AGRICULTURAL a MECHANICM COLLEGE 0F TEXAS LIBRARV A127_419_5M TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS W. B. BIZZELL, Preident BULLETIN NO. 244 APRIL, 1919 DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY Composition of Ithe Soils of Archer, Franklin, and Harrison Counties B. YOUNGBLOOD, DIRECTOR College Station, Brazos County, Texas STATION STAFFT ADMINISTRATION B. YOUNGBLOOD, M. S., Director A. B. CONNER, B. S., Vice Director J. M. JONES, A. M.. Assistant Director CHAS. A. FELKER, Chief Clerk A. S. WARE, Secretary W. T BRINK. B. S., Executive Assistant in Charge of Library and Publication .............................. .., Technical Assistant VETERINARY SCIENCE *1“. FRANcIs, D. V. M., Chief H. SCHMIDT. D. V. S., Veterinarian D. H. BENNETT, V. M. D.,Vete.'inarian CHEMISTRY G. S. FRAPS. Ph. D., Chief: Stale Chemist S. E. ASHURY. M. S., Assistant Chemist S. LOMANITZ, B. S., Assistant Chemist FRANCES SUMMERELL. B. S..Assistant Chemist WALno WALKER, Assistant Chemist HORTICULTURE H. NEss, M. S- Chief _ _ W. S. Horcmuss, Horticulturist ANIMAL INDUSTRY . J. M. JONES, A. M., Chief; Sheep and Goat Investigations - _ iJ. C. BURNS, B. S., Animal Husbandman in Charge of Beef Cattle Investigations (on leave) P. V. Ewmo, M. S., Animal Husbandman in Charge of Swine Investigations _ C. M. HUBBARD, B. S., Assistant Animal Husbanaman . L. MAYER, Poultrgman W. A. DOUBT, Dairyman ENTOMOLOGY F. B. PADDOCK, M.S.,Chief; State Entomologist H. J. REINHARD, B. S., Entomologist W. E. JACKSON, M. S., Assistant Entomologist AGRONOMY A. B. CUNNER, B. S., Chief A. H. Lemma, B. S., Agronomist E W. GEYER, B. S., Agronomist H. H. LAUDE, M. S., Agronomist PLANT PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY J. J. TAUBENHAUS, Ph. D., 'ef FORESTRY E. O. SEICKE, M. F., Chief; State Forester PLANT BREEDING E. P. HUMBEBT, Ph. D., Chief FEED CONTROL SERVICE F. D. FULLER, M. S., Chief JAMES SULLIVAN, Executive Secretary FARM AND RANCH ECONOMICS THE DIRECTOR, Chief SOIL SURVEY **\V. T. CARTER, JR., B. S., Chief J. F. STROUD, Soil Surveyor T. M. BUSHNELL, B. S., Soil Surveyor .......................... .., Soil Surveyor SUBSTATIONS No. 1. Beeville, Bee County _ ‘ I. E. COWART, NI. S., Superintendent No. 2. Troup, Smith County W. S. HOTCHKISS, Superintendent No. 3. Angleton, Brazoria County , E. B. REYNOLDS, M. S., Superintendent Nix 4. Beaumont, Jeflerson County H. PRINCE, B. S., Superintendent No. 5. Temple, Bell County D. T. KILLOUGH, B. S., Superintendent No. 6. Denton, Denton County C. H. McDowEnn, B. S., Superintendent No. 7. Spur, Dickens County _ R. E. DICKSON, B. S., Superintendent TAs of April 1, 1919. No. 8. Lubbock, Lubbock County B. E. KARPER, B. S.. Superintendent D. L. JoNEs, Scientific Assistant No. 9. Pecos, Reeves County J. W. JACKSON, B. S., Superintendent No. l0. (Feeding and Breeding Substation), College Station, Brazos County J. W. JENNINGS, B. S., Superintendent .............................. .., Scientific Assistant No. ll. Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County G. T. McNEss, Superintenaent No. 12. Chillicothe, Hardeman County A. B. CRON, B. S., Acting Superintendent V. E. HAFNER, B. S., Scientific Assistant No. 14. Sonora, Sutton-Edwards Counties E. M. PETERS, B. S., Superintendent *In cooperation with the School 0f Veterinary Medicine, A._ & M. College of Texas. **In cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture. fIIIn cooperation with School of Agriculture, A. & M. College of Texas. The Main Station is located 97 miles north of Houston and 170 miles south of Dallas, on the main line of the H. & T. C. R.R., and on the Fort Worth Division of the I. & G. N. R.R. Visitors are welcome at the Main Station and the substations at all times. CONTENTS PAGE Maintenance of fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 How to use the analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 Areas of the soil types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Soils of Archer County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 Soils of Franklin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10 Soils of Harrison County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 Soil series in the areas . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Bastrop loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1'7 Bastrop very fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Caddo fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;. . . 18 Greenburg clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2O Greenhurg clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21 G-reenburg loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _22 Houston clay . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23 Kalmia fine sand . . . . . . . . , .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Kalmia fine- sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2'5 Kalmia sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Kirkland clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26 Kirkland clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27 Kirkland fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28 Kirkland silty clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28 Lufkin fine sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29 Lufkin fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3O Lufkin silt loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31 Meadow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32 Miller clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32 Miller loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Miller very fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Norfolk fine sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Norfolk fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36 Orangehurg sand . . § . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'7 Orangeburg fine sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38 Orangeburg fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38 Orangeburg sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39 Orangehurg loamy sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40 Rough stony land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41 Huston fine sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41 Ruston fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Sanders clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42 4 UONTENTS—-COI1l3i1111ed Soil series in the areas— PAGE Sanders fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43 Sanders silt loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 44 Sanders clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45 Susquehanna gravelly sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46 Susquehanna fine sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4'7 Susquehanna sandy 10am . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 48 Susquehanna fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49 Susquehanna clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52 Trinity clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52 Vernon clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53 Vernon loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 54 Vernon clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55 Vernon fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Wabash clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5'7 Wilson loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58 Wilson clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58 Windthorst fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < . . 59 Description of samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._ . . . . . 60 Bulletin No. 244 April, 1919 COMPOSITION OF THE SOILS OF ARCHER, FRANKLIN. AND HARRISON COUNTIES BY G. S. FRAPS, PII. D., CHIEF, DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY ; STATE CHEMIsT This bulletin deals with the chemical composition of samples of soils from three counties in Texas, and is the seventh of a series dealing with the chemical composition of typical soils. The samples analyzed were sent this Station by field agents of the Bureau of Soils of the United States Department of Agriculture. A description of these soils, and maps of the areas, are published by the Bureau of Soils, as follows: Soil Survey of Archer County, Texas, by A. E. Taylor, C. Lounsbury, J . O. Veach, and E. Scott. \ Soil Survey of Franklin County, Texas, by A. E. Kocher and W. S. Lyman. Soil Survey of Harrison County, Texas, by Cornelius Van Duyne and W. C. Byers. Requests for these reports should be addressed to the Bureau of Soils, Washington, D. C. The descriptions of the soil types given in this bulletin are taken from these reports. MAINTENANCE OF FERTILITY The following are the chief essentials to the maintenance of soil fer- tility: (1) Growing legumes in a proper crop ro-tation and turning them under or grazing them off, for the maintenance of vegetable matter and nitrogen. (2) Use of phosphates for the correction of deficiency in phosphoric acid, if needed. (3) Use of ground limestone o-r lime for the correction of acidity, or improvement of physical character of the soil, or to supply the lime for crops which need a quantity of it. (4) Use of potash fertilizers for correction of deficiency of potash, l“ ' T3} if needed. Vegetable MatteIn-The maintenance of ‘vegetable matter in the soil is essential to fertility, though some soils produce well for a long time without additions of vegetable matter, through liberal use of fertilizers. Vegetable matter may be supplied in the form of barnyard manure, 6 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. which is adequate if thequantity available is sufficient, but barnyard manure is usually not at hand in large enough quantities. Legume crops, in such case, should be grown in rotation with other crops, and either turned under or grazed off. Turning under a heavy green crop may sour the land. If the crop is heavy, it is best to allow it to be- come nearly mature before turning it under. The plant tissues are then harder, decay less rapidly, and are less likely to cause sourness. Grazing off is better than turning under the crop, as in this case some of its feeding value is secured, while the droppings from the animal, together with the liquid excrement, contain the bulk of the plant food taken up by the crop. To make the crop into hay and save the manure from it is not such a good plan, as a large part of the fertility is lost in this way. When the legume is made into hay to be sold, the land gains practically nothing in fertility. While other crops than legumes add vegetable matter to the soil when plowed under or grazed 0E, the legumes are the only plants which can utilize the free nitrogen of the air. Hence, the legumes should be selected for the crop to be turned under or grazed off. The maintenance of the nitrogen supply of the soil is more important than the maintenance of the vegetable matter. The only practical way to do this for farm crops is to secure the nitrogen from the air by grow- ing legumes. Nitrogen costs too much for the planter to purchase enough of it to maintain the nitrogen content of the soil. The pur- chase of a small supplementary quantity may be profitable, but the main supply for cotton, corn, kafir, etc., must come from the soil, which then loses in fertility, unless nitrogen is first taken from the air by means of legumes. It is not necessary here to go into the matter of the kind of legumes to grow, except to say that corn grown in six-foot rows with cowpeas between often produces as many bushels of corn the first year as corn grown in the usual way, and the second year, if the legumes are turned under or grazed off, it often produces eight or twelve bushels more. A cotton crop following the corn and cowpeas likewise is considerably larger. Crimson clover, velvet beans, peanuts, alfalfa. and vetches ‘in- clude some of the profitable legumes. Phosphoric ACidr-‘TGXEIS soils are often deficient in phosphoric acid. The deficiencies of the soils described here will be shown later on. For discussion of the use of phosphates and other fertilizers, see Bul- letin No. 167. , Acidity.—Some soils contain organic or inorganic acids, ‘and are acid in character. Certain crops do not grow well in acid soils, espe- cially clover, alfalfa, barley, rye, etc. There are other crops, such as cowpeas and watermelons, which do well on acid soils. Acidity may be corrected by adding lime, either slaked lime, quicklime, or ground lime- stone rock. The latter is usually the cheapest and preferable in other respects. The acidity or non-acidity of the soils is shown in connection SorLs OF ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. '7 with the analyses. A number of the soils of- Harrison and Franklin Counties are acid. An acidity of 100 parts per million requires about 500 pounds ground limestone per acre to correct it. This matter is discussed in Bulletin 243. Poiaslu-The soils of Texas as a rule contain an abundance of potash to produce good crops, though there is a variation in this respect. In general, potash is least often needed of all fertilizers and often need- lessly used in the South. The use of manure, the turning under of green crops, and the use of the lime when needed appear to assist the plants to secure potash from highly insoluble forms. The farmer should endeavor to secure the greatest benefit from his soil potash before under- taking to purchase fertilizer potash. The needs for potash are indicated in connection with the analyses. i HOW TO USE THE ANALYSES Analyses of the soil are given in connection with the various types of soil. The interpretation of the analyses is also given and will be discussed there also. ~ If the soil is Well supplied With plant food, but does not give good yields, this indicates that its physical condition is poor, either in respect to cultivation, drainage, physical character or in other respects. If the soil is well supplied with total plant food, but low in active plant food, attempts should be made to increase the activity of soil agencies which make the plant food available, by means of additions of manure, of green crops plowed under, or, if the soil needs lime, by additions of lime or ground limestone. If the crop yields are low and the plant food is deficient, the table shows the plant food that should be used first. Suppose, for example, a farmer of Harrison County is securing a yield of one-fourth bale of cotton per acre, on Susquehanna fine sandy loam. What fertilizer should be used? . Table '7 shows that this soil furnishes enough active phosphoric acid for eighteen bushels corn, enough active potash for eighty bushels corn. enough nitrogen for thirteen bushels corn, on an average, in pot experi- ments. Clearly nitrogen is needed first, and then phosphoric acid. The farmer then should apply acid phosphate, for the purpose of furnishing phosphoric acid, and cottonseed meal o-r some other nitrogenous fertil- izer, for the purpose of furnishing nitrogen. These should increase the yields. But it would be still better for him to secure the nitrogen by growing legumes, and turning them under or grazing them off, and then using acid phosphate to supply the phosphoric acid. On this particular soil proper crop rotation with legumes is probably the first necessity. The standards used in the interpretation of the soil analyses are given in Bulletin No. 213 of this Station. The standards for active phosphoric acid, total nitrogen, and active potash are based upon results published in Bulletins No. 126, 145 and 151. 8 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. It must be recalled that these results do not represent actual field production, but are average results based upon the plant food taken from the soil in a large number of pot experiments. The results are expressed in terms of bushels of corn in order to give concrete form to them. There are exceptional soils which deviate quite Widely from these results, and pot experiments themselves are somewhat variable. These variations will be studied later, and also the relation between the results of the pot experiments, and actual field production. It should be distinctly understood that the corn possibility does not represent the actual production of the soil in the field and is not in- tended to do so. It merely aids in showing the relation between pot experiments and chemical analyses. There are considerable variations in individual soils, and the inter- pretations may not be strictly correct, since so much depends upon field . conditions. The figures are merely intended to show the relative defi- ciencies of the soil. in the various forms of plant food. The actual field production undoubtedly is quite different in a number of cases. in many instances considerably larger than the “corn possibility.” AREAS OF THE SOIL TYPES Table 1 shows the areas of the soil types in the three counties studied. The Susquehanna fine sandy loam is the most extensive type in both Harrison and Franklin Counties, composing nearly fifty per cent. of each. Next in area come the Caddo fine sandy loam in Harrison County and the Lufkin fine sandy loam in Franklin County. The most ex- tensive type in Archer County is the Vernon fine sandy loam, covering thirty-one per cent. of the area, and next is the Vernon clay loam, four- teen per cent. of the area. Table 1.—Area of the various soil types. Archer county Franklin county Harrison county Acres Per cent Acres Per cent Acres Per cent Bastrop loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,816 3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bastrop very fine sandy loam . . . . . . 960 ' .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caddo fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,480 5 .0 84,992 15 .2 Greensburg clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,032 .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greensburg clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,976 1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greensburg loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,776 .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . ‘ Houston clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832 .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kalmia fine sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,120 2.3 Kalmia sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 0.1 Kalm la fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,880 .5 Kirkland clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,472 1 .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kirkland clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,872 4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kirkland fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . 2, 176 .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kirkland silty clay loam . . . . . . . . . . 14,336 2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lufkin fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,848 12 .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lufkin fine sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832 .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lufkin silt 10am . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 176 1 .2 1 , 152 0.2 Meadow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,480 6.7 1,280 0.2 Miller clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,080 8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miller clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,096 2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miller loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,720 2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miller very fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . 8,512 1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Norfolk fine sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,560 9.9 13,824 2.5 SoiLs OF ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 9 Table 1.——Area of the various soil types——continued. Archer county Franklin county Harrison county Acres Per cent Acres Per cent Acres Per cent Norfolk fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,312 2.8 2,560 0.5 Orangeburg fine sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,560 0. 5 Orangeburg loamy sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 0.1 Orangeburg sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,280 .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orangeburg fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , 920 0,3 Orangeburg sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832 0 1 Rough stony land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4,160 .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. Ruston fine sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960 0.2 Ruston fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,320 8.7 Sanders clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,928 2.6 3,840 .7 Sanders clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,664 .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sanders fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 ,680 5.7 Sanders silty loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,840 2.0 39,680 7.1 Susquehanna clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 .3 832 0.1 Susquehanna fine sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,720 1 .2 Susquehanna fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,952 41.7 265,728 47.6 Susquehanna gravelly sandy loam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,368 4.7 Susquehanna sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960 0.2 Trinity clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ,488 1 .3 Vernon clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,312 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vernon clay (eroded phase) . . . . . . . . 40,448 12.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vernonclayloam................. 79,104 14.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Vernon loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,216 8 .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vernon fine sandy loam . . . . , . . . . . . 177,856 31.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wabash clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,336 3 .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wilson clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,200 1 .7 . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . Wilson loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,848 7.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Windtharst fine sandy loam... . . . . . 21 ,12O 3.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SOILS OF ARCHER COUNTY Analyses of the soils of Archer County are given in table 9, and dis- cussed further in connection with the description, of the various soil types. Table 2 shows the pounds of plant food per acre found in the samples analyzed, and table 5 contains the interpretation of the analyses of the soil. The surface soil contains from 800 to 1800 pounds of total phos- phoric acid per acre to a depth of about seven inches, the sample of Vernon fine sandy loam containing the lowest and the Miller clay con- taining the highest. If it all could be used, this would be sufiicient for from thirty-taro to seventy-two crops of corn of forty bushels each. The active phosphoric acid appears to be sufiicient for the crops which can be grown in this section in all the samples except the Vernon fine sandy loam. It is quite probable that the use of phosphate on the Vernon fine sandy loam soils would be profitable, especially in good seasons. The total potash varies from 15,600 to 37,000 pounds per acre in the surface soil to a depth of seven inches, being largest inthe samples of Miller clay and smallest in the Miller clay loam. The active potash varies from 6,800 pounds per acre in the Vernon fine sandy loam, to 17,200 pounds per acre in the Miller clay. This amount is sufficient for from 1'70 to 430 crops of corn of forty bushels each. It is evident that the soils of Archer County are well supplied with potash. The amount of nitrogen in the samples of surface soil varies from 800 pounds per acre seven inches deep in the Miller clay loam, to 2,600 1O TEXAS AGRICULTURAL l EXPERIMENT STATION. pounds per acre in the Vernon clay. This amount is sufficient for from fourteen to forty-three crops of corn of forty bushels each, if .it could all be utilized for the crop, but since there are also great losses of nitro- gen from the soil by leaching, and the like, it is evident that these soils are likely to need nitrogen more quickly than any other form of plant food. Hence, the importance of growing legumes for feed, crops which consume air nitrogen rather than soil nitrogen. The soils of Archer County are well supplied with lime, none of them being acid. The great need of these soils of Archer County is for a crop rotation, including a legume to be turned under or grazed off, for the purpose of supplying nitrogen and organic matter. On the Vernon fine sandy loam this should be supplemented by the use of a small amount of acid phosphate. Table 2.—Soils of Archer c0unty.—P0unds of plant food per acre per seven inches. Total Active Phos- Phos- Total Acid Active Total Acid phoric phoric Potash Soluble Potash Nitrogen Soluble Acid Acid Potash Lime Bastrop loam . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , 000 62 24 , O00 7 , 200 672 1 , 400 3 ,200 Subsoil. . :- . . . . . . . . . . 800 74 34, 000 11 , 600 472 1 ,200 7 .800 Kirkland clay . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,400 268 30,000 13,200 894 1 ,600 10,600 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,200 192 21 ,200 12,400 552 800 18, 800 Kirkland clay . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,200 132 26 ,400 7 , 800 582 1 , 600 7 ,000 Su so' . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 112 25,600 11,800 466 1,000 22,600 Kirkland fine sandy loam. 1 ,000 24 26,400 9,000 872 1,400 5,400 Subsoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,200 18 . . . . . . . . 12 ,000 710 1,200 8,200 Miller clay loam . . . . . . . . . 00 396 15 600 7,200 556 800 3,000 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,200 362 29 ,200 11, 800 511 800 16 , 800 Miller clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , 800 316 37 , 800 17 ,200 740 2 , 000 Miller very fine sandy loam 800 162 17 ,200 7 , 000 542 800 2 600 Subsoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , 000 156 14,000 6 ,200 268 600 7 ,200 Vernon clay . . . . . . _ . . . . . . 1 ,400 . . . . . . . . 27 ,200 11 ,400 84 2,600 18 . 800 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 94 18 ,000 10 , 800 356 800 54 , 100 Vernon fine sandy loam . . 800 20 23,200 6,800 496 1,400 3,800 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 16 25,600 10,800 456 1,200 19.600 SOILS OF FRANKLIN COUNTY Analyses of soils ofFranklin County are given in table 9, and are discussed further in connection with the description of the various types. Table 3 shows the pounds of plant food per acre found in the samples analyzed, and table 6 contains the interpretation of the analyses of the soil. Table 3.——S0ils of Franklin county.—Pounds 0f plant food per acre per seven inches. Total Active ‘ Phos- Phos- Total ' Acid Active Total Acid! phoric phoric Potash Soluble Potash Nitrogcl Soluble Acid Acid Potash Lime Caddo fine sandy loam.. . . 400 52 25,600 2,200 440 800 1,400 Subsoi] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 18 24 ,400 3 ,000 350 600 3 ,000 Caddo fine sandy loam. . . 600 34 12,600 4,400 214 800 1 ,600 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 24 16 ,800 3 , 800 218 600 1 ,400 Caddo fine sandy loam. . . 