/ EXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT ggtirziifxiBLwlgo LETIN NO. s41 JUNE, 192s DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY CQTTONSEED PRQDUCTS A FEED, FERTILIZER, AND ~ HUMAN FQOD 1x11 t;z1E;E'niE0rasv ?'§1 “EZIHVIIQEEEIII ‘ESVKEIE 3O EBEITIUg qVfliblYrlliéléE AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COALLEGE OF TEXAS ' T. O. WALTON, President STATION sTAFFT ADMINISTRATION: B. YOUNGBLOOD, M. S., _Ph. D., Director A. B. CoNNER, M. S., Vice-Director R. E. KARPER, B. S., Assistant Director A. S. WARE, Secretary M. P. HoLLEMAN, JR., Chief Clerk S. K .FRANCKLOW, Assistant Chief Clerk J. M. ScHAEDEL, Executive Assistant C. B. NEBLETTE, Technical Assistant VETERINARY SCIENCE: _ *M. FRANCIS, D. V. M., Chief H. SCHMIDT, D. V. M., Veterinarian W. L. BLACK, D. V. M., Veterinarian CHEMISTRY: _ G. S. FRAPs, Ph. D., Chief; State Chemist S. E. AsRURY, M. S., Assistant Chemist WALDo H. WALKER, Assistant Chemist J. K. BLUM, B. S., Assistant Chemist J. E. TEAGUE, B. S., Assistant Chemist VELMA GRAHAM, Assistant Chemist ADAH E. PRocToR, B. S., Assistant Chemist N. J. VoLK, M. S., Assistant Chemist E. C. CARLYLE, B. S., Assistant Chemist _ R. O. BRooKE, M. S., Assistant Chemist HORTICULTURE: W. B. LANHAM, M. A., Chief H. NEss, M. S., Berry Breeder RANGE ANIMAL HUSBANDRY: J. M. JON_ES, A. M., Chief; Sheep and Goat Investigations J. L. LUs_H, Ph. D., Animal Husbandman; Breeding Investigations FRANK GRAYsoN, Wool Grader ENTOMOLOGY: F. L. TRQMAs, Ph. D., Chief; State Entomologis H. J. REINHARD, B. S., Entomologist W. L. OwEN, M. S., Entomologist S. E. NICGREGOR, JR., Acting Chief Foulbrood Inspector GILLIs GRAHAM, Apiary Inspector OTTo MAcKENsEN, F oulbrood Inspector AGRONOMY: _ E. B. REYNoLDs, M. S., Chief A. B. CQNNER, M. S., Agronomist, Grain Sorghum Research R. E. KARPER, B. S., Agronomist, Small Grain Research D. T. KILLOUGR, M. S., Agronomist, Cotton Breeding R. H. STANsEL, B. S., Assistant in Crops SUBSTATIONS No. 1, Beeville, Bee County: R. A. HALL, B. S., Superintendent No. 2, Troup, Smith County: W. S. HOTCHKISS, Superintendent No. 3, An leton, Brazoria County: V. E. AFNER, B. S., Superintendent No. 4, Beaumont, Jelferson County: R. H. WYCHE, B. S., Superintendent No. 5, Temple, Bell County: H. E. REA, B. S., Superintendent No. 6, Denton, Denton County: P. B. DUNKLE, B. S., Superintendent No. 7, Spur, Dickens County: . E. DICKSON, B. S., Superintendent No. 8, Lubbock, Lubbock County: D. L. JONES, Superintendent FRANK GAINES, Irrigationist and Forest Nurseryman No. 9, Balmorhea, Reeves County: J. J. BAYLES, B. S., Superintendent Teachers in the School of Agriculture Carrying Cooperative Projects on the . BILSING, Ph. D., Professor of Entomology P1<1Q*TJV‘Q POLLOCK, EU . P. SMITH, B __'|'AS of May 1, 1926. - *Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine. "In cooperation with U. S. Department of Agriculture. ***In cooperatlon with the School of Agrlculture. FARM AND RANCH EcoNoMii ADRIANcE, M. S., Associate Professor of Horticulture ' . A. BUECHEL, Ph. D., Professor of_ Agricultural Economics . P. GROUT, M. S., Professor of Dairy Husbandry . P. LEE, Ph. D., Professor of Agricultural Economics . O. A. M., Assistant Professor of Agronomy . ScoATEs, A. Fé, Professor of Ajgricultural Engineering Associate Pro essor of Agricultural Engineering PLANT PATHOLOGY AND FRY“ J. J. TAUEENHAUs, Ph. D., Chief j L. P. GABBARD, M. S., Chief B. YOUNGBLOOD, M. S., h. D., l, Ranch Economist’ __ G. L. CRAvyFoRD, B. S., Research; Specialist **GLADYs D. LINDSEY, M. S_., A _ Farm and Ranch Economics V. L. CQRY, M. S., Grazing Rese _ **T. L. GAsToN, JR., B. S., Assist, Records and Accounts T **J. N. TATE, B. S., Assistant, Ra a and Accounts .1 SOIL SURVEY: ~ - **W. T. CARTER, B. S., Chief _ H. W. HAwKER, Soil Surveyor .. E. H. TEMPLIN, B. S., Soil Surveyo, T. C. REITCH, B. S., Soil Surveyor‘ f BOTANY: H. NEss, M. S., Chief PUBLICATIONS: A. D. JAcKsoN, Chief SWINE HUSBANDRY: _ FRED HALE, M. S., Chief DAIRY HUSBANDRY: _ ————-———-—— Chief POULTRY HUSBANDRY: R. M. SHERWOOD, M. S., Chief ***AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERIN f MAIN STATION FARM: G. T. McNEss, Superintendent APICULTURAL RESEARCH LABO -' (San Antonio) _ . _ ‘ H. B. PARKS, B. S., Apiculturist in] A. H. ALEx, B. S., Queen Breeder FEED CONTROL SERVICE: F. D. FULLER, M. S., Chief S. D. PEARcE, Secretary -, J. H. ROGERS, Feed Inspector W. H. WooD, Feed Inspector K. L. KIRKLAND, B. S., Feed Ins W. D. NORTHCUTT, JR., B. S., ee V. C. GLAss, B. S., Feed Inspector» E. H. GARRETT, Feed Inspector No. 10, Feeding and Breeding Sta College Station, Brazos Conn R. M. SHERWOOD, S., Anima § man in Charge of Farm_ 1 L. J. McCALL, Farm Superintendent No. ll, Nacogdoches, Nacogdqches Ff H. F. MoRR1s, M. S., Superintend ; **No. 12, Chillicothe, Hardelnan C i J. R. QUINBY, B. S., Superintendent» , **JosEPH C. STEPHENS, Junior Agra No. l4, Sonora, Sutton-Edwards Co » E. W. THOMAS, B. S., Sfil/fwflfllflfltl j D. H. BENNETT, D. V. _ ., Veterin V. L. CQRY, M. S., Grazing Resear f, **O. G. BABCOCK, B S., ollaborai , Entomologist " O. LrcARPENTER, Shepherd No. 15, Weslaco, Hidalgo County: - W. H. FRIEND, B. S., Su erintende E. Hoses, B. S., Entomo ogist No. 1e, Iowa Park, Wichita County: E. J. WILSON, B. S., Superintendent; SYNOPSIS This publication was prepared at the request of a committee of the Texas Cottonseed Crushers for authoritative informa- }tion regarding the use of cottonseed products as feed and fljfertilizer. Members of the statf of the Experiment Station, the Extension Service, and the School of Agriculture co-oper- ated in preparing this information. This Bulletin discusses ibriefly the properties of cottonseed products, their feeding fvalues, and methods for feeding to various classes of live stock. it Rations are suggested for beef cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, poultry, hogs, and horses and mules, and some mention is is made of the use of cottonseed flour as a human food. The 5use of cottonseed meal as a fertilizer is discussed and some "1'; erences is given. formulas are given for home mixing. A selected list of ref-x CONTENTS . PA“: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Constituents . . . . . . . A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at Dietary Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. J I Cold-Pressed Cottonseed . . . . . . . . . . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cottonseed Hulls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . Cottonseed Meal, Cottonseed Cake for Beef Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j Cottonseed Meal and Cake for Sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f . . . . . . A Cottonseed Productsfor Dairy Feeding» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t . . . . . . . . Cottonseed Meal for Laying Hens . . . . . . r . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cottonseed Meal for Work Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2f Cottonseed. Meal for Hogs . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relation of Cottonseed Meal to Diversified Farming r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2; Cottonseed Meal as a Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cottonseed Flour as a Human Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected References. . ' . . . . . . . A . . .A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2_ BULLETIN No. 341 JUNE, 1926 COTTONSEED PRODUCTS AS FEED, FERTILIZER, AN HUMAN FOOD - Experiment Statiora-A. B. Conner, Vice-Director; G. S. Fraps, Chief Divi- sion of Chemistry; F. D. Fuller, Chief Feed Control Service; Fred Hale, Chief Division of Swine Husbandry; A. D. Jackson, Chief Division of Pub- lications; J. M. Jones, Chief Division bf Range Animal Husbandry; J. L. Lush, Animal Husbandman; E. B. Reynolds, Chief Division of Agronomy; R. M. Sherwood, Chief Division of Poultry Husbandry. Extension Service-E. A. Miller, Agronomist; G. W. Barnes, Beef Cattle Specialist; J. L. Thomas, Dairy Specialist; V. R. Glazener, Poultry Husband- man; A. L. Ward, Swine Husbandman. School of Agriculturer-A. L. Darnell, Professor of Dairy Husbandry; A. H. Groth, Assistant Professor Animal Husbandry; Geo. P. Grout, Professor of Dairy Husbandry; A. K. Mackey, Assistant Professor Animal Husbandry; A. C. Magee, Fellow in Animal Husbandry; E. M. Regenbrecht, Associate Professor Animal Husbandry; D. H. Reid, Professor of Poultry Husbandry; D. W. Williams, Professor of Animal Husbandry; R. H. Williams, Professor of Animal Husbandry. Authoritative information covering the use of cottonseed meal as a feed and fertilizer was requested of this Institution by a committee of the Texas Cottonseed Crushers Association composed of Mr. W. F. Pendleton, J. Webb Howell, and W. A. Montgomery. At a meeting of those interested, the work was divided among the various com- mittees representing the School of Agriculture, the Extension Service, and the Experiment Station of the Texas A. and M. College. The work of assembling the reports and preparing them for publication was assigned to a smaller committee, but all listed above took part‘ in the preparation of this Bulletin. A This publication is intended to give sound and dependable advice regarding the use of cottonseed products but is not a treatise upon cottonseed meal. