LIBRARY» A 8: M COLLEGE» CAMPUS. E2-332-6M-L180 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION A. B. CONNER, DIRECTOR COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS BULLETIN NO. 443 MARCH, 1932 DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF NORTHWEST AND WEST CENTRAL TEXAS AGRICULTIIJRAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS T. O. WALTON, President STATION STAFFT Administration : A. B. Conner, M. S., Director R. E. Karper, M. S., Vice-Director Clarice Mixson, B. A. Secretary M. P. Holleman, Jr., Chief Clerk J. K. Francklow, Asst. Chief Clerk Chester Higgs, Executive Assistant Howard Berry, B. S., Technical Asst. Chemistry: G. S. Fraps, Ph. D., Chief; State Chemist S. E. Asbury, M. S., Chemist J. F. Fudge, Ph. D., Chemist E. C. Carlyle, M. S., Asst. Chemist. T. L. Ogier, B. S., Asst. Chemist A. J. Sterges, M. S., Asst. Chemist Ray Treichler, M. S., Asst. Chemist W. H. Walker, Asst. Chemist Velma Graham, Asst. Chemist Jeanne F. DeMottier, Asst. Chemist R. L. Schwartz, B. S., Asst. Chemist C. M. Pounders, B. S., Asst. Chemist Horticulture: S. H. Yarnell, Sc. D., Chief **L. R. Hawthorn, M. S., Horticulturist H. M. Reed, M. S., Horticulturist J. F. Wood, B. S., Horticulturist L. E. Brooks, B. S., Horticulturist Range Animal Husbandry: J. M. Jones, A. M., Chief B. L. Warwick, Ph. S. P. Davis, Wool Grader Entomology: F. L. Thomas, Ph. D., Chief; State Entomologist H. J. Reinhard, B. S., Entomologist R. K. Fletcher, Ph. D., Entomologist W. L. Owen, Jr., M. S., Entomologist J. N. Roney, M. S., Entomologist J. C. Gaines, Jr., M. S., Entomologist S. E. Jones, M. S., Entomologist F. F. Bibby, B. S., Entomologist S. W. Clark, B. S., Entomologist "E. W. Dunnam, Ph. D., Entomologist "R. W. Moreland, B. S., Asst. Entomologist C. E. Heard, B. S., Chief Inspector C. Siddall, B. S., Foulbrood Inspector S. E. McGregor, B. S., Foulbrood Inspector Agronomy: E. B. Reynolds, Ph. D., Chief R. E. Karper, M. S., Agronomist P. C. Mangelsdorf, Sc. D., Agronomist D. T. Killough. M. S., Agronomist H. E. Rea, B. S., Agronomist B. C. Langley, M. S., Agronomist Publications : A. D. Jackson, Chief SUBSTAHTONS No. 1, Beeville, Bee County: . A. Hall, B. S., Superintendent No. 2, Lindale, Smith County: P. R. Johnson, M. S., Superintendent **B. H. Hendrickson, B. S., Sci. in Soil Erosion "R. W. Baird, B. S., Assoc. Agr. Engineer No. 3, Angleton, Brazoria County: R. H. Stansel, M. S., Superintendent H. M. Reed, M. S., Horticulturist 4, Beaumont, Jeiferson County: R. H. Wyche, B. S., Superintendent "H. M. Beachell, B. S., Jr. Agronomist No. 5, Temple, Bell County: Henry Dunlavy, M. S., Superintendent C. H. Rogers, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist H. E. Rea, B. S., Agronomist. S. E. Wolff, M. S., Botanist **H. V. Geib, M. S., Sci. in Soil Erosion **H. O. Hill, B. S., Jr. Civil Engineer No. 6, Denton, Denton County: P. B. Dunkle, B. S., Superintendent **I. M. Atkins, B. S., Jr. Agronomist No. 7, Spur, Dickens County: R. E. Dickson, B. S., Superintendent B. C. Langley, M. S., Agronomist No. 8, Lubbock, Lubbock County: D. L. Jones, Superintendent Frank Gaines, Irrig. and Forest Nurs. D., Breeding Investiga. Veterinary Science: *M. Francis, D. V. M., Chief H. Schmidt, D. V. M., Veterinarian ; I. B. Boughton, D. V. M., Veterin i‘ “F. P. Mathews, D.V.M., M.S., Veteri, W. T. Hardy, D. V. M., Veterinarian -——————, Veterinarian Plant Pathology and Physiology: J. J. Taubenhaus, Ph. D., Chief W. J. Bach, M. S., Plant Pathologist ~ C. H. Rogers, Ph. D., Plant Patholog’ T; Farm and Ranch Economics: - L. P. Gabbard, M. S., Chief W. E. Paulson, Ph. D., Marketing <__ C. A. Bonnen, M. S., Farm Managemen’ **'W. R. Nisbet, B. S., Ranch Management "A. C. Magee, M. S., Farm Management - Rural Home Research: ‘ ' Jessie Whitacre, Ph. D., Chief Mary Anna Grimes, M. S., Textiles Elizabeth D. Terrill, M. A., Nutrition Soil Survey: “W. T. Carter, B. S., Chief E. H. Templin, B. S., Soil Surveyor A. H. Bean, B. S., Soil Surveyor R. M. Marshall, B. S., Soil Surveyor .2 **M. W. Beck, B. S., Asst. Soil Surveyor " Botany: V. L. Cory, M. S., Acting Chief S. E. Wolff, M. S., Botanist Swine Husbandry: Fred Hale, M. S., Chief V’ Dairy Husbandry: O. C. Copeland, M. S., Dairy Husbandman , Poultry Husbandry: _ , R. M. Sherwood, M. S., Chief . J. R. Couch, B. S., Asst. Poultry Hsbdma, Agricultural Engineering: I H. P. Smith, M. S., Chief Main Station Farm: G. T. McNess, Superintendent Apiculture (San Antonio): . . B. Parks, B. S., Chief A. H. Alex, B. S_., Queen Breeder Feed Control Service: F. D. Fuller, M. S., Chief James Sullivan, Asst. Chief D. Pearce, Secretary H. Rogers, Feed Inspector L. Kirkland, B. S., Feed Inspector R. Reynolds, Jr., Feed Inspector J. G. € Z H N (D w E "U F‘ U E a» :1 t‘? ‘Tl m CF =- .°_ -: Moore, Feed Inspector Wilson, Feed Inspector Wickes, B. S., Feed Inspector FFFPFFE No. 9, Balmorhea, Reeves County: J. J. Bayles, B. S., Superintendent No. 10, College Station, Brazos County: R. M. Sherwood, M. S., In Charge L. J. McCall, Farm Superintendent No. 11, Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County: F. Morris, M. S., Superintendent . 12, Chillicothe, Hardeman County: J. R. Quinby, B. S., Superintendent **J. C. Stephens, M. A., Asst. Agronomist No. 14, Sonora, Sutton-Edwards Counties: W. H. Dameron, B. S., Superintendent I. B. Boughton, D. V. M., Veterinarian W. T. Hardy, D. V. M., Veterinarian O. L. Carpenter, Shepherd "O. G. Babcock, B. S., Asst. Entomologist No. 15, Weslaco, Hidalgo County: W. H. Friend, B. S., Superintendent S. W. Clark,1B. S., Entomologist W. J. Bach, M. S., Plant Pathologist J. F. Wood, B. S., Horticulturist No. 16, Iowa Park, Wichita County: C. H. McDowell, B. S., Superintendent L. E. Brooks, B. S., Horticulturist No. 19, Winterhaven, Dimmit County: E. Mortensen, B. S., Superintendent **L. R. Hawthorn, M. S., Horticulturist Teachers in the School of Agriculture Carrying Cooperative Projects on the Station: G. W. Adriance, Ph. D., Horticulture S. W. Bilsing, Ph. D., Entomology V. P. Lee, Ph. D., Marketing and Finance D. Scoates, A. E., Agricultural Engineering A. K. Mackey, M. S., Animal Husbandry ‘Dean Schdol of Veterinary Medicine. F. R. Brison, B. W. R. Horlacher, Ph. D., Genetics J. H. Knox, M. S., Animal Husbandry A. L. Darnell, M. A., Dairy Husbandry J. S. Mogford, M. S., Agronomy S., Horticulture ifAs of January 1, 1932. “In cooperation with U. S. Department of Agriculture. _..-...._.....l-...¢;..." mam» h d‘ This Bulletin contains analyses of various types of soils from 49 counties in Northwest and West-Central Texas. Tables interpreting the results are given. Methods for maintaining soil fertility are outlined, and the terms used are explained. The results show the fundamental basis of the soil fertility of the various types of soil, indicate their weakness or strength, and: the probable deficiencies that may arise under continued cultivation. Some saline spots occur in the area, the salts being chiefly sodium chloride or common salt, with some sodium sulphate, magnesium sul- phate, and magnesium chloride. The soils are fairly well supplied with nitrogen and phosphoric acid, and are very well supplied with potash and lime. Nitrogen is the element likely to‘ become deficient first under continued cultivation, and phosphoric acid may become deficient on certain soils. The use of fertilizers is not advised at present on general farm crops, though their use may be advisable on alfalfa or fruit or vegetable crops, especially where grown under irrigation. CONTENTS Introduction ________________________________________________ W _Soil fertility _______________________________________________________________ _, Maintainance of fertility ................................................................................... __ i‘; 7 Maintainance of humus and nitrogen__-_--_,.,..an“s- Phosphoric acid.