L I B R A R Y Agricultural & Mechanical College of Texas Conf-‘Be Station, Texas. 6000-14180 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION A. B. CONNER, DIRECTOR COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS SULLETIN NO. 482 OCTOBER, 1933 DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY Soils 0f Henderson, Hidalgo, Milam, Nacogdoches, Navarro, Wichita, Willacy, and Victoria Counties \. ,0 ( : ‘. VJ f» “M fr’; x o AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS T. O. WALTON, President l.’ STATION STAFFT Administration : A. B. Conner, M. S., Director R. E. Karper, M. S., Vice-Director Clarice Mixson, B. A., Secretary M. P. Holleman, Chief Clerk J. K. Francklow, Asst. Chief Clerk Chester Higgs, Executive Assistant Howard Berry, B. S., Technical Asst. Chemistry: G. S. Fraps, Ph. D., Chief; State Chemist S. E. Asbury, M. S., Chemist J. F. Fudge, Ph. D., Chemist E. C. Carlyle, M. S., Asst. Chemist T. L. Ogier, B. S., Asst. Chemist A. J. Sterges, M. S., Asst. Chemist Ray Treichler, M. S., Asst. Chemist W. H. Walker, Asst. Chemist Velma Graham, Asst. Chemist Jeanne F. DeMottier, Asst. Chemist R. L. Schwartz, B. S., Asst. Chemist C. M. Founders, B. S., Asst. Chemist Horticulture: S. H. Yarnell, Sc. D., Chief Range Animal Husbandry: J. M. Jones, A. M., Chief B. L. Warwick, Ph. D., Breeding Investiga. S. P. Davis, Wool Grader J. H. Jones, B. S., Animal Husb. Entomology: F. L. Thomas, Ph. D., Chief; State Entomologist H. J. Reinhard, B. S., Entomologist R. K. Fletcher, Ph. D., Entomologist W. L. Owen, Jr., M. S., Entomologist N. Roney, M. S., Entomologist C. Gaines, Jr., M. S., Entomologist E. Jones, M. S., Entomologist F. Bibby, B. S., Entomologist W. Dunnam, Ph. D., Entomologist . W. Moreland, B. S., Asst. Entomologist C. E. Heard, B. S., Chief Inspector C. J. Burgin, B. S., Foulbrood Inspector Agronomy: E. B. Reynolds, Ph. D., Chief R. E. Karper, M. S., Agronomist P. C. Mangelsdorf, Sc. D., Agronomist D. T. Killough, M. S., Agronomist Publications : A. D. Jackson, Chief IO l‘ 5°95???‘ Veterinary Science: ‘M. Francis, D. V. M., Chief H. Schmidt, D. V. M., Veterinarian "F. P. Mathews, D.V.M., M.S., Veterinarian J. B. Mims, D. V. M., Asst. Veterinarian Plant Pathology and Physiology: J. J. Taubenhaus, Ph. D., Chief W. N. Ezekiel, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist Farm and Ranch Economics: L. P. Gabbard, M. S., Chief W. E. Paulson, Ph. D., Marketing C. A. Bonnen, M. S., Farm Management 1"W. R. Nisbet, B. S., Ranch Management **A. C. Magee, M. S., Ranch Management Rural Home Research: Jessie Whitacre, Ph. D., Chief Mary Anna Grimes, M. S., Textiles Sylvia Cover, Ph.D., Foods Soil Survey: "W. T. Carter, B. S., Chief E. H. Templin, B. S., Soil Surveyor A. H. Bean, B. S., Soil Surveyor R. M. Marshall, B. S., Soil Surveyor Botany: V. L. Cory, M. S., Acting Chief Swine Husbandry: Fred Hale, M. S., Chief Dairy Husbandry: O. C. Copeland, M. S., Dairy Husbandman Poultry Husbandry: R. M. Sherwood, M. S., Chief J. R. Couch, B.S., Asst. Poultry Husbandman Agricultural Engineering: H. P. Smith, M. S., Chief Main Station Farm: G. T. McNess, Superintendent Apiculture (San Antonio): H. B. Parks, B. S., Chief A. H. Alex, B. S., Queen Feed Control Service: F. D. Fuller, M. S., Chief James Sullivan, Asst. Chief . . Pearce, Secretary Rogers, Feed Inspector Kirkland, B. S., Feed Inspector . Reynolds, Jr., Feed Inspector . Moore, Feed Inspector Wilson, B. S., Feed Inspector Wickes, D. V. M., Feed Inspector Breeder PBTUFFF“ 99M???” SUBSTATIONS No. 1, Beeville, Bee County: R. A. Hall, B. S., Superintendent No. 2, Lindale, Smith County: P. R. Johnson, M. S., Superintendent No. 9, Balmorhea, Reeves County: J. J. Bayles, B. S., Superintendent No. 10, College Station, Brazos County: R. M. Sherwood, M. S., In Charge "B. H. Hendrickson, B. S., Sci. in Soil Erosion L. J. McCall, Farm Superintendent "R. W. Baird, M. S., Assoc. Agr. Engineer No. 3, Angleton, Brazoria County: R. H. Stansel, M. S., Superintendent H. M. Reed, M. S., Horticulturist No. 4, Beaumont, Jefferson County: R. H. Wyche, B. S., Superintendent “H. M. Beachell, B. S., Junior Agronomist No. 5, Temple, Bell County: Henry Dunlavy, M. S., Superintendent C. H. Rogers, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist H. E. Rea, B. S., Agronomist S. E. Wolff, M. S., Botanist “H. V. Geib, PL. D., Sci. in Soil Erosion "H. O. Hill, B. S., Junior Civil Engineer No. 6, Denton, Denton County: P. B. Dunkle, B. S., Superintendent "I. M. Atkins, B. S., Junior Agronomist No. 7, Spur, Dickens County: R. E. Dickson, B. S., Superintendent B. C. Langley, M. S., Agronomist No. 8, Lubbock, Lubbock County: D. L. Jones, Superintendent Frank Gaines, Irrig. and Forest Nurs. Members of Teaching Staff Carrying G. W. Adriance, Ph. D., Horticulture S. W. Bilsing, Ph. D., Entomology D. Scoates, A. E., Agricultural Engineering A. K. Mackey. M. S., Animal Husbandry R. G. Reeves, Ph. D., Biology ‘Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine. No. 11, Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County: H. F. Morris, M. S., Superintendent "No. 12, Chillicothe, Hardeman County: "J. R. Quinby, B. S., Superintendent "J. C. Stephens, M. A., Asst. Agronomist No. 14, Sonora, Sutton-Edwards Counties: W. H. Dameron, B. S., Superintendent I. B. Boughton, D. V. M., Veterinarian W. T. Hardy, D. V. M., Veterinarian O. L. Carpenter, Shepherd "O. G. Babcock, B. S., Asst. Entomologist No. l5, Weslaco, Hidalgo County: W. H. Friend, B. S., Superintendent S. W. Clark, B. S., Entomologist W. J. Bach, M. S., Plant Pathologist JpF. Wood, B. S., Horticulturist No. 16, Iowa Park, Wichita County: C. H. McDowell, B. S., Superintendent L. E. Brooks, B. S., Horticulturist No. 19, Winterhaven, Dlmmit County: E. Mortensen, B. S., Superintendent "L. R. Hawthorn, M. S., Horticulturist Cooperative Projects on the Station: J. S. Mogford, M. S., Agronomy F. R. Brison, M. S., Horticulture W. R. Horlacher, Ph. D., Genetics J. H. Knox, M. S., Animal Husbandry A. L. Darnell, M. A., Dairy Husbandry TAs of October 1, 1983 "In cooperation with U. S. Department of Agriculture. IIn cooperation with Texas Extension Service. Chemical analyses and some pot experiments are reported for representative samples of typical soils of Henderson, Hidalgo, Milam, Nacgdoches, Navarro, Victoria, Wichita, and lVillacy coun- ties. The bottom, or alluvial, soils are better supplied with plant food than the upland soils. Many of the soils are deficient in phosphoric acid and nitrogen. They are better supplied with potash, though some are low in potash. A few are low in lime with a tendency to become acid, but most are well supplied with lime and some are calcareous soils high in lime tations of the analyses of the individual soil tv' CONTENTS Introduction 5 Maintenance of fertility 5 Maintenance of humus and nitrogen 6 Phosphoric acid 7 Acidity 7 Potash 7 How to use the analyses 8 Explanation of terms 8 Saline soils 10 Pot experiments 11 Relation of chemical analysis to production 11 Average composition of the soils of the counties studied _____________________________ "12 " Crop-production power of average soils .----16 Fertilizers for the soils studied 17 Use of lime ‘ 19 Soils of Henderson county 19 Composition of soils ____ -. . 19 Fertilizers 23 Classification of soils of Henderson county "~ 23 Soils of Hidalgo county _ 27 é Composition of soils.-_-_ 27 Fertilizers 31 Salty soils 31 ’ Classification of soils of Hidalgo county-" 31 I " Milam county _ - 32 of soils 32 ' 33‘ ‘ls of Milam county 33 I ‘v ________________________________________________________________________ 1387} _________________________________ -38 _______________________ ._39 .................. -.39 f ____________ .-44 -. ________ _-44 A ...... _-44 .... _-44 s, --_--45 --50 - _50 ..50 54 35 f! l: 2 __ I /_'§.-—._‘ BULLETIN NO. 482 OCTOBER, 1933 SOILS OF HENDERSON. HIDALGO, MILAM. NACOGDOCI-IES, NAVARRO. ‘VICHITA. WILLACY AND . VICTORIA COUNTIES G. S. FRAPS This Bulletin deals with the composition and fertility of samples of soils collected from eight counties in Texas. It is the thirteenth in a series dealing with the chemical composition of typical Texas soils. Most of the samples were collected by field agents of the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in cooperation with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. Detailed reports of these surveys with maps showing the location of the different soil types have been published by the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Descriptions of soils given in this Bulletin have been condensed from these reports. The soil surveys referred to are as follows: Soil Survey of Henderson County, Texas by H. W. Hawker and R. E. Devereux. Soil Survey of Hidalgo County, Texas by H. W. Hawker, W. M. Beck, and R. E. Devereux. l Soil Survey of Milam County, Texas by W. T. Carter, W. M. Beck, E. H. Templin, and H. W. Hawker. Soil Survey of Nacgdoches County, Texas by B. H. Hendrickson, R. E. Devereux, and E. H. Templin. Soil Survey of Navarro County, Texas by M. W. Beck and E. H. Templin. . Soil Survey of Wichita County, Texas by William T. Carter, W. W. Strike, H. V. Geib, and E. H. Templin. Soil Survey of Willacy County, Texas by H. W. Hawker and C. S. Sim- mons, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Soil Survey of Victoria County, Texas by W. T. Carter, C. S. Simmons, H. W. Hawker, and T. C. Reitch. Requests for copies of these surveys should be addressedto the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, United States Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C. MAINTENANCE OF FERTILITY The following are some of the essentials to the maintenance or improve- ment of soil fertility: '1. The store of nitrogen and humus in the soil should be maintained. Growing legumes in a. proper rotation, and turning these under or grazing them off is usually to be advised. The nitrogen in the soil may be supplemented by the use of nitrogenous fertilizers. Losses of nitrogen lue to cropping eventually result in a deficiency of nitrogen. 6 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 2. Deficiency of phosphoric acid in the soil should be corrected by the use of phosphates as a fertilizer. Losses of phosphoric acid due to crop- ping eventually result in a deficiency of phosphoric acid. 3. Any acidity sufficient to be injurious to the crops being grown, if present, should be corrected by applications of ground limestone or lime. Lime and limestone are also used for the improvement of the physical character of heavy soils poor in lime or for supplying lime for crops which need a quantity of lime. Lime should be used chiefly in connection with a systematic rotation in which a suitable legume is included. - 4. Any deficiency of potash in the soil should be corrected by the use of fertilizers containing potash. Losses of potash due to cropping eventually result in a deficiency of potash. 5. Erosion or Washing away of the more fertile surface soil should be prevented. 6. Land under irrigation should have good underdrainage, either natural or artificial, so that salts dissolved in the irrigation water will be washed out and will not accumulate in the soil. MAINTENANCE OF HUMUS AND NITROGEN The maintenance of the humus, which is produced by the partial decay of vegetable matter in the soil, aids materially in maintenance of fertility. Humus, in sufficient quantity, helps soils to hold a favorable amount of Water, so as better to resist drouth. It helps to give a fine crumbly structure to clay soils and enables them to break up into a good condition of tilth under the action of cultivating implements. It checks the rapidity of the percolation of water through sandy soils, thus decreasing loss of plant food. Humus also is the storehouse of most of the nitrogen of the soil. Nitrogen in humus is insoluble in Water and cannot be taken up by crops or Washed out of the soil. Nitrogen in humus is slowly changed by soil organisms to nitrates or ammonia, in which forms the nitrogen may be taken up by the plants or washed from the soil. The storing of nitrogen in the insoluble humus compounds protects the soil from rapid depletion of nitrogen, either by cropping or by percolating water. Some soils produce good crops for a long time without additions of vegetable matter, but for permanent productiveness on most soils, vegeta- ble matter must be added sooner or later. Vegetable matter may be supplied in barnyard manure, which is excellent when sufficient quantities can be secured, but barnyard manure cannot always be secured in large enough quantities. Artificial manure may be prepared from leaves, straw, or similar waste material. Legume crops, which have power to take nitrogen from the air, may be grown in rotation with other crops, and if either turned under or grazed off will introduce vegetable matter into the soil. If the crop is heavy, it is best to allow it to become nearly mature before turning it under. To graze off the crop is better than to turn it under, as some of the feeding value of the crop is secured when it is grazed, while the droppings from the animals, together with the liquid SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS 7 excrement, return to the soil the bulk of the plant food taken up by the crop. To make the crop into hay, and save the manure from the hay, is not as good for the soil as grazing off the crop, since a larger part of the plant food in the hay is lost in the liquid excrement or solid excrement which cannot be saved. When the legume is made into hay to be sold, the land probably gains little nitrogen and actually loses phosphoric acid and potash. Crops other than legumes add vegetable matter to the soil when plowed under or grazed off, or serve as cover crops to reduce losses from leaching or washing when the land would otherwise be bare, but legumes are the only plants known to take up the nitrogen of the air and place it into the soil in the forms suitable for use of other crops. For this reason it is best to grow legumes for hay, forage, or renovating crops whenever possible. The maintenance of the nitrogen content of the soil is more important than the maintenance of its humus content. Nitrogen may be purchased as a fertilizer, but is expensive when bought in this way, and ordinarily a farmer growing staple crops cannot afford to buy enough of it to keep the nitrogen content of his land from decreasing. The only practical way to maintain nitrogen content of the soil when ordinary“ farm crops are grown is to secure part of the nitrogen from the air by growing legumes. The nitrogen fixed by the legumes can then be utilized for cotton, corn, kafir, or similar crops. The kind of legume best to grow depends upon the climate "and other conditions, which vary with different sections of the State and with different conditions of farming. Phosphoric Acid Many Texas soils are deficient in phosphoric acid. This Bulletin contains information regarding the probable deficiencies in phosphoric acid of the various soils of the counties described. Deficiency of phosphoric acid may be easily and profitably corrected by the use of superphosphate as a fertilizer. Acidity Some soils contain organic or inorganic acids. Some crops such as clover, alfalfa, barley, and rye do not grow well on acid soils. There are other crops, such as cowpeas and watermelons, which do well on acid soils. Acidity may be corrected by the use of ground limestone, ground oyster shells, air-slaked lime, or hydrated lime. Few acid soils are found to occur in the counties described in this Bulletin. Legumes as a rule require more lime than other crops. Potash While many of the soils of Texas are rich in potash, there is a variation among the different soils and some need potash as a fertilizer. In general, potash is the least often needed of the three plant foods for field crops. Plants can take up more potash than they need. 8 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION The needs for