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Cottonseed meal is prepared from cottonseed. The seed are Cleaned; then part of the lint is taken off, which is sold as linters. _The seed are next cut; the meats are then separated from the hulls and Cooked. The oil is pressed from the cooked meats by hydraulic presses or by iexpellers. The product is a fiat cake from the presses, or flakes when expellers are used. The product is stored or exported largely as cake, as it keeps better in this form. It may be broken and fed as cake, or ground and fed as meal. Cottonseed meal, or cake, is a protein feed, and in Texas should contain not less than 43 per cent protein. The grade of cottonseed 6 BULLETIN NO. 341, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION meal is designated by the protein content. The protein depends on l the composition of the seed and the conditions of manufacture. Texas‘ seed contain more protein than seed grown in the East. _ _§ The protein content of cottonseed meal is high, being exceeded only, by that of tankage and similar animal products. It is, as a general, rule, the cheapest source of protein on the market; and its availability? in the South renders it the logical source of protein for that section. Since the energy or fattening value is also high, being nearlyequalf to that of corn,—it follows that when it sells for a little less than corn, as sometimes happens in the South, the energy value is alone worth; the price paid, and the protein and fertilizing value cost the purchaserg nothing. Cottonseed meal may be used, then, as a fattening feed as well as a. protein feed. When it is used to balance a ration, the pro- tein content is more important, but in the South, cottonseed meal isf frequently cheaper than corn and can be used also for a fattening feed. _ When the fertilizing value is taken into consideration and utilized, A cottonseed meal can profitably be used as a fattening feed, even though I’ the purchase price be higher than that of corn. Cottonseed meal of prime quality should be reasonably bright in color, not brown or reddish, and sweet in odor. Meal dark or reddish in color, rancid, musty, or burned in odor or taste, or in any other respect not conforming to the description of prime quality cottonseed meal given above, is termed off-quality. Off-quality cottonseed meal may be made from seed which has heated or fermented. This takes place in wet seasons, and may occur before = the seed is brought to the oil mill, or while it is in the seed house. a Off-quality cottonseed meal may also be caused by over-heating the seed in cooking or by cooking too long, or the meal may be old. Cottonseed crushers themselves as a rule do not recommend the feed- ing of off-quality cottonseed meal, but state that it should be used as a fertilizer. While it may often be fed without danger and is fre- quently fed, yet it is sometimes unpalatable, may cause trouble, and may give unsatisfactory results. Definite information with respect to the feeding value of off cottonseed meal is unfortunately lacking. The subject demands study, as there are seasons when a large proportion of the crush is off in quality. ASH CONSTITUENTS Cottonseed meal contains about 2.5 per cent total phosphoric acid and 1.8 per cent potash, but is low in lime, containing about 0.2 per cent. It resembles wheat bran and wheat shorts closely in its ash content. The phosphoric acid is chiefly present in the form of phytin. For pigs, milk cows, and young animals especially it should be sup- plemented with lime, unless this is supplied in legume hays or cal- careous drinking water. Only recently has the importance of lime in animal nutrition been recognized. "COTTONSEED PRODUCTS AS FEED, FERTILIZER, AND HUMAN FOOD 7 table 1. Average composition,_ digestible protein and productive value of some feeds 1n pounds per hundred. ‘£3 8 g . 2 £4» 49 >4 5'9 5° 3E Z lg = ‘*1 "" a2 .. FEB 11%’- , '6 F‘ Q o“ zu m0 fi-‘g . ‘é g E gm ‘Eé .5, 3,50: gig?‘ .’ o. m u z E < Q a. "protein cottonseed meal.... 43.1 7.1 9.8 26.8 8.1 5.1 36.4 73.7 ‘ protein cold pressed cotton- heed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27.5 7.1 25.0 29.5 7.4 4.3 22.0 60.4 _nseed hulls . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.6 0.9 48.5 35.0 9.5 2.5 0.8 15.6 ,wholcground . . . . . . . . . .. 11.9 2.2 6.6 67.4 9.1 2.8 9.6 80.0 1: chops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10.0 3.9 2.3 71.0 11.2 1.6 6.4 85.6 _eornchops, with husk . . . . . .. 8.0 3.4 10.1 66.7 10.1 1.7 _ 4.4 78.9 sila e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.1 0.7 7.3 15.8 72.6 1.5 1.2 13.2 ‘y eed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11.5 7.3 6.9 63.0 8.5 2.8 7.8 85.6 ',ground threshed . . . . . . . . .. 11.1 3.1 2.5 71.3 10.4 1.6 8.7 85.6 headchops . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9.0 2.6 7.5 67.8 10.1 3.0 6.9 72.9 ,‘ground threshed . . . . . . . . .. 11.3 3.1 2.3 71.6 10.0 1.7 8.8 85.8 head chops . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10.1 2.6 6.5 67.2 9.6 4.0 7.7 77.8 '..- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.0 0 0 65.0 26.5 5.5 0.4 54.7 ‘groundorwhole.......... 12.0 4.3 11.5 58.7 9.5 4.0 9.4 71.0 bran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.4 12.4 12.9 42.0 9.8 10.5 8.6 68.3 polish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.3 10.6 3.0 58.4 10.0 5.7 8.4 89.2 tbran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17.1 4.3 8.9 54.8 9.6 5.3 13.4 50.6 -¢ rayshorts . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17.9 4.4 5.8 57.7 10.1 4.1 15.0 75.7 afiay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13.5 1.5 31.2 36.2 9.2 8.4 9.6 33.8 ngrasshay . . . . . . . . . . .. 7.0 1.9 30.0 44.0 10.0 7.1 3.1 34.4 'ehay, ordinary qual1ty..... 5.0 2.0 32.0 44.0 10.0 8.0 1.0 23.3 ha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8.0 1.7 30.4 43.6 10.9 6.4 4.1 33.6 4| ay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7.0 3.0 28.2 45.2 10.9 5.7 2.2 33.3 DIETARY CHARACTERISTICS , ottonseed meal, like all other feeds, has both its merits and de- yencies. For best results, the deficiencies must be corrected in the 'on in which it is fed. Cottonseed meal contains a high content ‘protein of excellent quality, has a high energy or fattening value, l‘... content of phosphoric acid, and is probably well supplied with mine B. It is low in lime and vitamine A, and should be fed with F.» which contain these. It has been fed ‘with satisfactory results all classes of live stock, when in a properly balanced ration, and ;: also sometimes given good results when fed in poorly balanced- 'ons, and making up a very large proportion of the ration. It is pbable that poor results secured are frequently due to an improperly usted ration, rather than to any harmful substance in the feed. 'etimes also meal of inferior quality may have been used. - Experiments with 43 per cent cottonseed meal prime quality fed v poultry and hogs at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station ve given excellent results and have so far indicated the safety of f use. of cottonseed meal when properly fed. These experiments are t conclusive, and further investigations in the use of cottonseed meal ‘a feed for poultry, hogs, and work stock are urgently needed and - ‘being carried out as rapidly as funds and facilities permit. 8 BULLETIN NO. 341, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION COLD-PRESSED COTTONSEED‘ Cold-pressed cottonseed is made from the entire seed, from " the linters have been removed; Twenty-five per cent protein a pressed cottonseed contains about 20 pounds digestible protein and i- a productive value of 60 therms in 100 pounds, which may be comp: with 36 pounds digestible protein and '74 therms productive valu 100 pounds of cottonseed meal. Therms measure the fattening energy value of feeds and is a technical term with which up-to-p feeders need to get familiar. ' Cold-pressed cottonseed is not suitable for hogs or poultry. _ pounds of 25 per cent cold-pressed cottonseed are approximately n, to one pound of 43 per cent protein cottonseed meal and 0.6 poun corn, and may be substituted in this proportion in rations sugge for beef cattle, sheep, or dairy cattle. COTTON SEED HULLS Cottonseed hulls are a convenient and available source of roug‘ in the ration. While they are low in protein and high in fiber, F are economical feed when fed under proper conditions. They j about half the energy value of good hay and about two-thirds as u as ordinary prairie hay. They are deficient in vitamines and ini, but this deficiency can easily be corrected. They are practically‘ from dust or trash and can be fed with little Waste. 