LIBRARY‘,
A 8: M COLLEGE,
CAMPUS.

A2264 l31-5M-L180

TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

A. B. CONNER, DIRECTOR
College Station, Brazos County, Texas
 
BULLETIN NO. 437 NOVEMBER, 1931

 

DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY

Digestibility by Chickens of the Con-
stituents of the Nitrogen-Free
Extract 0f Feeds

 

AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS
T. O. WALTON, President

STATION STAFF}

 

ADMINISTRATION:
A. B. CoNNER, M. S., Director
R. E. KARPER, M. S., Vice-Director
CLARIcE MIxsoN, B. A., Secretary
M. P. HoLLEMAN, JR., Chief Clerk
J . K. FRANcKLow, Assistant Chief Clerk
CHESTER HIGGs, Executive Assistant
H0wARD BERRY, B. S., Technical Assistant

CHEMISTRY:

G. S. FRAPs, Ph. D., Chief; State Chemist
E. AsBURY, M. S., emist

. F. FUDGE, Ph. D., Chemist _

. C. CARLYLE, M. S., Assistant Chemist

. . WALKER, Assistant Chemist

ELMA GRAHAM, Assistant Chemist

. L. OGIER, B. S., Assistant Chemist

. J. STERGEs, B. S., Assistant Chemist
JEANNE F. DEMoTTIER, Asst. Chemist _
RAY TREIGHLER, M. S., Assistant Chem_ist

ScHwARTz, B. S., Assistant Chemist

C. M. PoUNDERs, B. S., Assistant Chemist

HORTICULTURE:
S. H. YARNELL, Sc. DJ. Chief

**L. R. HAwTHoRN, M. S., Horticulturist
H. M. REED, M. S., Horticulturist
J. F. Wo0D, B. S., Horticulturist
L. E. BR00Ks, B. S., Horticulturist

RANGE ANIMAL HUSBANDRY:
J. M. JoNEs, A. M., Chief _ _
B. L.WARWICK, Ph.D., Breeding Investigations
S. P. DAvIs, Wool Grader

>e<gm~w

ENTOMOLOGY:

F. L. THOMAS, Ph. D., Chief: State

Entomologist

H. J. REINHARD, B. S., Entomologist

R. K. FLETCHER, Ph. D., Entomologist

W. L. OWEN, JR., M. S., Entomologist

J. N. RQNEY, M. S., Entomologist _

J. C. GAINEs, JR., M. S., Entomologist

S. E. JoNEs, M. S., Entomologist

F. F. BIBBY, B. S., Entomologist

S. W. CLARK, B. S., Entomologist z
**E. W. DUNNAM, Ph. D., Entomologist
**H. W. MoRELAND, B. S., Asst. Entomologist

C. E. HEARD, B. S., Chief Inspector

C. SIDDALL, B. S., Foulbrood Inspector

S. E. McGREGoR, B.S., Foulbrood Inspector
AGRONOMY:

E. B. REYNoLDs, Ph. D., Chief

R. E. KARPER. M. S., Agronomist

P. C. MANGELsDoRE, Sc. D., Agronomist

D. T. KILLoUGH, M. S., Agronomist

H. E. REA, B. S., Agronomist

B. C. LANGLEY, M. S., Agronomist
PUBLICATIONS: _

A. D. JAcKsoN, Chief

VETERINARY SCIENCE:
M. FRANcIs, D. V. M., Chief
H. SCHMIDT, D. V. M., Veterinarian .
**F. P. MATHEWS, D.V.M., M.S., Veterinariaii
W. T. HARDY, D. V. M., Veterinarian 1
———————, Veterinarian
PLANT PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY:
J. J. TAUBENHAUs, Ph. D., Chief
W. N. EZEKIEL, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist
W. J. BAcH, M. S., Plant Pathologist
C. H. RoGERs, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist
FARM AND RANCH ECONOMICS:
L. P. GABBARD, M. S., Chief
W. E. PAULsoN, Ph. D., Marketing
C. A. BoNNEN, M. S., Farm Management
**W. R. NIsBET, B. S., Ranch Management
. . E, M. ., Farm Management
RURAL HOME RESEARCH:
JEssIE WHITAGRE, Ph. D., Chief
MARY ANNA GRIMES, M. S., Textiles
ELIZABETH D. TERRILL, M. A., Nutrition
SOIL SURVEY:
**W. T. CARTER, B. S., Chief
E. H. TEMPLIN, B. S., Soil Surveyor
A. H. BEAN, B. S., Soil Surveyor
R. M. MARsHALL, B. S., Soil Surveyor
**M. W. BEcK, B. S., Asst. Soil Surveyor
BOTANY:
V. L. CoRY, M. S., Act. Chief
S. E. WQLEE, M. S., Botanist
SWINE HUSBANDRY:
FRED HALE, M. S., Chief
DAIRY HUSBANDRY:
O. C. COPELAND, M. S., Dairy Husbandman
POULTRY HUSBANDRY:
R. . SHERWo0D, M. S., Chief
J. R. CoUcH, B. S.,Asst. Poultry Husbandman
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING:
H. . SMITH, M. S., Chief
MAIN STATION FARM:
G. T. McNEss, Superintendent
APICULTURE (San Antonio):
H. B. PARKs, B. S., Chief
A. H. ALEX, B. S., Queen Breeder
FEED CONTROL SERVICE:
F. D. FULLER, M. S., Chief
JAMEs SULLIVAN, Assistant Chief
S. D. PEARcE, Secretary
J. H. R0GERs, Feed Inspector
K. L. KIRKLAND, B. S., Feed Inspector