potash of the various types of soil here studied are indicated by the tables of the analyses and of interpretation of the results given later. Some of the soils described are low in active potash compared with other soils of the State, though they are much better supplied with potash than with phosphoric acid or nitrogen. HOW TO USE THE ANALYSES Analyses of the soils are given in connection with the descriptions of the various types of soil in connection with each county. The interpreta- tion of the analyses is also given so that the strength or weakness of each type can be ascertained. If a soil well supplied with plant food does not give good yields it is obvious that some condition other than plant food controls the yields. The condition which limits the yield may be a poor physical condition, in respect to cultivation, drainage, orf otherwise. It may be the presence of injurious substances, such as soluble salts or the soil may supply insuffi- cient amounts of water for the plants. Plant diseases may also be present. If the soil is well supplied with total plant food, but low in active plant food, attempts may be made to increase the activity of soil agencies which make the plant food available, by means of additions of manure, of green crops plowed under, or if the soil needs lime, by the addition of lime or ground limestone in connection with a legume rotation. This kind of cropping of course leads eventually to depletion of the plant food of the soil. If the crop yields are low and the plant food is deficient, fertilizer should be used. It is not possible to tell from the chemical analyses of the soil the formula of the fertilizer which will give the best results. "The depth of the soil and the character of the subsoil, as well as the season, influence the yield of crops as much as the plant food. The great variations caused by the season can be seen by observing the variation of the yield on the same land from one year to another. EXPLANATION OF TERMS Total phosphoric acid is the entire quantity of phosphoric acid contained in the soil. It cannot all be taken up by plants at once, as only a small portion is immediately available. It is made slowly available by natural agencies. - » Active phosphoric acid is that part of the total phosphoric acid which is more easily taken up by plants. It is that soluble in 0.2N nitric acid. The relation of the active phosphoric acid to the strength of the soil is shown in the table giving the interpretation of the analyses. As shown in Bulletins 126 and 276, there is a relation between the active phosphoric acid of the soil and the amount of the phosphoric acid which crops are able to take from the soil in pot experiments. There is a closer relation between the active phosphoric acid of the soil and the needs of the soil for phos- SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS 9 phoric acid as a fertilizer, than between the total phosphoric acid and the needs of the soil. ‘ Total potash represents the entire amount of potash in the soil. A large part of this is locked up in highly insoluble silicates, and may not become available for the use of plants in centuries. The amount of total potash does not indicate how much is available for use by the immediate crop. Acid-soluble potash is the amount of the potash that is dissolved by strong hydrochloric acid. As pointed out by Hilgard, there is a relation between the amount of acid-soluble potash of the soil and the wearing qualities of the soil (Fraps Principles of Agricultural Chemistry, Page 171). The higher the percentage of acid-soluble potash, the longer the soil can be cropped before it needs potash. Active potash is the potash that can be readily taken up by plants, as shown by pot experiments in Bulletins 145 and 325. It is that soluble in 0.2N nitric acid. There is a close relation between the amount of active potash in the soil and the amount which can be used by crops. Total nitrogen is the entire quantity present in the soil. Most of the nitrogen is present in organic matter or humus. As shown in Bulletin 151, there is a relation between the total nitrogen of the soil, and the nitrogen which can be taken from it by crops in pot experiments. The total nitrogen is therefore an index as to the needs of the soil for nitrogen, although the nitrogen in worn soils is not as valuable as that in new soils, and a number of conditions affect the quantity of nitrogen made available to the use of crops. Acid-soluble lime is the lime which is dissolved by strong hydrochloric acid. According to Hilgard, the amount of lime found by this method is a valuable indication as to the fertility of the soil. Basicity. The basicity represents the carbonate of lime and other basic materials in the soil. This term is here applied to the bases (chiefly lime) which neutralize the 0.2N nitric acid in the method for dertermining active phosphoric acid and active potash. This term is merely used as a con- venient one for the determination referred to. The basicity represents all the carbonate of lime, in addition to about 86 per cent of the exchangeable ‘bases of the soil (Bulletin 442). Acidity is here represented by what is termed the pH of the soil. The pH (or hydrogen ion concentration) shows the degree of acidity of the soil. A neutral soil is represented by a pH value of 7.0. The lower the number below pH 7, the more acid the soil. A soil of pH 6.0 would be ten times more acid than a soil of 7.0, and one with 5.0 pH would be ten times more acid than one of pH 6.0. Numbers higher than 7.0 indicate alkalinity and the higher the number, the more alkaline the soil. In general, a certain reaction is best suited to a given kind of plant. If the soil is acid applica- tions of lime should be made to produce the favorable pH, but soils do not all act alike in this respect, and sometimes acid soils do not respond to the use of lime. - 10 i BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Corn possibility represents the average amount of plant food which is Withdrawn by plants in pot experiments from soils containing similar amounts of total nitrogen, active phosphoric acid, or active potash. It is based on 2,000,000 pounds of soil. The corn possibility is not claimed to indicate the possible yield from the soil, as this depends upon other conditions in addition to the fertility of the soil. The corn possibility is a convenient way of comparing amounts of various foods in the soil. For example, with the Susquehanna fine loam of Henderson County (No. 21888, Table 5) the corn possibility for total nitrogen is 18, for active phosphoric acid is 18, and for active potash 61. The soil is probably deficient both in phosphoric acid and in nitrogen. This may be compared with the Wilson clay loam of Henderson County, which has a corn possibility of 35 bushels for nitrogen, 33 for phosphoric acid, and 204 for potash. Other comparisons can be made from the tables. The experiments on which this interpretation is based are published in Bulletins 126, 145, 151, 267, and 355, and the method is discussed in Bul- letins 213 and 355. Saline Soils Saline soils are. soils caused by the presence of soluble salts, chiefly sodium chloride or sodium sulphate. Soluble salts occur in some of the soils of the counties here discussed in sufficient quantity to be injurious to crops. Salty spots are of frequent occurrence along the Gulf Coast, and also in other parts of Texas. In some instances the soluble salts are of natural occurrence, as in soils along the sides of salty lakes or in spots, or even in larger areas. In other cases, the soluble salts accumulate as a result of irrigation or seepage water coming too near the surface. If the ground water can be brought sufficiently near the surface to evaporate, the soluble salts contained in it are left behind and accumulate. Where the accumulation of v soluble salts is greater than the amount washed down by rain or irrigation water, the soil increases in saltiness, until there is so much salt that crops cannot be grown. Salty spots due to subirrigated areas occur in various sections of Texas. They may also be produced in yards or gardens by frequent sprinkling with irrigation water. The formation of saline spots may be prevented by drainage, so that the ground Water is brought too low to rise and evaporate. Sufficient rain or irriga- tion water will then wash out any salt which may be present. Saline spots may be recovered by suitable drainage accompanied by sufficient applica- tions of water to wash the salts through the soil into the country drainage; however, difficulties are met here, as the soil may be so heavy the water does not penetrate readily. The saline salts may also cause the soil particles to deflocculate and close up the pores of the soil so as to cause it to penetrate very slowly or even prevent the water from passing through. Saline soils are frequently called alkali soils. The injurious. salts are not alkaline as a rule, usually consisting of sodium chloride (common salt) and sodium sulphate. The salts are alkaline when sodium carbonate or SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES 1N TEXAS 11 bicarbonate is present, when they are called black alkali. Texas soils sometimes contain black alkali, but not frequently. The composition of some of the saline soils is given in connection with the discussion of soils of some of the counties. POT EXPERIMENTS The needs for plant food of some of the soils discussed in this Bulletin were studied by growing the plants in pots containing portions of the soils, to which various forms of plant food were added. In these experi- ments, 5,000 grams of soil were placed in galvanized iron pots, and to one or more pots, a complete fertilizer (NPK or NDK) was added. To one or more pots nitrogen and potash (N K) were added, phosphoric acid being omitted. The difference between this pot and the pot with complete ferti- lizer shows the need of the soil for phosphoric acid. To one or more pots, phosphoric acid and potash (PK) were added, nitrogen being omitted. The difference between this pot and that with the complete fertilizer shows the need of the soil for nitrogen. To the third set of one or more pots, nitrogen and phosphoric acid (NP) were added, potash being omitted. The difference between this pot and the pot receiving the complete ferti- lizer shows the need for potash. The tables show the weights of the crops secured with the different additions, also the amounts of phosphoric acid, potash, ornitrogen removed from the pot by theplants grown in the experiments expressed in their equivalent of ‘bushels of corn to the acre. The soil in pot experiments is under favorable conditions, and it is possible for the plants to make a greater growth or to take up more plant food from the same quantity of soil than would be the case under field conditions. There might be a considerable difference between the crop receiving the complete fertilizer (KPN), and the crop which had no potash, (PN), in the amount of crop produced, and yet the crop produced without potash in the field might be equal to the possibility of production under the climatic conditions prevailing. Thus the soil would appear deficient in the pot experiment, while for all practical purposes it would not be deficient in the field. This is the reason why the plant food with- drawn is expressed in bushels of corn to the acre. It shows the relative possibility of the soil to furnish plant food for crops in pot experiments. RELATION OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES TO PRODUCTION Chemical analysis is made on samples of soil taken from the fields. The analysis for plant food represents the capacity of the soil to furnish it. The capacity of the soil to furnish plant food is only one of a group of 1.’ factors which control production. l The chemical analysis is related to the capacity of the soil to supply plant food, but when application is made of the results to field work, other aimportant factors enter into play. The most important of these are per- l 12 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION haps (a) the kind of crop and its ability to assimilate plant food, (b) the depth of the soil and the extent to which it is occupied by roots, (c) the water provided by soil and season, (d) the temperature, and (e) the highest quantity of crop which can be produced under these and other prevailing soil and climatic conditions. It is obvious that a plant having twice the capacity of another to assimilate phosphoric acid will need only half the quantity to be in the soil; that a soil furnishing enough phosphoric acid for 30 bushels of corn may not contain enough for 50 bushels; that a soil which can be occupied by roots to a depth of 6 inches furnishes only half as much plant food as one that is occupied to a depth of 12 inches; and that a soil may contain enough plant food for 30 bushels of corn and yet not enough for a large crop of tomatoes. These are all illustrations of the factors mentioned above, which affect the ability of the plant to use the food offered it by the soil. The interpretations given in this Bulletin refer entirely to the capacity of the soil. No attempt is made to allow for any of the other factors which may affect production. AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF THE SOILS OF THE COUNTIES I STUDIED For the purpose of discussion, the soils were in general divided into three main groups; the upland soils, the second-bottom, or high terrace soils, and the first-bottom, or alluvial, soils subject to overflow. In certain counties, the classification was more detailed. The average com- position of these groups is given in Table 1. The upland soils are averaged in several groups, as shown in Table 1. The Blackland Prairie upland soils, the dark-colored upland soils, and the calcareous upland soils are better supplied with plant food than the light-colored upland soils, or the other upland soils with friable or with heavy subsoils. ' The difference is quite marked with nitrogen, as the better soils mentioned above contain twice as much nitrogen, or more, than the other upland soils. The difference is shown with phosphoric acid and potash also. The upland soils of Henderson County, the upland soils of Milam County other than the Black Prairie, those of Nacogdoches County and Navarro County, again excepting the Black Prairie soils, the light-colored soils of Wichita County, and the soils of Victoria County, on an average are deficient in active phosphoric acid. The soils of Milam County and Henderson County, excepting the Black Prairie soils, the light-colored soils of Willacy County, and the upland soils of Victoria County, appear to be deficient in active potash. None of the soils are acid, on an average, with the exception of the timbered upland soils of Navarro County, which are slightly acid. The terrace soils, those occupying flat to undulating old stream benches, above overflow, are in general somewhat better supplied with plant food than the upland soils. Those of Nacogdoches County are quite low in plant 13 SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS w... 26H 3d 3N Hm. vmH 5H 5... N2. .3555 wr~32> i». moEH 3N . wmzH oHNN Hvo» wmc. ............................ i wdowafiofiwuuiofl Nhwflfloo O.H..H.w>.w.Z M... M... w. Wm m. a... 5 ma. ma. HwwmnmwwHmwmwmH...W_WW.HQ.NQ Ne? .82.... m... wmdH Had Hmw . E. “NH mmH. moH. .3250“. mwsuowwoumz . . . . mm. HHNH ww N... .2... 3.53 Ewmg wk RflmH 5N... m5. ow H. H E. 5H. NNH. 3.58 022.5 H. w m» 9. 2N mm. mmH E N»... N2. .3555 .. cownmucwfl N.» N...N N3 :5 N... . _ . . . N58 QQNE...“ .N.>==< m5 5d 3mm H3. . NPH EN .8... N»... _ 3:505 afisuma N... N... 2.. N... 3. 2... SN .8... N3. ............................ -- .358 N.....8.> S. s... N... SN MN. s. NN NN... E... .............................. ........_...2N....s-=o= .35.... 0.82.2 m... mN. N... a. a... w... N: s... z... ....................................... ......._..........N.N..N8 35...... 