;..IBRARY ,A CAMRU3, TEXAS AIEIIIKIIEIIIIIAE EXPERIMENT SIAIIIIN AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS . B. BIZZELL, President HULLETIN NO. 315 I February, 19274 R’. DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITH OAT BY- PRODUCTS AND OTHER FEEDS AGRICULTURAL ii Mzcanflrcan. ~ Taxis m QIIIIIIIIIPIQFIIIIIIIIIIII1'35; IIIIF"IIIII\"~"' ~ ' l-~.;-I'- |N\"*iI;~:@f!II::;=-= IE2" ‘Iiiir::ff.!..II-I~ """ll\i?.iiii;é§~i;-"' IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII - . . . - - . .- B. YOUNGBLOOD, DIRECTOR COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SYSTE i AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS STAFF: (As of February 15, 1924) ADMINISTRATION: B. YOUNGBLOOD, M. S., Ph. D., Director B. CONNER, M. S., Vice Director H. LEIDIGH, M. S., Assistant Director A. FELKER, Chief Clerk S. WARE, Secretary . P. HOLLEMAN, JR., Ass’t. Chief Clerk M. SCHAEDEL, Executive Assistant . J. GORZYCKI, Technical Assistant VETERINARY SCIENCE: *M. FRANCIS, D. V. M., Chief H. SCHMIDT, D. V. S., Veterinarian V. J. BRAUNER, D. V. M., Veterinarian CHEMISTRY: G. S. FRAPS, Ph. D., Chief; State Chemist S. E. ASBURY, M. S., Assistant Chemist W. H. WALKER, Assistant Chemist A. G. PETERSON, B. S., Assistant Chemist J. E. TEAGUE, B. S.,Assistant Chemist J. K. BLUM, B. S., Assistant Chemist HORTICULTURE: A. T. POTTS, M. s., Chief ANIMAL INDUSTRY: J. M. JONES, A. M., Chief J. L. LUSH, Ph. D., Animal Husbandman, Breedi-ng G. R. WARREN, B. S., Swine Husbandman R. M. SHERWOOD, B. S., Poultry Hus- bandman J. J. HUNT, Wool Grader ENTOMOLOGY: M. C. TANQUARY, Ph. D., Chief; State Entomologist H. J. REINHARD, B. S., Entomologist C. S. RUDE, B. S., Entomologist W. O. VICTOR, JR., Apiary Inspector W. R. JORDAN, B. S., Apiary Inspector AGRONOMY: E. B. REYNOLDS, M. S., Chief G. N. STROMAN, Ph. D., Cotton Breeder C. H. MAHONEY, B. S., Ass't. in Cotton ‘ Breeding PLANT PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY: i, J. J. TAUBENHAUS, Ph. D., Chief FARM AND RANCH ECONOMICS: L. P. GABBARD, M. S., Chief V. L. CORY, M. S., Grazing Research Botanist H. E. REA, B.. S., Assistant SOIL SURVEY: **W. T. CARTER, B. S., Chief H. W. HAWKER, Soil Surveyor EDWARD TEMPLIN, B. S., Soil Surveyor BOTANY: H. NESS, M. S., Chief PUBLICATIONS: A. D. JACKSON, Chief STATE APICULTURAL RESEARCH LABORATORY: H. B. PARKS, B. S., Apiculturist in Charge A. H. ALEX, B. S., Queen Breeder MAIN STATION FARM: D. T. KILLOUGH, B. S., Superintendent FEED CONTROL SERVICE: B. YOUNGBLOOD, M. S., Ph. D., Director F. D. FULLER, M. S., Chief S. D. PEARCE, Secretary J. H. ROGERS, Inspector W. H. WOOD, Inspector J. J. KELLY, Inspector J. D. PREWIT, B. S., Inspector T. C. DAVIS, B. S., Inspector ‘SUBSTATIONS: No. 1, Beeviiie, Bee County: R. A. HALL, B. S., Superintendent No. 2, Troup, Smith County: W. S. HOTCHKISS, Superintendent No. 3, Angleton, Brazoria County: V. E. HAFNER, B. S., Superintendent No. 4, Beaumont, Jefferson County: R. H. WYCHE, B. S., Superintendent No. 5, Temple, Bell County: A. B. CRON, B. S., Superintendent No. 6, Denton, Denton County: P. B. DUNKLE, B. S., Superintendent No. 7, Spur, Dickens County: R. E. DICKSON, B. S., Superintendent No. 8, Lubbock, Lubbock County: R. E. KARPER, B. S., Superintendent No. 9, Balmorhea, Reeves County: J. J. BAYLES, B. S., Superintendent No. 10, College Station, Brazos County: (Feeding and Breeding substation) L. J. McCALL, Superintendent No. 11, Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County: G. T. McNESS, Superintendent **No. 12, Chillicothe, I-Iardeman D. L. JONES, Superintendent No. 14, Sonora, Sutton-Edwards Counties: E. M. PETERS, B. S., Superintendent D. H. BENNETT, V. M. D., Veterinarian O. L. CARPENTER, B. S., Shepherd No. 15, Llano Grande, I-Iidalgo County: W. H. FRIEND, B. S., Superintendent County : Teachers in the School 0f Agriculture carrying cooperative projects on the Station: i-S. W. BILSING, Professor of Entomology W. L. STANGEL, Professor of Animal Hus- bandry, Hogs F. A. BUECHEL, Professor of Agricultural Economics G. W. ADRIANCE, Associate Professor