400 86 24,000 1 ,800 150 800 1,200 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 38 23 .600 4,800 . . . . . . . . 800 3,400 Caddo fine sandy loam. . . 200 78 27,600 2,200 . . . . . . . . 600 1,200 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 18 29,600 2,400 . . . . . . . . 600 1 _2()0 SorLs OF ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 11 Table 3.—Soils of Franklin county.—Poun_ds of plant food per acre ner seven inches—— Cont! .ued. Total Active Phos- Phos- Total Acid Active Total Acid pho_ric phoric Potash Soluble Potash Nitrogen Soluble AClCl Acid Potash Lime Houston clay . . . . . .. . . . . . . 1 ,400 26 29 ,0O0 20,400 502 2,200 8,600 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 ,400 . . . . . . . . 2 , 000 9 , 000 Houston clay . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,200 26 36,800 12,200 . . . . . . . . 2,000 9 ,0O0 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,200 16 38,800 15 000 . . . . . . . . 1 ,600 8,800 Lufkin fine sand . . . . . . . . . 600 . . . . . . . . 10,800 9,200 . . . . . . . . 1 ,600 2,600 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 54 10,800 2,400 . . . . . . . . 1 ,400 2,400 Lufkin fine sandy loam. . . 400 28 16,000 10,200 212 1 ,0O0 1 ,800 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 20 15 , 800 4 ,400 204 1 , 000 6 ,200 Lulkin fine sandy loam. . . 800 42 14,000 1 ,800 86 1 ,200 1 ,600 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 28 16,400 2,200 . . . . . . . . 1 ,200 61.03 Lufkin fine sandy loam. . . 1 ,000 38 . . . . . . . . 3,600 490 1 , 00 2,200 u soi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 30 . . . . . . . . 6,800 216 1,400 4,800 Lufkin silt loam . . . . . . . . . 400 32 8,400 4,200 150 1 ,0O0 1 ,400 bu sol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 62 13,600 4,000 160 600 1,600 Lufkin silt loam . . . . . . . . . 1 ,000 6 10,000 1 ,000 . . . . . . . . 600 1 ,200 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,400 . . . . . . . . 600 800 Norfolk fine sand . . . . . . . . 400 48 15 ,200 3 ,400 462 1 , 600 3 ,200 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,00 24 15 ,0O0 2 ,400 356 1 ,0O0 2,200 Norfolk fine sand . . . . . . . . 600 194 15,200 4,000 260 600 5;600 Subsoil . . . . . . . , . . . . . 1 ,400 138 . . . . . . . . 2,600 300 600 2,000 Norfolk fine sand . . . . . . . . 200 22 18,400 1 ,800 . . . . . . . . 1 ,200 800 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 22 19 ,200 2 ,0O0 . . . . . . . . 1 ,000 1 , 000 Norfolk fine sandy loam . . 400 24 17 ,400 3 ,600 432 800 1 ,400 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 20 24 , 400 8 , 600 354 600 18 , 400 Orangeburg sand . . . . . . . . 400 62 . . . . . . . . 2,200 . . . . . . . . 800 1 ,200 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 28 14,000 2,000 . . . . . . . . 600 1 ,400 Sanders clay. . . . . . . . . . . .. 2,000 112 28,400 5,000 406 3,000 4,400 Subsoil. . 1,000 70 25,603 4,2 0 . . . . . . .. 1,400 1,500 Sanders silt loam. . .. . . . . 1 ,200 90 32,400 12 ,0O0 . . . . . . . . , 7 ,800 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 34 8,800 17 ,200 . . . . . . . . 1 ,800 7,600 Susquehanna fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 18 18 , 400 2 , 600 204 800 1 , 800 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 24 21 , 600 8 ,200 . . . . . . . . 800 3 , 200 Susquehanna fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 28 12,400 3,000 356 1 ,000 2,400 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 16 . . . . . . . . 9,000 302 1 ,200 3,000 Susquehanna fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 28 . . . . . . . . 2,200 228 800 3,000 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 12 . . . . . . . . 5 ,200 202 1 ,000 Wabash clay . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,600 308 19,400 11 ,400 732 5,600 35,800 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ,200 240 27 , 200 12 , 200 . . . . . . . . 2 , 400 48 , 000 Wabash clay . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,600 . . . . . . . . 23,600 9,000 . . . . . . . . 3,600 31 ,600 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,200 . . . . . . . . 24,000 8,600 . . . . . . . . 2,600 20,400 Wilson loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 28 16,800 3,400 928 2,400 3 ,000 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 198 29,600 . . . . . . . . 312 2,200 7 ,800 The total phosphoric acid varies from 200 pounds per acre in the Caddo fine sandy loam, to 2,600 pounds per acre to the depth of seven inches in the Wabash clay. This sufficient for from eight to 104 crops of forty bushels of corn. The active phosphoric acid varies from six pounds per acre in the Lufkin silt loam, to 308 pounds per acre in the Wabash clay. The corn possibility of the active phosphoric acid varies from six bushels per acre with the sample of Lufkin silt loam, to forty-five bushels per acre with the Wabash clay. A number of these soils are low in active phosphoric acid, and need fertilization with phos- phate. This applies to practically all the samples analyzed, With the exception of the Sanders clay, the Sanders silt loam, and the Wabash clay. These should produce fairly good crops for some time Without fertilization with phosphate. The total potash varies from 10,800 pounds per acre in the surface soil of the Iiufkin fine sand, to 36,800 pounds per acre in the surface 12 Tnxas AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. soil of the Houston clay. This is a splendid quantity of potash, but unfortunately it is for the most part not available. The active potash varies from eighty-six pounds per acre in a sample of the Lufkin fine sandy loam, up to 92-8 pounds per acre in the Wilson loam. This would be sufficient for from two to twenty-three crops of corn of forty bushels each. Some of these soils are a little low in potash. Table 6 shows that the corn possibility of the active potash varies from thirty-seven to 182 bushels of corn per acre. In all cases the corn possibility of the active potash is greater than the active phosphoric acid. Some of these soils will need fertilization with potash as time goes on, but it would be well to attempt to utilize the enormousamount of total potash locked up in the soil. This can be utilized by some crops, and is sufficient to maintain good yields for a long number of years. The amount of 10,800 pounds per acre in the Lufkin fine sand, which is the lowest amount of total potash found, is sufficient for 2'70 crops of corn of forty bushels each. This refers only to the top seven inches of the surface soill When one considers the fact that the roots of the crops grow to the depth of three feet or more in some cases, the possibility of potash supplied from this soil is very large indeed. The amount of nitrogen in the surface soil varies from 600 pounds per acre to a depth of seven inches in the surface soil of a sample of the ‘Caddo fine sandy loam, in one sample of the Lufkin silt loam and in one sample of the Norfolk fine sand, to 5,600 pounds in a sample of the Wabash clay. This would be sufficient for from ten to ninety-three crops of corn of forty bushels each. However, there would be losses by washing out from the soil, as well as losses due to the crops grown, so that the nitrogen would not- be sufficient for this number of crops. A number of these soils require fertilization with nitrogen. For per-i manent fertility, a rotation of crops, including a legume to be turned under or grazed off, must be adopted sooner or later. It will be profit- able to purchase a portion of the nitrogen in the form of cottonseed meal, or commercial fertilizer, but it will not be profitable to purchase ~ enough nitrogen to maintain the fertility of these soils, or to be suf- ficient for all the needs of the crops. Therefore, a rotation including a legume to be turned under or grazed off, for the purpose of securing nitrogen from the air, is. a necessity that must be introduced sooner or (later. In growing feed for stock, the farmer should endeavor to grow ‘legumes. which feed on the nitrogen of the air, whenever it is possible, rather than to grow crops for feed, like cane or sorghum or corn, which feed on the nitrogen of the soil. Table 6 shows that the corn possibility of the nitrogen of the soil varies from thirteen to forty-eight bushels per acre. With few exceptions, these soils need a crop rotation, and fer- tilization with nitrogenous fertilizer. . Some of the soils of Franklin County are acid. The acid soils in- clude a sample of the Caddo fine sandy loam, two samples of the Lufkin fine sandy loam, both samples of the Lufkin silt loam, one sample of the Norfolk fine sand, one sample of Sanders clay, and one sample of SorLs or ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HAnmsoN COUNTIES. 13 Wilson clay. It is doubtful if the addition of lime to correct the acid- ity of the soil would be advisable excepting in the case of the Lufkin ‘ silt loam, the Sanders clay and the Wilson loam. As has been pointed i out in Bulletin No. Q43 of this Experiment Station, since the addition of lime to sandy soil is likely to increase the loss of nitrogen, one can- not advise its use excepting on the clay soils mentioned. Other matters connected with the use of lime are discussed in the bulletin mentioned. Many of the soils of Franklin County are low in phosphoric acid, and especially low in nitrogen. They are better supplied with potash. The- needs of these soils consist first, in the adoption of proper crop rota- tions, including a legume to be grazed off or turned under, for the pur- pose of supplying nitrogen and vegetable matter to the soil. Second, they need an addition of acid phosphate in many cases. Third, the use of fertilizers containing both nitrogen and phosphoric acid, would be profitable in a number of cases. Fourth, the Lufkin silt loam, the San- ders clay and the Wilson loam need lime. Fifth, after a rotation is established, and the needs of these soils supplied for active phosphoric acid. it is quite possible that some of them will need potash. However, with a proper crop rotation, it is quite possible that the potash supplied will be adequate for the production of good crops of corn or cotton. Potash is more likely to be needed on sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes and other truck crops. But the needs of the soils for nitrogen and vege- table matter, crop rotation, and phosphate, are much greater than for potash, and these should be first supplied. Table 8 contains the results of pot experiments on some Franklin County soils. The effects of the addition are seen by comparing the pots with a complete fertilizer (KPN) with the pots from which potash is omitted (PN), or nitrogen omitted (KP), or phosphoric acid omit- ted (KN). The pot experiments showed how the Caddo fine sandy loam needs nitrogen, then phosphoric acid; the Lufkin fine sandy loam rap- idly became deficient in nitrogen; the Norfolk fine sand needed nitro- gen and phosphoric acid; the Norfolk fine sandy loam needed phosphoric acid badly, and so on. SOILS or HARRISON COUNTY Analyses of soils of Harrison County are given in table 9 and are discussed farther in connection with the description of the various soil types. Table 4 shows the pounds of plant food per acre found in the samples analyzed and table 7 contains the interpretation of the results. 14 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Table 4.——S0ils of Harrison C0unty.—-P0unds of plant food per acre per seven inches. Total Active Phos- Phos- Total Acid Active Total Acid phoric phoric | Potash Soluble Potash Nitrogen Soluble Acid Acid Potash Lime Caddo fine sandy loam.. . . 1 ,000 36 4,800 800 . . . . . . . . 600 1 ,800 u soi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 6 7,600 4,200 188 400 1 ,000 Caddo fine sandy loam.. . . 200 12 11,200 1 ,200 124 200 1 .000 u soi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 6 ,80 4 , 800 180 400 600 Caddo fine sandy loam. . .. 1 ,000 58 . . . . . . . . 1 ,800 246 600 2,600 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 2O . . . . . . . . 3,800 250 800 1 ,200 Kalmia fine sand . . . . . . . . . 400 3O 8,400 600 160 400 1 ,200 ubsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 2 7 , 600 600 176 200 1 ,200 Kalmia sand . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 104 14, 800 1 ,400 142 400 1 ,400 I Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 128 3 , 400 2 , 000 138 200 1 , 200 Kalmia fine sand . . . . . . . . . 800 124 19,600 1 ,400 230 1 ,000 3,400 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 72 12 , 600 1 ,600 176 200 1 ,200 Kalmia fine sandy loam. . . 400 18 5,600 1 ,000 156 600 800 Su _soi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5,600 3,800 358 800 1 ,400 Lufkin silt loam . . . . . . . . . 400 26 8,800 2,400 186 800 6,000 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 8 12,000 5,200 262 600 2,600 Norfolk fine sand . . . . . . . . 600 - 136 68,800 1 ,400 170 200 800 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 88 81 ,200 1 ,400 170 200 800 Norfolk fine sand . . . . . . . . 400 64 9,600 1 ,000 182 400 1 ,8OO Norfolk fine sandy loam. . 400 8 6,200 2,000 230 400 1 ,000 SIIbSOIl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 6 . . . . . . . . 4,400 190 600 800 Orangeburg fine sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6,400 1 ,400 212 400 2,800 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 6 ,80 3 ,800 232 800 1 , 800 Orangeburg fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 6 4,400 1 , 800 216 600 3,400 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 6 8 ,000 4,000 226 600 1 ,000 Orangeburg fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 6 4,400 1 ,8OO 216 600 3 ,400 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 6 8,000 4,000 226 600 1,000 Orangeburg loamy sand. . . 600 31 20.000 2,200 267 400 500 ubsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 14 12 ,800 4, 600 282 200 1 ,000 Orangeburg sandy loam. . . 400 42 22,400 3,000 292 400 1 ,000 Su soi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 10 .60 5,400 300 400 1 .500 Ruston fine sandy loam. . . 600 36 10,400 2,000 176 600 4,200 i Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 6 7,600 7,000 200 800 4,000 Ruston fine sandy loam. . . 400 6 ,0 2.800 270 600 2,000 u soi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 6 . . . . . . . . 6,000 226 . . . . . . . . 1 ,200 Sanders clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000 112 20,400 7,400 372 2,800 1 ,200 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , 000 10 18 ,400 7 , 200 258 1 , 000 800 Sanders fine sandy loam. . 400 66 3,600 2.200 196 800 2,800 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 68 22 ,400 2 ,800 198 400 1 ,800 Sanders silt loam . . . . . . . . 1 ,800 44 34,400 6,200 260 1 ,400 500 u soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,200 18 33 ,200 6 ,400 246 1 ,200 400 Sanders silt loam . . . . . . . . 1 ,200 24 26,800 5,000 282 2,000 2,000 u soi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,000 38 15,800 5,600 352 800 1 ,600 Susquehanna clay . . . . . . . . 1 , 000 28 15 , 600 3 ,400 388 1 , 600 1 , 300 ' Su soi . . . . . . . . . . . .. 800 6 ,600 10,600 614 800 1.400 ‘Susquehanna fine sand. . . . 400 16 ,800 ,00 182 400 1 ,000 Su soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 94 9,000 8,200 392 600 2,200 Susquehanna gravelly sandy loam. . . . . . .. 600 52 12,000 2,000 316 800 1 ,600 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 10 12,600 8,800 398 600 2,200 Susquehanna fine sandy loan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 22 . . . . . . . . 6,200 246 800 2,400 S Sullisoil. . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,000 14 . . . . . . . . 8,400 192 600 2,400 usque anna me sand loam . . . . . . . . . . 600 16 . . . . . . . . 1 ,600 222 600 200 s Sulhsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 8 . . . . . . . . 7,200 212 1 ,000 1,000 usque anna fine sand loam . . . . . . . . . , 600 18 14,800 2,000 196 600 1 ,200 S Sulhsoil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , usque anna me sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 18 6,000 2,000 302 800 600 S Sulllmoil. .i._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . usque anna me sandy oam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,000 . . . . . . . . S Sullzsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 . . . . . . . . usque anna fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 29 18,400 1 ,800 299 600 1,000 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 . . . . . . . . 22,800 7,500 . . . . . . . . 600 3, 400 Trinity clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,400 - - - - - - - - ,30 7,200 - - - - - - - - 2,200 4.200 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,600 . . . . . . . . 20,400 6,400 . . . . . . . . 600 2,800 Sorts OF ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRIsoN CoUNTIRs. 15 The total phosphoric acid varies from 200 pounds per acre in seven inches of surface soil of the Caddo fine sandy loam to 3,400 pounds in the Trinity clay. Two other samples of the Caddo fine sandy loam contain 1,000 pounds per acre. This is sufficient for from eight to 156 crops of forty bushels of corn. The active phosphoric acid varies from three pounds per acre in seven inches of the Orangeburg fine sandy loam and the Ruston loam to 136 pounds in one sample of the Norfolk fine sand. The corn possibility of the active phosphoric acid varies from six bushels per acre with the Caddo fine sandy loam and the Kalmia. fine sandy loam to thirty-five bushels per acre with one sample of the Norfolk fine sand. Many of these soils are low in active phosphoric acid and total phosphoric acid and require fertilization with phosphoric acid. In fact, practically every soil analyzed in this country would probably respond to fertilization with phosphate. The total potash varies from 1,400 pounds per acre in the Orangeburg fine sand to 68,800 per acre in the Norfolk fine sand. This amount of potash is unusually high for a sample o-f the Norfolk series, and it is probably not a representative sample. The active potash varies from 142 pounds per acre to the depth of seven inches in the Kalmia sand to 372 pounds per acre in the Sanders clay. This would be sufficient for from three to nine crops of corn, of forty bushels each. Table '7' shows that the corn possibilities of the active potash of the soils of this area vary from thirty-seven to eighty bushels per acre. A number of these soils must be considered as low in potash but they are lower in nitrogen than in potash. The quantity of nitrogen varies from 200 pounds to the depth of seven inches per acre in the Caddo fine sandy loam and one sample of the Norfolk fine sand, to 2,800 pounds per acre in the Sanders clay. ‘ This would be sufficient for from three to forty-five crops of corn of forty bushels each, provided that there were no loss from the soil other- wise. Some of the nitrogen would be washed out of these soils by drainage. The soils of this area must be considered as low in nitrogen. Table '7 shows that the majority of soils of Harrison County are acid. Many of these soils are sandy. and the improper use of lime would cause losses of nitrogen, which is already low, by drainage from the soil. We would therefore not advise the use of lime on sandy soils, excepting in connection with the proper rotation of crops, including a legume, and especially in connection with the use of a cover crop to prevent loss of nitrogen during the winter months. For this purpose, rye could be used. This survey shows that soils of Harrison County are particularlylow in nitrogen and phosphoric acid, and many of them are acid. They are also low in potash. but potash is not needed to so great an extent as the other fertilizer constituents for the maintenance of fertility in this sec- tion. The use of a proper rotation, including a legume to collect nitro- gen, is absolutely necessary. In connection with this, applications of phosphate and of lime are advised. 16 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. SOIL SERIES IN THE AREA The following is a brief description of the soil series in the area: Bastrop Series. These are alluvial soils and have poor natural drain- age. They are brownish to red in color,and need legume rotation most of all, being Weakest in nitrogen. Uaddo Series. These are upland soils, with a gray sandy surface soil, underlaid with sticky yellow clay at the depth of about thirty inches. They are not as well drained as the Norfolk series. They need phos- phoric acid and nitrogen chiefly, and in some cases are acid. Greener/re Series. These soils are derived from clay beds and cal- careous conglomerates, and are prairie land. They are dull gray to black in color, with brown clay subsoils. Ifouston Series. These are brown to black calcareous prairie soils. Only a small acreage is found in the counties here discussed. They are rich soils, being lowest in phosphoric acid. Kalmia Series. These are alluvial soils. The surface soil is yellow to brownish, undcrlaid by a yellow brown sand or clay loam or clay. These soils are weak in nitrogen especially, and are sometimes acid. Kirklannl Series. These are prairie soils derived from the weathering of sandstones, calcareous clay, or conglomerates. The surface soils are dull brown in color and have chocolate brown clay subsoils. They are well supplied with potash and fairly well with phosphoric acid. Lufkirz! Series. These are upland soils. The surface soils are gray or brown, with a heavy impervious brown or gray subsoil. On account of the heavy subsoil, the soils are diflicult to handle. They are weak in phosphoric acid. M eadow Series. Soils of varying texture and agricultural value are- found along streams and subject to overflow. Miller Series. These soils are derived from the weathering of ma- terial laid down by the streams during floods. They are alluvial soils. The surface and subsoils are reddish brown to red in color. They are rich in active phosphoric acid and potash and probably need crop rota- tion most of all. ' Norfolk Series‘. These are well drained upland soils, with light col- ored subsoils, resting upon pervious sands, loams or sandy clay loams, yellow or gray in color. In these counties they need nitrogen most of all. Orangelmrg Series. These are well drained upland soils, gray to reddish in color, underlaid by red sandy clay subsoil. They need nitro- gen most of all. Rusion Series. These are upland soils occupying hills or ridges. ~ They have light colored sandy surface soils grading into a sticky red- SorLs or ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 17 dish yellow or buff brown fine sandy clay. The samples examined are weakest in phosphoric acid. Sanders Series. These are gray to brown alluvial soils with dark brown surface soils resting on a gray or gray and yellow silty clay. They are heavy soils rich in potash, well supplied with nitrogen and phos- phoric acid. ' Susquehanna Series. These are upland soils, chiefly wooded, with gray sandy soils on a red or mottled red and yellow stiff waxy clay sub- soil. They need phosphoric acid and nitrogen first. Trinity Series. These are calcareous alluvial soils derived chiefly from the Houston soils. They are dark, heavy surface soils, with mot- tled yellow and gray clay loam to clay subsoils. The sample examined is well supplied with potash and nitrogen. Vernon Series. These are prairie soils derived from the weathering of sandsto-nes and clay. They are reddish brown to chocolate brown in color. The samples examined are weak in phosphoric acid. Wabash Series. TlIQH.‘ are alluvial soils. The subsoil is a heavy black waxy clay with a black to a mottled yellow and brown, heavy clay subsoil. These soils are well supplied. with p-otash. Wilson Series. These are upland soils with yellowish brown heavy clay subsoils. The soils are heavy and well supplied with plant food. liifilndtitorst Sreries. These are residual brown soils derived from sand- stones. They are dark brown to brown in color with heavy subsoils. Bastrop Loam The soil of the Bastrop loam is a loam to very fine sandy loam from seven to twelve inches in depth, medium brown to dark brown in color, showing a reddish tinge when dry. The soil is somewhat variable in texture, and in depressed areas approaches a silt loam. The color in such areas is darker—a dark brown to almost black. Below the surface soil for a few inches a chocolate-brown silt loam usually appears. This grades at fifteen to twenty inches into a chocolate-brown to chocolate- red clay loam, which is underlain by a heavy, sticky, compact clay of similar color. Calcareous particles, accretions and concretions are nu- merous inthis clay, and where concretions are found the clay is rich in lime. In some areasfthe heavy clay appears in spots at the surface. These spots often contain considerable quantities of alkali and are re- puted to be especially unproductive in dry seasons. The Bastrop loam is developed along Holliday Creek in Archer County. It occupies a belt from one to two miles wide in the present flood plain of the stream. The surface lies from six to fifteen feet above the mean level of the stream. An arm of this area extends up Panther Creek to a point about one and one-half miles northwest of Geraldine school. 18 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. There are also some areas along the Wichita, the Trinity and Onion Creek. This type occupies flat country and has poor natural surface drain- age. Drainage has in a measure been improved by open ditches. Ridge cultivation is also used. Mesquite is about the only tree growth and curly mesquite is the pre- dominating grass. It produces well With good cultivation and a good season. It contains a good supply of plant food. Bastrop Very Fine Sandy Loam The Bastrop very fine sandy loam of Archer County consists of a very fine sandy loam to loamy very fine sand of a light chocolate red color. It is comparatively uniform in both color and texture to a depth of from eight to twelve feet, though a very slight change in color occurs at from twelve to fourteen inches. The clay contents in both the soil and sub- soil are greater near the foot of the escarpments, back from the Wichita River. This type is confined to the valley of the Wichita Riiver, in the ex- treme northwestern part of the county. It occupies alluvial terraces, lying thirty to thirty-five feet above the channel of the river, the ter- races forming two narrow belts, about four miles in length, on each side of the stream. The alluvium is eroded by the river, which has shifted its channel. and now meanders from side to side so that the line marking the terrace escarpment is irregular. In places the cutting of the stream has almost completely obliterated the higher terraces. The soil is derived from old alluvium which lies well above the more recent alluvialdeposits or flood plain, and is not subject to overflow. A scattered growth of elm, hackberry, and mesquite is found on this soil, the trees being somewhat smaller than on the adjacent bottom land. The type supports a good growth of grass. This soil is easily cultivated, and ‘notwithstanding the high sand con- tent, seems to hold moisture fairly well. The yields of cotton, corn and oats compare favorably with those obtained on the other soils of the country. Yields of three-fourths of a bale of cotton, fifty bushels of oats, and fifty bushels of corn per acre are obtained in the more favor- able years, but the average yields are hardly half as great. Caddo Fine Sandy Loam The Caddo fine sandy loam in Franklin County is a gray, or yellow- ish-gray, fine or fine sandy loam, underlain by gray fine silty sand which extends to thirty inches. Below this depth the material is a sticky yellow clay containing varying quantities of sharp fine sand. In areas where drainage is poor the deep subsoil is sometimes a compact or mottled gray and yellow clay. As a rule, the gray color increases with depth, the deep subsoil commonly being a sticky gray clay. The surface soil of the Caddo fine sandy loam in Harrison County is a gray to yellowish-gray fine sandy loam, from twelve to twenty-four inches deep. The subsoil is a moderately stiff, dingy yellow fine sandy SoILs on ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON CoUNTIEs. 