-__. ‘- Acidity ...... ’— f Potash i: How to use the analyses ______ ,. Explanation of terms _________ _- Saline soils 1 ":- Northwest Texas ....... __ _ 1 l Classification of soils of Northwest Texas area ____________________________________ __1 j West Central Texas- Classification of the soils of West Central Texas _______________________________ f Average composition of soils by groups- _ ______ _. Crop-production power of average soils . . A . . . _ . _ _ _ _ . _ _ -- Fertilizers for the soils studied 17 Use of lime ____ A i- 17 f, Average composition of types of soils _ __ 1'7 "i Summary . . _ . . _ . . . _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 25 BULLETIN N0. 443 MARCH, 1932 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF NORTHWEST AND WEST CENTRAL TEXAS G. S. FRAPS This Bulletin deals with the chemical composition and fertility of samples of typical soils from 49 counties of Texas covered by reconnaissance soil surveys of the Bureau of Soils of the United States Department of Agri- culture in cooperation with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. It is the thirteenth in a series dealing with the chemical composition of typical Texas soils. Detailed reports of the surveys with maps of the areas showing the location of the soil types have been published by the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, United States Department of Agriculture. Description of the important soils are given in Bulletin 431, The Soils of Texas, which can f, be obtained from the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. , The reports from which the descriptions of soils given in this Bulletin g were condensed are as follows: Reconnaisance Soil Survey of Northwest Texas by William T. Carter, g iJr. et al. . Soil Survey (Reconnaissance) of West Central Texas by W. T. Carter et al. Requests for copies of reports of soil surveys should be addressed t the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, United States Department of Agricul- ture, Washington, D. C. The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station has no copies of the soil surveys for distribution. The Northwest Texas Survey includes 22 counties in three tiers just south of the Panhandle region, comprising an area of 19,404 square miles. The counties included are Bailey, Cochran, Cottle, Crosby, Dickens, Floyd, Foard, Garza, Hale, Hardeman, Haskell, Hockley, Kent, King, Knox, Lamb, Lynn, Lubbock, Motley, Stonewall, Terry, and Yoakum. A detailed survey of Lubbock county was made in 1917. The West Central Texas area comprises 27 counties in four tiers imme- diately south of the Northwest Texas area, containing an area of 26,784 square miles. It includes Andrews, Borden, Coke, Concho, Crane, Dawson, Ector, Fisher, Gaines, Glasscock, Howard, Irion, Jones, Loving, Martin, Midland, Mitchell, Nolan, Reagan, Runnels, Scurry, Sterling, Taylor, Tom Greene, Upton, Ward and Winkler. Detailed surveys have been made of Dickens, Taylor, Lubbock and Mid- land counties. Analyses of soils of Taylor county have been published in Bulletin 801 and of Lubbock county in Bulletin 337. Analyses of types shown in the detailed survey but not in the Reconnaissance are not given. Owing to the large areas covered by these surveys, only the chief types of soil were mapped and described. There are large areas of uniform types of soil in each area. \.-,?.-.. qamnmyqqvyg-lwrgq; ti, 6 BULLETIN NO. 443, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SOIL FERTILITY In any discussion of the chemical composition of soils and the interpreta- tion of the analyses, it should be borne in mind that the chemical compo- sition of a soil is not a complete indication of its fertility or its agricultural possibilities. There are other factors contributing to the productiveness of a soil. Some of these are the physical character of the soil, location, drainage, rainfall and other climatic conditions, and so on. It may be too wet or too dry, too hard or too sandy, too irregular in topography, have too stiff or heavy surface or subsoil, and so on. Many of these conditions are considered in connection with the soil survey. A soil may be lower in plant food than another and yet produce a better crop, owing to the fact that it may have a better physical character, be in better condition, or be in a better location. Under similar conditions, soils having the higher content of plant food will generally be found to be the more productive. MAIN TAIN ANCE OF FERTILITY Moisture is probably the most important factor governing the production of crops on the soils in the areas here discussed. The following are some of the factors essential to maintaining or improv- ing the productiveness of a soil: (1) The supply of nitrogen and vegetable matter should be maintained. A crop rotation that will include legumes to be plowed under or grazed off is often advised for this purpose. Some nitrogen may also profitably be purchased in commercial fertilizers. (2) Any deficiency in phosphoric acid should be corrected by the use of a phosphatic fertilizer. Phosphoric acid is the element of plant food most frequently deficient in Texas soils. (3) If the soil is too acid, limestone or some other form of lime should be added to correct it. Very acid soils are not suitable for growing general crops, especially legumes. Limestone is also valuable for improving the physical condition of heavy soils poor in lime. Lime should be used chiefly in connection with legumes in a rotation. The soils of West Texas are generally not acid. (4) Any deficiency in potash should be corrected by the use of potash fertilizers. (5) Erosion, or washing away, of the more fertile surface soil should be prevented. MAINTAINANCE OF HUMUS AND NITROGEN The maintenance of the humus and nitrogen of the soils of West Texas is not at present a pressing problem, but it is likely to become more and more important the longer these soils are in cultivation. The maintenance of humus or vegetable matter in a soil is essential to obtaining a high degree of fertility. Partly decayed vegetable matter COMPOSITIONS OF SOILS OF NORTHWEST AND WEST CENTRAL TEXAS '7 frequently called humus, in sufficient quantity, improves the physical condition of the soil by improving the tilth, making heavy clay soils easier to work and making sandy soil more compact and less porous. It also aids in increasing the water-holding capacity of a soil, enabling it to better withstand droughts. It helps to bind the soil particles together and reduce erosion. It acts as a home and provides suitable food for great numbers of soil bacteria. Humus contains most of the nitrogen of the soil, which is gradually changed to forms suitable for the use of the plant. The nitrogen from humus is not so easily lost from the soil as nitrogen in more soluble forms. Some virgin soils produce good crops for a long time without the addition of organic matter but sooner or later all soils will need the addition of vegetable or organic matter. Organic matter may be added by plowing under crop residues, or the entire crop‘ may be used as a green-manure crop. Barnyard manure is excellent when sufficient quantities