Lvyfj P‘; ».\4_?.~A5\4' O :4 :9’ P’ 7T!“ 7 7 T“ " Y‘ ~- ~ A ‘ :- i-E- '-_ .1 a 1588-6000-6180 j TEXAS AfiRlCULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION A. B. CONNER, DIRECTOR COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS BULLETIN NO. 489 MARCH 1934 Ll BRWR '1' H as . ~ - e0 ex Agncuttural & Mechamcal Lolleg College Station. IeXHS- DIVISION OF,RURAL HOME RESEARCH THE DIET 0F TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS T. 0. WALTON, President E? ? STATION STAFF? Administration: Veterinary Science: A. B. Conner, M. S., Director “Vi. Francis, D. V. M., Chief R. E. Karper, M. S., Vice Director H. Schmidt, D. V. M., Veterinarian Clarice Mixson, B. A., Secretary **F. P. Mathews; D. V. M., M. S., Veterinarian M. P. Holleman, Chief Clerk J. B. Mims, D. V. M., Asst. Veterinarian J. K. Francklow, Asst. Chief Clerk Plant Pathology and Physiology: Chester Higgs, Executive Assistant J. J. Taubenhaus, Ph. D., Chief Howard Berry, B. S., Technical Asst. W. N. Ezekiel, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist Chemistry: Farm and Ranch Economics: G. S. Fraps, Ph. D., Chief; State Chemist L. P. Gabbard, M. S., Chief S. E. Asbury, M. S., Chemist W, E. Paulson, Ph. D., Marketing J. F. Fudge, Ph. D., Chemist C. A. Bonnen, M. S., Farm Management E, C. Carlyle, M. S., Asst. Chemist i**W. R. Nisbet, B. S., Ranch Management T. L. Ogier, B. S., Asst. Chemist “A. C. Magee, M. S., Ranch Management A. J. Sterges, M. S., Asst. Chemist Rural Home Research: Ray Treichler, M. S., Asst. Chemist Jessie Whitacre, Ph. D., Chief W. H. Walker, Asst. Chemist Mary Anna Grimes, M. S., Textiles Velma Graham, Asst. Chemist Sylvia Cover, Ph. D., Foods Jeanne F. DeMottier, Asst. Chemist Soil Survey: R. L. Schwartz, B. S., Asst. Chemist **W. T. Carter, B. S., Chief C. M. Pounders, B. S., Asst. Chemist E. H. Templin, B. S., Soil Surveyor Horticulture: A. H. Bean, B. S., Soil Surveyor S. H. Yarnell, Sc. D., Chief R, M. Marshall, B. S., Soil Surveyor Range Animal Husbandry: Botany: _ J. M. Jones, A. M. Chief V. L. Cory, M. S., Acting Chief B. L. Warwick, Ph.D., Breeding Investiga. Swine Husbandry: S. P. Davis, Wool Grader Fred Hale, M. S., Chief J. H. Jones, B. S., Animal Husb. Dairy Husbandry: Entomology: O. C. Copeland, M. S., Dairy Husbandman F. L. Thomas, Ph.D., Chief: State Poultry Husbandry: Entomologist R. M. Sherwood, M. S., Chief H. J _ Reinhard, B. S., Entomologist J. R. Couch, B. S., Asst. Poultry Husbandman R. K. Fletcher, Ph. D., Entomologist Agricultural Engineering: W. L. Owen, Jr., M. S., Entomologist H. P. Smith, M. S., Chief J. N. Roney, M. S., Entomologist Main Station Farm: J. C. Gaines, Jr., M. S., Entomologist G. T. McNess, Superintendent S. E. Jones, M. S., Entomologist Apiculture (San Antonio): F. F. Bibby, B. S., Entomologist H. B. Parks, B. S., Chief **E. W. Dunnam, Ph.D., Entomologist A. H. Alex, B. S., Queen Breeder "R. W. Moreland, B. S., Asst. Entomologist Feed Control Service: C, E. Heard, B. S., Chief Inspector F. D, Fuller, M. S., Chief C. J. Burgin, B. S., Foulbrood Inspector James Sullivan, Asst. Chief Agronomy: S. D. Pearce, Secretary E. B. Reynolds, Ph.D., Chief J. H. Rogers, Feed Inspector R. E. Karper, M. S., Agronomist K. L. Kirkland, B. S., Feed Inspector P. C. Mangelsdorf, Sc. D., Agronomist ' S, D. Reynolds, Jr., Feed Inspector D. T. Killough, M. S., Agronomist P. A, Moore, Feed Inspector Publications: E. J. Wilson, B. S., Feed Inspector A_ D. Jackson, Chief H. G. Wickes, D. V. M., Feed Inspector - SUBSTATIONS No. 1, Beeville, Bee County: No. 9, Balmorhea, Reeves County: R. A. Hall, B. S., Superintendent J. J, Bayles, B. S., Superintendent No. 2, Lindale, Smith County: No. 10, College Station, Brazos County: P, R. Johnson, M. S., Superintendent R. M. Sherwood, M. S., In Charge "B. H. Hendrickson, B. S., Sci. in Soil Erosion L. J . McCall, Farm Superintendent "R. W. Baird, M. S., Assoc. Agr. Engineer No. 11, Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County: No. 3, Angleton, Brazoria County: H F, Morris, M. S., Superintendent R. H. Stansel, M. S., Superintendent “No. 12, Chillicothe, Hardeman County: H, M. Reed, M. S., Horticulturist **J. R. Quinby, B. S., Superintendent No. 4, Beaumont, Jefferson County: "J. C. Stephens, M. A., Asst. Agronomist R. H. Wyche, B. S., Superintendent No. 14, Sonora, Sutton-Edwards Counties: "H. M. Beachell, B. S., Junior Agronomist W. H. Dameron, B. S., Superintendent No. 5, Temple, Bell County: I. B. Boughton, D. V. M., Veterinarian Henry Dunlavy, M. S., Superintendent W. T. Hardy, D. V. M., Veterinarian s