6000-L180

lEXAS AfiRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT snmon

A. B. CONNER, DIRECTOR
COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS

BULLETIN NO. 485 NOVEMBER, 1933

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iagficuiiwxra! 81 Mechanical College E:

DIVISION oFCfififiélcgIgiion, Texas.

IN COOPERATION WITH THE DIVISION OF CEREAL CROPS AND
DISEASES, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, U. S. DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE

VARIETIES OF RICE FOR TEXAS

      

5 AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS
E T. 0. WALTON, President

STATION STAFF?

   

Administration: Veterinary Science:
A. B. Conner, M. S., Director ‘M. Francis, D. V. M., Chief
R. E. Karper, M. S., Vice-Director H. Schmidt, D. V. M., Veterinarian '
Clarice Mixson, B. A., Secretary "F. P. Mathews, D.V.M., M.S., Veterinarian)
M. P. Holleman, Chief Clerk J. B. Mims, D. V. M., Asst. Veterinarian 1
J. K. Francklow, Asst. Chief Clerk Plant Pathology and Physiology: '
Chester Higgs, Executive Assistant ‘ J. J. Taubenhaus, Ph. D., Chief
Howard Berry. B- 5-. Technical ASBt- W. N. Ezekiel, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist
Chemistryi Farm and Ranch Economics:
G. S. Fraps, Ph. D., Chief; State Chemist L, P, Gabbgrd, M, 3,, Chief
S- E- AS51111’. M- 3-. Chémisli W. E. Paulson, Ph. D., Marketing
J- F- Fudge. Ph- D» Chemist C. A. Bonnen, M. S., Farm Management
E- C- Carlyle, M- 3-. ABS?» Chemist I"W. R. Nisbet, B. S., Ranch Management
T- L- Ozier. B- S» ABBt- Chemiflt "A. C. Magee, M. S., Ranch Management
A. J. Sterges, M. S., Asst. Chemist Rum] Hon“; Rgggafch;
Ray Treichler, M. S., Asst. Chemist Jessie Whitacre, Ph, 1),, Chief
W- H- Walker. ABBt- Ch¢mi§t Mary Anna Grimes, M. S., Textiles
Velma Graham, Asst. Chemist Sylvia Cover, Phj)" Foods
Jeanne F. DeMottier, Asst. Chemist Soil Survey;
R. L. Schwartz, B. S., Asst. Chemist nw_ T_ Carter, B_ s" Qnid
C. M. Pounders, B. S., Asst. Chemist E_ H_ Templin, B_ S" soil Survgyor _
Hiiftiilultulil? A. H. Bean, B. S., Soil Surveyor _
S- H- Yarnell. Sc- D» Chief R. M. Marshall, B. s., Soil Surveyor ..
Range Animal Husbandry: Botany; .
J- M- JOINS. A- M» Chief V. L. Cory, M. S., Acting Chief =
B. L. Warwick, Ph. D., Breeding Investiga. swine Husbandry; 
S. P. Davis, Wool Grader Fred Hale, M. S., Chief u
J. H. Jones, B. S., Animal Hush. Dairy Husbandry; i"
Eht0m0108y= O. C. Copeland, M. S., Dairy Husbandman 3
F. L. Thomas, Ph. D., ChiSf; StB-lifi Pgultry Husbandry; 3
Entomologist R. M. Sherwood, M. S., Chief 7'
H- J- Rilillhard. B- S» EHtOHIOIOZiBt J. R. Couch, B.S., Asst. Poultry Husbandmen
R. K. Fletcher, Ph., D., Entomologist Agricultural Engineering: 3
W. L. Owen, Jr., M. S., Entomologist H_ P, smith, M_ 3,, Chief
J. N. Roney, M. S., Entomologist Main station Farm; ,4
J- C- Gaines. J!» M- 3-, EIIlIOmOIOZiBt G. T. McNess, Superintendent 4
S. E. Jones, M. S., Entomologist Apiculture (San Antonio): ;
F. F. Bibby, B. S., Entomologist H. B. Parks, B. S., Chief .
"E. W. Dunnam, Ph. D., Entomologist A. H. Alex, B. S., Queen Breeder l
"R. W. Moreland, B. S., Asst. Entomologist Feed Control Service: 7
C. E. Heard, B. S., Chief Inspector F. D. Fuller, M. S., Chief 

C. J. Burgin, B. S., Foulbrood Inspector James Sullivan, Asst. Chief

Agronomy: S D. Pearce, Secretary 
E. B. Reynolds, Ph. D., Chief J. H. Rogers, Feed Inspector i
R. E. Karper, M. S., Agronomist K. L. Kirkland, B. S., Feed Inspector P.
P. C. Mangelsdorf, Sc. D., Agronomist S. D. Reynolds, Jr., Feed Inspector f,
D. T. Killough, M. S., Agronomist P. A. Moore, Feed Inspector *

Publications: E. J. Wilson, B. S., Feed Inspector d
A. D. Jackson, Chief H. G. Wickes, D. V. M., Feed Inspector 

SUBSTATIONS

No. 1, Beeville, Bee County: No. 9, Balmorhea, Reeves County:

R. A. Hall, B. S., Superintendent J. J. Bayles, B. S., Superintendent

No. 2, Lindale, Smith County: No. 10, College Station, Brazos County:
P. R. Johnson, M. S., Superintendent R. M. Sherwood, M. S., In Charge

"B. H. Hendrickson, B. S., Sci. in Soil Erosion L. J. McCall, Farm Superintendent
"R. W. Baird, M. S., Assoc. Agr. Engineer No. 11, Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County:

 

No. 3, Angleton, Brazoria County: H. F. Morris, M. S., Superintendent
R. H. Stansel, M. S., Superintendent "No. 12, Chillicothe, Harden-nan County:

H. M. Reed, M. S., Horticulturist "J. R. Quinby, B. S., Superintendent

No. 4, Beaumont, Jefferson County: "J. C. Stephens, M. A., Asst. Agronomist
R. H. Wyche, B. S., Superintendent No. l4, Sonora, Sutton-Edwards Counties:

"H. M. Beachell, B. S., Junior Agronomist W. H. Dameron, B. S., Superintendent f

Ne. 5, Temple, Bell County: I. B. Boughton, D. V. M., Veterinarian *
Henry Dunlavy, M. S., Superintendent W. T. Hardy, D. V. M., Veterinarian
C. H. Rogers, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist 0. L. Carpenter, Shepherd
H. E. Rea, B. S., Agronomist “O. G. Babcock, B. S., Asst. Entomologist l:
S. E. Wolff, M. S., Botanist No. 15, Weslaco, Hidalgo County: 5

"H. V. Geib, PL. D., Sci. in Soil Erosion W. H. Friend, B. S., Superintendent

"H. O. Hill, B. S., Junior Civil Engineer S. W. Clark, B. S., Entomologist

No. l, Denton, Denton County: W. J. Bach, M. S., Plant Pathologist
P. B. Dunkle, B. S., Superintendent J. F. Wood, B. S., Horticulturist

"I. M. Atkins, B. S., Junior Agronomist No. 18, Iowa Park, Wichita County:

No. 7, Spur, Dickens County: C. H. McDowell, B. S., Superintendent .,
R. E. Dickson, B. S., Superintendent L. E. Brooks, B. S., Horticulturist '1
B. C. Langley, M. S., Agronomist No. 19, Winterhaven, Dimmit County: f‘

No. 8, Lubbock, Lubbock County: E. Mortensen, B. S., Superintendent 
D. L. Jones, Superintendent “L. R. Hawthorn, M. S., Horticulturist

Frank Gaines, Irrig. and Forest Nurs. ~ "
Members of Teaching Staff Carrying Cooperative Projects on the Station:
G. W. Adriance, Ph. D., Horticulture J. S. Mogford, M. S., Agronomy
S. W. Bilsing, Ph. D., Entomology F. R. Brison, M. S., Horticulture
D. Scoates, A. E., Agricultural Engineering W. R. Horlacher, Ph. D., Genetics ‘_
A. K. Mackey, M. S., Animal Husbandry J. H. Knox, M. S., Animal Husbandry l:
R. G. Reeves, Ph. D., Biology A. L. Darnell, M. A., Dairy Husbandry

‘Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine. TAs of November 1, 198d;
“In cooperation with U. S. Department of Agriculture. J
IIn cooperation with Texas Extension Service.

Rice is an important crop in the humid part 0f the Gulf Coast
Prairie of Texas. The average annual production from 1904 to
1931, inclusive, was about 2% million barrels, valued at approxi-
mately nine million dollars. Rice-growing fits in satisfactorily
with cattle-raising, which was the principal agricultural industry of
the region prior to the introduction of rice.

This Bulletin records the yields of eighty-eight varieties of rice
grown at Beaumont from 1914 to 1932, inclusive. In addition, it
includes data on grain type, time required for maturity, and
milling quality of the better varieties.

Blue Rose and Supreme Blue Rose are the most desirable late-
maturing varieties tested and are the principal varieties grown in
this region. These varieties produce high yields and have medium-
long grains of good milling quality.

Early Prolific is the most promising early-maturing variety.
It is a medium-grain rice that produces large yields. The main
objection to this variety is that it frequently produces grain of in-
ferior milling quality. Storm Proof, Edith, and Lady Wright are
early-maturing, long-grain varieties that can be used to advantage,
but they produce somewhat lower yields than Early Prolific.

Texas Fortuna is the outstanding medium-late variety. It is a
long-grain rice and is very popular in the region.

Delitus, a long-slender-grain rice of medium-late maturity, pro-
duces fair yields. Rexoro is a promising long-slender-grain rice for
this region. It is very late in maturity but produces satisfactory
yields when planted not later than April 30.

The short-grain rices are not planted to any great extent in
this region. The planting of the short-grain types should continue
to be limited to the demand for this type of rice; however, Caloro,
Piniling Daniel, and Acadia are good short-grain varieties of early,
medium late, and late maturity, respectively.

CONTENTS

Rice-Growing Region of Texas ____ >1 5
Conditions Favorable to Rice-Growing 6
Climate 6
Soil  7
Irrigation Water 7
Object of the Rice Variety Experiments 9
Method of Conducting the Experiments 9
Size and Replication of Plats 9
Cultural Practices 9
Harvesting and Threshing 9.10
Methods of Obtaining Data  _10
Method of Obtaining Comparable Yield 11
Experimental Data 11
Types of Rice Varieties 11
Yields of Rice Varieties 15
Yields of the Various Types of Rice ______ 1 16
Short-Grain Types 17
Medium-Grain Types  .......... —~17
Long-Grain Types W18
Long-Slender-Grain Types 19

Time Required for Different Varieties to Mature __ 19
Milling Quality ............................... ..1'9
Summary and Conclusions  . .  22

BULLETIN NO. 485 NOVEMBER, 1933
VARIETIES OF RICE FOR TEXAS

R. H. WYcHE AND H. M. BEACHELL*

Rice was one of the earliest plant introductions in this country. For
nearly 200 years the main output, which was very limited, Was from
South Carolina, Georgia, and adjacent states. At the end of the Civil
War, Louisiana began to make progress in growing rice. Rice was first
introduced into Texas about 1863, but production was of little commercial

importance previous to 1900. Since that time Texas has been an im-_

portant rice-producing state and was second in production of rice in the
‘ United States from 1904 to 1931, inclusive, with an annual production of
approximately 2% million barrels of rough rice, valued at about nine
‘million dollars. Previous to the introduction of rice, cattle-raising was
the principal agricultural industry of this region. Rice now occupies
an important place in the agriculture of this section and is admirably
adapted for growing in connection with cattle-raising.