can be secured, but too often it cannot be secured in sufficient quantities. Legume crops, having the power of obtaining nitrogen from the air, should be grown in rotation with other crops and either turned under, grazed off, or made into hay and the manure derived from feeding the hay properly conserved and put on the soil. If the crop is heavy, it is best to allow it to mature before plowing it under. To graze off a crop is probably the most effective practice, as the feeding value of the crop is obtained, while the droppings of the animals together with the liquid excrement return the bulk of the plant food. The organic matter decays more rapidly in Southern soils than in North- ern soils. The warmer soils in the South, the unfrozen condition of the soil during the winter, and the sandy character of many of the soils, allow the more rapid oxidation of organic matter. Hence it follows that the humus and nitrogen are liable to be lower, and more difficult to maintain in South- ern soils than in Northern soils. Crops other than legumes add organic matter to the soil but add no in- creased amounts of nitrogen. Such crops add organic matter or serve as a cover crop to decrease the amounts of nitrates and soluble plant food being washed from the soil, which would occur to a greater extent if the land were left bare. Cover crops may also help to prevent the erosion of the soil. The maintenance of nitrogen in soils is more important than mainten- ance of the humus content. One way to maintain the nitrogen content of the soil is to adopt a rotation that will include legumes so as to obtain the nitrogen from the air; this nitrogen can then be used for cotton, corn, kafir, or other crops. Nitrogenous fertilizers can of course be purchased. Phosphoric Acid Texas soils are frequently deficient in phosphoric acid. This Bulletin shows the probable deficiencies in phosphoric acid of the soils studied. De- ficiencyin phosphoric acid is easily remedied by the application of super- phosphate. 8 BULLETIN NO. 443, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Acidity Some soils contain organic or inorganic acids. Some crops, such as alfalfa; barley, clover, and rye do not do well on acid soils. Acidity may be cor-g‘ rected by the use of finely ground limestone or oyster shells, air-slakedi lime or hydrated lime. Practically none of the soils mentioned in this Bulletin are acid, so that lime is not needed on them at the present timerg Potash Many soils of Texas contain sufficient potash to produce good crops, but some soils need potassic fertilizers. In general, however, potash is the least needed of the three important plant foods: nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash. The potash needs of the soil here studied are indicated in the tables of analysis, and the interpretation is given later. ‘ How to Use the Analyses Analyses of the soils and interpretations of the analyses are given in con- , nection with descriptions of the various types of soil. If a soil is well supplied with plant food but does not give good yields, A conditions other than content of plant food control the yields. The rainfall ~ a may be insufficient. The physical condition may be poor, in respect to cultivation, drainage, or otherwise. It may contain an injurious amount of alkaline salts, or some plant disease may be active. zi If a soil is wellsupplied with total plant food but is low in available or active plant food, an effort should be made to increase the activities A of agencies which make plant food available, by means of additions of manure, plowing under green crops, or additions of lime if needed. If the crop yields are low and the plant food of the soil is deficient, fer- tilizers must be used. The depth of soil, character of the subsoil, and the season, influence the growth of crops almost as much as the amount of plant food, which can be seen by observing the variations in yield on the same land year after year. EXPLANATION OF TERMS Total nitrogen is the entire quantity of nitrogen present in the soil. As shown in Bulletin 151, there is a relation between the total nitrogen of the soil and the nitrogen that can be taken from it by crops in pot experiments. The total nitrogen is, therefore, an index as to the needs of the soil for nitrogen, although the nitrogen in worn soils is not as available as that in new soils. . 4,3,,“ . Qt», “ ‘ Total phosphoric acid is the entire amount of phosphoric acid contained in the soil. Only a small portion of this is available for the use of plants at any given time. Active phosphoric acid is the phosphoric acid soluble in dilute nitric acid (0.2N acid). As shown in Bulletins 126 and 276, there is a relation be- tween the active phosphoric acid of the soil and the amount of phosphoric nzrl l. xww‘ ‘. ' COMPOSITIONS OF SOILS OF NORTHWEST AND WEST CENTRAL TEXAS 9 acid removed from the soil by plants in pot experiments. There is a closer relation between the active phosphoric acid of the soil and. the need of the soil for phosphatic fertilizer than between total phosphoric acid and the needs of the soil. Total potash is the entire amount of potash in the soil. Some of this is locked up in highly insoluble forms and may never become available to plants. The total potash does not show how much may be taken up by plants. t Acid-soluble potash is the potash soluble in strong hydrochloric acid. As pointed out by Hilgard, there is a relation between the acid-soluble potash of the soil and the wearing qualities of the soil (Fraps, Principles of Agricultural Chemistry, Page 171). Active potash is the potash soluble in 0.2 N nitric acid. It represents potash which can readily be taken up by the plant, as shown by pot ex- periments and. discussed in Bulletins 145 and 325. Acid-soluble lime is the lime which is dissolved by strong hydrochloric acid. According to Hilgard, the amount of lime found by this method is a valuable indication of the wearing qualities of the soil under cultivation. Basicity. This term is applied to the bases (chiefly lime) which neutral- ize the 0.2N nitric acid in the method for determining active potash and phosphoric acid. This term is merely used as a convenient one for the determination referred to. If all the acid is neutralized, the basicity is 10 per cent or equivalent to 200,000 pounds of base (calcium carbonates) in 2,000,000 pounds of soil. pH refers to the hydrogen-ion concentration, and is a measure of the de- gree of acidity or alkalinity of the soil. A neutral soil has a pH of 7.0. The lower the number, the more acid the soil. A soil of pH 6.0 is acid. A soil of pH 5.0 is ten times as acid as pH 6.0. The higher the number above 7.0, the more alkaline the soil. All the soils described in this Bulletin have a pH around 7.0 or above it. Corn possibility represents the average amount of plant food which is withdrawn in pot experiments by plants from soils containing similar amounts of active phosphoric acid, potash, and total nitrogen. It is based upon 2,000,000 pounds of soil. While the corn possibility does not indicate the yield of the soil under field conditions, its use gives a good basis for comparing the plant food present in different soils and in aiding to ascertain the strength or weakness of a given soil. One soil may have a corn possibility of 6 bushels of corn per acre for active phosphoric acid, 28 for nitrogen, and 120 for active potash, while cor- responding figures for another may be 35 bushels for phosphoric acid, 38 for nitrogen, and 150 for potash. The first soil is likely to be deficient in phosphoric acid, and probably in nitrogen. The possibility of increasing the crop by means of fertilizers would depend upon the rainfall, depth of soil, and other conditions relating to the soil. The experiments on which this interpretation are based are published in Bulletins 126, 145, 156, 178, 267, 355, and the method is discussed in Bulletins 213 and 355. 