C. H. Rogers, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist O. L. Carpenter, Shepherd H. E. Rea, B. S., Agronomist “*0. G. Babcock, B. S., Asst. Entomologist S. E. Wolff, M. S., Botanist No. 15, Weslaco, Hidalgo County: **E. B. Deeter, B. S., Soil Erosion W. H. Friend, B. S., Superintendent "P. L. Hopkins, B. S., Junior Civil Engineer S. W, Clark, B. S., Entomologist No. 6, Denton, Denton County: W. J. Bach, M. S., Plant Pathologist P. B. Dunkle, B. S., Superintendent J. F. Wood, B. S., Horticulturist "I. M. Atkins, B, S., Junior Agronomist No. 16, Iowa Park, Wichita County: No. 7, Spur, Dickens County: C, H. McDowell, B. S., Superintendent R. E. Dickson, B. S., Superintendent L. E. Brooks, B. S., Horticulturist B. C. Langley, M. S., Agronomist No. 19, Winterhaven, Dimmit County: No. 8, Lubbock, Lubbock County: E. Mortensen, B. S., Superintendent D. L. Jones, Superintendent **L. R, Hawthorn, M. S., Horticulturist Frank Gaines, Irrig. and Forest Nurs. ~ Members of Teaching Staff Carrying Cooperative Projects on the Station: - G. W. Adriance, Ph.D., Horticulture J . S. Mogford, M. S., Agronomy S. W, Bilsing, Ph.D., Entomology F. R. Brison, M. S., Horticulture D. Scoates, A. E., Agricultural Engineering W. R. Horlacher, Ph. D., Genetics A. K. Mackey, M. S., Animal Husbandry J. H. Knox, M. S., Animal Husbandry R. G. Reeves, Ph.D., Biology A. L. Darnell, M. A., Dairy Husbandry *Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine. ‘(As of March 1, 19S?‘ "In cooperation with U. S. Department of Agriculture. IIn cooperation with Texas Extension Service. This Bulletin presents a comparison of the seasonal, regional, and racial aspects of the diet of Texas school children. The outstanding feature in the comparisons of diets is the strik- ing similarity between the diets in the different seasons, regions, and races. Records from either season in any region give equally satisfactory information as to the kinds of foods which the children ate. Racial differences in the kinds of foods used were less marked than is commonly supposed. While in general, the white children had a better diet than the Mexican, and the Mexican than the negro, all appear to have had a deficiency in the use of milk, fruits, vegetables, and whole cereals. There seemed a sufficiency of protein-rich foods ‘and a relative over-abundance of refined cereal foods. The most noteworthy racial difference is in the use of coffee and tea, three times as many of the Mexicans drinking these beverages as did the white or negro children. Coffee and tea tended to crowd milk out of the diet. Girls had slightly better diets than boys due to more liberal use of milk, butter, fruits, and vegetables. Among white children those of 8 and 9 years, boys of 14, and girls of 13 had better diets than those of other ages. The‘ diets of negroes, however, were progressively better as the children advanced in age. Children of the farmer, business, and labor groups had a defi- nitely lower consumption of milk, fruits, vegetables, whole cereals, and coffee and tea than the professional group had. This study indicates that one or more other factors than season of the year, the supply of locally-produced foods, or racial food habits have a greater influence in determining what kinds of foods school children eat. The findings suggest that there are good reasons for continued emphasis upon the liberal use of milk, fruits, vegetables, and Whole cereals in the diet of growing children. CONTENTS Introduction __ Method of Procedure Regions Studied Time and Method of Securing Data Group from Whom Data Were Secured Typical Diet Records Diet with Reference to Season and Region Kinds of Foods and Their Frequency in the Diets ............. Average Number of Daily Servings of Foods in the Diets Seasonal Differences Regional Differences Diet with Reference to Race.. Diet with Reference to Sex Diet with Reference to Occupation.