02.2.2 v6 wmd ow.H HEN mm. 3.. om NN... mN... mpnfloo 8:82.532 . . . . N... wmH $5 NoH 3.505 523R Pu 3w QNH m2" mm. S: 3. ma... 3H. ...................................... -- 5.55am xufim Eomnwwnom aw om NH. .3 oH. 3.. m» mm... 3... ...................... nwnfit. wuxom. “mam downmwcofl m... HmH wHH wvu . . . . .................... .. mflom ouamuwm wuwnnwm. m... mm. mH. woH wm. m... wm vac. wwH. ................. ..1.....m.1oo.~wuHau H.525- mnaczoo w€32> N... i... 3.. NN N... N... N. ..N... Nm... .......................... .. N395 N53: .558 N.N.......> N... $8 . m. N. E. NN NN... i... .......................... .-www...@..& .88 3a .358 NE82> . . mam m... N... mm.H Hum uwo. moo .............. .. zsmudfi-Hiwm .3550 zufim? N... mN. S. S. N... N». N. B... HN... H.-.H 8.8.885»: .358 8.2:? m... firm N... N3 2.. wwum wwm mHH. Zn . -.-. uPHoHoo-xnww Summon >o¢=§> H... mflH cw. 5m mm. wm.H mm mm: 2... ......................... -- >225» NNNEQCF w». mm. mm. 2N mm. wWH mm 36m mwcm ........... . - mucfim: msownwuiNnYcoc ....N.:N>.NZ N... HN. NH. N3 N... ..N.H NN NNQ 3... .......... -.w........m=.....m»...w: v8.35.» $.56» oNNNZNZ w.» S... NHQ wwm 5.. 3... wmH NS“ wmH. . . . . . . mmbanm xoflm $35.00 onamiwz w... wu. oH. w: HH. .5. mu N2. .35 ................... . - 555.. mwsuowwoonZ Pm pa. mH. NHH oH. wo,.H vH wuc mwc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. mflomaflm 53$: 5.2500 5.25% Hfiw mm. wH. HHH 2.. mm. om mus. mmo. .................. 4w... wmomnfim vandim $3.500 EEHE N... N...N 3N NNN N». NN. m... 3... 2.. ................... l... 858.. 82m .358 521a NE 5.. pm. 2N Him. um.H 3 3R 2.... wwufiouéswi Spiwoo omfiwwfim N... N... NN.N x: NN. N... N... NN... N2. .... ,......N2....3.NN.. .358 518E m». mN. mH. N... NH. m... pH wmo Nwo. ........ z mmomnnw Draws Eownwwcwm i. wN wH NEH m... w» mm Hm... 3.... ................................. .. 2.3mm». viii“ domawwcwfl w... i: 3N . . N... om awe. wHH. ...................................... : oimwbm 5.2m Eowawwcomm, _ _ wHHom womwafim HEEQD .2 N... .2 EN... EM“... Hwy“... .......M....w._ a... ....N....NMM E2... humowmdm mHnwHom £55m wHnwHom 150E 6w dean 13o m. flwwonfiz v.3. 838... E54 83.3.. 8.53m .3 mmom we GQmammA-QEOU ounuo>< .H 05am. 14 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 0.0 00. 0N. 00H 00. 004 5 NHH. 00H. .................................................. .. 30000 0000000002 0... nadH HH.0 00H 00. NNH 00 000. 000. 3550 E022 m5 SSH 50H 000 N0. N04 00 00H. H00. . 3550 0303i 0.0 5.. 00. 00H 0w. 00H . 0m N00. 000. .3560 00500002 . 0000003 H0H>3H< 0.0 00.N 5H 000 >0. 00H HOH .30. 000. 3550 00HHH0H>P 0.0 00:2 0N5 HwH 3.. 00H 00 000. mHH. 3550 0H0000H> 0.0 wwH 0m. 00H 0N. m0. m0 000. 0.0.0. ............................ a 500.003.00-005 .3550 0.00.002 m6 owd 00.: mHH 00.. m0. mm 000. N00. .................................. .. 005000200 .3550 0.50.002 0.0 00. 0H. 00H 0m. 0H0. w 0N0. 0N0. ............................................... .. 3550 00050000002 Hg. 0H0 00d 0N0 N0. 3.. 0.... H00. N00. 3550 E052 0.0 00.0 00.0 0NN 00. 00A E N00. S0. ...................................... .. 00000.5 003m .00000000m 0.0 Hm. 0N. 00 00. Hw. 00 000. H00. ............................ .- 00:53 000.00. 000M 250000002 25056 00050.0 0.0 00.0 00.0 0H0 HN.. 0H.m 00N 000. M000. .............................. .. >HH50E¢E0m $0.550 >00HHH>P 0.0 0N. 0H. 00 HH. N: 0 0H0. 0H0. _ .............................................. .. 000: 030000 .805? 0.0. 00.0 00H 000 00. 00.0 00m H000. 000. _ .............................................. .. 0000c .3550 .3050? 0.0 00d H0. HwH 00.. 00H 00 $0. 000. _:: .3550 003025 N0. 00.0 5H 0S 00. 00. 0H N00. 00H. _ .................... .. 000000300 00030 .3000... 00.8005 0.0 0 5.. 0N. 00 0H. 0.... 0 0H0. N00. .......................... .. 00.0000 00200 5.0000 0000005 0.0 EA 0N.H 00H 00. 00. 0H 0N0. 000. .................................... .. 00000 00G $00000 0000005 0.0 .N0.H 00. 00N 00. 00H 00 F00. N00. ......... .0002? w000000_00-000 0000000 0000.002 0.0 00. 0N. 00N 0N. wH.H 0 0N0. 000. 25055 .500: 00.005005 .3550 0.50.002 0.0 00.0 00.0 Hum 00. 004 00H 000. 000. ........ .. . r 0Hb0§H 0H00HmH $0.550 0.50.002 0.0 Hm. 0H. 00H 0H. 00. NH $0. .000. ................................................ .. .3550 0005250002 0.0 >0. 0H. 00 NN. wHA 0H bmb. mmb. .............................. .. wfiomQHHm 350i 50.5500 5.052 0.0 E. 0N. . mHH HN. 00. HH . mmpo. 0.00. ............................ 1...... mZomQHHw wdndmhw QQEHHOQ 000:2 $0.0 00.0 H00 H00 00. 00. I00: $0. HHO. ............................. ..\: 0H.0H0.~...H 0H00Hm .3550 50H5>H 10.0. 00.0 om. 3N 00. H0.H 00 000. 000. .......................................... .. $005 5.0000 OMHQEHH 0.0 00.0 00.0 000 00.. 00H 00H 000. N00. ............................................ a H0303 3550 03032 0.0 00. NN» HOH HN. 3.. NH 0N0. H00. ........................................ .. 2000000 .3000 .000.00H.00H.H 0.0 0N. 0H. HNH 0H. 00. 0H 000. 0N0. ...................................... .. 0000000 0HO0E .00000H.00m E. 0H.N .- 0HN 00H 0H 000. 000. ....................................... .- 00.0.0.5 x005 .000.~0H000H.H . -. . 020055 0003.9. 0.0 00...: 0E. HH.H mHH 00H. 000. . 3550 M0050? 0.0 000 0H.H 0H0 00. mHd 00m 5.0. 000. .. 3550 000x035 . i HéscficonYlwHHom 000M500 H0.H>EH4 0. .00.... 0.00.0.0.“ 000.00. ..0..... 00.00.... 3550M 035500 £00300 03300 H0090 .00 00am H00o.H..H 0000.0: 2 H0H0< T0354 30¢. @5304 flonimaianvl-mngouw 3- 0:00 we 50020505500 0M0u0>< .H 030a. 15 SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS Al. 23 $4 N2 w». 2a A 8N 3o. S... masses QQAQT’? m.» wwfi $6 EA A». 23 3w N2. $5. .3580 EQE>A . mmomnsm nwww Adria?‘ m.» 3N 3. 2N “m. SA 3 $5. mmo. mpcsou .322? ma mm. 2. 2: mm. 3. ¢A $6. mg. ............................ -- pwpnfi mwxwe “mum .=¢E%5m . _ mmomnsw Qmou duwfiwm. w... .$.< 2E 3A mm. wAA 3 m3. 3°. zpcsou 5E3? m6 3. Am. o: mm. Aw. v Ame. >2. ............................................... .- 3:18 wwfiowwovwz o6 i". AA. N3 AA. EVA 2 wmo. m2. .................................. .- m=3p=m finwra .=ow.§.=wm wmomnsm Qoww icfinD m.» 3.2 .... -. m: AAA m3 $3. “.2. >253 >353 N.» m3.“ 5A m3 2.. waA m3 2.... :5. 3.58 wzpa? m.» .23: 8.2 v: 3.. ANA AK Eb. m2. .3550 wifiur» >6 ma. .... .. w: wwA mmw mwo. £6. .......................... -. msownwoAwu-zo: .5560 22952 3. 5% $3 8w 3. AKA mww EA. oAA. .................................. -. maofiwzfl. .355“. oupaimZ . womfiacoOlumAmomnnm 123.24 a zwwww gowns JMMMQMWQ “Mwmwg é”... wwwwwmw mfiommum oAnwAow nmapon wAnflAom 13o m. 6w dean 15o H. cwwofimz Eu< w>$u< 23w w>$o< vofiimfi-envlmnicum h: mmow we flomummenieu ouauo>¢~ A 05am. 16 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION food, including nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, and are also slightly acid. The non-calcareous terrace soils of Navarro County are deficient in phosphoric acid, on an average. The alluvial soils, or those on flat stream bottoms subject to overflow, are better supplied with plant food than the upland soils or terrace soils. Here again, those of Nacogdoches County are low in plant food, especially phosphoric acid. A CROP-PRODUCTION POWER OF AVERAGE SOILS Table 2 contains the number of crops of 40 bushels of corn that could be produced by the plant food in an acre to the depth of 62/3 inches Table 2. Number of crops of forty bushels of corn which would be produced by the plant food in two million pounds of soil (an acre 7 inches deep) (average soils) Total Acid- Group _ Nitrogen phosphoric soluble acid potash Upland surface soils Henderson Black Prairie .............................. .. 38 39 Henderson friable subsoils 13 27 40 Henderson heavy subsoils .... w’ 14 21 60 Hidalgo county (dark-colored) 34 71 365 Hidalgo county (light-colored) .... c, ...... .. 16 27 170 'Milam county, Black Prairie “s11 ,,,, .. 36 45 1_8_0 Milam county, friable subsoils ____ _. l2,‘ Q 45 Milam county, heavy subsoils 14 21 5U Nacogdo-ches county ................... v ., 15 42 55 Navarro county, Black Prairie ______________________ ._ 45 62 235 Navarro county, timbered heavy subsoil 17 23 45 Navarro, non-calcareous uplands ............. n 21 32 145 Victoria county, flat coast prairie 35 22 195 Victoria county, upland prairie _________________ .. 17 16 45 Victoria county, upland calcareous __________ .. 43 22 120 Wichita county .............................................. c, 26 42 195 Willacy county, dark-colored _ _ _ _ _ . _ 39 90 375 Willacy county, light-colored 7 12 45 Willacy county, semi-marshy ...................... ._ 33 66 345 Terrace surface soils Henderson, East Texas timber ...................... ._ 15 31 50 Henderson, Black Prairie ............................. .. 43 74 345 Milam county .................................. _._._ _________________ ._ 34 37 125 Nacogdoches county _ , , , , , _ _ . . . . . . . _ . . _ _ .. 8 19 30 Navarro county, calcareous . . . _ . , . _ _ . . . ._ 34 49 195 Navarro county, non-calcareous 25 26 120 Victoria county ............................... .. 50 78 275 Wichita county _______________________ ........................ ._ 24 53 245 Alluvial surface soils Henderson .. 34 42 130 Hidalgo county ................................. .. 41 126 400 Milam county ........ ._ 28 80 310 Nacogdoches county ................ .. 34 100 170 Navarro county, calcareous ........ __ 42 82 165 Navarro county, non-calcareous .................. ., l9 5'7 ._.. Victoria county 41 70 255 Wichita county .................................................. c. 29 62 340 Willacy county 21 82 (two million pounds); provided all the plant food could be extracted by the plants, in the groups of soils as averaged in Table 1. The total nitrogen SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS 1'7 of the upland soils could produce '7 to 45 crops of 40 bushels of corn, total phosphoric acid could produce 12 to 71 crops, and the acid-soluble potash could produce 40 to 375 crops. The terrace soils and the alluvial, or first-bottom, soils average much better, as can be seen in Table 2. It is seen that some of the soils have quite limited fertility. As these figures refer only to the top 7 inches of the soil and as the plants may draw on the subsoil, the possibility for actual crops is much greater than indicated above. Table 3 contains the corn possibility of the groups, derived from Table 1. In the upland soils the corn possibility of the total nitrogen varies from 13 to 38 bushels, the active phosphoric acid from 12 to 50 bushels, and the active potash from 61 to 294 bushels. These figures show the importance of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in these soils, and that potash is less important. FERTILIZERS FOR THE SOILS STUDIED The soils studied may be divided into several groups with respect to their relation toward fertilizers. The upland soils of all the counties excepting the dark-colored soils of Hidalgo County, the Black Prairie soils of Navarro County, the soils of Wichita County, and the dark-colored and semi-marshy soils of Willacy County, on the average, are somewhat low in phosphoric acid and some are decidedly deficient. Among the upland soils, the light-colored soils of Hidalgo County, the soils of Henderson County, and of Milam County except the Black Prairie, the soils of Nacogdoches County, those of Navarro County, except the Black Prairie, the light-colored soils of Willacy County, and the upland prairie soils of Victoria County are low in nitrogen. The upland soils of- Milam County and Henderson County except the Blackland Prairie, those of Nacogdoches County, the light- colored soils of Willacy County, and the upland prairie soils of Victoria County are low in active potash. The use of fertilizers is generally advisable for field crops on the soilsxin ithe eastern part of the State. They are especially needed for truck and fruit crops. Fertilizers suggested forfliuse are given in other publications of the“. Experiment Station. 111/ general, the light soils are likely to need more potash than the heavier soils”; " - //T'he black calcareous prairie soils, especially the Houston soils, do not respond well to fertilizers, and at present we cannot recommend ferti- lizers to be used on them, but recommend legume rotation and manure. Climate conditions may interfere with the profitable use of fertilizers in the western part of the State not under irrigation and they are not recommended in the absence of favorable field experiments. ' y The terrace soils are better supplied with plant food and generally do not need fertilizers so much as the upland soils, though some of those of Henderson, Nacogdoches, and Navarro counties may need fertilizer. The alluvial or first bottom soils are still better supplied with plant food. 1s BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION . _ .222 2.20m 2.8m 2.2 mm m2. 20.58 2020B doom doom doom 0m2 mm 3 3:000 022.2023 22222 QOOM $00M WNH wm m4 22222200 52.202022? 20.2 doom doom mm2 m2 om .......................................... .-.02200.200200|=0= £22500 02.20.2022 doom doom doom 2.02m mm om ................................................ .- 0000200200 S22E00 02.20522 doom doom doom 0m mm. N2 222222200 0022o0dm0022 2m222 doom doom £2 mm 0d .... -. 30:00 E2222 .2222 doom doom 002 mm mm .3550 om2md222 UOOM $00M UOOM MOH ..... 5 2200202022022 220m 000.2250 2022/5224 doom doom doom 2 2.2 mm on . M22500 2322223 22.2 2.8m doom 32 2m. S .2056... 02.202222 doom doom B2 dm mm wm ........................................ -. 050020020050: $32500 0.2.2.0202 222.2 doom doom n02 mm m2. ................................................ .. 02200200200 .3550 0.220.202 B02 B02 B2 om m2 m2 222.2500 0022002000072 doom doom doom £2 mm B. ................... .H . . . . .. 20.500 82222 doom doom doom 2.22 mm 0m 02220.22 020.222 500.202.0022 .2202 B2 220.2 0m m2 mm .......................................... .- 2022822 maxom. 200.22 5002022022 220m 0002.225 000.2202. doom doom doom 0mm mm cm ................................................ -- 222202022500 522.500 2002223 .2202 B2 B2 2w m2 N2 .............................................. .. d02200|222m22 £02500 220.222? doom doom doom 2.22m mm 0m ................................................ .- d0.20200-02.20d .02225o0;200222>P doom doom doom n22 mm 02. 32500 022220225 doom doom B2 mm2 mm m2 .................................... -- 02200200200 dc2a5 $222500 2.2020222 .2202 B02 B2 2m m2 m2 .......................................... .. 02220.5 2052.20 .3560 niooo2> doom doom B2 n22 mm mm ................................ -- 02.22.0222 20000 202.2 £22500 02.200032 doom doom doom .202 mm m2 .................................... -- 0222.2: m=0020o200|=o22 62.202072 .2202 B02 B2 2m m2 m2 ...................... z 022002.225 @5022 60.20.2522 0222500 0.2202222 22m222 doom doom 22.2 mm 22d .................................. ........ .- 02220.22 202m $22500 02.20.2202 B02 20.2 . B02 m2. m2 m2 20222200 00220025200022 .2202 B02 B02 12m \m&2 m2 .............................................. .- 0220.325 22200.2 $25200 E2222 A202 .B02 BB2 2P m2 d2 . ...................................... 022002250 022202.22 .3550 E2222 22222 doom doom $22 mm an .......................................... 02220.22 202m .3560 E2222 doom doom doom mm2 m2 om .......................................... -- 2d022oo$22m22v 32500 02.222222 .2222 doom doom m5 mm m2. .......................................... -. 2d0.2o2o0¢2.~0d0 22.500 0202.222 .2202 .2202 B02 2w m2 m2 ...................................................... .. 22002225 232022 .220w.20dc02.2 .2202 B2 .2202 2m m2 dm .................................................. -. 022002200 022202.22 .220w.20d=02.2 doom doom .2202 £2 mm m2 02.22022 202m .220m.20d:022 , . 220m 00.02.2220 202207.222 220.3022 220mg»? 2200 0522 22002022 d200 02004 2020.2. 02202222002222 0222200 022222200 02202222002222 0222.204 120204 2204 2.0.20.2. 