of Horticulture W. E. GARNETT, Professor of Rural Sociology G. P. GROUT, Professor of Dairy Husbandry R. C. WHITE, Associate Professor of Rural Sociology *In cooperation with School of Vetefinary Medicine, A. and M. College of Texas. "In cooperation with i-On leave. United States Department of Agriculture. SUMMARY This bulletin contains a report of digestion experiments with 12 feeds, conducted for the purpose of securing infor- mation regarding their feeding values as shown by their pro- ductive values and digestible protein. The feeds studied are alfalfa meal, corn cobs, cottonseed hulls, kafir head stems, live-oak leaves, mesquite beans, oats, oat hull clippings, oat- meal by products, rice bran, and rice polish. The composi- tion, coefiicients of digestibility, digestive protein, produc- tive value, and production coefficients are given for the sam- ples studied. This is a progress report, so that detailed dis- cussion of the feeds is left for a later bulletin. DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITH OAT BY-PRODUCTS AND OTHER FEEDS Report N0. 7. by G. S. Fraps. INTRODUCTION This bulletin contains a report of digestion experiments with 12 feeds, conducted for the purpose of securing infor- mation regarding their feeding values as shown by their pro- ductive values and digestible protein. The feeds studied are alfalfa meal, corn cobs, cottonseed hulls, kafir head stems, live-oak leaves, mesquite beans, oats, oat hull clippings, oat- meal by-products, rice bran, and rice polish. The composi- tion, coefiicients of digestibility, digestive protein, produc- tive value, and productive coefficients are given for the sam- ples studied. This is a progress report, so that detailed dis- cussion of the feeds is left for a later bulletin. This is the seventh bulletin in a series whose object is to ascertain the feeding value of Texas feeding stuffs by means of digestion experiments. Previous bulletins in the series are 104, 147, 166, 203, 245, and 291. The digestibility of a feeding stuff is one of the most im- portant factors in the productive value of a feed, since only the feed which can be digested is utilized, though it is not the only factor. Our knowledge of the digestibility of many feeds is not yet suflicient for a basis for estimating their pro- ductive value. The object of this work is to secure informa- tion with respect to productive values, so far as digestion ex- periments may aid, and to secure more complete information with respect to feed where data is needed. The digestibility of sugar, starches, and other constituents of these feeds is be- ing studied, with the same object in view. More extended discussions of the feeding values of the feeds reported on in this Bulletin will be presented in sub- sequent bulletins. The value of feeding stuffs for feeding purposes depends upon several things. These include its bulk, its palatability, its ash content, its suitability to the animal, its vitamine con- Digestion Experiments l/Vith Oat By-Products - 5 tent, its digestible protein, and its productive value. The most important of these from the standpoint of animal nutri- tion are the digestible protein and the productive value. DEFINITION OF TERMS /0C i1 Praa/ucf/ve Va/ue 0s T/zer/vvs 9d i D/yesf/b/e profe/r/ Pounds " 8U 7U so :3 l K) . D 5O w =0 ‘Q s’ s E s e 4O 3% ‘M *~ 3 3e l \ § V) Q fi 30 Q w x“ I3 I“ g w c id § s t» s; i» t s s 2 ‘s Z0 o Q 2 Q § *1 h s) Q B? ‘t Q ° x a, n: 2 w s 5 E E ‘é a * a ~§ ~== G» \> w k s i? Q It n; Figure 1——Therms of productive value and pounds of digestible protein in 100 pounds of the feeds studied. Digestible P1'0tein—Protein is the constituent of the feed which is used to form muscle, skin, hair, and similar portions of the body, and secretions of the body which are necessary for life, and to replace and repair animal tissue. The protein is equal to nitrogen multiplied by 6.25. The digestible protein is that which is digested and ab- sorbed during the passage of the food through the animal's body. The amount of digestible protein represents the cap- acity