-- Evaluation of the Diet as a Whole Estimated Nutritive Value of an Average Diet ___________________ _- Development and Use of the Diet Score Card .................... -- Diet Scores with Reference to Season, Sex and Race _________ W Diet Scores with Reference to Age ________________ s37 Comparison with Contemporaneous Studies Acknowledgments __ Summary and Conclusions _. Literature Cited ____________________ __ BULLETIN NO. 489 MARCH 1934 THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CI-IILDREN* JESSIE WHITACRE Despite the large number of studies in human nutrition that have been made in the last half century in the United States, relatively little attention has been given to the diets of individual children of school age. The in— fluence of race, of seasons, and of regional differences in climate and in industry has been even less considered. The important problems of the relation of human diet to various aspects of health deserve extensive in- vestigation. A vast amount of data is yet needed to fill in the gaps in our information concerning human nutrition. These considerations sug- gested that a study of the diet of Texas school children be undertaken. This Bulletin reports the results of an inquiry into the dietary habits of individual children of school age from three race groupst-Mexican, white, and negro—-in three widely differing agricultural regions of Texas. The relationship between diet and two indices of well-being, condition of teeth and weight-height-age status, has been included in this study, and will be reported upon in subsequent publications. METHOD OF PROCEDURE Regions Studied Three counties, Brazos, Hidalgo, and Jefferson, each representative of one of the distinct regions of the State, were chosen for this survey. The 1930 census is the source of information for the descriptions given of-these counties. Brazos county, in the post oak strip of East Texas, is distinctly an agricultural section, with 7O per cent of its total land area in its 2,493 farms. The one city is the county seat, Bryan, with a population of 7,814. The next most populous center is College Station, the site of the Agricultural and Mechanical College, with residents numbering about 1000 exclusive of the student body. College Station is almost entirely a residental community depending largely upon Bryan, five miles distant, for the service of business concerns. The population of the county (21,835) is fairly evenly divided between whites and negroes. Among the whites about 6 per cent are of foreign birth or extraction, Italians and Bohemians being most numerous. Diversified farming is practiced in Brazos county, but cotton is by far the leading crop; corn, hay, and sorghum for hay and grain are im- portant. Four-fifths of the farms are reported as growing farm and garden vegetables, among which sweet and Irish potatoes are at the head of the list. Other common vegetables include many varieties of beans and ‘Submitted for publication Oct. 5, 1933 TThe children included in this study, all citizens of the United States, have been classified into three groups, Mexicans, other whites, and negroes. As a matter of convenience, these groups are referred to as race groups, and for the sake of brevity in this bulletin the designation “white” is used for the second of these groups. 6 BULLETIN NO. 489, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION field peas, tomatoes, okra, squash, cabbage, onions, turnips, mustard greens, and collards. The most common fruits grown are blackberries, dewber- ries, grapes, and figs, while peaches and. pears are of less importance. Pecans are grown on some farms. Dairying, poultry raising, and egg production afford products for both home consumption and sale. Hidalgo county, representative of “the va1ley,” the region bordering upon the Rio Grande, has 55 per cent of its land area in a total of 4,321 farms. The largest population center in the county is McAllen with 9,074 inhabitants; Edinburg, the county seat, is next in size with a population of 4,821. Both towns have large consolidated school systems. The total population numbers 77,004, of which 44 per cent are white, 54 per cent Mexican, and the remainder negroes. Less than 4 per cent of the white population is foreign born, chiefly Scandinavians and Germans. The extensive growing of citrus fruit and of truck crops is the distinguish- ing feature of the agriculture in this county. Only 6 per cent of the farms reported growing vegetables for home use only. There were pro- duced in 1929 over one half million boxes of grapefruit, nearly one quarter million boxes of oranges and lemons, and vegetables whose total value was nearly one and one half million dollars. Four vegetables, cabbage, toma- toes, carrots, and corn, had a total worth of over $1,000,000 in 1929. Beets, snap beans, onions, spinach, and potatoes are also important among vegetables, and strawberries and watermelons among fruits. Growing of cotton, dairying, and poultry raising follow in importance citrus and vegetable growing in the agriculture of the county. Jefferson county representing the gulf coast region has but 43 per cent of its land area in farms, which number 1,012. Eighty per cent