RICE-GROWING REGION OF TEXAS

Rice-growing in Texas is limited to that part of the Gulf Coast Prairie
lying between the Guadalupe and Sabine rivers. The topography of the
l region is generally flat, the elevation increasing about one foot to the mile
inland from the Gulf of Mexico. This gentle slope allows satisfactory
surface drainage and at the same time it is favorable to irrigation with a

Tull Aflmlmnl E‘P"l““’“' sum“ u  h ‘WWI-I _ Texas Agricultural Experiment Station
""""' '  \¢~ uni M.

—n-n-nu-4v...

.- m n-i-na-ap“
mulu nun“ v\\u _

’.../ .

 Fig. 1. Distribution of rice acreage in Texas Fig. 2. Distribution of rice acreage in Texas
 in 1919.~One dot represents 1,000 acres. in 1924. One dot represents 1,000 acres.

    
 
  

minimum number of levees. The region consists’ mostly of open prairies,
except along the stream bottoms, which are usually heavily timbered.

The rice-growing industry in Texas was first developed around Beau-
‘emont. In 1899, there were 5859 acres of rice in Jefferson County, which
iconstituted 62 per cent of the rice acreage in the State. The industry

 

*Junior Agronomist, Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry,
U. S. Department of Agriculture. -

6 BULLETIN NO. 485, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

gradually spread westward and southwestward until in 1919 (Fig. 1)
Matagorda and surrounding counties were producing about as much rice

Fig. 3. Distribution of rice acreage in Texas Th8 yearly acreages and prices 3T6‘

in 1929. One dot represents 1,000 acres.

as J efferson and adjacent counties. In
1924 (Fig. 2) the largest part of the
rice acreage in Texas was in Mata-
gorda and neighboring counties, but
by 1929 (Fig. 3) the center of pro-
duction had shifted back to Jefferson
and adjacent counties. The rice
acreage in Texas has varied from

~ 303,000 acres in 1913 down to 144,000

acres in 1929, Which, however, was be-
low the normal acreage. The small
acreage in rice in 1929 was caused by
a noticeable decrease in acreage in
Matagorda and surrounding counties.

shown graphically in Figs. 4 and 5.

CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO RICE-GROWING

Climate

The long growing season and rather high temperatures in the region are
very favorable for rice-growing. A heavy rainfall and high humidity during

the growing season are favorable
from the standpoint of irrigation.
A summary of the meteorological
records is shown in Table 1. The
growing season of 269 days permits
the growing of a number of late- as
well as early-maturing varieties.
The shorter growing season of

some other rice-producing regions -

prevents the growing of Fortuna,
Rexoro, and Blue Rose varieties,
which are well adapted to this
section.

The annual rainfall is rather
heavy throughout the rice-growing
area of Texas, being highest in
Jefferson county with 52.8 inches
and becoming lighter further west-
ward and southwestward, Where a
minimum of around 36 inches
occurs. Heavy rainfall during the
harvesting season, August to No-

FAQK/I VALUE PEP? BUSHEL.
YEAPI $Q_

6O I.2O L80 2.4O 3.00

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I922
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I93I

Fig. 4. Farm value of rice in Texas, 1908
to 1931, inclusive.

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.14. z:"2'.¢.&1:‘.;4.-@ 1.4.4. m! U:  .7 '.'.. . ‘ . _

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 waA-QQ! _-‘2...:. .. 

A larger streams, such as the N eches,

VARIETIES OF RICE FOR TEXAS 7

vember, inclusive, is not desirable, but is beneficial during the irriga-
ting season.
Soil

The character of soil is very important in the growing of rice. This crop
can be grown on many kinds of soil, but the heavy types, with almost
impervious subsoils, produce the largest yields and can be cropped more

regularly than the lighter soils. Lake Charles clay, which has a dark-
gray to black surface soil under-
lain by a dark-gray almost im- YEAp
pervious clay subsoil, is perhaps
the most important rice soil of the
region. The Crowley clay, which
has a brownish-gray to brown sur-
face soil underlain by a bluish-
gray, sticky clay subsoil, mottled
with yellow and brown, is an im-
portant rice soil in the eastern
part of the rice-growing area, but
is not nearly so extensive as the
Lake Charles soils. While the heavy
soils are the most desirable for
rice, the crop is grown to some
extent on some of the lighter soils.

THOUSANDS OF ACRES
8O I60 240 320

Irrigation lVater

The main source of water for
irrigating rice in this region is the

Trinity, Brazos, and Colorado
rivers. Artesian water, however, is
available in some localities. The
water is lifted from the streams
by pumps and carried by gravity to
the fields by means of canals. The larger part of the acreage is irrigated

from large canals operated by companies, furnishing the water at a

Fig. 5. Rice acreage in Texas, 1904 to 1932,
inclusive.

fixed charge per acre. However, a small acreage is irrigated from small,
privately-owned plants. While there are large areas of soil suitable for
rice, the available sources of water are not accessible to all of them.