of the food to furnish material for the production of lean meat, or for the repair or replacement of the tissue of the animal body. Protein is made of a variety of constituents and varies in character in the different feeding stuffs. In the same feed,- ing stuff there are usually several different kinds of chemical compounds in the protein. The proteins of some feeding; stuffs appear to lack part of the essential constituents for the _ proper replacement or the repair of the animal tissues, and for this reason are not as effective as they should be. The in- vestigations along this line are not yet definite enough to per- mit satisfactory statements With regard to the qualities of different protein constituents in feeding stuffs. 6 . Bulletin N0. 315 Productive Value-—Productive value means the ability of the feeding stuff to furnish animals the material for heat, for bodily energy, for work, or for the production of fat. Pro- tein, when digested, may be burned for the production of heat, or energy, or its nitrogen may be split off and the residue be used for the formation of fat. Fats, when digested, may likewise be used for heat or energy, or may be stored up as fat. The same is true of the constituents of the nitrogen-free- extragt and for that portion of the crude fiber which is di- geste . The work of digestion consumes a certain amount of energy which must be deducted from that of the feed di- gested. Energy is also used for metabolic changes consequent on the digestion of the food. The energy remaining after these losses are deducted may be used for productive pur- ‘ poses and this is what is termed the productive value of a feeding stufl’. It is the value of a feed for the purpose of pro- ducing fat or energy, after all the requirements consequent on the consumption of the food have been deducted. The fat or energy may be used for heat or used for work, or for pro- duction of fat or milk. Feeding stuffs vary considerably in the amounts lost in the processes consequent upon digestion. For example, the digested constituents of high-grade cottonseed meal have full value for the production of fat, but one pound of the digested constituents of wheat straw has only one-fifth the value of one pound of those of cottonseed meal. Feeding stuffs high in crude fiber suffer a great loss in digestion, and the produc- tive value is consequently lowered. The productive value is calculated from the results of tests with various feeds, in which the animal is first fed a measured ration suflicient to form a little fat and the quantity of fat formed is exactly determined. Thenthe animal is feel the same ration with the addition of the feed to be studied, and the quantity of fat produced is again measured. The ad- ditional quantity of fat produced is due to the additions of the feed to be studied and represents its fat-producing power. The productive value may be stated in terms of matter, such as fat, or in terms of energy, such as therms. It is commonly stated in terms of therms. Ash—-Ash of feeding stuffs is particularly important to growing animals, as it is necessary for the formation of bones, - and certain portions of it are also required for the blood. Vitamines—Vitamines are substances which are essential to the life of the animal. It is believed that there are several Digestion Experiments With Oat By-Products 7 different groups. One group is chiefly present in seeds, and another chiefly in the leaves of plants, While milk contains three or more. Seed products highly milled for human use have their vitamines largely removed. For example, in the milling of rice, the vitamines are left in the bran and removed almost entirely from the grain. The relation of vitamines to animal feeding‘ requires further investigations; at present vitamines appear- of significance in the livestock industry chiefly in connection with pigs and poultry, although they may possibly be im- portant in connection with breeding animals, and also with animals fed upon certain rations. Ordinary rations fed to animals contain an abundance of