2 Cottonseed hulls can be fed to sheep, fattening cattle, and y‘ stock. The concentrate ration should be increased by about one p0‘ of corn or its equivalent for each five pounds of cottonseed hulls; placing hay in the ration. Since cottonseed _hulls are deficient vitamine A, green pasture or hay should be provided when hulls fed. If hulls are fed as the sole roughage, it is best to give accei green pasture, or feed some hay after ninety days. COTTONSEED MEAL AND COTTONSEED CAKE FOL BEEF CATTLE Cottonseed meal and cottonseed cake have very frequently been , cheapest available concentrate in the South, and feeders have i,‘ utilized this product as the sole concentrate in a fattening ration, a = with cottonseed hulls, silage, or some other roughages. Experime feeding results have indicated that fattening steers fed in a feed on cottonseed meal or cake as a sole concentrate make very satisfacl ' gains during the first sixty days on feed, after which time the a-vel daily gain falls off considerably. Owing to its high protein con i there is a tendency for young cattle to make economical gains, this gain in young cattle is largely growth when the cottonseed o: content in the ration is high. P‘ When cottonseed meal or cake constitutes the entire concentr COTTONSEED.PRODUCTS AS FEED, FERTILIZER, AND HUMAN FOOD 9 rtion of the ration for steers being fattened in the feed lot, the ding period should not extend beyond ninety to a hundred days, ce there is danger of the appearance of a condition known as cotton- y meal poisoning. Calves weighing in the neighborhood of six hun- .d pounds can ‘receive as high as three and a half pounds of cotton- meal, although less may be fed when’ grain is cheaper than the ttonseed meal. Eight-hundred- to one-thousand-pound steers can be J» six to seven pounds of cake over a period of ninety t0 a hundred ys without any unfavorable results. Cattle having access to plenty f‘: silage or green grass are not as likely to be injured by an excess if meal so quickly as when dry roughage is fed. Fattening on Grass , Experienced cattle feeders in Texas have for years made a practice If feeding three- and four-year-old steers cottonseed cake on the grass. he cattle are started on feed in the early winter, and the cottonseed ake ration is gradually increased to five or six pounds per head daily uring the first few weeks on feed. The cake is then increased to ‘ght pounds by the firstof February and to ten pounds by the first March, this amount being maintained until the cattle are mar- ‘eted in July. ' Balancing the Ration i Cottonseed meal is at the present time used by many feeders not nly in Texas but in the corn belt to balance the ration for fattening attle. It can be used to supplement either corn or any of the grain frghums, which are the common concentrates used in Texas for feed- g beef cattle. Ordinarily, however, 1% to 3% pounds of cottonseed eal are used to balance the ration for fattening cattle, the amount epending upon the size of the animals. Cottonseed meal puts on a lossy finish, which adds to the attractiveness of the cattle at the end 11» the feeding period. ‘ Method of Feeding fTo attain the best results in feeding any kind of live stock, the eeder or attendant must observe the animals carefully each day so a. to be able to increase or decrease the ration at the proper time. hen cattle are first placed on a fattening ration they should be fed nly a small amountof concentrates. The amount of concentrates should hen be gradually increased during the first twenty to twenty-five days, zfter which time the animals are on full feed. They should be supplied ith all of the roughage that they will consume. As the feeding period rogresses the amount of roughage is gradually decreased and th-e con- centrates are increased. f: It is difficult to follow a definite rule in increasing the concentrate, s this depends upon several important factors, such as (1) the ability 10 BULLETIN NO. 341, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION of the feeder to put maximum gains on the cattle; (2) the palatabl of the ration; (3) the quality and general condition oi the cattle. ' When the animals are on full feed and are making satisfac, progress, the amount of the ration should be increased at least _ during every Week or ten days to correspond with the gain in Wei For example, suppose a stockman was fattening 30 head of 600-per calves. Such calves under favorable conditions make an average g‘ of at least 2 pounds daily per head. There would then be an inc y’ of 60 pounds in live Weight of the lot daily, or 600 pounds of ;I in 10 days, or approximately the Weight of an additional calf. k ration for the thirty head, then, should be increased about one-thirti in the ten days or approximately the amount that one calf could l. sume daily. Some beginners have the idea that when an animal“ on full feed no further increases in the ration are necessary; howe,‘ - this is a mistake, and sometimes a very costly one. The method H1 outlined is suggested merely as a guide to the inexperienced fee’, but it should be helpful in deciding on the increases necessary in A amount of the ration as the feeding period progresses. " Rations Suggested The following rations- are recommended for fattening cattle. " 1.; the cattle are first placed on feed they should receive conside H? less concentrates than shown in these rations. As the feeding pe _~ progresses, the concentrates are increased while the roughage is =5; creased. " The ration to be fed depends on the size and condition of the = Ill; The amount of concentrate fed should be small at first and gradu» increased until the animals are on full feed in about 25 days. amount fed is increased as the Weight of the animal increases. It’, important to supply as much roughage as the cattle will consume da' This amount will vary slightly with different roughages. l’ Ration No. 1 for 600-pound Calves ; Po if Ground milo or feterita heads or ground ear corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ 43% protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Alfalfa hay . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sorghum, Johnson grass, or Sudan hay . . . . . . . .A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ‘a- Ration No. 2 for 600-pound Calves Poun_ Ground grain sorghum heads or ground ear corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ' 43% protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silage or sorghum hay, Johnson grass, Sudan hay, or prairie hay, ' ~' or cottonseed hulls or fodder. v COTTONSEED PRODUCTSAS FEED, FERTILIZER, AND HUMAN FOOD 11 Ration No. 3 for 700-pound Steers - Pounds PTY- protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2% ‘in d shelled corn or grain sorghums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8% protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . 2% g y‘ nseed hulls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . 15 Ration No. 4 for 1000-pound Steers p Pounds und grain sorghum heads or ground ear corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ,3. protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3% j e, or sorghum, Johnson grass, or Sudan hay, or prairie hay, cottonseed hulls. 5 Ration N0. 5 for 1000-pound Steers _ . Pounds "und threshed grain sorghums or shelled corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1O l". protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . .. 3% {rge, or sorghum hay, prairie hay, fodder or cottonseed hulls. Ration No. 6 for 1000-pound Steers < Pounds d shelled cor11, or grain sorghums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 o protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3% Nonseed hulls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20 _ Ration No.