 

D. REYNOLDs, JR., Feed Inspector
A. MooRE, Feed Inspector

E J. WILs0N, B. S., Feed Inspector
H. G. WIcKEs, B. S., Feed Inspector

SUBSTATIONS

No. 1, Beeville, Bee County:

R. A. HALL, B. S., Superintendent
No. 2, Lindale, Smith County: _

P. R. J0HNs0N, M. S., Superintendent _
**E. H. HENDRICKSON, B. S., Sci. in Soil Erosion
**R. W. BAIRD, B. S., Assoc. Agr. Engineer
No. 3, Angleton, Brazoria County:

R. H. STANsEL_,_M. S., Superintendent

H. M. REED, M. S., Horticulturist
No. 4, Beaumont, Jefferson County:

R. H. WYcHE, B. S., Superintendent
**H. M. BEAcHELL, B. S., Jr. Agronomist
No. 5, Temple, Bell County:

HENRY DUNLAvY, 1V1. S., Superintendent

C. H. ROGERs, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist

H. E. REA, B. S., Agronomist

,S. E. WOLFF, M. S., Botanist
**H. V. GEIB, M. S., Sci. in Soil Erosion
**H. O. HILL, B. S., Jr. Civil Engineer
No. 6, Denton, Denton County:

P. B. DUNKLE, B. S., Superintendent
**I. M. ATKINS, B. S., Jr. Agronomist
No. 7, Spur, Dickens County:

R. E. DIcKsoN, B. S., Superintendent

B. C. LANGLEY, M. S., Agronomist
No. 8, Lubbock, Lubbock County:

D. L. JoNEs, Superintendent

FRANK GAINEs, Irrig. and Forrest Nurs.

No. 9, Balmorhea, Reeves County:

J. J. BAYLEs, B. S., Superintendent
No. 10, College Station, Brazos County:

R. SHERw00D, M. S., In charge
L. J. McCALL, Farm Superintendent
No. ll, Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County:
H. F. lVIoRRIs, M. S., Superintendent

**No. 12, Chillicothe, Hardeman County:

J. R. QUINBY, B. S., Superintendent
**J. C. STEPHENS, M. A., Assistant Agronomist
No. 14, Sonora, Sutton-Edwards Counties:

W. H. DAMERON, B. S., Superintendent
~—~, Veterinarian

.W. T. HARDY, D. V. Al, Veterinarian

O. L. CARPENTER, Shepherd

**O. G. BABCOCK, B. S., Asst. Entomologist
No. 15, Weslaco, Hidalgo County:
. H. FRIEND, B. S.. Superintendent
. W. CLARK, B. S., Entomologist
. J. BAcH, M. S., Plant Pathologist
. F. Wo0D, B. S., Horticulturist
o. l6, Iowa Park, Wichita County:

C. H. lvlcDowELL, B. S., Superintendent
L. E. BR00Ks, B. S., Horticulturist
No. 19, Winterhaven, Dimmit County:

E. IVIQRTENsEN, B. S., Superintendent
**L. R. HAwTHoRN, M. S., Horticulturist

ugwg

N

Teachers in the School of Agriculture Carrying Cooperative Projects on the Station:

G. W. ADRrANcE, Ph. D., Horticulture

S. W. BILsING, Ph. D., Entomology

V. P. LEE, Ph. D., lvlarketing and Finance
D. ScoATEs, A. E., Agricultural Engineering
A. K. MAGKEY, M. S., Animal Husbandry

I

*Dean School of Veterinary Medicine.

J. S. MoGFoRD, M. S., Agronomy

F. R. BRIsoN, B. S., Horticulture

W. R. HoRLAcHER, Ph. D., Genetics

J. H. KNOX, M. S. Animal Husbandry
A. L. DARNELL,  A., Dairy Husbandry

TAs of November 1, 1931.

**In cooperation with U. S. Department of Agriculture.

The digestibility by chickens of the sugars, starch, pentosans,
and residual nitrogen-free extract in 24 feeds were studied.
In 122 individual tests, the sugars and starches were highly
digested. The residual nitrogen-free extract and especially the
pentosans, have a lower digestibility. Chickens digest sugars
and starches to the same extent as sheep, but have only half
as much power to digest pentosans. This is further confirma-
tion of the fact that chickens have only a low power to utilize
fibrous materials o-r roughages.