19 clay to fine sandy clay loam extending to a depth of from eighteen to thirty inches, ‘and underlain by a yellow clay loam or fine sandy clay loam, mottled with red and gray. The average depth of a soil is about fourteen inches, the mottled section of the subsoil being encountered at approximately twenty-four inches. The type carries a higher percent- age of very fine sand and silt than the other upland soils of Harrison Cotinty. The mottled character of the lower portion of the subsoil is the result mainly of insufficient drainage, and the degree of mottling varies. In the wetter places the material is yellow, mottled With red and traces of gray; in the better drained areas the distribution of the colors is more even, or there is predominance of the red. In the latter case the subsoil is quite friable. A substratum of heavy, mottled clay usually underlies the type at a depth of slightly more than three feet. Dark brown iron crusts and eon- cretions occur in some of the fiat areas and local developments of hard- pan are found, but they are not typical. The surface soil is more com- pact, and it is not so easily cultivated under a wide range of moisture conditions as the other soils of the uplands. A characteristic feature of the Caddo fine sandy loam in Harrison County is the presence of sand mounds from two to five feet in height and from fifteen to fifty feet in diameter. They consist of gray to yellowish-gray fine sand to a depth of from thirty to thirty-six inches, underlain by a mottled yellow, gray, and red clay loam to clay. In fields under cultivation only a short time, the surface presents a spotted appearance, the mounds being gray and the intervening surface brown. In old fields, however, this difference is not so noticeable. The type is extensively distributed in the eastern and southern parts of Harrison County. lsolated areas of various sizes occurin the re- mainder of the uplands. The most extensive areas of the type are found in the vicinity of Caddo Lake, near Chatterton, and Orchard Park, on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway, and near Elysian Field. The Caddo fine sandy loam occupies three distinct positions in Harri- son County: First, on the undulating tops of comparatively broad divides; second, on gently to level, low-lying approaches to streams; third, in slightly depressed areas around stream heads. Tn Franklin County the Caddo fine sandy loam is found chiefly in the central part, the largest and most numerous bodies occurring in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, and others of from ten to forty acres in extent are found farther east. The elevation of most of the type is somewhat lower than that of the adjacent soils and the topography is usually quite level. Because of the low, flat or depressed surface con- figuration, the type for the most part is poorly drained. This soil is of sedimentary origin and represents a sandy covering deposited during the early stages of the Eocene period. ln the vicinity of Mount Vernon it was originally heavily wooded with red oak, post oak, and hickory, but in the eastern part of the county the hardwoods were mixed with pine. 20 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. On account of the impervious nature of the deep subsoil the more level areas of the type have a tendency to remain saturated With Water during the early spring months. For this reason the soil is somewhat later than the Norfolk fine sand and not quite so well adapted to early truck crops. If properly drained, however, it would be an excellent trucking soil, as its ability to retain moisture would be a valuable qual- ity during the dry summer months. Sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, pea- nuts, cowpeas, and small fruits should do well and should be made to supplant a part of the cotton and corn. Near Mount Vernon peanuts are grown to some extent, the yieldaveraging about fifty bushels of nuts and from one to two tons of hay per acre. Corn yields from twelve to twenty bushels per acre, and cotton from one-fourth to one-half bale. The heavier areas are well suited to Bermuda grass and redtop. Peach trees do well on well drained areas. There is a low-lying area near White Oak Creek, four and one-half miles north of Mount Vernon, Franklin County, which consists in part of a gray fine sandy loam or silty loam from four to ten inches deep, underlain by gray or yellow and gray silty clay. Scattered over the surface of about one-half of this phase of the type are small rounded mounds from two to_ four ‘rods across and three to four feet in height. These mounds sometimes consist of gray fine sand three feet or more in depth, and again of yellow gray fine loamy sand which is underlain at twenty inches with mottled red and gray sandy clay. During periods of excessive rain the lower portions of this area are sometimes covered with standing water, which gives the rounded mounds the appearance of little islands separated from each other by winding channels of from two to four rods in width. Although this phase occurs in the bottoms of White Oak Greek it is not, strictly speaking, an allu- vial soil. The principal forest growth in Franklin County is post oak, which is being removed for posts and ties. None of this phase is under culti- vation, and until it is well drained it is not probable that if it were cultivated its crops would prove successful. On account of the uneven surface of the land, it is best adapted to the growing of grasses to be used for pasturage. The Caddo fine sandy loam is low in phosphoric acid, low to good in potash, low in lime and two out of seven samples are acid. It has a corn possibility of from six to thirty bushels for phosphoric acid, from eight to thirteen for nitrogen, and from thirty-seven to 120 for potash. Greenburg Clay The surface soil of the Greenburg clay of Archer County is a dark gray to black calcareous clay containing a relatively large proportion of silt, and from five to eight inches deep. It is ash gray when dry, be- coming black, sticky. and tenacious when wet. The soil contains a large quantity of organic matter and a few quartz or flint pebbles and ‘calcareous particles derived from underlying conglomerates. SorLs or ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON GoUNrrEs. 21 The subsoil is a plastic silty clay. The color_is lighter than that of the soil, being more of a grayish brown or dark gray, although in places it is almost black. It contains a" higher amount of calcareous particles than the surface soil. Its texture and structure are favorable for the retention of moisture during dry periods. At depths of from thirty to tlmrty-txvo inches, rock fragments of a calcareous nature are usually en- countered. In only a very few places has complete decomposition of the‘ rock extended to depths greater than three feet. The type includes some brown spots in which the soil is loose and loamy and contains a larger amount of coarse, calcareous fragments than the blacker soil. On account of its fine texture and high clay contents, the soil becomes hard and compact at the surface, but under cultivation a good tilth is maintained, and even when the soil is plowed Wet, it subsequently be- comes loose and mellow. The Greenburg clay occupies a total area of 6.3 square miles in Archer County, and is confined to two localities, one about six miles southeast and the other about five miles southwest of the town of Dun- dee, these areas being known, respectively, as the Black Flat and the Rice School or Rice Ranch land. In both of these areas the type oc- cupies a high level upland or small plateau. Although the land is very level or flat, the rainfall in this section of the State is small and there is no lack of drainage. The soil is residual from clay beds and calcareous conglomerates. The Greenburg clay was originally a treeless prairie supporting a rank growth of the native grasses. Practically all of the Greenburg clay is in cultivation. The large supply of humus, the high lime content, the power of the soil and sub- soil to'retain moisture, and the level topography, make it one of the best farming soils in the county. Cotton, oats, wheat, kafir, sorghum, and milo are the principal crops. During the most favorable years, yields of from three-quarters to one bale of cotton, forty to fifty bushels of oats, thirty to forty bushels of kafir. and thirty to fortv bushels of milo per acre are obtained. Some of this land has been under culti- vation for twenty years or longer. Wheat was formerly the principal crop, yields of as much as thirty bushels per acre being obtained. On account of a marked decline in the yield of wheat for the last six or eight years, cotton has displaced wheat as the principal crop. Greenburg Clay Loam The surface soil of the Greenburg clay loam consists of a dark brown to nearly black, rather heavy clay loam to a depth varying from eight to ten inches. This is underlain by a dark gray to drab compact clay loam or clay. which becomes more dense and somewhat lighter in color with increase in depth. Both surface soil and subsoil carry varying quantities of irregular lime concretions. varying from the size of a wheat grain to that of a pea. For a soil of this texture an especially 22 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. soft, granular and mellow tilth is obtained in cultivation. This char- acteristic probably is due to the high content of humus and lime. This type comprises a few small areas in Archer County on the ele- vated table land bordering the basin drained by the headwaters of the south fork of Little Wichita River. Some of it is found on the western side of this basin but more on the southeast side, between Terrapin and Cottonwood schools. While the western tracts are isolated, the eastern developments are but northern projections of a much larger area of this type lying in Young County. This soil is distinguished from the Kirkland clay loam by its uniformly darker color, more level and smoother surface, and more elevated position. A large part of the surface is fiat, the type as a whole varying from nearly level to slightly rolling. On virgin land of this type, particu- larly in low-lying situations, slight depressions four to six feet across frequently occur. These are sometimes known as “hog wallows” and are said to be the result of cracking of the soil on drying out. When plowed these depressions generally disappear and a smooth surface is maintained. Drainage is usually ample. This soil, which is of residual origin, is derived from heavy calcareous clay beds interstratified with beds of calcareous sandstone, the clay pre- dominating. The level surface, as well as the very calcareous nature of the parent material, has favored the accumulation of organic matter with which the soil is well supplied. i A considerable proportion of this soil is now under cultivation and excellent crops are obtained. Cotton, the principal product, gives good returns. One bale per acre is ‘not an infrequent yield even in seasons of limited rainfall, although one-third to two-thirds bale represents the ordinary range of yield. Corn is fairly successful. Unless care is taken to conserve moisture and secure an early maturity, the corn crop is likely to fail. In the better years a yield of from thirty to thirty- five bushels is not uncommon. Small grains do well. Wheat is gen- erally a sure crop, yielding from fifteen to twenty-five bushels per acre. Oats will produce from thirty-five to forty bushels per acre in an aver- age year, and as much as fifty bushels has been secured. Forage crops are not grown very extensively but the soil is well adapted to their production. Greenburg Loam The surface soil of the Greenburg loam of Archer County consists of a dark brown loam, with a depth of from eight to ten inches. The subsoil is a slightly grayish brown, dark brown, or drab clay or com- pact clay loam, which continues to a depth of three feet or more. A somewhat lighter grayish brown, dense clay is often encountered at a depth of thirty inches. The soil is easy to cultivate. The arrange- ment of a loamy surface soil resting on a heavier subsoil makes this type well ‘suited for absorbing and retaining moisture. A It occurs near the south. fork of Little Wichita River in Archer County, the Greenburg clay loam lying between it and the river, and forms a transition type between this soil and either the Windthorst SoiLs OF ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRIsoN COUNTIEs. 23 fine sandy loam or the Vernon fine sandy loam. One small isolated area was mapped 0n a hill about two miles south of Megargel. In places the surface is a little more broken than is typical of the clay loan1 type. Some of this soil is cultivated, though much of it is used only for grazing. About the same crop yields are obtained as on the Greenburg clay loam, except that corn does somewhat better. Houston Clay The soil of the Houston clay in Franklin County is a brown or a yellowish-lorown clay loam or clay with an average depth of about four inches. The subsoil is a brownish-yellow clay from four to twenty inches deep, below which the material is sometimes slightly mottled with gray. Where the soil is typically developed, yelloivish-brown lime- stone fragments are found scattered on the surface and embedded in both soil and subsoil. If cultivated when the content of moisture is favorable, the type is not hard to work, but when wet the soil is sticky and plastic, and when dry it becomes hard and compact. The Houston clay is a soil of limited extent in Franklin County, being found only in two small bodies. The most typical of these occurs as a narrow strip immediately south of White Oak Creek bottoms. The other is found occupying a similar position in the northern part of the county south of Sulphur River. The topography of the type varies from level to gently rolling, the strip south of White Oak Creek occupying the slope separating the prai- rie from the lowlands. The surface drainage is good. The Houston clay in Franklin County is largely a residual soil de- rived from the weathering of calcareous deposits. The areas are tree- less and were originally covered by native prairie grass. It is one of the best alfalfa soils in the county and is also adapted to Melilotus, which p cannot only be used for grazing but which is especially beneficial in its effects upon the land. Unless the soil has been cropped to cotton and corn for several years, it is well adapted to the production of these crops. Cotton yields from one-third to three-fourths bale per acre with an average of about one-half bale. The average yield of corn is about twenty-five bushels per acre. The two samples examined. are good in phosphoric acid. potash, and lime, are not acid, and have a corn possibility of twelve bushels for phos- phoric acid, 120 for potash, and from twenty-eight to thirty-three for nitrogen. ‘ Kalmia Fine Sand The soil of the Kalmia fine sand of Harrison County is agray to a grayish-brown fine sand from ten to twelve inches deep. The subsoil is a mottled light yellow, brown and gray fine sand extending to a depth of three feet or more. The type presents a marked uniformity in texture, but varies widely in color. The surface of the woodland areas 24 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT. STATION. is often dark gray, owing to the presence of decayed vegetation. Cleared areas sometimes are a brown mottled with gray, and at other times al-s most a pure gray, which changes to a yellow a few inches below the 1 surface. In the subsoil the relative proportion of colors varies in dif-f; ferent areas of the type. The percentage of gray usually increases- with the depth. Small mounds of fine sand are common on the surface. t. In the Sabine bottom, near Tallys, Harrison County, a part of the a area of Kalmia fine sand consists of a number of parallel ranges fro-m twenty-five to 200 yards in width, xvith intervening troughs. The soil in the trough is a gray to mottled gray and brown fine sand, underlain by a very compact grayish fine sand, which in places is almost a hardpan. . Below that is a mottled gray and a brown clay loam to clay. j The type is underlain at a depth of from five to ten feet by the Trinity clay in the Sabine bottom and by the soils of the Sanders series = in the bottom of Little Cypress and other large streams of the county. Small areas of Trinity clay and of Sanders silt loam sometimes occur within the type. Both soil and subsoil of certain areas of the Kalmia fine sand along the creeks of the county have a reddish cast, due to the influence of the adjacent Susquehanna soils. The Kalmia fine sand occupies apart of the second bottom along Harrison and Cypress Bayous, Eight Mile, Botters, and Little Cypress Creeks, and the Sabine River, Harrison County. Small areas also occur along other creeks of the county. ‘ The topography is generally level, mounds, small depressions and the‘ ridges already mentioned furnishing local variations in the surface. The loose and porous structure of the type and its position insure good surface and underground drainage, unless the water table is too close to the surface. The position of the water table varies, in the different seasons, but it is rarely ever close enough to the surface to injure growing crops. The type is not subject to overflow. The Kalmia fine sand is an alluvial soil, formed of reworked material from Susquehanna fine sandy loam and other upland types. “The native vegetation consists of shortleaf pine, oak, gum, hackberry and grasses. The soil affords good pasturage where the forest growth is not too dense. A large acreage of the type is farmed to cotton and corn. Yields of these crops are about the same as on the uplands, the average being slightly higher on account of less drainage to crop-s by drouths. Yields decrease after the type has been under cultivation for several years. This type is probably the best soil of the county for the production of alfalfa. Thc drainage and moisture supply should be ample for such crop. Until recently the greater part of the type has been forested, which has retarded its development. A considerable acreage is now being cleared. It is regarded as a very desirable soil. The two soils examined are low to fair in phosphoric acid, potash and lime, and one is acid. They have a corn possibility of from twelve to thirty-five bushels for active phosphoric acid, thirty-seven to fifty-one SorLs OF Jlncrrnn, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 25 for active potash and eight to twenty-three for nitrogen. The soil should be limed if alfalfa is tried. Kalmia Fine Sandy Loam The soil of the Kalmia fine sandy loam of Harrison County is a gray to a light yellow fine sand t0 a fine sandy loam from twelve t0 eighteen inches deep. The subsoil is a yellowish-brown clay 10am to a clay mottled with yellow and gray. Red mottling usually appears at a depth of three feet. Pockets of gray fine sand are common in the sub- soil and mounds of gray to yellow fine sand are quite numerous in some portions of the type. The soil is loose and open, but the subsoil is stiff and almost impervious. A phase of this type consists of a gray very fine sandy loam or silty fine sandy loam mottled with yellow and white to a depth of twelve inches where it is underlain by a mottled red yellow, light brown, and gray clay. The soil is very compact and the subsoil is stiff and plastic. The phase has no sand mounds. There is an area of about one square mile north of Baldwin. The type occupies a well defined terrace several feet above the first bottom of the Little Cypress Creek, Cypress Bayou, and of several of the larger streams of Harrison County. The largest areas are found in the northern part of the county. The surface of the Kalmia fine sandy loam is level except for the local irregularities caused by the presence of mounds. Drainage is re- stricted by the level character of the surface and the impervious subsoil. Water often stands on the areas between the mounds and the water table is always fairly close to the surface. In a few places, concentra- tions of soluble salts, locally known as “salt licks” occur. Such spots are devoid of vegetation and are fringed by a growth of salt-loving grasses. The type is chiefly alluvial in origin and represents reworked material from the upland soils of the county. The native vegetation consists chiefly of oak, pine, hickory, and gum, with “black jack” on the soil mounds. Where the forest growth is thin, native grasses afford good pasturage. Practically none of this type is under cultivation, although where drainage is suificient, it should produce good yields of cotton and corn. Sugar cane and grasses should do well. A large part of the type could be improved by artificial drainage. The sample examined is acid, low in phosphoric acid, potash, and lime, and has a corn possibility of six bushels for phosphoric acid, eigh- _ teen for nitrogen and thirty-seven for potash. § Kalmia Sand The surface of the Kalmia sand of Harrison County is a brown to a yellowish-brown medium to coarse sand, from twelve to sixteen inches deep. The subsoil is a light yellow medium sand extending to a depth of three feet or more. In places the soil has a mottled brown color with a few brown mottlings in the subsoil. 26 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 'The type is limited in extent and found only in the Sabine bottom, where it occurs as a second bottom from six to ten feet above the level of the Trinity clay. The largest areas of the type are near the junc- tion of the Eight Mile Creek and the Sabine River in Harrison County. Other smaller areas occur Within the limits of the river bottom. It is comparatively level, well drained and not subject to overflow. A few mounds are present on the surface of the type. The Kalmia sand rep- resents the coarser part of the reworked upland material brought down by the streams and deposited in the more quiet flood waters of the Sabine River. ' Some of the type is under cultivation. Pine, oak and gum comprise the principal forest growth. Native grasses furnish pasturage during a large part of the year. Corn and cotton should do well and alfalfa might be successful. i The sample examined is acid, fair in phosphoric acid, potash and lime, and has a corn possibility of eight bushels for nitrogen, thirty for phosphoric acid, and thirty-seven for potash. Lime would probably be required if alfalfa is tried. - Kirkland Clay The Kirkland clay of Archer County is a dark brown to almost black clay loam to a depth of from one to three inches. This lighter surface material grades into a dark brown refractory, calcareous clay, contain- ing small lime concretions. In places the soil is a fine sandy loam from one to two inches deep, grading into a clay or silty clay. The depth of the surface ranges from four to ten inches. The low poorly drained plains have the darker color and deeper soil and the eroded places have a lighter color and shallower soil. With increase in depth, the heavy, compact clay becomes lighter in color and the lime concre- tions and calcareous fragments more numerous. At from twenty-four to thirty-six inches the color is chocolate brown. The total area covered by this type in Archer County is small, the two main areas, which are level or flat. lying west and south of Dundee and northwest of Geraldine school. In all cases mesquite and chaparral and cacti growths are abundant. Grasses do well, especially the curly mesquite. Only very small areas of the type are under cultivation. These have given fair yields. The soil requires early deep breaking, followed by deep harrowing and then shallow harrowing after rains. In this way an excellent seed bed can be maintained, as the soil material tends to granulate and assume an open structure. It does not run together under cultivation and in this respect is superior to the Vernon clay. The soil is too heavy and compact to absorb the moisture necessary for farming without intense and thorough cultivation. With proper methods of cultivation the general farm crops of the region can besuccessfully grown. The land is well adapted to grazing. as it supports an excel- lent growth of curly mesquite. SOILS or ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 2'?‘ The sample examined is good in phosphoric acid, potash and nitro- gen, and has ‘a corn possibility of twenty-three bushels for nitrogen, forty-five for active phosphoric acid, and 182 for active potash. Kirkland Clay Loam The Kirkland clay loam of Archer County consists of a thin layer, about one inch thick, of dark brown fine sandy loam resting on clay loam of the same color and seven inches in thickness. In some poorly drained depressions and areas of fiat surface, the color is almost black, owing to the greater accumulation of organic matter in such places, while where the surface is rolling and erosion has been active, a variation to reddish or yellowish brown color takes place. The subsoil is a heavy, stiff, plastic, chocolate brown or dark reddish brown clay which, at about fourteen inches, is sufficiently calcareous to efiervesce with hydro- chloric acid. Accretions and concretions running high in calcium car- bonate, are also present, becoming more numerous at a greater depth, and producing in the clay a rather friable structure at from twenty-four to thirty-six inches. < The most extensive bodies of this upland in Archer County are found between Geraldine school, Holliday, and the west county line, while smaller areas occur in and around Megargel. Small isolated spots are found in other sections of the county. In almost all cases the surface is either gently sloping or fiat. The vegetation on this soil as a whole is identical with that of the Vernon clay loam, and includes mesquite trees, chaparral growths, prickly pear, and cob and turnip cacti. Grazing is supplied mainly by the curly mesquite grass. Early pasturage consists of running mes- quite, wild rye, and needle grass. With the exception of the areas around Megargel, little has been done to till this soil. It is a more difficult soil to keep in good tilth than the more sandy soils, but is more easily handled than the Vernon clay loam, owing to the fact that it does not run together so badly after rains. During the last three years, fair crops have been grown only where more careful methods of cultivation have been followed. Without early deep plowing, thorough pulverization and constant cultivation to pre- vent evaporation, good yields cannot be produced in seasons of poor rainfall. With proper moisture conditions and careful cultivation, wheat has yielded from twenty-five to thirty bushels per acre; oats from forty-five to fifty bushels; and cotton from one-half to one bale, but the general average is considerably below these figures. Forage crops, such as kafir and sorghum do very well, and the grain yield of kafir and milo is from forty to forty-five bushels per acre. The sample examined is good in phosphoric acid, potash and lime, and has a corn possibility of twenty-three bushels for nitrogen, thirty- five for phosphoric acid and 120 for potash. 