-7 for 1000-pound Steers *;, . Pounds _j’ protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6% 26- *. nseed hulls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ation No. 7 is not-considered as good as the others; better results A;- secured when grains and some hay are fed or pasture is provided, ‘cially after 90 days. ~ » ilage 20 pounds and hay 2 pounds may be used in ration No. 2 600-pound calves; 30 pounds silage and 3 pounds hay in ration ,4 for 1000-pound steers; 33 pounds silage in ration No. 5 for 0-pound steers. When cottonseed meal is cheaper than the availabl-e grains which ordinarily utilized for feeding purposes, experienced feeders may vely feed a slightly increased amount of‘ cottonseed meal, especially f; fng the early part of, the feeding period, without any unfavorable lts. However, as a general rule, when used to balance a grain _~'on, not over two and one-half pounds need be fed to baby beeves dghing between five hundred and eight hundred pounds, while ma- - cattle weighing one thousand, to eleven hundred pounds n-eed not peive more than four pounds. 12 BULLETIN NO. 341, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Stock Cattle Stock cattle may be safely fed from one to two pounds of y seed cake 0n the grass per head daily during the winter months, is desired to carry them through in a thrifty condition. It is j if ever, profitable to feed stock cattle during the winter more’, chased feeds than just enough t0 keep them in a thrifty conditi‘ COTTONSEED MEAL FOR SHEEP Cottonseed meal or cake is an almost indispensable concentra the sheep ranches in Texas, during a period of drouth. It is i rich in protein and affords the cheapest concentrate available to M owners for maintaining their breeding flocks in a thrifty,_ vi condition through the winter months preceding lambing, and a maintaining them during periods of drouth when there is a s, of natural vegetation. From one-fourth to one-half of a p0 I pea-size cottonseed cake can be fed per head daily, the amount def’ ing upon the condition of the sheep as well as that of the r' Cottonseed cake is more to be desired by the range sheep owners corn or any of the other popular feedstufls, since it is more c0 trated. When fed for maintenance purposes on the grass, it is?‘ erally believed by stockmen that one pound of 43 per cent protein ; will practically equal two pounds of corn. On the other han fattening purposes, one pound of cottonseed meal cannot be cr with this advantage ov_er corn, since both feeds have approx" the same energy value. ' l’ Cold-pressed cottonseed cake, although not as high in proteinl tent as cottonseed meal, is a valuable and desirable concentra, range ewes that are lambing during a period of drouth. The _ pressed cake is more bulky than cottonseed meal; hence it may be substituted for the meal or cake to be supplied to Weak ewes ~ p milk flow needs stimulation shortly after lambing. H Agata-s n-“HCYQ a a e s: Fattening Sheep Cottonseed meal has a place in the rations for fattening shee the South just as it has in the cattle-fattening ration. It is a' rich in protein and offers the cheapest source of protein for bala»; rations. Under ordinary conditions, a comparatively safe rule to? low in balancing a fattening ration for sheep is to feed a mix _ 9 parts of corn or any of the grain sorghums to 1 part of 43 per protein cottonseed meal when a leguminous roughage is av' When a non-leguminous roughage is fed, the proportion shoul about 8 parts of grain to 2 of cottonseed meal. If the lambs." under-size, a proportion of '7 parts of grain to 3 parts of meal i be fed during the first few weeks of the fattening period—later r5 reduced to an 8 to 2 ratio. COTTONSEED PRODUCTS AS FEED, FERTILIZER, AND HUMAN FOOD 1e i?" lambs are being placed on feed, it is a general practice to feed _ 5’ the roughage that they will consume, beginning with a limited t) of concentrated feed. As the feeding period progresses, the centrated portion of the ration is gradually increased to the maxi- in amount that the lambs will consume, the roughage portion being ‘ually diminished. The following ration figured for a ‘YES-pound b represents the average daily feed consumed by lambs in a test ducted at Substation No. 7. The lambs weighed 55 pounds at the 'nning and 91 pounds at the end of the test, the average weight of lambs being 73 pounds at the middle of the feeding period :—~ l. Ration N0. 1 for 73 Pound Lambs-Legume Roughage _ Pounds und milo, feterita, or kafir chops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 alfa hay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11} he following ration is calculated for a 73-pound lamb, when a non- minous roughage is being utilized: ' Ration No. 2—Non-Leguminous Roughage , Pounds elled corn, or the sorghum grain chops . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . 1 ,_% protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9; _an, Johnson grass, or sorghum hay. .v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L} fThe ration fed fattening lambs should depend upon the weight and dition 0f the animals. The concentrates should be small in amount first and gradually increased until the animal is on full feed in é» 20 days. As the animals gain in weight, the amount fed is reased twice every '7 to 10 days. Should the lambs fail to consume concentrated feed after an increase has been made, the amount ould be slightly reduced. CQTTONSEED PRODUCTS FOR DAIRY FEEDING The Roughage Part of the Ration A ‘Dairy cows should be fed grain or concentrates in proportion to the ount of milk produced by each cow and enough roughage to furnish 1 necessary bulk to keep their digestive organs functioning properly 1- to satisfy their appetites. Since the best roughages have consideraL-ie ding value and even the poorest roughages have some, the best rind grain ration to feed depends somewhat upon the kind of roughage hich is to be fed with it. It is not often necessary to weigh the ughage which each cow receives, since she should be allowed all the . ughage she wants to eat. In Texas most roughages are fed outside e milking barn in racks or feed bunks, which should be under sheds 14 BULLETIFI NO. 341, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ‘Y so as to be protected from rain and bad weather. Silage is frequi fed in the milking barn along with the grain. Where no silage and the grain mixture is heavy, it is a good plan to mix about a 1g of cottonseed hulls or chopped hay with each ten pounds of con trates at the time of feeding. This makes a mixture which pref the cow ‘from “bolting” her grain ration and allows better dig action. 5 Roughages may be conveniently classified as succulent roughages; dry roughages. Practically all of the succulent roughages in Ti except clover pasture, are low in protein. The dry roughages ma‘ divided into high-protein and low-protein roughages. f Succulent roughages include all kinds of silage and green if? Root crops are also succulent roughages but are very uncommo cow feeds in Texas. Every effort should be made to have at leasti succulent roughage in the ration. iSucculent roughages are of not only for the protein and energy value which they contain but for their physiological effects. They help keep the cows in good ~.f_ contain some mineral and vitamines, and assist the animal bod. utilizing minerals supplied by the rest of the ration. Practically all high-protein roughages consist of legume hays. . consist of clover, alfalfa, pea, and bean hays. They are the mostl. uable of the dry roughages and are rich in minerals and (if pro d, cured) in vitamines. The best grade of alfalfa hay has a value nearly equal to that of wheat bran. The chief reason f0 r limited use of legume hays in Texas is their high cost. The expeg‘ of dairymen generally points to the conclusion that a good dairy must contain a considerable amount of either wheat bran or a y. legume hay. i I; Low-protein roughages with a high feeding value include ha‘ fodder from corn, the sorghums, Sudan hay, Johnson grass hay, good grades of prairie hay. f Low-protein roughages with a low feeding value includethe t’ grades of the hays mentioned in the» preceding paragraph, wheat K oat straw, and cottonseed hulls. When the roughage is of this ; l‘ more grain must be fed. ~ The net energy value and the protein content of roughages is r1 variable (much more so than in concentrates) but in general the Q bined net energy value and protein value of cottonseed hulls is p, two-thirds as much as that of an ordinary grade of prairie hay about one-half as much as that of a fairly good grade of sorgh if Sudan, or Johnson grass hay. ' If the feed bunks used are properly constructed, there is less i in feeding cottonseed hulls than in feeding coarse hays like sorg It frequently happens in Texas that all hays are higher in ~j than their protein content or net energy content justifies. ' Yet ages must be fed in order to provide the necessary amount of