27-226-7M-L18O TEXAS AERIEUETURAL EXPERIMENT STATIIIN B. YOUNGBLOOD, DIRECTOR COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS BULLETIN NO. 33v A JANUARY, 192s DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABA COUNTIES AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS T. O WALTON, President STATION STAFFT i ADMINISTRATION: . YOUNGBLOOD, M. S., Ph. D., Director . B. CONNER, M. S., Vice-Director . E. KARPER, B. S., Assistant Director . S. WARE, Secretary >w>w W. H. HOLzMANN, Chief Clerk _ M. P. HOLLEMAN, J R., Assistant Chief Clerk J . M. SCHAEDEL, Executive Assistant C. B. NEBLETTE, Technical Assistant VETERINARY SCIENCE: _ » *M. FRANCIS, D. V. M., Chief _ H. SCHMIDT, D. V. M., Veterinarian V. J. BRAUNER, D. V. M.. Veterinarian CHEMISTRY: _ G. S. FRAPs, Ph. D., Chief; Slate Chemist S. E. AsBURY, M. S., Assistant Chemist WALDO H. WALKER, Assistant Chemist J. K. BLUM, B. S., Assistant Chemist J. E. TEAGUE, B. S., Assistant Chemist VELMA GRAHAM, Assistant Clcmist ADAH E. PRocTOR, B. S., Assistant Chemist N. J. VOLR, M. S., Assistant Chemist _ E. C. CARLYLE, B. S., Assistant Chemist R. O. BROOKE, M. S., Assistant Chemist HORTICULTURE: W. B. LANHAM, M. A., Chief H. NEss, M. S., Berry Breeder RANGE ANIMAL HUSBANDRY: J. M. JONEs, A. M., Chief; Sheep and Goat Investigations J. L. Lvsn, Ph. D., Animal Husbandman; Breeding Investigations FRANK GRAYSON, Wool Grader (on leave) J. J. HUNT, Acting Wool Grader ENTOMOLOGY: F. L. THOMAS, Ph. D., Chief; State Entomologist H. J. REINHARD, B. S., Entomologist S. E. McGREc-OR, JR., Acting Chief Foulbrood Inspector GlLLis GRAHAM, Apiary Inspector AGRONOMY: E. B. REYNOLDs, M. S., Chief A. B. CONNER, M. S., Agronomist; Grain Sorghum Research i B. E. KARPER, B. S., Agronomist; Small Grain Research D. T. KILLOUGR ,M. S., Agronomis t Cotton Breeding R. H. STANsEL, B. S., Assistant in Crops 1 i. PLANT PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY: i J. J. TAUBENHAUS, Ph. D., Chief FARM AND RANCH ECONOMICS: L. P. GABBARD, M. S., ' , B. YOUNGBLOOD, S., P . D., Farm and Ranch Economist. _ = G. L. CRAWFORD, M. S., Research Marketing Specialist _ **GLADYS DRAPER LINDSEY, M. S., Assistant in Farm and Ranch Economics _ V. L. CORY, M. S., Grazing Research Botanist **T. L. GAsToN, JR., S., Assistant, Farm Records and Accounts _ **J. N. TATE, B. S., Assistant, RanchlRecords and Accounts SOIL SURVEY: _ **W. T. CARTER, B. S., Chief H. W. HAWKER, Soil Surveyor E. H. TEMPLIN, B. S., Soil Surveyor T. C. REITcH, B. S., Soil Surveyor BOTANY: H. NEss, M. S., Chief PUBLICATIONS: A. D. JAcKsoN, Chief SWINE HUSBANDRY: _ FRED HALE, M. S., Chief DAIRY HUSBANDRY: _ ‘.3 ------, Chief POULTRY HUSBANDRY: _ p; R. M. SHERWOOD, M. S., Chief MAIN STATION FARM: G. T. McNEss, Superintendent APICULTURAL RESEARCH LABORATORY: (San Antonio) i ~ H. B. PARKs, B. S., Apiculturist in Charge A. H. ALEX, B. S., Queen Breeding FEED CONTROL SERVICE: F. D. FULLER, M. S.,’ Chief . D. PEARCE, Secretary . H. ROGERS, Feed Inspector . H. WOOD, Feed Inspector . L. KIRKLAND, B. S., Feed Inspector . D. NORTHCUTT, JR., B. S., Feed Inspector . C. GLAss, B. S., Feed Inspector . H. GARRETT, Feed Inspector m<2x€um SUBSTATIONS No. 1, Beeville, Bee County: R. A. HALL, B. S., Superintendent No. 2, Troup, Smith County: W. S. HOTCHKISS, Superintendent No. 3. Angleton, Brazoria County: V. E. HAFNER, B. S., Superintendent No. 4, Beaumont, Jefierson County: B. H. WYcRE, B. S., Superintendent No. 5, Temple, Bell County: REA, . S., Superintendent . E. 6, Denton, Denton County: P. B. DUNKLE, B. S., Superintendent 7, . E. No. Spur, Dickens County: R DICKSON, B. S., Superintendent No. 8, Lubbock, Lubbock County: D. L. JONEs, Superintendent FRANK GAINEs, Irrigationist and Forest Nurseryman No. 9, Balmorhea, Reeves County: J. J. BAYLES, B. S., Superintendent No. l0, Feeding and Breeding Station, near College Station, Brazos County: B. M. SHERWOOD, S., Animal Husband- man in Charge of Farm L. J. McCALL, Farm Superintendent No. 11, Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County: H. F. MORRIs, M. S., Superintendent **No. 12, Chillicothe, Hardeman County: J. R. QUINBY, B. S., Superintendent **J C. STEPRENs, M. A., Junior Agronomist No. 14, Sonora, Sutton-Edwards Counties: E. W. THOMAS, B. S., Superintendent D. H. BENNETT, D. V. M., Veterinarian V. L. CORY, M. S., Grazin Research Botanist **O. G. BABCOCK, B. S., Co laborating Entomologist O. L. CARPENTER, Shepherd No. 15, Weslaco, Hidalgo County: W. H. FRiEND. B. S., Superintendent E. HOBBS, B. S., Entomologist 16, Iowa Park, Wichita County: No. E. J. WILSON, B. S., Superintendent Teachers in the School of Agriculture Carrying Cooperative Projects on the Station: PKQFF”? TAs of February 1, 1926. "Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine. W. AnRiANcE. M. S., Associate Professor of Agriculture W. BILSING, Ph. D., Professor of Entomology A. BUECHEL, Ph. D., Professor of Agricultural Economics P. GROUT, M. S., Professor of Dairy Husbandry P. LEE, Ph. D., Professor of Agricultural Economics O. POLLCCK, A. M., Assistant Professor of Agronomy. **ln (ooperation with U. S. Department o1’ Agriculture. SYNOPSIS This is the tenth bulletin dealing, by counties, with the chem- ical composition of Texas soils; it deals with the soils of Eastland, El Paso, Lubbock, and San Saba counties. The upland soils of Eastland and San Saba counties on an average are low in active phosphoric acid though good in total phosphoric acid. Both the upland and bottom-land soils of Eastland and El Paso counties are low in nitrogen. The upland soils of Lubbock and El Paso counties and all the bottom lands are Well supplied in phosphoric acid. All the soils are well supplied with potash. Detailed de- scriptions and analyses are given of the various soil types. CONTENTS PAGE introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Maintenance of fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 How to use the analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Explanation of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11 Plant food required by crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Average composition of the soils of the counties studied . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Soils of Eastland county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15 Description of soil types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15 Soils of El Paso county (Mesilla Valley) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22 Description of soil types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22 Soils of Lubbock county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26 Description of soil types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Soils o1": San Saba county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33 Description of soil types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33 Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47 Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.4.. i. gv I ,, ‘i. ,.\ 3: i .9 X i ~§ § BULLETIN No. 337 JANUARY, 1926 THE SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK AND SAN SABA COUNTIES G. S. FRAPS This Bulletin deals with the chemical composition and fertility of samples of typical soils from four counties in Texas, and is the tenth bulletin of a series dealing with the chemical composition of typical Texas soils. The preceding bulletins are Numbers 99, 125, 161, 1'73, 192, 213, 244, 301, and 316. Most of the samples analyzed were col- lected by field agents of the Bureau of Soils of the United States Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Texas Experiment Station. The samples from El Paso County were collected by A. A. Leferrier, County Agent. - i f. asf/and, u/o/and. i Phosphor/c A aid Ni fro 9 en 1:: Paras/v F19. /_ ‘ L v56 oc /<, up/an d A San 505a, L/P/an d. Group l 15/ P050, up/and. §an Saba, up/on d. GFOUPB. ZOST/and, boffom [qnd Ill/Pose Aof/“om /and L UAAock, boffom land J 80h 5e54, bofram /and o 401 801 I201 I601 ggg| 34g; 3m] Number w‘ Crops. Figure 1—Number of 4(_)-bushel crops 0f_c0rn that could be produced by the plant food 1n the average soil to a depth of 7 inches. 8 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Detailed reports of the surveys, with maps showing the location of the various types, have been published by the Bureau of Soils, United States Department of Agriculture, and from these reports the descrip- tions given in this Bulletin are taken: Soil Survey of Eastland County, Texas, by W. J. Smith, J. H. Agee, W. I. Watkins, and W. A. Rookie. Soil Survey of Mesilla Valley, New Mexico-Texas, by J. W. Nelson and K. Holmes. Soil Survey of LubbockOounty, Texas, by J. O. Veatch and H. G. Lewis. Soil Survey of San Saba County, Texas, by J. O. Veatch, R. F. Rogers, M. W. Beck, and H. G. Lewis. Requests for copies of any soil survey should be addressed to the Bureau of Soils, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. This Division has no copies of these reports for distribution. MAINTENANCE OF FERTILITY The following are the chief essentials in the maintenance of soil fertility: A ( 1) The supply of nitrogen and humus in the soil should be main- tained by growing legumes in a proper rotation, and by turning these under or grazing them ofi“. (2) Any deficiency of phosphoric acid in the soil should be cor- rected by proper use of phosphates as a fertilizer. (3) Any acidity injurious to the crops being grown, if present, should be corrected by use of ground limestone or lime. Lime and limestone are also used for the improvement of the physical character of the heavy soils poor in lime, or for supplying lime for crops which need a quantity of lime. Lime should be used only in connection with a systematic legume rotation. ' (4) Any deficiency of potash in the soil should be corrected by the use of potash fertilizers. Maintenance of Humus and Nitrogen The maintenance of the humus or vegetable matter in the soil is essential to fertility. Partly decayed vegetable matter, sometimes termed humus, in suflicient quantity, improves the capacity of the soil to hold a favorable amount of water, enables it to break up into a good condi- tion of tilth under the action of cultivating implements, and acts in other favorable ways. Humus also contains most of the nitrogen of the soil. Some soils produce good crops for a long time without additions of vegetable matter; but for permanent fertility, vegetable matter must be added sooner or later. Vegetable matter may be supplied in barn- yard manure, which is excellent when sufficient quantities can be se- cured, but barnyard manure cannot always be secured in large enough quantities. Legume crops, which have power to take nitrogen from the SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABA COUNTIES 9 air, may be grown in rotation with other crops, and either turned under or grazed oif,_when they add both vegetable matter and nitrogen to the soil. a p, [aw/and Up/and i phosphoric Acid. i. [l Pass, up/on J N ifro 9 en . [:11 pofas/r. Fig. Z 4| L uMwc/r ; L/p/an d. i Q San Saba, ufi/a/vd- Gmop/ San Sofia, Up/and- @rou',02. Easf/and boffom /and Q i/Paso, 150170177 /ana/ Q Les/yak, borrow /a/7z/ Q 5am 545a, bofrom /am/ Q O 4Q 80. /ZQ /60. Z00 Corn poss/bi/ffy. ~ Bu. Figure 2-—Corn possibility in bushels per acre of the active phosphoric acid, total nitrogen, and active potash 1n average soils. A heavy crop turned under when green may sour the land. If the crop is heavy, it is best to allow it to become nearly mature before turning it under. To graze ofl’ the crop is better than to turn it under, as some of its feeding value is secured when the crop is grazed while 10 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGRICULTURAH EXPERIMENT STATION the droppings from the animals, together with the liquid excrement, return to the soil the bulk of the plant food taken up by the crop. In Europe, crops are often grazed off, and the animals are also fed some additional feed, which adds to the value of the manure. One method of fertilizing land is to allow it to receive the droppings from animals fed partly on purchased feeds. To make the crop into hay, and save the manure from the hay, is not as good for the soil as grazing oif the crop, since a large part of the plant food in the hay is lost. When the legume is made into hay to be sold, the land gains little fertility, unless the crop is clover, or some similar crop, which grows low, and can be