The amount of water required for irrigating rice depends upon several
factors such as: (1) the individual user of water, 2(2) the type of soil,
(3) the number of weeds present, and (4) the amount and distribution of
rainfall. In general, however, about 24 to 30 inches of water are required
in an average season in the rice-growing region of Texas.

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8 BULLETIN NO.

VARIETIES OF RICE FOR TEXAS 9

OBJECT OF THE RICE VARIETY EXPERIMENTS

While records show a noticeable variation in the rice acreage at different
times, there are no figures available, except during recent years, t0 show
the proportion planted to the different varieties. It is generally known,
however, that long-grain varieties—H0nduras, Carolina Gold, and similar
varieties-—were planted at first, and that later some Japanese rices were
used. During recent years the trend has been to the varieties with
medium-length grains. This change in varieties has resulted from the
difference in yield and price.

The Rice Experiment Station was established at Beaumont in Jefferson
county in 1909 for the purpose of studying problems connected with the
production of rice. Rice variety experiments were included as a part of
the program of the Station. The main objects of the variety experiments
have been to determine yielding capacity, grain type, time required for
maturity, and milling quality of the different varieties, as well as to study
other plant characteristics such as stiffness of straw, plant height, shatter-
ing, and reaction to various diseases. The purpose of this Bulletin is to
report the results of these experiments from 1914 to 1932, inclusive.

METHOD OF CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENTS
Size and Replication of Plats

The size of plat varied from a rod-row to 1/726 of an acre, but was
uniform throughout the experiment for any one season. There were two
to four plats of each variety in the test each year. The 1/726-acre plats
consisted of five rows spaced 1 foot apart and 20 feet long. The rod-
row plats consisted of three rows spaced 1 foot apart. Check plats were
used at intervals of every fifth or tenth plat.

Cultural Practices

The rice variety tests at Beaumont have been conducted on Lake Charles
and Crowley clay soils. These soils are very difficult to work, but are
representative soils of the rice-growing region of the State.

The land was cropped to rice every second year. This is cropping the
land to rice more regularly than is the common practice in this region,
and probably prevented the yields from being as high as they might have
on land planted to this crop less often. The land was planted to some
intertilled (row) crop or was summer-fallowed during the years it was not
used for rice. i

The preparation of the soil was similar to that given all rice land in
this locality. The soil was plowed to a depth of three to four inches, and
thoroughly disked and harrowed. In addition, it was given several extra
diskings and floated, if necessary, to obtain a satisfactory seed bed.
Where possible, 5'11 plowing was done the previous fall.

V

10 BULLETIN NO. 485, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Planting was done as nearly the optimum planting date for rice as
possible, Which, for the vicinity of Beaumont, is April 15 to May 15.
The varieties were seeded at a uniform rate ‘each season, which was
generally about 80 pounds of seed per acre. This rate of seeding is

sufficient for a satisfactory stand in 12-inch rows under normal conditions. p

Irrigation was the same as used in producing commercial rice crops in
this region. The first irrigation was given two to four weeks after the
plants emerged, the time depending on the amount of rainfall. Generally
a four-inch irrigation was given about four weeks after the rice came
up to a good stand. The water was held on the land three to five days
and drained off. No additional irrigation was given until the land dried
sufficiently for hoeing. After hoeing, the water was applied to a depth
of two to three inches and held during the remainder of the season.

The plats were rogued for weeds and red rice throughout the growing
season.

Harvesting and Threshing

The rice in these experiments was cut by hand each season. The pro-
duct from each plat was tied into bundles, labeled, and placed under
shelter for drying.

Threshing was done by several methods, but was uniform for any one
year. Hand threshing was used during the early years of the experi-
ments. This was done by placing the heads in a bag and pounding with
a heavy stick. After a few years, a small thresher was constructed for
this work and was used until the purchase of a small thresher designed
especially for threshing experimental plats.

Methods of Obtaining Data

The number of days to first head is the number of days from the time
when 50 per cent of the plants have emerged to the time when 5 to 10
per cent of the panicles have emerged from the boot. The number of days
required to mature is the number of days from 50 per cent emergence of
the plants to the time when 85 to 90 per cent of the heads are mature.

Height of plant was measured at maturity and represents the distance
from the surface of the soil to the tip of the panicle.

The determinations reported for the milling qualities of the varieties
and selections grown in 1931 and 1932 were made by the Federal-State
Rice Grading Laboratory located in Beaumont, which is under the super-
vision of the United States Department of AgriculturefThese determina-
tions were obtained with the Smith Shelling Device, which uses 50 grams
of rough rice for each determination. The Smith Shelling Device is
described in United States Department of Agriculture Circular No. 48
(1928).

Grain yields have been computed in pounds of rough rice per acre

based on the yield of grain from the center row of the three-row plats

and the three center rows of the five-row plats.

VARIETIES OF RICE FOR TEXAS 11

Test weight per bushel of rough rice was determined by using the
standard quart-size grain tester.

Method of Obtaining Comparable Yield

Since many of the varieties have been dropped from this experiment as
soon as their comparative worth was determined and many varieties added
since the test was started, the average yields are not a fair basis for
comparison. In order to study the different varieties on as nearly a com-
parable basis as possible, the following method has been used for calcu-
lating a percentage rating and a comparable yield.