of the people in the county live in the two largest cities, Beaumont and Port Arthur with populations of 57,732 and 50,902, respectively; only 10 per cent of the population is classified as rural. Of the total population (133,- 391), the white race constitutes 70 per cent, the negro 25 per cent, and the Mexican 5 per cent. Less than 3 per cent of the white inhabitants are foreign-born, these being chiefly Italians and Bohemians. The outstanding crops of the county are figs and rice; a million and a quarter pounds of figs and a million and a quarter bushels‘ of rice were produced in 1929. Watermelons, cantaloupes, strawberries, and grapes are, after figs, the most common fruits grown. Among the vegetables grown should be mentioned sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, tomatoes, snap beans, cucumbers, cabbage, and green peas. Six per cent of the farms of this county reported growing vegetables for home use only. In proportion to the total farming area, dairying is more important in Jef- ferson county than in either Hidalgo or Brazos counties; nearly two and one-fourth million gallons of milk were produced in Jefferson county ii 1929. Poultry raising and egg production, while less extensively practise< than in the other two counties, still serve for both home consumption am sale. O THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN 7 Time and Method of Securing Data The data for this study were collected Within the months of February, March, April, May, October, and November of 1927; January, February, March, April, and November of 1928; and April of 1929. Records of late March, April, and May are called “spring”; those of October and early November “fall”; of late November, December, January, and February, “winter”. Fall records were secured only in Hidalgo county. For con- venience the fall and winter records are termed “winter” in this report. Contact with the pupils who were subjects in this study was made through the cooperation of representative public schools in each county. In Brazos and Jefferson counties, both city and rural schools were chosen, and in Hidalgo county the schools of McAllen and Edinburg. After the superintendent and principal in each school system had agreed to participa- tion by their pupils, each classroom was visited and the nature of the undertaking explained. Forms were provided for recording daily for eight consecutive days in each of two different seasons all foods eaten at meals and between meals. Pupils in the third grade and above kept their own records, using school time for all except week-end records, which were filled out at home. Records of the white children in the first and second grades were kept by the parents, those of the Mexicans and negroes in the first and second grades, by the observers. The utmost care was exercised to divorce all teaching from the process of securing the records. Neither praise nor blame was given by word, by tone of voice, or by expression of face, for a chi1d’s having any particular food on his record. The conditions under which the diet records were secured are believed to have minimized the errors that are bound to be in this type of data. Evidence of a fairly high degree of reliability in such records has been secured in connection with another study (15). An observer recorded on three consecutive days the noon meal of each of 149 children as they were eating; in the afternoon school period each child also recorded his own lunch. In 93 per cent of the cases the children’s records were satisfactory; in 58 per cent of the cases the records of observer and child were identical; in 35 per cent they dif- fered within five points in their score. Each child was asked to record the date of his birth, from which was calculated his age. The child also reported the occupation of his parents or guardian. Group from Whom Data Were Secured Altogether there were 4,258 white children, 1,350 negroes, and 482 Mexi- cans who participated in this study. Of these numbers, about one third in each race kept diet records for two seasons. This latter group of 1,617 children in the counties as shown in Table 1, is used for the present report. ‘ O 8 BULLETIN NO. 489, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION It was decided that these numbers were a satisfactory sample since an analysis of the data for Brazos county children showed no different . ' 't h Table 1. Number of children who kept diet results Wlth e1 her t e records two seasons Whites or negroes be- tween the group that Number 0f Children kept records