28 lmxas AGRICULTURAL EXJBJSRHHENT biTATlON. Kirkland Fine Sandy Loam The surface soil of the Kirkland fine sandy loam of Archer County is a medium to dark brown friable fine sandy loam containing much organic matter and having a depth of about eleven inches. This ma- terial changes to a loam, and at about fourteen inches to a friable clay loam of a chocolate brown color. Below this, lime concretions and frag- ments about the size of a pea appear. At a depth of from twenty-four to thirty-six inches the material is a yellowish brown clay, slightly streaked with yellow. Only a small area of this type is found in Archer County. It occurs as small patches, ranging from a few acres to fifty acres in extent. The main developments lie in the vicinity of Cottonwood and Harrison schools and northwest of Scotland. The surface of the Kirkland fine sandy loam is fiat to gently undu- lating. Where it is associated with. the Vernon fine sandy loam, it occupies shallow drainage depressions. For farming purposes this type is comparable to the Kirkland silty clay loam, ranking as one of the best soils of Archer County. It is somewhat easier to cultivate than the silty clay loam. The sample examined is good in total phosphoric acid, potash and lime, and has a corn possibility of twelve bushels for phosphoric acid, twenty-three for nitrogen, and 120 for potash. Kirkland Silty Clay Loam The surface soil of the typical Kirkland silty clay of Archer County is a dark chocolate brown mellow clay loam, from eight to twelve inches in depth. When near the Vernon type it generally shows a lighter shade of brown, with a reddish tinge. It generally contains no material coarser than sand, but in places in the northwestern part of the county, n water quartz pebbles are abundant. Calcareous accretions derived from the underlying rock are also present in places, the prairie dogs having carried them to the surface. Immediately beneath the soil is a dark brown or dark chocolate colored clay loam, which grades into a heavy, compact and calcareous clay of about the same color. At about sixteen inches calcareous concretions appear. In extent the tvpe is one of the less important soils of Archer County. The largest areas lie in the northwestern part of the county along Hol- lidays Creek and about the headwaters of Panther Creek. Smaller areas are developed in other sections of the county. ' Along Hollidays Creek, although there is a suggestion that a portion of the type may possibly be an alluvial terrace, the main body is appar- ently residual from calcareous conglomerate, sandstone, and clay, while at the head of Panther Creek it seems to be an admixture of residual material from clay and sandstone, with colluvial material from the higher areas that border it on three sides. There is an admixture of some alluvium along Panther Creek. The other areas, which are merely low sags or flats at the heads of small drainage courses, are residual SoILs OF ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND IIARRISON COUNTIES. 29 from the underlying sandstone with some alluvial material from adja- cent uplands. The darker color in these areas is due to the greater accumulation of organic matter. As a whole, the type is poorly drained, but, owing to the dry climate, little difficulty is experienced because of this feature. Mesquite is the only tree growth, while the grasses of the surrounding types grow especially well on this land. Taking an average for from ten to fifteen years, probably the best crops of the county have been grown on this soil. It absorbs moisture readily, while its naturally melloxv, loamy surface produces a retentive mulch. Yet there is only an even chance that crops will succeed unless thorough cultivation is used. One farmer, breaking the soil in August to a depth of six inches with a disk plow, then harrowing well and fol- lowing this process by shallow cultivation after rains, secured during the period 1897 to 190’? the following yields: Wheat from ten to 28.5 bushels, corn from ten to fifty bushels, oats from fifteen to seventy-five bushels, and cotton, from one-fifth to one and one-fourth bales per acre. He also produced excellent crops of millet, kafir, and milo. A very early variety of corn was selected in order that it might mature before the time of hot winds. A' distinct phase of the Kirkland silty clay loam appears along Hol- lidays Creek, eastward from Dundee. The area occupies a belt from‘ one-fourth to two miles wide along the stream. It has a dark to light brown or chocolate‘ brown to dark gray color, and varies in texture from a very fine sandy loam to a rather silty loam. In some places a ten- dency to crust over or run together is characteristic. The soil has a relatively large content of organic matter and a depth of eight to twelve inches. The subsoil is a medium brown or dark chocolate brown silty clay, which becomes very hard and compact when dry. At depths of between twenty to‘ thirty inches, the color becomes lighter and redder and it carries a greater quantity of calcareous rock fragments. Both soil and subsoil effcrvesce with hydrochloric acid. The spots in which the crusting occurs are bare and unproductive, except at times of abun- dant rainfall, when all crops grow and mature. Lufkin Fine Sand The soil of the Lufkin fine sand of Franklin County from six to twenty inches is a gray or brown fine sand overlying material of similar texture but of a somewhat lighter color. At from two to four feet deep occurs a gray or mottled yellow and gray compact clay, which in the lower depths is usually stratified. The soil has a loose, porous struc- ture and is easily worked. On account of its limited extent, the type is of very little agricultural importance in Franklin County. Only three bodies were found, in the northern part of the county, the largest of which is situated about one mile northeast of Hagansport. Here it occupies a position twenty to thirty feet below the level of the adjacent prairie to the south and ten 30 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. to fifteen feet above the Sulphur River bottoms. The topography of this body is that of 10W swells, and hollows with a difference in ele- vation of from three to five feet. In the northwestern part of the county the type is found at the base of low hills and occupies a gentle, uniform - slope. The surface drainage is good. Its formation is due in this in-- stance to the deposition of sandy materials washed from the higher lying Susquehanna soils. About seventy-five per cent. of this type was originally covered with oaks and hickory, about one-half of which has been removed. The re- mainder of the type is prairie, much of which is still covered by the native wild grasses. _ Where the type is properly drained it is early and adapted to a wide range of cultivated crops. The nearest market, however, is twelve to sixteen miles away, so that little opportunity for the shipment of crops is given. Only a ‘few acres of the type are under cultivation, these being devoted to cotton and corn. The yield of cotton is one-fifth to one-half bale per acre, with .an average of about one-third bale. ' Lufkin Fine Sandy Loam The soil of the Lufkin fine sandy loam of Franklin County is a dark gray or brown rather silty fine sandy loam from eight to twenty inches deep, with an average depth of about one foot. The subsoil is an im- pervious brown or gray stratified clay, the stratification becoming more pronounced as the depth increases. When dry, the soil is loose and friable and easily cultivated, but when wet it becomes compact and co- hesive, inqwhich condition it is difficult to handle. The type is found in the northern half of Franklin County and is confined mainly to the prairie region, which extends in two continuous strips in an east and west direction across the county. One of the largest and most important bodies is found just north of Mount Vernon, whence it extends eastward along White Oak Creek beyond the county limits. Another body occurs to the south of Sulphur River and includes Hagans- port and Lavada. In the northeastern part of the county a characteristic feature of the type is the presence of small mounds from two to four feet high and from twenty to forty feet across. On these the material is a fine gray sand three feet or more in depth. These mounds are comparatively few in number and their aggregate area is very small. In the eroded section the type differs somewhat from that occurring on the prairie in that the surface is nearly always a gray fine sand ‘or fine sand or fine sandy loam, the lighter color being due to the smaller quantity of organic matter incorporated with the soil. The subsoil is also lighter colored, consisting usually of a gray drab stratified clay. The principal bodies of this phase were found southwest of Hagansport and as narrow strips along the north side of White Oak Creek. Exceptfor a few gently rolling areas, the topography of the type is uniformly level and drainage is frequently inadequate. This is espe- SoILs OF ARCHER, IilRANKLIN, AND IIARRISON COUNTIES. 31 cially true Where the flat areas are of considerable extent, for the heavy, impervious subsoil prevents the downward passage of water and the only means of removal is evaporation. About ten per cent. of this soil found in Franklin County was orig- inally treeless and covered by a valuable growth of native prairie grass. The remainder is covered chiefly with post oak, but some red oak, black- jack, and hickory are also» found. i The Lufkin fine sandy loam, if well drained, is adapted to the pro- duction of apples, peaches, pears, small fruits, and truck. Cotton and corn are the chief crops. Cotton yields from one-third t0 one-half bale and corn from fifteen 'to twenty bushels per acre. In the northwestern part of the county a large part of this type is still used for grazing and the production of wild hay. Where cultivated, ridge cultivation is prac- ticed and the plowing is very shallow. ' The greatest needs of the soil are more thorough cultivation, a diver- sification of crops and a deeper plowing of the soil. The sample examined is low in total phosphoric acid, good in potash and lime and is not acid. It has a corn possibility of twelve bushels for phosphoric acid and twenty-three for nitrogen. Fertilizer will prob- _ ably be needed. Lufkin Silt Loam The soil of the Lufkin silt loam of Franklin and Harrison Counties to a depth of about four to eight inches is a gray silt loam or silty fine sand with an average depth of about six inches. The subsoil is an im- pervious gray or mottled yellow and gray silty clay, which in the lower depth becomes distinctly stratified. In a few places small areas are covered with from one to three inches of sharp fine sand. These usually occupy slightly depressed positions adjoining bodies from which the surface material has been largely removed, in which case the underlying clay is covered by only a very thin layer of gray silty loam. On a part of the type small mounds of sand are found and near these the soil is a heavy fine sandy loam. The type is of limited extent in Franklin County, occurring only in a few small bodies in the northwestern part of the county. The surface is flat and after heavy rains is more or less covered with water. In Harrison County, the soil is known as “post oak fiat” and occupies shallow depressions of from ten to» 250 acres in area, chiefly in the north- western section of the county near Caddo Lake. Over much of the type bpth the soil and the subsoil are similar to the subsoil of the Lufkin clay found in other East Texas areas, but owing to the depth of the silt loam covering, the type has been classified here as Lufkin silt loam. l Because of poor drainage only a few acres of this soil are under cul- tivation, the rest being occupied by forests of post oak with some red oak and hickory. When well drained, fair yields of the staple crops are secured, but the type at best is only moderately productive. The soil is well adapted to 32 TExAs AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. i the growth of red top, or herd’s grass (Agrostis alba) and if this plant is once established it will prove of value either as a hay crop or for a permanent pasture. In preparing for the seed, the ground should be thoroughly pulverized, and if possible should receive a dressing of manure before the plowing is begun. The three samples examined are low in total phosphoric acid, low to good in lime and potash, and are all acid. The corn possibility is six to twelve bushels for phosphoric acid, thirteen to eighteen for nitro- gen, and thirty-seven to eighty for potash. This soil needs lime. Meadow Meadow includes a soil of varying texture and agricultural value found along streams and subject to overflow. The surface material consists of light-colored silty sand and fine sandy loam, mixed with small areas of gray silt loam and silty clay. The subsoil varies from a gray fine sand loam to a silty clay’ loam or clay. Below the second foot the color is frequently marked with reddish-yellow stains due to the presence of iron washed in from adjacent types. Narrow strips of Meadow are found along the smaller streams in all parts of Franklin County, the most important bodies occurring in the vicinity of Mount Vernon and along Panther, Big Cypress, and Brushy Creeks. The type is all level, and most of it is subject to overflow at any season of the year. Only a very small proportion of the tvpe is under cultivation, the remainder being occupied by forests of white oak, post oak, ash, and hickory. Sugar cane does especially well on this soil, and has proved very profitable. The yield ranges from 250 to 500 gallons of sirup per acre. The type if drained and protected from overflows would be well adapted to- the growing of corn and grasses. Even under present conditions, corn yields from twenty-five to forty bushels, and cotton from one-half to one bale per acre. In its present condition most of the soil is un- certain for cultivated crops. On many of the sandy bodies along the smaller streams, however, drainage could be easily effected by straight- ening the streams and constructing lateral ditches, in which case the soil would be one of the most valuable in the county. In Harrison County, Meadow is found near the head of certain streams and along Caddo Lake. It is used for pasturage. ' Miller Clay The Miller clay of Archer County is a dark reddish brown clay to a depth of two inches, where. it grades into a heavy, plastic clay of the same color, which continues with little change to a depth of three feet. Upon drying, large cracks are formed and the material breaks down into a buck-shot structure. A high lime content is present in the material below five inches. Coarse material is rarely present. On the surface. after inundation, thin, curling films of clay are formed. Less typical areas consist of a dark red, very fine sandy or silty clay seven or eight Sorts or ARCHER, “FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 33 inches deep, underlain by sandy or silty clay of a lighter color and mottled with drab and yellow. The Miller clay is the most extensive flood plain soil of Archer County, its total area being seventy-two square miles. The principal and most typical area covers the first bottom along the Little Wichita Riyer and its forks, the west fork of the Trinity River, and Kickapoo Creek. In addition to these areas the soil occurs along the courses of many small streams, especially those traversing the Vernon clay areas. The Miller clay is derived from recent alluvium in the flood plains mentioned. The deposits are ten to twenty feet or more in thickness along the larger streams, the flood plains lying at about this elevation above the stream beds. The surface is level or flat, but is dissected by the numerous ditch-like channels of small tributaries of the rivers and by gullies. ‘ The lower bench of the flood plains immediately along the_ stream channels is about the only place trees will grow, other than the generally distributed mesquite and chaparral. Here cottonwood, elm, ash, live oak, pecan, hackberry, chinaberry, mulberry, chickashaw plum, dogwood, willow sumac, and a few others thrive. Curly mesquite and the early grasses grow well on these bottoms and afford good grazing. Broom sedge appears in places, but is being displaced by the hardier mesquite. Although failure has been more common than success in farming this type, the results obtained by a few farmers have proved the possibility of its profitable use. Owing to its compact and impervious structure and its tendency to harden and crack when dry, the type requires early deep plowing and constant cultivation to conserve moisture, but when these methods are used a moist, mellow seed bed very well suited for plant growth may be formed. During the dry year of 1910 some of the best crops of the county were grown on this type, and it seems well adapted to all the more important products of the region. Up to this time, however. these bottoms have been used almost eXclusivelv for craz- ing. to which they are xvcll suited. This type is well lbcated for irri- gation. The sample is good in total phosphoric acid, lime and potash, and has a corn possibility of twenty-eight bushels for nitrogen, forty-five for phosphoric acid, and 120 for potash. Miller Loam The typical soil of the lVIiller loam of Archer County consists of from eight to ten inches of a chocolate brown loam, containing a relatively large proportion of silt. The subsoil, which is a slightly lighter shade of chocolate brown or reddish brown, is a clay loam or silty clay loam, but is not so dense as the subsoils of the Vernon series. "Occasional spots are seen in which the soil is a heavy, compact clay, that runs to- gether and hardens after a rain, but these are less common than in the upland. The Miller loam in Archer County is developed as narrow bands in 34 I Texas AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. the flood plains of the smaller stream courses, the largest areas occur- ring between Table Branch and the south fork of Little Wichita River and along Bitter Creek. The type seldom has a uniform development, but is streaked and spotted. Only a small percentage of this soil has been put under cultivation, but yields equal to and even a little better than those of the Vernon fine sandy loam are obtained. Owing to its natural surface mulch and its loose, loam character the soil is easily cultivated. Farmers report that crops start more quickly and make a ranker growth of stalk than on the Vernon fine sandy loam. All of the general crops of the region are grown, though cotton probably predominates. The vegetation of the larger growth consists of mesquite and chap- arral, except close to the streams, where live oak, elm, ash, hackberry, cottonwood and chinaberry are seen. The curly mesquite and other grasses do well. For growing garden truck under irrigation, this soil should compare favorably with the Miller very fine sandy loam. Miller Very Fine Sandy Loam The Miller very fine sandy loam of Archer County is a reddish brown or dark chocolate brown very fine sandy loam. At about fourteen inches the soil grades into material of lighter color, showing some mottling with light yellow, which becomes more conspicuous with increasing depth. The texture remains the same to a depth of from eighteen to twenty-two inches, where a very fine sandy clay is encountered which at about thirty inches passes into a silty clay loam to silty clay. The color of these heavier strata is reddish brown. Although this descrip- tion fits the average of the type approximately, there are a number of variations. In places the soil consists of a heavy fine sandy loam, under- lain at a depth of from six to seven inches by a clay loam which at about ten inches passes into a heavy, stiff clay, while in other places the soil is a loose fine sand extending to a depth of about thirty-six inches. Here it may grade abruptly into a silt loam. No uniformity of texture or structure seems to persist over areas _of considerable size. The Miller very fine sandy loam of Archer County forms a levee along the larger streams, and the entire bottoms of small valleys in the sandy regions. The total area of this soil is 13.3 square miles. This soil is easily cultivated. The yields equal those of Vernon fine sandy loam. The sample examined is fair in lime and phosphoric acid, good in potash, and has a corn possibility of thirteen bushels for nitrogen, forty for phosphoric airid, and 120 for potash. Norfolk Fine Sand The soil of the Norfolk fine sand of Franklin and Harrison Counties to a depth of from six to ten inches is a fine gray to a white sand rest- ing on gray or a yelloyvish-gray fine sand three feet or more in depth. SorLs or ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HAmnsoN ‘Couurrus. 35 In its original state the first few inches is usually a little darker and more loamy than the underlying sand, due to the slight accumulation of vegetable mold. ‘(Vith cultivation, however, the condition soon dis- appears and the plowed fields present a uniform gray or White appear- ance. The structure is very loose and porous, rendering it the most easily cultivated soil in ‘the area. This soil in Franklin County is confined to the southern half of the county, the largest areas occurring near Purley, south of Majors, and in the vicinity of Winnsboro. In some localities the texture of the soil varies considerably, being composed in places chiefly of fine sand and in others containing relatively large quantities of medium sand. The areas of medium sand, however, are all of small extent and so do not appear upon the map as a separate type. The most numerous bodies of medium sand occur scattered through the type in the southwest comer of. the county to the north of Broughans Creek and in the vicinity of Majors. The Norfolk fine sand in Franklin County is most commonly found on broad, plateau-like eminences and has, therefore, a fairly level topog- raphy. Few streams are found, but the open structure of the soil pro- vides a ready avenue for the downward passage of water. The largest and most important area of the type in Harrison County lies northeast of llarleton, and covers several square miles. Areas also occur about a square mile in extent, one about four miles northeast and the other about four miles southeast of Woodlawn. Other small iso- lated areas are located in "various parts of the county. The Norfolk fine sand in Harrison County has two distinct topog- raphies: (a) The gently rolling to rolling portions of the type which occupy the higher elevations, with the fine sandy loam of either the Ruston, Norfolk, or Susquehanna series in the intervening valleys or depressions, and (b) the ridged or hilly portions of the type. which occupy a continuous area of uneven country. The texture and structure of the type, and its position, favor the rapid movement of soil water and furnish excellent natural drainage. Drainage is sometimes exces- sive over the deeper areas of the type, and unless crops are given the proper cultivation at the right time they suffer from drouth even dur- inc short spells of drv weather. .In its native state the soil is covered by a growth of pine, sand jack, blackjack, post oak. and hickory. On account of the rapidity with which the soil dries off in spring, the fields can frequently be plowed when other soils are still too wet for cultivation. This makes it one of the earliest‘ soils in the county and especially adapts it to the production of early truck crops. Toma- toes. peanuts, cowpeas, and sweet potatoes should all do well. The type is also adapted to strawberries, raspberries, and other small fruits. In the southern part of Franklin County the Norfolk fine sand is used to a considerable extent for the production of peaches. Near Winnsboro several large orchards were seen which are doing well. The trees, how- 36 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ever, 0n this type have a comparatively short life. Cantaloups are also extensively grown. The greatest acreage of the type is devoted to cotton and corn, the yields ranging from one-fourth to one-half bale of cotton and from eight to twenty bushels of corn per acre. Peanuts are also beginning to be grown to some extent, the yields ranging from forty-five to seventy- five bushels per acre. The five samples examined are low in phosphoric acid, fair to good in potash, low to good in lime, and one sample is acid. The corn pos- sibility is eight to twenty-three bushels for nitrogen, twelve t0 forty for phosphoric acid, and thirty-seven to 120 for potash. The soil needs phosphoric acid, nitrogen and a legume rotation. Norfolk Fine Sandy Loam The soil of the Norfolk fine sandy loam of Franklin County is from ten to eighteen inches in depth, and consists of a gray or yellowish gray fine sand or fine sandy loam with an average depth of about one foot. The subsoil is a yellow or slightly mottled clay at three feet or more. Where the soil has not been brought under cultivation the first few inches are usually of a light brown color, due to the slight accumula- tion of humus in the surface. The humus, however, disappears after the first few years of cropping. Only very small areas of the Norfolk fine sandy loam are found in Franklin County. These occur chiefly in the eastern and southeastern parts and occupy low, poorly drained posi- tions around the heads of streams. Because of poor drainage the type in Franklin County is cold and late in spring, and in its present condition is not so well adapted to early truck crops is the Norfolk fine sand. When drained and given thorough cultivation, it is a productive soil, easily worked, and rarely suffers from drouth. ~ On the higher slopes it is well adapted to the growth of late truck. berries and small fruits. Only a very small proportion of the soil is under cultivation in Franklin County. Cotton yields one-fourth to one- third bale and co_rn from twelve to twenty bushels per acre. Peanuts do- well in Harrison County. On the poorly drained, uncultivated areas Bermuda grass thrives well and provides excellent pasturage. The surface soil of the Norfolk fine sandy loam of Harrison County consists of from five to six inches of friable gray fine sand to fine sandy loam, resting upon a grayish-yellow fine sandy loam, from twelve to eighteen inches deep, and underlain by a yellow sandy clay. This stratum extends to a depth of from three to five feet and is succeeded by a mottled reddish-yellow and gray clay substratum. Faint mottlings of red sometimes occur below a depth of thirty inches. The change in color and texture from soil to subsoil is very gradual. The type is not extensive, although found throughout Harrison County, isolated areas from ten to 300 acres in extent occurring in all parts of the upland. The topography is gently sloping to nearly level. Surface _So1Ls OF ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 3'7 drainage and the movement of subsurface moisture is retarded by the heavy substratum. By reasonof its position the type receives consid- erable seepage water from surrounding soils. Although water does not stand on the surface nor in the surface any length of time, the greater part of the type would be greatly benefited by a system of artificial drainage. ' The two samples examined are low in phosphoric acid and lime, low to good in potash, and one sample is acid. The corn possibility is six to twelve bushels for active phosphoric acid, and eight to eighteen for nitrogen, and about fifty for active potash. Orangeburg Sand The soil of the Orangeburg sand of Franklin County consists of a light gray to reddish gray sand of fine to medium texture. In depth the soil averages about twenty inches, but varies from fifteen to thirty inches, being more shallow on the hillsides, where slight erosion has taken place. The subsoil is a red sandy clay, the sand content being of a fine grade. This sandy characteristic of the subsoil, peculiar to the types of the Crangeburg series, gives it a Water-holding capacity and a drouth-resisting power above that of the close structured Sus- quehanna soils. The Orangeburg sand is of very limited extent in Franklin County, aggregating only about three square miles. The largest area is found about miles northeast of Mount Vernon. Other small bodies are found near the south county line on the Missouri, Kansas 