405-l227-7,500-L18O TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION B. YOUNGBLOOD, DIRECTOR COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS BULLETIN NO. 375 JANUARY, 1928 DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY The Soils of Bowie, Denton, Freestone, and Red River Counties AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS T. O. WALTON, President STATION STAFFT ADMINISTRATION: _ VETERINARY SCIENCE: *B. YOUNGBLOOD, M. S., Ph. D., Director **M. FRANcis. D. V. M., Chie, A. B. CoNNER, M. S., Acting Director H. ScHMiDT, D. V. M., Veterinarian gARvEn, B.SS., Acting Vice-Director J. D. JoNEs, D. V. M., Veterinarian . . cHAEDE1., ecre arg_ , . M. P. HQLLEMAN. 1R». chief Clerk PEAS‘.TTE3.EJ§SI£GET.T‘S." ‘iliYmm J- K- FHANCKLOW- 143818.111"! Chief Clerk L. J. PEssiN, PhYD. Pldnt Pathologist ' CHEsTER Hiccs, Executive Assistant Laboratory Tcchnfcl-an ~ C. B. NEBLETTE, Technical Assistant - _ y A W_ ._]_ BACK M_ S“ Plant Pathologist \ . CHEMISTRY: _ ' ' ‘ ' J. PAUL LusK, S. M., Plant Pathologist G. S. FRAPS, Ph. D., Chief; State Chemist B. F._DANA, M. S., Plant Pathologist S. E. ASBURY, M. S., Assistant Chemist ' < " FARM AND RANCH ECQNOMICS: E. C. CARLYLE, B. S., Chemist _ L. P‘ GABBARD M_ S w» M WALDo H. WALKER, Assistant Chemist *B_ YOUNGBLO6D M_ ’S_ Ph_ D_ Farm ' VELMA GRAHAM, Assistant Chemist _ Ranch Econbml-st ' ’ L R. O. BR0oKE,_M. S., Assistant Chemist G_ L_ CRAWFGRD M_ S_ Marketing R T. L. OGIER, B. S_., Assistant Chemist specialist ’ ' § J. G. EvANs, Assistant Chemist _ C“ A_ BONNEN M_ S_ Farm Manaue A,‘ ATHAN J. STERGEs, B. S., Assistant Chemist Research Sheet-ans; ,_ G- S- CRENSHAW- A- B» Assistant Chew“! V. L. CORY M. S., Grazin Research Bot “I JEANNE M. FuEGAs, Assistant Chemist Il==l==l='[‘_ L_ GASfl-ON, JR“ B_ 5a“ Assistant; ~ HORTICULTURE: Records and Accounts -——~————-———, Chief ***J. N. TATE, B. S., Assistant; Ranch H. NEss, M. S., Berry Breeder and Accounts ., RANGE ANIMAL HUSBANDRY: RURAL HOME RESEARCH: _ v J. M. J0N_Es,_A. M., Chief; Sheep and Goat. JEssiE WHiTAcRE, Ph. D., Chief . Investigations " MAMIE GiRIlWES, M. S., Textiles and ii: ‘ J. L.BLU%I-_I, Ph. DFAInimaI Husbandman; Specialist - ‘l ree ing nves iga ions . ; w. H. DAMERON, B. s., Wool Grader 135V? §YFIEXEEéR B_ S’, Chief ;_ ENTOMOLOGY‘ . _ H. W. HAwKER, Soil Surveyor . i F- L- THOMAS: Ph- D» Chlef» Slat‘ E. H. TEMPLIN, B. S., Soil Surveyor Enmmologlsl . T. C. REiTcH, B. S., Soil Surveyor H. J. REINHARD, B. S., Entomolo ist _ R. K. FLETcHER, M. A., Entomo ogist BOTANY- . W. L. OWEN, JR., M. S., Entomologist H- N555» M~ 5-» Chief FRANK M. HULL, M. S., Entomologist »PUBLICATIO‘NS: _ J. C. GAiNEs, JR'.,'M': S., Entomologis - 1 , A. D. JAcKsoN, Chief w C. J. ToDD, B. S., Entomologist SWINE HUSBANDRY: _ F. F. BIBBY, B. S., Entomologist _ FRED HALE, M. S., Chief S. E. McGREcoR, JR., Acting ChiefFoulbrood DAIRY‘ HUSBANDRY: _ Inspector ’ , hief A. B. KENNERLY, Foulbrood Inspector POULTRY HUSBANDRY: _ GiLLis GRAHAM, Foulbrood Inspector R. M. SHERWOOD, M. S., Chief AGRONOMY: _ ****AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING: E. B. REYNoLDs, M. S., Chief _ MAIN STATION FARM: A. B. CoNNER, M. S., Agronomist; Grain G. T. McNEss, Superintendent Sorghum Research APICULTURE (San Antonio): R. E. KARPER, B. S., Agronomist; Small Grain H. B. PARKs, B. S., Chief Research A. H. ALEx, B. S., Queen Breeder P. C. MANcELsDoRF, Sc. D., Agronomist; FEED CONTROL SERVICE: in charge of Corn and Small Grain Investi- F. D. FULLER, M. S., Chief ations . D. PEARcE, Secretary D. . KiLLoUGH, M. S., Agronomist; Cotton .H. RoGERs, Feed Inspector Breeding . H. W00D, Feed Inspector H. E. REA, B. S., Agronomist; Cotton Root Rot . L. KIRKLAND, B. S., Feed Inspector Investigations ~ Y’ I W. D. NoRTHCuTr, JR., B. S., Feed In: _ E. C. CUSHING, B. S., Assistant in Cro s SIDNEY D. REvNoLDs, JR., Feed Inspector; P. R. JoiiNsoN, B. S., Assistant in Soi s P. A. MooRE, Feed Inspector - »' SUBSTATIONS No. 1, Beeville, Bee County: -' No. l0, Feeding and Breeding Station, n v f R. A. HALL, B. S., Superintendent ; ~ V - ¢ College Station, Brazos County: No. 2, Troup, Smith County: » . , i ‘ R. M. SHERwoon, M. S., Animal Hus , W. S. HOTCHKISS, Superintendent . R _ _ man in Charge of Farm_ ,1 No. 3, Angleton, Brazoria County: ' -; I L. J. McCALL, Farm Superintendent ' \ R. H. STANsEL, M. S., Superintendent i No. 11, Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County: f FRANK M. HULL, M. S., Entomologist _ __ Monnis, M. S., Superintendent a No. 4, Beaumont, Jetferson County: I ***No. 12, Chillicothe, Hardeman County: R. H. WYcHE, B. S., Superintendent J. R. QUINBY, B. S., Superintendent No. 5, Temple, Bell County: ***J. C. STEPHENS, M. A., Junior Agron HENRY DUNLAVY, M. S., Superintendent No. 14, Sonora, Sutton-Edwards Countie B. F. DANA. M. S., Plant Pathologist E. W. THOMAS, B. S., Superintendent H. E REA, B. S., Agronomist; Cotton Root Rot -—€—————~——-——, Veterinarian v Investigations V. L. CORY, M. S., Grazing Research No. 6, Denton, Denton County: ***O. G. BABcogK, B. S., Collaborating P. B. DUNKLE, B. S., Superintendent Entomologist No. 7, Spur, Dickens County: O. L. CARPENTER, Shepherd R. E. DICKSON, B. S., Superintendent No. 15, Weslaco, Hidalgo County: No. 8, Lubbock, Lubbock County: W. H. FRIEND, B. S., Superintendent D. L. JoNEs, Superintendent , Entomologist _ FRANK GAiNEs, Irrigalionist and Forest W. J. BAcH, M. S., larit Pathologist Nurseryman No. 16, Iowa Park, Wichita County: No. 9, BalniorheafReeyes County: * ‘ WiLsoN, B.~S.,>SuperintenderI/i _ , J. J. BAYLES, B. S., Superintendent J. PAUL LusK, S. M., Plant Pathologist ' Teachers in the School of Agriculture Carrying Cooperative Projects on the Station: G. W. ADRiANcE, M. S., Associate Professor of Horticulture S. W. BILSING, Ph. D., Professor of Entomology V. P. LEE, Ph. D., Professor of Marketing and Finance D. ScoATEs, A. E., Professor of Agricultural Engineering H. P. SMITH, M. S., Associate Professor of Agricultural Engineering TAs of December 1, 1927. **Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine. -;, " *Onleave. _ ***In_ cooperation with U. S. Department oi Agricul u; "**Ih cooperation with the School of Agriculture I_ SYNOPSIS This is the eleventh bulletin dealing, by counties, with the chemical composition of Texas soils, and discusses the soils of Bowie, Denton, Freestone, and Red River counties. The up- land soils of the forested areas of all these counties are some- what low, on an average, in active phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and potash, though they are better supplied with potash than with nitrogen or phosphoric acid. The group of forested soils generally respond well to fertilizer and the use of fertilizer on them is usually profitable. Many of them are acid. The prairie upland soils and the first-bottom soils are much better supplied with plant-food material. Detailed descriptions and analyses are given of the various soil types. Methods for maintaining and increasing soil fertility are discussed. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Maintenance of Fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 Explanation of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 Average Composition of the Soils of the Counties Studied . . . . . . .. 10 Crop-Production Power of Average Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12 Pot Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 Fertilizers for the Soils Studied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 Use of Lime . . . . . .;.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14 Soils of Bowie County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . 14 Pot Experiments on Soils of Bowie County. . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Classification of Soils‘ of Bowie County... .L . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15 Alphabetical List of Soil Types of Bowie County . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Soils of Denton County. . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Classification of Soils of Denton“ County. . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23 Alphabetical List of Soils of Denton County . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2'7 Alkali Spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30 Soils of Freestone County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31 Classification of Soils of Freestone County. . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31 Alphabetical List of Soil Series of Freestone County. . . . . . 32 Soils of Bed River County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38 Chemical Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38 Classification of Soils of Red River County. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39 Alphabetical List of Soil Series of Bed River County . . . . . . .. 40 Acknowledgment A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. . . . - . . . . . . . . . . 47 BULLETIN NO. 375 JANUARY, 1928 THE- SOILS OF BOWIE, DENTON, FREESTONE, AND RED RIVER COUNTIES G. S. FRAPS This Bulletin dealswith the chemical composition and fertility of samples of typical soils from four counties in Texas, and is the eleventh bulletin of a series dealing with the chemical composition of typical Texas soils. The preceding bulletins are Numbers 99, 125, 161, 1'73, 192, 213, 24.4, 301, and 337. Most of the samples analyzed were col- lected by field agents of the Bureau of Soils of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, in connection with the Texas Agricultural Experi- ment Station. Detailed reports of the’ surveys, with maps showing the location of the various soil types, have been published by the Bureau of Soils, United States Department of Agriculture, and from these reports the descriptions given in this Bulletin are taken: Soil survey of Bowie County, Texas, by L. R. Schoenmann et al., in cooperation with .the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. Soil survey of Denton County, Texas, by W. T. Carter, Jr. and M. W. Beck. Soil survey of Freestone County, Texas, by H. W. Hawker et al., in cooperation with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. Soil survey of Red River County, Texas, by W. T. Carter, J r. et al., in cooperation with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. Requests for copies of reports of any soil survey should- be addressed to the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. The Division of Chemistry has no copies of these reports for distribution. MAINTENANCE OF FERTILITY~ if The following are some of the essentials to the maintenance of soil fertility: (1) The supply of nitrogen and vegetable matter in the soil should v be maintained by growing legumes in a proper rotation, and by plowing these under or grazing them off. (2) Any deficiency of phosphoric acid in the soil should be corrected by the proper use of phosphates as a fertilizer. ' (3) Any acidity injurious to the, crops being grown, if present, _ should be corrected by the use of ground limestone or other forms of lime. Lime is also used for the improvement of the physical character of the heavy soils poor in lime or for supplying lime for crops which need a quantity of lime. Lime should be used chiefly in connection a with a systematic legume rotation. BULLETIN NO. 375, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Li‘ Bow/e, up/and ffiresfe a’ ‘ _P/zo$p/lOr/C Acid NIT/bye” DenTon, L/p/and Fo/esTec/ '31:‘ porash He. l.- Frgesfonq up /anc/ Forasfed g Red ADA/PI’, iJp/ano/ FO/ESTea’ @ DEFITOFLU/J /cmd Prairie Q Bo w/‘e, FirsfBof/‘om l. J D ehforl, f-IFST 507/4007 J Heesfo mg Firs? Eofiofl? i ReJ/Tiven 57/‘5150770/11 4ol 891 /2.0l I591 Corn. possibil/fj/ SOILS OF BOWIE, DENTON, FREESTONE, AND RED RIVER COUNTIES 7 (4) Any deficiency of potash in the soil should be corrected by the use of potash fertilizers. Maintenance 0f Humusland Nitrogen. The maintenange 0f the humus 0r vegetable matter in the soil is essential t0 fertility. Partly decayed vegetable matter, sometimes termed humus, in sufficient quantity, im- proves the capacity of the soil to hold a favorable amount of water, en- ables it to break up into a good condition of tilth when plowed or cultivated, and acts in other favorable ways. Humus also contains most of the nitrogen of the soil. ~ Some soils produce good crops for a long time without additions of vegetable 'matter, but for permanent productiveness, vegetable matter must be added sooner or later. Vegetable matter may be supplied in barnyard manure, which is excellent» when sulficient quantities can be secured, butbarnyard manure cannot always be secured in large eonugh iuantities. Legume crops, which have power to take nitrogen from the iir, may then be grown in rotation with other crops, and either turned inder or grazed off. If the crop is heavy’, it is best to allow it to become iearly mature before turning it under. To graze off the crop is, better ;han to turn it under, as some of its feeding value is secured when the zrop is grazed, while the droppings from the animals, together with the iquid excrement, return to the soil the bulk of the plant food taken up >y the crop. To make the crop into hay, and save the manure from the iay, is not as good for the soil as grazing ofif thecrop, since a large part >f the plant food in the hay is lost. When the legume is made into hay o be sold, the land probably gains little nitrogen and actually loses >hosphoric acid and potash. Crops other than legumes add vegetable matter to the ‘soil when )lOW€(l under or grazed off, or are suitable for cover crops to- reduce osses from leaching or washing when the land would otherwise be bare, >ut legumes are theionly plants which can fix the ‘nitrogen of the air .nd place it in the soil in forms suitable for the use of other‘ crops.‘ For this reason it is best to grow‘ legumes for hay, forage, or renovating rops whenever possible. r ~ » -. The maintenance of the nitrogen content of the soil ismore important han the maintenance of the humus “content. Nitrogen may be pur- hased as a fertilizer, but it is expensive when bought in-this way,‘ and rdinarily a farmer cannotafford to buy enough of it to keep the itrogen content of his land from decreasing; The only practical way ) maintain the nitrogen content of the soil when ordinary farm crops re grown is to secure nitrogen from the air by growing legumes/ The itrogen fixed by legumes can thenbe utilized forcotton, corn, kafir, or milar crops. The kind of legume best to grow ‘depends uponthe imate and other conditions, which vary with different sections of the tate and with different conditions of farming. ' " Plwsphgric Add: Texas soils are frequently deficient in phosphoric 21d. This Bulletin contains statements of the probable deficiencies in 8 BULLETIN NO. 375,-TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION phosphoric acid of the ‘soils of the counties described. A discussion of the use of phosphatic fertilizers is given in Bulletin 167. Deficiency of phosphoric acid may be easily and profitably corrected by the use of acid phosphate as a fertilizer. Acidity- Some soils contain organic or inorganic acids. Some crops such as clover, alfalfa, barley, and rye do not grow well on acid soils. There are other crops, such as cowpeas and Watermelons, which do Well on acid soils. Acidity may be corrected by the use of hydrated lime, ground oyster shells, air-slaked lime, or ground limestone rock. A number of acid soils are found to occur in the counties described in this Bulletin. The acidity of some of the soils is slight, while that of others is high. Acidity is discussed more fully in Bulletin 243. POtflSh- While the soils of Texas as a rule contain enough potash to produce good crops, there is some variation and some soils need potash as a fertilizer. In general, potash is the least often needed of the three plant foods, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash. Plants can take up more potash than they need. The needs for potash of the various types of soils here studied are indicated by the tables of analyses and interpretation of results given later. Some of the soils described are low in active potash compared with other soils ofthe State, though they are much better supplied with potash than with phosphoric acid or nitrogen. How to Use the Analyses Analyses of the soils are given in connection with the descriptions of the various types of soil. The interpretation of the analyses is also given and there discussed. If a soil well supplied with plant food does not give good yields it is obvious that some condition other than plant food controls the yields. The physical condition may be poor, either in respect to cultivation, drainage, 0r otherwise. In some instances it may contain injurious