only partly harvested. Other crops than legumes add vegetable matter to the soil when plowed under or grazed off, but legumes are the only plants which can fix nitrogen of the air and place it into the soil in forms suitable for the use of other crops. For this reason it is best to grow legumes for hay, forage, or renovating crops Whenever possible. The maintenance of the nitrogen content of the soil is more im- portant than the maintenance of the humus content. Nitrogen may be purchased as a fertilizer, but it is very expensive when bought in this way, and ordinarily a farmer cannot afford to buy enough of it to keep up the nitrogen content of his land. The only practical way to main- tain the nitrogen content of the soil when ordinary farm crops are grown is to secure nitrogen from the air by growing legumes. The nitrogen fixed by legumes can then be utilized for cotton, corn, kafir, or similar crops. The kind of legume best to grow depends upon the climate and other conditions, which vary with different sections of the State and with different conditions of farming. Phosphoric Acid Texas soils are frequently deficient in phosphoric acid. This Bulletin contains statements of the probable deficiencies in phosphoric acid of the soils of.the counties described. A discussion of the use of phosphatic fertilizers is given in Bulletin 167. Deficiency of phosphoric acid may be easily and profitably corrected by the use of acid phosphate as a fertilizer. Acidity Some soils contain organic or inorganic acids. Some crops such as clover, alfalfa, barley, and rye do not grow well on acid soils. There are other crops, such as cowpeas and watermelons, which do well on acid soils. Acidity may be corrected by the use of hydrated lime, ground oyster shells, air-slaked lime, or ground limestone rock. The matter is of little significance in connection with the soils here dis- cussed, for no acid soils were found among them. Potash While the soils of Texas as a rule contain enough potash to produce good crops, there is some variation and some soils need potash as a SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABA COUNTIES 11 fertilizer. In general, potash is the least often needed of the three plant foods. Plants can take up more potash than they need. s The needs for potash of the various types of soils here studied are indicated by the tables of analyses and interpretation of results given lt . a er HOW TO USE THE ANALYSES Analyses of the soils are given in connection with the descriptions of the various types of soil. The interpretation of the analyses is also given and is discussed there. If a soil well supplied with plant food does not give good yields, it is obvious that some condition other than plant food controls the yields. The physical condition may be poor, either in respect to cultivation, drainage, or in other respects. It may sometimes contain injurious substances, such as alkali. Plant diseases may also be present. If the soil is well supplied with total plant food, but low in active plant food, attempts may be made to increase the activity of soil agencies which make the plant food available, by means of additions of - manure, of green crops plowed under; or, if the soil needs lime, by additions of lime or ground limestone in connection with a legume rotation. If the crop yields are low and the plant food is deficient, fertilizer should be used. EXPLANATION OF TERMS Total phosphoric acid is the entire quantity of phosphoric acid contained in the soil. It cannot all be taken up by plants at once, as only a small portion is immediately available. Active phosphoric acid is the phosphoric acid soluble in N-5 nitric acid. As shown in Bulletins 126 and 276, there is a relation between the active phosphoric acid of the soil and the amount of phosphoric acid which crops are able to take from the soil in pot experiments. There is a closer relation between the active phosphoric acid of the soil and the needs of the soil for phosphoric acid as a fertilizer, than between the total phosphoric acid and the needs of the soil. Total potash represents the entire amount of potash in the soil. Some of this is locked up in highly insoluble silicates, and may not become available for the use of plants in centuries. The total potash does not show how much may be taken up by plants. Acid-soluble potash is the amount of potash which is dissolved by strong hydrochloric acid. As pointed out by Hilgard, there is a rela- tron between the acid-soluble potash of the soil, and the wearing quali- tiée: )of the soil. (Fraps Principles of Agricultural Chemistry, page Active potash is the potash soluble in N -5 nitric acid. It repre— sents potash which can be readily taken up by plants, as shown by pot experiments 1n Bulletins 145 and 325. 12 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Total nitrogen is the entire quantity of nitrogen present in the soil. As shown in Bulletin 151, there is a relation between the total nitrogen of the soil, and the nitrogen which can be taken from it by crops in pot experiments. The total nitrogen is therefore an index as to the needs of the soil for nitrogen, although the nitrogen in worn soils.is not as available as that in new soils. Acid-soluble lime is the lime which is dissolved by strong hydro- chloric acid. According to Hilgard, the amount of lime found by this method is a valuable indication as to the fertility of the soil. Basicity. This term is applied to the bases (chiefly lime) which neutralize the N -5 nitric acid in the method for determining active phosphoric acid and active potash. This term is merely used as a con- venient one for the determination referred to. If all the acid is neutralized, the basicity is 10 per cent, or 200,000 pounds of base (carbonate of lime) to 2,000,000 of the soil. ‘Acidity is the amount of lime required to neutralize the soil as ascertained by the Veitch method. Acidity is discussed in Bulletin 243. Corn possibility represents the average amount of plant food which is withdrawn by plants in pot experiments from soils containing similar amounts of active phosphoric acid, active potash, or total nitrogen. It is based on 2,000,000 pounds of soil. The corn possibility is not claimed to indicate the possible yield from the soil, as this depends upon other conditions in addition to the fer- titlty of the soil. According to David D. Long, however, there is a close relation between the average yields of corn, oats, wheat, and cotton given by census reports for Southeastern states (also Texas) and the corn possibility as shown by the chemical analysis of some common types of soil, converted into terms of these other crops. (The Fer- tilizer Green Book, December, 1922.) The corn possibility is a con- venient way of comparing amounts of various foods in the soil. For example, with the Caddo fine sandy loam of Camp county, the corn possibility for active phosphoric acid is 18, for the active potash 80, and for total nitrogen 23. The soil is probably deficient first in phos- phoric acid, then in nitrogen, and it is much less likely to be deficient in potash. The experiments on which this interpretation is based are published in Bulletins 126, 151, 145, 1'78, and 267, and the method is discussed in Bulletin 213. » POT EXPERIMENTS Pot experiments were made on only three samples of the soils re- ported in this Bulletin. SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABA COUNTIES 13 AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF THE SOILS OF COUNTIES - STUDIED The average composition of the soils is given in Table 1. The upland soils are averaged separately from the alluvial, or bottom lands, because the bottom lands are usually very much richer soils. In these averages, types of limited extent are given the same weight as types of wide extent, but it did not seem advisable to prepare an average based on the area occupied by each soil. There was such a wide variation in the upland soils of San Saba county that they were divided into two groups. Group 1 includes the upland soils of agricultural importance. It is quite low in active phosphoric acid. Group 2 includes soils of low agricultural importance and is high in active phosphoric acid. The upland soils of Eastland county and those of Group 1 of- San Saba county are quite low in active phosphoric acid, resembling the sandy soils of East Texas. The upland soils of El Paso county are very low in nitrogen. All the soils are well supplied with potash. . CROP-PRODUCTION POWER OF AVERAGE SOILS Table 1 contains the number of crops of 40 bushels of corn that could be produced by the plant food in two million pounds of soil, or an acre to the depth of 6% inches, provided all the plant food could be extracted by the plants. The total phosphoric acid could produce 30 to 132 crops of corn, (40 bushels to the acre), acid-soluble potash could produce 90 to 460 crops, and the total nitrogen 5 to 52 crops. Table 1.—Number of Crops of Forty Bushels Corn Which the Plant Food in Two Million Pounds Would Produce. Total Potash Type Name. Phos- Nitrogen Acid phoric Soluble Acid Upland—Surface Soils—— Eastland County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3O 2O 143 El Paso County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5 9O Lubbock County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 36 214 San Saba County, Group 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42 36 235 San Saba County, Group 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 132 34 460 Bottom Land—Surface Soils-— Eastland County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 25 243 El Paso County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 94 17 257 Lubbock County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 52 286 San Saba County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 70 31 243 Table 3 contains the corn possibility of the average soils of these counties. The corn possibility of the active phosphoric acid varies from 18 to 55 bushels, the active potash from 51 to'182, and the total nitrogen from 8 to 43 bushels. While the bottom lands are more fertile than the upland, the differences are not as wide as with the eastern counties. These figures show the importance of nitrogen in all the soils, and the importance of phosphoric acid especially in the upland soils of Eastland and San Saba counties. 14 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION . . . . . . . .. mam» mwh Nwm mm. NwA mno. “mm who. ..................11.3560 mnmm5mw o mme 5 . 5 mmm 3. mm. 5 R0. 6.2 m8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . .3560 5005550 o mm; ma. mmm 0m. 0mm 2.0. ow m8. . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 13560 mmmswmm Im6mn5w|©5mwm 5030mm . . . . . . . .. 5m 2m mmm F. 5.5 $0. m3 60. ...I...............I;35500mnmw5mm o 9.0.5 6m 3m 8 £5 0S. 3m 55. . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . L3560 500555 c wmh Eflm 2.0m mm. . . . . . . .. mmo. bmm :5. . . . . . . 4 , . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . .3560 ommm mmm 0 mmzm mm. 5 5m S. mm. m8. 6 E0. . . . . 4 ‘ . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 33560 0526mm immaw. uumfimwllwflmd 5030mm 0 6m m; 2m 0m $5 £0. :5 m8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ 4 . . . . Z3560 mnmm 5mm 0 00m 5.»... m? Q mm; m6. m2 m3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .3560 5005554 o KEN $5 m2 E. mm; 5.0. 3 N50. . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . , . . . . . . 13560 mmmrmmm lmmammmlémz: 0 Em mam 3% m.» 5m mom. S». m2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41. 550.50 .3560 mnmw 5mm o EA mmm m3 mm 3.5 R5. .2 $0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m 565.0 “3560 mnmm 5mm 0 6.». 2m 8m 3 0m. 5 m5. $5 NRO. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . ¢ . . . . . . . S3560 5005554 o Rim mm; mmm mm . . . . . . . .. wmo. wwm woo. . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3560 ommm mmm 0 m». mm. 8m om mm. $0. mm m8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z3560 0523mm lmmom o0mm5m1|m05mmmD 260 50:52 560 6m 560 50552 560 50:52 360 6m 6m 6m 633cm 6m 560 6m 6m 6m 6m 366mm .655 6264 E04 530m. 5655552 9/304 mmmom. vfimZ 65mm. 3664 2028 . 