vitamines. THE DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS The productive value and the values for digestible pro- tein given in this Bulletin have been calculated from the re- sults of digestion experiments with sheep. The method of conducting the experiments is described in Bulletins No. 147 and 166 of this Station. The production coefiicients were cal- culated as described in Bulletin No. 185. COEFFICIENTS OF DIGESTIBILITY The coefficients of digestibility are used to calculate the digestible constituents of a feeding stuff, and until ten or fif- teen years ago the digestible nutrients were used exclusively for calculating rations in the feeding of animals. Develop- ments in scientific knowledge concerning feeding stuffs have rendered the use of digestible constituents an antiquated method for calculating rations, although many people are still using them. The digestible nutrients do not show the real feeding value of the feeding stuffs, for the reason that the nutrients digested from different feeds are of different value to the animal body. The use of the digestible nutrients for comparing the values of different feeds is correct only when one pound of digestible nutrient in one feed is equal in productive value to one pound digestible nutrient in other feeds. When these digestible nutrients are known to have different values, the use of the digestible constituents as a basis of calculation in feeding experiments, on the assumption 10f the equality in value of the nutrients, is of course no longer spermissible. w w . . 8.2 1 Eww w www www wwww w: 2w . 8.2 ....:.::...ww2mdwmwwwwwwm wéwwww 8.2 w wwww . $2 ww.» wwsw _ 5.2 _ ww2 8.2 ................ww2.m.c wfiwwwwm wwwwww www _ wwww . 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The productive value of the feeds can be calculated by multiplying the composition by the production coefficient and adding the products, with due regard to the positive or negative value of crude fiber. DESCRIPTION OF FEEDS USED Alfalfa M eal—Two samples of alfalfa meal were used, one low in fiber, the other high in fiber. Alfalfa meal was fed with all the feeds used in the experiments here discussed, ex- cepting in Experiment 147 cottonseed hulls were fed with cot- tonseed meal. Corn C0bs—Ground corn cobs were used. Corn cobs have a low feeding value. Table 2—-Digestion Coeflicients found in the experiments. Labora- ‘ Nitrogen tory Protein Ether Crude Free Number Extract Fiber Extract 20715-6 Alfalfa meal 22.8% fiber, 74.9 20.1 43.1 73.7 19421-2 ~Alfalfa meal 35.1% fiber, D.E. 71.1 50.5 49.5 68.2 19920-1 Corn cobs, 11E. 139. ...... 0 1. 4 52.4 43.6 20190- Corn cobs, D.E. 141. . . . . .. O 59.1 56.4 48.7 21086-7 Cottonseed hulls, 11E. 146 0 92.9 52.50 71,02 21035-6 Cottonseed meal, D.E. 145 80.65 100.0 38.32 73.15 Cottonseed meal, fed with hulls, D.E. 147.......... 73.3 94.7 5'3 5 53.3 19861-2 Kafir head stems, “pum- mies,” 11E. 138......... 20.18 52.90 33.11 58.40 21176-7 Mesquite beans, 11E. 148. . 90.41 95.3 58.9 81.29 19464-5 Oats, low grade, 11E. 135. . 71.0 92.4 60.5 82.0 20101- Oat hull clippings, D.E. 140 39.51 76.35 55.8 57.59 19833-4 Oat hull clippings, D.F.. 137 37.53 77.40 55.9 61.26 21206-7 Oak leaves, live oak, 11E. 0 29.70 10.42 26.9 19821-2 Oat meal by-products, D.E. 50.98 82.75 29.63 40.64 20565-6 Rice bran, D.E. 1.42 . . . . . .. 76.20 89.04 32.31 68.32 20827-8 Rice polish, 11E. 143. . .. .. 75.00 88.21 8.2 94.32 10 Bulletin N0. 315 Cottonseed Hidls—Cottonseed hulls were fed with alfalfa. The digestibility was not as high as in a previous experiment, but higher than some other experiments secured. Cottonseed Meal-The protein of cottonseed meal Was di- gested about ten per cent. less when it was fed with cotton- seed hulls (D. E. 147) than when fed With alfalfa. The fiber was digested t0 a greater extent when fed with the hulls than with the alfalfa, and the nitrogen-free extract less. Kafir Head Stems—Kafir head stems are a waste product from threshing kafir heads, and are sometimes called “pum- mies.” They have a digestibility near to that of