for the digestive organs to function properly. Under such condii . : COTTONSEED PRODUCTS AS FEED, FERTILIZER, AND HUMAN FOOD 15 qghages have a feeding value due to their bulk alone. A ton of _l ls has as much of this value as a ton of hay. Therefore, when ghagesare selling at a higher price than their protein content and ir energy content justify,~hul1s have a value more nearly equal to j: of good hay than the above figures indicate. It is good practice feed hulls as a dry roughage (1) when they can be bought for less ~ r=| two-thirds as much per ton as fairly good non-legume hay, or when all hays are high in price compared to the concentrates, and _ s are distinctly cheaper than good non-legume hay. The Concentrated Feeds in the Ration As compared to other animals, dairy cows require a large amount of tein in their rations. In the South, cottonseed meal is almost fariably the cheapest source of this protein. Sometimes cottonseed al is also the cheapest source of energy. At such times more cotton- meal can be fed than is necessary to balance the ration, but care ‘w: be tak-en not to feed so much cottonseed meal that the cows will p’ injured. If the cow is fed much more than four pounds of cotton- “, meal per day, month after month for long periods of time, harm- results are apt to follow. These harmful results usually take the V“ of hard lumps in the udder and consequent loss of quarters of udder, or of skin eruptions, or breeding troubles. Probably the Tws can consume more cottonseed meal without these harmful results _: plenty of green feed is being fed than if the cows receive only dry ‘d. The problem in feeding cottonseed meal to dairy cows is to feed best ration which contains at least enough to balance the ration d not so much as to produce harmful results. jWhole cottonseed is still fed to cows by many farmers in Texas. It = not a desirable feed because it lowers the quality of the butter. reover, when fed in large quantities it is apt to cause scouring. 'e farmer who is considering feeding cottonseed to his own cows uld first see whether he cannot make a favorable trade with his 1 gin or oil mill whereby he can trade his cottonseed for cotton- j meal. However, many farmers remote from oil mills in a region ‘ere no special premium is paid for a good quality of butter will c‘ unable to make such a profitable trade and will continue to find it lofitable to feed whole cottonseed provided not enough is fed to cause - cows to scour. Suggested Rations The following rations willbe suitable for cows of average producing ility only. For high production of very much more than 25 pounds milk per day, a special ration should be _made to fit the require- ~> nts of the individual case. It should always be kept in mind by the feeder that low-protein ughages require high-protein concentrates to balance, but that con- 16 BULLETIN NO. 341, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 12' centrates comparatively low in protein can be used when legumes u “ up the greater part of the roughage. Low-Protein Roughages:—When low-protein roughages are fed; Johnson grass hay, Bermuda grass, sorghum hay, and fodders, a t; centrate mixture can be made that will practically make _a balan‘ ration by using Ration No. 1. Ration No. 1 Po _ 43% protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1 Wheat bran or ground oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1 Corn chops, ground threshed grain sorghum or ground barley. . . . If This mixture can be fed at the rate of 1 pound for each 2% to pounds milk produced. § If all the roughness is cottonseed hulls, ration No. 1 can be :_ but should be fed at the rate of 1 pound for each 2 to 2?; pounds i milk produced, because of the lower feeding value of the hulls in e! ration. . L Medium Protein Roughagex-When half of the roughage is low-p tein, hays or fodder, and the other half legume hay, a concentrate u ture lower inprotein will be found suitable and can be made up 1' i ration No. 2. f Ration N0. 2 ‘a P0 431% protein cottonseed meal, prime quality; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 Wheat bran or ground oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..10» Corn chops, ground grain threshed sorghum or ground barley. . . . .200 With this class of roughage, the concentrates can be fed at the ra of 1 pound for each 2% to 2% pounds of milk produced. ‘ High Protein Roughagew-When all the roughage is a legume z. such as cowpeas, sweet clover, or alfalfa, a grain mixture compare; tively low in protein can be used such as ration No. 3. “ Ration No. .3 , Pounp 43% protein cottonseed meal, prime ‘quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50 Wheat brain or ground oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3 Corn chops, ground threshed grain sorghums or ground barley. . . . .250 - - s The mixture should be fed at the rate of 1 pound for each 3 ' of milk produced. 5 Feeding in Pasture The above feeds are calculated for use when the feeding is to be‘, done in a dry lot, but better results can be had when the animals are; on pasture. If the animals get a part of their roughage in the form of grass in addition to the dry roughage, ration No. 4 may be used. COTTONSEED PRODUCTS AS FEED, FERTILIZER, AND HUMAN FOOD~ 17 Ration N0. 4 Pounds i; 43% protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Wheat bran or ground oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Corn chops, ground threshed grain sorghum, or ground barley. . . . .200 i, of corn can be used in the ration and a mixture can be made sim- " ilar to ration No. 5. Ration N0. 5 ,~ - Pounds , 43% protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Corn chops, ground threshed grain sorghum, or ground barley. . . . . 300 ‘z Wheat brain or ground oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 __ When animals are on good pasture and are also getting hay, it should not be necessary to feed more than 1 pound of the grain mixture if to each 3 to 3% pounds of milk to maintain the production. Minerals Needed All of these mixtures should contain one pound of common salt and ' stone or air-slaked lime for each 100 pounds, or these minerals may least twice a day and preferably at all times. Substitution of Other Feeds Corn meal, corn chops, hominy feed, ground grain sorghums, and ing the feeder to use the» largest possible amount of home-grown feeds. ‘Whenever prices justify it, good fresh rice bran can be substituted for corn in these rations at the rate of 4 pounds of rice bran for 3 pounds ‘of corn. Rice bran should not make up more than one-fourth of the “ration because it is unpalatable to some cows when fed in larger pro- portions. , _ Ground grain sorghum heads may be substituted for the corn chops at the rate of 6 pounds of ground heads to 5 pounds of corn chops. When ground oats can be purchased at a price much lower than that _| corn, 100 pounds of oats may be substituted for 100 pounds of corn chops in most of the above rations in which wheat branis already used. iioh a change will make the ration more palatable and will make it i: ited to cows of medium-high production (25 to 40 pounds of milk er day). l Silage f Silage will always improve the ration when the cows are not getting lenty of good pasture and is a great help in times of drouth or short If the dry roughage is largely legume in nature, a greater percentage i one pound of finely ground steamed bone meal or finely ground lime-" be fed separately. The cows should have access to salt and water ate ground barley are similar feeds and can be interchanged, thus allow- j 18 BULLETIN NO. 311, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION summer pastures as well as in winter. From 10 to 25 pounds of silage per day is the usual amount fed to a dairy cow, although larger amounts are often fed and even more than 40 pounds of silage per day is not uncommon for large heavy-producing cows. 1O or 15 pounds- of silage, and plenty of legume hay make a good ration for carrying; dry cows or stock cattle over the winter. If the dry roughage is low in protein, a pound or a pound and a half of cottonseed meal per‘ cow should be added to the silage. Home Grown Feeds By raising plenty of legume hay, planting grasses for pasture, and- raising corn and grain sorghums, one can feed a dairy herd largely o " feeds that are produced on the.farm. Cottonseed Hulls for Milk Cows Cottonseed hulls are a good roughage for dairy cows. They are ge erally free from dust or trash and can be fed with little waste. The can be fed with silage, other hay, or as the onlygroughage, preferablfi when cows are on pasture. The concentrate should be increased one-fifth pound for each pound of hulls which