064 55.5mm E04 Eommmomm dmom 055m 5030mm 05m w5mmmD .6 503605500 omm5o>4ulfl Bnmb SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABA COUNTIES 15 SOILS OF EASTLAND COUNTY Eastland county is in the central part of Texas, about 85 miles west of Fort Worth. The elevation ranges from 1250 to 1750 feet above the sea level. It is located in the section termed the West Cross Timbers. A considerable part of the county is occupied by rough broken land or stony land notsuitable for cultivation. The chief crop is cotton. Corn, oats, hay, peanuts, and vegetables are also produced as well as live stock. Table 4 contains the acreage and percentage of some of the types of soils which occur in Eastland county. Sixteen types were mapped and grouped into seven series. The Windthorst fine sandy loam occupies 18.4 per cent of the county, the Nimrod fine sand 17.7 per cent, and the Windthorst clay loam 7.9 per cent. These three are upland soils. The Frio silty clay loam, which is the chief alluvial soil, occupies 4.3 per cent of the county. The average composition of the upland soils and of the bottom lands is given in Table 2. It is seen from the table that the uplands contain less plant food than the bottom lands and on an average are low in both phosphoric acid and nitrogen. The chemical composition of the various types of soils is contained in Table 4. Table 5 contains the interpretation of the analyses of the various soil types. An examination of the analyses shows that legume rotation is needed for the purpose of supplying nitrogen and vegetable matter, and that fertilizers containing phosphoric acid and nitrogen are likely to be needed on the upland soils. The soils are generally well supplied in‘ potash. _ The greatest need of the upland soils of this county is a legume rota- tion, accompanied by the use of phosphoric acid in fertilizers. Pot Experiments on Soils of Eastland County Pot experiments have been made on only two soils of this county for nitrogen only, and the results of these are given in Table 6. The weight of the crops with complete fertilizer are given in the first col- umns and without nitrogenous fertilizers in the second. The nitrogen withdrawn in the pot experiment expressed in bushels of corn to the acre, is given in the next columns. While this is 36 to 42 bushels for the first crop, the yields fall off rapidly in succeeding crops, showing the importance of nitrogen. Description of Soil Types of Eastland County Brackett fine sandy loam consists of a brownish to dark-grayish fine sandy loam, 8 to 1O inches deep, underlain by a light brown com- pact silty clay subsoil, which in the lower depths becomes lighter gray and strongly calcareous. Gray calcareous clay composes the substratum. It is an upland soil occurring in a few small areas in the eastern part 16 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION . . . . . . . . .. wuoow UOOw O $00M $00M Nww Maw Om. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QWQGSOU JUOQQDQ O JMMJ $00M $00M Ema ww mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QnHGUOU Omflflm fim O $00M $00M $00M Nww MN 0% . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QnQiSOU mwimimwm |vmm$>< domfism|wwcmA Eofiom . . . . . . . . .. wvavom @COw ..........................NQ5QMG.>HQH~OUNQQ@GM@ . . . . - . . . .. wvQOw fioow ..........................@Q5OHU-%QQUOUNQG@QN@ O SMMJ $00M $00M hmfi mm mfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JnQGSOU XQOQQSJ O $00M $00M $00M Mm w Om . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QSGDOU Owwfl Um O $00M $00M $00M ONE MH . wfi . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QmwGEQU $¢m$wmmm lwwmho>< daom uuwism|wcwdmb E04 nmwbom . =33“: Z 019E EH3‘ w>fiu< i=5 >fiwmo< BEA awfiom vies.» @234 9cm Z “Ham. . $25 =¢w 2:26AM c252 9$H .80 ionwam E zfimfiwmom F30 dom3mn< omwho>< no cowwwwvhiofifilaw Bean. SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABA COUNTIES 17 of the county. It is one of the more desirable soils of the county. Possibly one-half of it is devoted to cultivated crops, the remainder being used as pasture land. The chemical analyses show it to be a good soil. Frio fine sandy loam is of a dark brown fine sandy loam, 6 to 12 inches deep, underlain by a dark-brown compact silty clay extending to a depth of about 3 feet. The lower subsoil is nearly always more or less calcareous. The substratum consists of a grayish, calcareous clay. It occurs as first bottom land along Palo Pinto Creek, in the eastern part of the county. A few small areas are mapped along the other streams. The surface is level, with some hummocks. When the streams are at normal levels the surface and subsurface drainage is in most places adequate, and parts of the type may even be droughty. Except for the occasional overflows, this type is a desirable soil. Pos- sibly less than one-half of the type is in cultivation. Cotton yields one- fourth to one bale per acre, corn 10 to 25 bushels per acre, and grain sorghums 10 to 3O bushels. Johnson grass yields 1 to 3 tons of hay er acre. p Owing to the uncertainties surrounding the production of cultivated crops over a considerable part of this type, it can probably be used best in the production of forage, hay, and pasture crops. The native growth of pecan suggests the possibility of developing orchards of this nut. Overfiows are usually of short duration and apparently do not injure the trees. It is well supplied with plant food. Frio silty clay 10am consists of a dark-brown to grayish-black silty clay loam, 6 to 8 inches deep, underlain by a medium brown to dark- brown, compact silty clay, which usually becomes grayish brown to dark grayish in color at a depth of about 3 feet. It occurs as first bottom land along all the streams of the county. In breadth the individual areas range from almost negligible strips to bottoms a mile or more wide. It is well supplied with plant food. Nimrod fine sand consists of a very light brown to grayish loose fine sand to loamy fine sand, 12 to 30 inches deep, underlain abruptly by a yellow stiff clay which is frequently mottled with red in the upper part and with gray in the lower part. It occurs extensively in the southern half of the county. Its surface in general is flat to gently sloping, With some knolls and ridges. Owing to the generally rather fiat surface of this type and the dense clay subsoil and substratum, it assumes, when the rainfall is heavy, a more or less pasty quicksand consistency, which may persist for a con- siderable time. Aside from this, the areas are naturally well drained. It is locally considered a valuable soil. Possibly 80 or 90 per cent of its area is in cultivation. 18 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION o mw. mm. mhm .00. mm . w $0. o 0S. .. .=¢fi=mii_wo_ 3E3 0E0 00550:“? mooww o mm. 3. 0&3 mw. 00.. £0. E mmo .8&Em|¢a¢_ 30:00 0E0 00550.55 .200: o om. hm. mum mm . oo. w mmo. w. mmo. m m . . . .. . mofiilsi: >30 03c5EE>> mmmw. o om. mm. mom mm. 00. omo. 2. mmom . . .. .. . 000~EwiEmc_ 320 00005053 wmmw. o 8.. om. . . . . . mo. m0. w .50. h Q0 . . . . =QE5IE~B 3E3 26 00=0P momww o mm. om. 09. om. mo. B0. 0m mmo. . H “xatfilfiwo. 3E3 Ea 00:0.H momww o mo. m0. oom S. 0w. w mmo. 3 30 ... . . 038001002 3Emw Em 2088mm oomww o om. hw. mom S. 0w . w Nmo. mm :5 0.0E0.:m|Emc_ 3E3 Em 266.50 momww o wm . m wm . w 0.2 mm. mm. w N3. om £0 . . . . . .=8Q=...1E_wo_ 320 28.6w momww o E. “N. oow mm. mm. w $0. mm mmo . . . . . . . . .000~Em||EmE 3:0 EcEEEm $0: o :2 mm. oww mm. mm. Nmo. h E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L623 U0ww00>4 o mm. mo. mm 0o. 2.. mwo. ww mwo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0030mm 0mm00>4 o m0. . . . . . . . . . 9. . . . . . . . . . 2.. wmo. m mwo. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. fifiiliaw 000 000802 Nwwmw o om. . . . . . . . S. . . . . . . . . . N0. E0. ow wwo . . . . . . . . . . weaaalécww 2E 08.52 wwmww o om. 3. mm do. 8.. S0. mw E0. . . . . . . . . .@2.0:al0.aw 2E “EEEEZ momww o om. mm. 0.2 mm. mo. Q5. ow omo. . . . . . . . . . .. €E=ml0=mw 0E0 EZEEZ Nomww o om. mo. Q. E. mm. Nwo. m Nwo . . . . . . .. .... . Qewchalméww 0E0 00.602 womww o Em mm. w mom 2.. . . . . . . . . m8. 20 E0 . . . . . . 000005012803 >30 03:0 01h oomww o 00a mm. w mmm 0.0. mm . w omo. mmw m8. . . . . . . . .€E0ml¢=8_ 3E3 00E 20m homww o 00.0 wm. w 0.2.. om. 3. w moo. 0E wmo. . . . . . ...00EEw|E0o_ >053 0E0 2E oomww . o oo. ow Q20 mm mo. w mo . w $0. om $0. . . . .:cmn=w|E0c_ 3E3 2:0 HSBUQEM womww o Ea 9.. w wwm wm . mm. w mmw. N0 moo . . . .00m.t:w\E0o_ 3E3 2E 008.005 oooww E00 E0552 E00 00m E00 =¢==2 E00 E0252 E00 E0nw 00m 00m 033cm 00m E00 00m 00m 0m SEE-Z 00% 3.33am .055 03004 E04 REP E0woEEZ 03004 13cm. 0502 03a. 3c... E04 032cm llilll 105.303 E04 050m E04 012E095 $00500 wEBwmmmw 0c mmom mo m0w3mn4ulé 0E0 SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABAlCOUNTlES 19 The principal crops are cotton, corn, milo, kafir, feterita, and Johnson grass. Wheat, oats, fruit, and garden vegetables are grown to some extent. The yield of cotton ranges from one-fourth to three-fourths bale or more per acre. Corn yields 10 to 25 bushels, grain sorghum 10 to 30 bushels, Wheat 5 to 20, and oats 10 to 30 bushels, Johnson grass 1 to 3 tons of hay per acre, peanuts 10 to 50 bushels per acre. The sample examined is low in active phosphoric acid and innitrogen. The subsoil of some of the samples is acid. Simmons clay loam consists of a dark-brown to black clay loam, 5 to 10 inches deep, underlain by a similarly colored, compact clay which grades at a depth of about 3 feet into a grayer colored, calcareous clay. The substratum consists of a gray to dark-gray, calcareous clay. In places there may occur a hard-pan, or “concrete” material, that is common in the Simmons soils elsewhere. It occurs on high terraces or filled areas along Colony Creek and Leon and Sabana Rivers. The surface is for the most part rather level. Surface drainage is in general adequate. Underdrainage is retarded by the clay subsoil, which renders the type retentive of moisture. Pos- sibly 60 per cent or more of this soil is in cultivation. The principal crops are cotton, milo, kafir, feterita, sorghum, and Johnson grass. Wheat, oats, fruits, and vegetables ‘are grown to some extent. The yield of cotton ranges from one-fourth to three-fourths bale per acre. Corn yields 10 to 25 bushels an acre, grain sorghums 10 to 30 bushels, wheat 5 to 20 bushels, and oats 10 to 30 bushels. Johnson grass yields 1 to -3 tons of hay per acre. It is fairly well supplied with plant food. Simmons fine sandy loam consists of a dark-brown to grayish- black fine sandy loam, underlain at a depth of 6 to 12 inches by a dark- brown to black clay becoming grayer in the lower depths. The lower subsoil is usually calcareous. It occurs on high terraces or fiat filled-in areas in the Palo Pinto, Colony, Leon, and Sabana valleys, in the eastern and southeastern parts of the county. The surface is for the most part nearly level. Surface drainage in- most places is adequate, but underdrainage is slow, owing to the dense-» ness of the clay subsoil. The latter condition is on the whole ad-v vantageous, as it tends to conserve moisture. The type is not subject: to overflow. i It is locally an important type, and most of it is in cultivation. The- principal crops are cotton, corn, milo, kafir, feterita, and Johnson grass. The minor crops include wheat, oats, fruits, and garden vegetables. The cereals and forage crops are used largely for the subsistence of dairy ’ and beef cattle, hogs, and poultry. The crop yields and methods of handling the soil are practically the,- same as on the Teller fine sandy loam. ‘ It is fairly well supplied with plant food. 20 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 25w 26m a2 o2 2 o . . . . aofiumlams >23 ofiofioiB m8: Ewfi $82: o ooow 2w B2 F, m: NH . . . . _oofio:w|Ewo_ 35am 2522255,? flow: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o8» woo ooom 0N2 mm w . . . . . . .=omo=mlsmo_ >20 owaixzaB mo? a S 025$ o o8» o8» woow ofi M: om . . . . ioowfism|iwo_ 52o 2053B 2mm» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aw wvOOW wvCQw @OCW . . . . . . . . . @ . . . . . . .ZOW@5W'ENO@ ~flwvfiflm Uflzw hOZQF w. 2 Nfiw o 2m ooow hm >2 wfi “on . . . . . oofltzwuliw2 3E3 2E 226k mow: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o woo woow woo omfl wm Nfl . . . domnsmulfiw2 35mm vac wcoEcim awn: N. .o 0%», o to 25w 2w EH m2 § . . zoomtsm|Emo_ >223 2E écaew wow: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © U00 UOOM U00 . . . . . . . . . ZOmQiJmIENnJ kflfiwQ mCOEEMW we 8.2mm o ooom 26w woom ow mm wfi . . . . . . . . .oowi:m|Emo_ 52o 2656a $.