0250.2 22022228 0B0 2322222200022 CHOU 2200 0mn20>0 20 000.2205“ m0 22022020220052 é 02220.2. SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS 19 Where they produce a heavy growth of stem and leaves but do not fruit well, applications of superphosphate may correct this condition. Where the fertility has begun to decrease, on account of cultivation over a period of years, fertilizers will probably be of advantage. Fertilizers would be of advantage on vegetable crops. USE OF LIME Few of the soils described in this Bulletin are acid. Contrary to local opinion, lime is not needed on many of these soils. If lime is needed, it will be mentioned in the discussion of the soils of the county concerned. The use of lime on sandy soils which are well drained, such as Norfolk, Ruston, or Orangeburg‘ soils, is not to -be advised except in connection with a legume rotation, for the reason that application of lime is likely to stimulate the production of nitrates and cause loss of nitrogen of the soils during the winter months. The acidity of these surface soils at the present time is generally not high enough to be injurious to crops ordi- narily grown. They may become more acid under longer cultivation. SOILS OF HENDERSON COUNTY Henderson County is in east-central Texas and is chiefly ‘in the geo- graphical division termed the East Texas Timber Country but some of the western part of the county is in the Blackland Prairie. Forty-four types of soil were mapped in 22 series. The county also contains some peat soils. The most extensive soil is the Susquehanna fine sandy loam occupying 27.9 per cent of the area, followed by the Norfolk fine sand occupying 27.2 per cent, the Ochlockonee fine sandy loam on 10.5 per cent, and with Norfolk fine sandy loam on 7.0 per cent. The upland soils of the East Texas Timber Country with friable subsoils include the Norfolk, Greenville, Portsmouth, Ruston, Kirvin, and Bowie series. The upland soils with heavy subsoils include the Susquehanna, Lufkin, Wilson, and Crockett series. The terrace soils include the Kalmia, Leaf, Irving, Cahaba, and Bienville series. The flat stream bottoms include the Ochlo- ckonee, Bibb, Johnston, and Trinity series. The Blackland Prairie soils, which are calcareous, include the Sumter and Houston soils of the uplands and the Bell soils of the terraces. Composition of Soils Table 4 gives the analyses of the different soil types and Table 5 an in- terpretation of the analyses. The soils of this county in general are somewhat low in plant food, especially nitrogen and phosphoric acid. The supply of potash is a little better. As usual, the uplands are lowest in plant food, the terraces come next, and the bottom lands are highest. The soils of the Blackland Prairie in general are better supplied with plant food than those of the East Texas Timber Country. Some of these 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN NO. ............................. .5502 >250w 052m >50> 5202.252 ................................................... z 20500 05 5202052 ................................................. 2.50m 052.2 c255 ........................................ .- 5002 >2050m 052.2 000A ....................................... .. 5002 >255 052.2 M002 .................... -- 5002 >2500 052m >220>05w 5252M ........................ .5502 >2050m 052w >220>05u 5152M ................ .. ~A2£NQOQQ .502 >250w 052w 5252M ................. .. >2~20n055 .5002 >2050w 052.2 52>52v2 .................................... .. 5002 >2500 052.2 5552M .................................... .. 5002 >250w 052w 5352M .................................... z 5002 >2050m 052.2 5222M .......................................... .5502 3.50m 052m 5152M ..................................... .- 5002 >250m 052w 5352M 20500 052.2 02520vm 2.50m 052.2» 2520M >020 50005205. . >020 5000523. .......................................... .- >020 0200222 5.55am ............................................ .. >020 02002.2 5350mm .............. .- 502 >250 052.2 >220>05w 0222250050 .............. -- 5002 >2050m 052m >220>05w 0222550050 ............................................. -. 5002 >020 30020000 ............................................. .. 5002 >020 000020050 .............. 000525 50020 .5002 >250m 0525 05202200 .............. 000.25 50020 .502 >20500 05G 05202200 ............ 000225 50020 .5002 >2050w 052.2 0.202.200 ...................................... .. 5002 >2050m 052w 023cm ...................................... .. 5002 >250m 052.2 023cm .......................................... r5002 3.50m 052m 023cm .............................................. .. 2.50m 052.2 0222>502m .............................................. .- 2.50m 05 0222>502m .......................................... .- 502 >020 322w 22m .......................................... .- 5002 >020 >220 522m .......... >2050m 05 05m ...................................... .. 502 >250w 0.5 £22m >020 220m ..... ‘0 >020 220m 20 50m50u50m we 02200 .20 0052054 d 0220B xaqrunu A100, -'e.toq'e'1 21 <9 | I | r1 (O COFN¢D OQDQCOCQDONQQDO N | I SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS 23%? 2222 O 22w o8. .... : m» 8b. o8 3o. m8... .............................................. .. 8.20m 2.8.8 2082.58 N... N8. .... .. N... ww. mm 0N... 8&0. 1...? 0.888 £08258 ...w w... .... -- N... 8.0.8 m8 m8... mm... ...................................... .. wcwm 22.8 880058808 N... m8. .... .. 2. 8M8 8N ww... w88. ........................................ -- 2.0m 2.8.8 8800508802 w... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- NW8 888. 8mm. ....... -- 8038 NJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.. $8.8 .1. wm8. $88.. . 8.00M w... ma. .... z 2N8 m... 8.8 0m... an... .......................... -- E008 28.5.0 2:8 mpsnwmnwao N... m8. .... .. m... £8 NN 0N... NN... ......................... .. EN... 20...... 0E8 w........w..w..o 8.... ww. wN. NN8 m8. 00.8 8N mm... No... .................. .200. >053 05.8 20> 00.88.00.200 ww ow. 8N. 5.8 w8. 2.8 mm aw... ma... ................. .- E008 >053 2:8 20> 0000200300 N... w... 8. 2N h». 5.8 mm ww... 8w... ............................ .- E008 >080 288E 00208008800 mw 08.8 w... 8N mm. 3.8 mm 5.... $8. ............................ -- 8.008 >20 22E 0020200300 8.... m... Nw. E... NN. .38 8.8 8m... 8w... .......................... .. E008 225m 0E8 00008008800 8... w... mm. 8M8 2. $8 ww 8N... N8... .......................... -2808 28.0mm 0E8 02.00.00.800 8... m8. .... .. ....8 3.8 w... 8w... NN... ...................................... -- 82.0.... 0E8 0000800300 8.... mm. .... .. N88 N... w88 8m... ow... ...................................... .- 82.0w 2.8.8 02508008800 N... .2. N... NN N... S. 2 2... NS. . 9.2 2.08.02 S. S. S. NN N... S. .2 ..N... S... 9.... 8.08.02 . .. m... wN. 8N w... S. 3 N0... N8... .............. .. 218080.... .500. 80...... 0E8 £08.02 N0. N8. .... .. N... N... 3 2N... 8.... ........... 4.- 81.0.80... .802 88...... 2:8 2.08.82 ..N. m8. 8.. w... ...... mm owe. vmo. .............. -- 23280.5 .5008 32.0w 0E8 280.8802 ww. 88. ww8 w... .... .. N8 m8... an... .............. .. 2.00.8080 .500. >003 0E8 0:08.02 mm. -- .2 m... w bu... wmo. ........................... .- 0.808 28.2.00 2.8.8 8:08.52 2. 88. NN m... m... NN NN... 5.... 8.8. 88...... 0...... 2.08.82 mm. 8m. 2N . um. N... 88 mm... NN... E008 28.2.00 2.8.8 8:08.802 w... 8m. 2. m... 8.. 88 ma... ow... .................................. -- E008 28...? 2.8.8 88.0.8802 8.8. mm. ww N... .... : .2 2... 2... 28.80.8028 .8250 2.88 8:08.52 .3. N... .28 w... .... -- m. >0... 0N... .....N..o... 8E2 2... £08.02 m... .2. .2 w... .. w 3... .5... 28.80.80.888 8.2mm 2.88 280.8802 m8. m... .... 8... .... r 2 wmo. wmo. 23.28028 .8253 2.88 2808.802 m8. N... .... N... v wmc. m8... 23280.8... .8500 2.88 8:08.802 N8. w... ow m... .... z m8 3.... mm... .......................... .. 22.808082 .0200 05.8 0:08.02 o8. 8.8. 8K 88. .... .. m8 w8... 8N... .......................... .. 2.0.0.8028 .8252 2:8 8:08.02 cm. 88. 2N 2. .... .. 2 p8... 8m... .............................. .- 2880.80.28 .8250 0E8 8.80.8802 mo. mo. n88 ..... 3.. 2. 8m... m8... .............................................. .. 8.2mm 2.88 88.808802 8.8. 8.... 2.8 m... . m... 9.8 w..... 0N... .............................................. .. 82.0w 2.88 88.808802 w... 8.8.. wmw 8N. 8. .2 m8... mm... .......................... : E00. >052 22.8 >82. 0.2.8.18 d a d d N _ .. .8 m“... M........Z...N.. m... ......... m... m. H um. wmmb. WmBHQWWQ. 0mm. mmsn. asw. 0o mm ufi H 1p O wmwwlp MSW 0 .. ..w .8 q 13A l. B u 1. 9 1. U. n. mu 6 m. .3 .4 U R 22 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ioflflmuzoUlmii-cnv flomuowcvmm uc 23x ma momfixc< d. o-axn. 3&2 xx .23 .. 3H S. .3 Mao. So. 8x2 awcxw 8G .8223 2&8 x1. No .3. . oo 2.. ow woo. 5o. ...................................... =Ex2 xocxm 2i 85:3 wmwfix xxx xx 3.2 8. 2x mo. g. N2 x2. omo. >20 comm? 22x o-o 3. $2 5.. x3. xx. 2.2 mo moo. x3. >20 802;? 22x 3-x >5 mo. .... .. xxx 2.2 3 3o. ooo. ................................... .- 8x2 >323 2i >222. Ewfi o-.. RN. xx. -- 3x 3.2 m: moo. o5. .................................. -- 8x2 zocxw 8G zflciH $2M 2-x x.» S. 3. E. xx. ow. o 5o. 3o. .... -- 2220.5 .8x2 .65.; v5.2 xccxswuvmsw 38 f. mm. xx. xx 2. .. .2 ma. S... ........ ..>3xo.:x .822 $53 0E...“ xccxswsvwsw 2.5 2-x Po o2. 2. S 8. S. 2 3o. 8o. .... -- 3226.3 8x2 28$ 8G xncxswsvmsw 22 m-.. >6 5. 3. 2. mo. .... .. xx .22. ca. .... -- 2230.88 8x2 225$ m5.“ xxxxfixxmxw 22 “$2 >6 em. o2... mm a w .... .. Nmo. .... .. 2.2203 .882 mwnxm wfim xflcxswmawsm ovum; uTo rd um. mu. Hm .:. .... .. w .... .- umo. .... .. 2220.22 68x2 hvnww 0G3 xflcxnmfivmsm 3&2 22w ma oo. o2. x2 mm. xx. 2 3o. omo. ......................... .- 8x2 28x» 28H xccxswsawsw owwfiw we o.o 5. o2. o2 mo. mo. ox 5o. ooo. ....................... .. 8x2 honxm x5“ xncxswzomsm wwwfim 3-x >2. xxx .- xxx 3.x o2 woo. woo. .............................................. -- 8x2 22o awo8sm opwflu o-o xx 22 .... .. 2x flax 3 So. m2. ................................................ -- 8x2 >20 8388i wofiw xxx on mo. .- o: ooé 3 owo. Hmo. ................................... -- 8x2 zonxm vim 2025i Hwwfim wo f. 3. .... .- o2 £2 m2 o5. fimo. .................................. .. 8x2 mwcxm m2“ noomsm owwHN xix xx 2.. S“. x5 S. ow. o 3o. mmo. .................................... -- 8x2 hwcxm x85 coomzm 3.3m “xx 3. o2. .5. xx oo. mo. ox 3o. ooo. ...................................... -- 8x2 uwnxm x5.“ 8055M owwfim w-.. mo S. 2. S mo. 5. mfi us. 2o. ...................................... -- 8x2 nwcxw uni 838M ofiwfim d 8 d d d d d d N mm 3 mum... wdwfmmv 2.5 maww 13$ aw. PM w... m $3.... 3%. 3m. 2m 2.. “w. i. E. m. .... u Hffié w? m w“- w...“ m. _.. SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS 23 latter soils are low in lime and a few of them are acid, especially those of the Bibb series. In general, the soils of this county are not acid at the present time except to a slight extent. Nitrogen and phosphoric acid are needed on most of these soils and potash is likely also to be needed on many of them. While lime is not needed on most of the East Texas Timber Country soils for crops generally grown, it is likely to be needed on many of them after they have been in cultivation for a longer period of time or for certain legume crops such as clover. Pot Experiments Pot experiments are given in Table 6. It is noted that most of these soils respond to phosphoric acid and nitrogen in pot experiments but practically none of them respond to potash. Fertilizers The need for fertilizers carrying nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and, usually, potash is indicated on many of these soils, especially the upland soils of the East Texas Timber Country. Lime is at present not needed on most of the soil but may be needed for legume crops or after the soils have been in cultivation for a longer period of time. ~ Classification of Soils of Henderson County Upland Soils, East Texas Timber Country: Light brown to grayish-brown topsoil with red heavy clay subsoils, slowly permeable—Kirvin soils. a Gray to light-brown topsoil with yellow subsurface, and yellow mottled with gray and red permeable subsoils-Bowie soils. Light-brown to grayish with brown topsoil with very permeable reddish- yellow or reddish-brown subsoils-Ruston soils." Gray topsoil with yellow subsurface and yellow sandy subsoil, very permeable-—Norfolk soils. Reddish-brown or light brownish-red topsoil with deep-red permeable subsoil—Greenville soils. Dark-gray topsoil with dull-gray sandy subsoil, soil poorly drained— Portsmouth soils. i Gray topsoil, tight on drying, with dense, gray, slowly permeable sub- soi1—-Lufkin soils. - Light-brown to gray topsoil with yellow subsurface and red and gray mottled, dense slowly permeable subsoil—-Susquehanna soils. Black to brown topsoil with brown, yellow, and mottled red and gray subsoil-Crockett soils. ’ Flat to Undulating Old Stream Benches, above Overflow: Light-brown topsoil with reddish or yellowish subsurface, with light- red, very permeable subsoil—Cahaba soils. 24 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION bwb B2 bub Hqw NH 2: .......... -- hHQdnoHQ .522 25am 02b bHobboz Hwmw bwb B2 bub HE NH NH .............................. .- :52 hflfldm Ebb bHobboZ HQHwHN 08w BoH B2 Hm w NH .............................. -- 5E2 25am Ebb vHHobboz mwvHN bub bub bub 5 NH mm ...................... -- B35105 20:3 02b bHobboz HENNH B2 bub bwb mm NH NH .......................... .. zHbwnobH 20:3 Ebb bHobboZ New» bab B2 bub on NH NH .......................... -- B3080»: 6:3 Ebb vHHobboZ CNN 08w H800 B2 mNH NH NH ..................... -- B3025: 6.8m 02b bHobbovH 2.3 bwb BoH B2 Hw NH B. ......................................... .. H53 02b vHHobbovH NwSN bub B2 B2 fi. NH NH .................. -- E02 B250 Ebb 98> 25:2 NHNHN bnb bwb B2 mm mH NH .............................................. -- HEwm Ebb Ebbbéb wcwHN bwb B2 bab H0 NH 3 ...................................... -- :82 .250» Ebb bwwq NHwHN B2 B2 B2 Hw NN NH .................. .. :52 20:3 Ebb bHSQwG-HM .b>bvH vowHN H600 B2 B2 2. NH NH .............. .- B30205 .822 hflfldm Ebb _b>bvH NmNHH B2 000w boom 3 wH NH .................................. ., :52 2E5 Ebb ..b>bvH QmwHN B2 B2 B2 3 NH NH .................................. -- :82 20:3 02b :b>bvH mHNHN B2 B2 B2 wN NH 0m .......................................... -, 28m Ebb .2822 HENHN Hboou boom H080 3H mm 3 ...................................................... x >20 cobmbbboh NwwHN bwbb Hvoow boom mNH m.» wH .......................................... .- .320 202a cobmwoHm NvwHN H.000 8% 025 2w NH NH .......... .- 802 BHEwm Ebb B20220 2Hb>:00:w wwwHN 260w b8“ B2 aw wH w ........................................ 1 :52 >20 £02095 oNwHN m“ 2% E m m m HHHHWWWWEQ i Ambmwwmmwg“ 22s 2E . ................ .- :0 Ebb EBo Hboow bwb bub NH. wH 2. ...................................... -- H500 Ebb U=m>i0mmmm B2 8% B2 2H w: o» ...................................... -- E22 >20 B2B nbHmH wHwHN bwb B2 bwb w“ mN NH ...................................... .. iuoH 250w Ebb aim NwwHN baou 08w v80 i; mm 3 >20 =0: $2M bmwbon 500.2: H20: EbbH bwnbon 20: 9,504 Habon. sbcbnbmob: uwbfis: oHnsHom wHnnHow obnobmmoba 3,504 who» |Hb0¢ 2204 HwboH. mWHHUOQ HHobHHmE knuoAwnH oBb B2363: 5.30 .3550 Gambowaobm be 2b; 00.3.25 b0 @2933: b: nobbuboaauobbi .m 05a? 25 SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTI4ES IN TEXAS aw n5 Bo ............................. 1 woow“ v0.9“ woow~ w? :32 avian 02G flown? wmwHm fiww woow B2 mmH ww mv .............................. .. ha? Q0215 22m woom 33 woow cm wH NH .5.» a can .5.ac fins“; 3.5m 95 huzfiyh 22w awn“ B2 .23 S. 2 § ihEwnoaa JEQQH wwnwm. mam“ wccaswsvmsm 3.3 woom ha.“ >wo~ mm 2 w ihqflwnona .E.NO~ hwcwv wfim wncmswnvmsm mama a2 B2 B2 8 2 m: ..... -._...~...m ........ -- Sh. We: 9i “Eafiévmsm 8&2 woow woow flaw wmfi mm NH .............. -.,. ............... oEw “Ekfimévmsm wwmzw flaw nwww 33 om m." N." .................................. i flvnmdofi 52o pwfiusm wSE 30w kvOé gm; w |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| l ESMOlm mvanfim UflnWfi. Euuwlmm 82 32 32 S .2 M: .................................... 