1O BULLETIN NO. 443, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SALIN E SOILS Soluble salts occur in sufficient quantity to be injurious to plants in spots in some of the counties in the area here discussed. Some of these spots are subirrigated. The only complete remedy for spots of this kind is to wash out the soluble salts, and this is not always an easy thing to do. Where the spot is subirrigated, it can sometimes be drained, which also prevents it from becoming larger. The salts present are usually sodium chloride and sodium sulphate: only in a few instances are soils containing sodium carbonate found in Texas. Although salty soils are sometimes called alkali soils, they are not really alkaline unless sodium carbonate is present. The composition of the salts found in some of the spots in Reeves county, which is next to the territory here described, is given in Table 1. Calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate are not considered as injurious salts. Where the soils were high in soluble salts, the salts usually consisted chiefly of sodium chloride, or common salt, but magnesium chloride was also present, and in two cases, calcium chloride was found. Sample 19006 is an incrus- tation on the surface and was taken to a depth of one inch. NORTHWEST TEXAS The western half of this area is occupied by the High Plains, the eastern half by lower Rolling Plains. The Amarillo series is the most extensive series in the High Plains, and the Amarillo fine sandy loam the most ex- tensive type, while the Amarillo clay loam is nearly as extensive. Both these types are important agricultural soils and are productive. The Vernon series is the most extensive series on the Rolling Plains. The Vernon Clay is the most extensive type, while the Vernon clay loam and the Vernon fine sandy loam are next in extent. These are brown to red upland soils. The Vernon clay loam is probably the one most important agriculturally. The Foard soils are dark-brown to black upland soils, which are not nearly as extensive as the Vernon soils, but are of considerable agricultural importance. The chief alluvial soils belong to the Miller series and are red in color. CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS OF NORTHWEST TEXAS AREA Amarillo series. Surface soil, reddish-brown, brown or chocolate-brown. Subsoil reddish-brown to red. Lower subsoil usually calcareous and pale- yellow to buff or pinkish friable marly clay. Pullman series. Some of the less red soils mapped with the Amarillo series are now considered to belong to the Pullman series. Potter series. Soils mapped as Brackett or Ector soils are now termed the Potter soils. Brackett series. Surface soil, very light-gray to white. Subsoil, chalky and very calcareous. (Now called the Potter series.) Derby fine sand-dune phase. Surface soil, grayish-brown or light-brown fine sand. Subsoil, pale-yellow or brownish-yellow fine sand several feet QQQNQH QQHHH ...... 1 QQQM: . ‘ , . . . . . . . . . . . .. QQQSH QQ2 =H |=Q E QQQ2 HHsHH ...... ,. NQHQ . . . . . . . . . 1 A . . . .. QHQQQ 22 32 ............ .. QQQQH HQ 2 ...... .. Qw 2 I . . . . . . . . . . . . K . . , .. 2N =2T=2 QQQQH 2 ...... .. HH 2H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 Q2 =NHT=QQ 2K3 SH N ...... .. H2 H . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Hm 2Q =QQ|=QQ QQQQH 2 ...... .. 2 2H _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3. Q2 ..QQ|=§ _ $2.2 , , . . , . . . . . . . . . .. QQ Hm _ 2E m2 =§|=2 QQHQH . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .. .3. 5H SH m2 =2|=2 Q22 HQ 2 ...... .. H2 . . . . ‘ , , ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .. Q2 =2|=Q HQQQH £2 ...... .. HQQ . ‘ ‘ . . , . . . . . . . . .. QQQ HomH Q2 F =Q |=Q Q22 22 ...... .. 22 . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .. QQQQH $3 2N ............ .. n22 Q2. 2m ...... .. 2Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. H52 QQH =HQJNN Q22 QQQN ...... .. 2Q Q2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., EQQ EH =2|=H Q22 Q2. Q2 ...... ., Q2 . , . . . . . . . . , . . . .. _ 22H QQH ..QH|..QN Q22 Q2“ 2Q ...... .. 22 . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .- _ QQQQ Q2 =2|=H H22 . . I . , 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .. .22 32 ...... .. H2 QomH . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .. mmmHH ...... .. =$|=QQ 22 Q2Q ...... .. 22 Q2 .... .. . ...... .. Q32 ...... .. .312 22 ogw . . . , . . . , . . . . . . .. 2.2 ...... .. 22H ...... .. =§|=2 $2 QEQH ...... .. 22 QQQ . , I . . 1 4 . . . . ‘ . . .. 22H ...... ,. =2 fl 22 QHQQ ...... .. 22 . . . , . . . . . N . . . . 4 . . S . . ‘ E t. S22 ...... .. =2 _ E2 Q53 ...... .- mwmH QQQ _ . . , . E . . . . . . . . . .. __ Q22 _ ..... .. =2 __ 22 . , _ .201? AIHHm 233v - AfiHHm dado :51? 23m dado 7 Q _ 60w 60m __ $52 .232 flag 6E0 dHwO dHuO _ H3 0Q 7 A, _ COMPOSITIONS OF SOILS OF NORTHWEST AND WEST CENTRAL TEXAS 11 50315 5Q 3.35 5 $32500 mo>wofi 502w £20m wcflwm 050m we SOTSmOQEOU A 3nd? 12 BULLETIN NO. 443, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION deep. (Now called the Enterprise series.) Enterprise series. Soils mapped as the Derby series are now placed in the Enterprise series. Richfield series. Surface soil, dark-gray, dark ashy-gray or dark-brown 3 to 8 inches deep. Subsoil, dark-brown or ashy gray clay about 24 inches deep, passing into gray or grayish-brown compact clay containing cal- careous particles. Alluvial Soils of the High Plains Alluvial soils, undifferentiated. Surface soils, dark-colored ranging from fine sandy loam into clay. Subsoils are heavy in texture and are dark-brown to black in color. Randall‘ series. Surface soil, dark bluish-gray to black, 12 to 20 inches deep. Subsoil, gray or light-gray containing chalky fragments; soil and subsoil calcareous. This type occupies lake beds. Alluvial Soils of Rolling Plains Bastrop series. Surface soil, brown to reddish-brown. Subsoil, brown to reddish-brown passing at 18 to 20 inches into a reddish-brown to red sandy clay. h Miller sandy soils. Surface soil, Indian red to chocolate-brown‘ fine sandy loam and loamy sand. Subsoil, Indian red fine sandy loam. Miller heavy soils. Surface soil, dark-brown or chocolate-brown silty clay or silty clay loam about 10 inches deep. Subsoil, Indian red or brownish-red silty clay. ' Upland Soils of Rolling Plains Derby series. Surface soil, brown, grayish-brown or reddish-brown loose loamy fine sand about 10 inches deep. Subsoil, brown, reddish-brown or brownish-red loamy fine sand (Now termed the Enterprise series.) Foard series. Surface soils, dark-brown to black. Subsoils, yellowish- brown to grayish-brown to dark ashy-gray or black. Surface flat and level with rather poor drainage. Miles series. Surface soil, grayish-brown or brown to reddish-brown. Subsoils, red in upper part and reddish-yellow or brown in the lower part. Lower part of subsoil calcareous. Type occupies high areas and ridges. Vernon series. Surface soil, brown into Indian red. Subsoils, chocolate- brown, brownish-red or Indian red. WEST CENTRAL TEXAS The