Texas Fortuna (T. S. No. 9821) and Honduras (T. S. No. 1611) were
used as “standard”, or check varieties. The latter was grown throughout
the entire period of the experiments; the former was grown each year
except in 1921. A calculated yield in proportion to the average yielding
capacity of these two varieties for the years in which both were grown
was given Texas Fortuna for 1921 based on the yield of Honduras for
that year. The average yield of these two varieties in any one year is
considered to be the yield of the “standard”, or check, varieties for that
year. The percentage rating of any variety was determined by dividing
its average by the average of the “standard”, or check, varieties for the
same period of years and multiplying by 100. A yield called “comparable
yield” has been computed by multiplying the average yield of the “standard”
varieties for the entire period by the percentage rating of each variety.
The percentage rating and comparable yield are, therefore, identical
except that one is expressed in pounds per acre and the other in per-
centages. These calculated yields allow all of the varieties in these
experiments to be compared in terms of pounds per acre and are, therefore,
used as a basis of discussion of yields in this Bulletin.

EXPERIMENTAL DATA

Grain type, yield, time of maturity, and milling quality of different
rice varieties are reported in this Bulletin. These are all factors of prime
importance to the rice industry of Texas. Other plant characteristics of
varieties such as stiffness of straw, plant height, shattering, and resistance

to various diseases are not mentioned to any large extent but have played _

an important part in determining the varieties to recommend for grow-

ing commercially.
Types of Rice Varieties

Rice varieties discussed in this Bulletin are divided into short-, medium-,
long-, and long-slender-grain types. Although rice is marketed on the basis
of variety, the different varieties are grouped into one of the above-named
classes.

Leading commercial varieties of the short-grain class are Colusa, Caloro,
and Acadia. The principal medium-grain varieties grown in Texas are

 

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12 BULLETIN NO. 48s, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

 

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13

VARIETIES OF RICE FOR TEXAS

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14 BULLETIN NO. 485, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

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VARIETIES OF RICE FOR TEXAS 15

Early Prolific, Blue Rose, and Supreme Blue Rose. Texas Fortuna, Lady
Wright, and Edith are the leading long-grain varieties grown in this
region. Rexoro is the only long-slender-grain variety grown to any extent
in Texas. Panicles of the varieties of Caloro, Blue Rose, Texas Fortuna,

Fig. 6. Panicles of Caloro, Blue Rose, Texas Fortuna, and Rexoro, representative of
short-, medium-, long-, and long-slender-grain types, respectively (left to right).

and Rexoro, typical of the short-, medium-, long-, and long-slender-grain
types of rice, respectively, are shown in Fig. 6. The hulled and unhulled
grains of these varieties are shown in Fig. 7.

Yields of Rice Varieties

Yield is the most important consideration in selecting a variety of rice
for commercial production. Many varieties that are desirable in other
respects cannot be grown profitably on account of low yields.

The yields of rough rice produced by 88 of the most promising varieties
grown in these experiments from 1914 to 1932, except 1918 when adverse
weather conditions made impossible to secure reliable yields, are shown in
Table 3. ‘These varieties represent the various types of grain such as
short, medium, long, and long-slender, as well as grain of different

16 BULLETIN NO. 485, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

textures. In comparing the percentage rating and comparable yields in
Table 3, Texas Fortuna and Honduras (T. S. No. 1611), were used as
the standard, or check, varieties.

The highest-yielding variety in the test, T. S. No. 7190, with a yield
of 3179 pounds of rough rice per acre, produced slightly more than two and
one-half times as much as the low-
est-yielding variety, T. S. No. 4276,
which produced only 1248 pounds to
the acre. Thirty-two varieties had
a percentage rating of 100 or over.
Only five varieties had percentage
ratings higher than Texas Fortuna,
which was one of the standard
varieties. Varieties having a rat-
ing lower than 90 per cent should
probably not be grown commercial-
ly in this region.

While T. S. No. 7190 produced
the largest yield in the experiment,
it is of no commercial importance,
Fig. 7. Unhulled and hulled grains of short-, because it has a Weak straw and

medium-, ]ong-, and long-slender-grain types _
of rice from Caloro, Blue Rose, Texas Fortuna, shatters very badly; however, 1t,

gggonllgeoxoro varieties, respectively (top to may prove to be of Value in hybridi_
zation work. Several compara-
tively high-yielding varieties have been dropped from the experiment
from time to time for various reasons. In some cases, as with several
of the Blue Rose rices, strains were dropped for the reason that other
strains producing yields equally as large and superior in other respects
were available. In other cases, the varieties were too late in maturing
or were dropped on account of inferior grain quality.
i All high-yielding varieties that were desirable in other respects, were
grown through 1932. Yields produced by twelve of these varieties were
very satisfactory. Omitting T. S. No. 7190, the eleven largest yields were
produced by Acadia, Blue Rose (T. S. No. 7188), Blue Rose Supreme,
Caloro, Texas Fortuna, Storm Proof, Early Prolific, Tinuco, Rexoro,
Naglampas, and Piniling Daniel, in the order named. Acadia produced
a yield of 2659 pounds of rough rice per acre, as compared with 2210
pounds, produced by Piniling Daniel. From the standpoint of yield, any

of these eleven varieties are satisfactory for growing in this region.

