I I/II/I TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SiATlllN AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS W. B. BIZZELL, President BULLETIN NO. 316 FEBRUARY, 1924 DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY THE SOILS ()F BRAZOS, CAMP, ELLIS, AND WASHINGTON COUNTIES ..... ,_ |||||,|"|-._ """"" n a I"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIQ.“ W "III W" m] “I‘I‘:.'.;i;:.'.n'n|..~;;..-... w.5mm1r;IIIIIIIIIIII»-~~ B. YOUNGBLOOD, DIRECTOR COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SYSTEM AGRICI LTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS \ COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS STAFF: (As of February 15, 1924) ADMINISTRATION: AGRONOMY: _ B. YOUNGBLOOD, M. S., Ph. D., Director E. B. REYNOLDS, M. S., Chief A. B. CONNER, M. S., Vice Director G. N. STROMAN, Ph. D., Cotton Breeder A. H. LEIDIGH, M. S., Assistant Director C. H.’ MAHONEY, B. S., Ass’t. in Cotton C. Chief Clerk Breeding A. . ecretary ’ - - PLANT PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY: fi‘.'fii%8hk‘”élétfi'ifiz.tfei,i"e‘iitlii.‘i‘"" J- J- TAUBENHAUS- Ph- D» Cher C. J. GORZYCKI, Technical Assistant FAR“; AGrND ggggfflMgcgpégn/yflgs; , L. . AB , . S., ie VEQSR§I§Q§XIQCQIZI§FEMW Chief V.BL% CORY, M. s.. Grazing Research H. SCHMIDT, D. V. S., Vete 'n rian o “ms . v. J. BRAUNER, D. v. M., IT/zetfirinaria/n H- E- REA- B~ S" A“~‘"**“"‘ c. s. FRAPS, Ph.D.. Chief; State Chernist gwwT-Ilgfilglfrlf- T 3;,E1,_A,§,ljffifgg,,¥-A§;,3;1;;;*g;g§,f§f;""=* EDWARD TEMPLIN, B. s., ‘Soil Surveyor A. Piéglgrtgswloné BS. SZAssistanéfhemist BQTANY; . . T , . ., ssistant emist _ ' M_ u h‘ J. K. BLUM, B. s., Assistant Chemist H NESS S C w! PUBLICATIONS: l-IORTICULTURE : ' A' T’ POTTS‘ M‘ S" Chief sari: fRESEARCI-l Ch'f LABoRAmRY= - - r - -» fie H. B. PARKS, B. S.,Apiculturist in Charge J- gr-eilgsgl- Ph- D» Ammal Hnsbwndnwn» A. H. ALEX, B. s., Queen Breeder G. R. WARREN, B. S., Swine Husbandman MAIN STATION FARM: R. bM.dsHERWO0D, B. S., Poultry Hus- D- T. KILLOUGH. B- 5-. Superintendent an man FEED CONTROL SERVICE: ‘L '1' HUNT’ Wm“ Gmd" B. YOUNGBLOOD, M. s., Ph. D., Director ENTOMOLOGY: F. D. FULLER, M. S., Chief M. C. TANQUARY, Ph. D., Chief; Stats S. D. PEARCE, Secretary Entomologist J. H. ROGERS, Inspector H. J. REINHARD, B. S., Entomologist W. H. WOOD, Inspector C. S. RUDE, B. S., Entomologist J. J. KELLY, Inspector W. O. VICTOR, JR., Apiary Inspector J. D. PREWIT, B. S., Inspector W. R. JORDAN, B. ‘S., Apiary Inspector T. C. DAVIS, B. S., Inspector . SUBSTATIONS: No. 1, Beeville, Bee County: No. 9, Balmorhea, Reeves County: R. A. HALL, B. S., Superintendent _ J . J . BAYLES, B. S., Superintendent No. 2, Troup, Smith County: No. 10, College Station, Brazos County: ' W. S. HOTCHKISS, Superintendent (Feeding and Breeding substation) No. 3, Angleton, Brazoria County: L. J . McCALL, Superintendent V. E. HAFNER, B. S., Superintendent No. 11, Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County: No. 4, Beaumont, Jefferson County: G. T. McNESS, Superintendent R. H. WYCHE, B. S., Superintendent **No. 12, Chillicothe, Hardeman County: No. 5, Temple, Bell County: D. L. JONES, Superintendent A. B. CRON, B. S., Superintendent No. 14, Sonora, Sutton-Edwards Counties: No. 6, Denton, Denton County: E. M. PETERS, B. S., Superintendent P. B. DUNKLE, B. S., Superintendent D. H. BENNETT, V. M. D., Veterinarian No. 7, Spur, Dickens County: O. L. CARPENTER, B. S., Shepherd R. E. DICKSON, B. S., Superintendent No. 15, Llano Grande, Hidalgo County: No. 8, Lubbock, Lubbock County: W. H. FRIEND, B. S., Superintendent R. E. KARPER, B. S., Superintendent Teachers in the School of Agriculture carrying cooperative projects on the Station: i-S. W. BILSING, Professor of Entomology W. E. GARNETT, Professor of Rural W. L. STANGEL, Professor of Animal Hus- Sociology bandry, Hogs G. P. GROUT, Professor of Dairy Husbandry F. A. BUECHEL, Professor of Agricultural R. G. WHITE, Associate Professor of Rural Economics Sociology G. W. ADRIANCE, Associate Professor of Horticulture ‘In cooperation with School of Veterinary Medicine, A. and M. College of Texas. "In cooperation with United States Department of Agriculture. +On leave. CONTENTS Page Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 Maintenance of fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 How to use the analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Explanation of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..10 Plant food required by crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Pot experiments . . . . . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Average composition of the soil of the counties studied . . . . . . .13 Soils of Brazos County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i . . . . . . . . . . . . .~. .16 Description of Soil Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Soils of Camp County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . 7 . . . . . .44 i Description of Soil Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Soils of Ellis County . . . . . .» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55‘ Description of Soil Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Soils of Washington County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Description of Soil Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . .88 THE SOILS OF BRAZOS, CAMP, ELLIS, AND WASHINGTON COUNTIES By G. S. FRAPS p This Bulletin deals with the chemical composition and fertility of samples of typical soils from four counties of Tex- as, and is the ninth bulletin of a series dealing with the chemi- cal composition of typical Texas soils. The preceding bul- letins are Numbers 99, 125, 161, 173, 192, 213, 244, and 301. Most of the samples analyzed were collected by field agents of the Bureau of Soils of the United States Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Texas Experiment Sta- tion. éi-Z Brazos ,. upland i: C_ amp , upland @zzz:——- g 5/03, qo/ana’ a i Phosphor/k flcia’ - Wds/r/hgfofl/ Lp/anz/ iMyrofe” ipafasb @»— M, Brazos, bottom land g1 Ell/Ls; borfom land . ‘I Was/rfnqfon, baffom bna’ 1L 4o 8Q 120 /50 2oz; 240 gm Number of crops Figure 1-—Number of crops of 40 bushels of corn each that could be produced by all .e plant food in the average soil to a depth of 7 inches. (5) 6 Bulletin No. 316 Detailed reports of the surveys, with maps showing location of the various types, have been published by the 1 reau of Soils, United States Department of Agriculture, a from these reports the descriptions given in this Bulletin p taken: y Soil survey of Brazos County, Texas, by J. O. Veatch é, C. S. Waldrop. _ , i. Soil survey of Camp County, Texas, by W. J. Geib, E. , Watson, Thomas D. Rice, and Clarence Lounsbury. Soil survey of Ellis County, Texas, by Frank Bennett, T. Avon Burke, and Clarence Lounsbury. Soil survey of iWashington County, Texas, by A. , " Meyer, E. C. Eckmann, L. Cantrell, and L. V. Davis. Requests for copies of any soil survey should be dressed to the Bureau of Soils, United States Department . Agriculture, Washington, D. C. This Division has no cop: of these reports for distribution. MAINTENANCE OF FERTILITY The following are the chief essentials to the maintena of soil fertility: .1; a 1. The maintenance of the supply of nitrogen ‘i. humus in the soil by growing legumes in a proper rotat" and turning these under or grazing them off. 2. Correction of deficiency of phosphoric acid in soil, if there is a deficiency, by proper use of phosphate fertilizer. v ,_- 3. Correction for acidity of the soils, if there is acidity injurious to the crops being grown, by use of grof limestone or lime. Lime and limestone are also used for. improvement of the physical character of heavy soils poo lime or for supplying lime for crops which need a quanti lime. Lime should be used only in connection with a » tematic legume rotation. . 4. If there is a deficiency of potash in the soil, r’ fertilizers should be used for correction of this deficienc Maintenance of Humns and Nitrogen-The mainten, l“ of the humus or vegetable matter in the soil is essenti fertility. Partly decayed vegetable matter, sometimes te i; humus, in sufficient quantity, improves the capacity of the; to hold a favorable amount of water, enables it to brea * into a good condition of tilth under the action of cultiv‘, implements, and acts in other favorable ways. It also i tains most of the nitrogen of the soil. @c___ 3,0205, HID/and 1 Phosphoric lain’ m Chm/b LIP/Md i Pofash gym». [U/S, u/o/and i: Nifrayen Washinyfm/ upland L l 51-020.; boffom /and l? i] E/l/S, boffom land M/US/I/Hy/OHJ boffom /an0' 0 40 so 120 /5a 20¢; Corn pass/billy Soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington Counties 7 Figure 2—Corn possibility in bushels per acre of the active phosphoric acid, total’ 7 ogen, and active potash in average soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington g nties. ~ Some soils produce well for a long time without additions . vegetable matter, but for permanent fertility, vegetable ‘tter must be added sooner or later. Vegetable matter may -- supplied in barnyard manure, which is excellent when suf- = ient quantities can be secured, but barnyard manure is not ually at hand in large enough quantities. Legume crops, 8 Bulletin No. 31 6 which have power to take nitrogen from the air, should q grown in rotation with other crops, and either turned un or grazed off. A heavy crop turned under when green mi sour in the land. If the crop is heavy, it is best to allow it become nearly mature before turning it under. The plan being more Woody, decay less rapidly, and are less likely‘ cause sourness. Grazing off the crop is better than turn‘, it under, as in this case some of its feeding value is secur while droppings from the animals, together with the liq excrement, contain the bulk of the plant food taken up by y v crop. In Europe crops are often grazed off, and the ani‘ are also fed some additional feed, which adds to the valuef the manure. One method of fertilizing land is to allow it receive the droppings from animals fed partly on purcha _ feeds. To make the crop into hay, and save the manurefr; < the hay, is not so good from a soil fertility standpoint, sinc’ A large part of the fertility is lost in the liquid manure, or a fore the manure is placed on the land, especially in the Sou _ where it is difficult to save all the manure. When the leguil, is made into hay to be sold, the land gains little fertility, l less the crop is clover, or some similar crop, which grows o; and can be only partly harvested. i Other crops than legumes add vegetable matter to the =~g when plowed under or grazed off, but legumes are the i‘ plants which can fix nitrogen of the air and place it into w’ soil in forms suitable to the use of crops when turned ~'_ or grazed off. For this reason, legume crops should be gro folrl hay or forage, 0r for renovating the-soil whenever p, s1 e. The maintenance of the nitrogen content of the soil? more important than the maintenance of the humus conte Nitrogen may be purchased as a fertilizer, but it is very q pensive when bought in this way, and the farmer cannot I ford to buy enough of it to keep up the nitrogen content‘, his land. The only practical way to maintain the nitro-p content of the soil for ordinary farm crops is to secure nil gen from the air by growing legumes. The nitrogen secu; by legumes and placed in the soil can then be used for co * corn, kafir, or similar crops, and will increase the size of A crop. Crimson clover, velvet beans, alfalfa, vetches, and ,, peas are some of the possible legumes. The kind of le r, ' best grown depends upon the climate and other conditi which make possible the largest and most easily grown leg i; crops, and varies with different sections of the State and g ferent conditions of farming. . ‘Y Phosphoric acid-Texas soils are frequently deficient; phosphoric acid. This Bulletin contains statements of _v Soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washing-ton Counties 9 Z1" éprobable deficiencies in phosphoric acid of the soils of the ggcounties described. A discussion of the use of phosphatic fer- ilizers is given in Bulletin 167. Deficiency of phosphoric acid may be readily and profitably corrected by the use of acid jhosphate as a fertilizer. , Acidity—-Some soils contain organic or inorganic acids. -Some crops such as clover, alfalfa, barley, and rye do not grow well on acid soils. There are other crops such as cow- ipeas, and watermelons, which do well on acid soils. Acidity gmay be corrected by the use of hydrated lime, ground oyster ihells, air-slaked lime, or ground limestone rock. Limestone creenings can be secured for about two dollars a ton in car- jload lots, and is the cheapest form of lime. An acidity of 100 }parts per million requires about 500 pounds of ground lime- _;stone to the acre to correct it. Lime should be used only in con- ‘gnection with a proper legume rotation, for otherwise it may igrun down the soil rapidly. There is an old saying that “Lime ggmakes the father rich and the son poor,” and this is true for Elime not used in connection with legume rotation. __ The use of lime is discussed fully in Bulletin 243. The Qacidity of the various samples of the soils of the counties here described is shown in the tables of the analysis. Some of the soils of Brazos county are acid. No surface soil of Camp county was acid. The soils of Ellis county are not acid, but, on the other hand, are generally well supplied with lime. The soils of Washington county are not acid. Potash—-The soils of Texas as a rule contain an abun- dance of potash to produce goodcrops, though there is a variation in this respect, and some of the soils need potash as a fertilizer. In general, potash is least often needed of any fertilizer, and is often needlessly used in the South. Plants can take up more potash than they need. The needs for potash of the various types of soils studied are indicated by the tables of analyses and interpretation of results, as well as by the pot experiments. HOW TO USE THE ANALYSES Analyses of the soils are given in connection with the de- scription of the various types of soil. The interpretation of the analyses is also given and will be discussed there also. If a soil is well supplied with plant food, but does not give good yields, its physical condition may be poor in re- spect to cultivation and drainage, or otherwise, or it may sometimes contain injurious substances, such as alkali. Plant disease may also be present. 