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m: woom uoow B2 2m m2 w . . downsm 65mm 25 wohEZ mommoo>¢ “m: owmma o B2 B2 B2 mm w m2 . Joowismlwomw 3E oobEZ owwoo>< we omwmm o ooow v8» ooow Q: mm mm . . . . . . . . oowfisw|fiwo_ >20 3% cum 2E2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o coom ooow doom $2 mm mw . . . . . . . .:omn:m||Emo_ fiocmm ooa oi.» ham: o; SN: o woow meow woom mm: wm Q . . . . . . . oomfinm|fimo_ 3.5%». 2E oih o2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o 2mm; 25m 26w S 8 Q . . . aowoilcao. >925 26 oofiatm :52 m. . o 3am o 95m woow woow >2 mm om . . . .oomi:w|1Emo_ 258w 2E oofiofim 2a: Eo< nmwbom 5m 25am n93. .20 v64 o>$o< -0522 $25 5.252 fiBU 5m $.54 5120a» BEA smfiom 28.3 @234 oEmZ vahh. E3 nmGflnm Lwoonmq =8 2.56m =2E2 s? § zméwom 5 oséfiwmom E5 JflwGH-OU wcwfimamTlmow m0 mom>i¢< m0 uomofioapowowlm .02 Uflnflfivm. SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABA COUNTIES 21 Teller fine sandy loam consists of a brown to reddish-brown fine sandy loam, 8 to 12 inches deep, underlain by a subsoil of pale-red to red, rather compact clay, extending to a depth of 3 feet. In places the surface soil is a loamy fine sand. It occurs on stream terraces in or adjacent to the Colony, Leon, and Sabana valleys, in detached and rather irregularly distributed areas. In general the surface is comparatively level. Surface drainage is adequate. The clay subsoil is retentive of moisture and the type ranks with the other sandy soils of the county in resistance to drought. It is locally important and practically all under cultivation. The principal crops are cotton, corn, milo, kafir, feterita, and Johnson grass. Wheat, oats, fruits, garden vegetables, and peanuts are grown to some extent. Cotton yields one-fourth to three-fourths bale per acre. Corn yields 10 to 25 bushels per acre, grain sorghums 10 to 30 bushels, wheat 5 to 20 bushels, oats 10 to 30 bushels, and Johnson grass hay 1 to 3 tons. Peanuts and millet do well. It is fairly well supplied with plant food. Nitrogen will be needed first. Windthorst clay loam consists of a light to medium reddish- brown clay loam 6 to 10 inches deep, underlain by a red or dull-red, compact clay mottled in the lower part of the 3-foot section, with gray and yellow. It occurs mostly in the northern third of the county. The surface in general ranges from level to gently sloping. Surface drainage is usually adequate. Table 6.——-Pot Experiments on Soils of Eastland County. Weight Crops Corn- Possibility of in Grams Plant Food Labora- ii———————— Withdrawn, in 10W Type Name With _ Bushels for Number Complete Without Nitrogen Fertilizer Nitrogen V’! 7351 Wincljthorst clay loam—surface— orn—- 915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34.0 19.5 36 Sorghum—1915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 4.2 9 Corn—1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27.4 5.7 9 Sorghum——1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16.8 4.4 6 7352 Windthorst clay loam—sybsoil— - Corn— 915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21.7 42 Sorghurn—1915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2 4.5 10 Corn—1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26 5 6.2 9 Sorghum—-—1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 5 It is not considered as desirable as the sandy types with clay subsoils, owing to its greater susceptibility to drought. Under good cultural methods and in years of normal rainfall, however, there is no material difference in the yields, as the soil is naturally strong. Possibly half 22 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION of it is in cultivation, the remainder being used for pastures. The crops consist mainly of cotton, corn, milo, kafir, feterita, and Johnson grass. It requires more frequent and more thorough cultivation than the sandy soils, owing to its tendency to crust, especially following heavy rains. It is well supplied with plant food. Windthorst fine sandy loam consists of a light reddish-brown to» reddish-brown loamy fine sand or fine sandy loam, 10 to 20 inches deep, underlain abruptly by rather compact, or tough, red clay. Gravel frag- ments or quartz, chert, and other rocks occur in places on the surface and in the soil mass. It is quite extensively developed, occupying level to gently rolling and sloping areas. On account of its drought-resistant qualities, this type is recognized as one of the better soils for general farming. Possibly three-fourths or more is in cultivation. The principal crops are cotton, corn, kafir, milo, feterita, Johnson\ grass, and peanuts. Hogs and beef cattle are raised on most of the l, farms to some extent in connection with general farming, and butter“ and cream are produced for sale. On several farms there are small orchards of peaches and apples and plantings of small fruits, such as strawberries and dewberries. Cotton yields about one-fourth to three-fourths bale per acre, corn and grain sorghum about 10 to 30 bushels, and Johnson grass hay 1 to 31 tons per acre. It is low in plant food, and will probably need nitrogen. SOILS OF EL PASO COUNTY The only soils of El Paso county which have been surveyed and‘ mapped are those of the Mesilla Valley, which extends from Selden, New Mexico, to a few miles north of El Paso. - The soils are chiefly alluvial, along the Rio Grande river, and are usually irrigated when cultivated. - Chemical analyses of the types are given in Table 7, while Table 8 contains an interpretation of the analyses. Soils of this county are high in potash, and fair in phosphoric acid, but tend to be low in nitrogen. Fertilizers will be needed for fruit and truck crops on these soils. Anthony fine sandy loam consists of a uniform grayish-brown fine sandy loam, sometimes with a slight tinge, extending to a depth of 6‘ feet or more, and occurs on slopes. Under irrigation the soil is found well adapted to the growing of peaches, apricots, sour cherries, and early-maturing truck crops. It is well supplied with phosphoric acid and potash but low in. nitrogen. 23 SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABA COUNTIES o mow Ru. NS.“ ma. E9 3w wfi. 2E 26 mmmfi o 2w...“ Sflm w? Q. woo. m2. moo. E~o_r.=@m@=_.$=o damn; o 2 b 2km fin Q m8. mi o2. . . . . . m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . énww 2E 21D own: o omw mmb mo? omo. mwm afi. IIIMKP. . . . . . . . . . . . ..@£%~.b:@~=u wmmi o m: .m . QwQ. . . 3m 2o. Rb m2. . . . m m m N m . . . . .. =92?“ bQBSQ .520 210 mmhfi o mw. . . $2 ow o8. mwm m3. JP... . _ . M _ m m m M m m . wwwfisw EQSSQ >2» 21D Q52 o $8 N3. mom .8 fi so. 5m oZU T. ....._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jnm? 310 3Q; o 8.. fl mo. fi hofl 3 Nfio. 3% omo. . . . m . . . . . . . . . . . . Ana“: 35:3 £25m 5:554 wmmfi o 8a mm M wfi mm 2Q N? woo . . Ema: £38m 2E >=ofib< 5M2 £60 c0252 QcoU 5m c252 fiBU =2E2 gum gum 293cm 5m 5m uQQEUZ hum fiBU 3m 25A e234 E04 H5O 5m @334 1.30m. vEmZ eEflH is zfiwmoa» , >fiummmm Qoniom some“: Z ill éhonwq E3» nzficm v64. aéggmoam Su=w> azmmoz sficboU swan“ MM Mo wmom mo momfim=%So< cowobm Z oios @852 6B4 @334 I361!» SEQ .2822 Qconomonm =8 $5.8 c252 03F £13220 E hfimfimmom EoU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2M2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..._=.w...._.a.:w 26 N6 “amt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2E2 2E m6 omwt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M525 INN? S6 wmmfi .................. . . =oE=wIa_.¢:_o.No 5.. 2mm .22: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..m..o.w.o.hm_m.l.a_.fiw..o.wk.g.v. as“. m6 N22 >20 26 10,22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qfimfi 35mm hzoiwom 555:,‘ mmm: =82 hwcmw wow >oo5n< 5mm: .6 E: oEwZ oahh. M23 Z LPBANA S2500 ommm HA mo mowfimfiw “o ooflfiooeofiflluw Baum. SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABA COUNTIES 25 Anthony gravelly sandy loam consists of a light-brown or slightly reddish-brown, medium to coarse textured sandy loam soil 6 feet or more in depth and occurs along slopes. It is open, porous, and ex- cessively drained. With ample irrigation, good tillage, and the addition of liberal quan- tities of organic matter, this type may develop into one of the best peach, apricot, and sour cherry soils of the area. It is also adapted to the bush and vine fruits and early truck. . It is low in nitrogen, though good in phosphoric acid and potash. Gila clay consists of a gray to ‘grayish-brown clay, from 6 to 22 inches deep, underlain to a depth of 6 feet by irregularly stratified beds of sand, sandy loam, silt loam, and silty clay loam. It is one of the most extensive and important types of the area. It occupies irregular areas throughout the valley, which decrease in extent towards the southern end. " The surface drainage is good, but in low-lying areas the water table is frequently near enough the surface to cause a rise of alkali. It is adapted to the general farm crops. It is also adapted to vegetables in- cluding chili peppers, asparagus, and tomatoes. It is good in phosphoric acid and potash, and fair in nitrogen. Gila Clay adobe consists of a grayish-brown to dark-brown, heavy, compact clay, varying in depth from 6 inches to 4 feet. The subsoil, to a depth of 6 feet or more, is composed of irregularly stratified ma- terial varying in texture from sand to silty clay loam. The under- drainage is good, and injury from alkali very rarely occurs. It is one of the most extensive types of the area. Alfalfa, apples, wheat, and corn are the main crops grown on this type. The soil is too heavy for truck crops. The physical properties of this soil make it valuable for pear culture. It is low in nitrogen, but much better supplied with phosphoric acid and potash. ' Gila fine sand is light-gray or grayish-brown uniform fine sand, 6 inches to 6 feet or more in depth. It consists of recent alluvial sedi- ments deposited by the Rio Grande. At present it is little farmed, but with irrigation, drainage, and proper cultivation it should be well suited to the production of early truck crops. It is inclined to be low in nitrogen, though much better in phos- phoric acid and potash. Gila fine sandy loam consists of a light-gray to brownish-gray fine sandy loam, from 6 inches to 6 feet in depth. It is more extensively developed along the river channel. It is well adapted to alfalfa and other general farm crops, except the cereals. It is especially suited for the production of truck, peaches, pears, bush and vine fruits, sour cher- ries, plums, cantaloupes, and watermelons. The soil warms up quickly 26 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION in the spring, and if well tilled and handled will produce heavy yields of early-maturing crops. ' _ It is well supplied with potash, and fairly well with phosphoric acid, but is low in nitrogen. Gila silt loam is a light-gray or brownish-gray, smooth-textured silt loam varying in depth from 6 inches to 6 feet. It occurs more ex- tensively in the southern part of the valley than in the northern. With the exception of some small areas, drainage is good. Cantaloupes, onions, other truck crops, alfalfa, corn, chili beans, sor- ghum, peaches, pears, grapes, bush fruits, and apples can all be grown. It will need nitrogen especially, as it is a little low in this form of plant food. SOILS OF LUBBOCK COUNTY Lubbock county is situated in Central-Western Texas, in the south part of the High Plains. The elevation is 3150 to 3400 feet above the sea level. The surface is a nearly level plain. The principal crops are cotton, milo, kafir, corn, sorghum, and Sudan grass. Eleven types of soil belonging to five series have been mapped in this county. The Amarillo fine sandy loam occupies 39 per cent of the area, the Amarillo clay loam 29 per cent, and the Richfield clay loam 18 per cent. Table 2 shows the average composition of the soils of this county to be good. Analyses of the soils are given in Table 9. Table 10 contains the interpretation of analyses of the soils. An examination of this table shows that these in general are good soils. The soils of this county need, generally, a legume rotation for the purpose of supplying vegetable matter and nitrogen. Fertilizers sup-- plying phosphoric acid and nitrogen will be needed after the soils have been in cultivation for a longer time. Descriptions of the Soils of Lubbock County Amarillo clay loam is a dark-reddish-brown to dark-red sandy clay loam, or a brown to reddish-brown fine sandy loam, passing quickly into reddish clay loam 8 to 12 inches deep. The subsoil is a stifl’, dark- reddish or reddish-brown clay. Below 24 to 36 inches it is a lighter red or salmon-colored, and more calcareous. Some of the soil included with this type has a covering of 4 to 6 inches of a heavy fine sandy loam over clay. . It is widely distributed. The largest and most uniform areas occur in the northern and western parts of the county. The surface is gen- erally level. ' It is one of the most extensive types of the county. All the staple crops of the county are grown. Ordinary yields are 30 to 40 bushels of milo per acre, 25 to 30 bushels of kafir, and about one-third bale of cotton. Wheat, rye, oats, and barley, whether sown for grain or pas- ture, do better than on the more sandy soils. 