8t Texas Rail- road in the VlClUltY of Scroggins and Musgrove. The type of soil as found in the southern part of the county is considerably finer in texture than that found in the northern part. The topographv is somewhat hillv, the body southeast of Mount Vernon occupying the highest ele- vation in the county. This position, together with the peculiar struc- ture of the subsoil, insures both surface drainage and underdrainage. The soil is formed by the weathering of the Lafayette clays and is the only representative of this formation in the county. About three- fourths of it is forested with oaks and hickory, the remainder being under cultivation. The soil retains moisture well, and usually suffers less from drouth than the other sandy soils of the area. For this reason, where shipping facilities are at hand, it is well adapted to the produc- tion of early truck. Judging from the success attending the cultiva- tion of peaches. tomatoes, radishes, ete., on this soil in other East Texas areas it would seem that these crops could be produced in Franklin County: Cotton and corn are the main crops, the yields ranging from one-third to one-half bale and from eighteen to twenty-five bushels per acre, respectively. The sample examined is low inphosphoric acid, fair in lime, good in potash and is not acid. The corn possibilitv is thirteen bushels for nitrogen, and twenty-four for active phosphoric acid. 38 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Orangeburg Fine S 1nd The soil. of the Orangeburg fine sand of Harrison County is a gray to a reddish-gray fine sand from twenty to thirty inches deep, with an average depth of about twenty-four inches. This is underlain by a feW inches of red loamy fine sand, which grades into a heavy, red fine sandy loam, extending t0 a depth of three feet 0r more. The texture 0f the subsoil and the depth of the soil are subject t0 considerable vari- ation. Gravel is often scattered over the surface and throughout the soil in large quantities. The soil is loose and easily worked under a wide range of moisture conditions. The largest area of the type in Harrison County occupies the rolling country about three miles east of Woodlanrn in, the vicinity of the arti- ficial lakes, Bonita, Highland, Fern. It is traversed by a number of V~shaped draws and is one of the rougher portions of the county. Here the sandy material is thinnest on the tops of the hills and ridges, which are usually gravellyr with a stiff red gravelly subsoil from fourteen to eighteen inches below the surface. The sand increases in depth down the slope. For a few feet on each side of the stream courses the soil resembles the Norfolk fine sand. A large amount of gravel is present in this area. Other small areas of the type occur in many parts of the county, especially in the northeastern part of the survey. The smaller areas have a gently rolling topography and are under cultivation as parts of larger fields, but only a small proportion of the large area is cleared, as it is too hilly. The type bears the same relation to the Orangeburg fine sandy loam that the Norfolk fine sand does to the Norfolk fine sandy loam. The uncleared and rougher part of the type support a growth of oak and a few pines. The Orangeburg fine sand is a stronger soil than the Norfolk fine sand on account of the depth of the soil and the character of its sub- soil. The tvpe is adapted to peaches and to early truck crops. The rougher portions should be allowed to remain in forest or, where cleared, reforesterl. The sample examined is low in phosphoric acid, fair in potash, good in lime, is acid, and has a corn possibility of six bushels for active phosphoric acid, eight for total nitrogen, and fifty-one for active potash. Orangeburg Fine Sandy Loam The Orangeburg fine sandy loam of Harrison County consists of from six to eight inches of gray fine sand, resting upon a reddish-brown, fine sandy loam, becoming heavier with depth and grading into a friable, red fine sandy clay at about fifteen to twenty inches. The texture of the soil varies from fine sand to fine sandy loam in different areas of the type. The changes in color and texture throughout the soil section rare very gradual. Small fragments of ferruginous sandstone and of iron concretions are often present on the surface and in the upper por- tion of the soil. The type is underlain at a depth of from three to six SorLs or ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 39 feet by a heavy, mottled substratum similar to the subsoil of the Sus- quehanna series. The loose and porous nature of the soil admits air and water freely and the type may be worked soon after a rain. A gravelly heavy phase of this type was mapped about a mile east of Woodlawn. This phase carries a higher percentage of gravel than the typically developed areas. The sandstone gravel breaks up readily and imparts to the subsoil a rather friable structure. The average depth of the soil is slightly greater than in the typical areas. The extent of the type is small. The areas are small and scattered over the county. The greater part of the type is located in the north- east quarter of thc county, where it occupies the gentle lower slopes of hills of Susquehanna fine sandy loam, or gently rolling ridges sur- rounded by the latter type. The structure of the soil and subsoil and the position of the areas insure good surface and underdrainage. The Orangeburg fine sandy loam is derived from the weathering of Coastal Plains sediments of the Eocene age. It is distinguished from the Ruston and Norfolk fine sandy loams chiefly by the red color of its subsoil. A large part of the type is under cultivation. It is regarded as one of the best soils in the county on account of its good drainage, ease of cultivation, and productiveness. It is one of the best peach and truck soils in the county and also a good general farming soil. Cotton and corn are the chief crops, the former producing from one-third to one- half bale per acre, and the latter from fifteen to twenty-five bushels. The methods of farming which have been practiced have depleted the supply of organic matter, and attention should be given to the restora- tion of this constituent so necessary in a productive soil. Deeper plow- ing should be practiced and terracing should be adopted for the slopes. Level cultivation will also be found helpful in controlling moisture supply. ' The sample examined is low in phosphoric acid and potash, fair to low in lime, is acid, and has a corn possibility of six bushels for active phosphoric acid. thirteen for nitrogen, and fifty-one for potash. Orangeburg Sandy Loam The soil of the Orangeburg sandy loam of Harrison County is a brown or grayish-brown medium sandy loam from twelve to eighteen inches deep. Upon the higher parts of the type the immediate surface is often a gray medium sand underlain by a brown loamy sand which in turn rests upon a brown sandy loam. The slopes are more loamy and darker in color. This soil material grades through a rather heavy red sandy loam to a red sandy clay, which extends to a depth of three feet or more and is usually succeeded by a stiff red clay similar to the subsoil of the Susquehanna series. Both soil and subsoil are practically free from gravel and rock fragments. The soil is porous and easily cultivated and the subsoil is moderately friable. The largest area in Harrison County occurs just southwest of Leigh 40 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. and is about a square mile in extent. Other smaller areas are found in the northeastern part of the county. ' In position and topography this type is similar to the Susquehanna sandy loam, in that it occupies broad, gently sloping tops of hills and ridges. A few V-shaped draws head within the type. It is well drained, and its sandy clay subsoil is retentive of moisture. The type differs from the Susquehanna sandy loam in having a lighter texture and more friable subsoil. A few old fields support a growth of young pines, sassafras, and grasses. Practically all of the remainder of the type is cultivated to corn and cotton. The areas occupied by the Orangeburg sandy loam were among the first to be cleared and are still producing good crops. The steeper slopes should be kept in grass and used for pasture. Fre- quent and shallow cultivation should be practiced in order to form a dust mulch and to decrease the loss of moisture by evaporation. The farmers should adopt a definite rotation of crops, including some legume. Peaches of good color and flavor are produced on the type and peach growing on a commercial scale might prove profitable. The sample examined is low in phosphoric acid and lime, fair in potash, is acid, and has a corn possibility of eight bushels for nitrogen, eighteen for active phosphoric acid, and fifty-one for active potash. Orangeburg Loamy Sand The Orangeburg loamy sand of Harrison County consists of a loose, gray to grayish-brown medium sand to a depth of from ten to twelve inches, changing gradually to a pale red medium sand and underlain at a depth of from twenty-four to thirty inches by a reddish sandy loam to sandy clay. Small areas of the type show sand extending to a depth of three feet. The type is of very small extent in Harrison County. Several small tracts occupy the tops of the highest ridges in the vicinity of Leigh in the eastern part of the county. while two small areas occur in the west- ern half of the survey. It is usually found associated with the Orange- burg‘ sandy loam or Susquehanna sandy loam.. The Orangeburg loamy sand is of similar origin to the sandy loam member of the same series and differs solely in being formed from deeper accumulations of sandy material. It has a gently rolling topog- raphy, is excessively drained, and often subject to drouth during the summer months. ‘ It is planted to cotton and corn. The yields are light. The type is adapted to early truck crops where conveniently situated and suf- ficiently extensive to warrant the development of this branch of agri- culture. The sample examined is low in phosphoric acid and lime, fair in potash, is acid, and has a corn possibility of twelve bushels per acre for active phosphoric acid, thirteen for total nitrogen, and fifty-one for potash. l SorLs or ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 41 Rough Stony Land The rough stony land of Archer County comprises those areas in which rock outcrops are so numerous and the surface so broken that cultiva- tion is impossible. Such areas include precipitous bluffs along the larger valleys and narrow mesas and rocky patches dotting the eroded phase of the Vernon clay. The soil of the rough stony land is generally a very shallow fine sandy loam, the sandstone from which it is derived being encountered at a few inches to two feet from the surface. It is usually yellowish and strongly mottled with shades of orange, red, drab and brown. Most of the soil supports a growth of curly mesquite and other grasses, which barely exist during the drouths but afford good grazing at other times. Ruston FineiSand The Ruston fine sand of Harrison County consists of a light gray fine sand from fifteen to twenty inches deep, underlain by a reddish- yellow fine sand to loamy fine sand, becoming heavier with depth and grading into a sticky reddish-yellow to yellowish-red or buff heavy fine sandy clay at a depth of from thirty to thirty-six inches. Frequently the soil is faintly mottled gray and buff. The structure is loose and open and the type well drained and easily cultivated. Small quantities of gravel are sometimes present. The type is not extensive and occupies rolling hills and ridges within the Susquehanna, Ruston, and Caddo fine sandy loams. In topography’ and position the type is similar to the Norfolk and Crangeburg fine sands, but the presence of the buff subsoil throws it into the Huston series. In origin it is similar to the Ruston fine sandy loam. A part of the type is cultivated to cotton and corn, which give rather small yields under the present methods. The organic matter content is low and the soil is drouthy. Ruston Fine Sandy Loam The soil of the Huston fine sandy loam of Harrison County consists of a gray to grayish yellow fine sand to light-textured fine sandy loam, from six to twelve inches deep, underlain by a dingy yellow ‘to buff fine sandy loam extending to a depth offrom twelve to twenty-four inches. The subsoil is a reddish-yellow, yellowish-red or buff ‘heavy fine sandy clay to clay loam to a depth of three feet-or more. Dull red mottlings sometimes appear at a depth of twenty inches, especially where the soil is from ten to twelve inches deep. The change from soil to subsoil is gradual. Gravel sometimes occurs on the surface and in the upper portion of the soil. The upper section of the soil is loose and porous and the lower section is slightly sticky. The structure of the subsoil ranges from slightly friable to somewhat plastic. Cultiva- tion is easy under a wide range of moisture conditions. The type has. a wide distribution throughout Harrison County. Its 42 Tums AGRICLTLTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. most extensive development is found in a belt from four to five miles north of the bottom lands of the Sabine River. Isolated areas of vary- ing size are found in nearly all parts of the county. The topography is intermediate between that of the Susquehanna and the Caddo fine sandy loams, the type occupying gently rolling divides and narrow, low-lying approaches to the stream bottoms. In general, the Caddo fine sandy loam occurs on divides in the eastern parts of the county and the Huston fine sandy loams on the divides in the western part. Drainage is usually’ good. The moisture-holding capacity is fairly high and if the moisture is properly conserved by cul- tivation it is sufficient to meet the needs of crops in average seasons. The subsoil of the Huston fine sandy loam is not so yellow as-that of the Norfolk fine sandy loam nor so red as that of the Orangeburg fine sandy loam. In texture it is not so friable as the subsoils of the Norfolk and Crangeburg series, but more so than those of the Sus- quehanna and Caddo soils. The uncleared areas support a growth of pine, oak, hickory, gum, and native grasses. The farm methods and crops are the same as on the other upland soils of Harrison County. Cotton yields from one-fourth to one-half bale and corn from ten to’ twenty bushels per acre. This type is a general purpose rather than a special crop soil and should be improved for the production of general farm crops. It is regarded highly on account of its good drainage, good moisture-holding capacity, ease of cultivation, and ready response to good treatment. Like the other upland soils of the county, the type is deficient in organic matter, a feature which should be remedied’ by the liberal use of stable and green manures. Winter cover crops, such as oats or rye, will check erosion and will also aid in increasing the organic matter, while deep plowing, with frequent and shallow cultivation, will help to con- serve the soil moisture. The two samples examined are low in phosphoric acid, low to fair in potash, low to good in lime, one sample is acid, and the corn possi- bility is from six to twelve bushels for phosphoric acid. thirteen for nitrogen, and thirty-seven to fifty-one for potash. Sanders Clcy Loam The Sanders clay loam of Harrison County consists of about twelve inches of dark brown clay loam resting on a gray or slightly yellow and ,' gray silty clay. The soil contains a large amount of organic material, and is usually loose and porous. The type is of limited extent in Franklin County, only one small body being found about four miles north of Mount Vernon. This oc- curs as a narrow depression at the edge of the White Oak Creek bottom. In its lowest part the soil is poorly drained and at rare intervals is subject to overflow. Its formation is due in part to flood action, and in part to the wash from the adjacent prairie soils. SorLs or Ancnun, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON CoUNTms. 43 Originally the type supported a valuable growth of white oak and gum, but most of this has been removed. For cotton and corn this is one of the most productive soils now under cultivation in the county. It is also a good grass land, and, if properly drained, should be adapted to alfalfa. At present the only crops produced are cotton and corn. The former yields from one-half to one bale per acre and the latter from twenty to thirty=five bushels, although as high as fifty bushels per acre have been secured. Sanders Fine Sandy Loam The Sanders fine sandy loam of Harrison County consists of a brown fine sandy loam, from ten to twelve inches deep, underlain by a fine sandy loam with mottlings of light brown, rusty yellow, and gray. The immediate surface is often nearly black and the soils sometimes show a faint mottling of different shades of brown. Both soil and subsoil may vary from a loamy fine sand to a loam, even within a short distance. A fine sandy’ loam seems to be the predominating texture in the wider" areas. Thin strata of fine sand and pockets of gray fine sand are com- mon throughout the subsoil, and small mounds of loose fine sand fre- quently occur on the surface. A substratum of mottled brown, yellow, and gray silty clay is often found at or near a depth of three feet. Gray is the predominating color in the more poorly drained areas. The por- tions of the type adjacent to the uplands usually have a reddish-brown color, owing to recent wash from the Susquehanna soils. Thetype in Harrison County occupies comparatively narrow bottoms along many of the smaller streams and along the tributaries of the larger streams of the county. The topography is nearly level, with a perceptible slope in the direction of the stream flow. It is traversed by meandering stream channels from two 'to siX feet deep. Drainage is often inadequate and the type is subject to frequent short periods of overflows after hard showers. It also receives considerable seepage from adjacent uplands. The Sanders fine sandy loam is composed of sediments from the drainage basin of the stream along which it occurs. The material has been held in suspension by swiftly moving water and deposited over the ‘bottom (luring the period of overflow} A relatively small proportion of the material is colluvial in origin. The forest growth consists of oak, elm, gum, maple, hickory, and other hardwoods. Cotton and corn are the principal crops, the former yielding from one-half to three-fourths bale and the latter from twenty to thirty bushels per acre. Small patches of sugar cane are grown with good results. The type is easily cultivated and crops do not suffer from drouth. Native grasses furnish pasturage where the forest growth is not too dense. This is a productive soil and worthy of development and utilization for crops. The sample examined isilow in phosphoric acid, fair in potash and 44- . TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. lime, is not acid, and has a corn possibility of thirteen bushels per acre for nitrogen, twenty-four for phosphoric acid, and thirty-seven for potash. Sanders Silt Loam The soil of the Sanders silt loam of Franklin County consists of from eight to fifteen inches of a gray silt loam, with an average depth of about one foot. When in a dry condition, the soil has a fine, flour-like texture, and is almost White in color, but owing to the high clay content it becomes very plastic and sticky when wet. The subsoil is gray mot- tled yellow and gray compact silty clay. Both soil and subsoil are marked with brownish yellow iron stains which become more pronounced as the depth increases. Because of its small extent the type is not of great importance in Franklin County. It is found in the bottoms of White Oak Creek, Big Creek, and Andy’s Creek, a tributary of the Big Cypress Creek. The topography of the type is level and because of its low position the areas are subject to overflow at anyseason of the year. Owing to the poor drainage and the frequent overflows, none of the soil is under cultivation, and unless artificially protected from the floods it is doubtful if cultivated crops would be found profitable upon it. The soil is well adapted to the productionlof hay, especially Bermuda grass, redtop, and such other grasses as are not injured by flooding. The soil of the Sanders silt loam of Harrison County is a dark brown to nearly black silt loam, from ten to twelve inches deep, often mottled with gray and drab. The subsoil is a gray to light brown silty clay loam to silty clay. with mottlings of dark brown and rusty yellow, ex- tending to a depth of three feet or more. The color of the type is influenced by drainage. gray being the domi- nant color of the more poorly drained areas, while the better drained portions of" the type are brown. A substratum of fine sand or fine sandy loam usually underlies it and is sometimes encountered within the three- foot section. Pockets of gray to brown fine sand may occur in both soil and subsoil. Small sand mounds and a thin mantle of sandy mate- rial are often found on the surface. " There is usually a narrow strip of fine sandy loam along the banks of the streams. The type occupies more or less extensive bottoms in Harrison County and lower courses of Eight Miles. Potters Collier’s, Mason. Hatley’s. Moccasin. Gra_v’s. Haggerty, Prewitt. Quapaxv. and Little Cypress Creeks, and of Harrison, Quapaw, and Cross Bayous. The type is practically level and slightly higher near the banks of the streams, the slope downstream being very gradual. Many old stream channels and cut-offs traverse the type. It is subject-to fre- quent short periods of overflow, and drainage is slow and inadequate. The small unproductive patches, which occur in the cleared fields, are doubtless caused by accumulations of soluble salts. The Sanders silt loam is of alluvial origin. and is composed of the fine soil particles washed from the soils occurring in the drainage basins SorLs or ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 45 of the streams and deposited during periods of overflow. The sandy material, which is sometimes formed on the surface, has been Washed over the type by moving waters of tributary streams. White oak, post oak, pin oak, water oak, ironwood, hickory, sweet gum, maple, and ash constitute the forest growth. A comparatively small proportion of the type is under cultivation in Harrison County, the cleared areas being farmed to corn and cotton. Corn yields from twenty to thirty-five bushels per acre and cotton from one-half to one bale. Numerous small patches of sugar cane are grown with good yields, producing a sirup of excellent quality. The type is considered a strong soil, but the difliculty of clearing, which is greater than on the uplands, and the possibility of damage by overflows, have retarded its development. a The samples examined are low to good in phospheric acid and lime, good in potash, not acid, and have a corn possibility of from twelve to thirty bushels for active phosphoric acid, twenty-three to thirty-eight for nitrogen, and fifty-one for potash. Sanders Clay The soil of the Sanders clay of Franklin County consists of from six to eight inches of light gray silty clay. The subsoil to a depth of three feet is an ashy—gray, sticky, impervious clay, becoming almost white in color on exposure to the sun. In places both soil and subsoil contain a high percentage of silt and at times a small quantity of very fine sand. When wet the soil is sticky and plastic and the presence of numerous reddish brown iron stains gives it a slightly mottled appear- ance, which becomes quite marked in the lower depths. If worked when in a wet condition the soil bakes into irregularly shaped bricks, which are slow to break down. _ The Sanders clay is the most common lowland soil in Franklin County. The largestibodies are found as strips from one to two miles wide along the bottoms of the White Oak, Cypress and Brushy Creeks. Other irregular bodies are found scattered through the wooded bottoms of Big Creek, Little Cypress, and some of the smaller streams, but the texture is usually quite silty. The origin of the type is alluvial, being derived from the materials deposited by the streams in times of overflow. The surface is quite level and the most of the soil is flooded several times a year. As the subsoil is close and impervious, the removal of the water is slow and. as a result the ground is sometimes saturated for a week. This condition could be much improved by straightening and deepening the numerous bayous which wind through the bottoms. None of this soil is under cultivation, it being covered by a growth of white oak, post oak, and sycamore. Considerable areas are also densely covered by a growth of wild cane. which furnishes a valuable winter feed for cattle. In its _ present condition, a good use to which the land can be put is the growing of Bermuda grass for pasture. This is a crop which the floods 46 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. will not ruin, and a field once established will continue" to yield lux- uriant pasture for cattle and hogs or fine yields of Bermuda grass hay. In its present wet condition the land is not thought to be very de- sirable for agricultural purposes, but if artificially drained and pro- tected from floods it should produce the same grasses as well as the staple crops of the area. The surface soil of the Sanders clay of Harrison County consists of a dark brown to nearly black cl.ay from three to five inches deep, resting upon a light brown to brown clay mottled to yellow and drab, which becomes heavier with depth, grading at fifteen to twenty inches into a stiff, mottled yellow, gray, and red clay. This stratum extends to a depth of several feet. The, proportion of red increases with a corre- sponding absence of gray as drainage improves. The soil has a fairly large content of organic matter, is sticky when wet, and assumes a granular structure when dry. In Harrison County the type occupies the greater part of the first bottom along Little Cypress Creek and Cypress Bayou, east of Baker’s Bridge on the Marshall-Jefferson road. With the exception of a few old stream channels and sloughs the sur- face of the type is level. It is subject to frequent overflow; in fact, a part of the type is usually submerged, as the water of the bayou and of the lake was at a very low mark at the time of the survey. Drainage is universally poor. The native vegetation consists of oak, gum, and a scattering of other hardwoods. Portions of the type along Cypress Bayou were formerly covered with a fine growth of cypress. None of the type is under cul- tivation. It is valued chiefly for its forest growth, but when drained and reclaimed would make a strong, fertile soil. The two samples examined are low to fair in lime, fair in phosphoric acid, fair to goo(l in potash, and have a corn possibility of thirty bushels for phosphoric acid, thirty-eight to forty-three for nitrogen, and eighty to 120 for potash. The samples are highly acid, and the soils clearly need lime. Susquehanna Gravelly Sandy Loam The soil of the Qusquehanna gravelly sandy loam of Harrison County is a gray to reddish gray gravelly’ fine sand to gravelly fine sand loam from ten to twenty inches deep. The subsoil is a red clay, which usually becomes mottled with yjelloxy’ and gray in the lower depths. It is dis- tinguished from the Susquehanna fine sandy loam by the high gravel content of the soil and often of the subsoil. This gravel consists of fragments of ferruginous sandstone, of iron crusts, and of iron con- eretions. ranging in size from that of a pea to one-half inch in diameter. It is seldom present in suificient quantities to interfere with cultiva- tion. Large fragments and outcrops of sandstone are present in limited portions of the type. A few small areas of rough stony land are in- eluded. within this type. Practically all of the type in Harrison County occurs in the northern SorLs or‘ ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND ITARRISON COUNTIES. 