1O Bulletin No. 316 If the soil is well supplied with total plant food, but low; in active plant food, attempts should be made to increase the‘ activity of soil agencies which make the plant food available, by means of additions of manure, of green crops plowed un- der, or, if the soil needs lime, by additions of lime or ground, limestone in connection with a legume rotation. If the crop yields are 10W and the plant food is deficient, fertilizer should be used. EXPLANATION OF TERMS Total phosphoric acid is the entire quanity of phos- phoric acid contained in the soil. <“JJ¢ It cannot all he taken up by plants at once, as only a small portion is available for their use. Active phosphoric acid is the phosphoric acid soluble in N-5 nitric acid. As shown in Bulletins 126 and 276, there is a relation between the active phosphoric acid of the soil and the amount of phosphoric acid which crops are able to take from the soil in pot experiments. There is a closer relation between the active phosphoric acid of the soil and the needs, ’ of the soil for phosphoric acid as a fertilizer, than between the total phosphoric acid and the needs of the soil, as shown in Bulletins 126 and 267. Total potash represents the entire amount of potash in ; the soil. Some of this is locked up in highly insoluble silicates, and may not become available for the use of plants in a thou- ; sand years. this potash may be taken up. The total potash does not show what portion of Acid-soluble potash is the amount of potash whichis dis- solved by strong hydrochloric acid, according to the former A. O. A. C. method. As pointed out by Hilgard, there is a re- lation between the acid-soluble potash of the soil and the, Wearing qualities of the soil. tural Chemistry, page 171). (Fraps’ Principles of Agricul- g \, ‘y. fl.'~",/fl Active potash is the potash soluble in N-5 nitric acid. It 4 represents potash which can be readily taken up by plants, as shown by pot experiments in Bulletin 145, and also in Fraps’ Principles of Agricultural Chemistry, page 191. Total nitrogen represents the entire quantity of nitrogen '. present in the soil. As shown in Bulletin 151 of this station, there is usually a relation between the total nitrogen of the soil, and the nitrogen which can be taken from it by crops, in pot experiments. The total nitrogen is therefore an index to the needs of the soil for nitrogen; although with worn soils the nitrogen is not as available as in new soils. Soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington Counties 11 Acid-soluble lime is the lime which is, dissolved by strong hydrochloric acid, as in the former A. O. A. C. method. Ac- cording to Hilgard, the amount of lime found by this method is a valuable indication as to the fertility of the soil. (Fraps’ Principles of Agricultural Chemistry, page 175). Basicity-This term is applied to the bases (chiefly lime) which neutralize the N-5 nitric acid in the method for deter- mining active phosphoric acid and active potash. This term is used as a convenient one for the determination referred to, and does not imply that it is the best method for determina-- tion of basicity of the soil. If all the N-5 acid used is neu- tralized, the basicity is 10 per cent. or 200,000 pounds car- bonate of lime, to 2,000,000 pounds of the soil. Acidity is the amount of lime required to neutralize the soil as ascertained by the Veitch method. Acidity is discussed in Bulletin 243. Corn possibility represents the amount of plant food which is Withdrawn on an average in pot experiments from soils containing similar amounts of active phosphoric acid, active potash, or total nitrogen. It is based on 2,000,000 pounds of the soil or an acre to the depth of approximately 6 2-3 inches. The corn possibility is not claimed to indicate the pos- sible yield from the soil, as this depends upon other condi- tions in addition to the fertility of the soil. According to David D. Long, however, there is a close relation between the average yields of corn, oats, wheat, and cotton given by cen- sus reports for South-eastern States (and also for Texas) and the corn possibility as shown by the chemical analysis of some common types of soil, converted into terms of these other crops. (The Fertilizer Green Book, December 1922). The corn possibility is a convenient way of comparing the de- ficiency of various plant foods in the soil. For example, with the Caddo fine sandy loam of Camp county the corn possibil- ity for active phosphoric acid is 18, for active potash 80, and for total nitrogen 23. The soil is probably deficient first in phosphoric acid, then in nitrogen, and is much less likely to be deficient in potash. The experiments on which this interpretation is based are published in Bulletins 126, 145, 151, 178, and 267, and the method is described in Bulletin 213. 12 Bulletin N0. 316 PLANT FOOD REQUIRED BY CROPS Table 1 shows the estimated average quantity of plai food required by theyields given of certain crops. i; TABLE I.."—ESTIMATED QUANTITY OF PLANT FOOD TAKEN UP BY CROPS, IN POUNDS PER ACRE. Phosphoric Nitrogen Potash p‘ Acid . Alfalfa, 4 tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5O *I83 143 » i Corn, 4O bushels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 6O 42 ; Cotton, 200 lbs. lint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 50 30 Oats, 40 bushels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 18 42 22 Onions, 30,000 lbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 57 60 Potatoes, Irish, 100 bushels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 27 40 i_ Potatoes, Sweet, 200 bushels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 37 65 ' Rice, 12 sacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 37 42 Sorghum hay, 3 tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 84 134 Sugar cane, 20 tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 153 144 Wheat, 25 bushels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 42 22 *Part of this comes from the air. POT EXPERIMENTS The needs for plant food of a number of the soils d' cussed in this Bulletin were studied by growing the plants pots containing portions of the soils, to which. various f0 Y of plant food were added. In making. these experimen ~ 5,000 grams of soil were placed in a galvanized iron pot, a _ to one or two pots, a complete fertilizer KPN was added. I one or two more pots nitrogen and potash NK were adde phosphoric acid being omitted. The difference between th‘ pot and the pot with the complete fertilizer shows the ne_ of the soil for phosphoric acid. To one or two more po 1 phosphoric acid and potash PK were added, nitrogen bei A omitted. The difference between this pot and that with U, complete fertilizer shows the need of the soil for nitroge, To a third set of one or two pots, nitrogen and phosphor acid NP were added, potash being omitted. The differen ,, between this pot and the pot receiving the complete fertilizi shows the effect of potash. The tables show the weightsq‘ the crops secured with the different additions, and also th, amounts of phosphoric acid, potash, or nitrogen remov from the pot by the plants grown in the experiments. is expressed in bushels of corn to the acre. The soil in experiments is under favorable conditions, and it is possibli for the plants to take up more plant food than would be th, case under field conditions. It is also possible for a greate growth to be produced. There might be a considerable di ference between the crop receiving complete fertilizer KPN and the crop which had no potash, PN, in the amount of cro Soils of bBrazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington Counties 13 "e pot experiment, while for all practical purposes it would t be deficient. This is the reason why the plant food with- awn is expressed in bushels of corn to the acre. It shows relative possibility of the soil to furnish plant food for if» in pot experiments. ERAGE COMPOSITION OF THE SOILS OF COUNTIES -v STUDIED The average composition of the soils of the various types, counties, is given in Table 2. The upland soils are aver- separately from the alluvial, or bottom lands, because bottom lands are usually very much richer soils. In these o 91¢ 8. 3N. 2N NN. a: 26. 3i 20¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5560 55.5.1.5 o N00 ts i; m3 N0. $4 5.4. m2 NS. .....:........:..:......Mw@..5==¢0.w=E .0 3N 0...: 00A 2: E. EA N8. 3: .05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . .. 5560 2:50 wdommow aazi 2050.00 .0 0N0 aw. EN o? NN. N»: 0%. NNN 0%. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5560 =S05JwNB 0 £0 m: . N m; 0?. N0. 0.: Ni. 2N .02. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5560 £5 o 3N 0N. N0; NwN 3. 2.; 0N... 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GuOU iomflflmlamOfi >Uidw OG¢ MOZME m2 3 a 1mm 5w QQN 05m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........................uu< Nw 2 mm mam ma o3 Aim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 e238 3e:_?a.wo_ 3:23 2E 3E2 >32 $2 m S. wan .2 mam 1mm .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . $23 Eou vu£tZ|E~o_ >22. 2a .352 uwwmfl m2 3 mm ma» mdfi f: w? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {$2 5.598 uumfi=w|c§o_ >152 2i .352 2&2 m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GMOU UUw%u5m|EwO~ ~mmvflflw EA m; mm 9mm ma. 92 mém . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............uo<¢u>< @ @ . @ .@ b . N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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EDSWMOW OUN%.~Dw|.~AN~U xnuiuTréL 0mm wm a 9mm mfim 0.0m 0.0m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 0H2 Eou uuflksmlxfiu EECF mmwmfl um 0m v m6 v.2 mfi v.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .22 Esswkow vuwtsmlhw? 5E1? mwwfi 0mm. 0m wv wAm wEH mdm wxvm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........u~m~ Eou uumfizwaixuimcmhk mwwmfi 30¢. i300 =Pw9EZ Eu< pufizfivm £30m cuwobmz uiozawonm oZ oZ uionawosm ~53.» . oZ |EoU ZQQMQEPHB no wiimiwwom ZMOU QOOh FZ< mum 3 S Ham 3w 3 .3 f?“ 33 5.530» =o2~=wfs~o_ 5% 20.2% an?" 00m mm 3 3 .3 93 w.3 1R 33 Eou =¢£3|e8_ i? 205C» Qwfi mom 3 om mém 0.3 NIH” 5mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mc< mum 3 mm. 0.3“ N33 m?” mév 33 522:8 3£b5|Emo_ Haw 20%.» $63 S... ll 3 mew hem 3.3 m3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Eou @u_£.5m|E~o_ ii 2919* ~32 l: 3N 3 I. v.3 n5 3mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. uo< l S . 2 I we 2w >2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22 e233 =Q£=wl=;o_ 3a: 2a =3=>> owwfi 1| 8 3 ll x63 “a 3 .3... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . 33 5.8 =95=w|e§ Si: 2a c025» 962 §§ - . . . . . . . . - . . . - . . . . . . . . » . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . - . . . - . . ~ - . . . . . - -‘ um 2 3 NAN m...“ 33 Q3 . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33 8.530» uu£:.a|:§o_ 3E3 3E c025» Q52 m3 w: O 8 v.3“ Qam 3&3 9E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .33 E8 3~t=m|:$o_ 3E3 2G flawEs 3&3 |l om I ll 93 1| “Rm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. uu< I 2 l i Na I 9% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 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A363 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CuQU UUNYHUMIIENAZ >fiTv Gowia \ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. NU< 1 @N @ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EUSM-Zvm zowflDmlliAmTv finvwia @ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CuOU ZOwDDm-lllmmfiv GOwZg Eu< £33m .3352 n64. kufizfium £30m =33Ez uiosawosm oZ oZ , uiozawonm 32a oZ -800 Z>> v QOOm P7315 wSZMO Z3 $96 BEOEB .5 widfiwmom ZMOU .B€_u=..ul.>ez:ou womifilh-xvyurifihulvéflkzlizifl“brfig'y a” . i. ~ in »-.» l)» Soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington Counties v35. and it is probable that the use of acid phosphate as a fertilizer" would be of advantage. Some samples are acid, and addi- tions of lime would probably improve the tilth, and better en- able the soil to grow legumes. Vegetable matter would also improve the tilth. Crockett fine sandy loam-This consists of about 12 to 18 inches of black to grayish-brown fine sandy loam, under- lain to a depth of about 3 feet by a yellowish-brown or green- ish-yellow, stiff, plastic, clay, mottled or streaked with dull red. The subsoil and substratum have a structure favorable for the retention of moisture. The principal bodies of this soil occur in a belt one to three miles wide lying east of the San Antonio road and ex- tending almost entirely across the county from the Brazos to the Navasota river bottoms. The land is gently rolling and fairly well drained. The lager part of this type was origin- ally forested. Probably 70 per cent of the total area of the type is un- der cultivation. The land can be plowed deeply without dif- ficulty. Cotton and corn are the only crops grown to any ex- tent. The yields are on the average slightly less than on the clay loam type, although some of the farmers are of the opin- ion that corn gives better results on the fine sandy loam in dry years. The samples examined are low in phosphoric acid. A legume rotation is needed. Crockett loam-This consists for the most part of dark- brown to black, moderately friable fine loam or silty loam, underlain at about 6 to 12 inches by dull brownish-yellow or brownish, silty clay loam, or clay, mottled with red. This passes into a yellowish clay of a stiff plastic nature, having much the same structural character as that of the other soils of the series. This type occurs principally on Payne’s Prairie, near Edge, while other areas of considerable size appear on the prairie 5 to 6 miles north of Bryan. All the land is gently rolling, well-drained prairie, suit- able for both cotton and corn. The soil is more friable than the clay loam and easier to cultivate. The average yield of- cotton probably is a little over one-third bale, and of corn about 20 bushels per acre. It is probable that larger yields of both corn and cotton would be secured through the use of acid phosphate to sup- ply phosphoric acid‘ and legume rotation to supply nitrogen and vegetable matter. Luflcin clay loam-This consists generally of a thin cov- i36 a a Bulletin N0. 316 ering of a grayish-brown fine sandy loam with an underlying stiff or tough, compact, drab clay, slightly mottled with dull yellow or brown. The friable surface material is only about 2 to 5 inches deep, and the heavy, stiff clay is turned up in plowing, the resulting soil having the texture of a clay loam. The Lufkin clay loam occupies the higher ridges or stream divides and well-drained slopes along creeks. It oc- curs in association with other Lufkin soils, in widely separated areas, of about 10 to 200 or 300 acres, in the vicinity of Bryan, Kurten, Steep Hollow, and Wellborn. A part of the Lufkin clay loam is under cultivation and is used for growing cotton and corn. In years of well-dis- tributed rainfall good yields are obtained, but the average yields under present methods of cultivation are somewhat lower than those of typical Lufkin fine sandy loam. The average corn possibility of the phosphoric acid and nitrogen are 24 bushels to the acre. The soil needs legume rotation, and possibly acid phosphate. One sample is acid, and lime in connection with a legume rotation would improve the physical character of the soil. Lufkin fine sandy loam-This is the most widely distrib- uted type of the series. The soil generally consists of about 10 to 20 inches of a grayish to grayish-brown, rather compact fine sandy loam underlain by drab clay faintly mottled with yellow. The clay subsoil is highly plastic and impervious. The Lufkin fine sandy loam is widely distributed through- out the county and embraces a larger total area than any of the other soils. The largest and most nearly uniform areas occur in the central part of the county from Bryan south- ward to Millican. The State Experiment Station farm is lo- cated principally upon this type. The topography is very gently rolling to nearly level or flat. Much of the land has fair drainage, but there is a cor.- siderable part in which the drainage is poor and the land wet and rather cold in the spring, although none of it is in a swam- py condition. On level land the soil becomes very soggy after rains, on account of the impervious nature of the ‘subsoil, which prevents the downward percolation of the water. l Most of the land is easily cultivated. The soil is not greatly injured if plowed when wet and can be cultivated much sooner after heavy rains than the clay or clay loam soils of the upland. Practically the whole type is arable, al- though only about one-half of it is now improved land. The principal crops grown are cotton and corn. The average yields for the type as a whole are probably a little less than one-third bale of cotton or 15 bushels of corn per acre. Oats are grown, but the yields are low. Sorghum for Soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington Counties 37 forage gives fair results. Fruit trees are generally short- lived, the stiff impervious nature of the subsoil being appar- ently unfavorable for the growth of the trees, while their vitality is frequently lowered by severe droughts. The corn possibility of the active phosphoric acid is 18 bushels and for the nitrogen, 23 bushels. Some samples of this type are acid. Lime in connection with legume rotation would improve the physical character of the soil. Legume rotation on the State Experiment farm has considerably in- creased the yields, especiallyof corn. Legume rotation is the first need of this soil. Lufkin gravelly fine sandy. loam—The surface material is a grayish-brown or grayish, loamy fine sand, about 6 to 20 inches deep, containing sufficient gravel to impart a friable, open structure. The subsoil is a drab, sticky, plastic clay, generally showing some yellowish and in places reddish mot-- tling directly beneath the sandy surface material. The acreage of this gravelly soil is small, and it is not widely distributed. It occurs on high ridges or knolls and well-drained slopes. The gravelly fine sandy loam is more droughty than the fine sandy loam, and has a somewhat lower agricultural value. Cotton and corn are practically the only crops grown. The soil is low in nitrogen and phosphoric acid. It needs a legume rotation, phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and vegetable matter. Miller clay—This is the most important type of the Mil- ler series both in extent and in agricultural value. The sur- face soil is generally a chocolate-red silty clay becoming red- der in color at about 12 ‘to 15 inches. . The subsoil is a fine-grained, compact, plastic clay, which in many places extends with little or no change in color or texture to a depth of 12 to 15 feet, and in several places the whole mass of the alluvial deposit, 35 to 4O feet in thickness, is composed of dark chocolate red clay apparently not dif- ferent from that of the surface 3 feet. This is the Brazos bottom land. All of the type may be. cultivated. Much of it is sufliciently well drained naturally, and the remainder can be artificially drained at no great ex- pense. All of the land was originally forested, but probably" 90 per cent. of it has been cleared. The soil is sticky and tenacious when wet and rather dif- ficult to cultivate. However, it assumes a crumbly structure upon drying, and owing to this characteristic is commonly re- ferred to as “buckshot land.” The texture and structure, with proper cultivation, are favorable to the retention of moisture. 38 Bulletin N0. 316 The Miller clay produces higher average yields of cotton and corn than any of the other soil types of the county. On many farms the better drained land produces average yields of three-fourths bale of cotton per acre and 4O bushels of corn. Exceptional yields of 1 bale of cotton and 60 bushels of corn per acre occasionally are obtained. Alfalfa is grown in small fields and gives fair results. Sorghum and oats for forage are grown in small patches. The soil is well supplied with plant food. Miller fine sandr-This type is of small extent and of small agricultural value in this county. It occurs on the im- mediate banks and within the narrow bends or loops of the river. The material consists of a grayish-brown or light red- dish-brown, loose, friable fine sand, changing but little in color and texture with depth, the lower soil material possibly containing a little more silt and clay, which gives it a slightly loamy feel. The soil is not naturally well adapted to corn and cotton. Some of it possibly could be utilized for truck crops. Ber- muda grass prevents the shifting of the soil and affords good pasturage on land otherwise poorly suited to cotton or gen- eral farming. The sample examined is high in phosphoric acid but low in nitrogen and potash. This sample is unusual in character, and other samples should be examined. Miller fine sandy l0a1n-—This is a light brown to reddish- brown, rather loose fine sandy loam, underlain by chocolate- red or salmon-red clay. This type is a rather variable bot- tom land. A considerable part is forested. The soil is much more friable and pervious than the clay type, and is more easily cultivated, except where the surface is uneven and hummocky. The average crop yields, how- ever, are lower than on the clay. The yield of cotton is about one-third bale per acre. Corn gives good results in seasons of well distributed rainfall, but is more subject to injury by drought than on the heavier types. Sorghum and oats can be grown successfully. Johnson grass does well. The S01l is suited to melons and truck crops. This soil is not high in nitrogen. A legume rotation is needed. Fertilizers containing phosphoric acid and nitrogen should give good results on truck crops. Norfolk fine sand-This consists of a grayish to grayish- brown loose fine sand, varying but little in texture and struc~ ture within the 53-foot section. The depth to which the sand contains any appreciable quantity of organic matter is about 10 inches; below this the material is somewhat lighter in color. Soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington Counties 39 The Norfolk fine sand occurs in small areas on the up- lands, generally on the tops 0f hills or on stream divides. Most of the land is well drained. The separate areas do not exceed 300 to 400 acres in extent. The land is forested in post oak, with some blackjack, hickory, and elm. The average yields of cotton and corn under present methods of cultivation are 10W, not more than one-fourth bale of cotton and 12 to 15 bushels of corn per acre being produced. Legume rotations and fertilizers containing phosphoric acid and nitrogen are needed. Ochlockonee clay-This is a dark brown to black, plastic or heavy plastic silty clay loam about 4 to 10 inches in depth, underlain by dark-drab to grayish, plastic, impervious clay. The principal occurrence of the Ochlockonee clay is along the lower courses of Cedar and Wickson Creeks, where in places the bottoms are one-half to three-fourths mile wide. The land lies 8 to 12 feet above the normal water level, but is subject to frequent overflows and is rather poorly drained, and for these reasons only a small part of the type has been placed under cultivation. The type is forested. The soil is sticky and tenacious when wet and very hard and difficult to break when dry. It is, however, a strong durable soil and produces good yields of corn and cotton when weather conditions are favorable for properly prepar- ing the land. It is well supplied with plant food. Ochlockonee fine sandy loam-—This generally consists of a light-brown loamy fine sand, 10 to 3O inches in depth, un- derlain by grayish or grayish-brown, sticky, fine sandy loam to fine sandy clay. The alluvial soils along the creeks are variable in texture, but the textural differences are unim- portant. In general, the fine sandy loam and fine sand soils occur along the upper courses of the creeks, and are developed along the small streams. They are subject to frequent over- flows, and crops are often seriously damaged. The water, however, does not stand in the bottoms for any considerable length of time. The bottoms are forested. A large proportion of the Ochlockonee fine sandy loam has been placed under cultivation, and the soil has proved more productive than the contiguous upland sandy soils. The average yield of cotton in favorable years is about one-half bale, and that of corn about 3O bushels per acre. The type is well suited to sorghum, and Johnson grass and Bermuda grass should prove profitable as hay crops. 