both sea- Race County sons and the - l a r g e r B°ys i Girls i Tmal group in which those liBrazo l! 241 l 291 ‘s32 who kept a record for White Hidalgr g7160__"—_172§*—|'2’2*2 only one season were also Jefferson 112 127 239 included. The age limits Total 993 of the children are 5 to .21 years, with 85 per Negro | Brazos 86 no 196 cent and 87 per cent of {Jefferson 109 166 2'75 the white _and Mexican 4717 groups, respectively, be- Total | I l I tween 8 years and 15 Mexican Hidalgo 76 77 | 153 Grand years of age, and 86 per total 1617 cent of the negro be- _ ’ tween 8 and 16 years. An age range of 8 to 17 years includes 95 per cent of the white group, 92 per cent of the negro, and 98 per cent of the Mexican. TYPICAL DIET RECORDS Six typical records, one of the poorer and one of the better diets in each race are shown in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Both sexes, the two seasons, and different ages are represented in these records. The relatively few records which seemed unreasonable, or bore evidence of not having been faithfully kept were discarded. The most common fault observed in the records was the failure to state the “kind” of certain food preparations as pie, sandwich, soup, salad, or dessert. Occasionally a child failed to state definitely whether or not milk was eaten on cereals. Absence of butter from some records raised the question as to whether the child did not eat it or merely neglected to record it. In recording the diets for the younger children it was learned that butter was often really lacking in the diet. As was to be expected, not all records covered the entire 8-day period, but approximately half of those for each race were for the full time. Records of 6, 7, and 8 days together included 8O per cent, 85 per cent, and 8'7 per cent, respectively, of the Mexican, white, and negro groups. Com- parison of the score on the first 4 days with that on. the entire 7 or 8 days in 165 records found the plus and minus differences fairly equally divided, and the coefficient of correlation between'the scores on the 4-day and the 7- or 8-day period‘ was 0.8. Records of 4 and 5 days, therefore, were also used and constitute 15 to 20 per cent of the entire number. THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN / H 0M50nO M55500 H M50055 5005505. w 05050050 5505.050 u 50355 $505M 003M H 0:52 H 50530500 003M H “EH5 00020 m 0.00.55 05M5~H 55.05 0055M 0M5~>500 M 05500500 03505 H .200 5000 0M55>50m m 00005005 500.50 H 00533 H305 H naMn-m .0555 00055 H 50550 00:0 H 01.00pm .50m>>0500 MMmH 6005B 00000u5w mu 005m. 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M5m>500 H 0.300 555M M53500 H 5305M 000E H305 H 05.05.05 H 0M55uO 000:0 m 00055 "EMMA 002m H 0000M 50050 550M550 w M0500 002m H 000E M53500 H 00000 $55M .0055 0055M an $20 5 0E2 M55550» H 0200500 5000M 003M H 05E M55500 H M50055 $505M H fi50£M M55500 H 0>u00500 5000M nmwHM H vHHmH>H mM5m>500 N 055505 50TH 0055M H $535M 005m H 00055 EMMA 0M5._>.~0m a 0503M 555558 H 5.0050 .5550 n QMMQMQ 00:0 H 05050 550M MMGTKHQM N 550550.52 5.5053 UQWUQHHHW HN $002M N 5H2 0020 H 000555500 0005M H 0E5 00:0 H 00055 ZMHM 0005M H 55E m 3503M M55>50m H 0505500 M55200 H 00.05500 mME>500 w 0200500 5000M M55500 H 0.00M M55500 H 050M £50055 H 050505 ‘N M0500 M55>50m H 00000005 05.00.50 H 0500 0003M 55.0050 .5005.“ H 0M505O M50200 H 00000 500505515 M55200 H 00000 50050555 .5005? 00000.55 0w M55200 H M50055 00.55am. m 05050050 5505.050 m 50355 Jmflommm M55200 H 0505.500 003M H 0:55 M50500 H 0200500 5000M $002M m 55E 00:0 H 000555.500 003M H 0:55 005m H 000555500 M55500 H 0.200 5005055A H 0.50005 oz M55500 H 0M5H>u00 M H, =m5¢ 20.500000 50 WNW: M005 3.0050 H305. . 10 BULLETIN NO. 489, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION mwigaom u HNUE Harm mmuHM H X32 wwctiww m woHmH wuHHm H wxwum mooHHw m Hionm v; mucfiww w wnwwn wEHH MCTfHQm H HD0053. ufiflwonH 32w H MHHH>H wm wMHHTfHwm m anus !i § a1 comma H hwcwO mNHHTFHQm m wflxwn wEHQ ucTrHow H Edwnu 00H H oxwO mMiT/nwm m ooHmH H Aomkrwfldm Mum 32w H vHHHH>H um woHHw H Q0055: mNHHTFHQm m . 85H ufiiwwn €doam mooHHw m wdwnmH MEEHQZ mwfitwm N means 2:5 fins» H “E2 25w H v52 3 mmwHw H VHHHH>H wMHHTFHwm w RFHU wwoH H QOHHQPQQ mwntiom m uwwH>H mwuwHn m £33 wouHHm m wwwnm MHHHHHQoZ mwcriwm m mwouwaom wwuHHm N wwwnm mmfiu H ~52 ow Miriam H 005cm Hid wVHwO uiw/awm H 8.53.5 swag H 0.5mm .