47 half of the county, the largest area being found north of Little Cypress Creek. _ The Susquehanna gravelly sand loam usually occupies the highest ele- vations in the section of the county Where it occurs and on steep slopes facing the stream bottoms. The hills and ridges are often very promi- nent, the highest being locally known as mountains. The surface fea- tures range from rolling to hilly and broken. The slopes toward adja- cent soils are often steep and traversed by numerous V-shaped draws. The structure and position of the type always insures sufficient and often excessive drainage. The native forest growth consists mainly of pine, hickory, and oak, especially blackjack oak. Ntuch of the rolling portion of the type has been cleared and is farmed to cotton and corn. Cotton yields from one-fifth to one-third bale and corn from ten to twenty bushels per acre. Small patches of peanuts, oats, and potatoes are grown for home use. This type is considered an early soil, probably the earliest in the county. It is subject to drouth during protracted dry spells, and crops often suffer during the latter part of the growing season. The Susquehanna gravelly sand loam is deficient in organic matter and _is subject to erosion. A considerable proportion of the type is too rough for cultivation. At present there is a large amount of practically waste land within the type. Nearly all of the forested areas have been logged off and no attention has been given to reforestation. Forest on this soil should bring a good income within a comparatively few years from areas now furnishing only firewood and scanty pasturage. The sample examined is low in phosphoric acid and lime, good in potash, is acid, and has a corn possibility of thirteen bushels for nitrogen, eighteen for active phosphate acid, and eighty for active potash. Susquehanna Fine S 1nd The surface of the Susquehanna fine sand, of Harrison County con- sists of a loose gray fine sand, from twenty-four to thirty inches deep, underlain by a stiff, red and mottled red, yellow and gray clay. The surface is almost white in fields which have been under cultivation for some time, and gray or dark gray in uncultivated areas. For a few inches immediately above the subsoil the soil often has a reddish cast. Angular gravel is usually present on the surface and in the soil. Northeast of Hallsville, between the Tyler and Gilmer roads, occurs a rather unbroken section of country, within which are areas having a sandy mantle from one to six feet in depth. In these areas the Sus- quehanna fine sand seems to be the predominating type, although small areas of Norfolk fine sand and Susquehanna gravelly sand loam occur indiscriminately on the crests and slopes of the hills and ridges. Several small areas of the type occur in other parts of the country. The topography’ ranges from gently rolling to rather broken. Drainage is usually excessive, especially over the areas of broken topography. 48 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. The forest growth consists chiefly of oak, hickory, and pine. Scrub oak is especially abundant on the deep sandy areas of the type. Native grasses make a good growth. Small shrubs areqqumerous. The rolling portions of the type are planted to cotton and corn. It is considered an early soil and gives fair yields in favorable seasons. A system of reforestation should be adopted on the steeper slopes and the hilly areas of the type. The native grasses afford pasturage during a large part of the year. a The sample examined is low in phosphoric acid and lime, fair in potash_, is acid, and has a corn possibility of eight bushels for nitrogen, ‘six for active phosphoric acid, and thirty-seven for potash. Susquehanna Sandy Loam The surface soil of the Susquehanna sandy loam of Harrison County‘. consists of a loose, friable gray to grayiish brown, light sandy loam from twelve to fifteen inches deep. Typically the color grades downward from the gray surface material. to a brown or grayish brown material and then into a brownish red color just before the subsoil is reached. The texture varies froma medium to a coarse sand to a sandy loam over different areas of the type. A few small sandstone gravel areas occur on the surface and in the upper portion of the soil. a The subsoil is a stiff red clay usually mottled red, yellow and gray ' below a depth of twenty-four inches. The intensity of the mottling in- creases with the depth. Small quantities of coarse and medium red sand render the subsoil less plastic and more brittle than that of the Susquehanna fine sandy loam. This sand content is noticeably higher near a depth of three feet. With a slight local variation in color and texture, the mottled subsoil extends to a depth of several feet. The type occupies gently rolling hills and ridges along Harrison Bayou and north of Quapaw Bayou, in the eastern part of the county. An- other area is located about twelve miles west of Elysian Fields and a small one nearly two miles southeast of Hallsville. The position and topography insure good surface drainage and the structure of the sub- soil allows adequate underdrainage. I Practically all of the type has been or is at present under cultivation. Some old fields have been “turned out” and now support a growth of pine, sassafras, and native grasses. Cotton and corn produce moderate yields. Practically no other crops are grown. Peanuts should prove profitable. Erosion could be reduced to a minimum by the contour method of planting or by terracing, if the slopes are steep. A rotation of crops, including some legume, should be practiced, as the soil is deficient in organic matter. Winter cover crops would prove beneficial both to pre- vent erosion and as a green manure. The sample examined is low in phosphoric acid, potash. and lime, is not acid, and has.a corn possibility of twelve bushels for active phos- phoric acid, thirteen for nitrogen, and fifty-one for active potash, SoILs or Ancirnrz, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 49 Susquehanna Fine Sandy Loam The soil of the Susquehanna fine sandy loam of Franklin County to a depth of from four to ten inches is a gray fine sand resting on a light fine sandy loam of a yellowish gray color. At-an average depth of about twelve inches a red or mottled yellow and red stiff waxy clay appears, which continues to a depth of from two to three feet. Below this depth the subsoil is rarely uniform in color, but varies from mot- tled, waxy clay to heavy gray material, which bakes and cracks into blocks on exposure to the sun. The structure of the soil is loose and porous and cultivation is easy. On some of the higher elevations where the drainage is good, the soil has the appearance of the Orangeburg fine sandy loam. The surface soil for a depth of from eight to ten inches is a red fine sandy loam thickly strewn with iron sandstone gravel. The subsoil, however, un- like that of the Orangeburg type, is a heavy red plastic clay. The typical soil. most commonly occurs in Franklin County in irreg- ular discontinuous strips on the slopes of drainage ways, the largest areas lying on each side of White Oak Creek and in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, _Putle_yr and Macon. The topography varies from fairly level to rolling or hilly. On the slopes drainage is usually adequate for agricultural purposes, but the compact structure of the impervious clay subsoil is such that the downward passage of water is very slow and where the soil is even moderately level the drainage is poor. In such areas the soil would be benefited by artificial drainage. I This soil has the greatest cultivated acreage in Franklin County, but there is still a large percentage of it in its natural wooded state. The growth consists of red oak, post oak,‘blackjack, oak, and hickory. Only rarely are pines found on this type. This soil is only moderately productive, but responds readily to fer- tilization and intensive cultivation. For this reason it is adapted to a wide range of cultivated crops. Peaches have been found to do well in Franklin County but the soil is not considered quite so desirable for this fruit as some of the sandy types of the Orangeburg series. Apples and pears have been grown to some extent and have given satisfactory results. v The soil is also adapted to Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, pea- nuts, cowpeas, and truck, including radishes. About ninety per cent. of the area under cultivation is devoted to cotton and corn. Cotton yields from one-fourth to one-half bale per acre and corn from twelve to twenty bushels. When commercial fertilizers are used for cotton, a brand containing about 2.05 per cent. of nitrogen, eight per cent. of phosphoric acid, and one per cent. of potash is bought. From 200 to 400 pounds of this mixture are applied per acre in Franklin County. There is a phase of the Susquehanna fine sandy loam in Franklin County which differs from the typical areas mainly in the greater depth of the surface material. The soil is a loose gray sand or light sandy loam of fine to medium texture with an average depth of about two 50 TEXAS AGRICUIYIUIKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. feet. The depth, however, varies greatly, ranging from fifteen inches t0 three feet. The subsoil is a red waxy, impervious clay resting 0n a gray 0r mottled red and gray clay from two t0 three feet deep. In the lower depths, the clay is almost gray, especially where drainage is deficient. On account of the greater depth of the loose ‘surface soil, this phase is considered more easily cultivated than is much of the typical soil. This deep phase of the Susquehanna fine sandy loam occurs in many small bodies Widely distributed throughout the county, the most numer- ous of which are found in the vicinity of Mount Vernon. Its topo- graphical features range from high level plateaus to gentle slopes. On the sloping areas the drainage is good, but the impervious subsoil re- tains the water on level areas, making artificial drainage desirable. The native vegetation consists of red oak, post oak,’ and hickory. On account of the ability of the heavy subsoil to retain moisture, the soil rarely suffers from drouth. -For this reason it is well adapted to a wide variety of crops. Fruits do well, especially peaches, although few orchards of commercial size are now in bearing. Grapes have been grown to a small extent. The soil is also well adapted to the production of truck, as well as berries and small fruits. Cotton and corn are the chief crops, the yields being about the same as on the typical or main areas of the type. The Susquehanna fine sandy loam is the most extensive soil type in Franklin County, althouga it occurs in no section in large continuous bodies. l The soil of the Susquehanna fine sandy loam of Harrison County consists of a gray, fine sand to a light fine sandy loam, from eight to eighteen inches deep, with an average depth of about fourteen inches. The subsoil is a stiff clay of a red or red mottled color, with yellow and gray extending to a depth of several feet. The color of the soil is pre- vailing gray, but for a few inches above the subsoil it has a reddish cast. which gives freshly plowed fields a spotted appearance in shallow por- tions of the type. Frequently the surface has considerable gravel. espe- cially on the ridges and the steep slopes. This gravel, which consists of small fragments of ferruginous sandstone and iron concretions, de- creases in quantity with depth and seldom occurs in the subsoil. A lim- ited quantity of quartz gravel is found along the Camden-Shreveport road southeast of Hallsville. Areas of Susquehanna gravelly sand loam occur throughout the type. The boundaries between the soil and sub- soil are usually sharply defined. i The Susquehanna fine sandy loam of Harrison County has two dis- tinct phases, resulting chiefly from conditions of oxidationand drain- age: First, that part occupying the more rolling and hilly section of the country, which has a fairly high gravel content and a dominantly red subsoil with a few yellow and gray mottlings below a depth of twenty-four to thirty inches; second, that part occupying undulating to nearly level sections of the county. which consists of a dark gray to SoILs OF ARcHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 51 grayish brown fine sandy loam, underlain with a sticky, yellowish clay loam, which rests on a mottled red and gray plastic clay. This phase contains practically no gravel and is found in the southeastern part of the county and in the vicinity of Caddo Lake. It closely resembles the Caddo fine sandy loam above a depth of twenty inches. Below that depth the subsoil is too heavy and too plastic to be classed with the Caddo series. The soil of this phase is more compact than that of the remainder of the type. The typical Susquehanna fine sandy loam of this survey is intermediate between the two phases, and comprises the larger proportion of the type. The soil is usually deeper on the tops of the ridges than on the slopes. The soil is loose and porous and easily cultivated. The Susquehanna and Orangeburg fine sandy loams closely resemble each other in color and texture of the surface soil. In the former the ‘ subsoil is a stiff, mottled red, yellow, and gray clay; in the latter, a red friable sandy clay. This type is the most extensive and important soil of Harrison County and is widely distributed over the uplands. The topography varies from gently rolling to hilly, the greater part being rolling. The type occupies the stream valleys and many of the ridges and divides, with numerous V-shaped draws on many of the slopes. The ‘most level portions of the type occur in the vicinity of Caddo Lake and in the southeastern corner of the county. On account ’ of the prevailing rolling topography, surface drainage is usually suf- ficient, but the impervious character of the underlying subsoil frequently causes the less rolling areas to drain very slowly. The chief difficulty in the cultivation of the type arises from its ten- dency to erode excessively on the slopes. After the surface soil has become saturated with water during a rain, because the stiff, impervious subsoil prevents the rapid downward movement of water, the drainage vrater flows down the slope, carrying with it large quantities of soil and subsoil material. This has resulted in the exposure of the underlying clay subsoil in numerous gullies and over small areas of the slopes. The native vegetation consists of pine, oak, hickory, gum, and other hardwoods. Native grasses are abundant where the forest is not dense. The type is devoted principally to the production of cotton and corn. Practically no system of crop rotation is followed and the fields are cropped to cotton and corn for many years in succession. The yields are largest on newly cleared land and decrease with length of culti- vation. Cotton yields from one-fourth to one-half bale per acre. Yields of corn vary from eight to twenty-five bushels per acre. Winter oats are grown to a limited extent as a forage crop. The acreage devoted to peanuts has increased during the last few years. This crop does well and should be grown more extensively as a forage and money crop and on account of its beneficial effects upon the soil. Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, and watermelons are grown chiefly for home consump- 52 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. o tion and do well. Peaches of excellent quality are produced in favor- able seasons. Truck crops mature early. ' The seven samples examined are 10w in phosphoric acid, potash and lime, with the exception of one sample in Harrison County and two in Franklin County, which are good in potash. Four of the samples are acid. The corn possibility is six to eighteen bushels for phosphoric acid, thirteen to eighteen bushels for nitrogen, and thirty-seven to eighty bushels for potash. Susquehanna Clay The soil of the Susquehanna clay, to about four inches in depth, is a grayish-yellow fine sand or fine sandy loam. The subsoil is a red, sticky clay resting on a mottled red and gray sticky clay at an average depth of about two feet. When wet, this is very plastic and adhesive, and a very refractory soil to Work. Only three small bodies of the type were found in Franklin County, the largest of which occurs about one mile east of Majors. Two nearly level areas are found just west of Goose Prairie in Harrison County, while the largest area in Harrison County occupies a steep gullied slope along Cypress Bayou. The topography is level, and the surface drainage is very good. The natural growth is post oak, hickory, and pine. What little of the type is under cultivation is devoted to cotton and corn, the yields of the former ranging from one-fourth to one-third bale, and of the latter from twelve to twenty bushels per acre. The soil is deficient in organic matter and is in need of leguminous crops such as cowpeas, vetch, or lespedeza. These should be plowed under in the fall. The ‘sample examined is low in phosphoric acid and lime, fair in potash, is acid, and has a corn possibility of twelve bushels for active phosphoric acid, twenty-three for nitrogen, and eighty for active potash. Trinity Clay The Trinity clay of Harrison County consists of a dark brown, stiff silty clay to clay from six to ten inches deep, underlain by a mottled yellow and gray’ clay loam to clay extending to a depth of three feet or more. The upper portion of the subsoil is mottled yellow and light brown when the gray mottlings do not appear above a depth of fifteen inches. The yellow mottlings decrease and the gray mottlings increase in number and size with depth until at three feet the subsoil is usually a gray clay mottled with yellow. Gray is the predominating color of ' the subsoil of the poorly drained area. The subsoil is sticky when wet and bakes and cracks when dry. In certain places, especially southeast of Broads Ferry, the type has been modified by a thin surface deposit of fine sandy loam. Here the soil is a black to grayish black fine sandy loam underlain by the typical mottled gray and yellow clay subsoil. In other places, especially near the larger tributaries of the Sabine River, a thin mantle of silt covers the surface of the type. These phases are very limited in extent. A SorLs or‘ ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND Hannrsox COUNTIES. 53 narrow strip along the banks of the Sabine River has a lighter texture than the typical soil. In Harrison County the type occupies the flood plain of the Sabine River from the Western side of the county to Eight Mile Creek. In places it is nearly two miles in width, but is not continuous, being broken by an area of Kalmia fine sand and by the uplands extending to the river. The type occupies a comparatively level bottom from ten to twenty feetiabove the normal level of the Sabine River. It is highest near the banks of the river and slopes back toward the uplands. A number of sloughs and old stream channels traverse the type. A few smalllakes are found within its limits. The type is overflowed only during a season of excessive rainfall. Drainage is restricted and slow on account of the level surface and the retentive nature of the subsoil. Forests of oak, hickory, gum andash cover the greater part of the type. Scatteredpine, hawthorn, and willow comprise the remainder of the forest growth. Comparatively small areas are cleared and farmed to corn and cotton. These fields are located near the banks of the river and are better drained than the most of the type. The farmers state that it is overflowed once in four or five years, usually late in April or early in May, and that corn planted after the flood waters have receded makes a good crop. In favorable seasons corn yields from thirty-five to sixty bushels and cotton from one-half to one bale per acre. On the better drained areas of the type alfalfa should do well if protected from overflows. Sugar cane makes a good crop. Protection from overflow is necessary before the soil can be extensively developed. At present there is no economical manner of protecting it from overflow and it is valued chiefly for its forest. The sample examined is good in phosphoric acid and potash, fair in lime, and is not acid. Vernon Clay The Vernon clay of Archer County consists of from four to seven inches of a dark reddish brown to dark chocolate brown clay. The depth of color is determined by the local topography, being darker in sage or drainage depressions and in those places where much lime is present. This soil is generally plastic and very tenacious when wet, and when dry it is hard, refractory, and cracks badly, some of the cracks being three inches across. Sometimes the soil of the surface inch or two is a clay loam, loam, or fine sandy loam, and in such cases the vegetation shows a better development. The subsoil is a very dense, tough, com- pact clay of a lighter reddish or chocolate-brown color than that of the surface soil. The calcareous nature of the soil and subsoil is a dis- tinguishing feature of the type. Gray mottlings often appear in the lower subsoil. The line of demarcation between the soil and subsoil is not sharp. 54L TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Vernon clay is extensively developed 0n the ridges, slopes, and flats, on the north, middle, and south forks of Little Wichita River and Kick- apoo and Brier Creeks. Elsewhere, small isolated and irregular tracts occur. It appears along slopes and summits of ridges, around the lower slopes of mesas, and in rather extensive flat or gently undulating areas. Areas of the kind ‘last mentioned predominate. The surface drainage is in general good, but ranges from excessive on the steep slopes to in- sufficient in the flats. ‘ Nearly all of this land is devoted to grazing, and because of its heavy nature is not deemed suitable for tilling. If broken to a shallow depth, it will not absorb moisture enough to supply the crop during dry periods. If farmed at all, the type will require the utmost care and most im- proved methods. Early deep plowing without bringing too much of the subsoil to the surface at one time, thorough pulverization, the addi- tion of humus by applying manure, straw, and other roughage, or plow- ing under green crops, and shallow cultivation after ‘rains can in no Way be neglected. If carefully handled, fair crops can be produced, but since so much more labor is necessary than on the lighter soils, it would hardly seem advisable at present to use this land except for grazing. i The curly mesquite as well as the early grazing grasses, such as wild rye, running mesquite, and needle grass, grow well on this soil. The eroded phase of Vernon clay is extensively developed, chiefly in irregular basins below the escarpments, which occur along the main streams of the county. The largest areas are associated with the most extensive and smoother bodies of the typical soil, the phase merely com- prising those areas from which the soil’ has been eroded, leaving the subsoil exposed. The material is so compact and impervious that rain water runs off without being absorbed, and even in depressions where water stands, the soil is dry to a depth of two or three inches. A sec- tion of three feet shows a heavy, compact, impervious reddish-brown clay from top to bottom, carrying calcareous concretions. These some- times are left on the surface, where the clay is eroded, presenting the appearance of slag. When wet this soil is extremely sticky, but when drv it becomes very hard and cracks. Because of this impervious nature of this soil even the native grasses grow scantily. Stunted mesquite trees and chaparral bushes grow in places. and the prickly pear grows profusely. . Many of the basins in which this type is found are utilized as ponds, for which they are adapted, owing to their impervious nature. The sample examined is good in phosphoric acid, potash and lime, and has a corn possibility of thirty-eight bushels per acre for nitrogen and twenty-nine for active potash. Vernon Loam The soil of the Vernon loam of Archer County consists of a reddish- brown to reddish chocolate-brown loam, xvith a depth of eight or ten inches. In places the surface material to a depth of two or three inches SorLs OF ARCHER, FHANKLlN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 55 consists of a very fine sandy loam. The subsoil is a friable clay loam of the same general color as the surface soil, but darker in color. The subsoil is uniform to about seventeen inches, where a heavy compact, yet friable reddish-brown clay is encountered. With increasing depth, the clay becomes heavier, and the limy accretions are numerous. The color at thirty-six inches often shows a gray cast, and when the bed rock is approached a characteristic mottled orange, red, drab, and black sandy clay or silty material is found. The soil is very soft and mellow and compares favorably With the Vernon fine sandy loam in case of cultivation. Its organic matter con- tent averages higher than that of the Vernon fine sandy loam, which together with its level surface, makes it more capable of withstanding the effects of drouths and hot winds. When broken too dry or too wet, it is more difficult to“ secure a loose mellow seed bed, and a more or less cloddy surface results. The Vernon loam is one of the minor types, but is widely distributed over the county, in all cases being closely associated with the Vernon fine sandy loam. The largest areas lie north of Anarene on each side of Dogwood Greek, in the vicinity of Dundee and between Cob and Deer Creeks. They often form low, rather fiat bases, but also lie on slopes or ridges. This is an easy type to handle, being neither too sandy or too com- pact. The kinds of crops and the yields produced are about the same as those of the Vernon fine sandy loam. hfesquite is the principal tree‘ growth, and the curly mesquite the leading grass, with broom sedge second. “ Vernon Clay Loam The surface soil of the Vernon clay loam of Archer County is a choc-_ olate-brown to reddish-brown clay loam with a depth of from five to ten inches. In places the soil to the depth of a few inches consists of a loam or even a fine sandy loam. The color is sometimes more of a reddish brown. Occasionally small calcareous concretions, varying in size from a wheat grain to a hickory nut, occur in the soil, having been brought to the surface by ants or prairie dogs. When these concretions are present, the soil is more friable and easily cultivated. Underlying the.clay loam is a dense reddish chocolate-brown or brownish-red clay, the color in some places shading to Indian red or pinkish red. This material also carries small calcareous concretions and accretions and runs high in lime. In some areas the concretions become very numerous, giving the clay a friable structure; but more generally it is heavy, plastic, and compact. _ _ This type occurs in areas of varying size throughout Archer County. The larger bodies lie west of the broom-sedge prairie section, especially south of Hollidafs Creek in the north-central part of the county. It may occur along ridges, on slopes, or in gently undulating or even fiat areas. 