4O Bulletin N0. 316 Thesoil is fairly well supplied with plant food and will need legume rotation first. Ochlockonee silt l0am—This consists of a dark grayish- brown to nearly black, slightly plastic silt loam, underlain at about 12 to 20 inches by grayish or light yellowish-brown, plastic silty clay loam. The substratum to a depth of about 6 to 10 feet is composed of fine sandy clay. The Ochlockonee silt loam occurs principally along the middle or lower courses of the creeks. The soil is naturally productive and gives good yields of cotton and corn. The land is subject to frequent overflows. Much of it can be improved by ditching. It is well supplied with plant food. Susquehanna clay—The surface material consists of a tough, compact clay usually covered With an inch or two of brownish fine sandy loam or silt loam. The clay at about 6 to 8 inches becomes brighter red in color, and usually shows mottlings of grayish or drab in the lower subsoil. This type occurs in small, widely separated areas, in as- sociation with the Crockett soils along the San Antonio road. It occupies eroded knolls and appears on slopes along the valleys of small creeks.» The type supports a thick, but small and scrubby growth of post oak ‘and blackjack oak. The land is of little value for cultivated crops, being extremely difficult to break to any con- siderable depth, and becoming quite hard and compact in dry periods. The few areas in cultivation do not produce average yields of more than one-fourth bale of cotton and 12 to 15 bushels of corn. The soil is low in phosphoric acid, and is acid. Addi- tions of lime would probably improve the character of the s01 . Susquehanna fine sand/y loam-This consists of a grayish-l brown to faint reddish-brown fine sandy loam or loamy fine sand, underlain at 6 to 24 inches by a red and drab mottled, stiff, plastic, clay. The surface sandy layers show consider- able variations in thickness. The subsoil is generally mottled red and drab, although there are a number of minor variations. The Susquehanna fine sandy loam is distributed through- out the county, but the largest areas occur in the northern part in a belt 4 to 8 miles wide extending from near Smetana northeastward to Edge and the Navasota river bottom. In the central and southern parts of the county it occurs in wide- ly separated areas, mainly of small size, occupying high knolls or ridges. All the land is well drained and easily cul- tivated. The type is utilized principally for the production Soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington Counties 41 of cotton and corn. The average yields are about one-third of a bale cotton and 15 bushels of corn -per acre. Oats do fairly well, but, as on the other sandy types, are subject to rust, and the yields are frequently 10W. Cowpeas and sorg- hum are grown to a small extent. Peanuts and sweet pota- toes do well on the areas of deeper soil. a The corn possibility of the phosphoric acid is 12 bushels per acre. The soil needsphosphoric acid and legume rota-- tion. Susquehanna gravelly fine sandy loa1n—The soil consists of 12 to 15 inches of fine sandy material containing a variable quantity of gravel, generally not more than 10 per cent. of the soil mass. The subsoil is red or mottled red and drab clay, This type covers only a small area and is of relatively little agricultural importance in the county. The principal areas lie along the Sandy Point road 6 to 8 miles northwest of Bryan. The land supports a forest growth in which post oak predominates. Cotton and corn are practically the onlv crops grown. The yields are low. ' l The sample examined is low in phosphoric acid and in total nitrogen. Tabor fine sandy loam--This consists of a grayish-brown’ fine sandy loam, underlain at about 15 to 3O inches by dull- yellowish, plastic, impervious clay, which generally becomes greenish-yellow in the lower part of the 3-foot section. Qften there is a stratum of yellowish fine sandy loam or fine sandy clay over the plastic yellow clay subsoil. There is generally a wet or saturated layer of light-gray, sticky fine sandy loam or clay, 2 to 4 inches in thickness, between the surface sand and the heavy, impervious underlying clay. The largest areas of the Tabor fine sandy loam lie in the northern part of the county in the vicinity of Tabor and Edge. The Tabor fine sandy loam is developed on stream divides and well-drained slopes. The topography is level to gently rolling. All the land is sufficiently well drained for cultiva- tilon, and there is no excessive drainage or serious erosion of s opes. Average yields of about one-third bale of cotton and 15 to 18 bushels of corn per acre are obtained on this type. Pea- nuts and sweet potatoes do well, especially in the deeper sandy areas. Fruit on this type probably does as well as or better than on any other upland soil, except the Susquehanna fine sandy loam. The land is easily broken and tilled and by the addition of manures is capable of being made highly pro- ductive. The corn possibility of the phosphoric acid and nitrogen is 18 bushels per acre. The soil needs legume rota- tion and fertilizers. 42 Bulletin N0. 31 6 Trinity clay-This consists of about 4 to 10 inches of black, plastic clay, underlain by dark-drab, plastic, impervi- ous clay. The soil has a tendency to become very hard and compact when dry, and is sticky when wet. The Trinity clay, with the exception of one small area along the Little Brazos river in the western part of the coun- ty, is confined to the bottom land along the Navasota river. The bottom lies about 15 feet above the normal stage of the river, and is subject to frequent overflows. Since this land, with the exception of a few isolated fields on the outer edge of the bottoms, is very poorly drained and wholly unpro- tected from floods, no attempt has been made to place it un- der cultivation, and though the soils are frequently produc- tive, they are utilized only for pasture. The samples ex- amined are lower in phosphoric acid than one would expect from bottom lands of this character. Trinity fine sandy loam-This includes all of the sandy soils of the Navasota river bottom which have a black or dark- brown surface color and grayish, drab, or in places, black subsoils. The type consists mainly of a fine sandy loam 1O to 20 inches deep, underlain by drab or black, plastic clay. The area is small. In two or three places where land has been placed under cultivation, good yields of corn and cotton have been obtained. The soil is well suited to sorghum. Bermuda grass should make good pasturage and might prove profitable as a hay crop. The sample examined is low in nitrogen. Wilson clay-This consists of about 8 to 12 inches of dark-gray to black, sticky, plastic clay, underlain by a dark drab to black, plastic impervious clay which generally grades into a slate-colored, sticky, highly plastic clay at less than 3 feet. The soil material is probably more sticky and plastic than that of any other type in the county. The total acreage is small, amounting to 1.9 square miles. The largest single area lies southeast of Millican, while smaller areas occur in the vicinity of Millican. The land is level and very gently rolling. The soil is sticky and intractable when wet, and bakes upon drying. It is, however, strong and durable, and if plowed deep when the moisture content is favorable and then judiciously cultivated it will usually return yields of cotton and corn but little lower than those obtained on the Miller clay on the Brazos river bottoms. The incorporation of green manures is beneficial in improving the tilth. It is well sup- ipliedfiwizth plant food but will probably need legume rota- 1on rs . Soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington Counties 43 Wilson clay loam-This consists of black very fine sandy loam or fine sandy loam underlain at about 2 to 5 inches by black or a dark-drab, sticky plastic clay. In many places the dark-colored plastic clay is encountered at about 2 feet, espe~ cially in the lower, flat situations. The soil becomes copact on drying. The clay loam type occurs in irregular-shaped bodies- throughout the uplands. One of the largest tracts is encoun- tered west of Smetana on Clayton Prairie. Other areas of con- siderable size are mapped near Millican and at Rock Prairie. The land for the most part is level prairie and very gently rolling. The type occurs on high, well-drained ridges north- east of Bryan. Near Smetana the land is very nearly level. Drainage is adequate for the staple crops of the county, and there is no destructive erosion or gullying. l All the land is cultivable. The soil, though somewhat later than the surrounding Lufkin types, is durable and fairly productive. In favorable years yields of one-half bale of cot- ton and 30 bushels of corn without the use of commercial fer- tilizers, are common. Such crops should succeed as Johnson grass for hay, sorghum, and kafir. Bur clover is well adapted to this type. The sample examined is well supplied with plant food. It will probably need legume rotation first. Wilson fine sandy loam-This, when it occurs in shallow sags at the heads of drainage ways or small creeks, consists mainly of a dark grayish-brown to black fine sandy loam or very fine sandy loam about 12 to 15 inches deep, underlain by dark-drab or bluish-black, highly plastic, impervious clay. The subsoil generally grades into a drab or gray, plastic clay at less than 3 feet. These areas produce fair yields of both cotton and corn, the yield of corn probably being higher than on the Lufkin fine sandy loam. Sorghum‘ should do well. Much of the land could be improved by shallow tile drainage or by ditching. In the prairie or gently rolling treeless areas the Wilson fine sandy loam is a friable,.black or very dark grayish fine- loam, underlain at depths of about 5 to 12 inches by a black, plastic silty clay which quickly changes into a drab, plastic clay, slightly mottled in places with yellow. These areas of the Wilson fine sandy loam are well drained and easily cultivated. The average yields are about. one-third bale of cotton or 15 to 20 bushels of corn per acre. This soil will first need legume rotation, to supply nitro- gen and humus. It will also probably need phosphoric acid. Yahola clay l0am—This alluvial soil consists generally of about 10 inches of light-chocolate or light brownish-red,. 44 Bulletin N0. 316 slightly plastic silty clay loam, underlain by reddish, compact silt loam, or silty clay loam, the subsoil on the whole being lighter in texture than the surface soil. The total acreage of this soil is small. It is a little more difficult to till than the Yahola silt loam. It does not harden or crack to such an extent as the Miller clay, and is a little better drained than that type. The strips of this soil are very narrow, and it is cultivated only in connection with other soils. This soil is well supplied with plant food, it will prob- ably need nitrogen first. iYahola silt loam—This is typically a light brownish-red or light reddish-brown, compact silt loam about 12 to 1.5 inches deep, commonly underlain by 4 to 10 inches of a light brownish-red, compact silt loam, and this in turn by salmon- red very fine sandy loam. The substratum consists of inter- bedded silt and loamy fine sand. The surface soil is slightly plastic when wet, and tends to clod and crust slightly when subjected to rapid drying. The type is bottom land, located at slightly higher eleva- tions than the Miller clay, and is naturally better drained. In the upper bottoms it occupies a very low ridge, 10 to 15 feet above the clay soils on each side and from one-half to a lit- tle more than one mile in width, lying between the Little Brazos and Brazos rivers. The silt loam originally was forested, but practically all the type is under cultivation. It is much more easily culti- vated than the Miller clay, and crops can be planted a few days earlier and start growing more rapidly in the spring. The average yield of cotton is about one-half bale per acre, and of corn 30 to 35 bushels. Alfalfa gives good re- sults. A great variety of crops can be grown successfully. The samples examined are well supplied with plant food. It will need legume rotation first. SOILS OF CAMP COUNTY Camp county is situated in the northeastern part of Tex- as, in the East Texas timber belt, about 40 miles west of the eastern boundary, and 5O miles south of the northern boun- dary. The elevation is 200 to 500 feet above sea level. The surface for the most part is gently rolling. Cotton is the chief crop, but corn, Irish potatoes, tomatoes, peaches, sweet pota- toes, and other truck crops are also grown. Legume crops are being grown to some extent. Soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington Counties 45 @_-:__. Camp ca”, IVor/a/k Hhe Jana’ ifiasP/w”: Add Mroyen 12-: Qfash Susquehanna Fhe Sand] Loam tsusqte/ranna frame/y Loam _ lVor/o/k Fine 300-0} loam 0 20 40 50, a0 100 /zo Corn poss/Z/fiy Figure 4——Corn possibility in bushels per acre of the active phosphoric acid, total nitrogen, and active potash of some soil types of Camp County. Six types of soil belonging to four series have been mapped in this county. The Norfolk fine sandy 10am occu- pies 47 per cent. of the area and the Susquehanna fine sandy loam 18 per cent. These are the most important agricultural soils in extent. Table 2 shows the average composition of "the soils of this county. 