| wwHaw acwcwmH action H 955$ QHHHH-Hnm , wfizwm H wuswm MHHTfHww H ouHwH mouHHm N Hvamam $005 m wxmO mctHHoZ mwuwHQ u 38m mmaHu H v55 3 muctiwm m $55M wct/nwm H >320 $33 m 3:50 m HxwwamH mfi>uww H 35H woufim m wdwamH H. Bozsfiswpwg m wwwm uctiww H omsmwww mmfiw H aoooO wH onso H 5x95 woH H BoHHsEHHwawE E5 H £0000 wuHHm H HaoH $32 wiguwm H maoH ooEhwH mafia H p.32 6.2mm QHQBAH mntvuww H mfinU H noHBwcww mwoHHm u Ufimvhm vi wfltiwm H mwofimuom HHmHnH uoaufln Aanoum wmnHM H vHHHH>H vH u .5 w mwcsLnH m msOzdsflmhdg Q50 XH QOOOU mwdHw H uflms MGHPHww H wu-HQHVHH. H ..Hom3uc.aw uEPHwm H mooaauon smHaH H mSHwU Ea: 25cm H mum $2M H “ES oH mnasnnoh “Q5054 Ram a “E5054 cook #5554 _ wooh aflfloniw _ woorm wumH mHaoE ¢$s€m uonmnw nwncHnH umwwxwoum oaafi mu iucoon Minna HGmm-HHOQQQMHQO Hm iucoou n35? mH-He mo 93am v 3.5a 31H? HuHo-uaom-HH a. duouou HoHG 6 2.1a 11 THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN wcmmramm H mawmno mmwmw H oHHmE 0095M momaamoHB dmsommnH H amfisn H mwcmuO mmmmu H vHHmfinmmfiamH mnamma dosmumq mmomma u ammfizm Jmwom. H amomosw MGTwumm H QHHOm mozdwmwmm? H HHomkwHoflNm mmmm 750$ H adwdw w mqwomnH mcm>amm H wawmn JmaonH H amom3mocww wmh JHHmE 5.52am ww momHw H mmmmH w» ooimmmwou momma H vHaonH H mMidaO mmwmw H vHHmEamfi-Sm wam>nmm H mmmmmmo dog-mod 32w H oHHmE mmmkovw momma H mommun fimmmwH H somBmonmw mmmmH momHw H umfizn Ammo? NHHTwHQM H mmmmamo .m=o.HmodH>H H Sumkwmoiwm wmnH wim>amw H Hwmsm wcmsmoZ unmvamw H mcdmn mcmfiw H amomBHocmw vionH JHHmE Eommmmfi mm H mmnmuO momma H moHmO momma H nmmmdn Jmmom. momma H ammo» vmaonH mmdmw H oHHmE ammzvw momma H mommnnanoO MHHTHHQm H awwam mcmaooz MSrdLPOZ “CTR-HOW H mMsnnmO JmHmE 532mm mm H admin Hoax mmPHmmamnU $2» H vHHmE mmmkrm mmomHw m momma: mmommm m HommuncaoO mums? 205$ w mmofiwmonH HomoHmmH wGmPHmm H awwam mEsobZ wcmfibz mwcm>amw m mcmmaw moumHmoO JHHmE iommHwmH mm wmflm H fimfimofism aflo wk mwcmuO wnmmromw H wmmnH momHw H mowmnn fioZ mmwmw H omHmE umm3m momHw H Hommmn Emma m somzmmonmm amvHomHmO H ammo» fimmfiomH Y1 zammmo immmomamO H mwcmnO HBoA H nnwam amvmoam H 3:50 m. mmamomma HomaamO m Hmoiwmondm pflammm JmHmE iomwHmmH mm H mmauwmamaw $2» H oHHmEmmmfiamH H aHomBmonmw oacmmnH wwmHw H Mama ummamw NH wcwomnH mmomma m HowmnnaaoO H mama vmuom mmomma u pmdom fimfimdmH H mwnmnO NET/HOW H mflwmn mnmamm N HHomBmoamw H3on H vHHmE mmomma m hmoCGO wMHHTFHOm N mionoHomn oHuonH mama: mHmHHO flHdMHHm Jacuwmflwm Nu mommm H mommO momma "X mmPGmamuU mcmimm H mHmHHO momma H vionH mmwmm H oHHmE ummkmw H muoosw wcrimm H .52 omia momma H amomzmmoaww 5mm momHw H ammo» fimfiflmH momma H 2:80 wmmmw H ozmiafimsm momma H mmmmicozwfim Mcmimm H oHHmE H @134 MQmPHmm H hammmo imvmomsO AomBmocmw mmmz fidwam JHOumHdMH Ha momHm H mowmmeico momHm H nmfiwn smmwom. H mHaa< wsmimm H mammn ufibw H HHOTFUGGM mwmmsO wwsmw H ommmi ammavw x8. H wmoHmO mmmmwHm u osmfiomoosm mmomHm m Hommun fimwmwm 36m H ummsw momma H Kséwo mmomma m c831? HomHmomH unm>umw H asow hamHmD JHHmS iommHmwH om umnEm>oZ “E5034 Hooch ou5oE< Hooch ucfloziw Hooch £5034 HooonH wmaH Emmi ammzflmmmH nmaaflw nmaimfi ommmvmwmam mumnH 12 BULLETIN NO. 489, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION m. $503M muntfimm N 522m Him mmHM wfi>nmw H 55.5mm H $503M MHHTrHmm H 03M w fi5omHm Q50 H nwm5m 5mm. mmmHn H mono: vHommH mmmmHm w nmfiq mmmHHH H mmnon vHmmHH mmmflm m 58.55: Jmmom. mm mcrimw H 5.30 momma H 32H H mHQQ< M5H>nmm H woHmH m 35min Mignmm H 555mm HBoA H HHEO muntimm w moHwH 55o H awn. M52502 H. fiHSwHMH mMEPHmm u wcmmn 5m$5m mmoHHm m .8355 fiwaorH. um $33 u nmZQ $83 m HmmmpncuoO m5H>umw H 35H mm5m>nmm w mo? JPKQMU .| HvwmnncuoO mcfiimw H 555mm .1 mmcfimm u HNOE HmmBmuw mnrrHmm H 33.5505 HmmRw m 5355A Jmwom. Hm mmowHQ m 653555500 mniimm H moHHH || 558mm JH5uwHmH mmmmHQ m nmuu5n JmmoH M53502 .825 H whose vionH '1 35H H 2554 on I 5.50m HvmccmO I: mmHM mnrimm H 35H .1 mmopmuon Hmmzrm mztimm H 555m mmmHQ H xmmam wmommn m vHwmHw m5H>umm H m3.» 05w mmmnnmO mmoHHw u .335: dwaom. H $525M w "Hi-aim mmmmHQ u HmmmuncpoO 55o H uww5m 6mm. 0H H $503M m 55am momHn H mmmgmw mmumHm m mwmgmw mmmmHQ w. HimuncnoO MGTKHQm H 555$ H mmopmaoa x mmofiBoQ mwfimimm u mmHM mmmHHm m wamnn fiHuHQ ummBm HmmxmmH HwmBm Hmmxmm wmEPHmm m mnwmn nmufism 55m H amm5m 6mm. wH u5H>umm H moSH mmmHa H macs» vionH vl nmm5m 5mm. H mnoso vHnonH mmommm N mwwmsww mmmHHm m mmoHwHoQ HmmBm 33w H VHHHSH H 553mm m 35min m $562M mmmmw m .5555 dmwom. vH $2M H m vl mwmwmofimfl m Hm 5m 6mm. || m 35mm mmmH H v52 H $502M 325 H vHmmHm vHnonH mcfiimw H moi was mwannaO H50: H HmmfiumO mmmHn H xmmum vionH m fi5owHm mmmmma w HmmmnnFHoO mmmmHn m .3355 dwmom. wH $.54 555053» uooh 555054 HmoonH 5550554 wooh aGHHOE< wooh awmH wHmmE QmmBHmM 5m555w nmGEnH ummwxwmnm oHanH S. €uommu noun?» uEH555mmF~am¢§ o um m- mo»- o o mu m . m 3. Hi3: M55? mEH we 95mm 2H u 5 H; .5 HH H H; u H 2H m Ema. 13 THE DIET OF TEXAS _SCHOOL CHILDREN Q50 H 00HH0O w mdHHfinPH. m mMFH w 002E509 M55200 H 250m Q50 H MESH w Q0500 Q50 H 00.300 M55500 H 053.05 0.00am m 0053.508 H 0050.50 m5H>50m H 0.00m 055.5500 H m00Q nmHHm5mH w @005 mm Q50 H 00.300 w 0.023509 w 0.055509 Q50 H VHHHQH Q50 H xHHSH 00025 w 5035M w @2058. M5H>50w H 0500M M53500 H m00mH M5H>50m H 0500M M5H5HH0Z M51500 H moopwuonH M53500 H 0500M m000HQ m $005M ww M5H>50m H 0500M u mwHHfliorH. Q50 H 0HHHH>H m000HQ u firm Q50 H. 00WH0O a 56:55.9 88E w 08.55 N wuEfiQa 055302 M55200 H 0.005 £02055 05.8.53 H Q5ow 003m m . @005 mm Q50 H 00ww0O Q50 H 0555 H050 00PH0U m000HQ m 0000B M5H>50w H Q50m 00H~H w 005E508 003M H MHHHH>H m 0.053.508 Q50 H x12 m 0.053509 M53002 M53500 H . 000E 055500 H woofifiom N @005 mu @220 H VHHHH>H 055500 H 0500M m wwmmH Q50 H 00x00 Q50 H 000000 w mwHHHiPH. w muHHHwnoF 00.2w H v53 M52002 N5H>50w H QOEHNM M5H>n0m H 005m m000HQ m 5050B HN H 00HQQ< Q50 H 0E2 Q50 H 00.300 m m0HH$50H m m05050m m 0023.509 w maHHBnom. $20 H VHHEH 0500 H 550050 00H m 0.5000520 M53500 H firm H 333cm on Q50 H 00.300 mmwHw H 0E2 H 0050.50 Q50 H 0E2 w wwHHHpuom. m 0023.50? m 30500 m 03.05509 M51200 H 0002 N @005 mH w mwHHHiok 000HQ H 5035M 000HQ H 50TH m 0.0550509 000m Q0500 Q50 H 00$H0O .| 5035a 0005M w 000M .0002 0HQQ¢ 00555500 H 03G M51500 H 0500M Q50 H vHHHH>H wH 5.0.5.02 u55055¢ 000M 0550554 H000r.H 0550.54 009m 055054 H.000._.H wwmH 2x055 500B00MH HOQQHHW 50559 0000x0055 000D HH. 4050005 HHnu M5HH050Qm0u500 s. A0500: M5550 0E0 m0 0.5000 T-hu GQUmNQS wHc-uaom-HHH wQ 15000.5 00mg .6 Qmfifihv 14 BULLETIN NO. 489, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 0.5.0500 H 0005M Q50 H 0:15 60.300 Q50 X 00.0000 Q50 H 0:15 .00.0.0c0 .000» H0005n000>>m 000m GGQHHH 0003M 00050 m. 1.5053 ufiwmwH m a mdSmn-HOF .0000 51500 050500 H 0005M 0510.000 H 000H>H 0.0.0500 H 500050 .m v 000:0 w 0.00.5 050E Q50 H 0:15 00.0000 Q50 X 00.0000 Q50 H 000000 05.0500 H $005M 051,500 H 500055.55 m 00:00.35. 000m 0.00.5 0003w 000m 0.00.5 03.5w 000MQ H 000E H 000M H nwn5~0>oz 000:0 0 0.00.5 0500A 0 04:00.59 Q50 X 000.000 w 00:00.35 Q50 H 0:15 00.0000 0515.000 H 000% Q50 H 0:15 000.000 .0000 H§0nn000Bw 0000Q H 000E 00005 H 000E H 00H Hm Q50 X 000.000 000:0 m 0005M m 00:52.5. 5 $00080 0 0055.60. 000m 5.00500 Q50 H 0:15 00.0000 M51500 H 000H>H Q50 H 0:15 .00..Hw00 om Q50 H 0:15 60.0000 0 £55.85. 8s X 80000 0 855.5. Q50 H 0:15 000.000 000:0 m H5050 05.05 0000Q H 05009500 £00m w0Q0n0 H NMQ. UUUMQ H 060E H NMMH SN Q50 H 0:15 .0055 Q50 X 000.000 Q50 H 0:15 000000 x QHQQ< 000:0 M GNU-HQ 000Bw mQOmHm m HHNORQ. afiuwmwH M mfiHHwwhOrH. 000m H0005: 0.00am 0E0: 0005M 0510.000 H 5.000 000>>w 0:00: 50005m mu m 00:00.00? 051,500 X 0000302 m 00:00.35. X 0055005050 Q50 H 0:15 000000 000:0 m 000.5 0AM1H Q50 H 0:15 .00.0..Ho0 .0000 50500 H mwmH 0000Q H 0.00.5 Mom H MmmH hm m 00E050H M51500 X 00000005 Q50 H 0:15 00.0100 000:0 w H.005: 0500A 0. 00:00.50? H wwmH Q50 X 000.000 Q50 H 0:15 00.0000 05100.2 0001Q H 000E 0000Q H 0.00H>H 0515.500 H 0000 5000M mm 5050000 0:525» 000.5 055084 wwom 055055 H0005 055254 000m 50H 20050 500300mH ~0QQ5w 0www0H005mH 000G m0 45000.0 050.050 050050509500 0.0. .9500.- :au 0E0 .00 0.500 v0.3a 500135 wHo-ua0.TH.H m0 $50005 000D .0 02.5. THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN 15 DIET WITH REFERENCE TO SEASON AND REGION Kinds of Foods and the Number 0f Times They Were Mentioned in the Diets of the Two Seasons A complete list 0f the kinds of foods (other than milk, butter, and foods made of refined cereals) is given in Table 8. Here the total fre- quency of each food and the frequency as percentage of the total days in the entire number of records of each region and each season are also shown. Although more than 60 different foods were recorded in the diets of the Mexican and of the negro children, and over 80 in those of the white children, a surprisingly small number of these foods appeared with frequent regularity. Only 16 foods were eaten by Mexican children on the average as often as once in 10 days, 18 by negro children, and 22 by the white. These foods are listed in Table 9 as the foods most frequently eaten. As may be seen in Table 9, only meat, milk, and cereals (including breads, biscuits, hot cakes, pie, cookies, breakfast cereals, grits, rice, etc.) were eaten once or more per day by each race in the different regions. Foods eaten less frequently than once a day but not more than twice a week, included butter, Irish potatoes, and eggs for white children; and coffee, beans, and eggs for the