substances, such as alkali. Plant diseases also may be present. If the soil is well supplied with total plant food, but low in active plant food, attempts may be made to increase the activity of agencies which make the plant food available, by means of additions of manure, of green crops plowed under, or if the soil needs lime, by additions of lime or ground limestone in connection with a legume rotation. If the crop yields are low and the plant food of the soil is deficient, A fertilizer should be used. The depth of the soil, the character of the subsoil, and the season, influence the yield of crops as much as the plant food, which can be seen by observing the variation in yields on the same land from one year to another. SOILS OF BOWIE, DENTON, FREESTONE, AND RED RIVER COUNTIES 9 EXPLANATION OF TERMS T011111 DhOSDhOPiC acid is the entire quantity‘ of phosphoric acid con- tained in the soil. It cannot all be taken up by plants at once, for only a small portion is immediately available. Afitive Dh0SDh0ri¢ Mid is the phosphoric acid soluble in 0.2 normal nitric acid. As shown in Bulletins 126 and 2'76, there is a relation between the active phosphoric acid of the soil and the amount of phos- phoric acid Which crops are able to take from the soil in pot experi- ments. There is a closer relation between the active phosphoric acid of the soil and the needs of the soil for phosphoric acid as a fertilizer, than between the total phosphoric acid and the needs of the soil. Tfitai Pfliflsil represents the entire amount of potash in the soil. Some of this is locked up in highly insoluble silicates, and may not become available for the use of plants in centuries. The total potash does not show how much may be taken up by plants. Add-Soluble Potash is the amount of potash which is dissolved by strong hydrochloric acid. As pointed out by Hilgard, there is a relation between the acid-soluble potash of the soil, and the Wearing qualities of the soil. (Fraps’ Principles of Agricultural Chemistry, page 171.) Afllive POtaSh is the potash soluble in 0.2 N nitric acid. It represents potash which can be readily taken up by plants, as shown by pot experi- ments in Bulletins 145 and 325. Tfltal nitrogen is the entire quantity of nitrogen present in the soil. As shown in Bulletin 151, there is a relation between the total nitrogen of the soil, and the nitrogen which can be taken from it by crops in pot experiments. The total nitrogen is therefore an index as to the needs of the soil for nitrogen, although the nitrogen in worn soils is not as available as that in new soils. Add-Sfiillble lime is the lime which is dissolved by strong hydrochloric acid. According to Hilgard, the amount of lime found by this method is a valuable indication as to the fertility of the soil. Basicity- This term is applied to the bases (chiefly lime) which neutralize the 0.2 N nitric acid in the method for determining active phosphoric acid and active potash. This term is merely used as a 00n- venient one for the determination referred to. If all the acid is neutral- ized, the basicity is 10 per cent or 200,000 pounds of base (carbonate-e of lime) to 2,000,000 of the soil. - ‘ Addity here determined is the amount of lime required to neutralize the soil as ascertained by the Veitch method. Acidity is discussed in Bulletin 243. i ‘ 001'“ Pflssibiiiiy represents the average amount of plant food which is withdrawn by plants in pot experiments from soils containing similar- \ 1O BULLETIN NO. 375, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION amounts of active phosphoric acid, active potash, or total nitrogen. It is based on 2,000,000 pounds of the soil. , k The corn possibility is not claimed to indicate the possible yield from the soil, as this depends upon other conditions in addition to the fertility of the soil. According to David D. Long, however, there is a close relation between the average yields of corn, oats, wheat, and cotton given by census reports for Southeastern States (also Texas), and the corn possibility as shown by the chemical analysis of some common types of soil, converted into terms of these other crops (The ~Fertilizer Green Book, December, 1922). The corn possibilityis a convenient way of comparing amounts of various foods in the soil. For example, with the Bowie very fine sandy loam of Red River County, the corn possibility for active phosphoric acid is 12, for the active potash 61, and for total nitrogen 13. The soil is probably deficient both in phosphoric acid, and in nitrogen, and it is less likely to be deficient in potash. The experiments on which this interpretation is based are published in Bulletins 126, 145, 151, 178, 267’, and 355, and the method is dis- cussed in Bulletins 213 and 355. AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF THE SOILS OF THE COUNTIES STUDIED ' The average composition of the soils is given in Table 1. The soils are divided into four groups: the upland forested soils, the upland prairie soils, the second-bottom or terrace soils, and the first-bottom or alluvial soils. The term “forested” refers to the original condition of the soils, as they are now largely in cultivation. The upland forested soils studied in this Bulletin are usually low in active phosphoric acid and nitrogen. They are a little better supplied with active potash. A number of them in Bowie, Freestone, and Red River Counties are acid, but they are not acid in Denton County. The subsoils are likewise 10w in plant food and they are more acid than the surface soils. The upland prairie soils are better supplied with plant food and with lime than the forested soils. They contain two or three times as much active plant food or total nitrogen as the forested soils. While many of them are limestone soils, a few are acid, especially in Bowie County. y The second-bottom or terrace soils are located above overflow. They _ are somewhat better supplied with plant food than the upland forested soils but are not as well supplied as the prairie soils. These soils are quite low in nitrogen in Freestone and Denton Counties. The first-bottom soils are sometimes subject to overflow. They are much better supplied with plant food than the other groups of soils discussed in this Bulletin. While some of them are slightly acid, most of them are well supplied with lime. They contain 4 to 8 times as much active phosphoric acid, 2 to 3 times as much active potash, and .2 to 4 times as much total nitrogen as the upland forested soils. 11 SOILS OF BOWIE, DENTON, FREESTONE, AND RED RIVER COUNTIES m oo.m 5.5 c2 hw. £5 ooo. oom moo. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..35:c0 83m E5 o ho. 5 oh. hwm hm. mmm hoo. oo ooo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3550 c5c~wcc5m o 3c oo.w c5 ow. cc; ooo. omm moo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3550 535cm 5 oom S. wmm wo. mo; moo. m3 woo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3550 23cm . 5E3 55cm 5E5 m omm 5. m owm oo. wom c2. omw c2. . . . . . . . . . . . . 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NNO. . . . . . . . . . . . 0000006 0000:0000 00A 0000000025 H00vH 00N 0v vH v0 N0 H0 H 000 0 v00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .000w00w-000010 :0» 0052000800 000vH 00HH 00 3 0NH 0H. 0H. 000 0H 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00000:m|00w0.0 000m 0000000026 0v0vH 000H 0N 0H 00H N0 vN H 0N0 0 vN0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000000000000 020 0000000025 H.00vH 000N 0v H.H. 00H v0. 00 000 HH 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0000.5w|E00A 0000 0000000025 0003 0 00.0 . . . . . . ..0v. Nv.H Hv0. . . . . . . .. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......:0w00m|020 0005mm 0003 Aw . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . fl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZQWQ:MI%N@U H®HE:@ 0 0v.0 N0.N 00N 00. v0.H . 000. 0h 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .000000w-00_0 0005mm 0003 000 0N. HH. H0 0H. 00. 0N0. 0 000. . 00000000000 000mm 05m 000? 000050 00000010 00:02 0000 0000 02:02 0000 0000 00m . 00m 00m 0000 00m 00m 0000000. 0:00am $0 03004 033cm 0000B $0 02004 0000B 07H .0005 H0004 000 400A 033$ 100002 Bi .0280 E3. v0020mo00 20 A000000000Y|000=00 230m .00 0:00 .00 m0w00000<|0 030M. SOILS OF BOWIE, DENTON, FREESTONE, AND RED RIVER COUNTIES 21 Table 6.