takes the place of hay. COTTONSEED MEAL FOR LAYING HENS Feeding poultry is not greatly different from the feeding of othe a classes of live stock. Feeding laying hens is very similar to feedin dairy cows. In both cases, the animals are mature, or nearly so, the problem is to supply the necessary food to keep up the norm, body activities and in addition to supply the correct food materia ‘ in the correct proportions to produce eggs in the one case and mi in the other. i The various food materials necessary for laying hens are water, p v” tein, carbohydrates, fat, minerals, and vitamines. “ Experiments have shown that hens not receiving an adequate suppi of freshwater do not lay as well as hens receiving plenty of wate» Special watering dishes should be provided for the hens and the “ should always contain a supply of fresh water. The watering dish should be washed often so that disease will not be spread through If drinking water. Protein, a nutrient that is so essential in the formation of i, white of the egg, may be secured in small quantities from the gra" feeds. The amount, however, is not sufficient. Cottonseed meal is a y feed that is readily available in all sections of the State and will f ' nish an adequate supply ‘of protein at a reasonable cost. V - Very few feeds alone are complete or well balanced. Cottonseed me has relatively large quantities of phosphoric acid as compared with I; amount of calcium and sodium contained. For this reason it is COTTONSEED PRODUCTS AS FEED, FERTILIZER, AND HUMAN FOOD 19 mmended that salt and limestone or oyster shells be added to all f ations rich in cottonseed meal. . ' i Laying hens, if supplied with green feeds at all times, probably receive all the vitamines necessary. When green feed is not available, a finely ground alfalfa meal or alfalfa leaf meal may be fed to supply of these vitamines, also to supply valuable minerals. ' It is recommended that hens receive a grain ration of cracked corn, 'lo, or kafir, together with whole wheat or heavy oats. This grain ration may be fed twice a day, the hens being given about twice as uch in the evening as in the morning. Where there is no waste feed vailable about the farm, the hens should consume about six pounds i. grain for every four pounds of mash. The amount will vary at :- iferent seasons, depending somewhat on egg production. It is important to see that cottonseed meal fed poultry is sweet in dor and bright in color; that is, of prime quality. Q Any one of the following mash rations may be used in mash hop- f1 for laying hens. They are recommended for farm use and not or commercial mixtures. Oyster shells and water should be kept fore the hens all the time. l Mash Ration No. 1 Q Pounds 1" eat bran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 I round milo, kafir, or corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 heat gray shorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3% protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 ' 'nely ground oyster shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1% __'ne salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Mash Ration No. 2 Pounds =1" bran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ~ falfa leaf meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 5' eat gray shorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 round milo, kafir or corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 j % protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3O 'nely ground oyster shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1% fi| salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 Mash Ration No. 3 f,‘ ' r ~ Pounds " eat bran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..- . . . . . . . . . .. 15 ' falfa leaf meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 p’ eat gray shorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 round milo, kafir or corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . ." . . . . . . . . 23 '1» protein meat scraps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7% protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2G 1% 'ely ground oyster shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20 BULLETIN NO. 341, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION COTTONSEED MEAL FOR WORK STOCK Feeding experiments conducted in North Carolina, Iowa, and by, the United States Department of Agriculture indicate that the feed-, ing of small quantities of cottonseed meal cheapens the cost of the ration ordinarily fed, and may improve the appearance of the animals Without injury to the eyes, wind, or Working capacity of horses and mules. Work stock given reasonable amounts of cottonseed meal were p, not more sensitive to heat and had just as much energy and stamina. as those fed on other rations. Some Rations for Horses and Mules Satisfactory rations for work stock may be secured from a greatly variety and quality offeeds. One should aim to have a good com-l bination of concentrates and roughages, a suitable proportion between“ protein and carbohydrates and fat, not too much bulk, and enough; vitamines and minerals. There is a complementary quality in feeds ‘ which must be considered in adequate rations. i How to Feed Cottonseed Meal Sometimes animals do not relish cottonseed meal when it is firsti; ' fed. If small amounts are given at first and the quantity is grad-is ually increased, a taste for it will be acquired. The meal may also be} mixed with ground feeds, and either horses or mules will eat it after. the first few days. Occasionally a horse or mule refuses to eat meal, but this is raret A little patience in giving very small amounts at the beginning will; induce all except the most persistent to eat the meal. Cottonseed Hulls for Work Animals Few ‘investigations of the value of hulls for horses and mules hav been reported. No doubt hulls are considered more suited for rumil nants. Information gathered from stockmen indicates that hulls may t; used in small amounts in the ration of work animals. Work stock be given up to five pounds of hulls daily with other roughage =1; good resultswhen other roughages such as hay or pasture are expej sive. 'More concentrates should be fed with’ hulls than with roughages. Work animals must have a surplus of energy which ma, be expended as external work. Cottonseed hulls may replace hay or other roughage up to five pound per day or head in the rations given, but 0.2 pounds more concentra I should be fed for each pound hulls used. COTTONSEED PRODUCTS AS FEED, FERTILIZER, AND HUMAN FOOD 21 > tions for 1200-pound Horses and Mules at Moderate Work A Ration No. 1 Pounds protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 orn or ground threshed milo, kafir, feterita, or barley . . . . . . . . . . . 10_ ohnson grass, prairie hay, Sudan hay, corn fodder, oat hay, or sorghum hay or dry pasture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Ration N0. 2 Pounds ;:3'% protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 1i ilo or kafir head chops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 afir fodder, (with heads) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Ration No. 3 E . Pounds ~% cotton protein cottonseed meal, prime quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 orn or ground threshed kafir, milo, feterita, or barley . . . . . . . . . . . 11 I 3y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ottonseed hulls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 5 , Milo or kafir head chops or oats may be substituted for corn at the k: of about 1.2 pounds for each pound of corn. Three pounds of olasses may be used in place of two pounds of corn. ‘ These rations may be changed to suit any work animal by increas- g or decreasing the amounts of each feed according to the weight f the stock to be fed. _ ; A 1000-pound mule should be given five-sixths the amount of each in the above rations and a 1600-pound horse one-third more than g rations. j Hard working animals should be fed more concentrates and less ‘ughage than animals at light work or idle. ~When these rations are used the hay should be given twice a day d the concentrates divided into three meals. It is best to tie the ' uals, and to feed the concentrates in individual boxes. The hay may g fed from a common rack. All uneaten feed should be removed from feed boxes at least once a day to avoid moldy or fermented feed. ' t should be available to the stock at all times. Whereplegume hay '_; not fed, outside of the limestone sections, two pounds of steamed‘ "e meal should be mixed with one pound of salt. Any cottonseed ‘ial used should be of prime quality. No dark-colored, rancid, or musty should be fed. ‘ COTTONSEED MEAL FOR HOGS Cottonseed meal has frequently been used as a hog feed by many ders, but difliculty was encountered when it was not properly fed. l l ' Rations Suggested 22 BULLETIN NO. 341, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION The injuries have been ascribed to many causes and much valuabl work has been done toivards solving the complex problem. » While it is possible that sometimes cottonseed meal has toxic o poisonous properties, it is not nearly as dangerous a feed as many feeders think it is. Sometimes injurious efiects have occurred becaus cottonseed meal was fed in too large quantities or in rations that we f not properly balanced. Sometimes injury may be caused by the i“ of off-quality cottonseel meal or possibly by feeding too long a time. i While cottonseed meal is quite high in protein, it must be remem- bered that it is a protein of vegetable origin. Rations for hogs ar usually improved by the addition of a small quantity of protein o animal origin and this can easily be done by the addition of such {T7 as tankage, skim milk, or buttermilk. 