27 SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABA COUNTIES 0 00.¢ 0w . w 000 00. w0. w 000. 00w 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000000 dw88>4 0 00.¢ 00.0 0¢0 00. w0w 00w. 0¢0 ¢0w. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4008050 £008.24 0 ww. 00. 0¢0 0¢. w0 000. 00 0¢0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .000000.|582 00.0 ¢000w 0 00 . 00. 000 00 . 00. w w00. 0¢ 0¢0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0080.50||502 2.0m 0000w 0 00¢ 00.0 000 0w. 00 . w ¢00. ¢00 ¢00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .000000|582 000m w000w 0 00.0 00.0 ¢w0 0w. w w0.0 ¢0w . ¢0¢ 00w. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 0o250||582 00m 0000w 0 00.0 00. w 000 w0 0w. w 000. 00w 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0000:0|582 2.0m ¢000w 0 00.¢ 00. 000 00. 00. w ¢00. ¢00 www. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .008050l|582 2.0m 0000w 0 00.0 0¢.0 000 00. 00. 000. 0¢w 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.000 . -000I100800 080/2000 582 awoxowhmw 0¢00w 0 0¢.w 0¢.0 00¢ 00. 00. 00w. w00 0ww. . . . . . . . ..........0..80 a80|00000 808000 582 0000080mw 0¢00w 0 00.0w 00.0 000 00. 00. 000. 0w 00w . . . . . . . . . . . . .000000|582 080220 0000w 0 00.0w 00.ww 000 0¢. 00. w 00w. 00 w0w. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0080501580 $800.6 0000w 0 00.0 00.0 . . . . . ¢0. 00. 00w. 00 000. . . . . . .000000||582 >00>80 080280 0¢00w 0 0¢.¢ 00.0 000 00. 00. w 00w. 0¢w 000. . . . . . .0080.50|582 >00>5w 30008.5 0¢00w 0 00. ¢0.0 . . . . . . . . . 00. 00. 000. . . . . . . . 0¢0. . . . .00000:0!|582 >280 05¢ 000008.50 0¢00w 0 00.0 00 . 0 w0w 00. 0w. 000. 0¢ 0¢0. . . . d8050l5m2 >280 00¢ 30008.5 0000w 0 00. w0. . . . . . . . . . ¢0. 00. ¢00. 0w w00. . . . .0000000||280 00¢ >582 20.854 0000w 0 0w. ¢w. :0 0w. ¢0. 000. 00 000. . .000050|280 05¢ >582 205854 0000w 0 00¢ ¢0.0 0¢0 00. 00. w 000. 0¢ 0¢0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000000 N0w88>4 0 00. ¢¢. 0¢0 00 . 00 . w w00. ¢0 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0000.50 0085054 0 0¢.0 . . . . . . . 00¢ . . . . . . . . . 00. w 000. 00 0¢0. . . . .0o0000||582 >280 05¢ 200854 0¢00w 0 00. 0¢. 00¢ 0¢. ¢¢. w ¢00. 0¢ 000. . . . .000¢50l‘c82 >280 05¢ 20.854 w¢00w 0 00.0 0w .w 000 00. 00.0 000. 00 w¢0. . . . .000000|l582 >250 00¢ 20854 0000w 0 00. 00. 000 w¢. 0¢. w 00w. 00 ¢¢0. . . . .008050|582 >280 05¢ 20.854 0000w c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QUN.#H:MIIIE.NO§ >©Qflw UAM$ Q@@@H.NE< 0 00 . 0 00. 0 00w 00. 00. w ¢00. ¢ 000. . . . 000051.582 >280 05¢ 20.854 0000w 0 0¢. 00. 000 00. 00. w 000. 00 000. . . . .008050\l082 >280 00¢ 200854 0000w 0 00. 00. 00¢ ww. 00.0 000. 00 0¢0 . . . .0000000I|582 >280 00¢ 200854 0000w 0 00. 00. 0w0 00. 00. w 000. ¢_ 0¢0 . . . .008050|l582 >280 05¢ 20.0854 w000w 0 00.0 00.0 000 00. 0w .0 0¢0. 00w ¢00. . . . 000000011582 >280 00¢ 20854 0000w 0 0w. w 00. w 000 00. 00. 0 000. w0w 000. . . . .000...50|I582 >280 05¢ 000.854 0¢00w 0 00. w w0. ww¢ 00. 0w .0 000. 0¢ w0w. . . . . . . . . .000000||082 >20 20854 0000w 0 00. w0 . 000 0¢. 00 .0 ¢0w. 00 000. . . . . . . . . .008.050I|582 >20 200854 w000w 280 0000002 500 8m .500 00002 580 00002 500 8m 8m 8m 0000000 8m 280 8m 8m 8m 80502 8m 5000mm .0500 0284 204 030.0. 000000 Z 0384 030m. 0:8 Z 00>,w. >000 204 202cm i! 800080 204 003cm 204 00800000m >5=0U 2000002 .00 000w 00 000>854|L0 200m. 28 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION o £5 3. 0mm 8w 8H So. 3 $2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .=¢m£a|Em¢_ 33235 $2: o mmH 2.. 2% mm. mm. H NHNH. mHH S? . . . . . . . . . . . . dowfism|awoH wswzam H32 o m: .m m?” EN Q mm. H S... 3 m8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H625 6mm$>< © wx. ¢€. @@. m§. fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .UQN%M:W m@mflv%o>< o 8.2 mow 2m B. ma. H mm... wH .59 .....=.%Q=w|@8 Ewe P». o 2 0H o 3Q Hm a wmm S. 3. 25. E 3Q. . . . . . . . . .HHomQ:w@E@L ha? wfiummuwm o 8. S. w?“ S . 8. H m8. mm omo. . . . . . . . . .8&:aI=a.._ ha? HQHQHHHHQHMH m3»; o £4 NH“. Hhm om. 3. H m8. 3 E9 . . . . . . . . .=SQ=.WIE.8H >20 waéqsm wmhmH o mm. mm. Hmw 2w wHiH .26. E 25. . . . . . . . . ¢8t=mlE§H ha? 3232K mmhmH o 8. H hm. H 8w mo. H wma m8. HHm moH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=8Q=ml>2@ H.253» 3&2 o 22w bod Maw S. H mmiH $5. 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SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABA COUNTIES 31 Brackett fine sandy 10am consists of 6 to 10 inches of gray or dark-gray, loose, fine sandy loam, underlain by friable, gray loam or heavy, fine sandy loam. A soft grayish, friable clay-marl stratum is encountered at depths of 15 inches to 3 feet. It occurs in small, widely separated areas, 5 to 60 acres in extent. It occupies the higher parts or crests of low ridges or swells in the plain. Only two or three small fields are under cultivation. The soil apparently is droughty. The plant-food content is good. . Brackett gravelly 10am consists of a light-brown or brown loam to fine sandy loam, underlain at 1 to 6 inches by a lighter brown or grayish to pale-yellow calcareous loam to silty clay loam. This passes into whitish, impure limestone or indurated marl at 5 to 24-. inches. A small percentage of angular fragments of limestone are distributed through the soil, giving it an open structure. Its principal occurrence is in narrow, elongated strips adjacent to the canyon along Yellowhouse Creek and Double MountainFork from points a few miles north and northwest of Lubbock southeastward to the county line. Only a small proportion of it has been placed under cultivation. The h porous structure and thinness of the soil do not favor the retention of moisture during droughts. The plant-food content is good. Brackett loam is of a light-brown to ashy-gray friable loam, which grades at 6 to 10 inches into gray or pale-yellowish loam to clay loam. This passes into whitish or pale yellowish, rather chalky, highly cal- careous material. Whitish marl or greenish-gray calcareous clay is fre- quently reached at 10 to 20 inches, with the hard marl in many places lying a few inches below the chalky material. It occurs in small, widely separated bodies of 10 to 60 acres, prin- oipally on low ridges forming the rims of the deeper lake basins and on the smooth slopes adjacent. It occupies only a small area and is of minor importance. Only a few small patches have been placed under cultivation. The soil appar- ently does not retain moisture well. The plant-food content is good. Frio loam consists of a brown or dark-brown, friable loam, under- lain at 5 to 12 inches either by (1) brown clay to clay loam, passing into lighter-brown clay loam to clay, with considerable whitish, cal- careous material, or (2) by light-brown to pale-yellowish clay loam to loam passing into grayish, highly calcareous material. In places, sandy loam or gravelly material is reached at depths ranging from about 2%- feet to 4 feet. It includes the narrow strip of alluvium along Yellowhouse Creek and Double Mountain Fork. It is well supplied with plant food. 32 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Randall clay varies from a mottled brown and rusty-brown clay to a brown or dark brown, drab or ash-gray clay. Frequently there is a shallow surface covering of fine sandy 10am or silt loam. Greenish-gray, friable, calcareous clay is encountered at depths of 3. to 6 feet. The soil generally contains sufficient lime to effervesce with acid at 20 to 30 inches. It was formed in the beds of numerous intermittent lakes which dot the plain, and is Widely distributed. Over 800 acres, ranging from 2 or 3 to 40 acres, are mapped. The lake beds, which are a few feet to 50 or 60» feet below the surrounding plain, receive the drainage of the adjacent slopes, and hold water until lost by evaporation. Many of the lakes dry up within a month after rains. These are known as la as. p The soil inthe very shallow basins can be cultivated, but drainage of the lakes in the larger and deeper basins is impracticable. The soil generally becomes very hard and cracks when dry, but in some of the lakes there is a loose, ashy, surface layer which is subject to blowing. When wet the soil is sticky and difficult to plow. The plant-food content is good. Richfield clay loam consists of dark to very dark-brown sandy clay loam or loam to fine sandy loam, underlain at 2 to 5 inches by brown or dark-brown clay loam, and at '7 or 8 inches by chocolate-brown to dark-brown clay, which in turn passes at 24 to 30 inches into-light- brown or yellowish-brown, chocolate clay. Part of the type as mapped consists of 3 to 5 inches of brown, heavy fine sandy loam, underlain by brown, heavy clay loam or clay. The largest uniform areas lie in the northeastern part of the county. Small bodies are widely distributed over the county. ‘ This soil is productive when properly handled. Sorghums, corn, and cotton are the principal crops. Wheat is better adapted to this soil than to the sandy types, and yields of 10 to 2O bushels per acre have been obtained. Milo yields about 40 bushels per acre, kafir 25 to 30 bushels, and cotton one-third to one-half bale. The yields in years of favorable rainfall appear to be higher than on the sandy soils, but somewhat lower in very dry seasons. It is known locally as “black tight land.” The soil when virgin is compact and diflicult to plow, but becomes more tractable with cultiva- tion. Where tillage is neglected the top soil becomes hard and puddles after rains. v It is good in plant food; it will probably become deficient in nitrogen first. Richfield loam consists of a dark to very dark brown, friable loam, 8 to 12 inches deep, overlying a brown, dark-brown, or chocolate-brown, compact clay loam or clay. At 20 to 30 inches the subsoil changes to a lighter-colored or light-brown, calcareous clay, in many places contain- ing whitish, chalky lime material. SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABA COUNTIES 33 It is rather widely distributed over the county, in small areas. The surface in general is nearly fiat. Probably 10 per cent is under cultivation. All the staple crops are grown and the yields obtained are about the average for the county. It is good in plant food, and will probably need nitrogen first. SOILS OF SAN SABA COUNTY San Saba county is situated in the central part of Texas on the Edwards Plateau. The elevation of the plateau is 1500 to 1950 feet above the sea level, while the valleys are 100 to 4.00 feet lower. Thirty types of soil are found in the county, belonging to fifteen different series. The Crawford stony clay occupies 15.5 per cent of the area, the San Saba stony clay 15.4 per cent, the Crawford gravelly clay loam 8.7 per cent, and so on. The average chemical composition of the soils is shown in Table 2. The upland soils are divided into two groups. Group 1, which includes most of the cultivated soils of the county, is low in active phosphoric acid. Group 2 is high in phosphoric acid, but the soils in this group are not of much agricultural importance. The interpretation of the individual analyses is given in Table 12. Detailed analyses of the various types and their chemical composition are given in Table 11 and discussed in connection with the description of the types. The soils of this county are generally well supplied with potash and with lime, but some of the upland soils are quite low in active phosphoric acid, and others in nitrogen, though many are well supplied with plant food. The most important need of the soils of this county from the fertility standpoint is a proper rotation of crops including a legume to be turned under or grazed off. Description of the Soils of San Saba County Abilene clay loam consists of a brown to dark-brown clay loam, underlain at 6 to 10 inches by a brown, chocolate-brown or salmon- colored clay, which assumes a more reddish brown cast with increasing depth. It is confined mainly to the central part of the county, where it occurs in small areas on the broad terrace _plains of the SanISaba River and some of its tributaries. Corn, oats, and cotton are the principal crops, with smaller acreages in milo and forage crops, principally sorghum. The average yields are about the same as on the non-irrigated bottom lands; that is, 25 to 30 bushels of corn, 25 to 40 bushels of oats, and one-third bale or more of cotton per acre. Sorghum gives heavy yields. On account of the stiff structure of the soil and its sticky character when wet, some difficulty is experienced in plowing and cultivating the lalnd. Disk plows commonly are used in preference to the moldboard p ow. It is low in phosphoric acid, high in potash, and-- good in nitrogen. 