—— Pot experiments on soils of Bowie County. Weight Crops in Corn Grams Possibility of _ Plant Food Type—-Name With Withdrawn, Complete Without in Bushels. Fertilizer Nitrogen Nitrogen 7619 Susqufihanna Very Fine Sandy Loam——deep p ase Surface soil—1st crop——corn, 1915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.5 17.6 24 Surface soil—2nd crop——sorghum, 1915 . . . . . . . . . 20.5 2.8 7 Surface soil—3rd crop—-corii, 1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.0 8.4 13 Surface soil_——4th cropj-sorghum, 1916 . . . . . . . . . 29 .4 1.9 4 7620 Susquehfiinna Very Fine Sandy Loam—deep ‘ p ase. Subsoil——1st crop—corn, 1915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.1 13.7 18 Subsoil——2nd crop——sorghum, 1915 . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 1.2 2 Subsoil——3rd crop——corn, 1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5 2.0 3 Subsoil——4th crop-—sorghurn, 1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.8 1.6 3 Soils with heavy subsoils: Gray to brownish surface soils with red or mottled red, yellow and gray plastic subsoils—Susquehanna soils. Brown to brownish-gray surface soils, subsoil mottled red and drab, or red, yellow, and drab stiff heavy subsoils—-Crowley soils. Gray or mottled gray and brownish surface soils with mottled gray or yellow and gray, compact, impervious clay subsoils, poorly drained—Lufkin soils. ‘ Upland calcareous soils of the prairie area: Gray to brownish surface soils with red or mottled red, yellow and gray plastic subsoils, with underlying calcareous clays or marl-— Oktibbeha soils. Chocolate-brown surface soils, subsoil chocolate-red—Bastrop soils. Greenish-yellow surface soil, subsoil greenish-yellow and grades into white chalky material—Sumter soils. Alluvial soils: First-bottom soils, subject to overflow: Surface brown to mottled brown and drab with brown or mottled yellow and gray subsoils, non-calcareous—Ochlockonee soils. Surface black with brown to mottled gray, and yellow subsoils, calcareous—Trinity soils. Surface and subsoil chocolate-red——Miller soils.’ Surface and subsoil chocolate-red, subsoil coarser in texture and lighter in color than subsoil——Yahola soils. Surface chocolate brown, subsoil chocolate-red-—Portland soils. Surface black, subsoil ch0colate-red—Pledger soils. Second-bottom soils not subject to overflow: Surface soil gray to brownish, or mottled gray and brownish, subsoils gray to mottled gray and yellow, with a tough red and yellow impervious deep subsoil-—Leaf soils. Surface soil gray to dark gray with impervious subsoil gray to mottled gray and yellow in color, poorly drained—Myatt soils. 22 BULLETIN NO. 375, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Key to Soil Types 0f Bowie County Arranged Alphabetically Bastrop clay.—-Upland calcareous soils of the prairie area, chocolate- brown surface soils, chocolate-red subsoil. Bowie series.—Upland, well drained soils of the area originally forested, non-calcareous, gray to brownish-gray surface soil, yellow upper subsoil, red lower subsoil. Crowley silt loam.—Upland soil ‘of the original forested area non- calcareous with dark gray to brown surface soil and heavy mottled gray and brown subsoil. ' Leaf very fine sandy loam.—Second-bottom soil, not subject to over- flow, gray to brownish surface soil, with a tough red and yellow im- pervious subsoil. Lufkin series.—'-Upland soil of the forested area, non-calcareous, with heavy subsoils. Gray or mottled gray and brownish surface soils with mottled gray or yellow and gray, compact, imperious clay subsoils, poorly drained. Miller series.——First-bottom soils, subject to overflow. Myatt series.—Second-bottom soils, not subject to overflow. Surface soil gray to dark gray with impervious subsoil gray to mottled gray and yellow in color, poorly drained. Norfolk series.—Upland soils, originally forested area, well drained, non-calcareous with gray to brownish-gray surface soils and pale yellow friable clay subsoil. Ochlockonee series.--First-bottom soils, subject to overflow. Surface brown to mottled brown and drab with brown or mottled yellow and gray subsoils, non-calcareous. Oktibbeha series.——Upland calcareous soils of the prairie area. Gray to brownish surface soils with red or mottled red, yellow and gray plastic subsoils, with underlying calcareous clays or marl. Orangeburg series.——Upland well drained non-calcareous soils of the forested area. Surface soil gray to brownish gray, subsoil friable red sandy clay. Pledger series.—First-bottom soils, subject to overflow. Surface black, subsoil chocolate red. a Portland series.—First-bottom soils, subject to overflow, surface choco- late brown, subsoil chocolate red. Ruston series.——Upland soils of the forested area, well drained, non- calcareous. Gray to brownish-gray surface soil with reddish-yellow to yellowish-red friable sandy clay subsoils. Sumter series.——Upland calcareous soils of the prairie area. Green- ish-yellow surface soil, subsoil greenish-yellow and grade into white chalky material. i Susquehanna series.——Upland soils of the forested area, non-calcareous, with heavy subsoils. Gray to brownish surface soil with red or mottled red, yellow and gray plastic subsoils. i Trinity series.——-First-bottom soils, subject to overflow. Surface black with brown to mottled gray, and yellow subsoils, calcareous. SOILS OF BOWIE, DENTON, FREESTONE, AND RED RIVER COUNTIES 23 Yahola series.-—First-bottom soils subject to overflow. Surface and subsoihchocolate-red, subsoil coarser in texture and lighter in color than surface.‘ SOILS OF DENTON COUNTY Denton County is located in the north central part of the State. The elevation ranges from 500 to 1000 feet. The eastern part of the county is in the black prairie region, which occupies about one-fourth of the county. Next is the East Cross Timbers section, which likewise occupies about one-fourth of the area. The western half of the county is in the Grand Prairie or the Fort Worth Prairie region. The soils of these three sections have been averaged separately as shown in Table '1. The number of types mapped is 34, in 23 series. A The San Saba clay occupies 18.6 per cent of the county, Denton clay 13.2, Kirvin fine sandy loam 10.5, Bell clay 6.0, and Frio clay 5.4 per cent. The Houston clay, which is a very important black prairie soil, occupies about 5 per cent of the county. The average composition of the various groups of soil is given in Table 1. The soils of the East Cross Timbers are not as well supplied with plant food as the other soils of the county and are more likely to need fertilizers. The first bottom soils are the richest in plant food, as is usually the case. The chemical composition of the various types of soils is contained in Table 7. The interpretation of the analyses of the various soil types is‘ in Table 8. Table 9 contains pot experiments on four of the soils. These tables give detailed information concerning the chemical analyses and the strength of the soil with respect to plant food. Classification of Soils of Denton County Upland Prairie soils, Grand Prairie region: Black surface soil, black to brown to yellow subsoils, limestone or marl 3 feet below or less—San Saba soils. Light-colored to whitish surface, chalky clay or limestone near sur- face—Brackett soils. Brown surface soils, brown subsoils—-Denton soil. Upland timbered soil, Cross Timber section: Red to reddish-brown or brown surface soils and red plastic clay subsoils——Kirvin soils. Brown to dark-brown surface soils, with a brown or yellowish sub- surface, grading into a reddish clay mottled with yellow or brown—Durant soils. Gray to brown surface soils with yellow, tough heavy clay sub-soils— Tabor soils. * Gray surface soils and friable yellow subsoil—Norfolk soils. Upland prairie soils, Black Prairie region: Black to brown surface soils, brown to yellow subsoils, with a sub- stratum of calcareous clay—-Houston soils. 24 BULLETIN NO. 375, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION o OO. mm. whN £2 . . . . Oho. ww ~00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4305550-35505050 5500A 5050C $00 Ow @@. mm. @@. ~ . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .QU.N%.H5W|>@QNQOMQ JMHNQQ Gfiwflhmwm O 5.0. mN. hO ON. Nm. hOO. 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Sfivwwmhwwwlflwhu COHGQQ OMNhO>< o 00.0 00.2 oNw 05.. 0.0. mwo. m 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . .=¢m.5=w-%250 3020550 >20 505550Q 00505 . . . . . . . . 3%. @ . . . . . . . . . . h. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mwnvfl%hmwwl0wnwzg P/QZNZW QQHGQQ O Oh.w Nh. OON OO. wh. mmO. 50 05.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._6m.5=w->2u 585G 0305 O Oh. w 5.0. Omw OO. OO. O 5 . 0% OmO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00055=w-5£0 550555 0305 O mOO OO O Q5 mm Oh. hOO. hw OOw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 085500-520 085D N305 O 05x0 Ow . O Omw Om hO. hww. O NmO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00mh555w|>5U .5855 5305 O B. N mN.w OOw Om. OO.w OOO. mw OOO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 090.500-5050 5.555005 wOOOw O 00.5 OO. OwN 05.. OO. hhO. O 500. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .000055504€w0 55o0w50fiw hOOOw Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ZOWQwwmI5%N—U CCQQUO o E0 mO. mNN OO. 2.. w Nmw. om ho.N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0200:0520 5350C £02 o oO. w Ow. mNN hm. oo.w Oww. wm mho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <..£55=w-5555§5¢50 >20 0350B mhwO o om. w om. 5.2 wN. Nh. omo. Ow 0S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5005.00-55.35 >20 30050050 hwOmw O Oh. hO. ONw. 3 . wO. NhO. Ow ONO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . éat=w55acq >50 3050050 OOOmw o mmh 00.0. 00m 00. Ow . w E0. 5 mmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5500555040650 030500 OwoOw o 00.0 5.0.». OOO. NO. 50.5 oww. wh 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 020500-520 050500 NwoOw O 5.. 5.0. OhN NN. wh. $0. h OOO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5625=w-E§5 5055mm 05h 0552500 mwOOw O mO. Ow . mOw ow . NO. OOO. S. OOO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305500-800; 55:60 05h 020500 5.5005 o mhN Om. oNN hO. m0. w ~00. S 5.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0025500550015 >20 0550500 hhOmw o mO. O4. 05.0 00. .3. w ONw. hw mmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .000.55550|55500.w >20 0.50500 OhOmw 550002 0.5500 55500 502:2 05500 55500 50h . 50h 50h 55500 50h 50h 5:504 5:230 50h 03004 0555200 130B 50h 03504 120B 07w 055A E04 550m .5504 _ .2528 10.52 E04 552205 204 oc255wo55 43555500 5505550mw 6x00 O0 w00205541|h 030E 25 SOILS OF BOWIE, DENTON, FREESTONE, AND RED RIVER COUNTIES oooooooooooooooooooooooogoooooooooooooooocoooooo I-i V? 0O 14H 44.44 ki-Jioéaéécéaicdcd Aioéoé-ZALAKSA "sasweamsce . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00w.t5w|EmO1m hi0 >370 mnmm mam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iownnmdfiiU wnmm cam omm$>< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . auiiwifiiU was awm omm$>< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R . . . . . . . Izownsm- iU mnmw cam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dommiwdmfiiU wnmm can . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . izowmsmimmiU mnwm iwm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dommiswinmflv wnmm cam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iomnzmifiiU wmwm cum . R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . éowmkswlfiinv mnww mam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . icmQEMQiU wnmm cam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dumvimifiiU mnwm cam . . . . . . . . . iomnswébwowm 35mm vim uocoxooioO . . . . . . . . . duiimécwoq 35mm oim ooiiuiiuO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iomnsméiww vim iofioZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dowmiwiviwm vim iompoZ . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . iownsw-Einv ozt/EBQA ouw$>< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dumfswimmiU QEEEBQA umw$>< . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iownswifiiU imitgi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . doiiwifiiU MiE/izfii . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . iownsminwfiv i=>23u1~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . éomism-Einv iEmiBoq . . . . . . . mim i>ivm omm$>< . . . . . . . \ 1 im i>ivm u wit, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iownsmliwoum 35mm aim ciivw» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . éuwmhswéiwoi 35mm oim i>ivm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iomnsw|iwoq 338w aim i>ivm . . . . R . . . . . . . . . éomfismLiwoxm 325w vim i>ivm . . . . . iownsm|kwzwnoiwmw .imoA wwsmm aim i>ivm . . . . . duiiw- Bane“ .595 cam aim i>i . . . . . iomndmikwiiwnoim .2225 wwiww ocim ciifi . . . . . dommim. Bunch 580A i8 ui i>i . . . . . iomnsmfiinmnopwm 580A kwwiww oifi izifi . . . . . 633.5? 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R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . éownvimifiiU oim umw$>< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iowasmafiiU oim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..vow.~im|%m~U oim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iomnswifiiU oim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ioomaism¢fiiU oim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..ZOWQ5W:~@N—U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . duihsmunmflv wEnm Oflirvm CTlm @212 S9: wmfl: 5:: $9: I , TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 26 BULLETIN NO. 375 o 8 c F. mmc mm R. So on m3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=om.c=m-E.8c comz? owmco>< o mm. B... . m2 S. mm. m8. S. mm... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ooflcom-ccmod comm? ommco>< o mo; mm. 3% om. m». omo. N. 3o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...=omm=m-cao1c comm>? o E. 3.. m2 cm. m». mmo. 3. m8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8..cc=m-ca§ commk/ o . . . . . . . . m? mo. om. . KN. mmo. Q... 5o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=omm=m-caoc comm>P o mm. an. w: mm. mm. wco. mm wmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ioomcccmicmoq comm? . o NF mm. cm... om. mm. mmo. mc N8. . . . . . . momncméccmoq 25mm mic comz? ommco>< o mm cm. Em mm. EN. mmo. Q... c8. . . . . . . ooficcmlccwod wmcmm ocmh comm>P owwco>< o v m - 2.. cfi mc. mm. mmo. mm m8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. eomméméaoc cocmm 2E comm>P o mm. mo. m2 mo. 3.. moo. cm omo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fiacEvcafi cczam 05c comcc? o mm i. $2 Q. . . . . . . . . c8. m 5o. . . . . . .=om.cz-2m§c8c ccmoq cEsm 05c comm>P c mm. f. m8 2.. . . . . . . . . moo. U. m3. . . . . . ooficcmlmmcmnocc .584 cofim 2E 52;? o owm we. m» mm. . . . . . . . . Em. m o2. . . . . . .=¢m.c=m->_m§c¢cc AcmoJ cocwm occh comm>> o m . . . . . . . . . mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . mwc. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . oommccmlmcnmnoca ccmoA cnmccm occh comm? o o0 m cm; . . . . . . .. mm. Em. mmo. w mmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..momncm->w_U comm>P 0mm mm; 5. . . . . . . .. w»... mm. wwo. w; mmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oowmccminmfiv comm>P o 5.5 wmm . . . . . . . . E. cm. c mmo. m»... $2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=¢m.c=m-.£_u >25? o mmm mo; . . . . . . . . 3.. mcd. m2. B» m8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8flc=m-.£_u cEEH o om. mm. mm mm. mm. m8. c. m8. . . . . . . . momncm-ccwo; cocsm 2E Sfic. owmco>< o cm. wc. m: mo. wm. cmo. om who. . . . . . . . oommccmccmod cmmcmm ocmh conch. omwco>< o mm“ mm. S mm. m»: m8. m mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._6mm=m-E@o.c ciam 25c comma o t. . . . . . . . . S . . . . . . mm. :0. Nfi m2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dowmccmlccoowc ccéwm 05c conmu. o . mm. mc. mfi mm. . . . . . . . . ave. w omo. . . . . . . momncmimmnmaoca ccwoq cmmcmw occh comma. o cm cw. we we. . . . . . . . . omo. mm. hmo. . . . . . . dummccmiflnmnocn Jcmod hmcmm ocmh conch. o omH i. m3 R. . . . . . . . . mmo. m m8. . . . . .__.8.c=m-c_m~mocc .55 cczam mic 25$ o B. mc. 5c mo. . . . . . . . . mmo. a mmo. . . . . . ooflccmirnwnocc 5:34 cnmcmw ocmh conch. o mom: Sim mm E. mm; S5. 5 Nmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . csmm=mi£cu cficam o mm m mo m Sm mm. 2A 0:. m2 Q8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aosc=f$cu 525m o om; mm. $4 mm . . om. m3. Q mmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . csmcivcsu mcoccccmm o mm. c mm. 2N mm. 2 . ~ :5 S. 3.