. vegetable matter. The quantity of lime present must also be con- ered in making the interpretation of the quantity of potash present. 0' DARDS FOR INTERPRETATION OF ANALYSES WITH WEAK SOLVENTS. v e following figures are used in interpretation of the estimation of al nitrogen, active phosphoric acid and active potash of the soil. ify are based upon results published in Bulletins 126, 145 and 151 this Experiment Station, and in case of phosphoric acid, on the lts of additional pot experiments not yet published. The figures not the same as those given in the bulletins mentioned, but are idupon the curve to which the actual determinations approximate. Vust be recalled that these results do not‘ represent actual field pro- ion, but are average results based upon the plant food taken from i; soil in a large number of pot experiments. The results are ex- lg: in terms of bushels of corn in order to give concrete form to f“ There are exceptional soils which deviate quite widely from results, and pot experiments themselves are somewhat variable. variations will be studied later, and also the relation between results of the pot experiments, and actual field production. See le 7. ' TABLE 7. METHOD OF INTERPRETING ANALYSES. Nitrogen. Potash. Phosphoric Acid. I Corn Per Corn Per l Corn I Per Cent. i Equiv. Million. Equlv. Million. Equiv. - L‘ l Bushels. Bushels. t Bushels. .000-.02 I s 0- 50 29 0- 10 6 ' .021-.04 | 13 0- 00 37 10- 20 12 041-.06 l 18 100-150 51 ' 20- 30 18 06l-.08 ‘I 23 150-200 8O 30- 40 24 081-.10 f 28 200-300 120 40- 60 I 30 10l—.]2 1 33 300-400 157 60- 80 35 121-.14 l 3s 400-600 182 80-100 l 40 141- 16 43 600-800 207 100-200 45 161- 1s 4s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2o0~400 j so . . . . . . . . . . . . 400-—up ‘i (74) wish it distinctly understood that these figures do not represent ctual productionof the soil in the field, and are not intended to .~ They merely aid in showing the relation between pot experi- _Enochs, and other members of the staff. 48 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ments andchemical analyses. . There are considerable variations in dividual soils, and the interpretation may not be strictly correct, t.‘ so much depends upon field conditions. The figures are merely ' tended to show the relative deficiencies of the soil in the various f0 I of plant food. The actual field production undoubtedly is quite d‘ ferent in a. number of cases; in many instances considerably larger thi the “corn possibility.” l’ ACKNOWLEDGMENT.‘ Analyses and other worl; involved in the preparation of this bulle ‘nave been done by Messrs. Ogier, Rather, Gilmore, Asbury, Hod