western part of this area is occupied by the High Plains, the north- eastern part by the rolling plains, and the southeastern by the Edwards Plateau. In the extreme west are some soils of the Mountain and Basin group. The most extensive soil in the area is the Amarillo fine sandy loam. Abilene silty clay loam, Abilene clay loam, Miles clay loam, and Reagan COMPOSITIONS OF SOILS OF NORTHWEST AND WEST CENTRAL TEXAS 13 silty clay 10am are all extensive types. These all seem to be of agricul- tural value, although the Reagan silty clay loam is usually so situated as to receive insufficient rain. A Classification of the Soils of West Central Texas Alluvial Soils of the Mountain Basins and Valleys - Arno series. Surface soil, dark chocolate-red clay more than 36 inches deep, subsoil lighter red. Pecos series. Surface soil dark-brown or mostly black; when dry it is much lighter being gray or grayish-brown. Subsoil to 36 inches chocolate- red clay. Gypsum crystals occur in soil and subsoil; both calcareous. Reeves series. Surface soil light-brown to grayish-brown; subsoil light- buff to yellowish. Soil and subsoil calcareous. Upland Soils of the High Plains Amarillo series. Surface soil brownish-red to reddish-brown 8 to 12> inches deep. Subsoil red to chocolate-red. Soil and subsoil not generally calcareous. (Some of these areas are now classed with the Pullman series.) Dune sand. Surface soil loose yellowish-gray fine sand 2 to 4 inches deep. Subsoil grayish-yellow compact sand to a depth of 12 inches and a depth of 6 feet or more of very pale-yellow sand. - Ector series. Surface soil: brown soil 3 to 15 inches deep containing an abundance of gravel consisting of angular fragments of hard white caliche. Soil is underlaid by solid white caliche. (Now called the Potter series.) Richfield series. Surface soil; dark-brown. Subsoil; brown and lighter in color and at a depth of about 10 inches becomes a yellowish-gray or pale yellowish-brown; at a depth of about 30 inches whitish caliche occurs. Soil _is calcareous. Randall clay. Surface soil, ash-colored clay grading into a plastic lighter-colored clay. Soil occurs in shallow depressions, or playas. ' Alluvial Soils of Edwards Plateau Frio series. Surface soil to a depth of about 12 inches is dark-brown or brown. Subsoil and upper subsoil are brown, at a depth of 20 to 24 inches a lighter brown. Entire soil is calcareous. Upland Soils of Edwards Plateau Reagan series. Surface soil to a depth of one-fourth to one inch is buff or fawn-colored, fine cloddy silty soil, and grades into chocolate-brown silty clay loam 5 or 1.0 inches deep. The subsoil is a pale buff to pale brownish-yellow silty clay loam underlain by white caliche. Valera series. Surface soil, dark-brown or black containing many frag- ments of limestone. These are shallow soils, in places resting on lime- stone, or on thin grellowish clay subsoils which lie on caliche resting on limestone. 14 BULLETIN NO. 443, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Alluvial Soils of the Rolling Plains Frio series. Surface soil is dark brown or brown to a depth of ab_ 12 inches. The subsoil is a slightly lighter brown or yellowish-brown. also occurs on Edwards Plateau. i’ Miller series. Surface soil, reddish-brown 10 to 15 inches deep; sub chocolate-red. Spur series. Surface soil dark-brown or chocolate-brown 6 to 10 inc deep. Subsoil reddish-brown. When dry, surface soil has a distin g gray cast. Soils calcareous. i’ Yahola series. Surface soil, dark reddish-brown, subsoil dark chocola’ red to light chocolate-red, soils calcareous. Upland Soils of the Rolling Plains Abilene series. Surface soil dark chocolate-brown 4 to 12 inches dee » subsoil upper portion brown or dark chocolate-brown, lower portion, chal light loose caliche. Subsoil strongly calcareous. " Roscoe series. Surface soil, black, dark-gray, or very dark-brown 4 g 10 inches deep. The subsoil grades downward into a denser and heavii material with no perceptible change in color underlaid by lime bearin caliche, at about 5 feet. Vernon series. Surface soil dark reddish-brown to chocolate-red abo I 10 inches deep; subsoil lighter-colored chocolate-red containing bluish-grad or white concretions. Surface soil and subsoil generally calcareous. " I AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF SOILS BY GROUPS The soils were classified into six groups, namely, upland soils of the High Plains, alluvial soils of the High Plains, upland soils of the Rolling Plains,‘ alluvial soils of the Rolling Plains, upland soils of Edwards Plateau, and, soils of the Mountains and Basins. The group last named is found only in; the extreme western part of the area here discussed. The average compo-i; sition of these groups is given in Table 2, and the interpretation of the»: analyses is given in Table 3. In the six groups, the upland surface soils _ of the Edwards Plateau average highest in nitrogen; the upland surface t soils of the Rolling Plains and of the High Plains come next. The allu- i vial soils of both the High Plains and of the Rolling Plains average lower in nitrogen than the upland soils. This is the reverse of the case with humid sections, in which the alluvial soils are generally richer in nitroé gen than the neighboring upland soils. Of course some of the alluvial soils i; are richer in nitrogen than many of the upland soils. As is shown in Table '1; 3, the corn possibility of the nitrogen varies from 18 to 38 bushels to the _ acre, so that these soils must be considered as only moderately well sup- plied with nitrogen. ' The averages for total phosphoric acid of the various groups are remark~ l‘ ably close together; they are higher than that of soils of East Texas, and 5 about the same as that of many soils of the Blacklands. The content of active phosphoric acid is fairly good, the corn possibility ranging from 35 1 15 COMPOSITIONS 0F SOILS OF NORTHWEST AND WEST CENTRAL TEXAS 3w m5 3N mm. 23 S é wmo. $5. ....................................... .. iomnfiTssmpfiflm mwawvwufl $5 mg 8m m? $2 w: 3b. $2. .............. :m$om moawasm wcfinblswfifim mwQMKwH £2 $8 m”... .3. .... .. mfl. f mg. 2o. ...................... Qwcmmuw Qwwwlmcmmwm “an wfinpcflofi 2E 3.: 5m .3. fia NNH _ Eb. 12.. ............................. .- mowfialmammwm E5 wiwpczofi NHS 5:. m3 “B. 3A mw~ $0. a2. .................. ..w:8 wfifismlmzfiwm us.» mncfinsoi 22: :3 3N 3 :4 m: _ wwo. 3o. ................................... ,.=..£=m @8m|-w=m2m $50M 2.0 $3 “.2 mm. $4 a3 _ fie. $0. ........................................... z =o%_=m-|w¢§_m wfizom Nod 3a 2:. 3.. 3A m5 Eb. 3... ................. =59. @0225 im>sz3 2.... S... ....................... awflom 022:; §~E=< 335mm wzfizom ? Awwaofi 2951.5 13cm. 6.0 aosfi , 130E cwmonfiz _ Si. w>§< E3. . wit... i dmfionw ha, mfiow wO COmPmwOQEOU QNNHO>< .N Uiflfirfi» Table 4. Number of crops of forty bushels of corn which favorably located with respect to other conditions required to produce crops, will respond to fertilizers carrying these forms of plant food. plant food on an acre about 7 inches deep, be extracted by the plants, was calculated 1 and the results are given in Table 4. As 16 BULLETIN NO. 443, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Table 3. Interpretation of average analysis of surface soils. Corn possibilities in bushels per acre Total Acid Acid . Group Active phosphor- soluble soluble '1 Nitr0- phos- Active ic acid potash lime gen phoric potash acid l High Plains—upland soils .............. _. 