4 Cottonseed meal is very high in phosphorous but low in calcium lime and, therefore, air-slaked lime, bone meal, or limestone, should be added to a ration that contains cottonseed meal. It is also quite~ probable that cottonseed meal does not have sufficient of the vitamine A? to give best results, but this deficiency can easily be corrected by giving; the hogs access to fresh and tender forage. It does not seem‘ advisabl” to feed more cottonseed meal than 15 per cent of the ration, and is also quite important that the ration be thoroughly mixed so tha it is impossible for any of the hogs to get more than their share of the cottonseed meal. f Cottonseed meal is usually a very cheap source of protein and the feeder of hogs is overlooking a good opportunity to reduce the cost of; pork production if he does not use it. ' The following mixtures are suggested: Sows (Gestation and Lactation Period )i with Green Pasture Ration 1. Ration Pounds. Pounds Ground or chopped milo, corn, kafir, barley, or feterita 7 5 70 ‘ Wheat gray shorts. . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2O 43 per cent protein cottonseed, meal, prime quality. . . . 15 6 Tankage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Limestone, air-slaked lime, bone meal or Wood ashes. . 1% 11 Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § q § " COTTONSEED PRODUCTS AS FEED, FERTILIZER, AND HUMAN FOOD. 2s Ration 3. _ Pounds. round or chopped milo, corn, or kafir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 inely ground oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 _ -" eat gray shorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15 1; per cent protein cottonseed meal, prime quality. . . . 15 .~ ankage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 imestone, bone meal or wood ashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1% alt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g Ration 5. , Pounds. Ground milo, corn, or kafir, or barley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '75 Wheat gray shorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 43 per cent protein cottonseed meal, prime quality. . . . 15 _Green alfalfa meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Tankage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O Limestone, wood ashes, air-slaked lime or bone meal. . . 11} Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -} Growing and Fattening Pigs on Pasture { Ration 7. Ration 8. g Pounds. Pounds. Ground or chopped corn, milo, kafir or fet— erita, or barley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 81 fWheat gray shorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10 10 $.43 per cent protein cottonseed meal, prime ,_ quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6 (Tankage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0 3 Air-slaked lime, bone meal, limestone or wood ashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1J2- 1 Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g l5 iuckling Pigs andPigs Up to 50 Pounds, with Green Pasture Ration 4. Pounds. 81 Growing and Fattening Pigs Up to 255 Pounds in Dry Lot Ration 6. Pounds. 89 b-‘CDGKZO Ration 9. Pounds. Tankage may be replaced by skim milk, 2O pounds of skim milk F‘ taking the place of each pound of tankage. Rice bran or rice polish f- may replace an equal amount of corn provided that the rice bran or polish does not exceed 40 pounds in one hundred. If too much rice bran is fed, the pork will be soft, and if too much rice polish is fed, ~ the pigs will scour. Rice polish is probably a little higher than corn in feeding value, while rice bran has a much lower feeding value than corn. A should include a diversification of live stock suited to the region a .constitute an important part of the rations for live stock as a so A \ 24 BULLETIN NO. 341, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Precautions to Be Observed Cottonseed meal has given harmful results with hogs in some r» There are some indications that western cottonseed meal is less =1, ful to hogs than meal from Eastern States. Feeders who use co seed meal for hogs should take the following precautions: 7 (1) Use only prime quality cottonseed meal. D0 not use w that is brownish in color, or that has a musty or rancid odor. (2) Use not over 15 per cent cottonseed meal in the ration. ~ (3) Give the pigs access to a pasture or add 5 per cent alfalfa u’ to the ration. . (4) Use about 1% per cent limestone or air-slaked lime or ashe, bone meal in the ration, as well as 3} per cent salt. (5) Our experiments in feeding cottonseed meal to hogs are A sufficiently extensive to justify recommending that it be fed ._' than 9O days. " (6) Do not allow uneaten feed to remain several days in the tro THE RELATION 0F COTTONSEED MEAL T0 nrvnnsm FARMING The A. and M. College of Texas has always advocated a diversified: balanced system of farming because experience has proven this to? the only safe system to follow over a period of years. Such a sysrj type of farming practiced, in addition to the necessary field crops 1; cash crops. Diversification of crops and live stock distributes the ‘"1 come throughout the year and permits of a better utilization of f) labor throughout the year. Furthermore, where income is derived f " different sources, the total return over a period of years is not net‘ so much influenced by fluctuations in price as in a one-crop sys =f The plan of diversi-fication would include raising enough feed to sup his ‘stock and enough vegetables, fruit, poultry, hogs, sheep and cows.‘ supply his table and give a healthful and varied diet. ._ The use of cottonseed meal enters very strongly into a system of w‘ kind, both from the standpoint of feed and soil fertility. It sho of protein. The live stock, especially cattle and sheep, provide a great deal valuable manure for buildingup the soil fertility and thereby incr" ing crop yields. Whenever cottonseed meal is being fed, the manure; . particularly valuable, as the meal contains a good deal of plant m: most of which passes through the animal. A A ton of cottonseed meal contains an average of 40 pounds of :~. able phosphoric acid, 138 pounds of nitrogen, and 36 poundsof pot_ The plant food in the manure is equally as valuable, pound for po p as that in the meal. The farmer who feeds cottonseed meal and was», the manure gets only the feeding value of his feed. One Who bu‘ COTTONSEED PRODUCTS AS FEED, FERTILIZER, AND HUMAN FOOD 25 tton seed meal for use as a fertilizer, gets only its fertilizing value.