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ooflcomcflu mcoccccw o om c mm. 2% m? mm. m8. mc 3.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . momncmccwoq cmflU 3mm 2mm 5m c252 Emu 25o cocEE cs0 ocoU com com com ocmU com com wmmmo/c. cfimocmmm com oZfiZ. 203cm 13oF com o>$o< mBoP dccfi Eo< com 2.26m -952 llill v64 cmfiom Eo< occomamomm / amoccmocoovllhcccoU comcon- amom co momfiwcmwlm. 03am. SOILS OF BOWIE, DENTON, FREESTONE, AND RED RIVER COUNTIES 27 Yellowish brown surface soils and yellow or greenish-yellow sub- soils-—Sumter soils. Brown or olive surface soils and grayish-brown brittle clay subsoil— Ellis soils. * Brown to grayish surface soils with mottled red and brownish or yellowish subsoil—calcareous substratum—Crockettt soils. Black compact surface soils, with dark compact subsoils, non- calcareous——Wilson soils. Second-bottom or terrace soils: Black surface with brown subsoil or high stream benches, not cal- careous——Simmons soils. Brown surface with yellow subsoil on high stream terraces, high in lime-Lewisville soils. Brown to gray surface with light-red or yellow-red subsoil, low in y lime—Cahaba soils. Brown to gray surface, stiff clay subsoils» mottled with red, yellow and gray—-Leaf soils. Dark-gray or dark-brown surface with yellow or brown clay sub- soils, on high terraces—Bell soils. First-bottom or alluvial soils: I Brownish surface soils and subsoils, highly calcareous, in western prairie——Frio soils. Black calcareous soils——Trinity soils. Brown surface and brown or yellowish brown or mottled subsoil in cross timbers-—Ochlockonee soils. Brown calcareous soils in the black prairie-{latalpap soils. Alphabetical Key to Soils of Denton County Brackett series.-—Upland prairie soils. Light-colored to whitish sur- face, chalky clay or limestone near surface. Bell series.—Second-bottom soils. Dark-gray to dark-brown surface with yellow or brown clay subsoils, on high terraces. Cahaba series.—Second-bottom or terrace soils with friable subsoils. Brown to gray surface with light-red or yellow-red subsoil, low in lime. Catalpa series.—First-bottom soils. Brown calcareous soils in the black prairie. Crockett seriesr-Soilsof the Black Prairie region. Brown to gray- ish surface soils with mottled red and brownish or yellowish subsoil- calcareous substratum. Denton series.-—Upland calcareous prairie soils of the Grand Prairie region. Brown surface soils, brown subsoils. Durant series.—Upland soils of the Cross Timbers. Brown to dark- brown surface soils, with a brown or yellowish sub-surface, grading into a reddish clay mottled with yellow or brown. Ellis series.——Upland soils of the Black Prairie. 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E9: e32 ems: woof ~32 moofi wmofi dz .85 29 SOILS OF‘ BOWIE, DENTON, FREESTONE, AND RED RIVER COUNTIES . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. w~ v.3 Ni: ........................oooofiwomlfissmoom mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. wbé com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Aoomoo QTIFSU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zowoovoaoq E5 3E ooowk 3% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. om J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. fiém mdm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inoooocmulfiosmoom Nkv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..QQ.~O Pw@l|fimkou . . . . . . . . . R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sfiooméomoooo .525 >33 2am oofih MEE . . . . . . . . .. Aw . .. .....................QQ.~U =N'lE§5%hQ@ 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. v.2 . . . . . . . . .. mfim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. oh. ofiliow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . . . . . . A . . . . . . . . . . .. oosoaéownooo .53 5am 25 =EQ a; . . . fi @ . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .QO.~Q %=@‘.E:g@hmv% Em . . R . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . .. mgm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. mom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 96 omTIEoU . UON%.~DW|~%_QNDOMQ SEO coocofi mhwm Eo< cwfiom comoot Z n64 ooozfiooh swfiom oomobm Z oioomwonm i555? fioonfikw oioaomocm oooircow o??? £5» oEQZ oowk oZ . m Eoswsm E dBmoundk/ wEmoU E 32o 3E3’? A A ooom 32m Mo oflzmoamom EoU qfionoU cofiEQ Mo wmow no wooofiiomxo oomlnm Beak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. aw wvOOm TOOW vOOm . . . . ivw iwlsflQ QCW~ Qwflhny? w ooww o ooow woom voom mm mm om . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .woww@sw|imo% nowr§ umahtimw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o woom 25w ooow mmm wfi mfi . . . . . . fiownsménmod wocow vim comm? owwhtiw w m mhwfi o ooom ooom ooow mmfi wfi om . . . . . . oowisvrimoq woman vim comm? owmoo>< . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . .. @ fiQOw wvQOw @COW @ UOOM UOOW WOOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qwvmauiwlflflxw flOwig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Aw UOQW @OQW fi © @OOW fiOOm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .QOW.@.~5¢.IEQ@U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o woow woom b3 om m; w . . . . . . . domnnmicwod 3.2mm vim oonwvw ommooofifl 04o wfifi o .92 32 £3 “o mfi wH . . . . . . . oowwoowioomoq 328m worm oonmh. owmoo>< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C fiOOw wvQOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ZQmQSMI>N._U hmwwegw. @ @ @QC% @Qo@ . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . - . - .QUN%.:PWI>N—U HQQE5% . . . . . . . . . . . . o o8» ooow B2 ow M: mfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oomfismimwflv 2085mm mhmmfi 3O BULLETIN NO. 375, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Frio series.—First-bottom soils. Brownish surface soils and subsoils, highly calcareous, in western prairie. Houston series.-—Prairie soils, generally calcareous. Black to brown surface soils, brown to yellow subsoils, with a substratum of calcareous clay. a Kirvin series.—Upland soil, originally forested._ Red to reddish- . brown or brown surface soils and red plastic clay subsoils. Leaf series.——Second-bottom or terrace soils. Brown to gray surface, stiff clay subsoils mottled with red, yellow and gray. Lewisville series.—Second-bottom soils. Brown surface with yellow subsoil on high stream terraces, high in lime. Norfolk series.—Upland well drained soils, originally forested. Gray surface soils and friable yellow subsoil. ' Ochlockonee series.—-First-bottom or alluvial soils. iBrown surface and brown or yellowish-brown or mottled subsoil in Gross Timbers. San Saba series.—Upland prairie soils of the Grand Prairie. Black surface soil, black to brown to yellow subsoils, limestone or marl 3 feet below or less. Simmons series.—Second-bottom soils. Black surface with brown subsoil on high stream benches, not calcareous. Sumter series.—Up1and~prairie soils. Yellowish-brown surface soils and yellow or greenish-yellow subsoils. Tabor series.——Upland soils, originally timbered (Gross Timber Sec- tion). Gray to brown surface soils with yellow, tough heavy clay sub- soils. Trinity series.—First-bottom or alluvial soils. Black calcareous soils. Wilson series.——Black prairie soils. Black compact surface soils, with dark compact subsoils, non-calcareous. Alkali Spots There are a number of small alkali spots in Denton County, mostly in the San Saba silty clay loam and San Saba clay, or the Grand Prairie section. They are seldom more than 100 feet across. In most of the areas a very plastic clay lies near the surface. The subsoil contains some small black concretions, and the lower subsoil white particles, probably gypsum. Grops do not do well in these spots. ' Table 10.—-Salt content in partsiper million of soil from an alkali spot, Denton County. Laboratory Cale. Ca lc. Cale. Mag. Mag. Mag. Sod Sod Sod. Number. Depth Carb. Sulph. Chlor. Carb. Sulph. Chlor. Carb. Sulph. Chlor. 6303 . . . . . . . . . . —— 6" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 . . . . . . . . 371 6304 . . . . . . . . . . 6" 12" 178 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 167 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 524 16305 . . . . . . . . . . 12"——18” 178 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 710 648 16306 . . . . . . . . . . 18"——24" 237 163 . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . 596 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2856 746 16307 . . . . . . . . . . 4"—-—30" 237 4590 548 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 10 contains the alkali analysis of one of these spots. The alkali SOILS OF BOWIE, DENTON, FREESTONE, AND RED RIVER COUNTIES 31 present is chiefly sodium sulphate, though other alkali salts are also present. SOILS OF FREESTONE COUNTY Freestone County is located in east central Texas. The elevation ranges from 200 to 600 feet. It is in the coastal plain section. The soils are classed in 4 groups: the upland forested soils, the upland prairie soils, the second-bottom or terrace soils, and the first-bottom or alluvial. ‘The soils of these sections are averaged separately in Table 1. The number of types mapped is 31, in 1'7 series. The Susquehanna fine sandy loam occupies 28.8 per cent of the county, Ruston fine sandy loam 17.0, and Norfolk fine sandy loam 7.2 per cent. The principal’ alluvial soils are Ochlockonee fine sandy loam 6.9 per cent, and the Trinity clay 6.4 per cent. Both of these are subject to overflows. ~ The upland forested soils are low in active phosphoric acid and in nitrogen and somewhat better supplied with active potash, although still low. A number of them are acid. The upland prairie soils are much ‘better supplied with plant food and with lime. The second- bottom or.terrace soils are quite low in nitrogen, although they are somewhat better supplied with phosphoric acid. The first-bottom soils are lower in active phosphoric acid than the other first-bottom soils of the other counties discussed in this Bulletin. They are better supplied with potash and equally as well supplied with nitrogen. The chemical composition of the various types of soils is contained in Table 11. The interpretation of the analyses is given in Table 12. Some pot experiments are given in Table 13. ' Classification of Soils of Freestone County Upland soils of the forested area; _ Soils with friable subsoils; surface soils gray to brownish-gray: Subsoil dull red—Ruston soils. Subsoils yellow to broWnish-yellow—Norfolk soils. Subsoil yellow mottled with red—Bowie soils. Soils with heavy subsoils: _ , Gray soils with mottled red, yellow and gray heavy plastic sub-- soils——Susquehanna soils. Gray to dark gray soils with yellowish-brown to brown or brown» and gray heavy plastic subsoilse-Tabor soils. Gray soils with gray to dark-gray heavy plastic subsoils-liufkinr soils. a Reddish-brown to red surface soil with mottled red, yellow and gray subsoils, similar to the Susquehanna soils but deeper red subsoils—Kirvin soils. . . Upland soils of the prairie area, subsoils heavy: Black surface soils with black or gray, but generally oliveecqlored. subsoils, non-calcareous——Wilsonsoils. a 32 BULLETIN NO. 375, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Dark gray surface soils with red upper subsoil, sometimes changing to gray or olive in the lower subsoil, calcareous subsoil—Crockett soils. Brown surface soil with a heavy calcareous yellowish-brown to green- ish-yellow subsoil—Sumter soils. Dark-gray to grayish-brown calcareous surface soils, with light brown to grayish-brown or greenish-yellow subsoil—Houston soils. Second-bottom or terrace soils: Friable subsoils: Gray to brownish surface soil with red or red mottled with gray or yellow friable subsoils—-Gahaba soils. Gray to brownish surface soils with yellow friable subsoils, not as Well drained as Cahaba soils——Kalmia soils. Heavy subsoils: Grayish-brown surface soils with heavy plastic subsoil, red in the upper part and mottled red, yellow and gray in the lower part—Leaf soils. Gray surface soil, with gray to dark-gray mottled with yellow o1 brown, not as well drained as the leaf soils—Myatt soils. First-bottom soils: Grayish-brown to dark-brown surface soils with dark-gray to browr subsoils—Ochlockonee soils. Black surface soils with black to gray heavy subsoils, calcareous— Trinity soils. Alphabetical List of Soil Series of Freestone County Bowie series.-—Upland well drained soils of the forested area, friabl subsoils; Gray to brownish-gray sandy surface soils, yellow mottled wit] red subsoils. Cahaba series.-—Second-bottom or terrace soils with friable subsoils Gray to brownish surface soil with red or red mottled with gray o yellow friable subsoils. Crockett series.—Upland prairie soils, with heavy subsoils. Dark gray surface soils with red upper subsoil, sometimes changing to gra or olive in the lower subsoil, calcareous subsoil. Houston series.——Upland calcareous prairie soils. Gray to grayisl brown calcareous surface soils, with light-brown to grayish-brown c greenish-yellow subsoil. Kalmia series.——Second-bottom or terrace soils with friable subsoil Gray to brownish surface soils with yellow subsoils, not as well draine as Cahaba soils. Kirvin series.-—Upland soils of the forested area with heavy subsoil Reddish-brown to red surface soil with mottled red, yellow and gra subsoils, similar to the Susquehanna soils but deeper red subsoils. 33 SOILS OF ‘BOWIE, DENTON, FREESTONE, AND RED RIVER COUNTIES mI. moI Im. oh. mIo. II mIo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=¢..A=%E8q >Eam vIIcficZ wmowI o . . m . . . . . ho. Im ho. mo. wmo. mm Imo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vvvmiwlimcq >v5m IcicZ mmooI omm oI. ho. Im mo. hm. omo. mI mwo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . icmncm-Iccmm vIIcicZ v v~v>< omm mm. v9 wm oI. mm. mwo. wm omo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vswvEwviwm £882 vmiv>< ooh mo. wo. Im wo. hm. Imo. v mwo. . . . . . . . . . m U . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . aowvimémw vIIcfioZ IIIoI ooII aw. mo mm mo mm owo II 2v . . . . . . . . . . . . .8&:a-v¢@m 52.82 oIIoI v i. 2. ow i. . . . . . . 12v. mm hmv. himfnmiifi»...._.o..=..-.=...w £282 wmvi o . mm. mI. ww ImI. . omo. hm Iwo. . . . . . . . . . . . vcvfsmlocvm vIIcvflcZ hmomI 2a om 8 3 mI mw wmo m mmo . . iownsWEvowI 325w vim vzotoZ mwomI o om. mo. mm mo. mm. mwo. h who. . . . . . . . . . . . . . vvvoiiimcd macaw vim vZOwmOZ IwomI omm mo. mo. mm oI. mwI mIo. II owo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iswfiivviww vi.m vZOwmOZ owomI o mo. mo. mo mo. mo. mIo. 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In wwo. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . icmnsw-Evcwm >20 .6125 woIoI o moI ha. mm om. mm. mmI. vv moo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vv@.:=w.E_8A EEO Q8252 moImI o oom mhI Ia mm. mo. I mmo. oh hmo. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . omoméviwoq SvxvEU mmmomI o omI aw. mmI Iw. wm. wwo. v mmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . avméviwvq fivcIviU mmomI omm mm. I Io. mom mm. Io. ImI. hm hmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vcmmiwivcwm fivfivic ImomI o mom mwI omI mw. wh. mmo. wm Iwo. . . . . . . . . . . . . evwfivamoq >v§m vim 3822c omomI o owI ow. IhI mm. Iw. wmo. wI mwo. . . . . . . . . . . . . avmvqurémoq >Eaw vim fiviviu mmomI o m I. om. mom mI. moI omo. hh owo. . . . . . . . . . . . . vviivicvcq zoivw vim fivxvciu wmomI oow ow. Im. owI mm. Ia. mwo. h hmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . aowfiivsmoc 2.5m vim mQiIaU vhvvI o mI. mw. om Io. mo. mmo. oh mmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . vvvoiwivod 3E? vim Ewiwu hhooI ooh om. mI. 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Gray soils with gray to dark-gray heavy plastic subsoils. Norfolk series.—Upland soils of the forested area with friable sandy subsoils. Gray to brownish gray sandy surface soils with yellow to brownish-yellow subsoils. Ochlockonee series.—~First-bottom soils. Grayish-brown to dark- brown surface soils with dark-gray to brown subsoils. - Ruston series.—-Upland soils of the forested area, with friable sub- soils. Gray to brownish gray sandy surface soils with dull-red sub- soils. Sumter series.—Upland soils of the prairie region with heavy sub- soils. Brown surface soil with a heavy calcareous yellowish-brown to greenish-yellow subsoil. Susquehanna series.—Upland soils of the forested area with heavy subsoils. Gray soils with mottled red, yellow and gray heavy plastic subsoils. Tabor series.—Upland soils of the forested area with heavy subsoils. Gray to dark gray soils with yellowish-brown to brown or brown and gray heavy plastic subsoils. Trinity series.