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Hm .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iuo< >0 NH Hm H MN m.w odm a mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .wH@H|I EHHJWHOmLQQwHHHwQEwOH 55$ ~==£~=¢26 wwnmH Hm mH mm mam H». HH 1mm a 0H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .22] nBouLQBQwIIEgH .205 “Eziénaw wwmfi $2 2 3 N? H . HH w. S mew . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52! sinaowlugmtgwlawo_ b6: ~=E~fi5¢3w wwmfi a a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GHOUIDUQWHHZIEQB kflOuw dflfimfivflduwflw Hm HH w mdH 5m HQ wwm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iuo<¢u>< oH w H ab. mim v.0 miwH E:am~ow||:omn=m|.c_wo_ ASECPHM wccmausvmuw mmmmH Q. S HH 9S H6 mew W3 _:.a|=o£=w|a8_ 53E» 2E21=S=m Qmfi Hqw m H HioH Him 5o mdH E=sw~ow||:own=m|Ewo_ 31.52» macmsunvwsw mmmmH moH mH HH m. Hm 50H wd wdm :._ou|:o@n=@||E~o_ 312:» wacasosvwsw mommH E34. cvw 16¢‘ 3N ifiom 5m v1.5a swwuom AYSMZ U123 Aston ‘obmz éosm oZ o2 $95 32a oZ -800 flEswfima 8.5 .55 égsmwém E8 “EEO E E80 2E»? wézéoulsezaou AHHZOU dHHOm mPZMHZHMHMHmXMH eoml: mqmfi‘ Soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington Counties 53 DESCRIPTION OF SOIL TYPES OF CAMPCOUNTY Caddo fine sandy loam-The soil to a depth of 3 to 8 inches and occasionally 12 inches, is a very fine sand contain- ing considerable clay and usually gray in color. The subsoil isa very tenacious impervious clay of varying color, being usually gray with a few mottles of yellow or red, though some- times it is brown. Scattered over the surface and covering nearly one-half the type are small, rounded mounds of fine sand or fine loam 1 to 4 feet high and 2 to 4 rods wide. The general topography of the soil is quite level. It oc- curs on poorly drained areas in the uplands some distance from the streams to a very limited extent, only a few small areas being mapped in the southwestern part of the county. These are locally known as “post oak flats.” The soil is quite refractory to handle, because of its large clay content and poorly drained condition. It is rather un- productive and is cold and backward in the spring. Water remains in depressions until evaporated. The great need of the soil is artificial drainage. When this is secured it should prove well suited to cotton and corn. In its natural condition it makes good pasturage. Cotton yields as high as one-half bale to the acre, and corn in favorable years 20 bushels per acre. It is low in phosphoric acid and nitrogen and needs legume rotation. Norfolk fine sand-The soil to a depth of 6 inches, is a gray medium or fine sand containing a small amount of or- ganic matter in the surface when first brought under cultiva- tion. It grades imperceptibly into the subsoil, which extends to a depth of 3 to 15 feet, a gray medium sand free from gravel. The topography is level or gently rolling, often being deeply eroded. The Norfolk fine sand is not an extensive type and is confined to the southwestern part of the county. It is _ not highly esteemed for agricultural purposes, for it soon de- clines in productiveness, and does not withstand drought well. It is adapted especially to early truck crops, both fruit and vegetables doing well. Cotton yields one-fifth to one-half bale per acre, and corn 1O to 18 bushels. Peanuts do well. It is low in nitrogen, needs a legume rotation, and should need nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash for truck crops. The sample examined is higher in active phosphoric acid than is usually the case with soils of this type. Norfolk fine sandy loam-The surface 12 to 20 inches is a gray sandy loam. The subsoil to a depth of 3 to 10 feet, 54 ' Bulletin No. 316 consists of a yellow sandy clay underlain by a stiff clay. The topography is usually level or gently rolling. ‘The original timber growth consisted of pines and hard- woods. When first cleared, the soil contains a good propor- tion of humus and is very productive. It is the leading farm- ing soil of Camp County, and occurs in large bodies over the main uplands and along the upper courses of the small streams in the central and southern portions of the area. It is very easy to cultivate and the subsoil contains enough sand and silt to make it fairly pervious to water. Cotton and corn are the principal crops. Cotton yields one-fourth bale to one bale per acre, averaging one-half bale. Corn yields 10 to 40 bushels per acre, averaging about 20 bushels. The greater part of the fruit and truck is grown on this soil. Peanuts, oats, cowpeas, and Bermuda grass all do well. The sample examined is better supplied with active phos- phoric acid than is usual with similar soils. It is very low in nitrogen. It needs a legume rotation and probably phosphate fertilizers. Potash would be needed for fruit and truck. Susquehanna, fine sandy l0am—-The surface to a depth of 6 to 12 inches is a gray fine sandy loam, containing a small amount of gravel made up of iron sandstone and iron concre- tions. The subsoil consists of a tenacious red plastic clay, containing but little sand or gravel, usually mottled with yel- low and occasionally blue clay in the lower depths. The topography is level to gently rolling. Where nearly level, the soil sometimes lacks good drainage because of its heavy subsoil. This type occurs along the smaller stream courses and on the low divides between them. The original forest growth consisted of hardwoods, with a small amount of pine. The structure of the soil is loose and porous and culti- vation is easy. Green manuring is found very profitable and is to be advised. This soil is adapted to a great variety of crops, such as cotton, corn, oats, cowpeas, and Bermuda grass. Cotton usually yields one-fourth to three-fourths bale per acre, aver- aging less than one-half bale. Corn produces 10 to 25 bushels per acre. It is better supplied with plant food than the Norfolk soils, but is still low in nitrogen. Susquehanna gravelly l0am—The soil to a depth of 10 to 20 inches, consists of a reddish gray medium sandy loam, con- taining a large proportion of gravel made up of iron sand- stone and iron concretions. The subsoil consists of a red clay, mottled with yellow or gray, and contains considerable gravel Soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington Counties 55 similar to that of the soil. This gravel content renders the clay pervious to water and coupled with the good surface slope gives the soil good drainage, but, on the other hand, the type does not withstand drought very well. The topography is rolling, occurring along thebluffs of the larger streams where erosion has been rapid. It occurs mostly in the northern part of the county near Big Cypress Creek. The original timber growth consists mostly of hard- woods. This is an early soil, adapted to all the staple crops of the county, especially truck and fruit. Cotton and corn are the principal crops. Cotton averages one-third bale per acre, but with good culture early varieties yield one bale to the acre. Corn yields 1O to 20 bushels per acre. Peaches seem to do well and many of the large peach orchards have been set out on this type. The soil is low in nitrogen. It needs legume rotation and fruit and vegetables need a complete fertilizer. Susquehanna stony loam-This is not uniform in char- acter, but where typically developed it consists of a gray or reddish gray sandy loam, 6 to 12 inches deep, in which oc- curs a great number of stones of varying sizes. The subsoil differs from the soil in that it contains more clay, is often red in color, and frequently contains more rock fragments. The type is found in the rough, hilly section, locally know as the “mountains,” in the southwestern part of the county. The soil is not cultivated because of its stony character and rough topography. It is used for pasture or valued for the timber, consisting of shortleaf pine, blackjack, oak, hick- ory, and minor growths. It is low in nitrogen. SOILS OF ELLIS COUNTY Ellis county is situated in the northeastern part of Texas, in the black land belt. The elevation ranges from 450 to 750 feet above the sea level. The county is naturally divided into four agricultural sections, each being especially adapted to certain crops. The first division in the West is the valley land, which is well adapted to cotton and corn and in some por- tions to alfalfa. The next division is the white rock section, especially suited to wheat and oats. The third division is the black land belt, principally planted to cotton. The eastern part of the county is sandy land, and is best adapted to the growing of truck, fruit, and peanuts, but largely devoted to the production of cotton. 56 Bulletin N0. 316 m 1 Dar-am‘ C/ay 57/13 Chum‘) j phos/dwr/c Arr/a’ Houston B/ack C/a] Mlfraye” ii: Pafash J HOI/Sfofl 5759/7)’ f/q I F/h/fy C/a] 0 2Q 40 5a 90f m4 14p r} §orfl poss/"lfiv/IQ/ Figure 5—-iCorn possibility in bushels per acre of the active phosphoric acid, total nitrogen, and active potash of some soil types of Ellis County Thirteen types of soil are found in the county, belonging to eight different series. The Houston black clay occupies 42.6 per cent. of the area, and this is a productive and durable soil. The Trinity clay occupies 15.0 per cent. of the area. This is a bottom land soil, very productive and durable. The Houston stony clay occupies 13.3 per cent. of the area, and the Durant clay occupies 6.8. Full descriptions of these typos are given later. The average chemical composition of the soils is shown in Table 2. The interpretation of the analyses is given in Table 11. Detailed analyses of the various types and their chemical composition are given in Table 12 and discussed in connection With the description of each type. The soils of this county are generally Well supplied with plant food and with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Q TOO“ .1. 96.3 $4 ma. 3 o i2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .uu@?:5|lE¢o_ >£u =25,» mmmfi . . . . . . . . . . . . Aw WOOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ZOwL5w\|iAN@U xmwmflluk cbfi 3&5 c2 2. mm o is woow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . duwtswliiu 53th. owfiusxzfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. >3 mm wm o t“ 18w I. . .:own:w|.E~o_ 3:22.. 2E ~==~€=3=w Ema 0A awed omfi wH ma. c woo kw coom . . . . .ou£b;.l¢§o_ 3E3 mam wccmsusvwsm wnmmfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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Z3m05w|l02u 053m 0035000 00.000 .0 00.0 00.0 00. 0.000 00.. 0.0.0 000. 0.00 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5255,» 0 00 .0 00.0 0.0.0 0.000 0.0. 00.0 000. 0.000 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........:om0:m|>2u coi=o00 00000 0 00% 00. 00. 0.0.0 00. 00.0 000. 0.00 000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200351002.“ 050.2600 000.0 0 00.0 00.0 3.0 0.000 00. 2.0 0.00. 0 0.0 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . £05530 - 0 00.0. 0.0.0 00.0 0.000 00. 000.0 .0000. 0 000 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...62:;|>2u 0502600 00000 0 00. 00. 00. 0.00 00. 00. 00.0. 0.00 00¢. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..32§w1|?t .6232 0000 0 00.2 00.0 00.2 0.00 0.0.0 8.0 80. 0.0m 0%. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..M§.S>< 0 00.00 |l | 0.000 .| 00.0 000. 0 0v 00.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0ow0=¢|>2u 320 0232600 00000 0 00.00 00.0 0.0.00 0.000 l >0. 000. 