Yields of the Various Types of Rice

As a rule the price paid for rough rice of the different grain types
varies to some extent, depending, of course, on the supply and demand
for each type, but, in general, the long- and long-slender-gi-ain varieties

VARIETIES OF RICE FOR TEXAS 17

command the highest, and the short-grain rices the lowest price. The
yields of varieties, grouped according t0 types of grain, are shown in
Table 4. These results indicate that, as a rule, the long-grain varieties

Table 3. Comparable yields of the better rice varieties of short-, medium-, long-, and
long-slender-grain types

Comparable yield,

 

T. S. N0. Variety pounds rough rice
per acre
, l l
Short-grain types: l
190 | No. S . | 3179
19800 | Acadia | 2659
19799 | Caloro | 2522

5459 [ Piniling Daniel _ _ _ _ _ , _ , _ , _ _ , _ ,  2210

5412 ] Naguyon .1 2065
19798 [ Colusa ____________ _. ’ | 1989

5389 | Kabo-Ong | 1949 H‘

5364 Kinaryom | 1617

Medium-grain types:

7183 I Blue Rose (old type) 2562
19802 Supreme Blue Rose .  2545
19801 i Early Prolific __________________________________________________________ _, 2383

5463 Tinuco 2379

5321 Guininto ,,,,,,, *7 _ 2109

1593 Bruinmissie . _ .. 2097

1555 (Blue Rose type) ...................................................... ,_ 2048

2198 Early Prolific Sel. 1987

1592 l Wanica _. 1821

Long-grain types: =

98 1 | Texas Fortuna  2444
19804 I Storm Proof ________________________________________________________________  2425
19805 Edith ____ ._ 2082
19803 Lady Wright _______ ._ K2073
12981 No. 30 _____ .. 1892
12983 | N0. 32  ____________ W 1867

1 611 l Honduras . 17 64

1616 I Honduras .............................................  .................... .. 1686

2204 | Honduras _ _ . _ _ _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1513

Long-slender-grain types:
19806 | Rexoro 2324

8076 | Delitus 1808

l

will produce slightly lower yields than the short-, and medium-grain rices,
and that high yield is not confined to any one type.

Short-Grain Types: At the present time short-grain rices are of minor
importance in Texas, and it is doubtful if they will ever be planted to any
great extent in this region. However, Acaria, Caloro, and Piniling Daniel
produced yields of 2659, 2522, and 2210 pounds of rough rice per acre,
respectively, which are very satisfactory.

Medium-Grain Types: The larger part of the rice acreage of Texas is
planted to varieties with medium-length grain. The principal medium-
grain rices grown are Blue Rose, Supreme Blue Rose, and Early Prolific.
These were the heaviest-yielding varieties in this group with yields of
2562, 2545, and 2383 pounds of rough rice per acre, respectively. From the

in.

18 BULLETIN NO. 485, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

standpoint of yield, these varieties are satisfactory for growing in Texas.
Early Prolific is losing in popularity owing to the fact that it is often of f}

poor milling quality.

Table 4. Number of, days required to mature, height of plant, and test weight per bushel
of different types of rice at Beaumont, 1931-32

 
   
 

  
 

 
    

  

No. of da re uired - T?“
T S No Variety to mats’; £13m! Hegfght 152115113:
Plant First Plant’ per
emergence head Inches bushel
Short-grain types:
19798 Colusa ........................................ ._ 104 30 40 44.1
5364 Kinaryom .................................. __ 114 31 39 47.4
19799 Caloro _...... ___.. 117 30 42 45.8
5412 I Naguyon   123 23 46 49.7
5459 Piniling Daniel  123 25 44 50.0
7190 N0. 8   126 25 43 47.5
19800 Acadia _ . _ . . . . . _ . . . ._ 131 31 45 45.2
5389 Kabo-Ong ................................... .. 136 28 48 49.8
Medium-grain types :
2198 Early Prolific Sel. .................. __ 108 25 46 41.0
1592 Wanica ........................... ._ 113 24 45 42.7
19801 Early Prolific .. 113 30 47 42.4
5321 Guininto . . . _ _ . _ _ _ . . . _ . .. 114 30 47 43.2
1593 Bruinmissie  134 30 48 42.2
5463 Tinuco ................................ _. 135 30 51 48.1
7183 l Blue Rose (old type) _____________ __ 136 30 50 43.6
1555 (Blue Rose type) ...................... _. 136 29 49 44.3
19802 Supreme Blue Rose __________________ .. 136 29 49 44.0
Long-grain types:
12983 108 27 44 41.4
12981 108 27 43 40.9
19803 110 29 44 41.3
19804 Storm Proof ______________________________ _. 110 24 46 43.9
19805 Edith ___________________________________________ __ 110 28 44 40.8
1611 | Honduras   113 24 47 41.4
1616 Honduras   113 25 47 42.1
2204 Honduras . . _ . . _ _ _ . _ . . _ _ . . 1 114 26 47 40.9
9821 Texas Fortuna ......................... _. 129 26 51 44.3
Long-slender-grain types:
8076 Delitus  .................................. .. 123 27 50 43.8
19806 Rexoro ......................................... _. 152 27 51 46.4

Long-Grain Types: As mentioned in the discussion of varieties, the long- l‘:

grain types were planted extensively during the early history of the rice in-
dustry in Texas. During later years the largest part of the acreage has been
planted to the short- and medium-grain varieties. Honduras and similar types
were the principal long-grain varieties used at first. As shown in Table 3,
low yield was the reason for discarding these long-grain types. In order,
to supply the demand for long-grain rice, it is essential that a part of the
acreage be planted to varieties of this type. Lady Wright was fairly
popular for several years, but on account of low yield it was discarded
by the growers. Texas Fortuna, which, like Fortuna, is a selection from a
variety introduced from Formosa under the name of Pa Chiam, is a high-
yielding, long-grain rice that has become very popular with the growers of
this region. Storm Proof is fairly satisfactory from the standpoint of
yield, but does not equal Texas Fortuna in this region.