ordinary hay, and a corresponding value. The digestible protein is low. Live Oak Leaves-These live oak leaves came from Midland and were collected in February 1923. They were dry when fed. An attempt to feed 100 grams with .100 grams alfalfa was not successful. When 50 grams were fed with 150 grams alfalfa, one animal ate them, the other refused to eat. No digestible protein and no productive value was found in the experiment made. Additional experiments are needed, for range goats eat live oak leaves freely at certain periods of the year, and we would expect them to have some feeding value. Mesquite Beans-The mesquite beans came from Spur. They have a high digestibility and a productive value about 5O per cent. higher than alfalfa. Table 3-—Production Coefiicients as found in the experiments. Labora- Nitrogen tory Protein Ether Crude Free Number Extract Fiber Extract 20715-6 Alfalfa, D.E. 144 . . . . . . . . . . .761 .410 —. 138 .789 19421-2 Alfalfa meal, D.E. 134. . . . . .732 1.031 -.070 .730 19920-1 Corn cobs, D.E. 139. . . . . . . O .029 -.039 .467 20190- Corn cobs, D.E. 141. .. . . .. O 1.207 0 .522 21086-7 Cottonseed hulls, D.E. 146 0 1.908 —.038 .761 21035-6 Cottonseed meal, D.E. 145 . .819 2.586 -. 190 .783 21035-6 Cottonseed meal, D.E. 147 .744 2.448 —.027 .571 19861--2 Kafir head stems, D.E. 138. .205 1.080 -.245 .626 21176-7 Mesquite beans, D.E. 148. . .919 1.945 .030 .871 21206-7 Oak leaves, live oak, D.E. 0 .542 -.488 .288 19464-5 Cats, low grade, D.E. 135. . .721 2.100 .048 .878 20101- Oat hull clippings, D.E. 140 .401 1.558 —. 140 .617 19833-4 Oat hull clippings, D.E. 137 .381 1.759 0 .656 19821-2 Oat meal by-products, D.E. 136 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .518 1.881 -.282 .435 20565-6 Rice bran, D.E. 142 . . . . . . . .774 2.303 -.254 .732 20827-8 Rice polish. D.E. 143. . . . . . .762 2.281 0 1.010 Digestion Experiments With Oat By-Products 11 Oats-The oats used were 10W grade, and contained nearly 17 per cent. crude fiber. Oat Hall Clippings—-Oat hull clippings are the clippings from oats when they are cut for the purpose of reducing their weight to the bushel. Their productive value appears to be usually about the same as ordinary hay, and sometimes a lit- tle more. Oat Meal By-Products-Oat meal mill by-products consist of a mixture of oat hulls, with a small amount of fine oat groats, and are obtained in the manufacture of rolled oats for human consumption. The digestibility of this material was much lower this year than last year, and the resulting productive value is little over half that of ordinary hay. This product consists chiefly of oat hulls, and oat hulls have a 10w diges~ tibility and a low feeding value. Rice Bran and Rice Polish-Rice bran and rice polish are by- products secured in the process of rice milling. The produc- tive value of the rice polish Was 50 per cent. more than that of rice bran, while the digestible protein Was nearly the same. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Laboratory and other Work involved in this Bulletin Was taken part in by S. E. Asbury, W. H. Walker, J. B. Smith, Mrs. Velma Graham, and other members of the staff. 8 8 8 2 2w 8 8 22. 2 8 222 22 222.8 . 8 8 < . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2d .2222“ .228 82 .2222 8E 2188 2 8 8 8 28.8 8 E 22 8 8 8 8 22 8 8 E < dd 2.22.222 .228 82 .85 82 2218.28 8 8 8 8 8 2w 8 22 2 .2 2 8 8 2. 8 8 8 8 8 < . .82 dd .2221. 2...... 82 .2228. - .2 28a 2o N282 8 S 8 .2 8 E 222 22 22 .22.. s m2. M22 22w 8 M28 2222 8 22. 2. . . . . . . 1.2%. ..fifi2 2d 2.22.22 .228 82 2222.228 =22 2o 218282 22 .2 2 8 2 22 8 8 m . . 8 8 8 2 8 E 2 22. < . . . . . . . . . .. dd .2222“ .228 82 822.2228 2222 2o 228 22. 8 8 8 8 8 8 22 < dd .2222 .228 82 .882 .82 .220 82222.2 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 2 . , 2. 8 8 8 E 8 8 8 < . . . . . . . . . . . . 22%. d 4.222.. .222... 82 .2222 822.22.82.22 72222 8 8 N222 8 E 22 < . . . . . .®222.:22 22223 262 $2220 0>S £22332 v1.20 8133a 8 2.... 2.2 8 2. 8 2 2 22%, . . . 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