28 ’ 35 163 good good high High Plains-alluvial soils .... _. . 23 50 163 good good high Rolling Plains—upland soils 28 45 163 good good high Rolling Plains—alluvial soils .. 23 5O 180 ' good good high Mountains and basins ...................... .. 18 45 135 good good high Edwards Plateau—upland soils ....... ._ I 38 45 x 144 good good high to 5O bushels per acre (Table 3). The active phosphoric acid in the upland f surface soils of the High Plains is the lowest, but even this compares favor- t. ably with that of many soils of East or Central Texas. i The quantities of total potash and acid-soluble potash are good. The corn possibility of the active potash is 135 to 163 bushels per acre (Table 3). The content of acid-soluble lime is high. The subsoil is generally more i calcareous than the surface soil. _ On the average, these soils are fairly well supplied with plant food, es» pecially potash. Nitrogen is the element present in relatively small amounts, and as nitrogen is drawn in by crops and lost in percolating’ water to a greater extent than the others, the soils are likely to become low in nitrogen first under cultivation. This discussion refers to the averages. There are individual soil types not so well supplied with plant food, as can be seen by consideration of the tables presented later. Some of these soils are likely to be deficient in nitrogen and phosphoric acid, and if .4 1. .. ...»s..,.¢.._,,. .. -~ - “ CROP-PRODUCTION POWER OF AVERAGE SOILS The number of crops of 40 bushels of corn that could be produced by the provided all the plant food could from the averages given in Table shown in the previous section, the would be produced by the plant food in two million pounds of soil (an acre 7 inches deep). Acid-soluble Group Nitrogen i Total phosphoric acid potash High Plains—upland soils ...... .. 29 ' 54 i 250 High Plains—alluvial soils ...... .. 21 61 295 Rolling Plains—upland soils._.-. 32 62 285 Rolling Plains-alluvial soils 25 60 230 Mountains and Basins .............. .. 20 54 280 Edwards Plateau .......................... a 44 93 205 m, ~ n‘,1‘+_._-_ v; COMPOSITIONS OF SOILS OF NORTHWEST AND WEST CENTRAL TEXAS 17 soils are lowest in nitrogen, and are likely to become deficient in this element before the others. They are better supplied with phosphoric acid and still more so with potash. The nitrogen would last 21 to 44 years, the total phosphoric acid would last 54 to 93 years, and the potash 205 to 295 years, if they were used entirely for plants, and none lost by washing out or otherwise. FERTILIZERS FOR THE SOILS STUDIED Fertilizers are being used to some extent in this area. In 1929-30, 710 tons were shipped into Howard county, 172 tons into Ward county, and 33 to 58 tons into Runnels, Taylor, and Jones counties. In 1930-31, 620 tons went into Howard county, 110 tons into Ward county, and 1 to 9 tons into Runnels, Taylor, and Jones counties. The fertilizer was chiefly 18% superphosphate, used on alfalfa under irrigation, though small amounts of other fertilizers were used. The growth of crops in this area is limited by climatic conditions, es- pecially rainfall, to a much greater extent than by plant food. Most of the soils have not been long under cultivation. At present the general use of [fertilizers cannot be recommended. For fruit or vegetables on irrigated lands which have been under cultivation a number of years, the use of fertilizer might prove advisable, and should be tried out. As stated above, superphosphate is being used on alfalfa grown on irrigatedland. Land under cultivation to crops different from alfalfa, which can take nitrogen from the air, is likely to need nitrogen first, and then phosphoric acid. Potash is not likely to be needed for a long time. Fruit or vegetable crops, especially under irrigation, are likely to respond to applications of nitrogen- ous and phosphatic fertilizers, since they need a good supply of easily- available plant food in order to make their best growth. USE OF LIME These soils are generally calcareous, contain an abundance of lime, and do not need applications of lime for the production of legume or other crops. Some of the soils contain too much lime for success with some plants. Some plants, such as peas, sorghum, and some trees and shrubs, suffer from a yellowing of the leaves, termed chlorosis, when grown on limestone soils. This trouble can frequently be remedied by the proper use of salts of iron. aAVERAGE COMPOSITION OF TYPES OF SOILS The average composition of the various types of soil found in the areas studied is given in Table 5. In the making of these averages, analyses exceptionally high or low were excluded, so that the analyses represent the average run of the soils. The interpretations of the analyses are given in Table 6. The Abilene clay loam, Abilene silty clay loam, Foard clay, Richfield clay loam, and Spur clay loam, average appreciably higher in nitrogen than 18 BULLETIN NO. 443, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION the other soils in their group. The Miles fine sand and Yahola clay l‘ are low in nitrogen. The Amarillo fine sandy loam, Amarillo loam, If bop fine sandy loam, Foard fine sandy loam, and Miles fine sand are lo‘ than the average in active phosphoric acid, and are likely to be defic in this substance. The soils in general are well supplied with plant f] especially potash, and contain an abundance of lime. i‘ 19 COMPOSITIONS OF SOILS OF NORTHWEST AND WEST CENTRAL TEXAS ma. not“ m3. 3. £5 3m Eb. Nab. ........................................... 220m 000m55m|502 25h 3.. mm. 3m 5.. .... z S. S... 3b. ............................ -- 220055015002 >553 05$ 5500M 3. mm. $0 S. .... -- m ab. $0. ................... 220m 000m55¢|502 >053 05$ 0.500% mfiw wbdfi 0mm EA .... -- 3w $5. $0. ......................................... 2200550 5000|>20 0500M 5m...“ owm SA Ea 5N m3. 5s. 2womn5w|>wfio 050cm. .- om. .... .- £5 w?“ .... .- £5. £5. ....................................... .500 000.555.1520 5500M EA 5.. Hwm m5. m5 M3 $0. £5. .......................... 220m 00.0w55m.|50o2 550220 5050M o»... 3. s; ma. .... .. N0 $0. £0. ................... --_. ...... z 2200250115500 05G >502 >Q50Q b0. S. b5 B“. MK. 3 3b. £0. .................... 1:00 000$5w|w50m 05E >502 550G 2Z5 Nwéfi N0 0m. mm. 2Q 25. Nab. .......................... : fiomn5mi5wo~ >=0>05m $02005m mfiw 0b.: $3 mm. m5 m». m2. m2. .................. .500 000w55m|502 >=0>05w 050500.35 mod $22 m5 .5. E. um m2. was. ...................... : momn5v|5m2 >553 05m“ ..$0x0.w5m m3 2w...“ 3N mm. m0. 0m $0. is. .............. -500 000$5m|502 >553 05$ pp0x0wnm £0 35A £0 £5 $5 25 b3. $0. ................... .- momn5m|>d€ 30x005m a3 3.» 2:. 2.5 $5 8 02. $0. .-..-.--.- ......................... 220m 000E5ml>20 QQ02005M mm. m0. 3m 00. bbA w £0. Eb. ........... .- =0mn5w||502 >©50m 05¢ 50.53am mm. 3. 0m 5. 5w. 0w mmb. $0. ................ 110m 000u55m|502 >052 05$ 50.50am obdfi £55 5. aw. 20A £5 85. m3. 5005501520 05.54 bbdfi wwa 31w aw. 26A Bu £5. $0. ........................................... 220w 00nw55wl|>20 0554 3.5 om. 3m 3... 8.5 3 Se. 5b. 2200550105002 0:25.054 mm. 3. $0 bu. 8A mm $0. m3 .................................... .2200 000$5m|1502 0255.054 B.” mm. 3m fix $2 S Q2. 3b. .............. 230550 5020|502 >053 05$ 055054 2a $5 $0 w». 3.5 3 $0. $5. ...................... -- m0mn5m|502 >053 05G 05.5054 S. m»... 3N mm. 3A 5 m”... $0. .............. 220w 000m55m|502 >055 05G 0:25.054 m? £4. m5 3. £5 N.» 5.3. $0. .......................... 2200250 5020|502 >20 0:25.054 m: 22 $0 m0. 