56 TEXAS r-Xciiirouixroinii. EXPERIMENT STATION. In most cases the Vernon clay loam supports a growth of mesquite trees, Chaparral, and prickly pear and other varieties of cactus. The prevailing grazing grass is the curly mesquite, t0 which this soil is well adapted. The running mesquite, needle grass, and wild rye are also important, furnishing early pasturage. The type is used mainly for grazing, a very small part being culti- vated. The largest area under cultivation is in the vicinity of the Newport school, eight or ten miles west of Megargel. lood results are obtained, and the land is considered as valuable for farming as the Vernon fine sandy loam. In an average year one-fifth to one-half bale of cotton, ten to twenty bushels of wrheat, and twenty-five to thirty-five bushels of oats are produced. With careful handling, and during sea- sons of abundant rainfall yields of one bale of cotton, thirty-five bushels of wheat, and sixty-five bushels of oats per acre have been obtained. Early varieties of yellow dent corn give yields ranging from twenty to thirty bushels per acre. Sorghum, kafir, and milo rarely fail to give fair yields. If plowed while too wet, this soil puddles and clods, but under proper moisture conditions it breaks down into an excellent seed bed. Ordi- narily the soil is plowed to a depth not exceeding three or four inches, and the result is that so little moisture is stored in the soil that the plants cannot withstand a severe drouth. This soil, because of its heavy, intractable nature and tendency to run together after rains, is in greater need of thorough cultivation than the fine sandy loam. It should be broken during the late summer, fall, or early winter to a depth of from ten to twelve inches, the disk'plow probably being the best for this purpose. The land should then be harrowed deeply in order that pulverization may be thorough, since this increases the water-holding capacity of the soil and provides a better bed for the rooting of plants. Another very great need is the turning under of barnyard manure or green manuring crops to supply the much needed humus. Shallow cul- tivation should be given after each rain, to prevent loss of moisture by evaporation. Vernon Fine Sandy Loam The Vernon fine sandy loam of Archer County varies from a fine sandy loam to a sand, the latter occurring in the small areas only in localities where the underlying rock is sandstone and lies near the sur- face. The subsoil varies from a light sandy loam where the bed rock lies near the surface to a friable clay loam, becoming heavier in depth until at three feet it is a clay with calcareous concretions. In color the soil varies from dark brownish red, the typical Vernon color, through lighter red, ykellowish red, brown, to light brown in ex- treme cases. The subsoil is usually dark brownish red, but is some- times a yellowish brown where it is lightest in texture and the rock lies near the surface. In topography it is usually gently undulating", but it is slightly hilly _late as July. SoILs or ARoHRR, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 57“ in rare cases where it occurs in the neighborhood of streams or near the line of one of the prominent esearpments of the region. The type occurs principally in two large bodies. The largest body of this soil stretches over the eastern third of the county from the northern to the southern boundary. » The other area extends in a wedge- shaped belt, broadest to the southwest, from the river junction in the central part of the county to the southwestern corner. The Vernon fine sandy loam has an undulating to gently rolling sur- face and is well drained. It occupies the more elevated portions of the county, having a maximum altitude of 1,675 feet at Windthorst and an average elevation of almost 1,200 feet. r The Vernon fine sandy loam as a Whole is considered desirable farm- ing land. Under drouthy conditions which ordinarily prevail, this soil has been found to give better results than heavier types. The mellow sandy surface overlying the heavier subsoil acts as a natural mulch and materially aids in the conservation of moisture. The soil is easily cul- tivated. It drifts when pulverized, and strong winds are likely to in- jure crops in the early stages of growth by covering the plants, or by blowing the soil away from the roots. The sample examined is fair in total phosphoric acid and lime, good in potash, and has a corn possibility of six bushels for active phosphoric acid, twenty-three for nitrogen, and 120 for potash. Wabash Clay The soil of the Wabash clay of Franklin County is usually a dark brown to jet black heavy, waxy clay, with an average depth of about twelve inches. The subsoil, from twelve to twenty-four inches, varies from black to slightly mottled yellow and brown clay resting on aimot- tied brown, gray), and yellow material of the same texture. Small lime concretions are occasionally seen scattered over the surface. This is the heaviest soil in thecounty, and when wet is so sticky and tenacious that travel on it is almost impossible. In dry weather the surface bakes and cracks. The soil is very hard to cultivate except when in the proper moisture condition. Only one body of Wabash clay is found in Franklin County. This occurs as a strip from one to one and one-half miles wide in the Sul- phur River bottoms which continues across the north end of the county. The soil is subject to frequent overflow and as the surface is level much of it is covered with water for several days at a time. These overflows usually come in the winter and early spring, but are sometimes seen as Very little of the soil has ever been cleared, most of it being covered by white oak, sycamore, gum, hickory and pecan. The Wabash clay is an exceptionally strong soil, and if protected from floods would be the most productive in the county. The type is a splen- did grass land and is well adapted to the staple crops of the area. If well drained, it should also be suited to alfalfa. At present none of the land is under cultivation, though it furnishes considerable pasturage. 58 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. The greatest need of this soil is protection from overflows. This could best be accomplished by straightening and cleaning out the chan- nels of the Sulphur River. Improvement in the present condition could also be made by deepening some of the numerous bayous which Wind through the bottoms. The two samples examined are good in total phosphoric acid, potash and lime, and have a corn possibility of about forty-five bushels for active phosphoric acid, forty-eight for nitrogen, and 157 for potash. Wilson Loam The soil of the Wilson loam of Franklin County to about six inches in depth, is a heavy’, brown loam marked to a slight extent With reddish- yellow. The subsoil is a yellovvish-brown clay from six inches to three or four feet deep, below which occurs a stratum of gray, stratified clay many feet 1n thickness. - The soil becomes loose and mellow and cultivation is easy if in a proper moisture condition, but if an attempt is made to cultivate the land when wet, the compact and sticky soil adheres to the plow or comes up in great clods, making a satisfactory tilth difficult to secure. The Wilson loam is of comparatively small extent, the type occur- ring only in the treeless part of the county. One of the larges_t bodies is found on the prairie immediately northwest of Mount Vernon and others to the south of White Oak Creek and in the vicinity of Hagans- port. Except on the level prairie in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, the "topography is gently rolling. The surface drainage, therefore, is usually good, but on account of the impervious subsoil, adequate underdrainage can be had only by the use of artificial drainage. This is one of the heaviest upland soils in the county and, when properly cultivated, is well adapted. to the growing of general farm crops. It is also well suited to various grasses, and it is probable that on the better drained area alfalfa would do well. The only cultivated crops grown on the type are cotton and corn, which yield from one-fourth to one-half bale of cotton and from fifteen to twenty bushels of corn per acre. Owing to the stiff nature of the subsoil, spring plowing is very shal- low, the operation consisting of little more than throwing up the sur- face soil into ridges. During the summer the land may suffer badly from drouth. This could be largely overcome by deeper plowing and more frequent summer cultivation. p The sample examined is low in phosphoric acid, fair in lime. good in potash, is acid, and has a corn possibility of twelve bushels for active phosphoric acid, thirty-three for nitrogen, and 182 for active potash. Lime would be of advantage on this soil, both to overcome its acidity and to improve its physical character. Wilson Clay Loam The Wilson clay loam of Franklin County consists of from six to eight inches of yellowish-brown to dark brown loam or clay loam, often SorLs or Ancrrnn, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 59 containing a large percentage of silt, underlain by a yellowish-brown‘ to black clay. When wet the soil is sticky and plastic, which prevents cultivation for several days after heavy rains. Small areas thickly strewn with water-worn gravel are common throughout the type, and limestone concretions are occasionally found in both soil and subsoil. The Wilson clay loam is found only in a few small bodies in the northern part of the county, the most typical of which occur in the vicinity of Hagansport and Lavada. Other bodies are found about three and one-half miles north of Mount Vernon and in the northeast corner of the county. The topography is gently rolling and the surface drainage is good. Subdrainage, however, is needed in some cases, especially in the com- paratively level area near Mount Vernon. i No trees are found, the wild grasses common to all the prairies being the only native yiegetation found on this soil. Tame grasses should do well and if the ground is carefully prepared, and perhaps limed, it is probable that alfalfa would succeed. This is especially true of some of the well drained ridges in the vicinity of Hagansport and Lavada. Unless thoroughly cultivated, the soil dries out and suffers from drouth during the growing season, and for this reason is somewhat better adapted to cotton than to corn. Excepting about one-half of the body in the vicinity of Lavada which is used for pasturage, nearly all of the Wilson clay loam is under cultivation. Cotton is the chief crop grown, the yield being from one-third to three-fourths bale per acre. The soil is in need of deeper plowing and more frequent summer cultivation, by which means the tendency to suffer from drouth may be largely overcome. Windthorst Fine Sandy Loam The Windthorst fine sandy loam of Archer County consists of a brown to dark brown fine sandy loam eight or ten inches deep, underlain by a light brown to drab plastic, sandy clay which continues to two fee‘- or more, where it usually becomes grayer and lighter colored. In the lower eight to ten inches the subsoil is mottled with yellow and gray, changing downward to red, orange, yellow and sometimes black. Frag- ments of partly disintegrated sandstone are generally present in the lower part of the surface. The Windthorst fine sandy loam is found entirely in the southeastern part of Archer County, being confined to a nearly continuous belt with an average width of two or three miles which occupies the divide ex- tending in a northeast and southwest direction between the tributaries of Little Wichita River and those of the west fork of Trinity River. Its southern boundary is approximately the northern boundary of the for- ested post oak section of the county. This divide is the most elevated part of the county. The surface is somewhat rolling. All the type is found under prairie conditions, with a few mesquite trees in depressions. A large part of this soil still remains in sod 60 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. and is pastured. The curly mesquite grass predominates, though much of the original broom-sedge remains. A large part of this type is cultivated, especially the eastern areas. Good results are obtained where the underlying rock is not too close to ' the surface. ‘The soil is regarded as more desirable than the shallow phases of the Vernon fine sandy loam, as it is more drouth resistant, and contains somewhat more silt and loam, so that a surface mulch is easier to maintain. Cotton is the principal crop, and yields, with fair rainfall, from one- half to three-quarters bale per acre. One bale per acre has been grown. Corn is grown, though in dry years it usually fails to mature profitable crops. In good years, from twenty-five to thirty bushels per acre are realized where proper cultural methods are used. Grains, sorghum, and other crops yield about the same as on the Vernon fine sandy loam. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLES 61.72. Bastrop loam, depth 0-11 inches; brown to reddish color when dry. medium fine sand to loam; five and one-third miles west of Archer City. 6173. Subsoil to 6172; depth 11-36 inches; reddish brown clay loam grades into heavy compact clay. 1119. Caddo fine sandy loam, depth 0-8 inches; reddish brown fine sand; one-third mile southwest of Mount Vernon. 1120. Subsoil to 1119, depth 8-17 inches. 1125. Caddo fine sandy loam, one mile southeast of Mount Vernon. 1126. Subsoil to 1125. 1318. Caddo fine sandy loam, depth 0-8 inches; reddish brown fine - sand to fine sandy loam; five miles north of Mount Vernon. 1319. Subsoil to 1318, depth 8-1.7 inches; reddish brown fine sandy loam. 1320. Caddo fine sandy loam, depth 0-8 inches: reddish gray fine sand; one-fourth mile southeast of Mount Vernon. 1321. Subsoil to 1320, depth 8-17 inches; reddish brown fine sand. 4723. Caddo fine sandy loam, depth 0-16 inches; grayish-yellow color; six miles south of Scottsville. 47211. Subsoil to 4723, depth 16-36 inches. 6202. Caddo fine sandy loam, depth 0-16 inches ; white fine sandy loam; two and one-half miles southwest of Roseborough Springs. 6203. Subsoil to 6202, depth 16-36 inches; yellowish-brown clay. 9161. Caddo fine sandy loam, depth 0-10 inches; light brown sand, one and one-half miles north of Jonesville. 9162. Subsoil to 9161, depth 10-16 inches, light brown sand. 1127. Houston clay’, depth 0-6 inches; yellowish-brown clay; four _ miles north of Mount Vernon. 1128. Suhsoil to 1127. depth 6-15 inches. 1328. 1329. 4707. 4708. 6214. 6215. 6208. 6209. 4709. 4710. 6160. 6161. 6166. 6167. 6174. 6175. 1310. 1311. 1739. 1140. 1324. 1325. 8836. 8837. 11.29. 1130. 1314. 1315. SorLs OF 1430111211, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 61 Houston clay, depth 0-6 inches; yellowish-brown clay; four miles northwest of Mount Vernon. Subsoil to 1328, depth 6-15 inches, yellowish brown clay. Kalmia fine sand, 0-12 inches deep; gray to yellowish-gray, fine sand; two and one-half miles northwest of Baldwin. Subsoil to 4707, depth 12-36 inches; mottled light yellow, brown and gray fine sand. Kalmia fine sand, depth 0-10 inches; gray fine sand; one mile east of Talleys. Subsoil to 6214, depth 10-36 inches; light gray fine sand. Kalmia sand, depth 0-1.0 inches; gray coarse sand, one-half mile west and three miles south of Gill. Subsoil to 6208, depth 10-36 inches; light brown coarse sand. Kalmia fine sandy loam, depth 0-18 inches, gray to light yellow fine sand,‘ one and three-fourths miles north and two miles west of Baldwin. Subsoil to 4709, depth 18-36 inches; yellowish-brown mottled or yellow. Kirkland clay, depth 0-5 inches; dark brown to black clay loam grading into dark brown clay at three inches; three-fourths mile west of Geraldine schoolhouse, Archer County. Subsoil to 6160, depth 5-36 inches; brown stilt clay. Kirkland clay loam, depth 0-6 inches; medium brown clay loam, 100 yards southeast of Geraldine schoolhouse, Archer County. Subsoil to 6166, depth 6-36 inches; dark brown clay. Kirkland fine sandy loam, depth 0-11 inches; brown fine sandy loam; four and one-half miles west of Archer City. Subsoil to 6174, depth 11-36 inches; brown, friable clay loam. Lufkin fine sand, depth 0-6 inches; fine sand; one-half mile south 0F. Hagansport, Franklin County. Snhsoil to .1310. depth 6-15 inches; brown fine sand. Lufkin fine sandy loam, depth 0-6 inches; light brown fine sandy loam; one and one-half miles north of Mount Vernon. Subsoil to 1,139, depth 6-15 inches. Lufkin fine sandy loam, depth 0-6 inches; gray fine sandy loam; one and one-half miles north of Mount Vernon. Subsoil to 1324, depth 6-15 inches; dark gray fine sandy loam. Lutkin fine sandy loam, depth 0-11 inches; gray fine sandy loam; ten miles northeast of "Mount Vernon. - Subsoil to 8836, yellow. Lufkin silt doam, depth 0-7 inches; gray silt loam; two miles south of Hagansport, Franklin County. Subsoil to 1129, depth 7-16 inches; gray silt loam. Lufkin silt loam, depth 0-7 inches; one and one-half miles south of Hagansport, Franklin County. Subsoil to 1314, depth 7-16 inches. 4701. 4702. 616/1. TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Lufkin silt loam, depth 0-8 inches; white heavy silt loam; one- half mile north and two miles west of Baldwin. Subsoil to 41701, depth 8-36 inches; orange brown clay. Miller clay loam, depth 0-12 inches; yellowish or reddish light t0 medium brown fine sandy loam; two miles west of Archer City. Subsoil to 61611, depth 12-36 inches; medium to dark red, or reddish brown fine sandy loam. Miller clay, depth 0-5 inches; medium brown heavy clay; one mile north of New Hope schoolhouse, Archer County. Subsoil to 6178, depth 5-36 inches; light brown, reddish heavy cla . Milleii very fine sandy loam, depth 0-13 inches; yellowish-reddish medium brown fine sand; two miles west of Archer City. Suhsoil to 6162, depth 13-36 inches. Norfolk fine sand, depth 0-6 inches; brown-gray, fine sandy loam; three and one-half miles southwest of Mount Vernon. Subsoil to 1123. Norfolk fine sand, depth 0-6 inches; light brown, very fine sand; three and one-half miles south of Mount Vernon. Subsoil to 1133, depth 6-15 inches. Norfolk fine sand, depth 0-6 inches; reddish brown fine sand; two miles south of Mount Vernon. Subsoil to 1.322, depth 6-15 inches; brown fine sand. Norfolk fine sand, depth 0-12 inches; gray finelsand; two miles south and three and one-half miles east of Woodlawn. Sulosoil to 4705, depth 12-36 inches; yellow gray loose fine sand. Norfolk fine sand, depth 0-18 inches; light gray fine sand; one- half mile northwest of Harleton. Sulosoil to 6212, yjellowish gray fine sand. . Norfolk fine sandy loam, depth 0-12 inches, reddish gray fine sand; one-half mile south of Vernon. Sulosoil to 1135, depth 12-21 inches. _ Norfolk fine sandy loam, depth 0-15 inches: gray loamy fine sand 0-6 inches, yellow fine sandy loam 6-15 inches; two miles south, three and one-half miles east of Marshall. Suhsoil to 4721, depth 15-36 inches; yellow sandy clay. Orangeburg fine sand, depth 0-26 inches; gray sand, turning red with depth; one mile south and one and one-half miles west of Baldwin. Orangeburg fine sand, depth 26-36 inches; fine sandy loam grad- ing to clay. Orangeburg fine sandy loam, depth 0-18 inches; gray, pale red fine sandy loam; one-half mile north and two and one-half miles east of Woodlavrn. Sulosoil to 4-719, depth 18-36 inches, red heavy fine sandy loam to sandy clay. 6210. 6211. 6206. 1339. 6200. 6201. 4699. 4700. 1326. 13.27. 4703. 4704. SorLs OF ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 63 Orangeburg loamy soil; one-half mile west and one and three- fifths miles south of Leigh, 0-24 inches. Subsoil to 6210, 24-36 inches. Orangelourg sandy loam, depth 0-12 inches; reddish brown, sandy loam one-half mile west and three-fourths mile south of Leigh, yellowish red sandy clay. Orangeburg sand, depth 0-12 inches; gray sand; two and one-- fourth. miles northwest of Macon. Suhsoil to 1338, depth 12-21 inches; reddish gray sand. Ruston fine sandy loam, depth 0-16 inches; white fine sandy _ loam; one and one-fourth miles east and one-half mile south of Harleton. Subsoil to 6200, depth 16-36 inches; yellowish red clay. Ruston fine sandy loam, depth 10-14 inches; gray light fine sandy loam; four and onelhalf miles south and one and four-fifths- smiles east of Marshall. Subsoil to 4699, depth 14-36 inches; buff, slightly mottled With yellow and red, fine sandy elay loam. Sanders clay, depth 0-8 inches; gray clay; six miles ‘northwest of Mount Vernon. Subsoil to 1326, depth 8-36 inches; light gray clay. Sanders clay, depth 0-20 inches; black and yellow clay; two and one-half miles north and one and one-half miles west of Baldwin. Subsoil to 4703, depth 20-36 inches; brown mottled and yellow drab clay. A Sanders fine sandy loam, depth 0-12 inches; brown, mottled with grayr, and shaded with yellow; six miles south of Scottsville. Suhsoil to 4711. depth 12-36 inches; light brown. mottled with yellow‘ fine sand. Sanders silt loam, depth 0-12 inches; dark brown loam, four and one-half miles west of Mount Vernon. Suhsoil to .1308, depth 12-36 inches; dark brown clay or loam.‘ Sanders silt loam, depth 0-12 inches; gray silt loam; one and one-half miles west of‘ Leigh. i Suhsoil to 6192, depth 12-36 inches; mottled yellow and gray clay to silty clay. Sanders silt loam, depth 0-12 inches; gray silty loam; one and three-fourths miles southwest of Roseborough Springs. Suhsoil to 6204; yellowish-hroyyn clay. Susquehanna clay, depth 0-4 inches; brown fine sandy loamior clayr; one and one-half miles west of courthouse,‘ Harrison County. Suhsoil to 6194, depth 4-36 inches; red clay. Susquehanna fine sand. depth 0-28 inches; white sand; five miles west of Marshall. 64 6219. 6216. 6217. 1330. 1331. 1137. 1138. 3359. 3360. 4713. 4714. 4725. ‘6220. 7994. 7995. 9183. 9184. 6196. "6197. 6198. 6199. "6168. 6169. 6176. "6177. 1131. 1132. TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Subsoil to 6218, depth 28-36 inches; red clay, slightly mottled with yellow. Susquehanna gravelly sand loam, depth 0-10 inches; gray, grav- elly sand loam; two and one-half miles northwest of Eagleton. Subsoil to 6216, depth 10-36 inches; pinkish red clay. Susquehanna fine sandy loam, depth 0-6 inches; three miles southeast of Mount Vernon. Subsoil to 1330, depth 6-15 inches; red stiff clay. Susquehanna fine sandy loam, depth 0-6 inches; reddish brown loam; three miles southeast of Mount Vernon. Subsoil to 1137, depth 6-15 inches. Susquehanna fine sandy loam, depth 0-4 inches; dark sandy loam; two miles northwest of Marshall. Subsoil to 3359, depth 4-13 inches. Susquehanna fine sandy loam, depth 0-12 inches; gray mottled with yellow and white; one and one-half miles north and three- fourths mile west of Baldwin. Subsoil to 4713, depth 12-36 inches, mottled yellow and red, light brown and drab clay. Susquehanna fine sandy loam, depth 0-15 inches; gray fine sand loam; one and one-half miles southeast of Scottsville. Susquehanna fine sandy loam, depth 0-15 inches; yellowish brown fine sandy loam; four miles west of Marshall. Susquehanna fine sandy loam, depth 0-8 inches; light brown loam; one and one-half miles southeast of Marshall. Subsoil to 7994, depth 8-20 inches; red clay. Susquehanna fine sandy loam, depth 0-12 inches; yellow sandy clay; five miles south of Mount Vernon. Subsoil to 9183, depth 12-24 inches; yellow clay. Susquehanna sandy loam, depth 0-12 inches; four and one-half miles east, one and one-half miles south of Leigh. Subsoil to 6196, depth, 12-36 inches. Trinity clay, depth 0-8 inches; brown clay; one mile north of Carters Ferry. - Subsoil to 6198, depth 8-36 inches; yellow and red clay mottled. Vernon clay, depth 0-5 inches; dark reddish chocolate brown clay, very heavy and compact; three-fourths mile west and one-fourth mile south of Geraldine schoolhouse, Archer County. Subsoil to 6168, depth 5-36 inches; brown and very heavy. U Vernon fine sandy loam, depth 0-11 inches; medium brown fine sandy loam, yellowish tinge when dry; three miles northeast of Windthorst. i Subsoil to 6176, depth 11-36 inches; friable clay loam, grading into heavy stiff compact clay. Wabash clay, from one mile north of Hagansport. Subsoil to 1131; grayish brown clay. SoILs OF ARoHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 1316. Wabash clay, depth 0-12‘ inches; black miles north of Hagansport. 131.7. 1121. west of Mount Vernon. 1122. Subsoil to 1121, depth 6-15 inches. Subsoil to 1316, depth 12-21 inches; black clay. Wilson loam, depth 0-6 inches; brown loam; three-fourths mile Table 5.-—-Interpretation of results-—Archer county. 65 clay; one and one-half Corn possibility in bushels per acre Phos- phoric Potash Lime Active acid Acidity phos- Active Total phoric potash nitrogen acid Bastrop loam . . . . . . . . . . . . fair good fair O 24 157 23 Kirkland clay . . . . . . . . . . . good good good 0 45 182 23 Kirkland clay 10am. . . . . . . good good good 0 35 120 23 Kirkland fine sandy loam. good good good 0 12 182 23 Miller clay loam . . . . . . . . . fair good fair O 45 120 13 Miller clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . good good good O 45 120 28 Miller very fine sandy loam fair good fair 0 4O 120 13 Vernon clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . good good good 0 . . . . . . . . 29 38 Vernon fine sandy loam. . . fair good fair 0 6 120 23 Table 6.—Interpretation of results—Franklin county. Corn possibility in bushels per acre Phos- phoric Potash Lime _ Active _ acid Acidity phos- Active Total phoric potash nitrogen acid Caddo fine sandy 10am.. . . low fair low O 18 120 13 Caddo fine sandy loam. . . low good low O 12 51 13 Caddo fire sandy loam. . . . low loyv low 200 30 37 13 Caddo fine sandy loam. . . . low fair low 0 24 . . . . . . . . 13 Houston clay . . . . . . . . . . . . good good good O 12 120 33 Houston clay . . . . . . . . . . . . good good good ' O , 12 . . . . . . . . 28 Lufkin fine sand . . . . . . . . . low good good 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Lufkin fine sandy loam. . . low good low 200 12 51 18 Lufkin fine sandy loam. . . low low low 300 18 29 18 Lufkin fine sandy loam. . . fair good fair . . . . . . . . 12 120 23 Lufkin silt loam . . . . . . . . . low good low 700 12 37 18 Lufkin silt loam . . . . . . . . . low low low 1 ,0O0 6 . . . . . . . . 13 Norfolk fine sand . . . . . . . . low good good 0 18 120 23 Norfolk fine sand . . . . . . . . low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 40 51 13 Norfolk fine sand . . . . . . . . i low fair low 0 12 . . . . . . . . 18 Norfolk fine sandy loam. . low good low 0 12 120 13 Orangeburg sand . . . . . . . . . low good fair 0 24 . . . . . . . . 13 Sanders clay . . . . . . . . . . . . fair fair fair 300 3O 120 43 Sanders silt loam. . .. . . . . . good good good 0 30 . . . . . . . . 38 Susquehanna fine sand loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . low fair low O 6 51 13 Susquehanna fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . low fair fair 0 12 80 18 Susquehanna fine sandy _ loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . low fair fair . . . . . . . . 12 51 13 Wabash clay . . . . . . . . . . . . good good good . . . . . . . . 45 157 48 Wabash clay . . . . . . . . . . . . good good good 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Wilson loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . low g good fair 800 12 182 33 66 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Table 7.—Interpretati0n of results—Harrison county. Corn possibility in bushels per acre Phos- phoric Potash Lime Active acid Acidity phos- Active Total _ phoric potash nitrogen acid i Caddo fine sandy 10am. . . 10w 10w low 0 12 . . . . . . . . 13 Caddo fine sandy 10am. . . . 10w low 10w 600 6 37 8 Caddo fine sandy 10am. . . . fair low fair . . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . 13 Kalmina fine sand . . . . . . . . 10w 10w fair 300 12 37 8 Kalmina sand . . . . . . . . . . . fair fair . fair 200 3O 37 8 Kalmina fine sand . . . . . . . . iair fair good 0 35 51 23 Kalmina fine sandy 10am.. low 10w 10w 300 6 37 18 Lufkin silt 10am . . . . . . . . . 10w fair good 1 ,O00 12 8O 13 Norfolk fine sand . . . . . . . . low fair 10W 0 35 37 13 Norfolk fine sand . . . . . . . . low fair fair 0 24 37 8 Noriolk fine sandy 10am. . 10w 10w 10w 200 6 51 8 Orangeburg fine sand. . . . . low fair good 300 6 51 8 Orangeburg fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10w 10w fair 200 6 51 13 Orangeburg loamy sand.. . low fair 10w 200 12 51 13 Orangeburg sandy loam. . . low fair 10w 200 18 51 8 Ruston fine sandy loam. . . low low good 0 12 37 13 Ruston fine sandy loam. . . 