0 .00 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. mowfiwliwz 320 0052600 00000 0 00.00 00. 00.00 0.00. 00. 0 0.0.0 000. 0.00 0.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..:o..”0_;|>2u V320 08500.0 00000 o 00.0 00. 3.2 0 m: 00. 00.0 0.2. 0 S. 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..=.9:;>< 0 00.00 00. 00.00 0..000 00. l 000. 0 0v 0000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..52._:w|>2u 320 c0262 00000 0 00.0 00.0 00.00 0.000 | 00. 0 0+0. 0 00 0000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4E~T=w|52u V320 c8502 00000 0 00.00 000 .0 $0 0.000 00. 00.0 000. 0.00 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..325w|>2u 320 =825m 000000 0 00.0 00.0 00.0 0.000 00. 00. 0 000. 00.0% 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:o¢0=w|>2u 2:00 00000 0 00.0 00.0 00.0 0.00.0 00. 00. 0 00.0. 0.0000 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602551.020 0:0 00000 0 00.0 00.0 00.0 0.0.00 I 00.0 000. 0 0000 000. ..... ........:ow0:m||Emo_ >053 v5.0 03> 225G 00000 0 00.0 000.0 00.0 0.000 I 00.0 0.00. 0 0000 000. . . . . . . . . . . .uu2:;|¢§o_ >052 2E 56> 525D 00000 0 00.0 00.0 00. 0.000 0w 0.0. 000. 0.00 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..:ow05w|E~o_ 050.500 00000 0 00.. 0 000.0 00 0.000 00. 00. 0.00. 0.00 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..325TIE~o_ 525G 000000 0 00.0 000.0 00.0 0.000 00. 0». 000. 0.00 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:om0=m||E¢o0 .005; 2:0 525G 0.0.000 0 00.0 00.0 00.0 0.00.0 00. 00.. 000. 0.00 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ivu25w|Emo_ >052 0:0 59500 00.000 0 0.0.0 00.0 00.0 0. 0000 000. 00. 000. 0.00 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:ow0§»|>2.. 050.500 00.000 0 00.0 00.0 0.0. 0.000 00. 00.0 000. 0.00 00.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325.vr102u 525D 0.0.000 0 00.0 00.0 0a.. 0.000 00.. 00.0 000. 0.000 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :ow0:m||E~o_ >20 050350 00.000 0 00.0 00.0 00. 0.000 0.0. 00.0 000. 0.000 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.5m|=§o_ .02» 0.00.0350 00.000 533m 002:2 533m c0252 000222 uifiom 533m 0on0 QTiJOw 007.93% 000095.00. 00mm 003.5% 00300052 30 ucouhvm 030w 203cm u>$u< Eu< 03oF :00 u>$u< 0000.0. >000 .2023» 3.220 2w E30 _ 6E2. |l||||l|§| -2o0_.:0 6:032 050.0 0230.00 02u< 0.100080% .>0.ZDOU 00200.0 .000 0.0000 1.00 20700000200 0400200000100 M00050. o 3a 2 A 2 6 mph“ I. .54 X5 . 95H o2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=o33||=§o_ >23 =o¢=>> $3. o $5 $4 $3 n45 I. an; m2. 3w m2. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3£.:;I.E~o_ >2» c953 n32 o3 mag“ and mmd 0.0mm ww. vain hum. 5mm 0mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...uu<¢u>.< o 3.» an.» Q5 mam: 3.. $4 m2. wdw w; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....=QB=?I.T2Q 561m. $.32 o @Q. m- .l I i v . ¢||I . § -wm - . - ~ ¢ - ' . - n - - - » . - - 1 v v - 1 - - n p n a fl3u3m c252 333cm c0222 c2252 333cm 233m 3m 333cm fi3u3m 233m 3m 333m hunEsz 3a 233m 23¢. 353cm 3>$u< 13¢. 130m. 5w u>fiu< mfiom. ~33 >333» azumwwm mi Eu< Y ébMZ &._onmq -2532 SEA £30m 33» uioamwosm .§v=_2sul.>ezoou 23m mo 35w mo zoipwomfiou QHMEUInm~ MAMIE. Soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington Counties 61 DESCRIPTION OF SOILS OF ELLIS COUNTY Crawford clay loam—This consists of a chocolate-brown silty clay loam, to a depth of 8 inches, underlain t0 a depth of 3 feet by a light-brown chocolate, or reddish-brown silty clay. The. principal difference between the soil and subsoil is the color. This is a very uniform type, the main variation being in the depth to the underlying limestone, which is very seldom more than 4 feet from the surface and it is generally found at a depth of about 25 to 35 inches. The type is confined entirely to the eastern part of the county. The entire type covers comparatively small areas. The largest area is found at Midlothian, extending north and south through the eastern part of the town, and is about3 miles in length and varies from about one-fourth mile to one and three-fourths miles in width. Other important areas are found along Gratehouse Branch and Mill and Red Oak Creeks. m3 w m. 0.0m 0.0 v6 0.3 .......... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ... .Dmfilfisnmhownlzownswlafl:~o_ >052 u: 5E 5 . m: 2 a ... a“ we i. ZN ....................... ......:2| soT__.s.fl..Tes_ £5 ....“ ........Hm mm” 03 3 3 0.0m v.0 +4.3 0.?“ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............mo< $5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....@.—.@%||E5SmuOm'0UN%u5w|ENQ@ >hWn~Nw Uii HCNuDQ 00G 3 0w 0 Q 0.0 0.3 0.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I331: =kou|ou£5w|é§o_ .353 2.0 595G 00.03 3G 3 .3 0.3m 0.0 0.: 3 0m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..221E=firomluumtilamo_ >052 2.0 595G 053 m3 3 mm 0.0m 0.2 T3 3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.23‘ =._ou|uu£.:5|:§o_ >053 50 225G 0S3 b0... 3 3 mdm 0.0 0 3 06m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..uo<5>< 03 0 3 mRm 0.0 0.3 0.0m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..33||Eazmkowlqomnswlfflu 5P5 00.0 G o8 m w“ Q3 m... Ia #8. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G . . . . ...:w§! Eoulmwomezléxu 2.5m 2mm; m3 n mu 0.3m H .0 0.3 0.0m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . .Eofilfisnwhowlzownsw|>fiu 595G 053 03m 0m 0m 08m N03 0.3 50w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I33] ioulzownnw|mfiu 255G 00.03 00m 3 mm n00 v.3 wtmm 0.0m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..uo<¢u>< 03 3 0m 0.0m 0.0 0.0m v.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..30G|E_£mho¢||uu£k=m|>2u 535G :03 mom ...“ 1v 0.3. 3.0m N03. G .8. . . . . . . . . . . . . 133i: ckouioufihsmllmfiu $55G $.03 Sm S 3. ...? 0.3 0.0m 0.0m . . . . . . . . . . . .33.15szwuowluuwtza|>fiu 225G $.03 v00 vm 0w 0.0m 0.03 0.0m 0.0m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1233' Eou|ou$~=w||>£u 595G $.03 3m 0m 0w 3.0m 0.03 0.0m $.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..uu<._u>< 03 3 0m 0.2.. G .03 0.0m >00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3318=firow|=owpsw|fiwo .8 a2 m. é 2 a ...? Q2 “.3 2.. .................. ... .............. .921 ...2|=...e..|_.§." vovsw mm“ 3m 3 3. 0.0m 0.3 0.0m 3.0m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..>G3I|Esfitou|zomnsw|lfiwo_ 3839C 0E3 000 mm m0 00¢ 0.vm 0.3.0 0.0a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.30311 =._ou|:o»0:»|=§o_ 00003.20 3.03 00¢ >0 G0 50m 0.0m m0“. 33¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............uo< 3m 00 nu 5mm 3.8m 7mm 0.0m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..33.|E=aw._o»|»u~ .5_TIE@o .6 33 . 3 a s . . s H .2 M2... in .................................. . 3T §i§v__.|_:o" “vovsw Mmw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . .NM@%NEUS@MOm|IUUN%GUQIIIEfin: w~uO%>>.NkU $0 0v um m 00 N00 0.3. 00¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523i: c._ou|uu2.5m|E~o_ Eo0><2U 3.03 . Eu< 5w 06¢. 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< m2 2 i0. we.“ #2 0.3 5:. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18%| Eauzvwlswpilewo. Eu a023, fiwfi w w . fi . Q m. . m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GuOu.|lZOmn~5m||.EmO_ km? GOwZEI Ow N M . N N Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESJMuOmIZOwQDwIE NO_ >m1v 503mg c3 3 mm 9mm mam m3 mimm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :21 Eou|=o£=wle8_ >2» c223 $52 NS a mm HEM “rmfl Nmwm m.wm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. uo< 2w m: mm 92. 93 93 3% 22.: s~£3ow|3~r=w|e2._ >2“. .65; mmmfi Em 2 Q fmw w. Q waw *3 M321: ckou|»u~.r:.5||E~o_ ~31 c355 mmfifi m2 5 E 0.3 Ndfl :5 fi .3 S23] E_Em._o?|vu£.5m|E¢o_ >2“. c855 23H an mm mu w? f: miwm ma” . .521! Eou|vuflt=w|E~o_ zfiu .653 $53 Eu< UN Eu< 5w . 38.3 Azfiuh swmuom 5m 3:23 123cm 65:4 50am 83a -232 -25.» oZ o2 oZ -800 =EE=EB 18m :5» a. baewwom E8 2.530 E 32o 2E3,» Ywzéaulsezaou 213m mo 35w ZO wezmfifimwmxm eomlfi mqmfiw Soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington Counties 67 The topography of the type varies from rolling to hilly. On the tops of some of the hills are sometimes almost level areas. Owing to the topography, the soil has good surface drainage." When put in good condition it acts very much like a heavy loam, although it bakes slightly and is very sticky when wet. It does not crack like some of the clay soils or stick to the plows so badly. While only of limited extent, it is considered one of the most desirable soils in the area, part- ly on account of ease of cultivation and partly because of natural productiveness. This soil is well adapted to cotton, corn, wheat, and oats, and is especially suited to small grain. Cotton yields one- third to three-fourths bale, corn 30 to 40 bushels, oats 40 to 60 bushels, and wheat 12 to 20 bushels per ace. It is well supplied with plant food. Durant Clan-The soil to a depth of 8 inches is a dark- brown to almost black clay, sometimes having a slightly gray- ish tinge. The subsoil from 8 to 36 inches is stiff, heavy, pale ‘yellowish drab clay, sometimes having a dark bluish color. Scattered over the surface and throughout both soil and sub- soil are lime concretions or gravel. This type of soil predominates in the valley west of a dis- tinct blufi line, running in a general north and south direc- tion, near Midlothian and Oak. The soil is very sticky when wet and hard when dry, and where it is not cultivated during a dry season large cracks are formed. It breaks up in clods when plowed, but it is easily put in good condition by harrowing. ~ The topography varies from level to gently rolling, though probably the greater proportion is almost level. The drainage is fairly good, but open ditches are an advantage on the level areas during wet seasons. Owing to the texture and topography of the Durant clay it suffers more from an excess of moisture than from drought. When crops are be- ing drowned out on this valley land, as it is locally known, they are good on the high hills. The conditions are just the reverse in times of drought. Cotton yields about one-third to three-fourths bale per ace, corn 30 to 40 bushels, and oats 40 to 50 bushels. It is well supplied with plant food but will probably need nitrogen first, with legume rotation. Durant fine sandy loam—The surface to a depth of 8 to 10 inches is a brown to grayish-brown fine sandy loam, hav- ing a relatively high content of silt. Below this is a yellowish- gray sandy loam slightly heavier than the surface soil. This extends to about 15 inches, where it changes to a dingy yel- 68 Bulletin No. 316 low or yellowish-drab clay loam, which extends to a depth of 3 feet, the color becoming lighter as the depth increases. The surface ranges from level to gently rolling and the level areas have a darker and deeper soil than those that are more rolling. This soil does not cover a very extensive area, but it is one of the most important types on account of its adaption to a greater variety of crops than any other soil of the county. A narrow strip of this type varying from about one- fourth to three-fourths mile in width occurs south of Ennis on each side of Cummins creek. This same area extends north, passing through Ennis, becoming much broader and following the Texas Midland railroad to Valley Creek. Other small areas are found scattered along this creek. Another com- paratively large area is found in the vicinity of Bristol. Owing to the open structure of this soil it has good sur- face and underground drainage. For this same reason it is easily cultivated, and any clods that may be formed in plow- ing are readily broken down by light harrowing. The type is planted principally to cotton, although some corn and oats are grown. Cotton averages about one-fourth bale, although three-fourths bale. per acre is sometimes secured. Corn yields 20 to 30 bushels per acre and oats about the same. Cowpeas and peanuts would do well on this soil. Much better returns could be secured from this soil by growing of truck and fruit than with the crops to which it is at present devoted. It is used very little for special crops, though some blackberries, dewberries, and melons are produced, and occasionally a few fruit trees are seen. It needs a legume rotation, and the use of fertilizers would be advised for truck crops. Durant loam—The soil to a depth of 10 to 12 inches, is a dark-brown to dark-gray loam, containing some fine sand and rather high percentage of silt. There is no sharp line of demarcation between the soil and subsoil, the one passing into the other gradually through a zone 4 to 6 inches thick. This soil becomes heavier in texture and lighter in color as the depth increases. The subsoil varies