‘ ut one who feeds the meal and saves the solid and liquid manure, cures both the feeding value and most of the fertilizing value 0f the ed. The fertilizing value of the manure depends upon the method red in saving it, but since cottonseed meal has a fertilizing value at resent of about $35 per ton, one who feeds the meal and saves the lid manure should get about $15 fertilizing value from the meal. 1 he greater the proportion of the liquid manure that is saved by eans of straw or hay used for bedding, or by pasturing on the land =0 be fertilized, the greater will be the fertilizing value recovered, as ost of the nitrogen is in the liquid part. I In addition to utilizing the fertilizer value of cottonseed meal by, eans of feeding it and applying the manure to the land, the meal ay also be used directly as a fertilizer for the different crops when- Z- the price justifies its use. COTTONSEED MEAL AS A FERTILIZER ‘Under ordinary conditions, prime quality cottonseed meal is Worth ore as a feed than as a fertilizer. It should be fed as extensively as ssible and a large part of the fertilizing value secured fromthe‘ id and liquid excrements of animals. There are times, however, hen cottonseed meal sells at a price less than its fertilizing value, 1 there is no reason why Southern farmers should send away good aterial at a low price and pay more for nitrogen from other sources. nder these conditions, cottonseed meal can be profitably used as a rtilizer. .It must be remembered, also, that off-quality cottonseed meal, or maged meal, is equally as good for fertilizer as high-colored meal, ovided it has the same nitrogen content. The meal must decay in e soil before plants can secure the nitrogen. This decay begins al- ost as soon as the meal is put in the ground. Off-quality cottonseed eal can frequently be secured at an attractive price. Cottonseed meal is a nitrogenous fertilizer, just as is nitrate of soda, lphate of ammonia, and tankage. When sold as a feed, the per— ntage of nitrogen is equal to the protein divided by 6.25; thus 43 cent cottonseed meal contains 6.88 per cent nitrogen. Cottonseed eal also contains about 2.0 per cent available phosphoric acid and ,8 per cent potash. iCottonseed meal may be used alone as a fertilizer. According to co- erative fertilizer experiments described in Bulletin 235 of the Texas perim-ent Station, 200 pounds of cottonseed meal produced gains of y to 395 pounds of seed cotton with an average of 115 pounds, in : per cent of the tests, and on corn an average of 3.2 to 6.6 bushels q 66 per cent of the tests. On Irish potatoes, 400 pounds alone pro- ced average gains of 1'7 to 28 bushels in 87 pe-r cent of the tests. Most soils which need fertilizers require phosphoric acid as well as 1 26 BULLETIN NO. 341, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION nitrogen; so a mixture of acid phosphate and cottonseed meal is erally better than cottonseed meal alone. The best mixture to» depends on the soil and the crop and must be decided largely experience. Nitrogen, represented by cottonseed meal, tends to if mote growth of leaves and stalk, while phosphoric acid tends to if mote fruiting. i‘ No. 1—A mixture of 300 pounds of acid phosphate and 200 po ,_ of cottonseed m-eal will give a fertilizer containing nearly 3 part phosphoric acid to 1 part of nitrogen. If potash is desired, the 3 tion of 30 pounds of sulphate or muriate of potash will give a ' of 3:111 (No. 1A). With the latter mixture, 550 pounds L, about equal 400 pounds of a 12-4-4 fertilizer. » ’ No. 2——A mixture of 200 pounds of acid phosphate and 200 p0 of cottonseed meal would give a fertilizer with a plant food rati about 2 of phosphoric acid to nearly 1 of nitrogen. The additio 30 pounds of muriate or sulphate of potash would give a ratio of 2:; (-No. 2 A). With the latter mixture, 450 pounds would approxima; equal 400 pounds of an 8-4-4 fertilizer. g No. 3—A mixture of 150 pounds of acid phosphate and 200 p0 =f_ of cottonseed meal Would give a plant food ratio of about 1%:1:0 a mixture of 100 pounds of acid phosphate and 200 pounds of co seed meal would give a ratio of 1:1:0 (No. 4). In either case; pounds of muriate or sulphate of potash would be added to u"? ratio of 14:11 (No. 3A) or 1:1:1 (No. 4A). l, The above ratios are only approximate. For exact ratios, 115 n- of cottonseed meal» (6.88 per cent nitrogen) would be needed in p of each 100 pounds of cottonseed meal if 16 per cent acid phosp, is used. It is sometimes desirable to use half of the nitrogen: nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia. In such case, substitu may be made at the rate of 50 pounds of nitrate of soda or 40 pop of sulphate of ammonia for 100 pounds of cottonseed meal. '1 According to Bulletin 184 of the Texas Experiment Station, co ~; seed meal on an average produced about as much corn as an .__ amount of nitrogen in nitrate of soda. In Bulletin 235, tests reported in which a mixture of 200 pounds of cottonseed meal 150 pounds of acid phosphate was compared with a mixture of ._ pounds of cottonseed meal, 50 pounds of nitrate of soda, and 150 poi of acid phosphate. The mixture of cottonseed meal and acid phosprf gave on the average slightly better results with cotton and with r? and about the same with Irish and sweet potatoes, than the mi in which 100 pounds of cottonseed meal was replaced by 50 poun nitrate of soda. Experiments at some other Experiment Station? the East gave better results with nitrate of soda than with cotto meal. How to Use the Fertilizer No fixed rules can be given for the use of fertilizer. The season, and other conditions affect the results and experience is COTTONSEED PRODUCTS AS FEED, FERTILIZER, AND HUMAN FOOD 27 libest guide. The following must be considered as suggestions, not Jules: . g The fertilizer can be applied at the time of planting or not more ‘than three weeks before planting. It should not touch the seed but should be one to three inches below it. It may be applied in the furrow at the time of planting, or applied and bedded on, if this is not done too early. Those who have not had experience should use .200 to 400 pounds per acre, but larger amounts may be used when j experience has proven them profitable. f Black Waxy soils of Central Texas usually do not respond to fer- tilizers, but seem to need, first vegetable matter and legume rotation. Other soils of moderate production usually respond when seasonal con- ditions are favorable to good production. i» Mixture No. 2 is a good general mixture for cotton or corn except on deep sandy soils, where 2A should be used. "- v For corn or cotton one may use 200 to 300 pounds No. 2 and No. 1, on soils with good clay foundation; for deep sandy soils use No. 2A. or No. 1A. ~_ For cotton, one may use 300 to 500 pounds No. 2 or No. 1, or No. 4 Tunless sandy, when No. 2A or No. 1A would probably be better. t. For potatoes, 300 to 500 pounds No. 2 or No. 3 is suggested, with sandy soils, No. 2A or No. 3A would probably be better. ~ For melons, one may use 300 to 500 pounds No. 1 or No. 2, but No. .~1A or No. 2A would probably be better. s For tomatoes, on heavy soils, 400 to 600 pounds No. 3 or‘ No. 2; with sandy soils, use No. 3A or No. 2A. f For vegetables, garden, lawns, fruit trees, and small fruits, No. 6 makes a good fertilizer. The quantity used may be 300 to 600 pounds ‘er acre. Trees may receive one to ten pounds, depending on the size. It should be worked in around the trees, but not within two {or three feet of the trunk. COTTONSEED FLOUR AS A HUMAN FOOD , Cottonseed flour has now been sold as a human food for more than ixteen years. This flour is especially prepared for human use, being ‘finely ground and carefully purified. Cottonseed flour contains no starch and only a small percentage of ugars. For this reason it is well suited for use by diabetic persons. It is used alone, or as an ingredient of diabetic foods. I Cottonseed flour contains about 48 per cent protein, and is a food ich in protein, like meat. It is in a different class from wheat flour, acorn, or similar food. It can be used mixed with four parts flour or ‘meal to prepare bread, cakes, puddings, etc. The bread can be used ‘as a cottonseed meal meat substitute, fried with onions or alone, or aten otherwise. In all such cases it is a meat substitute, and not a ubstitute for wheat flour, corn meal, or similar foods. Experiment Station. A fuller discussion is given in Bulletins 128 and 163 of the Texas‘ 28 10. 11. 12. . -Feeding Cottonseed’ Products to Live Stock, BULLETIN NO. 341, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SELECTED REFERENCES Farmers’ Bulletin 1179, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Cottonseed Meal for Feeding Beef Cattle, .- Farmers’ Bulletin 655, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Feeding Dairy Cows, Farmers’ Bulletin 743, U. S. Department of Agriculture. ~ Saving Live Stock from Starvation on Southwestern Ranges, l Farmers’ Bulletin 1428, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Protein Supplements for Fattening Swine, Bulletin 198, Arkansas Experiment Station. Fattening Beef Calves, a Farmers’ Bulletin 1416, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Comparativejnfiuence of Various Protein Feeds on Laying if Bulletin317, TexasExperiment Station. v The Value of Corn, Oil Meal, Cottonseed Meal and Gluten Fe in Work Horse Rations, a Bulletin 109, Iowa Experiment Station. Feeding Farm Horses and Mules, Bulletin 189, North Carolina Experiment Station. Cottonseed Meal as a Human Food, Bulletin 128, Texas Experiment Station. Commercial Fertilizers and Their Use, Bulletin 167,-Texas Experiment Station. Standard Fertilizer Formulas and Their Use, Circular 31, Texas Experiment Station.