5.x 3 0S. Sb. ................................... .. momn5w|50o_ >20 05.5054 Had 3. Sm mm. N5 S. $0. g5. ........................... .500 00055501502 >20 0:25.054 3Q. £4. 3... mw. MQN mm 5o. 00b. 1500550 5005.13.20.55 .502 >020 >22 050254 $6 50.... m5 C. m; >5 50b. bob. ............ =m0m55m|>rs055 .502 >20 >23 05254 £4. 5.5 m3 S. ~bA m» mm... 0:. 525m 000w55ml|>rn055 .502 >20 >25 05254 Nvd £5 5N m0. 5.4 02 £0. 5a. ............................ ..$0m0.5w 500511502 >20 05254 ufim “b4 w? 9.. £5 0m $0. N3. ..................................... .. m0mn5m|502 >20 05254 5A £5 0mm 8. SA ww $0. 3A. ............................ .500 000w55w|502 >20 05234 W 503:5 W 25300 500 .505 52:55 0500 .505 @500 .505 n 505 1.304 2050M. 505 730E p500 .505 020.5200 _ 03504 05,504 @500 50m... 5505.0 >fi0mm0m A204 5000.52 055A A 50.30% 300 oiosnmonm _ .0500 wo 222050 0005024 .0 25.08 20 BULLETIN NO. 443, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION oo.oH -i-- mm . . . . . . . . . . -. 2. moo. opo. ........ -- :0wnsm.|Ew2 >20 .23 .n:0>¢.~w cwwsqm oo.oH ---| ooH .... -- 2A om m2. moH. :00 000.250.115.32 .320 .$:w .»:022m cwmwwfi 2.2 8. wt. mo. mH.m m2. woH. Hmo. ...................................... ........ .- :0wn:m|1>20 22.2.5.2 £4 mo. m9. 2. £4 wHm vHH. mmo. ........................................ 220m wvwwnzmlzai. 22025.02 oo.oH 3.2 omm oH.H Ho.m 2A HoH. omo. :0mn:m|.»m_0 800m oo.oH 21.: oom mo. 2.2 i“ Hoo. mwo. ............................................ 1:3 wuwizw|l2fiu 0000M 3m 32H m: mm. moA omm woo. 5o. .................. .. :0mn:m||Ew2 25mm 0:2 95> 22:2 Sm 5.2 Sm om. 2W2 owm woo. 2o. . ....... ..:0w QUFHNHHTENOM 22.3w 0E: 23> .852 a3 £4. oom 2.. 21m mo moo. moo. .............................. -- fiwnswlfiwo: >20 2:w 32:2 Hmé mod m3. 5.. mom oHH moo. omo. .................... ..:0w ooswasmlicxo: >20 2:0 u2:2 5.2. Hm.m omm Hm. a m». m“. mmo. owo. ............................ .. :omnsml|fiwo: 2.00m 02G 22:2 8.. mo. mom om. m». o 5o. 3o. .................... 1:3 wofibilfiwo: .2315 0E: 202:2 2% m3. m2 3. :3 2: o8. Hmo. mofi=vl>so 22:2 23. mmm o3. oo. om.H How owo. woH. ................................ ..:0m 003.5013? .652 Ea 23. on mm. $2 m: Hmo. mmo. 38:5 Q020|=52 .2005» 00¢ 20> 3:2 mHm H~..H oo vm. EaH Q 5o. moo. .................. .. :0.E:m.|:82 205$ 05w .30., 3:2 .3. om. mom Hm. Hw.H .2. omo. omo. .......... ..:0m UUNMMHHTEGAJ 25am 0E: 20> 00:2 3. 2H. mHm 5. 2.2 Hm mmo. omo. ................... .. :0mn:w 2200:1802 .2053 0E: 3:2 $4 mm. omm 2.. 2.2 om 2o. ooo. ............................ .. :0mn:wI|Ew2 .2500 05w 8:2 2.. om. 8m 2m. mm.H S. omo. woo. .................... ..:0m 00225221802 25.0w 0E: m0:2 mm. 2. E. Hm. mo. mH Hmo. omo. ................................. ..:0wasm Qwwolocwm 0E: 3:2 mm. pH. S. wH. omA mH fimo. mmo. .......................................... -- :omanm|vcww 22w m2:2 mm. mH. ow mo. Ho. Hm mHo. omo. .................................. ..:0m oowmasmllwnwm 05w 3:2 2b mmd mHm mm. Hw.H H2. 3o. mmo. ................................ ..:0wn:m 9007.500: >20 3:2 B... mo.» mom 5.. oo.m mm smo. woo. .......................................... -- :0wn:m|Eso_ 22o 00:2 23 2.2 o3. mo. mwé 5. 2o. moo. x- .................... ::0m wowwnnwvlfino: >20 3:2 mo... 22. omm mo. EA m5. HoH. omo. ............................................ ..:0mn:m a020||>m$ 3:2 m3. 2.2. m2 5. HQH m? owo. moo. mofiaThso 00:2 5.6 :3. Hm.» g2 3.2 wow moH. moo. ............................................ 1:00 o0wma=¢|>2o 26:2 oo.oH Hod omm 2.. 2.2 o2 woo. omo. .................................. ..:0mn:m 025L250: 2E 0:2 mod owé mm» 2m. $2 mom moo. moo. ........................................... .. :omnsm||fiw2 2:... 02h mwd owd mm» S. oH.H m2. mo: m2. ...................................... ..:om 00w$§W|Ew2 2:0 2.2 5.2. wWH Em 2.. E2 .2 2o. ooH. ................................. ..:om w0fiv§TEa2 02h 502:5 222cm £50 .60 Q0525 pcwo 5n unwo awm no: 5304 130B . no: Each. “$200 non 033cm 02:04 022.4 £60 no: Qnonw 85a - S p. . M wamm Amwuom 20.» omnosamoam cwmoufiz Amwncmufloo 0:00 m0 mmmmfiacw 0m9$>< 6 03am. 21 COMPOSITIONS OF SOILS OF NORTHWEST AND WEST CENTRAL TEXAS W W mmmm 3% £5 mm. 3A 9... W $9 W $9 ....................... =momnsm|fiao2 >23... 25 :35.» 5. 3. 3N NM. 5. 8 W S9 $9 ................ do» »»$.5»|E.»»_ >28» 25 comma.» w»... Pw.» 3; m9 3N SN W N3. W $9 .......... -.:»»n:» Q»2.|E»»_ >2» =2r6> ww.» on.» wmw 3.. 2mm N3 W $9 W mp9 ...................................... fiomnsmlfiwofi >2» con$> 3.». 8.2 3w 3.. E8 3N 2.9 W m3. ........................... .23» méwvflmliafi >2» .855.’ mmmw mmw. awn mwH mod 5» as. W 2.». ...................................... .2322?“ 937.4»? coflww»? C.» wflm m3 a9 mm: wmw W 3.9 W $9 .............................................. .. 2€mnsml>2u :o:.~»> .1...» 3m “m...” wwm mmm m3 $9 W $9 ...................................... 2B» »»2>=ml>2» =»F~»> . mm. 5. . . . . . .- 39 9.6. ...................................... ..mownsm.l>w~o >:o».m w>w~a> mom mm» S; mm. wm. 3 $9 W N3. ............................. .2?» »»3.§5||>2» >23» u>2w> firm oak wmw aw. FA 26 $9 W ww9 ............................................... .. momnnmlfia? 96:; 3am wmw >3. E. 2.4 m» 3.9 W 3H. ........................................ .23.». gsmismulfiw? w>2u> wow mam 5m mm. SA m3. 89 W $9 .................... Jmomnsmlfiwofi >35» ofiw >5.’ nsmm m». w». S» N... £4 $2. $9 W $9 .......... .28» »»2.:.TE»»_ >25» 25 >5.’ 55m S.» ma... 2N 3. EA 8H W 3». W $9 flownnTfiufi annw .3.» w...» m...» 3.. S; i.» 89 m2. :5. wowwnswlfiwfi; 25w 2% 2w N“... M5. m: 2.2 $9 W $9 .................................. 2.9.25 Q»2..IE»Q2 >2» haw Sum New 3m Em £2 m5 $9 W $9 .......................................... ..momn§m.|c>ao_ >2» Hiflw 2M2 3.2 3w S mdw i...“ HS. W 3A. .................................. 26w »»8.:.m|=S»_ >2» flfim wfim firm 5m om. m9.“ .3 awe. W awe. ................................................. .. momnswlinm? moumom wmm oflm 5m mm. wwA N: wwo. W .23. .......................................... 23w w»mw.§w»|>a2» ooumom B.» 3.... 2mm 3. 3A m3 $9 W 9.9 ........................ ..:»mnsm|1E»o_ >2» is» wmfinfim 2w...“ 3.» m3. m... ~92 >3 .29 W $9 ........................ ..:own:m|Ewo_ >2» >22 Efiwsfim WE.» 2m w...» S. mm; $2 . $9 W 3H. .............. .28» »»$.5TE»»2 >2» >23 Bfiwsfim . 5.3 3. w». .... .. W $9 W 39 ............................ ..mownsm»liwo_ >=»>»>m £26m 3.“. m5.» E...“ 3H wWH m9... M39 W 39 mmmmmmmmmwmmmmmmm.-.do» w»ww.5muliwo~ >=w>w>m wwgwm mm...» S... m2. S. £2. mg. W 39 . momma» Q3752: >95» MEG mw>wwm mow 3w 3N 8m Q92 9.2 W 2.9 W $9 .......................... ..:o»n:»||E.»o~ >25» 25 w»>»»m 3m .3...» 3m W»..- SA N3 W 2.9 W 2.9 .................. 2E» »»$>=»||E»»_ >95» 25 @2632 mmm . EH N9 E. W £9 W woo. ................................................ ..mcmn:m|..v:w£» mw>owm 3.». vwm. p: i. m9 mm _ 39 W 5o. ...................................... 23m oowwasmlvzwn» 3.63m ma» 3J3 2.3 N9 3a S. _ 2W9 2.9 ........................... ..mownnm|iwo_ >2» 3mm cwwawm wmm vmw mom wm. 3N w§ . $9 . Hmfi. .................. zfiom vuwu>5m|Edo_ >2» 32m idmmwfi W c255 Bniom uflwo n09 G355 $50 awfl W . W ufloo uwQ 5a $1.4 $30M. non 3.5a. W 2W5.» awn “inflow 0:304 0.534 £50 uoa 9:50 55d | 5a u. . m mwfimfl Awwuom Eva omnonnmonm couch-CA Awoscmucoo wmow mo mmmfiwgw oww>w>4 a 28.5. N 0 I T A T S T N E m R E P x E L A. R U T L U C I R G A S A X E T s. 4 4 .0 h N I T E L L U B 22 5d S.” E3 mm. . . . .............. .. i... §. m3 am. m? SH. m»... ............ fiowgsmlfiflu. .33 .293.» mms m3. own 5. $4 wfi. $5. wmo. :3 womhism|iwo_ >20 @158» mud 3N v2. 