from a bluish or drab clay loam, to.a yellowish-mottled clay, sometimes containing reddish-brown spots. i The topography of the type varies from level to slightly rolling, although by far the greater portion of it is level. This type is of such a texture that it will stand both wet and dry seasons better than any other type in the area. The largest body occurs south of Ennis, beginning about the city limits and extending south of the county line. When the soil is plowed, clods are formed, but these are readily pulverized. Soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington Counties 69 The type is not a difficult one to cultivate and when in good condition forms a mellow loam. The Durant loam is one of the most desirable soils found in the area. It is well adapted to general farming. Cotton yields about one-third to three-fourths bale per acre, corn 30 to 40 bushels, and oats 35 to 50 bushels. This type is also Well adapted to fruit, peanuts, and potatoes. It is well sup- plied with plant food, and will need nitrogen and legume ro- tation first. Dnrant very fine sandy loani—-This varies very widely, but on an average it consists of a yellowish-brown very fine sandy loam, underlain by a pale yellowish-gray sandy loam, somewhat more tenacious than the soil. The texture varies from a heavy fine sandy loam to a light loam. It is found in two areas on the southeast side of Grove Creek, the largest of which averages about three-fourths mile in width and 4 miles in length. It follows along the stream bordering the Trinity clay. The other area is only a half mile down the stream from the larger one, and between these two areas is the Durant loam. The type is broken and hilly and cut by numerous short and narrow V-shaped valleys. Very little of it is under cultivation, being used chiefly for grazing. It is too hilly and eroded to cultivate very easily. If the sod were broken the soil would soon be washed down into the valley. It is rich in plant food. Ellis clay-—The surface is a yellowish-brown clay. The subsoil is a heavy plastic clay to a depth of 3 feet or more. In many places scattered over the surface and throughout the soil and subsoil are fragments of hard limestone. The soil is very sticky and plastic when wet and it bakes hard on drying. It is somewhat difficult to cultivate unless handled exactly at the proper time, when it is neither too wet nor too dry. The surface features of the type vary from rolling to hilly and broken. The broken areas have been badly eroded by the numerous small streams which traverse them. The greater part of the Ellis clay lies in the valley in the Western part of the county. The largest single area mapped is situated northwest of Midlothian. It runs north and south for about 4 miles and varies about 1 mile to 1 1-2 miles in width. A narrow strip fringes the bluff line between the val- ley soils and the Houston stony clay. Because of its surface features and the difficulty in handling this soil, the greater proportion is generally used for pastures, for which purpose it is best adapted. Practically all of the type that is cultivated is devoted to cotton. Cotton does better than any other cultivated crop, although it is often 70 Bulletin N0. 316 difficult to secure a good stand. The stalks are never large, but they fruit well. The yield ranges from one-fourth to one» v half bale per acre. It is ‘well supplied with plant food. Houston black cZay—The soil to a depth of 10 inches is a very heavy tenacious black clay, containing a very high per- centage of organic matter. The subsoil is a heavy black "clay having practically the same characteristics as the soil, al- though it is a little lighter in color. The type is locally known as “black land.” When dry and well cultivated it is very friable and easily worked. When plowed too wet it forms clods, but after they have been ex- posed to the weather for some time, they break down to a certain degree and the soil can be put into a good mechanical condition by means of a light harrow. If not tilled, the soil cracks badly in dry weather; sometimes the cracks are sev- eral inches wide and several feet deep. In wet weather, and especially during the winter months, this clay sticks to the wagon wheels in large quantities. The topography of the Houston black clay varies from level to rolling. The drainage is good during an average season, but the level areas suffer from an excess of moisture during a wet season. Open ditches are sometimes found on the level areas and more of them would prove beneficial. The Houston black clay is the most important soil in the area, covering more than one-third of the county. It occurs in one broad and very uniform body and one of smaller size. The larger body, with a width varying 15 to 2O miles, ex- tends diagonally across the county from the northeast cor- ner to the southwest corner. This broad area is broken prac- tically only along the stream courses. The other area is in the southeastern corner of the county and is about 8 miles long and 2 to 5 miles wide. This is a very productive soil. It is well suited to cotton, corn, and small grain. The greater portion of it -is planted in cotton, other crops being grown only to a small extent. Alfalfa does well on the level areas. On an average, the yield of cotton is one-fourth to one-half bale per acre, al- though during a favorable season one bale is not uncommon. Corn yields 30 to 40 bushels, and oats 40 to 60 bushels per acre. The soil is well supplied with plant food. The analysis indicates that nitrogen and phosphoric acid will probably be needed first. The pot experiment in Table 13 indicates a need for nitrogen. The greatest need of this soil is a proper legume rotation. Houston clay-The surface soil extends to a depth of 6 inches, varies from a gray to brownish-gray clay, and con- Soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington Counties 71 tains a high percentage of silt. The subsoil is a light-gray to pale yellowish-gray, and sometimes almost a white clay con- taining a high percentage of silt. Both the soil and the sub- soil frequently contain lime concretions and fragments of limestone. This soil is not typically developed in the county, all of the area being small and lacking uniformity. Practically all of the type is found along the slopes of the streams, although some spots are on knolls. As a gen- eral rule the underlying limestone or white rock lies 18 to 30 inches below the surface. ' The topography of this type is gently rolling and hilly, although small level areas are sometimes found on the tops of hills. The Houston clay is confined principally to the cen- tral and western parts of the county, being located along the south prong of the Waxahachie and Red Oak creeks in small scattering areas. Owing to the hilly and eroded condition" a large percentage of it is uncultivated. When wet it is very sticky, and on drying the surface bakes very hard, but does not crack like the Houston black clay. It is comparatively easy to cultivate, and after it is plowed and the clods are broken it becomes quite loose and acts somewhat like a silt. When the subsoil is dry it has the appearance of powder. The type is well drained and sometimes suffers from drought. On account of the various phases of this soil, which are generally of different depths, it is hard to estimate the crop yields. Oats seem to do better than any other crop, the yield ranging from 35 to 45 bushels. Cotton will probably produce one-third to one-half bale and corn 20 to 35 bushels per acre. The Houston clay is better adapted to the growing of fruit than any of the other clay types in the county. This soil is well supplied with plant food. Houston stony clay—The soil varies from 4 to 8 inches in depth, and consists of a dark-brown or black clay. When cul- tivated, it becomes comparatively loose and friable. A large: number of limestone fragments of varying size are scattered over the surface and throughout the soil. At depths ranging from 5 to 10 inches the parent limestone is encountered in place. - It sometimes lies at a greater depth, but seldom deep- er than 15 inches. Along the slopes and on some of the higher knolls, where erosion has been more active, the rock is ex- posed at the surface. The Houston stony clay is locally known as white rock land, the name being suggested by the chalky limestone, un- derlying the type- This type occurs mainly as one large and almost un- broken area, extending north and south the entire length of the county. It is about 30 miles in length and ranges from 1 72 Bulletin N0. 316 to 8 miles in width. The type is very uniform and is broken ‘only by the bottoms along the streams and by small spots of _ Houston clay. The topography is for the most part rolling, though it becomes rough and hilly along some of the streams. It is easily eroded. Deep gullies extending from the hills to the streams are common. The numerous small streams with nar- row V-shaped valleys traversing this soil type rapidly re- move excess water in times of heavy rains and the topo- graphy is such that thorough drainage is maintained. The type is inclined to be droughty, although the moisture condi- tions are much better than would be thought, considering the fact that the soils rest upon rock so near the surface. This rock, however, is soft and seamed, which enables it to hold a certain amount of moisture. There are sometimes small spots in which the crops are distinctly inferior, though there is ap- parently no difference between the soil here and in the rest of the field. A close examination shows that a very thin crust of hard limestone overlies the chalky material under these spots and that the plants are simply suffering from lack of moisture. The type varies somewhat in fertility with variation in depth. When the soil is only 3 or 4 inches deep the yields are much smaller than when there is a depth of 6 to 8 inches. It is comparatively easy to cultivate, considering the stony character. The stones being soft, they are easily broken and are not as severe on farm machinery as harder stone would be. The yields on this type depend more on the seasons than upon any other one factor. Drought occasionally causes al- most a total failure. On the other hand during a season of floods and heavy rains it produces better yields than the Hous- ton black clay. The yields ordinarily secured are: Cotton one-third to one-half bale; corn, 20 to 30 bushels; wheat about 12 bushels; and oats about 35 bushels per acre. The soil is especially adapted to small grains. The soil is well supplied with plant food. Legume rota- tion is needed first. Susquehanna fine sandy loam—This has the widest varia- tion of all types encountered in the county, and it is difficult to collect a representative sample. While the soil is a fine sandy loam, the c'ontent of sand varies. There is also a wide variation in color. The greater portion of the type is a yel- lowish or reddish-brown fine sandy loam with a depth of 18 inches. The subsoil from 8 to 36 inches is an orange-colored or yellowish-red sticky sandy clay. The type occurs along Chambers creek and Trinity river, the greater portion being along Chambers creek. The larg- Soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington Counties 73 est and most uniform area is found in the Western part of the county, lying between the north and south prongs of Cham- bers creek. The topography varies from level to gently rolling, the type being confined largely to the slopes along streams. The crop yields vary with the different phases of the type. The soil is easily cultivated and the drainage is good. During a dry season it suffers from lack of moisture. It is ‘ especially adapted to fruit and truck,-though very little of it is cultivated. The sample examined is well supplied with phosphoric acid and potash but low in nitrogen. Trinity clay—The soil to a depth of 1O inches varies from a brownish-black to black clay. The subsoil to a depth of 36 inches is a yellowish-brown or grayish-brown stiff tenacious clay. Sometimes the soil has a slightly yellowish tinge. This alluvial soil occurs principally along the Trinity river and Waxahachie and Chambers creeks. The largest area along Chambers creek is found on the east side after it crosses the Missouri Kansas & Texas railway, and is about one- half to three-fourths of a mile Wide. The topography of this type is level, with slight depres- sions scattered through it in the form of lakes and sloughs. When Wet this type is very waxy and gummy, but when dry and cultivated it is friable and comparatively easy to till. All this type is subject to overflow. The areas under cultivation are in the most elevated portions, generally near the streams or along the outer edge of the bottoms. That portion of the type which is cultivated produces excellent yields of cotton and corn. Most of it is planted to corn, which yields 40 to 60 bushels per acre. It is especially adapted to alfalfa, which yields ordinarily 4 to 5 tons per acre. It is well supplied with plant food. Wilson clay loam—The soil consists of 10 inches of a dark-brown to almost black clay loam. The subsoil, to a depth of 3 feet, is a grayish, black, or brown clay. The color becomes lighter as the depth increases and is frequently yel- lowish below 3O inches. Lime nodules are sometimes scat- tered through both the soil and the subsoil, and white spots, due to their partial decomposition, are occasionally seen in the subsoil. This type occurs in the eastern part of the county, be- ing restricted entirely to the region east of a line running north and south through Bardwell. The largest and most uniform area is found south of this town. Other important areas are developed along the eastern side of Mustang and 74 _ Bulletin N0. 