9.5 25 nofism 2N3 33 Hmfimn an: |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| I UQNW mvn~m% Scum?“ . . . . . , I 1 . . . . . . . . . , . . . . ,- 2 2.2 25 gpzoimfiwm wwfiw 3O n5 3O ..................... I @OC.N~ @OO% iv ........... I EGO fiNO% »mmvfi~.flm WQTw whmwnfiwwifiho uoow E6» i...» m2 2. 3 ........................ w aw 2 m5“ +8> Qesfiouso mafiw UOON Hwd.w UOCM ma ...................... I EGOMOIA N~O >uzm UQQQMUnJSUO >52 fix.“ woow .8 wH mw ................................. ..~. fifldm vim.“ wwfloxuoflfioo 2.2m 2 5 g w 2 A 1 zmwwwmowwwgmwo HTNM >PO~ bPO~ .......... I ~n—n—_wQOMQ Jnmfln: »m_©-flm Uiw% v=O%hOfi 9C5 JmEoQ d5.» w-w~nuvpnw¢fiwm fla%%vm~,mw_.mi omuoimmosm 071:0.“ wzsfiom oio Nwo Q . w>5u .§_=5= 5 . a a . 4 whoa w. 4 E04 $3.0m. mwcnon comma Lwnonad 025 zfifimmmmoa F80 wv==z==olb==8 Eflwwfim a. mmfi moat-E u: memfiuna w: floifl-ounuofii .m 05am. mm i _ Wvw wan .............................................. ,. Esawfia fiomnsm cflnwnbnn :52 325m vim wfliwnwflwmfim : 3 f “EN 1a .... ........................................ 1 E8 4.3%.; ~ N Sifiwnonn .852 >22 05m wiflwswsvwwm momm m. __ on _ Wm m6 .................................................. .. Eflflwuom dommwafiw i . . é w 0.5 .953 hwcwm 05w wflfldflwb wsw : E _ . w. .......... ................................. .. 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ZN 3a .. .. 8.593 wow .25 c» nunonm .EaoH hwcwm oar“ 58.32 : T v.3“ mw an wdm mdm NSN 10¢ _ ....... .......... ............................................... .- Chou U . ouwmnsm cfinunonn .552 325m 05w xfiownoZ wmom m om.“ w m wdm fim 1w 0AM :..E5£MHOm fiownnm 5.33 3.9mm 05m vflomnoz : R 5w a m RNN 1w G-N mvw .......... =F8v damnsm £82 fizz; 25 fifikoZ 35m Mu wv m mH m.w Wu w.v ficfi ..:E5£wnom iowwnflm énwg zwiwm vim vfiomnoz z N: w NH flow oh md 9mm ........ ecaoo 60.3.25 6.53 325m 05m viownoZ mwvfim S m vd Efiflmnow fiomnzw 51150.2“ 6mg aim v=o$~oZ : A v m6 .... -6500 fiomnfim sfiawnoun 65mm 05w vsomnoz Nvma . “m v.3 EDSMMOm duwmuflw. Qfinunonmmwcwm win vZOMHOZ : T 9w iflaoo doamnflm Znwnoun wfldm 05w vfiowwoz fivmm mm ma mm ma. ch aw m6 .............. afiwfiwnom fiomnsm diam 2i 50.302 : 2. w“: v 3 Q5 hm Q5 W3. ...................... 5.6» 483cm 6E3 25 fioEoZ EEK B mm m.“ mm 0.: o.w ~13 Wmm .............. ..fisnmnom dommnnw imam ocfi xfioupoz : . #2 2 $ Q3 ©.@ v O.®M w? ...................... .. E8 60359..“ £53 25 fiofioz 35m O v w To 9w vdm .................................. .. 85:33 afiww o» $3.3m : N m on “iv NS rfiw .......................................... I SE00 dqww Ow ZOmQSM 3mm v m 9m m.v mdfi .......................................... .. Essmnom :3 wvfiSm a % . . . . . . . . . . .. _ fima W5 HM? .............................. ................ .. choc flow 83.5w 3% E L ow nmwuon zwuonufifl Eva nwnmfiaamm L Jmwuom i m .3 . omwosmwonn ofimafioo aonfiwc "% o onfiZ oiosamonm ufiosfiv? pnosfiv? vsonfiv? xiv? ofiwfl 05mm. .33 m w .6 uoowfipxwwfiAw mflwm Em%%mmmmw€~>r~£v mfiwnw E no.8 unwmov? nopafl 6 . . . 2 Sun-wow fiomuownomm w: mien :0 35051053 “ch 6 055a SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS 27 Light-brown or gray topsoil with yellow subsurface, with yellow very permeable subsoil—Kalmia soils. Brown to grayish-brown topsoil with yellowish-brown or light-brown fine sandy friable subsoil-Bienville soils. Light-brown topsoil with ‘reddish or yellowish subsurface and dense mottled red and gray subsoils, very slowly permeable—Leaf soils. Dark-gray or gray topsoil with light-gray or gray dense heavy subsoil very slowly permeable—Irving soils. Black to dark-brown friable calcareous topsoil, dark-gray to brown subsoil—Bel1 soils (Black Prairie area). Flat Stream Bottoms—East Texas Timber Country: Black calcareous topsoil with heavy drab to black subsoil—Trinity soils. Black non-calcareous topsoil with heavy gray to black non-calcareous subsoil-Johnson soils. Grayish-brown to brown topsoil with grayish-brown to brown subsoil—- Ochlockonee soils. Gray or slightly mottled topsoil with gray to slightly mottled gray and brown subsoil—Bibb soils. Upland Blackland Prairie Soils: Black, dark-gray or ashy-black to brown calcareous friable topsoil with dark-gray, brown or yellowish, moderately friable subsoil—Houston soils. Brown or yellowish-brown calcareous friable topsoil with crumbly yellow to greenish-yellow subsoil—-Sumter soils. Black to dark-gray topsoil very tight when dry, non-calcareous, with dense, tough brown or dark-gray subsoil—Wilson soils. SOILS OF HIDALGO COUNTY Hidalgo County is located in the extreme southern part of Texas in the geographical region known as the Rio Grande Plain. Twenty-nine soil types are mapped in 12 series. The Brennan fine sandy loam occupies 35.5 per cent, the Nueces fine sand 17.0 per cent, the Hidalgo fine sandy loam 10.5 per cent, and the Harlingen clay 9.5 per cent of the area. The dark-colored soils of the upland plain include the Victoria, Hidalgo, Tiocano, and Willacy series. The light-colored soils of the upland plain include the Brennan, Nueces, Delfina, and Duval series. The flat stream bottoms include the Harlingen, Laredo, Rio Grande, and Raymondville series. Composition of Soils Table 7 gives the analyses of the different soil types and Table 8 an interpretation of the results. The light-colored upland soils are some- what low in nitrogen and phosphoric acid but are better supplied with . . . . . J . . .,. J I .~. . .. .2 . .. . .7. ........:.....<.w~.ifi.....5::.xi. . . . . N-.. 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S... ...... @832 25% 2E 26> @255 2m ommmm _ y w a w s w a v a a s a a w a v a m. a M x222: Na 1w JHWV Haws mWWV mw% HdWa momm mm .3255: gosh. 3 wwww 3K in x0 as mm m. q u H. wqqp wui u m? $1 mm -2225 30 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION wém 5mm 3a 2.4a ...... .5030“. dafism 5E2 héqw 25 §82> Nfifi Q: 2a wdm ...... .5030“. .8855 5E2 32.53 wifi E€o¢2> Swwm v ad ..:E5£Mnow Jwomnflm 5E2 >253 m2.“ dioaom> z ma W2 ...... IGMOO fiownflw .522 ZZEw 02w wmnouom? 33L H ca. W: ififinwnom duamnzm §E2z©cEw m2.“ .2822? : ma wdH Qmw ...... zcpoo dowmndm 5E2 >252 wfiw ww~o€m> wit. 9mm 9N W2 mém .......... whmfii Jmownflw .522 Knwidm wflmw owfiawmm : w? mi 1N2 oém .......... lieu fiomnsm 5E2 kécwm wcfl 0222i momma w? Y2 W3 N3 ....¢ofioo $5.8m 5E2 35am wcfl 0222i 25a 2N Em m...“ m6 ...... ................. -. afidx ioawaflm $20 iwwflfiuwm : 04b mam mam 1mm .......................... : Chou doawafim $20 Gowflfinxm mmmmm mfim Nd mAu oAm ...... Jflmmx down-Om 5E2 Mwcwm wifi fluflflwnm : N3 v.5 Wwm mavw _ .......... :53 domnsm 5.8.2 >253 .25 cwscwpm fimmw . 7 220E Awmpom nwuoafic 2E M35016“ , Qmapom g fiwmonawZ uionawosm @5022? psofig? 02.329822 @3138» uonfifli . #50535 22>? wzEc 25H huo» mEflmflfi E Ekfinnwspm? dnondwm woow 2E7» mo hnzmfimmoa F30 mnEam E Qono .22»? 525cc 0222i we mien :0 manoimuoauo firm d 2pm? SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS 31 potash. The dark-colored upland soils and the bottom lands are well supplied with nitrogen andwith phosphoric acid and are especially high in potash. The soils are all limestone soils, are not acid, and do not need lime. The light-colored soils are likely to need phosphoric acid and nitrogen under cultivation if supplied with sufficient water to enable the plant food to be utilized. Pot experiments are given in Table 9. It is noted that some of the soils respond to applications of nitrogen and phosphoric acid or both. Fertilizers The soils of this section which are under irrigation are heavily cropped and many acres of them are planted in fruit or vegetable crops. Although many of them are well supplied with plant food, under this system of cropping they are likely to need applications of fertilizer within a short time, especially for the fruit and vegetable crops. Phosphoric acid and nitrogen are needed to a greater extent than potash, of which there appears a very good supply in most of the soils. The soils contain an abundance of lime and do not need liming. Salty Soils Soils which contain the sufficient amount of soluble salts to injure or entirely destroy some crops occur in spots in the areas of salty soils. They are likely to increase on irrigated soils where there is not proper underdrainage. When the ground water is found near enough to the surface to evaporate constantly it will rise and evaporate, thereby leav- ing any soluble salts it contains and causing them constantly to ac- cumulate. When the irrigation water is applied and the soil does not permit some of the water to pass through and out into the drainage water, salt will accumulate even Where the quantity of irrigation water is small. The only way to prevent the accumulation of the salts is to wash them out through the subsoil by means of sufficient applications of irriga- tion water. This process may not be possible on a soil with a heavy impervious subsoil or where the subsoil water cannot drain off but is forced to accumulate. A rise of ground water within 4 to 5 feet of the surface may be regarded as a sign of danger, as such a rise is likely to be followed by an accumulation of salts in the soil. Classification of Soils of Hidalgo County Dark-colored Soils of Upland Plains: Black to very dark-brown or dark grayish-brown, calcareous, friable topsoil with dark-gray, brown, or yellowish crumbly subsoiL-Victoria soils. i Brown calcareous friable topsoil with brown or yellowish crumbly calcareous subsoiL-Hidalgo soils. 32 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Brown friable, non-calcareous topsoil with brown or yellowish, crumbly subsoiL-Willacy soils. Ashy-gray to black top and subsoil, with tough consistence and heavy texture poorly drained——Tiocano series. Light-colored Soils of Upland Plains: Very light grayish-brown or gray, friable, non-calcareous topsoil with yellow crumbly non-calcareous subsoil—Brennan soils. Gray, friable, non-calcareous topsoil with gray or yellowish friable non- calcareous subsoil—Nueces soils. Red or reddish-brown friable non-calcareous topsoil with a similar sub- soil——Duval soils. Brown or reddish-brown sandy topsoils with tough heavy gray or yellow almost impervious subsoil-—Delfina soils. Flat Stream Bottoms, Subject to Overflow: Light-brown to gray calcareous friable topsoil with gray to light-brown or yellowish calcareous crumbly subsoil—Rio Grande soils. Brown calcareous friable topsoil with brown or yellow calcareous friable crumbly subsoil—Laredo soils. Dark gray to dark-brown calcareous heavy topsoil with dark-gray or brown dense calcareous subsoil—Harlingen soi.ls. Gray to brownish-gray calcareous topsoil with light-gray, ash-brown, or yellowish calcareous subsoil with poor natural drainage-—Raymondville soils. ~ SOILS OF MILAM COUNTY Milam County is in east-central Texas, partly in the East Texas Timber Country and partly in the Blackland Prairie. Thirty types of soil were mapped in 18 series. The most extensive type is the Houston black clay occupying 11.7 per cent of the 'area, followed by'C_a_._tJ:/1_lpa clay with 10.0, Kirvin fine sandy loam with Sig, Norfolk fine sand with 9.8,, Luverne fine sandy loam with 9.9, Bell clay with 5.6, and Susquehanna fine sandy loam with 5.5 per cent of the area. The soils of the East Texas Timber Country in the eastern part of the county include the Kirvin, Norfolk, and Luverne series, which are timbered uplands with friable subsoils and the Tabor and Susquehanna series, which are timbered uplands with heavy subsoils. The East Texas bottom lands include the Ochlockonee and Miller series. The Blackland Prairie soils include the Houston, Wilson, and Crockett series. The terrace soils of the Black Prairie include the Louisville, Bell, Milam, and Irving series while the bottom soils of the Black Prairie include the Trinity, Catalpa, and Yahola series. Composition of Soils Table 10 gives the composition of the various soils types and Table 11 the interpretation of the analyses. The soils of the Blackland Prairie SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS ~33 section are better supplied with plant food than those of the East Texas Timber Country. The upland soils of the East Texas Timber Country are somewhat low in nitrogen and phosphoric acid but are better supplied with potash. The soils of this country, in general, are practically neutral and some of them are basic, being limestone soils. Pot experiments on some of these soils are given in Table 12. It is noted that some of these soils respond to applications of nitrogen and phosphoric acid while few of them respond in crop yields to potash. Fertilizers The soils of the eastern part of the count-y are likely to need fertilizers, especially nitrogen and phosphoric acid. Potash is less likely to be needed i. for field crops but is probably needed for some of the truck crops. No, need ‘for an application of lime is indicated at the present time, although some of these East Texas soils will probably become acid on further cultivation. The soils of the Blackland Prairie are less in need of fertilizers than those of the East Texas region and most of them are hardly likely to need lime, on account of their highly calcareous nature. Classification of Soils of Milam County Upland Soils of East Texas Timber Country: Light-brown to grayish or slightly reddish, topsoil with red slowly permeable subsoil—Kirvin soils. Gray topsoil with yellow sub-surface and yellow very permeable and sandy subsoil—Norfolk soils. Gray friable or grayish-brown topsoil with heavy red crumbly sub- soil—Luverne soils. Light-brown to gray topsoil with yellow subsurface and red to yellow dense moderately permeable subsoil--Tabor soils. Light-brown to gray topsoil with yellow subsurface and red and gray mottled dense subsoil slowly permeable—Susquehanna soils. Flat Stream Bottoms, Subject to Overflow: Light-brown or grayish topsoil with brown or yellow or mottled sub- soil-Ochlockonee soils. Red calcareous,>friable topsoil with red calcareous crumbly subsoil—- Miller soils. Upland Blackland Prairie Soils: Black dark-gray or ashy-black to brown friable topsoil, calcareous, with dark-brown or yellowish calcareous crumbly subsoil-Houston soils. Black to dark-gray non-calcareous topsoil with brown or dark-gray dense tough subsoil-—Wilson soils. Black to brown or spotted moderately friable topsoil with reddish or yellowish or mottled with gray subsoil—Crockett soils. 34 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 21: HE. 8.2 Ea N3 8. £4 m2 m2. m8. ................................................ -- Esufiofiww 2am“ i; i. 3.2 m5. m: B. 23 m... :3. S... ................................................ .- .36 228w wfimm To m.» Q23 mm.» m2. mm. 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E002 >020 2.0020020 26mm 22m222 2.00M 2.00m £2 mm 0m >020 02220200 0M020>< 220E 260m 2600 E2 m0 m2. >020 220m 000.2032 _ 2.2002022 2209.222: 2.200 0522 22002022 2.200 0.22204 2020.2. 02202222002222 20222222222 02.222200 022222200 02202222002222 0.2204 >202 2.204 2.204 2020.2. 02.022022 22022225 0.2022012 03.2 >2222222mwo22 22.200 52.2560 wO 02200 QONWHQM %Q 000.305» HQ 2202202239202222 fan Qimflhv 36 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION v 0d, ...... .5330 500000 .502 30:00 0E0 EPEM 000mm 0m ma: ..||-i Q0030 .00.0u.~50 .503 3500 05m ctrlvm 000mm 0.0 H6 0.0 50x m 3 £0350 00003 S=0>00m SE0 x005 000005000" : . 0.00 0.00 -I F30 . 0 500.030 .000»? S=0>00u SE0 x003 coizom 5.0mm 0.0m .2 0.8 0.2 z E00 m. 0 x 000F050 .0000?» 0:93.00 SEO x005 coisofl : 0.00 . 0 .00 0.00 a F30 .000wn50 .0000? S20E30 SE0 xoEn 0000580“ 00.0mm 03. 0H mm 0.00 v.0 0.0m 0A» ................. .. .0000 4000000 SE0 x003 00000000 : mm 0H 0.2 0.: 0.0. .................. .- F30 £00030 SE0 x003 c3303 $000 7.- Hm mm 04m, 0.00m .............. -- .3300 .000w30 n00? x003 08.00am : 00m .. w m0 \@ 0.0m 0.00 .............. .. 50x 000.300 . E0 x003 00000000 : 0S mm 0.0 m0." 0.00 0.0m ................. z F30 .000$30 SE0 x003 00000000 000mm 0 0.0 0.: ....................... .