5.. 2Q S“. mwo. mg. ................... . domnswlfiwfi $52 25 wfiocow n06 mvd ma.“ U». wfiw mom :3. moo. .... z flow womwa5m|fi_.mo_ 25mm vim 393% and mfim o2 wm. wflim EH o3. mg. ..... Qwwwliwfi .2253 wcfi h»? coF$> aw.” NWN wmw Hm. 32w 3N :5. N3. ...... : :omn:m1|Ewo_ >953 ocfi m»? cocno> 3w 2Q 2H 3. 23 w: 8m. :5. ....... .._,m.....m.mwmmm..,.wls.c_ r52 2E i? .858» ww. am.” 2m om. mHA Nw wwc. wvo. .................................... .1885 Qwwwlfimofi coF$> wmm 5A w? S. 3A m2 m2. m3. ........................................ ,. mamfialfiwfi: c958» max. Hod m: ma. wflim fium mg. mwo. .................................... =23 w8&»=TE~o_ cocpw> 5w wad mow mm. ZXH wv mwo. mmc. .......... .. iownsw|gwofi as? hzwzwfiw floF$> m2 om...“ cmm mm. .... .. w wmo. mwo. . ......... QSwfiHaIEQQH as? miwgfim =oc~o> 55 N2 momnsw nowmTlfiwofl >22 aim QCGMQ> ucwu 3Q _ fiwms wfiwwufivwm uswwo onon c355 “sou 3Q . ammo 3n Bnfiom M w>$u< . _ a H. .59 350B mumommwm -304 ~ . o>$u< £5“. awn Qsonw 25A A nwwém Hun omnosnwosm cowofimz . Awwucmufloo mflom mo mwwzfimcm wwmnm>4 .m flank COMPOSITIONS OF SOILS OF NORTHWEST AND WEST CENTRAL TEXAS 23 do 33a o doom doom doom Sm mm om ............................. ..ooawnsm|fimofi .31. Roam do 31$ o smE doom doom Sm mm B. ..................................... .. oofihsmlmom. ooonom >4 fimmm... o smi doom doom S; wH on ................... ..ooad~om|lfiao~ mzgopm wokoofi f. wood? o ammo doom doom E: mm om ............... =25ma=w|Eoo~ .853 25 mo>wwm do @355 o smE bu“ B2 S mm ow ................................... z ooawnsmlvzmno 3.46m rm wmmgfi; o nmE doom doom Sm mm on ................ ..~oom.:_m|E@o_ .83 >35 flnmowfi m4 $5.35 o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. doom .8 m» o» oofifiimlfiooo mo? momw >=o>wnm Gamwofi mo. ~56 o doom doom doom Sm mm mm ................................... -, oomdoowlmwfio zwdcmm do 3mg o smE doom doom m3 mm ow ....................................... .. ooomasTmooo mooom do mod? o doom doom doom mom mm mm ..... ..ooom.5m|Emo~ mdcmm ocfi 50> .655 do $3.8. o smE doom doom o3 mm m... ..................... -.oo$.5w||8so~ .930 momm .852 m... macaw; o doom doom doom m3 mm o ................. .doum._.sm|iwo_ mdnww 25 .852 ma. 53H o smE doom doom wwfl mm om .................................... .. wowwaswlmodo .552 do 25m...“ o doom doom doom mom wH mm ....... EQOQMHETENHJ mdcow wfiw .32, mwmE o4“ wwoamm; o doom doom doom mmfi mm om ................... -.ouwm.»omvlfiwofi mdcam onfl 3:5 m... ~35 o flaw flow doom om ma on i-....1...--..-....:...:....oodmaflmldimm 05w wofifi 3. Nmomwm; o doom doom doom wwfi mm om ............................ ..woomanm.lfi.oo_ >30 woman We Smmm o 5mg doom doom owfi ww mm ......................................... .. oowwndTaflo momma owoofinwi 82 wofi. o 5mg doom doom mom mm mm ................................... ..oo.wmu5m1|§mo~ aim oirfl docoflsoi ooZ on»? o doom doom doom o2 mm om ...................................... -- oowmasmueiwom odflm S. omméfi o doom doom B2 SA mm o ................. ..oowm.~om|finoo >dflmm ocfl dnmoh m2 izammm o doom doom doom 1-..- mm -..- ....................................... -- woamnomlmwd. dHooh . , 4 . . . . . o doom doom doom mmm ww ow .---.-.........oommusmllfiwoo mo? miwiwum mooofl m... 3m mm o b3 £3 £3 mm 2 mm ................ “oommaflmldflow 2i .352 miofi dwsofinodH 82 mo? o smE doom doom do mm om ................ -. wowmusmrnfinoo >=o>m~m Soxooum do mafia o 2mm: doom doom m: w.“ om ......... zooawnomllfimfi mdcom o5“ oooxoomm m... mama: o nmE doom doom m5 mm ow ............. -.. .................... aooumnnmlfiflo uowxoopm do fiqfi. o doom doom doom om ma w.“ ............. ..woawuoml.fimo_ mdcom vim Qooowom Nd mam... o omE doom doom dmé mm om ....................................... .. wodwaflTmfiflo oFJw mm momma o doom doom doom m2 w.“ m: ............................... : oommnflmllfioofi 33.233» o4; fiommmm o doom doom doom m2 wH om ........... ..ooo.d~om.lfimo_ mdcmm onfl ozincfim m; ofimwiwm o doom doom doom ZN mm mm Ix ................... ..vowmuom.|fioo_ ha? OST~§S< d4. _ Nfiammm o doom doom doom don mm mm ............... .-oo.wwnom|fl~mo~ mo? 3mm 0:354 3. 3%?” H o doom doom doom 3m ma. _ om. .......................... ..wo.omusm||fiwo_ ma? woomoiw _ W _ com ’ dmow moan . _ smwooa on»? . @223 mo _ _ dwow w>$o< 13cm. é Lmona 33 $.84 3334 wEmA Smwoom 2.32m c534 uEwZ mama. mom“ lmOamnM dwxwm. uwQKJeQOZ dim Q3500 emu? mdnnon #251! OB». momfifimmoa F30 domfionm wo flofihoonfluoocH 6 was? N m m T Q» T N E M I R E P X E L A R U T L U C I R G A Q» A X E T 3, 4 4 O N N I T E L L U B 24 i!!!‘ _ 3.8. 5231mm S. m2? ¢ Haw v8“ S. Madam o i2 v8» 9m 812;. Q p»! Haw .2 Mafia» o He» “sow wm _ 3...?» c E6» Haw wmcomanofi QoZ 093.. o cm“: woow 5N szawqafi A. Haw Haw 1m wwfiwg; ¢ .32 v8“ i. 8x85 A. .35 3% i. ma» m2 = i3 Haw S. 3M5 = Haw 25M S. Si? Q fiE Haw _ awpw , u. , £30 mmnu< >£Eu< _ Q53“ Amwpom uom fl woow meow woe» woom woom woom woou woom woow woow voom woom 2. .2 3 3N mu mm m2 mm 3 2: w“ 2. m2 2 Q mfi mm 3.. m: mm 3 3m wu 3 2. mm mm m: mm 3 EN m: mm 2: mm 3 5w Eon smswon AZ»? 2.55m @334 Egon. éonn . v3.34 2:26AM c0315 o3» hummnmmmoa F30 .......................... ..wuwwn:m||:~wo~ >50 wwusow .............. ..ouwm.~sm|lfiao_ >25». wcfl wfioso? i-OOQMMQTENS mwcww vim ~82, GOEMPP. .................................. rmuumpswlfimfi: cozno> .............. emuwmnuTiwo~ $.53 mi.“ 2on5»? ........ ewuwwunTfiao~ 52o mio>aau =ocnw> ........................... awowmnzmlaafi ma? nocao> ................................... .. wuswufiThw? QOFEP ........................ ..wosmn5w..|hw~o hfloam waoifiw .................................... z ooswasmnlhww. duoifw ......... -,oo.wm.~nmllfi.mo~ 35mm aim 93> “saw .................................... -- oowwnsm-lfisofi 55m mEwZ mama. dwscficonYlwwwwH pmw>>nanoz was fimHEoO uwokw dwmfiwc< we compwumanuwucH d 22mm. COMPOSITIONS OF SOILS OF NORTHWEST AND WEST CENTRAL TEXAS 25 SUMMARY The chemical composition and fertility of typical soils representing 49 counties in Northwest and West Central Texas, are discussed in this Bul- letin. Methods of maintaining fertility are outlined and explanations of terms given. Saline soils are found in spots in some counties; the salts consist chiefly of sodium chloride, though sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, and mag- nesium chloride are also found. The upland surface soils of the Edwards Plateau are, on an average, highest in nitrogen; the upland surface soils of the Rolling Plains and of the High Plains come next in nitrogen. Some of the soils are low in nitrogen while many of them are only moderately well supplied. The soils are fairly well supplied with total phosphoric acid, being on an average higher in phosphoric acid than those of East Texas. Some of the soils are low in active phosphoric acid. The quantities of total potash, of acid soluble potash, and of active potash, are good to excellent. The soils are well supplied with lime, many of them contain large per- centages of lime. The subsoils generally contain more lime than the surface soils. Nitrogen is the element present in the smallest amounts, and as the supply of nitrogen is drawn on heavily by crops, and some of it is lost in drainage waters, the soils are likely to become deficient in nitrogen first, under cultivation. Moisture is generally the limiting condition in the territory. Fertilizers » are not at present recommended for general farm crops, though their use may be advisable for special crops, such as alfalfa, and fruit or vegetable crops.