34 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 0 00.0: 00. :: 0w0 0>. . 0>.: >0: . :0: 00: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03031802 00w 000w: 000:: 0 00.0: ww. :: 00w w>. 00.: 00: . w0: 0>: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00m05w|Em0: 00w 20m >00:: 0 00.0: 00.0: 0:: 00. 0w. : 000 0:0 >:: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....00m0:m||Em0: 0i»: 000:: 0 00.0: 0: .0: 0w0 :0. 0>.: 00: . 0.00 :00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00000=¢|Em2 00F: :00:: 0 :0 . ww. 000 00 . w0 . : :00. 0 000 . . . . . . . 0000:0183: 000mm 0:0 000..» 0.00: 0 0>. 0w. w00 >0. :: . : :00 00 w00 . . . . . . . 003501802 0 cmw 000 000...: 000:: 0 w0.0 0w.0 00w 00. 00. : 000 >0> >0: . . . . . . . . .00wn:w.IEm0: m:0 000w 00m w00:: 0 00 . : 00. 00> 00. 00 . : 00: 00w 000 . . . . . . . . .00m00:w|Em0_ 0B0 000w 000w: 000:: 0 0w.0 :0.w www 0w.: 00.0. 00: . 00 >0: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000.000 .00m00>< 0 0w.0 :w0 :00 00. : 0w.0 :0: w:: w0: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..00m0.5w 0mm00>< 0 00 .0 00.> 0:0 0: . : w0.: 00: 00 000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00w0:m]0m:0 0000mm: >>0:: 0 :0.0 00w :0> 0w. 00.0 0w0. 0w: 00: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00m00:m|l0m:0 0000mm: 0>0:: 0 00.0 0>.: 0>0 00.: 00.0 00:. 0:: 00: ................00wn:w||0w_0 0000mm: 0:0:: 0 0: .w 0w.0 :>0 00.: 00.0 >0: . 0> 00:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00m000w|0m~0 005mm: >:0:: 0 0> . : 0: . : 000 00. : 00.: :00 :: 000 . . . . . . . .00mn:m||0m:0 00000 000030.00 000: 0 >0. : >0. :00 0w. ww. : 00: 0: >00. . . . . . . . .00m00:m||0m:0 00000 0.0003000 0:0:: 0 00. 00. 00w 00. 0: : >>0. w >00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000000 dmm$>< 0 w: . : 00. :00 >w. 00 : :w:. 00 w00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..00m05w dwm00>< 0 00 . 0 0w. i: m0. 00 20. w 000 .=¢£=m|0a2 020 0:980 080280 000: 0 >0.: :0. 0>0 00. :0.: 00:. 0: 0w0 Lnwlimo: 020 0:03.20 0000330 >00:: 0 00. 00. 000 0>. w0.: 000. 0 000 . . . . . . . . . . 11.1000 bswilEmo: 00:0 00020.00 0000396 000:: 0 0>. 00. 000 00. 00.: 00:. 00 000 - Lswlfimo: 00:0 0000,20 0.000320 000:: 0 :0. 0w. :w0 00. 0: .: 0>0. w :00. . . . . . . . . . . .00m0sm|0m:0 0000330 0>0:: 0 :: . : 00 . 000 00 . 00. : 00:. 0 0w0. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0280001020 00003000 000:: 0 00.0: w> .00 00 >:. 00. ww: 0 0:0. . . . . . . . . . . 08000108. 00w 00000000: 000:: 0 00.0: 00.00 0w: 00. 00. : 00: . 0 000. . . . . . . . . . .00m0.5w.|Em2 00m 39:00.00: :00: 000 00. w0. 00 0: . w0. . 000. 0 000. . . . . .0000.5m|1Ew0: 000mm 000 0050mm: 0>0:: 0 0>. 00. 0:0 0>. 0w : 000 0 000. . . . . .=80=w|0a2 000mm 000 0050mm: 0>0:: 0 :0. :0U 00: 00. 00 : 0w0. 0 w00. . . . . .00m0.5w|lEm0~ 000mm 000 0050mm: :>0:: 0 00.w 00 0 0:w >: . : 00.: 0:: . 0 000. . . . . .. . .00mn0m||0m:0 0000800 000050 000:: 0 0m. : .5 00... 3. :> . 0 02. > 0w0. . . . . . ...3&:.m|020 0=0>E0 “E2500 0>0:: 0 00. : w0 : :w0 w>. 00. : 000. 0: 000. . . . . . . . . . . mqwfifiwliw... 0m:0 000004 w00:: 0 :0. : 0w. 0>0 >0. 00 . : >00. 0: 0w0. . . . . . . . . . .00wi:m|Em0: 00:0 0000A< 000:: 0000 00002 000D 00...: 000D 00002 0000 00002 0000 00m: 00m 00m: 20300 00m: 0000 00m: 00m: 00m: 000E: Z 00m: 0020mm: .0001: 0>$0< 000< 030.0 0000.007: 0.0304 039:. 0502 000M. 0.000 0004 03200 mkimw: 0004 0030.“: 0004 80000000.“: .00n:0U 00mm 00m 00 000w 00 m0w0:mq<|l.: 03mm. 35 SOILS GF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK. AND SAN SABA COUNTIES m £4 mm. 3N 2.. m»; S... u. Em. ................m..mm5H252’... o mm. 3. Em mm. mum m»... mm m3. ................Q2.i=m Masai o mmm Ho. H Em mm. Hmm m8. m» mmo. . . . . . . . . .5om5:m||E~o_ >20 mnaafim ~32 o mm. hm. ma. Hm. mom HoH . HHH omo. . . . . . . . . dominmliafi; ha? mgoeamm ma: o mm. H m». mm H HHi mm. H omo. mH NS. . . . . . . . . .5om5um|Ewo5 ha? 2025mm mmmm o m5“. mm. 8 oH . mm; Hmo. 2 ma. . . . . . . . . .8&EmlE~o_ >20 M58285 5mm o S.» mH 4. mmm mm. oH . H m8. mm m3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5355112“? mqoaamm wmoHH o oo . m 8m Hmm E. wH . H m3. mm mmo . . . . . . . . . . . . . amflc=mlaflv 22:66 mmmHH o mam omm wHm hm. mm; m8. mmm mmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .5om5sm momm$>< o mm . m H54‘ moo oH . H mo . m mmH . mHm moH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . domism omm$>< o mm . H 2.. Hg mm. mmm m8. 3m m3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5om5:m|>m5o 3% 5m oHoHH o 3m mw. 3m 2.4 m» . m m3. S... 3:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . domismlhfio wfim Ham mHoHH o mmm i; mm mm. 2 . H m3. m m3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5om5:m|.>w_o 2% 5m $3 o Em mms mmm Hm. omH moH. wm m8. . . . . . . . . . dumfinmlhw5o wfim 5mm om? o mm.» 55o mmm. mm. mmm mmH. m2. mmm. . . . . . . . éomfism|fiwo5 533m oofiinonH HmmHH o mm. hH. mHm mm. om.m 5mo. 2a. mmm. . . . . . . . .5om5:m|Emo5 35am oofibaonH m2: o om. nH. 3m Hm. Sim wmo. mm mom. . . . . . . éuwfismlnEwo5 35mm oomfiqom $.52 o on. 2.. m? mm. 51m Hmo. 2 mwo . . . . . . . . .5om5:m|.Emo5 ha? QBSEfi mmmHH o 2.. mm. Hom mm. omm m8. H: Hwo . . . . . . . . .ouw.5.5m.|Ewo5 ha? 030.50% mmmHH o $6 Eim E H m». mm . H omo. 3m wwo. . . . . . . . . . . . .5om5:mI.Eao5 5m .852 wmmHH o 3N6 mam ma. mm. mm. H mwo. m2. moH. . . . . . . . . . . . .8m.t=m|Emo_ 5m .852 .525 o $8 34. m8 2.. mm. H So. Hwm .55. . . . . . 5om5sm|Emo5 35mm 9.5 .552 2&2 o 2. .5“ mmm omm mm. om . H wmH . omo m3. . . . . . ammmmsmlimfi 3.5mm v55 .5552 fihmHH o oo. H m“; QHH mm. H mm . m m3. E. m: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5om5=m.|>w5o .652 omoHH o oooH mms . . . mo. H oo.m mwo. Q. HHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ao§=mlbso .6552 ommHH o mm . wH mmm mm. mm; mmo. m 3o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5om5:m mmmm$>< o mm. wH omm wm. om. wmo. mH _ mmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3355 ommmo>< o om. om” mmH mm. 2.x H wmo. m amo. . . . . . . . . . . .5om5:m||Ewo5 325m $52 mwmHH o om. Hm wom wm. mm m8. mH mmo. . . . . . . . . . .$w5.5m.|Ewo5 555mm $52 HwoHH o om. mo. HHm E. mm. H Hmo. m wmo. . . . . . . . . . . .5om5:m|\Emo5 >55... $52 m3: o om. 2. Hmm 5H. mw. m2. 2 9.0. . . . . . .. . . . dowism|imo5 35am mm52 mmm: o 3. H mm. mfi. mm. mm.H m8. oH 3o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5om5:m Uvmw$>< o wm. 2.. Hwm ma. mo . H ooH . mm mmo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . domium wmw5v>< o mH . H m». mHm mm. 2.. H mmo. m .25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5om5:mI|Emo5 $52 mmmHH o . 9.. H5“. mmH 2.. mm . H 5o. mm Ed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . domismlfiafi: $52 mmmHH o Hm. 2.. mmm mm. mm. H m8. HH mmo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5om5:m|\Emo_ $52 HqHoHH o m». mm. o2 8.. omH mHH. Hm omo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$w.5.5m|Ewo_ $52 mHmHH o mo. H m». m5 mm. wmm m8. oH wmo . . . . . . . . . . . .5om5:m|lEmo5 >30 $52 mHmHH o Hw. mm. om... B. mw. H moH. wH :6 . . . . . . . . . . . $ow55m|Ewo5 ha? $52 HHoHH o om. mH. 3m om. mm.H mmo. HE. 3H. . . . . . . . . .5om5:m..lEmo5 35mm hmiwi mmmHH o mw. mm. mom m». oH .m mmo. 5R. mmm. . . . . . . . . . flaflm=miams 35mm >mzmfl mmm: 560 c0552 .560 $5 QHBU E552 5S0 H2552 550 5m 5mm 5on5 253cm 5mm 5B0 $nH 5mm mom .658: Z mmnH >5u5mmm5 6:55 o>fio< 504 530E .6955 Z v3.34 5.30.5. uEmz 25mm. >53 53w 253cm llll -w5o5w\H H504 523cm 504 oio5nmo5m 36 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION o 3A mm. omw om. fin; mno. om nmo. . . . . . . . . . . -n:m.\:5o_ m u 52.: $.55 i? m o 9w. ma. 2w. 5. 3.; 2:. E is. . . . . . . . . . .._.:=. . . . . . . Jnaw £2 isw|iaom >25 .2622». Qfionwwco? 5o: o mo. om. wom ow. mo; noo. n $8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aofii dmm5>4 @ §.%. 5%. @@. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..QUN%H:W .Q®mwhQ>< o oo. mu. aim 5. mo; mno. m one. . .=%n=w||Ewo_ >553 2E 52.555? $33 o om. S. 8: ma. E. 95. m omo. ..oom.C:m|Ewo_ >Eaw.@=@ 2852:? m3: o mm. 3i Q: mw. 5. wmo. Q Y8. . dfifiimlimfi niam 2E 52925;» 3w: o om. 2. Q: f. mm. Q5. on wmo .52£5w||Ewo_ 25mm 2E “$05553 n32 o on . E. onm 8. i». m 3o. m moo. . .zomQ=w|E@o_ 35mm 25 55:55am? wmwi o 2. no. $3 2. mn. mmo. 2 omo. ,. .82EwlE@¢_ 35mm 5cm 555553 nmo: o 8. m? fim 3. $4 wno. w omo . . . . . . .=omn=w11E@o_ >25 Hfianowi? omwi o ow. om. 3m no. on; a2. a 8.... . . . . .. .@Qmt=w|¢5o_ >35 $85553 $5: a . . . . Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Znvwfigm fiwwflmv>< o mm. 2. mfi I. R.» omo. Q 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52325 dmm5>4 o 2 . m nm. Q: 3. 3a B5. w mwo. . . . ...=omQ=m|E~o_ 35am omEE 95C‘ 3w: o om. ml. ma: S. S4» mmo. o moo. . . . . ..oum€:w|IEwo_ 338w omEE onfim. mwo: o oo. wm. 52 3i 8.... wno. mm moo. . . . . dofiiiEws 325m owEE 25C. 3%: o om. ma. 5Q i. wo .m omo. mm Nwo . . . domiswigmom mocww. omEE oswmm. mwo: o mo. mm. o2 S. 2.; Ea. m. mmo. . .. . . .=8€a!Ew2 325w omEE 91C. 9%: o 2. no. m2 no. mm; 2c. 3 mmo. . . . .R.&:a|=6o_ 335w omEE 95C. m5: 550 c252 E50 5m fi5U cozzz £50 c0522 £50 5m . 5m 5m 533cm 5m “~50 5m 5m 5m 5nEsZ 5m 355mm 5E5 5254 v54 139w flamoEz 5354 130m. uEwZ omhm. >55 v54 28.1% -w.~onm1m v54 53cm 354 oionnmonm dwncficonolficsono wnwm swm mo mzow mo momfimc4liz 03mm. SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABA COUNTIES 37 Abilene gravelly clay is a dark brown to nearly black, stiff clay, grading at 6 to 8 inches into a brown or dark reddish-brown, very stiff, gritty clay. The surface is thickly strewn with chert gravel. The principal areas of the Abilene gravelly clay occur 0n terraces in the Wallace creek and San Saba River valleys. It is 10w in phosphoric acid, though well supplied with other forms of plant food. , Bastrop fine sandy loam consists of 3 to 4 inches of light-brown loamy fine sand, underlain by reddish-brown fine sandy loam, which gradually changes into a rather compact, red to light chocolate-red clay at a depth of 12 to 20 inches. The subsoil is rather stiff when moderately moist, but somewhat friable when drier. ' It is confined to the Colorado River Valley, where it occupies narrow, discontinuous and eroded terraces, lying for the most part 60 to 80 feet above the river. Probably more than one-half of the type is under cultivation. Corn, cotton, and oats are the principal crops, The deeper areas retain moisture well and are easily tilled. The sample examined is low in phosphoric acid and in nitrogen. Brackett silt loam consists of a grayish or pale-brownish silt loam, underlain at 4 to 15 inches by white or yellowish, chalky, decomposed limestone. A large part of the type is moderately gravelly from angular fragments of limestone. It is widely distributed in small, irregular areas throughout the southern and central parts of the county. Only a small part of it is farmed, chiefly for the production of forage crops such as sorghum and Johnson grass. It is low in phosphoric acid, but‘ good in nitrogen and potash. Crawford clay consists of a dark red to dark reddish-brown clay, which gradually changes in color with depth and passes at 6 to 10 inches into dark-red or blood-red, stiff clay. There is commonly a veneer of 1 to 4 inches of clay loam on the surface. The total area is comparatively small, and the type is of minor agricultural importance. It is low in phosphoric acid. Crawford gravelly clay loam occurs chiefly southwest of Richland Springs and farther south along Deep creek and the San Saba river. It is utilized chiefly for pasture. Most of the land would probably be droughty under cultivation and the abundance of chert gravel would interfere with tillage. It is fair in phosphoric acid, good in nitrogen, and high in potash. Crawford stony clay consists of a dark chocolate-brown or dark ‘reddish-brown clay, or clay loam passing quickly into clay, and the sub- soil, beginning at about 3 to 5 inches, of a dark reddish-brown or dark- red, stiff clay loam or clay. Limestone or an impenetrable mass of chert fragments occurs at depths of about 8 to 20 inches. 