—First-bottom soils. Black surface soils with black to gray heavy subsoils, calcareous. Wilson series.—Upland soils of the prairie region, heavy subsoils. Black surface soils with black or gray, but generally olive-colored sub- soils, non-calcareous. SOILS OF RED RIVER COUNTY ' Red River County is in the northeastern corner of Texas, next to Bowie County. The elevation is 300 to 500 feet above the sea level. It has a broad central ridge on which border belts of fiat land, and has extensive stream bottoms. The soils are divided into four groups con- sisting of upland forested soils, upland prairie soils, second-bottom or terrace soils, and the first-bottom or alluvial soils. The number of types mapped is 38, divided into 22 series. The Susquehanna very fine sandy loam occupies 26.9 per cent of the area, the Trinity clay, which is the first-bottom soil, occupies 8.2 per cent of the area, the Lufkin clay occupies 6.9 per cent, Bowie very fine sandy loam 6.8 per cent, Lufkin very fine sandy loam 6.8 per cent, and the Lufkin silty clay loam 6.3 per cent. They are all upland soils. The Houston black clay, which is a black calcareous soil, occupies 5.4 per cent. The Wilson clay, which is a black prairie soil but not calcareous, occupies 5.3 per cent. Chemical Composition The average chemical composition of the various groups of soils is given in Table 1. The upland forested soils, like those of the other counties discussed in this Bulletin, are low in active phosphoric acid and in nitrogen, and lower in potash than the other groups of soils, al- SOILS BOVKlIE, DENTON, FREESTONE, AND RED RIVER COUNTIES 39 though better supplied with potash than with other forms of plant food. They are also inclined to be acid. The upland prairie soils are better supplied with plant food, are usually calcareous, and are not acid. The second-bottom or terrace soils of this county are low in nitrogen and phosphoric acid, and compara- tively low in active potash. The first-bottom soils are richer in active phosphoric acid than any of the other groups of soils described in this Bulletin. They average about the same in active potash and in total nitrogen. They are lime- stone soils and are not acid. The detailed chemical composition of the various soils is contained in Table 14. The interpretation of the detailed analyses of the various soil types is given in Table 15. Pot experiments are given in Table 16. Classification of Soils of Red River County Upland soils of the forested area: Surface soils, brown to grayish-brown or gray, With sandy Well drained subsoils: Friable sandy clay subsoil, yellowish in upper part of subsoil, mottled red and gray or red, yellow and gray in the lower part—Bowie soils. Yellow or pale-yellow friable sandy subsoil—Norfolk soils. Reddish-yellow, yellowish-red or light-red friable sandy subsoil-— Ruston soils. Brown to grayish-brown or gray surface soils, with heavy subsoils: Stiff heavy clay, mottled red and gray or red, yellow and gray in the lower park-Susquehanna soils. Gray surface soil and a gray’, bluish-gray or mottled gray and yellow heavy clay subsoil, compact and impervious in the lower part—Lufkin soils. Upland soils of the Prairie area: Prairie soils, stiff heavy clay subsoil, mottled red and bluish-gray or yellow and bluish-gray. The lower subsoil is tough and im- pervious—Crowley soils. Dark brown to black prairie soils with brown or bluish-gray sub- soil, slightly mottled with yellow—Wi'lson soils. Dark brown to black calcareous prairie soils, with dark to grayish subsoil resting on chalk or chalky clay at a depth of a few inches to several feet—Houston soils. p Brown to grayish surface soil with mottled red or gray or red, gray and yellow plastic clay subsoil, calcareous in the lower part- Oktibbeha soils. Second-bottom or terrace soils: Grayish to yellow surface soil and a mottled yellow and gray sub- soil—Kalmia soils. ~10 BULLETIN NO. 375, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Gray surface soils and a gray or mottled gray and yellow heavy clay subsoil, poorly’ drained—Myatt soils. Gray to brown surface soils and a heavy mottled gray and red sub- soil—Leaf soils. Black to dark-brown surface soils and a brown to bluish-gray sub- soil—Brewer soils. Brown to grayish surface soil and light-red, yellowish-red or red- dish-yellow friable subsoil—Cahaba soils. Brown t0 grayish surface soil and yellowish-red friable sandy clay— Teller soils. Chocolate-brown surface soils and a chocolate-red subsoil, calcareous in surface or subsoil—Bastrop soil.' First-bottom soils, subject to overflow: Dark-colored to black surface soils and brown to mottled gray and yellow subsoil, calcareous in surface or subsoil-Trinity soils. Brown surface soils, with a brown, light-brown, or mottled grayish and brownish or yellowish subsoil, non-calcareous—-Ochlockonee soils. Brown surface soils with grayish or mottled gray and yellow subsoil, calcareous—Catalpa soils. First-bottom Red River soils: Brownish-red surface and subsoil, clayey subsoil—Miller soils. Brownish-red surface and subsoil; the lower subsoil more sandy than the upper subsoil—Yahola soils. Chocolate-brown surface soils, brownish-red subsoils, with poorly drained areas having bluish-gray and brown mottled subsoil—- Portland soils. Black surface soils grading into a brownish-red subsoil——Pledger soils. Alphabetical List of Soil Series 0f Red River County Bowie series.——Upland soils of the forested area with brown to gray- ish-brown or gray surface soils and sandy well drained subsoils. Friable sandy clay, yellowish in upper part of subsoil, mottled red and gray or red, yellow and gray in the lower part. Catalpa series.—~First-bottom soils, subject to overflow. Brown sur- face soils with grayish or mottled gray and yellow subsoil, calcareous. Crowley series.——Upland soils of the prairie region. Prairie soils, stiff heavy clay subsoil, mottled red and bluish-gray or yellow and bluish-gray. The lower subsoil is tough and impervious. Houston series.—Black calcareous prairie soils. Calcareous upland soils. Dark-brown to black prairie soils, with dark to grayish subsoil resting on chalk or chalky clay at a depth of a few inches to several feet. Kalmia series.—-Second-bottom soils. Non-calcareous second-bottom soils, or terraces. Grayish to yellow surface soil and a mottled yellow and gray subsoil. 41 SOILS OF BOWIE, DENTON, FREESTONE, AND RED RIVER COUNTIES .3550 52m com “c mmcm mc ccwzmccficnTkvm Baum. x. fi mm. an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mcw H-WIEN m am Hp 9N 5 3 mm. m2. c. s... .................... . nxm=w-amfi mm =nw=uc mmmm Q M.“ w. m.» aw. 5 a é .................. . . . . . . . . _.........-..._U .5; ma: . . . n .. 96. E w»? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . §cc=wé2u =35 ~35 o m . i. no oo 2c o mwo ccmmcswccmm 05m 36> minmmvm Imnm o N.o c“ w mm. mm... woo. om v3. . . . . . . . . . . . icmnsminfiU xcfim cccmscmm owmco>< x c R ZNN mm. mo. win no wwo . . . . . . . . . . . ccfltcwimw-U xcfim cccwscmm cmw$>< c WW ww om E. NZ. m: 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ao£=v§u ccflm c8262 5&2 o wo nmwm oN. ow. w; cfl ooo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3&c=m->2u fism =Sm=¢I 2.2; o o. N 3i m mm. ow. Ea. o c2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .€E=w->2u x85 cfiwaom mmmfi o mm. mNA m. mm. NNm. o E... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=¢mn=w->2u czsm c3265 N32 O n. c h... w... m... E. m ca. ................. . . M......2..-:_c 5.5 £55m an: o m. m om. mv. cw. fio. o ma... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aomccviflou :5 >23ccU oomnm o c. s. c. a. :5 m. m2. ................... ..=..E=w-a2. _ 2w Eaec mom: o . . . EN. wi. o coo. . . . . . . . ocflbZ-Swcwm 2mm %23c._U womnm o. 3%.. E. Nm. woo o nwo zcwncwlmmmwccccg ccmmccmmo vzmaU cmccozq. x _ . wwwm 2. S“. nmmm m. ooo. . . . . . ccficsmlswmccfiwz ccuwccmmo xmmnU omwcc>< Q w. m; 2. i. s... m a2. ............ . .€w.c=m-=e~..:2 =s2omc e26 ma: o o. Nmnm om. wm. n3. _ m2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .@2.€=m-=2$c@2 @2255 32o ~52 o _. i. 2 we. m8. a 2c. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..=¢3=w-cs$§2 =826~o 526 $52 o o Fin no. $3 .54. o 35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . wwflc=wémmscw2 828E 52c $32 o o. vNAM mo. 3 .N 2: . 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