316 Chambers creeks and on the north side of Walker creek. In the vicinity of Crips is a comparatively large area, and an- other one is found about 2 miles east of Ferris. The Wilson clay loam has good drainage during an aver- age season, with the exception of an occasional small da- pression. Along the slopes small eroded areas are sometimes found. The topography varies from rolling to level. The level areas sometimes suffer from an excess of moisture dur- ing a Wet season. i The type is comparatively easy to cultivate. It some- times breaks up in clods, but when these are crushed and the soil put in a good state of cultivation, it forms a mellow loam. It is especially adapted to corn, cotton, and oats. Corn yields 30 to 45 bushels, cotton one-third to three-fourths bale, and gats 40 to 50 bushels per acre. It is Well supplied with plant ood. SOILS OF WASHINGTON COUNTY Washington County is in the southeastern part of Texas, about 120 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. The elevation is about 200 to 350 feet above sea level. Most of the land is upland, although some bottom land is also found in the coun- ty. The principal crops are corn, cotton, hay, Irish potatoes, vegetables, sugar cane, and sweet potatoes, oats, cowpeas. gglfi g Crockeff fine Sana/Iv [Dam Vlés/whjfon (ounfj A Hal/afar) Bbc/r C/aj Wm Q Haas/on C70)’ _ P/ros/ohar/c 14cm’ N/frojen l c: P0 Tosh l {l /‘7///er C/q/ 0 ~20, 40. so 30 100. 1m Corn poss/fifl/f} _ Figure 6—-Corn possibility in bushels per acre of the active phosphoric acid, total nitrogen, and active potash of some soil types of Washington County. Soils of Brazos, Camp. Ellis, and Washington Counties 75 Eleven types of soils have been mapped, belonging to five series. Houston black clay occupies 32.6 per cent. of the area, Crockett fine sandy loam occupies 26.3, Houston loam occu- pies 15.7, and Trinity clay, which is a bottom-land soil, 9.9 per cent. o The Houston black clay, which occupies a large percen- tage of the area, is a heavy, durable, calcareous soil, Widely distributed through central Texas. In some places it has been in cultivation for a long time, and has begun to fall off con- siderably in fertility. _ The average chemical composition of the soils of this area is given in Table 2. The interpretation of analyses is given in Table 14. The analyses of the individual samples are given in Table 15. Pot experiments are given in Table 16. A marked difference is seen between the fertility of the upland soils and the bottom land soils, and the Houston black clay seems to be better supplied With plant food than the other upland soils. nm mm om o i2 woow woow . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:03am If“? 335C. nommfi Q . Q wfiwwm Qw mm 9. a a»; 3% . . . . . . . . . . . . .32:;|~Eu 36E. v32 Lb; mm on o is He» woow =Q£ZIE~Q_ >2: new. 36> 3E2 mafia n A owfim. F. mm om o i2 woow woom ou$aa»||a$o_ >153 vac 35> 3:32 fi~mw~ ow mm on Q fir: woom woom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . downawliwr. .552 zmmfi we owwwa o2 w“ 8 Q i; 3% Ea» ... . . . . . . .. . . . .8&._;|>2U 3022 @134 mm mm wH o nwfi woow 32 . . . downawllaawofi >933 vac atiaA fimmmfi “a wwmdw Hm. mm fi o meow :3 32 .ou£a=w||a§o_ 32:3 2a aEFA ofifl 5 2 NH 8m i; He» 32 . . . . . .. . ..=o£=mls8_ aofiaoi Qwmwazwwwsmv v2 wwmi E mm 2 o Ham a2 a2 .....825w - =22 E2262. mmmweofifimomw S mm w o0.» aw; 32 32 .. . . . . . 5021:..- aSB >2“. aoamaofl 8§a m; 31m 5 mm 2 o i5 a2 a2 . . . . . . .3¢Ewls~o_ 5% =826m 23a ow m». 2. a ii Raw is» _......=¢£=w|>2u “:3 =8Som momma 9mm ooqwua 8a mm we o i2 :2 Es» . . . . . . du£aaw|>wU 33.3 =SSQm Nona mm wm mfi o if woow 32 . .:owna¢l»a$o_ Euawm vac aauxuoaU mwmwTmfimwTmfimm~ new wwqmi ow mm 3 o Ea» .6: E3 Ioufiiawllaawfi >153 2e 3339.0 agmfifimmfimamwa 123cm auwoafiZ vim o>$u< 130E 019130? a ~93 we @2304 v64 aunaaaZ aauu 3m 3.3» >twmu< oaZA 5.30m uiozamoam 3382.53 wazaoa ZOEAGZ 03F awidaamwoa ZMOU QFHZDOU zoawzamw<3|wmm>a2u 551m. w0mmH 0 00.0 00 00R 0.0mm 0H .H $0 HOH. 0.0mm 00H. . . . . .. :ow0cm|lE5_ 35$ 05.. 55> c252 mHmmH 0 050 w“. v0.0 0.00H mm. 05H N00. Pfim 000. ...... u2w.0.1_»\...cc.cw0_>0c~m flé 56> $52 wHwmH 0 0Hi0 $0M 0&0 0.02 W... 00.0 N00. 0.00m 0HH. ...... . .... . . . . . . . ..=ofi=wl.$_u C52 “$2 0 .H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| . o 0.. mm . w w w Mm m _ mm N fi w m. “m... . . . . . . . . . 1...... ....fiw......~....._........__0....... 0M0 0 +0. wH. 3.. 0.02 0H. 00 000. H00 0H0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. uuficcwl-c_¢o_ >053 2E EMCQH ommmH l. 00H 0m. 00 0.0m 0H. 0m. 000. H.mH v00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... uo< 000 00.H 0m. 00. N5 0H~ 00.. 000m wHH $9 =3€m|e~o_=oc26m 0H0» 0 00. 0m. 00. 0 H0 >0. 0m :0 v 0 0H0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zcfiilafi; c3255 HcmmH 0 00H mm. 0». 0.mHH 0m mm. 000. wiwH 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 230518.50 c8253 vomv 0 vw. wH. mw. 0.»: 00. H0. 000. 0.0m 0N0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. uo< 0 00H 0H. 00m >52 HH.. mfi 000. 00H c8. ~2:;m%.e2._=oz=o: 000v 0 00. mm. 0H 0 00 m0. 0m. 000m 08H $0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . uu$ccw|ccwo_ c9255 000mH 0 0m. 0H 00_ 99: 0H. 0w. 000. w“? 0N0. . . . . . . . ~u£b5l|cc~o_ c8253 000w 00> 00H 8. 00. >3 00. 0m. 0N0. 0.0H $9 .. . . .:own=m|cc¢o_ >2". c3251 Qfifi 0 00H 0m 00. u. Hw m0. mm. 0.00 .0. wH H00 ..ou£._cm||..c¢o_ 52o .8225 wfifi 0 v0.0 $0. 0w H. 0 00H hm. 0H. “HH. 3W2 H00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =QBBIEQ #32 c3253 M32 0 m?» N0. HHiw 0.000 0m 00. 0HH. H 00H H00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . duficcwulxfiu ~35 c3253 No.02 0 00.H mm. 00. 0.00 mm. HR. 000. 50H >00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wo< 0 #0. H N0. m0. I1 00A 00. 000. 08H M00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:om0cw||cc¢o_ >053 v50 33320 .0002 0 00. 3. it 0.o0H mH S. 0.0.0. 0.0m So. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=oB2.le8_ 3E2 2;. 305330 Emfi 0 0H.H 5. 00. 0.00 Hm. 00. 3c. m.» 0N0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..:ow0c@||Ewo_ >053 2a 3330.6 mHmmH 0 H0.H 0m. 00. 0.00H HH. H“. 3.0. H00 0H0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. uo< 0 00H mm. m». $0.0m n0. m». 0H0. H .000 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0522;152:3553 2a "B05320 H.002 0 +0. .5. 3. m.00H I» m». m8. m. Hm 0N0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3£.5...|icc~o_ 3E2 0E0 S3380 wHmwH 0 0m. 00. 0a. m. HvH 0H. 00. 00H. 0.00 0N0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Msaczlews >053 2G c3520 N32 535m c0052 535m c0022 ucuucum ccEQ/H 203cm 533m Em 203cm ccuucum 533m cum 130m. SncccZ .60 ucoucum 06¢. 033cm u>mcu< 06¢ 130m. cum v>$u< >5“ 032$» cntumwwm 2w 06¢‘ |||| 10.52 kcopwq bcwmz BEA 023cm Eu< utozamonm 45m mO zoicmofigoulcflezaoo zoeozczwfslc: mflZe Soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington Counties 7 9 DESCRIPTION OF SOILS OF WASHINGTON COUNTY Crockett fine sandy loam—This consists of a grayish- brown, brown or dark-brown loamy fine sand, underlain at 12 to 20 inches by a plastic, stiff clay or fine sandy clay of a reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, or mottled dull-red and red- dish-yellow color. As a rule the subsoil grades into a dull- red to yellowish-red, lighter textured clay at about 30 inches. The type is easy to handle and can be cultivated soon after rains. Crops suffer more or less from lack of moisture during dry periods, although the clay subsoil is retentive of moisture and with care would be able to hold a sufiicient store to supply the growing crops. It occurs as a broad irregular belt, extending from Wesley in a northeasterly direction through Brenham and Earlywine to the Brazos River Bottoms. There are a number of large areas in the northern part of the county and numerous small scattered areas in other sections. It is the second most extensive type in the county. Where the color of the soil is dark-brown, it is ‘known as “black sand” and ‘where lighter as “yaupon land.” It is not as good soil for growing cotton and corn as the Houston soils, but is a better type for use for producing sweet and Irish potatoes, cowpeas, peanuts, bur clover, and garden vegetables. Corn yields 25 bushels and cotton one-fourth to one-third bale per acre. It will need legume rotation and nitrogen first. qiawfimk 2am Elm *0 ~3E£$om F60 2:30 E mQOkU EH03 _- vm mm m.m w.m~ m.wH m.m~ . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..>~m~||¢_:swhom||:omn=@l|>~_u xo~_n aoywnowm mmfi _~ on w.mm m.» >.u~ w.vm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..>~mH|l =kou|1:cmn=»||>¢_u xu~_n couwzowm flaw on om v.hm w.m~ m.~m m.om . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..mo< hmfl wm mfi @.m~ m.>~ ~.wH a.~N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..w_@H||=k=;mk¢W||~u-.=»||>~_~ ¢u~_@ =o~¢=¢- mom w_ wm ~.wm ~.w @.»m o.~¢ .....r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..w~@H|| =~ou||oum-:wll>~_u #u@_@ =¢~w=o- ¢H~ ow om m.@ ¢.w~ H.o~ >.m~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . ..>~@~|1=_=;m.Q@.1»um*.=w1|>m_~ ¥uw_@ =¢~m=o- vmn mm av m.mm m.+~ m.om b.wm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..h~m~|| c~ou||uu~w~=m||>~_u Ju~_n coumsoww uh ofi mfi m.mm v.w w.¢H n.mv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . ..mo< 5 > t he» m; i: 0.3 . 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Aflafil. Eou|=8£z|e~o_ >352 2E 3330.5 mm. w 2 mQm we n4; 0.3V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2214 a=firowl=a§alewo_ 32$» 25 r286 2m S 2 3m van m5 war. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $23!: =§l=owp=mlamo_ 3E2. 2e 32.1.30 fiw mfi om ¢.mN >.- v.mm ~.vm . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . ...uo< 2 mm a 2w 0.3 m8 Q3 E=F~m~owl|oufi.5m|.Emo_ >153 uaw 3330.5 an ofl a Hdfl Nb wivm wéfi ckou||ou£.:$l|Ewo_ >923 occ Sumuohv +u a mm mém wflw mfimm mdm fisnwkownlouwwhswllEwo~ 335w vac 33320 2a mm mm Y? mi: 04mm was akoonluuwfiawlfiwofi 3:23 ucc “H3320 Eu< cum Eu< 3N 5.30m 5w 2:23 £930.» |ohzZ 012m fimfium -812 éosm oZ oZ Lhoam 32a oZ -800 momfi 82: Smfi ~32 3M2 ~82 @343 mfiwfi Emfi $1.3M wfimfi 2mg 23H 23H 2mm mSQ mBfi mfimmfi ~52 mBfi ~52 ~32 SPZDOU. ZOPOZ~Im<>> mo wdow dPZMQ/SMMMXM e218 Mqmtu. || l. mH ‘I wtw |. 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HH mm mHH Htw ma ma: . . .2@Hle_:_m:z|»u~t=mla~o_ E5253 commH mcH oH 8 5mm m.“ “MNH Hiwm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 EoPIbQSSHmIHHEoH cofisoi Q32 ¢@ @ . . . . . . . _ . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ - - @@ . . . . . . . . m. V W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .®.m@flllaHHSMuOwIZOMDQwHEMOH QWHU Gowwflpnvm m» NH 2 wHm “a H .2 mwm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22] EQUIHHomQZIEQoH 53o =826m 282 @W @ fi G.- . w fi . @ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fi.m@.@faIJMuQWIZQwQDQIAEMOH QNHU GOHWSOm Qh a m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GuOUlZOmQ-Hwlsmg KKJU Goumfinvm S. HH wH HQN wb wNH mém . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iuo< m..." fl .\. f: . Wm ww o3 , . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . ..wzzlsinzowlogwrile8_ .50 =8m=om wfifi 3 m m: mam H b wdH mam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q21 :._ou|ou£._=@||E¢o_ >£u counsel wfifi mm wH HH $3 n. H. Qw HiwH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...2@H!s_£»:zIb§t=w|E2._ 52o =8m=om wfifi mHH w w“ w. Hm ob o2 vwm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521 =._ou|vu~H._=m.|E~o_ ha? cofisofl wfifi HmH wH om mbm wHH 0.0m Hiam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........mo<¢u>< m2 mm 3 Hdm H 6H Q2 m. wm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . fiils=swhoml=mmg=mlfizg i2; .8332 mommH 0mm HH HH Q2. 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