38 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION . o woom b3 ow~ M: w . . . . . . . . . . .mown:w.lEao_ >323 3E2 oww$>< . wb. . . . . wwww o ha woow in omfl M: NH . . . . . . . . . . .0QN.H.~5m»|EflO~ >wcwm mung omwoo>< . . . . . . . . . o woo woow woo mwfl mm w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .wownnw|limo_ 3E2 omwoo>< m fi 8% o woom woow woow own mm wfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .oomwwsml|iwo_ 3:2 owm~o>< . . . . . . . . . . . UOOW $00M l UOON w . . . . . . . . . . . . wOm 5m‘ O h . h o. . . . . . ofiw: Q Y...» 2% 2a N2 a a .... . . . . . . . =WQSMEIMML mm fix w fix . . . . . . . o hm woow woow nwfi mfi ow . . . . . . . . .momw=m||Emo_ >28“ 31am hmw: . ~ . . . . . . wwmfi o woo woom woow hwH wH ow . . . . . . . . oowinw|fiwow hwnmw >235 wmw: . . . . . o $2 woow woow EH mm 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . wowwom|fiwo~ £6 oim wmw: Po . . . . $5 o AME woow woow Nwfi Q m6 . . . . . . . . . . . . domismllimg hi? oErA hmw: ¢ 1 - ~ - ~ . . - . u - u o - - . . . . - - . . . v 4 ~ - . - b o. . . . . 8% o =9; Ea» 26w N2 wm 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aufiémlfifl; 3m Swi . . m . . . . . . . . o woom, woow B2 >5 wH w . . . . . . . .:oww:m»lEmo_ wwcmm vow oih www: m.“ . . . . . . mmhe o woow woow woow 5H mm 3. . . . . . . . .ooww~:m||Ewo_ h cam wow oih mww: . . . Q am“ 25m 3% N2 M: 3 . . . . . . . ..=omn=wlamo_ 2Q 3E arm 3w: o m omim o woo woow woow how mm mm . . . . . .. . oomfismllaag >20 >3? oih mww: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. o wmE woow woom mfi mm '|% m m . ~ :52 c fie 2am 2% “mm 2 Mm ............. . wwwfiimww Nwfim Wwwwm . . . . . o woom woom woow >2 ww Nfl 1.11.8 11> h m o .2 wso: o woom woom woom NM: mm Nfl . . . . . . . wwmwwwfimlzmfi hmfim m%%%m%% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o woom woow woom Nwfi mm w . 6m ow|fido 5w o h o m m 5w wwwfiw o woow woow woom n2 mw wH .wwwww_sw|imo% i“? iv»m%m m@%%m%nk mmm%w.w@ . . . . . . o woom woow 3o omfi mm w . . . . . . . . . . |m . . w. .... . . . .. wowmm Q 23 Ea B. o2 mm w ...... . . . . . . mmmmwmlmww Wmmfiww wwwm . m . . . o is woow Bo 5 Q w . . . . . . . . . womnow|Ewo~ 3E fi-oxomhm Nmw: 1A1. .. .. “$2.. o zwi Es» o8 5 w” o ..........8&:aIE€_ Em “$832M. 8o: . o woom woom woow omfi mm w . . . . .wownsm|amo_ hwqmw vow Qobwwm Nnw: . . . . wR... . . o woom woow Bo 8 M: w . . . . .oow~.5m||Emo_ zwmmw 0cm noowwmm Hhw: . . . . . . . . . . . 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H o am“ woow woo N2 mm w . . . . . . . .=om._=w|>2o >=o>m~w 2§5< oww: . . . . . . . . . . . o woo woom woow N2 mm w . . . . . . . .0ow.~.~5m||hm_o 398% ocownw. mhw: . o woow woom woow mm“ mm NA . . . . . . . . . .wownsm|limo_ ha? oo2~w< www: o m fifl: o woow woom woom Nww wm Nfi . . . . . . . . . . oomi=w||Emo_ >30 0:234 mmw: 8 woo/w Mo awwwom 5m oflwowow~wm w€< @234 -95“ lwo 25o so 8:3 >E€< Q83 Qmwoom 010i Z “Ema, QEMZ 3? “Qwfi. z i=5 Lfiowwq wow wwism c252 oBF .6“ mwonwsm E hfiwwmwmom EoU .3550 wnwm cam mo mmow mo womfimnlw mo comfifioonoowqulld~ 03$. 39 SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABA COUNTIES .. .. o woow woom woow mwfi mm w .. . . . . . . 11.119,” . . . . . . . . . . . . . |n:ml.Emo_ hfio >=o>wom owoonowig Nmw: O wOOw $00M 100w Nwfi mm Nw J§w|cuwo~ ha? h=o>mom $253255 Em: . . . . . . . . . . . . . o woom uoow uoom R2 mm w . downowulimofl 3E3 om ofioafiootfi owfio>< m. h mhwmm o b3 .23 b3 . ow a NH ..oow.fismulfimo_ has? omm Hfionponm? omw5>< . p: . . . . . . . . . . .. o 25m o2.» 26m ofi mm o . . . . . . .=¢E=wIES_ >29 Eofiofi? omo: ~ w wmmwm . o o?“ woom o?“ >2 mm w . . . . . . .oom~.5w|€mo_ >30. 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A . . .8&:_wIE8_ >92; 3o $52 2o: . . . . . . . . . . o nmE 3% 25w S. wm mm . . . . . . A . . . . . ...:momo=m|>w_o $52 oooi oxo $8 o omfi He» 96w . . . . . . . . A w». om . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . .oo£:5|>2o 8E2 @902 '1 v64 l nwwpom 5w 8.5a.» n34 Mo Eo< @334 -332 #25 oonEsZ EQU oom mooo< >2Eo< oEfi cwwpom 33.3 o>fio< ozEZ oEQ. E0». lwonm 0 |moonmw~ mom @958 c252 03H .50 mgém E zfiwmmmom EoU .@U5GMHGOU.I%QQ5OU mnmw cam MO mmom m0 muwfiwaiw m0 QOMHNQQMQuQQCHI.NA ®_£Nhw 40 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION This type occupies the greater part of the high plateau of the central and southern parts of the county, extending in a broad belt from the Colorado river almost to the western boundary. The topography is gen- A erally deeply rolling. The type, with the possible exception of a few small level areas on stream divides, is not considered suitable for farming. It is, however, one of the most valuable pasture soils of the county, and is well adapted - to stock raising. The sample examined is low in active phosphoric acid, but better supplied with nitrogen and potash. Table 13.—Pot Experiments on Soils of San Saba County. Weight Crops Corn Possibilit 1n Grams of Plant Foo LQbOIa-x Withdrawn, in ' tory * Type Name With Bushels for Number Complete Without Potash Fertlllzer Potash 400 9352 Simmons clay loam——subsoil——— C0rn-——1915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19.8 20.2 115 S0rghum——1915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4 22.7 72 C0rn—1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.0 19.4 66 Sorghum—1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.4 24.5 62 Darnoc clay is dark olive brown to black in color with a greenish- brown or dark olive green to light greenish-yellow plastic, stiff clay sub- soil. The friable surface layer is generally only 3 to 8 inches deep. The soil is very hard and compact when dry, and sticky when wet. It occurs principally in the Wallace creek and San Saba river valley basins in the central part of the county. It occurs on smooth, gentle slopes, and sloping benches at the base of the plateau and terrace-plain escarpments. Only a small part of the type has been placed in cultivation. Its chief use is for pasture. Where it is properly farmed, good yields of oats, corn, milo, cotton, and sorghum are obtained. The chief objec- tions to this land for farming are the stiff, intractable character of the surface soil and its tendency to bake and crack in dry periods unless carefully handled. It is good in plant food. Frio silty clay loam consists of a brown to dark-brown silty clay loan underlain at about 6 to 8 inches by a more compact brown, or dark-brown silty clay loam. It occupies practically the whole width of the lower alluvial valley of the San Saba river from the vicinity of San Saba eastward, and along nearly all the smaller streams of the county which have their headwater branches in limestone areas. On the whole the topography is favorable and the land sufliciently accessible at the river for irrigation by pumping. It is one of the valuable farming soils of the county. It is estimated that '75 per cent or more of the type along the San Saba river and SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABA COUNTIES 41 Richland creek is under cultivation, and the greater part of this is or can be profitably irrigated. Along the smaller streams, however, a much smaller proportion of the land is in cultivation. In the cultivated areas, corn, oats, and cotton occupy the greatest acreage. Considerable milo is grown, and small patches of the minor crops, such as millet, barley, and wheat. Sorghum is the principal hay and forage crop. The ordinary yields of corn are 25 to 30 bushels on dry-land farms and 40 to 50 bushels on irrigated land. Cotton yields vary widely from year to year, ranging from less than one-fourth bale to one bale per acre. The average yield of fall-sown oats is 25 to 3O bushels per acre, although under very favorable conditions yields of 50 to 60 bushels are obtained. i Under favorable moisture conditions, this soil is easily plowed, but when wet it is slightly sticky and does not scour readily from a mold- board plow. It is well supplied with plant food. Frio fine Sandy loam consists of a moderately coherent light-brown fine sandy loam, which becomes slightly heavier with depth and passes into a brown or dark-brown, compact fine sandy loam or sandy clay loam at 1O to 20 inches. It is variable in character. It is the principal bottom-land soil along the small creeks of the northern part of the county. The bottoms are generally very narrow, and are subject to occasional overflow. Most of the land is sufficiently well drained for farming. A considerable part of this type is under cultivation. Corn and cotton are the principal crops. Corn produces 20 to 30 bushels and cotton about one-third bale per acre. The analysis shows the soil to be fair in nitrogen and phosphoric acid, and not as good as the heavier types of this series. Frio loam consists of a dark-brown, mellow silty loam underlain at a depth of 6 to 10 inches by a dark brown or dark ashy gray, mod- erately compact silty clay loam. It is confined mainly to the San Saba river bottoms west of San Saba. The total area is very small. The greater part is under cultivation, chiefly to corn, oats, and cotton. It is easily plowed and kept in good tilth. It is well supplied with plant food. Frio silt loam consists of a brown to dark-brown silt loam, which passes at about 8 to 12 inches into brown or chocolate-brown silty clay loam of moderately friable structure. It occupies the greater part of the bottom land along the San Saba river for a distance of 6 to 8 miles west of San Saba. The total area is small, but the greater part is under cultivation. The crops grown, the yields, and the farming methods are about the same as on the silty clay loam of this series. l » It is Well supplied with plant food. 42 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Harley sandy loam consists of a light-brown loamy sand, becoming slightly heavier with depth and underlain at about 10 to 24. inches by yellow or greenish-yellow sandy clay, in places mottled with orange and l reddish colors. The subsoil is generally very tough and compact. It is found only in the southern part of the county. The land is nearly level or but gently sloping. It is for the most part sufficiently well drained for farming. _ The greater part of the type has been placed under cultivation. The sample examined is a little low in nitrogen but well supplied with- potash and phosphoric acid. Miles clay loam consists of reddish-brown, moderately friable clay loam, which grades at 8 to 12 inches through reddish-brown, stiff gritty clay into dark red clay. The subsoil is generally calcareous, and at a depth of 18 to 24 inches it is extremely tough and compact, having the nature of a clay hardpan. Much of the type has a covering of 2 to 4 inches of sandy loam, but when it is cultivated, red clay loam or clay is mixed with the lighter layer, so that agriculturally it is more properly a clay loam than a sandy loam. The largest areas occur in the valley of the San Saba river in the vicinity of San Saba. It occupies parts of the broad alluvial-terrace plains lying 40 to 60 feet above the level of the stream. The surface as a rule is nearly level or with very low slopes, but the land is suffi- ciently well drained for farming. Corn, oats, and cotton are the principal crops. Considerable milo is grown, and small patches of sorghum, wheat, and millet. The average yield of corn is probably near 2O bushels per acre, oats 30 bushels, and cotton about one-third bale per acre. On account of its heavy texture, the soil is somewhat more difficult to plow and keep in good tilth than the sandy loam and loam soils. It is low in phosphoric acid, fair in nitrogen, and good in potash. Miles loam consists of a dark reddish-brown, friable loam underlain at 6 or 8 inches