- c0300 £0350 SE0 0000500» : 00H 0 0H 2m 00 0.0 0.: ........................... .- .580 £00000 SE0 0000080 : 00m 0m w 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0m ............................. -.. F30 ..xx00n:0 JSSE0 :00000m 000mm mm 0.2 0.3 ........................ -- c0300 .0003; . E0 nofisoi : hm! hm 0H 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0. .............................. .- 50x .000..€:0 SE0 0000080 z m0m 0w mm 0.3 0.2 00. 0.: .......................... .- F30 6.00.0000 SE0 00000000 0.03m 20 E um 0.0m 0.0 0.00 10m .............................. .. 05x 500200 SE0 0.50000 : 000 00 0m 0.5 0.: 0.0x W: .......................... .. F30 £00030 SE0 090000 000mm 0.0m 0.... 0.5 m.0m .............................. .. 000x 0000.30 SE0 003000 : 0.00 0.0m 0.0m 0mm .............................. .- F30 .000.H.50 SE0 0500.00 020m m0 0.0m mAm ............................ .- 000000 £00000 SE0 030000 : 0mm E 0m 0.5 0.0 0.00 m.wm .............................. .. 003x £00050 SE0 0.50000 : mmw mm m0 0.3 0.0m 0.00 0.3. .............................. .. F30 430030 SE0 003000 F500 m0 0.0m m.wm .......................... .- c0300 .000..€:0 SE0 030000 : 000 mx 0m 0.0m 0.0 9w 0.0m .............................. -. .580 000.300 SE0 0010000 : 0E. mm 00 0.3 0.0m 0.2. 0.00 .............................. .. F30 .000..€:0 SE0 030000 003m N. 0.0 0.0m ............ .- 200x030 500900 SE0Q00Q SE0 50m : wm 0.0m 0.0m .................. .. F30 £00000 SEEEEQ SE0 20m 00C 0 0.0 0.0m .......... 150x030 .000$50 S3030.“ SE0 20m : 0m 0.0m 0.00 .................. .. F80 0000.50 002000000 SEO 20m 00E 00m 0H 0E 0.0m 0.0m 0.0m ...................................... .. 050x £00030 .»SE0 20m : mom mm 0x 0.0 . 0.0 mdfi .......... ...................... .. F30 £00000 . 0x0 20m 800m 0 E00 000000200 x0000m 00000002.. 00 000x030 0 pwxmmwm? mmehmww». 0000:2023 0003500 00:50: . 0 .5 . . 00000;» 5E5 .08 00.5000 E .=..>E000B 080.3 E Q03 0x000? 050i 0am. 0093A 100w 0:03 m0 0900x3000?» F30 S2500 H6 0500 E0 RZMOEmHUHNQ uOm uflfi Omfifl-F 37 SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS 3 N» pg. Wm 50300 __ fiomnflm 055000000 £50m 05E dncwcwsumiw : S b § ZN N...“ N.» _.... 5i fiomnim M11235“ 65mm 05$ d55nsw50m5w a m3 NS w mam W3 _ m0 ..................................................................... .. E8 _ fiomnsm $3000.50 65mm 05G acgmswsvmsw mwmwm m0 NA 9w i: 50300 .00.wwn5m .502 35am 05$ wc5nswzdmnm : 0H 2 Qm mwfi bwwx .000w.5m .503 35am 05G m5ianwsvmsw a m5 wH W2 w.» 5.500 60055.0 6502 35am 05E 0550505355 wwmwu m "am ............ .- 50300 fiomnsm 650m 05$ 050M502 30mm 5 S 0H Q3 S. 0.0m fig ................................ -- nfiwx fiomnsm SEO .652 : m5 § m: 5.0m 0.2 Q2 0.5m .................................. z F30 fiomnsm .520 505E Sqmmm 0mm 2 >0 0.3 m0 0&0 mdw ................................ -- nfimx .000m.5m $.03 .652 : $5 mm 3 0.0m 0.2 wmm mdm .................................. .. 5.500 .000.H.5m S30 505E 30mm o» w 0.: 9m ...:.50..B00 fiomnfim .502 >m5wm 05E 05.55am : v w Wm v.0 ....... :.$m0x fiomasm @503 35am 05G .05.~0>=Q : 5 0. 0.0m we .......... -5500 fiomnsm .802 >053 05C 05.$>:A 000mm mm 0.3 m6.» 155E500 60.35am 02.50005 $30 QQTwmMBOQ a . 2. . W3 0.0m ........ .5500 .8355“ 55.9.3.5 $.20 0E>mm30Q 0mg E00 03000 0000.3? 30.0 03525 smwpom cwmowfiZ nanonamonm 0505025 050st? 000000800 002E500 50.55:: 0505?’? 5E? was: ma? >00» mflwsmfln 5m iBwawnfi3 Lwaonwfi woom @535 mo hafimnmmmon 550D 05.2w 5m A050 “E033 w0::$:0U|.$:-00 50:2 n0 mmau 50 manoimuonxo 00k éfl 050a. 38 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Flat Stream Bottoms, Blackland Prairie Region Subject to Overflow: Black to dark-brown friable permeable calcareous soils with black or dark-gray heavy permeable subsoil—Trinity soils. Brown friable, permeable calcareous topsoil with brown or grayish friable permeable subsoil—Catalpa soils. Red friable calcareous topsoil with red calcareous subsoil lighter in texture than topsoil—Yahola soils. Blackland Prairie—Flat t0 Undulating Old Stream Benches Subject to Overflow: Brown or reddish-brown topsoil with heavy reddish clay subsoil not ca1careous—Milam soils. Black to dark-brown friable topsoil with dark-gray to brown crumbly subsoil—Bell soils. Brown friable calcareous topsoil with brown or yellow crumbly subsoil- Lewisville soils. Dark-ashy-gray to black tight topsoil with dark gray to brown dense tough subsoil not calcareous—Irving soils. Soils of Nacogdoches County Nacogdoches County is in the east-central part of Texas and is located entirely in the East Texas Timber Country. Twenty-eight soil types belonging to 17 series have been mapped in this county. The timbered uplands with friable subsoils include the Norfolk, Ruston, Nacogdoches, Bowie, Orangeburg, Kirvin, and Willacy series. The timbered uplands with dense subsoils include the Lufkin, Susquehanna, and Tabor series. The old terrace soils with friable subsoils include the Kalmia and Cahaba series, while those with dense subsoils include the Leaf, Myatt, and Sumter series. The flat stream bottoms carry soils of the Hannahatchee, Bibb, and Ochlockonee series. The most extensive soil type is the Ruston fine sandy loam occupying 22.9 per cent of the area, followed by the Kirvin fine sandy loam on 20.6 per cent of the area. The Norfolk fine sand occupies 10.4 per cent and the Ochlockonee fine sandy loam 5.3 per cent of the area. Composition of Soils Table 13 gives the analyses of the different soil types and Table 14 an interpretation of the analyses. The soils of the county are in general low in nitrogen, in active phosphoric acid, and somewhat better supplied with potash. They are nearly neutral in reaction, although a few are acid, one of which is the Bibb clay loam. The soils are likely to need nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and probably potash. For legume crops lime is also likely to be needed. Pot experiments on some of the soils are given in Table 15. In general, the pot experiments confirm the conclusions from the chemical analysis, especially the need of the nitrogen and phosphoric acid. ‘SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS 39 Fertilizers Fertilizers carrying phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and potash are generally needed on these soils for crops of all kinds. The soils of this county seem to be particularly in need of phosphoric acid. This conclusion from the chemical analyses is confirmed by field experiments (See Bulletin 469). Classification of Soils of Nacogdoches County Timbered Uplands with Friable Subsoils: Gray topsoil with yellow subsurface, gray and yellow, very permeable, and sandy subsoil—Norfolk soils. Light-brown to grayish topsoil with brown, yellowish, or reddish sub- surface, reddish-yellow, reddish-brown or light-red, very permeable sub- soil—Ruston soils. Red topsoil containing ironstone fragments, red, slowly permeable sub- soiI-Nacogdoches soils. Gray to light-brown topsoil, yellow subsurface, yellow mottled with gray and red permeable subsoil—-Bowie soils. Light-brown to grayish or slightly reddish topsoil, red with some gray mottled, slowly permeable subsoil-—*Kirvin soils. Yellowish-gray fine sandy topsoil with friable sandy clay, red subsoil—- Orangeburg soils. Red fine sandy topsoil with red friable permeable sandy clay subsoil— Greenville soils. Black to dark-gray topsoils with dense, tough dark-gray clay or brown subsoil—-Wilson soils. Timbered Uplands with Dense Subsoil: Light-brown to gray topsoil with yellow subsurface and red and gray mottled dense very slowly permeable subsoil—Susquehanna soils. Gray, tight on drying, topsoil with gray dense very slowly permeable subsoil—Lufkin soils. Light-brown to gray topsoil with yellow subsurface and yellow subsoil with gray mottlings rather dense but moderately permeable-Tabor soils. Brown or yellowish-brown calcareous topsoil undulating with yellow or olive-colored calcareous gray subsoil—Sumter soils. Old Stream Benches Above Overflow: Light-brown topsoil, reddish or yellowish subsurface with light-red subsoil very permeable—-Cahaba soils. Light-brown or gray topsoil with yellow subsurface and yellow very permeable subsoiL-Kalmia soils. Light-brown topsoil, reddish or yellowish subsurface, dense mottled red and gray very slowly permeable subsoil-—Leaf soils. Gray topsoil, gray dense subsoil, very slowly permeab1e—Myatt soils. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 40 BULLETIN NO. immfiwiwfi e6 mm. flea w wwe. ewe. x 5mg >356 m5.“ wnsswwcwaO wmwao>< fiOmfifim N6 ON. 1.. R: :1 _ ww. w Se. mmo. F. ........... l 5.50M ~m©ifim 02mm MMSQQMiNHQ wwdhgfiew oomwasw w..e e1. mew _ E... em mwe@ mme@ ................. mwwfi >323 one.“ MMDDQMCNMO 0uwnw>< B-» we 3. mm. w: 5. 2i w 26. m2. .. .................. =52 E. wwixfiozeoo OSwN b|O m w MO wH NOH NN Hm w HOH HOH K ................. I/I. ENOH aim QQGOMUAJSUO mmOwN 3-3 we £4 2.. m: we. 2A w m2. >8. .\ ................ >2. Se... wfisfiozeoo mafia mfilaw mw.® fifi. fie. Nmw- 1/11 ~A.N%U Uwrnovwnvmzgnuo Zomnfim e.e we. eH. wefl eH. me. w ewe. mee. ........... .. E02 35mm 05w wwnoxuoesoO wwwnw>< oowwusm me mw. wm. ewfi mfi. mm. flm wme. eee. .............. :~,~.wmc~ 35mm m2? omcoxuoesuO wwmaw>< @.m NN. OH. ma. PM. e / 850w nmmewnflw Ufimmww MTPYHOZ UWGHQ>< fiownflw e.e a. we. Hefi ee. _ He. eH wfie. eHe. 5x3 35mm one.“ vmoeuoz wwmnm>4 ouwenmm fie 3. we. ew ve. _ em. em ewe. wee. ................. :53 35mm m5.“ viownoZ wmwumfiw Swvmnsm we we. we. He we. mm. ma m3. 2e. , wflmm vii Eowaoz wmwpw>< 8w ............... . Eomnwm w.e eH. ee. em we. um. mm wHe. efie. ................ ....... .. wcww 05w vflowuoz _wmw.5>< wudwaflm fie eH. we. ew we. em. He ewe. ewe. Eco m G x .......... .. wism mfiw vmowwoz _www.~w>< mi: we ew. ee 5.. e N2. ewe. 250M >1 an MSG h=w>dhw mwnuoewouwz 3%“ eTe HS mH. fimfi em. w ewe. ewe. fifiwfimm 25 312,55 mosuowwounz mwmfi @mlm Om. Y} {I WP. w K |||| I 5%.“; Qfifiv. h=®>flhw mwwmUOmvwOOfiz wue w.» mm. ewm ..: 3.. m mNH. wee. ............. ha? ziwiwaw mwfioowwoodz mwmmm fi-e 1 2 wm. #5 mm. Ne. 3 Nme. mwe. .\ .................. 1/1? Edofl W20 wvfioowwoodz wee fiwvmnflm MG. Mmw. fl /fi Eda: ~mme-fim wflTfi Qn>H~M _QM.NH®>< wow _ . ................. .. . . flomnsw .w.e em. ew. _ mwfi ee. He. i w ewe. vme. .................. 5x3 heimm one.“ ntrivm _w.w.m.~w>< wowmncw we em. 2. eeH wfi. _ mw. _ em vme. eee. .............. 2E2 .253 our“ ctriM ww§w>< Eomnfiw we we. em. wmH mm. _ we. e eeH. wee. ................. ................ .. 5x2 52w Gfrflvm .5983‘ oowmnwm e.e we. S. emu em. _ ew. I eeH. eefi. Znwnonfim ../ ............ ; 5x3 >30 215M owwuoio. mownsm we 3. i. _ m3 e7 e? wH m3. ewe. Ennnona uflwofi zecmm use.“ wSTEmwQU owaawfiw oowwpwm we we. i. _ m: a. em. em wee. wwe .................... 25E: hwcwm one.“ oztpcownw omanw>< e7» fie Ow. FM. OMH ON. mw. .w mNO. wNO. .\ ................. I, EGO.“ ~mmeiflm W5C" GQGJNU wwOwN vuO m6 mm. PO. ww OO. Ow. Om wNO. mNO. .................... 1/ SQO~ hmeidw wiwm NQNSNU mwOwN $73 O6 mN. NH. mOH PH. fin. O MHO. NNO. .................... I/{I ENO~ kmvidm 0W3“ 0550mm NwNNN mg w.» mo. 5. m: 2.. mm. 3 . wS. 2e. ................ =52 .253 25 £30m SSN $10 C-b MO. HH. PO. Nb. O ................... I/ll awn; ~mmeidm 05TH Qwkfium i-» 9m we. w». 5A em. 3H B m2. m5. .................... .................. .. =52 >5. .35 cmeww E fin mm. B. _ N2 S. S; 2 wfi. 2H. ,, .................. -- =82 Q? eam awoww d d d d d d d d N mmflocm and mHmLV mdww m_w@wv mml WW RWL an... hwefia: HQ m. no H.611 ulna 01.0 um... SW 1 who» sEwQ ww. wmqm mimm. emqfl awn miwm. f... mm -98» Wm. m. W u qa wqfi mu... u .9... mfal we nu .3550 mosocwuaoaZ no mflom we nomh-niww .2 38am. 41 SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- NH. NH NH bow x0355. 5.35M x32... B2 B2 B2 wN NH w ................................ .. 5x2 bExw 2b“ 535m wmx$>< b3 B2 b3 H5 NH NH .............................................. .. w5xm v53 cobmsm NNNNN B2 b3 b3 on NH NH .................................. .- 5x2 5.5.5 w55nwm5x5O HNHNN B2 bxm b3 m» mH NH ...... ..5x2 5.53 x53 5035M Q 5552x5250 omvNm b3 b3 b3 ww mH NH .......................... .- 5x2 3.53 o5“ w55bww5x5O owx$>< b3 x8» 26w .3 mm x ...................................... .. 8x2 5w wwccxvoiuo xmowN woou uoow woow mNH wm NH .................................... z 52x 35w 3502222530 SNNN woow b3 woow HAN NH NH ..................... .- 5x2 525w v5.3 ww5o2oo25oO wmx5w>< B2 B2 BoH cm wH NH .............................. -- 5x2 5.53 v53 vHHovHoZ wwx5w>< b3 B2 B2 mm NH mm .............................................. -. HExm v5.3 220.3502 wwx5w>< B2 b3 b3 E. 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HNH l b. .... .. x2. .......................................... .. 503.6 xoumsm 525....“ To .. .- 2. NHH. pH .... .- 5o. .................................. -. bow @0353 535M weak“ 5on5; ma 3. HH. i. xH. wN. 5. 3o. 5o. ...................... .. 5x2 >28» 23 503:5 owxbw>< 33.5w Him mN. E. NH. 2. om. m wNo. wNc. ...................... -- 5x2 5.53 v5.3 55552 wwx5w>< x23 Nd w... 3. mm E. 2.. mm 3°. m8. ...................................... .. 25m 23 E225 omNNN S-.. 5.x 2. w... E 2. mm. wx NE. x2. ................................... .. HExm 23 x825 NNNNN momnsw c6 3. 3H i. HH N8. $5. 8x2 bExm whsnwwnxbo NNHNN 3225 xx 5. Nw HN. NN m2. 5x. ...................... .. 5x2 béxm wcsnwwcx.~o HNHNN wN Nd oN. ...- HmH i- H. mg. wmo. 5x2 mHExm w5w 5055M a. w55mm5x5O wmvNm 2 xx NN. HwH _ w 2s. 8... 5x2 b5xm x53 5.5.2.3 x wfifiwxflsfio mmfi... w-.. 5 2. m: pH Nme. “N? 5x2 55$ v5.3 535M a. 3555.550 55x d8 m s m dV Mds Md w w. dm. dW. no 555 x235 bw 1H.ol..v UGWO aomlV 10% IdoW mo; m1 n 5.2.5 5 $3 m3“. 33w .25.. mm...» 2m. “Wm as mm... w up u H. mum m? m 3 2T m5 -2525 42 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 02 0 0.2. 0.2. m.w2 ...... 1202000 .22002222m .2252 .2255 02222 2205252 023w m2 2. m 2.0 0m 0m .......... .2252 40002.25 .2502 .2050 02222 2202532 .. rm 2. m o.m2 2.1m 22.2. ........ .- 22.200 .0052.225 .2252 22550 02222 22020222 mooww 22a 22 2. 2.22 2mm o6 0.02 i- 22222220200 .220w2.225 .2252 2220250 0222220022520 .. $2 mm 0 22.222 N22 22d wém ......... -- 22.200 .22002225 .2252 >255 M222220M252O uu2mm 2222 m2 2.22 n62 m6 2.2.0 2..2.2 ..-.2222222M.200 .0052.225 .2252 220250 0222220022520 .. mmm 0m 2.0 2.5m 2.02 2..m2 0.0m ......... -0200 .00022:w .2502 .2050 020.200.20.20 20220 m2 m2 mm 22.2.2 2.22m 222.022 .0002.222m .2252 .2255 02222 00220020022200 .. 2m aw N222 .2262 22.2.2 22.200 .0002.225 .2252 .2255 02222 00220220022200 mcmww m2 w m6 m2. 2..2.2 ...... .. 2202200 .0002.222m .2252 22.250 02222 222022022 mmmmm m2. 2.2 2.4222 22.02 22.222 ...... .. 220.2200 .00.m2.225 .2252 .2255 02222 222022022 2mmmu om m.m2 2.2.2 ....2222222w.20m .0002.225 .2252 .2255 02222 022022022 .. mm 0.2m 22.222. ...... -- 22.200 .00.w2.225 .2252 225.00 02222 022022072 2.22m 2.2. m6 ..... --+ ............................................ -- 22.200 .0002.2220 022220220222 .5002 22.250 02222 222022072 m2. m 0.2 0.2. 2.02 ................... .. 2.02200 .5222... .025... 0022 2202.202 ommmm 2.m n22 2.2.2 .... 2202200 .0002.225 .255 02222 222022072 0212mm m2 2. 0.2 2.2. m.» ...... .- 2200.200 .22002225 .2252 .2255 02222 02.22202 N232 32 2m 22 N22 m0 m... 0.222 ...... .. 220300 .220m2225 .2252 .2255 02222 02.5202 2.2.02.2 22.2 2.2 02 2.2.2" 2.0 2.2.2 .......... .. 22292 .0005; .8002 22.002 0:22 2.2.2.2202 .. mm2 2.2 02 2.02 2..m 0.2. .......... .. F200 .0002.225 .2502 .2250... 02222 2.2.2.2202 2.2.02.2 mm 22 2 mm 2am 0.2 2.2 ..................... .. 22202 .2235... .8002 .2020 2.2.2.222 .. mm 2.2 m 0.0 2.0 m.m 2.0 ...................... .. F200 .2235... .5002 .2020 222.2222 003m Em 02. 2.2 m.mm 2.0m 22.02 ...................... .. 222022 .0002.2=0 .5002 .2020 2.2.2.2202 .. 2.0m 0m 2. 0.22 2x0 0.2. ...................... -- F200 .0002.2:0 .8002 .520 222.552 003m 222 02 2.2 0.2m 22.2. 0.22 0.22.2. ..................................................... .- 222022 .2200222:.. . ..22n2w220.222 .2252 22252.5 02.222 0222250020 .. $2 2.m m2 2.02 2..m2 2.0 0.0m ...................................................... .. 