10w fair 10w 300 6 51 13 Sanders clay. . . . . . . . . . . . . fair good low 2,800 30 80 38 ,Sanders fine sandy loam. . 10w fair fair‘ 0 24 37 13 Sanders silt loam. . . . . . . . . good good good 0 18 51 23 Sanders silt loam . . . . . . . . low good low 0 12 51 28 Susquehanna clay . . . . . . . . 10w fair low 500 12 8O 23 Susquehanna fine sand. . . . low fair 10w 200 6 37 8 Susquehanna gravelly sandy loam . . . . . . . . . low good low 600 18 8O 13 Sus uehanna fine sandy 0am . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . low good fair 0 12 51 13 Susquehanna fine sandy oam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . low low 10w 700 6 51 13 Sus uehanna fine sandy oam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . low low 10w 200 6 37 13 Susquehanna fine sandy oam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . low low 10w 200 6 80 13 Susquehanna fine sandy 10a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 18 . . . . . . . . 18 Susquehanna sandy 10am.. low 10w loyv 0 12 51 13 Trinity clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200d good fair 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Table 8-—Pot experiments-Weight of crop in grams per pot—Franklin county. Lab. Name of Soil Crop Year KPN KPN PN KP KN No. Ca 1119 Caddo fine sandy 10am . . . . . . .. Corn... .. . 1908 35.6 . . . . .. 32.7 5.5 13.5 ' Mustard... 1908 6.9 . . . . .. 6.6 5.2 5.5 Sorghum. . 1909 25.95 23.7 15.8 7.6 . . . . .. Cprn...... 1913 33.0 . . . . . . . . . . .. 31.5 . . . . .. Sorghum. . 1913 36.1 . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.6 . . . . .. orn...... 1914 43.2 . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.7 . . . . .. Sorghum. . 1914 21.9 . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.7 . . . . .. Corn...... 1915 27.7 . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.7 . . . . .. Sorghum. . 1915 2.2 . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.0 . . . . .. 1120Subsoilto1119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Corn...... 1908 13.0 11.0 13.5 4.0 1.1 Mustard... 1908 5.1 7.9 4.6 4.9 5.5 Sorghum. . 1909 27.3 25.1 22.7 8.5 22.9 1125 Caddo fine sandy 10am . . . . . . . . . Corn . . . . . . 1908 32.0 23.0 32.0 13.9 . . . . . . Mustard... 1909 3.5 5.5 1.1 1.2 . . . . .. Sorghum. . 1909 29.5 25.4 24.8 5.9 . . . . .. Corn..-.... 1910 16.4 . . . . .. 18.5 . . . . . . . . . . .. Sorghum. . 1910 21.9 . . . . .. 11.7 . . . . . . . . . . .. 1126 Subsoilto 1125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C0rn...... 1908 20.2 20.0 . 25.0 11.0 3.5 ' Sorghum. . 19094 17.5 27.7 20.4 4.8 . . . . .. C0rn...... 1910 26.6 . . . . .. 17.7 . . . . . . . . . . .. Sorghum. . 1910 3.9 . . . . .. 2.5 . . . . . . . . . . .. 1127 Houston clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Corn... . . . 1908 39.3 . . . . .. 35.1 24.3 . . . . .. 1128Subso1lt01127 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Corn . . . . .. 1912 15.9...... 11.2 . . . . .. Corn . . . . ..' 1913 18.5 . . . . . . . . . . .. 15.5 . . . . .. SoILs OF ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 67 Table 8.—Pot experiments—-Weight of crop in grams per pot-Franklin county ——continued. a Lab. Name of Soil. Crop. Year. KPN KPN PN KP KN No. Ca 1139 Lufkin fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . Corn . . . . . . 1908 44.0 24.3 37.0 24.0 . . . . . . Mustard... 1909 4.4 6.9 3.0 4.4 . . . . .. Sorghum. . 1909 28.3 27.6 20.0 10.5 . . . . .. Corn . . . . .. 1912 55.0 . . . . .. 52.7 . . . . . . . . . . .. Sorghum.. 1912 20.9 . . . . .. 15.0 . . . . . . . . . . .. 1140 Subsoil to 1139 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Corn . . . . .. 1908 45.5 31.6 3.0 21.0 2.9 8837 Lufkin fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . Corn . . . . . . 1915 30.4 . . . . . . 27 .0 . . . . . . . . . . . . Subsoil t0 8836 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sorghum 1915 22.0 . . . . . . 25 .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . Corn . . . . .. 1916 27.9 . . . . .. 27.0 . . . . . . . . . . .. Sorghum 1916 27.9 . . . . .. 21.2 . . . . . . . . . . .. 1129 Lufkin silt loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corn . . . . . . 1908 36.5 27.2 31.0 24.8 . . . . . . Sorghum 1909 27.8 30.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sorghum 1912 20.9 . . . . .. 10.6 . . . . . . . . . . .. 1130 Subsoil to 1129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Corn . . . . .. 1908 29.0 26.0 33.6 16.6 .0 Sorghum 1909 . . . . . . 23.5 10.3 5.5 . . . . . . 1123 Norfolk fine sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corn . . . . . . 1908 24.0 . . . . . . 18.9 12.0 14.7 Mustard 1908 11.1 . . . . .. 9.7 6-.8 8.0 Sorghum 1909 35.5 . . . . - . . . . . . . . 28.7 . . . . . . 1124 Subsoil to 1123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Corn . . . . .. 1910 21.0 . . . . .. 23.0 23.7 5.0 Mustard 1908 4.6 . . . . .. 7.0 5.1 3.7 1133 Norfolk fine sand . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Corn... . . . 1908 15.9 . . . . .. 25.8 12.0 24.0 Mustard... 1908 5.0 . . . . .. 5.1 2.0 5.4 Sorghum.. 1909 26.0 . . . . .. 16.1 5.9 26.9 Corn...... 1912 54.1 . . . . .. 56.7 . . . . . . . . . . .. Sorghum.. 1912 25.3 . . . . .. 14.4 . . . . . . . . . . .. 1134 Subsoil to 1133 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Corn...... 1908 29.4 15.5 22.9 9.6 18.0 ' Mustard... 1908 6.6 5.0 5.3 1.5 5.2 Sorghum. . 1909 22.7 22.7 17.1 . . . . . . . . . . .. 1135 Norfolk fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . Corn . . . . . . 1912 55.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 Sorghum.. 1912 17.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 C0rn...... 1913 38.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8.2 Sorghum 1913 14.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.8 Corn . . . . .. 1914 25.7 . . . . . . . . . . .. 27.0 2.1 Sorghum 1914 29.9 . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.4 . . . . .. Corn. 1915 37.9 . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.3 . . . . .. _ Sorghum 1915 21.5 . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.5 . . . . .. 1136 Subsoll to 1135 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Corn . . . . .. 1908 23.0 17.0 20.0 7.2 1.0 1137 Susquehanna fine sandy 10am. . . Corn. . 1912 58.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 Sorghum 1912 23.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 Corn . . . . .. 1913 50.4 . . . . . . . . . . .. 27.8 19.4 Sorghum 1913 40.6 . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.5 . . . . . . orn . . . . .. 1914 46.2 . . . . . . . . . . .. 41.7 7.0 Sorghum 1914 35.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 3.4 Corn... 1915 31.0 . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.5 . . . . .. _ Sorghum 1915 15.5 . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.4 . . . . .. 1138 Subsoxl to 1137 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Corn.. 1908 20.2 17.0 22.0 1.2 4.0 Mustard . 1908 0.5 . . . . .. 0.4 0.1 1.5 Sorghum.. 1909 18.5 18.0 14.0 6.6 . . . . . . - Sorghum.. 1910 6.4 . . . . .. 3.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9183 Susquehanna fine sandy loam. .. Corn. . ... 1916 38.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 Sorghum.. 1916 29.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.5 Corn . . . . .. 1917 27.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7.0 9184 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Corn . . . . .. 1916 29.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Sorghum.. 1916 31.2 . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.3 . . . . .. 1131 Wabash clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Corn. . ... 1908 47.8 . . . . .. 56.5 32.0 36.0 _ Mustard... 1908 13.2 . . . . .. 11.2 6.5 12.1 1121 Wllson loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corn . . . . . . 1908 48.7 25.0 6.7 33.0 . . . . . . Mustard... 1908 2.6 7.2 2.7 1.9 . . . . .. Sorghum. . 1909 32.2 29.0 27.3 13.8 . . . . .. Corn . . . . .. 1913 16.7 . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.4 . . . . .. Sorghum.. 1913 30.0 . . . . . . . . . . .. 22.7 . . . . .. Corn...... 1914 47.3 . . . . . . . . . . .. 10.7 . . . . .. Oats . . . . .. 1910 9.3 . . . . .. 6.0 . . . . . . . . . . .. Sorghum 1910 40.8 . . . . .. 34.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . Corn. 1910 37.5 . . . . .. 30.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . Sorghum 1914 42.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 . . . . . . orn.. 1915 32.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 . . . . .. _ Sorghum 1915 23.5 . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.8 . . . . . . 1122 Subsoll to 1121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Corn. . 1908 24.3 . . . . . . 2.4 18.0‘ 2.0 68 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. O O O O O O O O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CmHMUflv< WQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fiwddOfl ®>@HO< m wfi m am 2 Q N~ 2 a 3 3 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22.. Eofiwoag o>$u< .5552 5m 38m EA wfi. mm. 2m. owé ow. co; om. mm. vm. mmw 3A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......o.:5£o§ Ba m; mo; H04 2d 5A 9Q wag 2: mQA $6 CHM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . 1152222 comma; mimw 2.8 6.3 Z .8 mmsw Q3 2 6m ~52 $2 6.3 3.2 mwmmw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . £226 @7229“ 2E @_._2%=_ 3.3 g; New 3a $5 5a 5m SYN 2a “Jim m5: 22m . . . . . . . . . . . . . IE2? 22x0 2% wEE2< £§. N%- Ahuo- x0. £N' o?‘ KO. ¢o. N?. §?. %m. $?- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . - . mo. ma. wo. mo. :. we. ha. we. m7 no. mm. m: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIQIIIIQEMA wm. fin. $4 wm; £4 oNA ww. m? NNA ma; E; 0N4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . ...€~.%..I-¢H 2N. 3. m2. S. fi... 2x i. mm. 2. S. wm. w»: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ifiom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JAQWOhHQ “QC. fia. %o. éo. X3. $0. x0. mo» x0. xo- ¢co @o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . écouuok $2M mm? 2N2 82 ~22 22 mm: mm: om: i: E3 Q3 momnsw 325w mownsw vuwficw mownsw vowisw momnsw oufiisw momnuw 325w zownsw 322w 8x2 >2“? occ Ea2 >226 ecu n82 223w 2E 2x2 35mm 3E n52 35am wcc 5x2 Qobwmm zvwwu 2280 2250 e350 c250 3.250 cowwiwm 555v czxcmfim 22:50 .6234 220w 2o qofifionionvlam 03am. 69 S01Ls OF ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. C C Av Av . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aw fin ww ow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EN mmfl mwfi ca mm . . . . . . . . v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523cm v>fio< 3 mm I .3 w m“ . . . . . . . 3 3 mm m w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Bhinwmin @284 .5552 6m wtqm 2. mm. ma. vw. vmb 31w $4» wdiw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. HNA mm. . . . N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iobfifloz @@. . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........H~O@w@g@@ Gav wmcq mhuzw 8.8 Eihm oosm mwS ~38 aw? 36w omww 24a fivmw M32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8?“ @238 Ea sfizowfi 2 . fl wo. fi mm; hm. fi Mai M32 .21: N55 8a. 8a $1». 2 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15E? 356 Ea @5534 @@. waw. @.@. m@. @@. HVAQ. m%. ¢%- @©- %@. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .fl@wmwcmwg mo. no. mo. mo. 3% mw. mv. mw. mo. mfi. mo. mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........oEmA $§. xm. fifi. . . . . . . ..@d\.% ....l. . .. . . . . .-@@. @n\@.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..§WGQOQ@NHQH 2. no. mo. mo. an. 3. NHA NoA aw. mo. wm. mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........sw3om 8. mo. “o. mo. we. o5 ow. I. v0. mo. we. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......8moh:Z mwge. AMAQ. @@. @@. @@. @@. m.@. ¢@. @@. fiae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .wv@UN Uwhnvgamcgm 4.83am 2.8 womw we? >05“ $2 wmfi ma: hm: $5 52w mono 8% . . zownsm oowfizw mowgm oufiflsw mownsw 33.5w zownnm Quwism zomnnm wuwfizm momnsw 835w v52 SEEM wcwm mam >2» c3253 haw» c3255 2E2 wwcmw 2E ENE 35mm 2E .38?! 2.95 c360 52.500 nowibwm zganoo czxcwub hpcfloo cowwimm wosufiaoU|wzow Mo aoEwoQEoU|.a QEFH 70 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. o o o o o o o - . - . - . t . o . . V . . . . ¢ - . . - . - - . . - - . . . - . - - - ¢ . . - - . . . . . . .. . R . .. . a Q 3 3 2,. Y2 w m 3 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Uwhcznmozn 02:2. “c.0222 pom wink ow. an. 05m mm; ooé mo} mo? mad mmfi wm. om. ow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......m35mMo§ mmam Emu $4.. 3i». $6 mmfim .25 $4“ omfi 2A ma. 2.». . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155GB cc wmcq 3.3 ow ma £3 mmSw and“. mm “w NNS» 3.5 Saw wwg 052.. mwad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435w @333 Ea @3335 3m 8.». Q; 5w >9: gm 3.2 3i: 2.2 mo; 3A R; . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inch? 2E6 Ea QEEE< wo. we. w»... flu. mo. m7 m7 om. i. m7 mo. ao. . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zfimocwmwa N7 m7 Si nu. mi; mm. vm. mm. “w. we. mo. S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125A finm. Vnhu. ... - M~@. %@. %%. %@. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...§WNWOQ iflwcr? N7 cw. ow. m6. mm. mmm mm. ma. i. mo. mo. no. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zsmmgcm no. no. mo. no. mo. mo <0. we. we. mo. S. mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IcQmEtZ No‘ Xo» £0. @o- - @o- @o. §o. . . . - - . . . Ne. is. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . 4.695% .32 03%. E8 E5 $3 m6; $5 02w 2S ma? 2% 3g fiownuw ooaffiw 202.15 32.5w Zomsflm oofltsm iownsm “Sufism flownnm vomtsm Zcmnnm oowiiw 15% us: :82 33:3 wcw E5: >20 52o s52 3.53 2E wcwm 2E - c3224 w=si§ viwczi “Emit! 25mm mMezx hacsoo E3 uwhh >326 5:34. >258 ccwwiwm UOSGwQGOMvIImZOW MO GOSEOQEOQYLO 23mm? '71 ................@ @ - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EmNQOQ Q>OdU< q . . . . . . . . m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .wv@ON OTmQsflwOfig U>O~U< hQnm 3.5% mm.» S. 3. m? S; 9w». . . . . . . ..........:...Q w? m: wfi . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................2=E¢2 . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......QO@.:QW@COwwC1@ Q .3 m1». $12.. 3Q. 5Q Qvmw 3Q Esw fisw 3.3 3.8 E Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . anew @333 i; ~E2¢m=~ 3Q Qw. i: awe 84. Ea 5.: Ev... 5w Qa flu ma»... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95? owns Ea 2E5? E. Q. I. Q. .8. E. Q. w" em. Q. mm. S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qméfiaé Mm. Om. WO. OO. wO. PO. fiN. mw. Om. wO@ wm. OO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........®E_.\m QO. ........O@. WO. . . . . . . CF. $5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..SWNHOQ _MQCL.L ww. Q. Q. .3. 3. E. 3.... Q. I. 8 mm F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%B¢m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...=25.§z S. S. 8. mo. mo. S. E. .8. 8. S. N? 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :28 Qcfificam dcvupvm Not. ZKQ 22 v3.2 om: $2 hmww wmww mmfi £2 3S $2 momnsw ouwfizm zownsw oofipsm zcmnsm ouminw mcmnsw 335m zcmnsm wumism Zcm£5w ouwisw E9: 3mm ENO- 2mm 5x2 2G 5x2 >653 9E :32 35mm 0cm :52 .325 w mam 5&5 =35 _ cifind 55nd .525 555A 355v comwimww fiance czxcmhh um=cS=oU|mmom “o COOfiwOQEOUIIO 22mm. SOILS OF ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. 0'5 °. V 9 O0 °. 0O °. CO o. LO °. l\ O O0 O f0 O QC O l0 O K3 O 355v E7133 h 72 TEXAS AG-RIOULTLTRAL EXPERIMENT STATION mwcnoo .8934 vodcinonvllflaom m0 flO@w@mOQEOUl.® QTMN-F @ Aw @ C C @ @ G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . ...»...-..>Q@@@U< . . . . . . I 2. S § w“. ~w S; $2 $3 Q: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 02213253 @334 .§==2 5m mtg Ho. vm. w?“ we. mw. mu mmfi wwAm N05 om. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........~ob5wmo§ 8a .3. 8.», 3a wfiw 3a fie miw 2+ 3a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..E.E=E=¢ wwod Ehmm E .8 wflfi wQQ M38 3 . 2w mm. 2.. 21K 93.3. 2.1K S: 2w . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . .326 333cm is @2262: 3.», w“; wflm . . . . . . .. :6 $6 Si: 8.3 32.: 3m . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inch? 33x0 Ea mains?» N? 3. 3. 0H. no. m7 mm. wm. fin. mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ifimonmwg we. ow. mm. w“. f. m7 ow. U» ww 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125A xaw- ..-.'..@R.. mw§.. @§. @x. xRx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..ZWG\.—OQ§NQQP mo. m7 om. S. “m. mm g. ox. vw. 9m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inwfiom @@. @@. @3- Mw@. flw@. @@. Q3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -..HMQ@OHH@Z Hoi §o~ mo. No. @O- @o. fie. T . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . - - - - Jnoouvm mmfi 3: mm: $2 mm: $5 8S 2.3 "K3 $5 3:3 335m zownsw 335w zomnnw uowfism zownum wowfisw mownsm oumisw zownum 3333mm v52 35 v53 3w wnwm oum n82 35mm o5... :82 ma? EQO~ >23 v=28z 59202 50.332 52/ 3:32 .652 .652 73 SOILS OF ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON Counmms. oon ooN oom oom ooo oom o . o o o o o mww wow oww oow no m: nnw own ww S mw 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223 o>$u< m m m m. m q 2 Q S N» 3 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20“ oceiw¢nn $23.... .5552 5m 33m wwiw nm. oww mm. owiw nm. mo. mwfi no. mm. mo. ww. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......o.=52o2 £5 B. w 3N é. 3.» 8. w m“... w nw. mm. on. 8. mm. w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dofiiwm so 20A 5.3 $3 wndw . . . . . . . . $3 34a 3.8 “and ow g 8.3 :13 M38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85,“ @333 Ea 0222.05 8.2 wn.N ono Nw. w onow $5 Q.» 3 .N on. on. mm. mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.: u. 0B2 Ea ~EE2< mww. fiw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mo. nw. mo. vw. wo. mo. mo. no. no. mo. vo. mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. 25A CW. NW. $- Nm. ....... am. 5w. mwfi. WV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wflwOmF om. mo. ow. no. mm. ow. mwi ww. no. mo. no. no. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . swgom maw. fiAe. Qa- $3. m@. §@. @@. Qaw- #3- $¢. flaw. xc- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qnvmc-MHTZ . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OTwOJfimOJAm Jnoouom 8S. 2% S? m w? mm? ED. omw w m2 w 2S mwmo 8S. 8.? aownsw ouufizw momnsm oofltsm zomnsm 33.5w momnsm 33.5w mownsm vowfism zownnm 9.35m Eaow IE3 2E wEww ecu 5x2 >39“ vow ENC- >95 vac wamm 2E wvcmm 0cm mpsnwmcwhO MASDQMGQwO 58.6 Z vzcfio Z 58.8 Z v=o.toZ wfiiwou comwiwww hucnou azxcwuh >258 cowvimww . wvonamwcoUulmwmom Ho GOMSmOQEOUIKG 01in. 74 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. o cow com com o9: o o . . . . . . . . o oow com cow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >233.‘ .»..-.. . . . . . . . . . . . .....©@..m . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..H~MGHCQ Q>fiwO< m» w... m m m wfi. 3 F. m a 9w oh“ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32“ 0.838.... v2.34 .5552 3m mfiwm mud mafia mmfi mo. mmfl nm. S. wfi. ow. on. mo. 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................~o.:5$o§ mfim was“. 8a mfim 3m $4 .84 Ne; ma; t. E. $5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......¢e..EE=¢ wmoA I aw 5W5. S? B. 3 05m“. @w.@@ 5.3 n53 Ea» $53 Q .3 8.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43E» e333 E8 sfizowfi Ed $3.: 2W2 ma... 52 .24 . 8a 5w. £4. ma; 2w...“ a: . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inch? uExo Ea @5257» Nm. fiw. Na. $6. WC. MM. $0. MM. GO. QM. WC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ..N@wQ-.mN2 we. mm. mo. o7 om. ~m. no. mo. mo. mo. mo. mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........6EMA X%¢.P -n-¢u.oqo xx. Nfi- O§. .¢¢.--. m§- Qw. - - . - . - . . . . . - - . . . - . . . . . . . - a. mm. om. E. mm. ofi. o7 I. hm. 2. mm. S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........nww~om ¢%» N.@- Am-§¢ ..-. .. ma. ¢Aw~ mAe- %@- fie. x3. %@. as. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....gU@Q-H@z. Au-u-o- 0?: %oo ND: No! mo; €ou No» No. No. 1 c . p c u - v - . - - . - - . - ' - - . . . . . . - . . . . - . ' . . . . 4:03am R2 3.: 8% $9. 83 8% .62 M62 SS woww 2% 2N0 mownsm vomfisw mowncw wowtsm mownsm oomfisw mowssw oofltsw momnsm 835m momnsm oowtuw. >20 Eowcmm >2“. whowcmw Q83 >25“ 2E E9: 32.6w 0cm wcww n52 35mm u8w=m cofisfl m=5ow=¢~O MuSQQMGNQO 355a aowwflwm .3550 cmxcm~h huasou cowibwm fiasco mzxcgh .356“. nomibwm wonfiwcoUllmmow we comfimoaEoUlLm. 2.18. 75 SOILS OF ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. .- ....-...-....@@ ..........-.......--.-.-..§MNHOQ$>@GU< m E 2 Q m mm S 8. s“ mm m 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 QEEQSJQ @253 52:22 mom 35m R8 3W4 0nd mwé mwé wad om; 02w moé we. mdim Eim .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............u5~m@o2 3w 2a :6 3Q wmtm wme wwe 21. m: £4 Dim wmzw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........no§cw~ comwod Sam. 5m» moaw 31$ 3. mw 3mm 2.4K 3x8 Nwfiw $.23 Q2? K2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . £05m @323 Ea ~E3¢w=~ 3%.. ma.» Q; $8 Ea wma 2.2 3a £4‘ 2 a 052 £2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:02 a. Q38 Ea x5524 Mm. mwfi- mwfi. miw. mwW. Wm. Gm. mww. ON. w@. €.w,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ifimmwflwflz no. mo. we. o7 mo. on. wm. mm. mo. 3. e0. mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........oEmA w? wm. ah. 3A $4 9A 3Q. aw; mfiA wfi. 8H mo; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2322» 13oF @§- @@. #%- @@- @@. mwm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......-fiwflfifivm $3 ¢@. q Awfi. @@. FC- WC. @@. @@- Nav- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . - . - tflfimQHzz 6C. ©Q. GO. WC. MC. NC. BC. fiw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....-..@@ON OTnUSQmOSHM Juan-Hum $5 2W6 mam. 8% Q8 $8 2.2 wow; §$ 2 E2» 22¢ mo? zownsm oumisw mownsm 335m zcmnsw 335w mownsm oumtsm $3.5m oufl5m zomnsm oufitsw >2». :82 2i 5x2 “:2 8mm: 2? 5x2 S? n82 zvnmm 2E accwnosuwzm mhwucwm 22.5mm Eowcwm 225mm wuowcwm >553 nomibwm @5500 52253,.» wacsoo SOmCQGI 3.500 czxswbw 355v comibwi vosnfiaoU|mmow Ho aomfimonfioUlko 03mm. '76 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. oowm o2. oom o o o oomN o 8E ooo 2K ooN Q: fi: oo mfi F; w: ... . . . . . N2 2: wfi 2: 3 w w n 3 w 3 N~ o m on S» w ww.w 2. 3N Sm SQ wmm E5 S. mow 3.. Bo 2. Nwo §.N 5m 8p 2w S; wmb m5; 3Q flea fia woA x16 momma 5S S? S? Qflmw 3m. 3.3.. 5mm. tram. 3:. 5.3 3M: om m m». 2 mwh 2.2 F». 8.8 2.». hm g 5 N 3.2 w A S. mo. ma. oo R: i. fi. 8. 2x B. m4. N. . mo. S. m7 NT 2 NT‘ m: 8 Z wo. Z. mo. .No. wo} mom wo. ow. ow. 3% om. wo. Q. 1m Q» m4. 3. 2 3i 2. s. 9. 8. mo. wo. . S“ wo. mo. .3. E. wo. S. mo. S. 3. mo. mo. mo E No No mo. mo. mo. mo. mo. 3D“ 2% 95m ommm ww: $2 $2 32 2mm wza 2Q 2% mownsm 32.5w zownsm uowfism zownsw 9.35m mownsm oowtsm mownsm 33.5w zomnsw vowfsw EGO“ 5x2 3:52 2E E52 35mm vac EmB >wnmw vac :82 hung 9E 325m >=o>w~w ucmm 02¢ o wccmsouvmsw mccwsosvwsm wccwcwnvwsw mccmsvzvwsm accmsouvmsw mccwnosvwsm fiasco cowwiwwfi 3:500 czxcmuh 3:200 comwimm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - ~ - - ¢ - - - . - . | . . u - » . . ~ p p c » - I . . . - - - - - - n - I n I 0 .552 8m “t3 . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................£=E¢2 - . - . - ¢ - ~ - - - - . | u - u v u 0 u a u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8? @153 Ea 0:535 . V . . . . . . . . . . . . .5: m. Q36 E8 @5524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . - - - ¢-¢.--.-»¢“.1mo=m~2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6E5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .§MNHOQ @NHOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......ifiom . - . ~ - . - - | ~ ¢ - | - - - - | < - - . - - ¢ ~ u a a u v - . . » . . . - . ~ . » . . . ~ - - - . - . Jcuuhum wonfiwcoU-lmmow m0 co$mmoQEoU|.o “£35k.- '77 SOILS OF ARCHER, FRANKLIN, AND HARRISON COUNTIES. Av aw aw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......§wflHCQQ~/@#O< . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mw x Aw @ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ..@@Udw UTncsQmcfig Q>@QU< @232 8m wink mmd mo? ové s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. mm. mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ivaavwmog . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........H~C@HMQW@QOWWQQ xv. 2w 3E Saw M58 Saw 3.? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 wamm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . as? vEEow Ea éazoza 0a.: wmémfi Nod Tmé wmhw mwA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. omé flmfl . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iaob “c vaaao can aaaaajw @m. PC. NM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..N@MUCWNE 2L. 2N. n7 mo. mo. m7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. mo. mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ivaafi §@. . . . . . ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Cm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....SmflPOQ ~NHOP NM. wmm mm. mo. om. s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ofi. ow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ifamvpofi ma ‘mm-Q. fio. .. fiaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . ..H~OWO.~Q@Z x@- 5%. ma. §a~ ¢@. m@. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ma. mRQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........%;U@ nihosgwcgm Aavvavm $3 $3 86 88 £5 mfiv ma? 5K 3% mm? aomnam vvmwaam zownam vvflaam momnam vvfiaam mownam vvflaam vvmfiam vvmfiam >2“. hflaih. 8x2 hwawm 5x2 waamm vac 5x2 Evaww vac 5x2 maanw vac 5x2 35mm vac maawsvavmam maamsvavwam maawsvavmaw maawsvavwam maamsvavmam fiasco aowmaavm afiaaov asxawah fiasco aomiamfi wvaaiaoUnlwmow Mo aofimmoaaaoUlkm 03am. 78 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. o o ' . . . - . . ‘ - - - - . . ~ . o o o o . . - . . . . . - . . - - . . . . . . . - . - . - . - ~ - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - @@ . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .H~WNQOQ Q>sb< @@ . - . . . . . . » . - . . - v x ¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ - - . . .5532 5m 35m ~64 mud Nwmw wad wPS mofl mwd 3N4 moé wmfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........o.:5wMo§ Ea fie mm m $44 3.2 2:: mme mmflw E6 3a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . isécmm co mmoA 21K mwzmw $12. 8x8 3i 3 ma?“ Bx» omaw fivfi vmfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . éém @333 Ea QEEQES 3w ... . .. i. z No.2 5.3 2.2 2.2 Oman mfiifi $2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 152:0 wExo Ea @5252 @@- R.@. fiaha. @P. fiw. @w. Tam. wm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mw@mQCmwN2 mm. B. moé wmé 07m an; ma. i. MKMN i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............@EMA @¢-# Ww. mkw. QAw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......SmN.wQQ ~GMCP mvm mvm 3m B. wm. wm. em. mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........n.mm~om fifi. @@. w@. @@. fiaw. mfi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...CQWC.~\ZZ Qaw- @©. fifi. “HO MM. Qa. fiaw. EC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-..%v@Ufl OTMCQQWOZQ Acofium mm: fim: 22 22 mm: $2 R5 ES $8 $5 zownsm oofltsm mownsm oufltsw momnsw oofltsm mownsm oufltsm momnsw 335m n52 aowmk/ >20 swans? >20 an??? Em“: 325w 2E >20 co=$> . no=~v> 3550 nsxcwuh 355v ponPJw €==w=¢ulm=£ a. ésaomeouldw 2Q?