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11.1,.

VARIETIES OF RICE FOR TEXAS 19

Long-Slender-Grain Types: Recently there has been a limited demand for a
long-slender-grain rice that would produce a high yield. Rexoro and Delitus,
with yields of 2324 and 1808 pounds of rough rice per acre, respectively,
were the highest-yielding varieties 0f this type in the experiment. Rexoro,
a variety obtained from the Rice Experiment Station at Crowley, Louisiana,

“is the leading commercial long-slender-grain rice. Rexoro is used to some
extent as a substitute for the imported Patna rice and is referred to on the
market as American Patna.

TIME REQUIRED FOR DIFFERENT VARIETIES TO MATURE

It is essential that the rice grower know the length of time required
rfor the different varieties of rice to mature. Planting several varieties
pithat mature at different dates increases the efficiency of both labor and
f equipment. The length of time required for the better varieties to
l‘ mature after plant emergence and after the first heads appeared are

ishown in Table 5. Early, medium-late, late, and very late-maturing.

varieties are included inthis table.
 The time required for maturity
' will vary to some extent according
- to the date of planting.
q The short-grain varieties shown
_; in Table 5 can be classed as fol-
_; lows: Colusa, Kinaryom, and Caloro
y. as early; Piniling Daniel, Naguyon,
fjand No. 8 as medium; and Kabo-
 and Acadia as late-maturing
 varieties.
 fififli’. alllmlifgidliinifiay it‘? V.€i:1;..S-.E":r.% §§i1=>..:2.i.;1:><2;°tart’.
éiirieties of the medium-grain group, - maturity’
 the remaining as late-maturing.

 

 In the long-grain group, Texas Fortuna is medium late in maturing,
Qand the remaining varieties are early. ~

 Rexoro is a long-silender-grain variety that is very late in maturing, and
ijDelitus is medium late. ’

MILLING QUALITY

 rice grower sells his crop to the rice mills as rough rice, and
 sold on a basis of a barrel of 162 pounds. The buyer bases his bid
 the milling quality of the rice. Milling quality is the amount of milled
 that can be obtained per barrel of rough rice. Everything else being
 the miller will pay the highest price for the lot that will yield the
“liipliighest percentage of milled rice, especially unbroken grains commonly
 as head rice.

 

    
  

20 BULLETIN NO. 485, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

As a rule, the yield of head rice is the highest in the shortest-grain
varieties. As the length of grain increases, the percentage of head rice
decreases considerably and the percentage of total milled rice decreases
very little. This is easily accounted for by the larger percentage 0f

Table 5. Milling grades of commercial rice varieties grown in Texas

Pounds of whole. grains’ of clean rice
Variety Olgegnriti: per 162 pounds of rough rice
Prime i Good ‘Mediuml Fair lOrdinaryl Low
A Honduras ......  ............  long I 70 65 I 60 l 55 i 50 I under 50
Fortuna and Delitus._-- long 75 70 65 60 55 under 55
Edith ............................ -- long s5 so '15 70 65 under 65
Lady Wright _______________  long 90 85 I 8O ' 75 I 70 I under 70
Early Prolific ............ -- medium 90 85 80 75 70 under 70
Blue Rose ..................  medium 95 90 85 80 75 under 75
Japanese ___________________ __| short 95 90 85 80 75 under 75

broken grains in the long-grain varieties. Blue Rose, a medium-grain rice,
requires 95 pounds of head rice per barrel of rough rice to constitute prime
milling grade, whereas in Honduras, a long-grain rice, 70 pounds are
required. Official milling grades of commercial varieties of rice, as
adopted by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, are shown in Table 5.

Milling data on the more im-
portant varieties grown in 1931-32
are shown in Table 6. Caloro,
Acadia, Piniling Daniel, and Colusa,
with yields of 107.0, 104.3, 99.5, and
99.4 pounds of head rice per barrel,
respectively, were the best milling
short-grain varieties in the experi-
ment. The milling quality of these
four varieties was exceptionally
good. Kinaryom and Nagupon pro-

Fig. 9. View of rice variety field experiments duced rather 10W yields of head
at Beaumont in 1932. - . .

rice for short-grain rices.

Bruinmissie, with a yield of 99.2 pounds of head rice per barrel, was
the best milling variety in the medium-grain group, Blue Rose and T. S.
No. 1555 following with yields of 98.2 and 97.8 pounds, respectively.

However, all of the medium-grain types produced fair yields of milled
rice. Early Prolific produced fairly satisfactory yields of head rice during

the two-year period, 1931-32, as shown in Table 6. The main objection
to this variety is that it does not consistently produce grain of good milling

 

 

VARIETlES OF RICE FOR TEXAS 21

quality. In many seasons the yield of head rice will be exceptionally low,
on account of a chalky texture known in the rice trade as “tombstone”.