CONTENTS

Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Method of Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Composition of Feeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5

Coefficients of Digestibilit_x' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10

Comparison of Digestion by Chickens and by Sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16

BULLETIN NO. 437 NOVEMBER, 1931

DIGESTIBILITY BY CHICKENS OF THE CONSTITUENTS
OF THE NITROGEN-FREE EXTRACT OF FEEDS

By G. S. FRAPS

The ordinary digestion experiment deals with the digestibility of the
protein, fat, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract. Each of these is a
group, containing a number of related chemical compounds, but varying
in character in different kinds of feeds. The nitrogen-free extract con-
tains sugars, starches, pentosans, and other compounds. The crude fiber
contains celluloses, pentosans, lignins, and other substances.

A study of the digestibility of the constituents of the nitrogen-free
extract of feeds by chickens was made in connection with digestion
experiments on these animals. Similar Work was done in connection
with digestion experiments on sheep, already reported (Bulletin 418).
These studies were undertaken in the hope that they would throw some
light on the differences in the feeding values of feeding stuffs.

METHOD OF WORK

The material used was secured in the digestion experiments with
chickens, reported in Bulletin 372. The feeds were usually fed with a
little alfalfa hay, as described in the Bulletin referred to, but in some

“cases other feeds were also fed in the ration.

The sugars were extracted by 50 per cent alcohol and estimated by the
Munson and Walker method. Starch was made soluble by diastase, in
material previously extracted with ether and alcohol and the analysis
was completed in the usual way. Total pentosans were estimated by
conversion into furfural. and precipitation with phloroglucinol. Pento-
sans in crude fiber were estimated in the crude fiber prepared from a
3-gram sample of the feed. The total pentosans less those in the crude
fiber gives these in the nitrogen-free extract. The reducing sugars,
polysaccharoses or non-reducing sugars, starch, and pentosans in the
nitrogen-free extract, were added together and the sum subtracted from
the total nitrogen-free extract. The difference is here called the residual
nitrogen-free extract.

COMPOSITION OF FEEDS

' The ordinary analyses of the feeds are given in Bulletin 3'72. Table 1
contains the sugars, starches, and other constituents of the feeds used
in the digestion experiments here reported. Feeds of known high-feeding
value are characterized by a high content of sugars and starch or a high
content of protein. Chicken feeds on the whole are higher in sugars

6 BULLETIN NO. 437, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

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BULLETIN NO. 437, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

 

 

 

   

 

 

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DIGESTIBILITY BY CHICKENS OF NITROGEN-FREE EXTRACT OF FEEDS 9

and starches than those used for ruminants; that is, the chickens are
not able t0 use roughages, or fodders, which are generally 10W in sugars
and starch.

COEFFICIENTS OF DIGESTIBILITY

The average coefficients of digestibility secured in this work are given
in Table 2, while the coefficients secured in the individual experiments
are given in Table 4. There are 24 feeds, with 122 individual tests.

The digestibilities of the sugars and starches are high. The reducing
sugar of cowpeas, oat groats, and soy beans, has apparently a 10w digesti-
bility but this was due t0 the very small percentages present. The resi-
dual nitrogen-free extract and the pentosans have low digestibilities.

‘The digestibility of the pentosans is especially 10W in feeds containing

woody material, such as alfalfa meal, whole barley, which contains barley
hulls, whole oats, which contains oat hulls, whole rice, which contains
rice hulls, wheat bran, and wheat gray shorts. The pentosans of oat
groats have a digestibility of '79, while those of whole oats have a diges-
tibility of 20. This is in accordance with the well-known fact that
chickens cannot utilize hays or roughages or material containing much
crude fiber. The pentosans in the crude fiber have a low digestibility,
but the quantity present in some of these feeds is so low that the co-
efiicients of digestibility in some of the tests were quite variable (Table
4). The pentosans in the nitrogen-free extract on an average are digested
to the same extent as the total pentosans.

COMPARISON OF DIGESTION BY CHICKENS AND BY SHEEP

A comparison of the digestion of sugars, starches, pentosans, and
residual nitrogen-free extract by sheep and by chickens is given in
Table 3. On an average, there is little difference between the digesti-
bility of sugars and that of starch, by sheep and by chickens. The resi-
dual nitrogen-free extract on an average is digested about 10 per cent
less by chickens than by sheep, while the pentosans are digested only
about half as much by chickens as by sheep. The differences are greater
for pentosans in such feeds as alfalfa meal, whole oats, and rice bran,
though it is not so great as might be expected with rough rice and
wheat bran.

AGKNOWLEDGMENT

Analyses and other work in connection with this Bulletin were done
by E. C. Carlyle, J. K. Blum, W. H. Walker, and other members of
the stafi.

10 BULLETIN NO. 437, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

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14 BULLETIN NO. 437, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

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DIGESTIBILITY BY CHICKENS OF NITROGEN-FREE EXTRACT OF FEEDS 15
SUMMARY

The digestibility of sugars, starches, pentosans, and residual nitrogen-
free extract Was determined by a number of digestion experiments on
24 feeds.

Sugars and starches are highly digested by chickens. Pentosans and
residual nitrogen-free extract have low digestibility.

Pentosans are digested t0 a less extent in roughages 0r roughage
materials, than in concentrates.

Chickens on an average digest sugars and starches to the same extent
and residual nitrogen-free extract a little less than sheep, but they digest
pentosans on an average only half as much.