22.200 .220w2222w ..22220220.222 .2252 .2255 02222 0222320020 momma 2.2 22. 2.2. 22mm 0.0m ................................................. .. 22202 .0002.250 ..22225220.222 .2252 .2255 02222 0222320026 _ .. m0 0m 2.2.2 2.02 2.2m ..................................................... -- 22.200 .0025; ..>2225220.222 .5502 .2255 02222 0222250026 225mm 2020.0 220522022 2200022222 2020.0 2022222202 220522022 220.002.2222 02.20 2200 220 2 0 2 . 0220222502222 02022222200 0 22225 . 22 22.2 .2 222.25 .222 2.22.25 222022223 220.225 022522 022.22. .2 .2225» 0202202222 222 53022022223 10.202202 UOOM Hfldmfi .HO 2222222255022 QROQ 02220.5 222 220.20 2225.203 50222200 002200250052 20 02225 220 02220522022220 2022 d2 02220.2. SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS 43 Flat Stream Bottoms, Subject to Overflow: Light-brown or grayish topsoil with brown or yellow or mottled subsoil- Ochlockonee soils. I Gray or slightly mottled topsoil with gray or slightly mottled gray and brown subsoil-Bibb soils. Red or brown topsoil with red subsoiL-Hannahatchie soils. SOILS OF NAVARRO COUNTY Navarro county is in east-central Texas and is located partly in the East Texas Timber Country and partly in the Blackland Prairie. Twenty- two soil types belonging to 16 soil series have been mapped in this county. The upland calcareous soils of the Blackland Prairie are classed as the Houston and Sumter soils. The non-calcareous upland soils are mapped as the Milam, Wilson, Ellis, and Crockett soils. The calcareous flat stream benches are mapped as Lewisville and Bell soils. The flat stream benches of the non-calcareous group are mapped as the Irving series. The calcareous stream bottoms are mapped as the Trinity and "Catalpa series. The timbered upland soils of the East Texas Timber Country are mapped as the Susquehanna, Tabor, Myatt, and Oktibbeha series. The Wilson clay loam is the most extensive soil, occupying 17 per cent of the area, while Wilson fine sandy loam is practically as extensive, covering 16.9 per cent of the area. The Houston clay occupies 12 per cent, the Catalpa clay 11.2 per cent, the Trinity clay 6.4 per cent, and the Crockett fine sandy loam 5.9 per cent of the area. Composition of Soils Table 16 gives the analyses of the different soil types and Table 17 the interpretation of the analyses. The soils of the Blackland Prairie region are well supplied with plant food, their phosphoric acid, potash, and nitrogen content are good, and they are also well supplied with lime. The soils of the East Texas Timber“ Country are not so well supplied with plant food, especially nitrogen and phosphoric acid. They are somewhat better supplied with potash but are still inclined to be low. Nitrogen and phosphoric acid are both of importance in these soils. Pot Experiments Pot experiments are given in Table 18. Decided increases in growth are shown with both nitrogen and phosphoric acid with the Crockett fine sandy loam, Irving clay, Willacy clay loam, and Willacy fine sandy loam. The Houston black clay gave little increase with phosphoric acid but a decided increase with nitrogen. k Fertilizers The use of fertilizers supplying nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and probably potash is indicated on the soils of the East Texas Timber Country. Some 44 BULLETIN NO. 482,_ TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION of the soils of the Black Prairie will also probably respond to phosphoric acid and nitrogen. The soils of this section, in general are not acid and do not need lime There are, however, some individual soils which are likely to become acid and these may eventually need lime, especially for legume crops. The sample of Myatt silty clay loam is somewhat acid. Description of Soils of Navarro County Upland Calcareous Soils of the Blackland Prairie: Black, dark-gray or ashy-black to brown, friable topsoil with dark- gray, brown, or yellowish, moderately friable, subsoil—Houston soils. Brown or yellowish-brown friable topsoil with yellow to greenish-yellow crumbly subsoiL-Sumter soils. N on-Calcareous Upland Soils: Black to dark-gray topsoil, tight when dry, brown or dark-gray, dense tough subsoiL-Wilson soils. Brown, moderately friable topsoil with greenish-yellow dense subsoil -—Ellis soils. Black to brown or spotted, moderately friable reddish or yellowish or mottled with gray subsoil—Crockett soils. Flat Stream Benches above Overflow: Black to dark-brown friable topsoil with dark-gray to brown crumbly subsoil-Bell soils. Brown friable topsoil with brown or yellow crumbly subsoil—Lewis- ville soils. ' Non-calcareous Stream Benches above Overflow: Dark ashy-gray to black topsoil very tight when dry, dark-gray or brown dense tough subsoil—Irving soils. Stream Bottoms Subject to Overflow: Black to dark-brown, friable, permeable calcareous topsoil, black or dark-gray heavy but permeable subsoil—Trinity soils. Black or very dark-brown moderately friable topsoil, black, brown or dark-gray moderately permeable subsoil non-calcareous—Johnston series. Brown friable calcareous permeable topsoil, brown or grayish friable and permeable subsoil—Catalpa‘ soils. Brown or reddish-brown non-calcareous topsoil with heavy red clay subsoil-Milam soils. Timbered Uplands of the East Texas Timber Country: Light-brown to gray topsoil with yellow subsurface red and gray mottled dense very slowly permeable subsoil—~Susquehanna soils. 45 S-OILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS a. 0-0 0.2. 00.. .... .. 000 00.2 02.0 22.0. 000. .............. .. 8.02 >230 00G 002202022200 00202.. 02$ 0.0 02.. 02.. 002 02.. 00.2 .02 020. 02.0. .............................. .- 8.002 >020 >220 000>2>2 2.0200 0-0 0.0 00. S. 202 02. 2.0. >2 2.00. 000. .............................. .. E002 >020 >220 £0>2>2 00200 02;. 0.0 00. 2.0. 2.02 00. 00.2 0 ~00. 000. .......................... .. E002 >250 02.2 E0202 00200 0-0 0.0 00. 22. 202 22. 00. 22 2.20. 2.00. ........................ .i E02 >253 0:20 E0202 20200 02-0 2.2. 00.02 00.22 00 00. 00.2 0 >00. 000. ............. .. 000.20 000220220 >020 0220,2302 $000 0-0 02. 00.0 02.0 . 002 0.0.. 2.0.2 020 200. 002. .............. .. 000220 80220220 >020 0220528012 E000 , 200.0026 2.0 00.2 02.. 2.0 2.2. 2.0. 02 020. 000. ........................ .. E002 >052 0:20 0252 00.0.2052» 0000.200 0.0 20. 02.. 002 2.2. 00. E 000. 000. .......................... .. E002 >253 0E0 02522 000003.. 02;. 0.0 20.2 00. 002 00. 00. 02.0 000. 022. ...................................... .. 222002 >020 uctri 02200 0-0 2.0. 02.2 0». 02.2 00. 00. 02 50. 200. ....................................... .. 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M: MM MM ...._.......w...._flwm ma: a230,: cwmofii: Eu: 0E: awwpon Eu: w>$o< 13o uiosnmosn 293cm 2:33 omnosmmosm . 03:04 $34 |Eo< flmwom. £525 cnziih- .T 03v. >fimnmmmcw .980 woman: Mao» kgonmfl mil-cu Pia>aZ m: miom coat-Z. we momfiaia we Goiauouauowflm Sm each. momnsm ouamnsm momnsw mosrsm 24. To momnsm 00.3.15 m T» To a HA. To momnsm wuawfii m T». i. m 7v “MM. M? w“. ma. N: wzm m3. ......................... .. :52 fiéwm 25 :owz>> 3:291: SA .... .. mm: ma. S 35. m2. H ...................... .. 8:2 >95» :5: :om:>> wmw$>< mw. .... .. o3 ww. I 3A.. $2M ...................................... -- :52: .33 :32? omw:m>< .... .. s: s: m s... E. ...MMHUHHMMHHUM»....-.......... s5 2% :35.» wmasé ow: .... .- ma“ 2.: 2 M? m2. .82 52;» 33m . . . . mo. Eb ........... . . >20 comma’ 38m B»: 3 w wmm Hm S: H EH ma mmfi. ................................. : ma? 355E wmwuw>< a m. _ Mm: 2. MR M: 5H fin HMMHHHHHHUHHHHUHMM .................. .. 2% s25 Qwswé . . . . >3. $8. ..................... .. :32 $.52 25 .8:fi~. 35w mm a mm g mm ~ 2 Ev 3a . 8x3 35mm vim non: ON. WH- ON. |||||||||||||| I aflnz %@-.flw QHSQ GQ§$SQ5UMQIE~ $0. BO. QC. I |||||||||||||| t. 830w \mmv~n.ww 95mm“ wiflfigwnwUnmflw w“ “WM: m” m. Mfi x m2. 2:“ .-..........HHHWMWHMW ................... .. Eu “seem wwwsé vOQ .... I MVH i} Ob. EM mac. Nma. ......... t. .......................... .12. >6?“ HQuEDW UMQMU>< 3. .... .- .2: ma. om £0. .................. .. s8: .852 3w wfisefiz. 22a 2. -. S: 2.: ax N2. ma... .............. .- :52 >23: 2E wfiseio 88w mwo 5x2 macaw vim owsoxuofisoO wofiwu TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION rcwwmmmrvmfiormmwm wwmvvodwdrvvwddww m Q w "I 482, BULLETIN N O. 46 830m: "Baum . Hm nwnfin: i3 vauonafl qsmod mom aAmv quao 13d Aqgogsvg quao mad qsuqod alqnlos quao 13d Iwsnsw 19d ‘an -soqd quao 19d uafioazmq woflfin-GQUIMQGBQD cuue>ui no 55m u: nonn-nifi 5a 05,51 47 SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS mm p m .3.» 9w ad 3.3 .......... -5333 domncm 5S2 mocom ocfl comm? z o: 5 2 9mm o3 mo o? ...... -- ccoo dommom .E.oo3 325m wcfi comm? 35mm mo N3 mm #3.. >6 o.3 wAm .......... .. hoax doomccm 582 fiocom ocfi comm? : m3 3 mm mg o5 Q3 m3" .......... .. ccoo .3355 .Ewo_ cocwm ocfl comm? 95mm .3 o 3 Qmm w.” 3&2 o3 ...................... .. .58. domncm .E.oo~ no? comm? : 53 3 3 95 9: o5 mow ...................... .. ccoo domncm £52 mo? comm? 55mm 3N3 3 3 E5 E. 3.3 W3 ...................... -..£S_ doowccm 5.52 F? comm? : m3 3 mm mam R3 Q5 mam .................... .. ccoo doficcm .833 >2“. comm? Comm 3A" 3 5 m? mo Q3“ Q2. .............................. .. 5mm fiomoom 52o k3??? : 2:. N» 3 mow can v.3 mow ................................ .. ccoo domocm 52o acacia 23mm 2m 3 5 i: Nd mam mom .............................. .. cfiwx doomcom 52o momcia a m? 5 E W5 W3 mmw Q3 .............................. .. ccoo doovccm 52o comcin. mommm >3 m 8 3m Nd .23 Qmm ................................ -- cfiox domoom is? wit: : 5m 3 3 Ema N3 Q3 9mm .................................. .. ccoo domnom 52o wcrré comma om 3: vém .......................... .. cofioo domoom 52o commooc : $3 N3 3 Q3 um v.5 Q3 .............................. .. cfiox domncm 52o coomoofl ._ 3w S Z 9mm 3.3 wd Q3 ............................. .. ccoo domocm 52o coomcofl mmmmm mo 3w 3m mam coco» eomtom 52v commoom .. 3 um mm Q3 .............................. .. cfiox doooccm 52o commoom : S 2. 9mm m3. ............................. .. ccoo dooficm .22» coomcofl Rommm 3N 3 om Now fin mam 3.3 .................. .. cflox domncm Si» xQoS commoom .. mm» ow ow Row v.3 3.3 v.3 .................. -- ccoo domncm 52o xooE coomoom mommm 3m 3 3 13 od W8 v.3 .................. .. .583 doowccm 52o xooE oommoom a £6 mu mm N5 Q3 Q3 Q5 .................. ..c.coo doowccm 52o x35 coomcofl 15mm m3 m o 3mm we 13 3m ...... .- .58, domoom 5S3 >€mm wcfi 332:0 : mmm . 8 3 ZN m3 o.» mo» ...... .- .58 fiomoom cams mocom 25 mommooco oommm nmwpom comonucz Eon smwuon cwmoupmc “cuomwmcnmomo A Mmsmfiww . oio Qwo co c co m . c o2 E mooccc. . A Fm a fir? a 33.? i555? ca? 0:35 m9»? E00 Eonmcn E Gkvdhmoifi? Lmuonwfl doom $.53 we hommnmmmoa F80 mccouw cm no.3 pnmmv? h-E-ou ounfvaz wo mflom :0 mucoimuoflno 3m .2 $53M 48 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Light-brown to gray topsoil with yellow subsurface yellow with gray mottlings rather dense but moderately permeable subsoil——Tab0r soils. Flat to Undulating Old Stream Benches above Overflow: Gray topsoil becomes tight on drying, gray, dense, very slowly permeable, subsoi1—Myatt soils. Gray topsoil with heavy mottled, red, reddish-gray and yellow stiff sandy clay—Oktibbeha soils. SOILS OF VICTORIA COUNTY Victoria County is in south-central Texas in the Gulf Coast Prairie. Thirty-one types ‘of soil belonging to 18 series have been mapped in this county. The flat coastal prairies are occupied chiefly by the Lake Charles soils. The upland prairie soils include the Edna, Hockley, Katy, Duval, Norfolk, Susquehanna, Wilson, DeWitt, and Goliad series. The Blackland terrace soils include Milam and Bell soils. The Harris soils are found on marshy and poorly drained areas. The stream bottoms subject to over- flow are occupied by the Guadalupe, Johnson, Catalpa, and Trinity soils. The Lake Charles clay occupies 21.1 per cent of the area, the Edna fine sandy loam 20.7, and the Hockley fine sandy loam 14.8. The Lake Charles clay loam comes next with 8.8 per cent, the Trinity clay with 7.5 per cent and the Dewitt fine sandy loam with 5.1 per cent. Composition of Soils Table 19 gives the chemical composition of the various soil types and Table 20 an interpretation of the analyses. Some of these soils are well supplied with plant food but a number of them are low both in nitrogen and in active phosphoric acid and are somewhat better supplied with potash. Some of the soils are slightly acid but most of them are neutral and some are basic and are limestone soils. The soils of the DeWitt, Edna, Goliad, Hockley, and Lake Charles series are somewhat low in active phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid is likely to be needed on these soils within a short time. Pot experiments are given in Table 21. It is noticed that while some of these soils do not respond to nitrogen or phosphoric acid, many of them respond quite decidedly. Their response to potash is usually small. With the Edna fine sandy loam, for example, the crop produced without nitrogen and without phosphoric acid is much smaller than that produced with nitrogen and phosphoric acid but without potash. The same applied to the Hockley fine sandy loam, the Lake Charles clay, and other soils. Fertilizers Many of these soils are low in active phosphoric acid and need applica- tions of fertilizer containing phosphoric acid. Some of them are low in 49 SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS 0002.25 2. 2.2. .1. 222-... .1. .0-.. w-.. 220350 0002n5w m 2-2. To 220wnnw 0002.250 0 2-2. 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Classification 0f Soils of Victoria County Flat Coastal Prairie Soils: Black, dark gray, or brown, not calcareous, topsoil fairly tight when dry, with heavy black or gray subsoil not calcareous, slowly penetrated by water—Lake Charles soils. Upland Prairie Soils of Coastal Prairie: Light-brown to gray, generally sandy topsoil which becomes tight on drying with dense gray clay subsoil, almost impervious to water—Edna soils. Light-brown to gray, mostly sandy, topsoil with dense, mottled gray and yellow, clay subsoil-Hockley soils. Light-brown to gray,mostly sandy, topsoil with dense, mottled gray red and yellow, clay subsoil-Katy soils. Gray topsoil with yellow subsurface, yellow, very permeable, and sandy subsoils—-Norfolk soils. Light-brown to gray topsoil with yellow subsurface and red and gray mottled, dense, very slowly permeable subsoil—-Susquehanna soils. Reddish or reddish-brown, not calcareous, friable topsoil with red, non- calcareous, crumbly subsoil—-Duval soils. A Black to dark-gray topsoils, very tight when dry, non-calcareous, with brown or dark-gray, dense, tough subsoils—Wilson soils. Dark-brown to black, non-calcareous, friable topsoil with red or reddish- brown subsoil, calcareous in the lower part--Goliad soils. Grayish-brown or brown topsoil, with dense, heavy yellow clay, mottled with gray or yellowish-brown and gray subsoil—DeWitt soils. Flat to Undulating Old Stream Benches above Overflow. Black to dark-brown friable ‘topsoil with dark-gray to brown crumbly subsoil, calcareous-—Bell sri-lfi; Brown or reddish-brown topsoil with brown, yellow, or red sub-surface and heavy red clay subsoil, not calcareous—Milam soils. Flat Marshy 0r Semi-Marshy Prairie: Gray to brown salty topsoil with gray or brown dense clay subsoil, water table high—Harris soils. Flat Stream Bottoms Subject to Overflow: Black or very dark-brown moderately friable topsoil with brown, black or dark-gray moderately crumbly and permeable subsoil, non-calcareous— Johnston soils. SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS 53 Brown friable permeable calcareous topsoil with brown or grayish friable and permeable subsoil--Catalpa soils. Black to dark-brown friable, permeable, calcareous topsoil with black or dark-gray, heavy permeable and crumbly, subsoiL-Trinity soils. Brown or l_ight ash-brown topsoil with light-brown to grayish-brown or yellowish-brown calcareous subsoil-Guadalupe soils. SOILS OF WICHITA COUNTY Wichita County is in the extreme north-central part of Texas and is located in the geographical division termed the Rolling Plains. Twenty- five soil types grouped in 9 soil series are mapped in this county. The upland soils include the Enterprise, Foard, Vernon, and Fowlkes soils. The terrace soils include the Wichita and Calumet soils. The stream bottoms carry the Miller, Yahola, and Portland soils. The most extensive soil is the Foard very fine sandy loam, which occupies 15.5 per cent of the area followed closely by the Vernon clay loam occupying 15.2 per cent, the Vernon very fine sandy loam occupying 9.5, the Calumet very fine sandy loam, 7.4 per cent, and the Enterprise loamy very fine sand, 5.8 per cent. Composition of Soils The chemical composition of the various types are given in Table 22 and an interpretation of the analyses in Table 23. The soils are fairly well supplied with nitrogen and phosphoric acid and are much better supplied with potash. As usual, the bottom lands are richest in plant food, the terrace soils come next, and the uplands the lowest. The Calumet fine sandy loam, the Wichita sandy loam and the Wichita very fine sandy loam are low in phosphoric acid. The soils are likely to need nitrogen first, phosphoric acid second, and potash last. Practically all of these soils contain good amounts of lime and none of them are acid in character. Pot Experiments Pot experiments are given in Table 24. It is noted that nitrogen and phosphoric acid gave increases in crop yields with some of these soils, such as the Foard very fine sandy loam and the Enterprise loamy very fine sand. Fertilizers The supply of water is the limiting factor in these soils for crops grown without irrigation. At the present time, the use of fertilizers on field crops cannot be recommended excepting for experimental purposes or after the soils have been in cultivation for a long period of time. 