Table 6. Milling data on short-, medium-, long-, and long-slender-grain types of rice
varieties grown at Beaumont, 1931 and 1932

Pounds milled rice per barrel (162 pounds)
rough rice

 

 

 

  
 

TNS‘ Varlety Head rice Total rice
1931 l 1932 l Average 1931 l 1932 l Average
Short-grain types: l
19799 l CaIOTO ---------------------- .. 105.9 108.0 107.0 l 119.0 118.9 119.0
19800 l Acadia ._ ............. .. l 105.3 103.2 104.3 l 118.1 114.5 116.3
5459 l Piniling Daniel __  95.8 103.2 | 99.5 l 116.0 117.6 116.8
19798 | Golusa _____________________ ._ 96.5 103.2 l 99.4 l 111.6 116.0 113.3
7190 | No. 8 ....................  91.8 l 99.2 l 95.5 l 103.7 111.6 110.2
5389 l Kabo-Ong __ ____ .. 85.7 | 98.5 l 92.1 | 114.5 l 114.5 l 114.5
5364 Kinaryom .. 89.1 l 94.5 91.8 l 113.1 116.0 114.6
5412 I Naguyon 79.3 95.8 l 87.6 111.6 113.1 112.4
Medium-grain types: '
1593 Bruinmissie ............. .. 95.1 103.2 99.2 111.6 113.1 112.4
7183 Blue Rose ............... .. 95.8 100.5 98.2 113.1 114.5 113.8
1555 (Blue Rose type) ____ .. 94.5 101.2 97.8 110.2 114.5 112.4
5463 Tinuco ...................... .. 94.5 l 99.9 97.2 113.1 113.1 113.1
2198 l Early Prolific Sel. 89.7 l 101.2 l 95.5 l 113.1 114.5 113.8
19801 l Early Prolific ________ .. 90.0 l 100.5 95.3 113.1 113.1 113.1
5321 Guininto .................. .. 85.1 100.5 92.6 113.1 113.1 113.1
1592 Wanica _.   87.0 l 97.2 92.1 111.6 113.1 112.4
19802 Supreme Blue Rose | 84.3 l 99.2 l 91.8 | 110.2 114.5 112.4
Long-grain types:
12983 N0. 32 ..................... .. 93.8 101.9 97.9 114.5 116.0 115.3
19803 Lady Wright .......... .. 88.5 101.2 94.9 114.5 114.5 114.5
12981 N0. 30 ............ ._ .. 86.4 101.2 93.6 113.1 114.5 113.8
19804 l Storm Proof   86.4 97.8 92.1 111.6 113.1 112.4
1611 Honduras ....... __  85.0 93.8 89.4 111.6 111.6 111.6
19805 Edith _______ _.  77.7 99.9 88.8 113.1 113.1 113.1
1616 Honduras ................ .. 79.3 91.8 85.6 113.1 113.1 113.1
2204 Honduras ____________ _. 78.5 87.7 83.1 111.6 113.1 112.4
9821 | Texas Fortuna ...... .. 78.5 84.6 81.6 112.2 112.3 112.3
‘ Long-slender-grain types: l
8076 | Delitus ...................... .. 88.4 87.0 l 87.7 110.2 l 110.2 l 110.21
‘19806 l Rexoro ..................... .. 81.0 68.2 74.6 108.0 l 111.6 109.8
l

The long-grain varieties produced lower average yields of head rice than
either the short- or medium-grain groups. This was to be expected, how-
ever, because the longer grains are more likely to be broken in the
milling process. Lady Wright, No. 32, and No. 30, with yields of 94.9, 97.9,
and 93.6 pounds of head rice per barrel, respectively, were the best milling
varieties of this type. The lowest milling yield (81.6 pounds) was pro-
duced by Texas Fortuna. This is not seriously l0W for a long-grain rice

as productive as Texas Fortuna.

Delitus produced a larger yield of head rice than Rexoro, the other
slender-grain variety.

22 BULLETIN NO. 485. TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Yields of 88 varieties of rice tested at Beaumont during the 19-year
period, 1914-32, inclusive, are presented in this Bulletin. Many of these
varieties including short-, medium-, long-, and long-slender-grain types of
early, medium, and late maturity, can be successfully grown in Texas.
Though the short-grain varieties, in general, are more productive than
the medium- or long-grain types, large yields are not confined to varieties
of any one grain type. Seven of the nine medium-grain varieties produced

' yields of 2000 pounds or more of rough rice per acre, as compared with

five of the eight short-grain and four of the nine long-grain varieties.
The time required for the varieties to mature after plant emergence
varied from 104 to 152 days. The short-grain group includes varieties of
early, medium, and late maturity, while the medium-grain types include
early- and late- maturing varieties. All of the long-grain rices are early
in maturity except one, which is memum late. Of the two slender-grain

varieties tested, one is medium late and the other very late in maturing. 1

4 The milling data on varieties show that the short-grain types produced
the largest yields of head rice, and that as the length of grain increased
the yield of head rice decreased. The yield of total milled rice did not
vary to any extent between varieties of the different grain types.

The marked variations in yield, grain type, date of maturity, and milling
quality of the rice varieties show that these characteristics are very im-
portant in the selection of varieties for commercial production in Texas.
The rice acreage on each individual farm should be planted to at least two
and preferably three varieties that mature at different dates. Early Pro-
lific is the most desirable medium-grain rice of early maturity even though
it frequently produces grain of inferior milling quality. Storm Proof,
Edith, and Lady Wright are the most desirable long-grain varieties of
early maturity, but they produce lower yields of grain than Early Prolific.

Texas Fortuna is the best variety of medium-late maturity. It is a
very desirable long-grain rice and is popular in the region.

Blue Rose, including Supreme Blue Rose, is the most valuable medium-
grain variety of late maturity. This variety produces high yields of grain
of good milling quality.

Rexoro is a desirable long-slender-grain rice and matures very late.

The planting of short-grain varieties in Texas should be limited to
the demand for rice of this type. Caloro, Piniling Daniel, and Acadia are
good short-grain varieties of early, medium, and late maturity, respectively.