by a reddish-brown clay loam, which grades within a few inches into red, stiff, gritty clay. The surface soil is friable and contains a rather high percentage of medium sand, although spots of silty loam are present. It is confined mainly to the San Saba river valley. Probably 30 to 60 per cent is under cultivation. The loam, because of its lighter texture and looser structure, can be plowed with less difficulty than the clay loam. It is low in active phosphoric acid, fair in nitrogen, and good in potash. Miles sandy loam consists of a reddish-brown or brownish-red sandy loam underlain about 8 to 12 inches by red sandy clay. The surface SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, ANfi SAN SABA COUNTIES 43 soil is coherent and shows a slight tendency to crust. The subsoil has a compact stiff structure. , It occurs in small areas on the terrace plains of the San Saba river valley, and to a small extent on the plateau to the north. The drainage is good. The total area is small. The greater part of it is under cultivation. The staple crops, corn, cotton, and oats are grown, with yields equal to those obtained on the loam and clay loam types. The soil is easily tilled, and holds moisture well, especially in the deeper areas. The sample analyzed is low in active phosphoric acid and in nitrogen. Miller clay is a chocolate-colored or dark chocolate-red silty clay. With a normal moisture content it is plastic and rather stiff. There is little change in color or structure with depth, but the material has a little more reddish cast below 8 to 12 inches. It is confined to the Colorado river bottoms, occupying the lower lying areas and sloughlike depressions next to the bluff lines. The soil is durable and productive where carefully handled, but is rather difficult to break when very dry, and hard to keep in good tilth. It contains a good supply of plant food. Miller fine sandy loam consists of a chocolate-brown or reddish- brown coherent fine sandy loam showing no material difference in color or structure to a depth of 30 to 40 inches, except in a few places, where the subsoil is a chocolate red, friable silt loam or silty clay loam. It occurs on low ridges along the banks of the Colorado river through- ' out its course in the county. The soil is easily cultivated because of its light texture and retains moisture as well as the heavier types. It is high in plant food. Miller silt loam is a chocolate-red to chocolate reddish-brown silt loam to a depth of 1O to 15 inches. The subsoil is a more compact silt loam or silty clay loam of a chocolate red color. It is the principal bottom-land soil along the Colorado river. The land is nearly level or slightly undulating. It is sufficiently well drained for farming, and the topography and elevation are favorable for irrigation. The greater part of the alluvial plain lies 35 to 45 feet above the normal level of the river, and is seldom overflowed. Corn, oats, and cotton are the chief crops. Sorghum is the principal forage crop. The average yield of corn is about 30 bushels per acre on unirrigated and about 40 to 45 bushels on irrigated land. Oats yield about 30 to 35 bushels, and cotton averages about one-third bale. This soil is easily plowed, but tends to crust slightly after rains and frequent harrowing is necessary to maintain a loose surface soil and conserve moisture. It is rich in plant food. 44 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Pontotac clay loam consists of a dark reddish-brown to nearly black, moderately friable clay loam, which grades at 8 to 10 inches into reddish-brown to brown, rather stiff clay. The type occurs in small areas associated with the sandy loam and stony loam types; the largest individual areas are mapped Lear Cherokee. It occurs at the base of gentle slopes of small valleys and in shallow drainage depressions at the head of the streams. The slope is very entle. g The greater part of the land is under cultivation, and where properly handled is probably a little more productive and durable than the sandy loam soils. The sample examined is a little low in nitrogen. It is well supplied with phosphoric acid and potash. Pontotac sandy loam consists of a reddish-brown to brownish-red loamy sand, which becomes somewhat heavier with depth and grades into dark-red or hematite-red, moderately friable sandy clay to stiff clay at 8 to 10 inches. The surface soil while quite loose and friable when dry, shows a tendency to crust in cultivated fields after rains. It occurs along the southern line of the county. The topography is nearly level to gently rolling. All the land is sufficiently well drained for farming. The total area is small, but the greater part is arable and under cultivation, so that it is relatively important. Cotton and corn are the principal crops. Cowpeas give fairly good results and are grown to a considerable extent as forage for hogs. Oats and other small grains do not seem to give as good results. The yields of corn in favorable seasons average about 20 to 25 bushels per acre, and of cotton about one-third bale. The soil is easily plowed and withstands droughts fairly well. It contains a good supply of phosphoric acid and potash but is a little low in nitrogen. Pontotac stony loam is a brown to reddish-brown, loosely coherent, granular loam, which generally contains a rather high percentage of fine or very fine sand. The soil is thin, resting upon bedrock at 4 to 10 inches, but wherever the soil is not too shallow there is a thin layer of dark-red to reddish-brown clay subsoil. The surface is strewn with small fragments of limestone. It is not suited for cultivation. It is well supplied with plant food. San Saba clay consists of a dark-brown to black moderately friable clay, which gradually passes at a depth of about 4 to 8 inches into a dark brown stiff clay. This becomes slightly lighter in color with- depth, the lower subsoil usually being a brown, stiff clay. The surface soil is plastic and sticky when wet, but loose and granular when dry. It is rather widely distributed in small areas throughout the limestone SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABA COUNTIES 45 plateau region of the southern two-thirds of the county in fiat to gently rolling upland areas. Practically all of the type is arable land, although only a small per- centage is under cultivation, owing mainly to the fact that it is included in large pastures composed mainly of the less arable, stony types. Cot- ton and corn are grown to a small extent. The soil, however, is probably best adapted to such crops as sorghum, Johnson grass, oats, milo, and feterita. The soil is sticky when Wet and tends to plow up cloddy when either Wet or very dry, but the clods pulverize upon exposure, and a fairly good tilth can be maintained. It is Well supplied with plant food. Simmons clay consists of a black or very dark-brown clay, which grades at about 8 to 12 inches into dark-gray or black, tough impervious clay. There are many hummocky and hog wallow areas. It is con- fined mainly to the alluvial terrace plains of the San Saba river wralley, lying for the most part 40 to 60 feet above the present river level. The land is nearly level or fiat, with shallow depressions. Most of the areas are sufficiently well drained for farming. It is estimated that more than 50 per cent of this type is under cultivation. Corn, oats, and cotton are the principal crops. A smaller acreage is ultilized for milo, feterita, sorghum, and other forage crops. Small patches of ' millet, barley, and wheat are grown. The yields vary widely. On the more carefully cultivated land, corn averages about 25 bushels per acre, oats 30 to 40 bushels, and cotton one- third bale per acre. Sorghum for forage generally gives heavy yields, and milo probably gives better results than on most of the other soils of the county. - This type is difficult to handle, except under the most favorable moisture conditions, as the land is extremely hard when very dry and is sticky and tenacious when wet. Heavy teams are required for plowing. It is generally recognized as a very durable and productive soil. Suc- cess in handling lies in deep plowing under favorable moisture condi- tions and thorough shallow cultivation to prevent the formation of deep cracks and the loss of soil moisture. It is well supplied with plant food. Simmons clay loam consists of a dark-gray to nearly black clay loam or sandy clay loam, underlain at 8 to 10 inches by a black or bluish- black clay which passes into dark gray or mottled drab and yellow stiff clay. It occupies shallow drainage depressions at the heads of streams and represents light-colored Tishomingo and Harley material altered by poor drainage conditions. . Only a few small spots of this soil are farmed. The land has a low 46 BULLETIN NO. 337, TEXAS AGYRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION agricultural value, on account of the hard, compact character of the soil and the poor drainage. It is well supplied with plant food. Tishomingo sandy loam consists of a reddish-brown, rather heavy sandy loam, underlain at 6 to 15 inches by red clay. The subsoil is a coarse, gritty, moderately stiff clay. It occurs along the southern. boundary, the principal area lying a few miles south of Cherokee. The topography is rolling, with relatively smooth slopes, and the drainage is good. About 5O per cent of it is under cultivation. Cotton, corn, and oats are grown. It is low in active phosphoric acid and in nitrogen. Windthorst clay loam consists of a dark-reddish-brown, moderately friable clay loam underlain at a depth of a few inches by red to brown- ish red stiff clay, which becomes a more yellowish red or mottled red and greenish yellow at depths of 18 to 24 inches. A thin veneer of fine sandy loam or sandy loam, 1 to 4 inches deep, frequently is present. It occurs in small areas throughout the northern part of the county, in association with other types of the series. It occupies moderately smooth slopes along stream valleys. and as eroded and gullied areas along the headwater branches of small streams. No attempt has been made to place this land under cultivation, and it is on the whole not so well adapted to farming as the sandy types. The soil has a tendency to clod when plowed and does not withstand drought. It is utilized mainly for pasture. It is low in active phosphoric acid, but is better supplied with nitrogen and potash. Windthorst fine sandy loam consists of a light-brown to light reddish-brown loamy fine sand or moderately coherent fine sandy loam, underlain at about 10 to 20 inches by orange-red to brick-red, brittle clay, which is mottled or streaked with greenish-yellow or drab in the lower part of the 3-foot section. It is confined mainly to the section north of the Gulf, Colorado 8t Santa Fe Railroad. The land is mod- erately rolling and generally well drained. It occupies large areas and is adapted to a wide range of crops; con- sequently it is the most important farming soil of the county. Probably 70 per cent of it is under cultivation. Cotton and corn are the leading crops. Sorghum is the principal hay and forage crop. Cowpeas, peanuts, and Sudan grass are also grown. It seems to be better adapted to fruit growing than most of the other soils of the county. The average yield of corn is about 20 to 25 bushels per acre, and of cotton between one-fourth to one-third bale. Owing to the high ca- pacity of the soil to retain moisture, crops withstand drought well. The soil is easily cultivated, and generally holds an abundance of moisture. SOILS OF EASTLAND, EL PASO, LUBBOCK, AND SAN SABA COUNTIES 47 It is 10w in nitrogen and phosphoric acid, but is Well supplied with potash. Windthorst gravelly clay loam is a friable reddish-brown sandy clay loam, underlain at 6 to 10 inches of dark reddish sandy clay of stiff 0r tough structure containing both fine and coarse gravel in the surface. It is suitable for cultivation, though most of it is in pasture. It is low in active phosphoric acid, but is better in nitrogen and potash. ACKNOWLEDGMENT S. E. Asbury, N. J. Volk, T. L. Ogier, and other members of the staff have taken part in the chemical analyses and other work involved in the preparation of the work. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS _ This Bulletin deals with the chemical composition of typical soils 1n Eastland, El Paso, Lubbock, and San Saba counties. Detailed analyses are given in the text.