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Classification of Soils of Wichita County Upland soils: _ Brown to very dark-brown topsoil, tight when dry, vnon-calcareaus; Jrown or dark-brown subsoil, non-calcareous, dense and tough—Foard soils. Red or reddish-brown, calcareous topsoil, tight when dry, red, calcareous, zight and dense subsoil—Fowlkes soils. Red or reddish-brown, calcareous, friable topsoil with red, calcareous, rrumbly subsoil—Vernon soils. Brown or dull-red, friable, non-calcareous, topsoil with brown, red, or yellowish, non-calcareous, crumbly subsoil—Enterprise soils. Flat to undulating old stream benches above overflow: Red or brown, non-calcareous, friable topsoil with red, non-calcareous, rrumbly subsoil——Wichita soils. Brown topsoil with chocolate-brown or yellow, stiff, dense, clay subsoil, 1on-calcareous—Calumet soils. Flat stream bottoms subject to overflow: Red calcareous, friable topsoil with red, calcareous, crumbly subsoil -Miller soils. Red, calcareous, friable topsoil, red, calcareous, subsoils, lighter in tex- zure than the surface soils—-Yahola series. Chocolate-brown topsoil with light chocolate-brown or reddish-brown mbsoils, non-calcareous—Portland soils. SOILS OF WILLACY COUNTY Willacy County is in the extreme southern part of Texas, and in the soil area known as the Rio Grande Plains. Nineteen soil types belonging ‘:0 10 series have been mapped in this county. The dark-colored upland soils are the Victoria and Willacy series. The light-colored upland soils are the Nueces and Raymondville soils. The Rio Grande Valley soils are represented by the Laredo series. Poorly drained semi-marshy and associated soils of the flat coast border are classed as the LomaIto soils. The flat ridges are occupied by the Point Isabel and Tiocano soils. There are also dune sand and the coastal beach. The Willacy fine sandy loam occupies 21.6 per cent of the area, while the Victoria clay loam occupies 21.8 per cent. The Nueces fine sand is mapped on 13 per cent of the area, 58 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION , 0N 02.. 2 2 55 00 2 5N S“ 2 on 2A 0N 5w Ea 3 55 2 2 2 5N 55 $ 2km h: S N» £2 w . 2 3Q 2 N5 5N m» 2 £0 w 2 55 on 2 E 5N 2 5 55 5 $2 25.30% 2008.22 0220225222 0202022 22 .2B.02.2..r_3 000m 22.022 .20 35225502 2200 N2 2.50 .......... .. c038 .2325 .822 >20 >25 20:22 z 5.3 0.0 0.2 0.50 .............. .- 2.202 235220 .2202 >20 >25 20:23 z 0.3 2.2 0.5 5.2 .............. .2200 20525 .282 >020 >25 205E £00m n52 udm 20300 500220 .2202 >025 02G >20> 0200b : m6 m6 .... :2€.02 2205220 .2202 2022.5 02$ >20> 0.200% z m2. 0.5 .... .2200 .5525 .2202 >025 02G >20> 0200b mmmwfi NAw Qmv 202200 60.0.2225 .2202 >250 02G >20> 0200b : 0.3 N62 0.0m N60 $22202 .000.2225 .2202 >055 02$ >20> 0200b : 2mm“. wdu 2.0m 0.2 2200 .0002?“ .2202 >025 02G >20.» 0200M wmwwm N2 0.5 ....................... .. 20300 .2205225 .2202 >20 02.00% : 0.0 5.55 ...................... .- 22.202 205225 .2202 >20 0.20002 : 2.5 2.0m .......................... .2200 205205 .282 >020 0.23.2 5N3 :5 :2 2.5m v.00 ...................... -. .2202 .000.€=5 .5002 >20 0200.2 : 5.05 5.5 ~20 2.3 ...................... -. 2200 .000.2225 .2202 >20 02.0002 omwmw 5.2 i; .558 _ 2205225 .0200 02G >20> >252 022220u2mm _ z 5.55 w» i: 5.5m 22.2 _ 2205220 .0205 02G >20> >252 0022220222 _ : i? 9: 5.2 0.32 2200 _ $00220 402.00 02G >20> >202 022Q2$2H mmwmm 2.02 wdw 0.2m ...... ..00.0.222m 62.0w 02m“ >20> >202 022220022 wwmmm 0.: 2.6m 20300 2050,25 .2202 >025 02G >20> 202222.00 : 0.3 5.2 n52 Nmw 2x202 2200225 .2202 >025 02G >20> 2022200 2 9mm N: 22w 04$ 2200 2205225 .2202 >025 02G >20> 2022200 vmumw Ywm mém 29300 .00.0.222m .2202 20200 02E >20> 2022220O : v.3. Nd 5.3 mdw .222 .00.0m225 .2202 >025 02E >20> 2022200 : adv ma: 0.0m odw 2200 .000m225 .2202 >235 02$ >20.» 20222200 wmwmm $50202 2000222 or2omm2wn2vmosa Mwwwwfiww 0 2 02o 2 . 2 >P 2 3 2202225 22>? 02202 02>H 20.2>2%22w2~22 5232M 2m 2020 22203 0202.02 >253 032023 2.. 225 20 3202220220 00H 4N 0308 59 SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS m0 9mm fiww 00300 fiomnsm .5005 350m 05m >00> 03:0? .. .30 w 3 06m Z 0.5 0.3 0080 £0205 .5005 .053 0.5 >n0> 050:0? : 2a 0N 5 0.0m 0.5 0.5 0.5m F80 £0250 .503 >550 05 >50.» 050:0? 000$ m5 mm mm 0d 0.5 0.5 0.0 550x .0005?“ .5005 3.50m 05m >50.» 50:0? a 3m 0m Q 0.00 0.3 0.0m 0.5 F30 .0350... .502 >053 25 >a0> 050505 00000 2 0N 0.5 Y: m5 c0300 500.50 .503 350m 0.5 >00.» 0055003 £000 3 00 0.5 0.5m 0.0» 500000 .0005... .503 >0Q0m 05$ 50> 005025 N005 2 5 ~22 0.5 0.00 50300 50055 .502 350m 05 50> ¢0F~0> $000 ww mam 0.0m 508.00 .0005"; .503 >550 05m >50.» 50500.? : m5 5 i." 0.3. Q5 v.5 0.0m .590 .0055; .502 >000m 2.0 >50.» 50F~0> : i» 5 3. 0.5. 0.3 0.3 2:. F80 .000m.50 .5005 >055 05 50> E0F~0> 5000 m0 0 0.0 0.0 0.: .................. .5330 Amomnflw .502 >050 zoFfi0> a .0 .0 0 w.» 0.0 0.... 0;. ...................... .. 550x Jmomnflm .5005 >050 G055? .. 00 .3 w 0.55 0s 0.0 N55 ...................... .5500 .Zomn5m..500~ >050 G0F~0> 3000 3 Q05 méw ................ .. S0300 60.3.25 .5005 >0? ¢0F~0> .. w 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ...................... 555x .0005; .502 >050 coF~0> : 00 0 0.5 0.0 5.0» ...................... .. F80 .0055; .602 >30 000.05 00000 a: 5 0.2 w: .2» 805...... _ fiomnsm £15095 .502 >050 3mm 505E .. 0% 5 0.3 0.5 0.3. ...... -- F50 i _ 500.50 $520,355 .5005 >03 >25 505E 5mm mm _ Www 06m 50:05am _ _ 600550 .>~Q..NQOMQ .5005 >050 3mm p052 : ma. >00 v.3. 5.50 .000w.5m .>_n0n0.~@ .5005 >050 >020 0055 __ 3.0m .3080 000935 E00 500E000“ 5500M 0000.555 oiosamosm 0053C’? 000:5 200.5055 0005500 002505 . . . 00.50? £0.15 050: 05H >000 maonmnn 5 .=B0.:E£B 0520A 000m @503 m0 >$$£mm0- F50 050.5 5 no.8 0:503 wouimaioOllrfl-nou MO mmmOh =0 QwGQEmHQGNO Gém -#N 050a. 60 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION the Victoria fine sandy loam on 9.7 per cent, and the Victoria fine sandy clay 10am on 9.4 per cent. Composition of Soils Table 25 gives the analyses of the different soil types and Table 26 an interpretation of the analyses. With the exception of the dune sand and the Nueces fine sand, the soils are well supplied with phosphoric acid. The dune sand, Laredo silty 10am, Lomalto clay loam, Lomalto fine sandy loam, Nueces fine sand, Point Isabel clay, and Point Isabel fine sandy loam are somewhat low in nitrogen. The soils are Well supplied with active potash. None of these soils are acid and most of them are, in fact, limestone soils. The Nueces fine sand is the only one low in lime. Pot Experiments Pot experiments are given in Table 27. It is to be noted that some of these soils respond to applications of nitrogen and a smaller number to applications of phosphoric acid. The Victoria clay loam and Victoria fine sandy loam as well as the Willacy fine sandy loam respond to nitrogen and in some cases to phosphoric acid. Fertilizers Although many of these soils are well supplied with-plant food, those under cultivation are intensively cropped and in many cases are planted to vegetable or fruit crops which have high demands for available plant food. Under the intensive cropping the plant food is rapidly reduced and the use of fertilizers will be needed. Nitrogen and phosphoric acid will probably be needed to the greatest extent. Potash is more abundant in the soil and is less likely to be needed, although it will no doubt be needed under intensive cultivation of the soil. Classification of Soils of Willacy County Upland Soils: Black to very dark-brown or dark gray-brown, calcareous, friable topsoil with dark-gray, brown, or yellowish, calcareous, crumbly subsoil—Victoria soils. Brown, non-calcareous, friable topsoil with brown or yellowish, crumbly, subsoil, calcareous in lower part—Willacy soils. Gray, non-calcareous, friable topsoil with gray or yellowish, non- calcareous, friable subsoil—Nueces soils. Grayish-brown to dark ash-gray calcareous topsoil with ash-gray clay, calcareous subsoil—Raymondville soils. 61 SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS mownsm 03.3mm ZOmQUW 00.356 fiomnflm oudmnfim @H-> i. M: v O5 I I O1 I I d? Ch O5 | | O5 U? L*¢L"'Ob-QD-©L*©P©D-© We mownzw 00355 m Tu >$ momnsm wowwuzm mwsofi 426a 'Ev>vbv . ~ QPIP®W\Qwb-{OQDLOLQb-X-Dlbflfiflktbwtbwwwfiblbfiélfimfifir-i wdvfifirvrwwwwvrvhvvvvvvvvvvvvvb qwqmmv quao 19d Aqpgseg “ollllm 19d was Jed qseqod a[qn[os ..................... .. 5.02 >222“ 05m >353 ................... -. 5&2 >25». 05m >353 ...................... .. EMS 35mm 05m wio~0m> ...................... .. n53 35mm vim wioqbfir .............. .. 8x2 >30 hflidm 05w amnouom? .............. .. 5&3 >20 305mm 05m niouofiw wmuaa wwaofiou-pswmfl .505: .520 @3000“? ommnn wwno~o0|pswm~ .552 E30 wmuouuw? .......... .. owwsn 31$ .E.ao~ 320 nmpouufw .......... .- 035a 31$ £52 >20 wio¢0m> .................................. : 5&2 >20 mioaofw .................................. .. 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E03 >30 ofiwfiofl ............................................. 4 >30 ofiafiofl ............................................. .. >20 ofiwiofl ...................................... : 5&2 aim sauna...“ .................................................. € mvidw 055a 919V ‘WIIIIW 19d an ‘soqd QAEWV quao 19d '01: ~soqd I91°J1 quao 13d 11930.11; N wflww QGHPQ ..................................... -- 5x3 0mm 0093A. 0mw~0>< 0ma~0>< 000.354 00.293 0mwa0>< 000025 wwwmm 5&2 wwwmm Swmw 2:2 55w Nwwmw mwwmw mmwmm 2&3 02am Qwwmm wmwfi $w£ imam 32w fiwfi 2%“ omwu0>< 00.22;‘ 3%“ mtg wmwfirwfi @353» momma :53 momma 2.5m fiwmm Emu uonfifli i8. adnonafl MHQnHOQ ~AON=M>P .#O mien we $53-24 6N 05am. 62 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 2.00m 2.60m 200cm m3 m» 3 ................................. -- :32 20...... 2.2.2 52223 03.83» 2.00m 2.00m 260w 26m ww 25 ............................. -- B002 >232 o...“ c2..02c2> 03.9.4 26cm 2.00m 2.00m 33 mm 3 ...................... -- E002 .320 >053 0:22 02.820; 02.9.9.4 000w 2000M 000w mom 3 mm ...... -- 00.0.2.2 wo2020o-.2m2.2 .5002 M020 02.20.20?) vwwmm .222 26cm 26cm N3 mu S ...................... ,. 0.3.2.. :2 .882 >20 ctficrw 5.3m .222 260w 2.00m 00m mm 3 .......................................... -- .582 .320 02.8.0; 2.5m .2»... 08w 2.8m i; m... .5 2.2.. c283.» 5.3m 200cm 2.00m 2.00m wow w.» mm .......... -- E002 .320 >053 05.2 wziunczficm 2.5mm .222 26cm 2.00m 00m m0 3 ........................ ..,. ....... -- E02 .320 uzréccnflcfi £53 208w 2.00m 200cm 25m w.“ 3 30.2.2 22.2 .8002 >052 2.2.2 20.232 0020.2 R53 .222 260w 20cc». 2.2 w2 2E ........................ .- E002 >205... 2.22 20.232 2.20.2 mwwmw 202.2 2.00m 200cm E2 mm 3 >20 20.2.2.2 202cm >532 2.00m 2.00m B2 m... 2.22 a2 ............................................. -- 20.5.. 2.2.2 $02.2 vwwnw>< .23 .20.. 32 2w m2 3N ............................ -- S002 >253 0:22 0220802 2.5mm 2.00m 26cm 200cm 02m m2 3 ......................................... .. 8.82 >20 0.20892 cwc$>< 2.00M 2.00m 2.00M 8N 2 3 >020 0.22.0502 83w .2022 200cm 250w m5 w» 3 ............................................ .. E002 22m 02.0.8.2 E53 26cm .292 B2 w” w 0 2E5. 0E5 25mm smwuon qomofin: 220w 0822 20.8.0.2 2.20.0 03.204 2.30m. 02.222.53.22 20.25.... 02.22.20» 053cm 02.292.50.22 03.204 P20» 120204 A204 2.3.0.2. @2509 .2025... 10.20.2012 0R5 zammnmmmofi F200 562.2500 M00222? HQ 320m oowwuum HO comm-o...“ MO iémuwdfiflhfihflfifim .@N Qwfiflvfi 63 SOILS OF EIGHT COUNTIES IN TEXAS 2.2m c2 2m n22. ma Qwm w? ........ Jada d8?» £32 macaw vcE mua222>> : N2 S.“ aw 26m wd2 m2 Ndm .......... zccov fiowncw .ccao2 macaw vcG mva222>P $2.5 a. 3. 2.2m ......... .. E2233 fiowncw ficaccvc Jca2 macaw vcfl a132,? : a mam we» ccoo fiowncw wnascva .cca2 macaw v5.2 amcouomcw mmvw m2 m.» 92m Eufiha fioawccw wcascvc .2ca2 macaw vcmw a2co2o2> : m2. Q5 m5. ccov doamccw dcascvm .cca2 macaw vim aiouufiw 2mm». fin 5 Na E: N62 m2: 3c ...... .. c0300 d232,. .cca2 macaw vcfi a2c32> 2 22. o2 3 1N2. Nd 22w 2.3 ...... ...22.2av2 £0.35 .ccao2 macaw v2.2 a€82> : 3w mm 2 n.2,." 26m ._..w2 3N .......... eccoo fiowncw .Eao2 macaw v5.2 5280mm NEE. ma» 3 92m 2.3 3N ...-co$oo .8826 .c~ao2 macaw v5.2 a2co22> : 3w 3 3 0.2% 9N2 mac. m3 ........ ..c2.2av2 608E» .cca2 macaw v5.2 wmcotr» : 3w E. 8 mam mam ma“ wdm .......... ..c.2ov 63.2.5». .ccao2 macaw v5.2 a€£2> 2w$~ 2» 2m 5.2 2.62 W2 .................. .. cofiov fiowncw .Eao2 ma2o a2co~o2> a m3 w mm 2.2. .3; 0.2m ma“ .................. .. 2.292 fiowncw .cca2 ma2v “Firm : 3 2.2 m2 Q3 902 m6 can .................. z ccoo fiowncw .2cao2 ma? 2.5203? 35a 2.3 2m .3 Q2 92w 92w 5N .............. .- cofiov voauccw écao2 ma? atop?» : 3% m2 2m 2.3 i. New 3w .............. .- cfiax vuamccw .cca2 ma2o “infirm : 2% m2 E mam v.22 mi mam .................... zccov 608.com. éca2 ma? acafir» mfibw w acva 5.3.5 cvmocfic aw“ c cvsmcmucvm nwaeom cv 0.522 .22 2.292 we: v22 ccoo avncccc 2.52 wocm “c5525 “c2223 250535 23>? vEac vcmm. mp3 Bvcwcn c2 .c3a.2ac2u23 -8252 aoow aca2c .20 mfimfiwwoc ccoO wccacw c2 Qoco 222mm? muccov mvaamw HQ 220w i0 IHGQEmHO-HNQ HOm ‘BN OTEHQ- 64 BULLETIN NO. 482, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Flat Stream Bottoms Subject to Overflow: 1‘ Brown, calcareous friable topsoil with brown or yellow, calcareous, i; crumbly subsoiL-Laredo soils. Semi-marshy and Associated Soils: Brown, calcareous, friable wet salty land on flat coast border with ‘ brown or gray,pcalcareous, subsoil with high Water table—-Lomalto soils. Gray to ash-brown, calcareous, salty friable topsoil on flat to dune-like ,_ ridges, with yellow, calcareous, salty, subsoil—Point Isabel soils. l Dark-brown, black or ash-gray calcareous topsoil with dark-gray or black heavy calcareous subsoils-Tiocano soils. ‘ i SUMMARY Chemical analyses and pot experiments on samples of typical soils from , 8 counties are described, with interpretations of the results. Some of p} the soils are low in nitrogen, and in phosphoric acid. They are better f suppliedwith potash. Few are acid and many are basic or even calcareous u soils. Condensed descriptions of the soil types are given, with detailed analyses.