Mexicans. The most common foods of refined cereals were white bread, biscuit, corn bread, rice, and grits. A graphic distribution of the average number of times the several classes of foods were eaten daily is shown in Figure 1. The spring records were used. The most conspicious feature of the graphs is the preponder- ance of children of all races who had 2 to 3 daily servings of all protein, from 3 to 5 servings of all cereals, and from none to one half serving per day of whole cereals. The, relative infrequency of butter, fruits, and vegetables, and the moderate use of milk is emphasized by these graphs. Regional differences in the use of individual foods are few and of in- difference with respect to the nutritive value of the diet. For example, Hidalgo county white children used oranges and grapefruit in fairly equal amounts, while in all other groups oranges were relatively more abundant. Brazos county children ate more blackberries and dewberries than straw- berries, while in Hidalgo county the reverse relationship held. Figs, though a distinguishing crop of Jefferson county, were no more prominent in the diets there than in Brazos county; in neither case are they an important item in the diet. Cabbage and kraut were slightly more abundant in the diets of Hidalgo county white children and lettuce in the spring diets of Brazos county than in other groups; all leafy vegetables together were used to about the same extent in Hidalgo and Jeffersonpcounties with Brazos county but slightly ahead of them. Tomatoes are one of the four chief “other vegetables” in all three counties, but are even more prominent in Jefferson county diets than in Hidalgo although they are one of the lead- ing crops in Hidalgo county. 1s BULLETIN NO. 4s9, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION m m; wH wH mH H.H S. mzH 3 mndwnH H H mH 2 w m HiH dm wd muouig< Md mm m m; md o.H 5 ed E. m4 Hm fiéouoo H.H m: d od S.“ o.H pH NH Ev w; w» mMFH wd w” 3 3 wd S. dd mm >4 3 m; fi. wwfiwwim HIH 3 md Hm w.” “a we 2. Md wdH vd Q: moifinnH Hflw wHH Hfiw 3 m4. 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E 13cm. non 3E5. E HwuorH. .80 mwErH. E 130B nun mwErH. E HwuoH awn $55. E 13cm. llufinooou nwfiiB fiH . wwaooo» wcinw cH mwnoow» hint,» nH mcnouwn E555 cH mwnoooa awfiflk» cH mwaooon mfianm 5H 8am wocofinwfi mwEE Ho nwnfisz wwcompnwi $53 Ho uonfisZ wocofizmi mosh» mo awnfisZ zpnsoO oMHcEHH hacfioO nownomwwh hwnsoO mouwnm u: 33H. nevi?» win M555 0-5 E mouauohvn 1:: .253 uooBw 2x1:- uoiv nwoom Gmoaéhfi £13.30 oHo-H? ioHaau-ouokv 635mm m: mH-Evm .m visa. fihézo 82B mow-anew owns» o5 5 oven JUNO 17 THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN H00 oHm 0.00 25 0.0m $0 _ 0.0m m3 QHN 0N0 0.2 . $0 500A 5Q . , 0:050 0.0 m» . m.» N0 w.» 8 0.0 00H 3. 00H N40 00H :30 08am NE HoH 0.0 m0 0.0 oHH 3. 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H |. |l H H 800000000: 0N 0w m N N m I 820000.20 0 m NH 0H N H fiwrmwnkwflm m 0 0 H NH || 030G 0H N ll M NH HH 0857M v . .0 m H NN . m 0&8 $5.: H.N 0m HH 0 Q 0H 0H mQHHHQHHO m 0 0H 0H 0N QN HHQGHHQ 0:0 35.30.50 H500 EH00 H0500 EH00 #0200 EH00 #9000 EH00 H9400 0.000 H0500 0500 00H 03H 00H 05H 00H NobH 00H 00wH 00H 02.0 00H H05 n0: 0055. 5 H.309 n0: 005E. 5 130m. n0: 005mm. 5 300m. n0: 005mm. 5 Hwuon. n0: 005E. 5 H.509 n0: 005E. 5 H0009 00.300: :35? :H 00.500: 05.5w :H 00.300: :05?» :H _ 00:000.: 05.5w :H 00.300: :05?» :H 00.300: 05.50 5H 009m 00:03:05 005$ H0 5005502 » 00:05:05 005$ mo 5055A 00:03:05 005$ no 0025502 356D 0302i 3:060 HHOPHQMMUH 3:000 0005M :0.H0HEO 001;? 00::5:0U.|m03::0u 00.2.3 0H5 5H 000: £000 00 30:0 55:?» 0:0 M55: 0-3 :0 m0M0u0>0n 0:0 6000a @0030 20:1: 00:0 000cm E0005: £10000 0H2?» $0500.00.» ium-iu we 00:0! .0. 030a. 18 BULLETIN NO. 489, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION _ _ m. H.H i a.H ad H.H 2 5 Hd =~8aom H H H. 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HtoH a5 d.H 3 ad m3 mafia mibm H.H. ma ad HH. ad aa o5 aw 5w Had 3. cad wHvHuHQ HE.» Jams H.a d» Had Ha Hfla aoH Had aa ad adH dd Hm” $2.5 S: add 5: 5H ddH d5 aHd cad ad dad d.HH adv mflzwsoe mwoQ HHmHHMHHmH ad aHH dd 2: a.HH aaH d.dH aad 3. aad adH aHa 32m .65.. Hz... 7 ©0>0|MQ2£ . wmom Hmmaa whwa 3.3a wawa Hmawa mmaa Hwawa mama Hmzwa EH5. Hwhau mhwa 2: 2.1 aoH 2.2 2: dobH 2: aaaH 8H ma; 8H $5 awn woErH. nH Haven. awn mwErH. H: Hwaom. awn moEHH 5 HaaoH 3n mwErH. cH Hwaok non .335. E Haaom. awn moErH. nH H.309 naaooon HQHHHTF GH wanooou mcimm flH museum» .2553 cH _ manouwu wcHfiHm cH maaouw» moan?» HHH _ mvuooma mfiunm cH cock H6=o$=wE mwEHa do M03552 HxEoHHHHwE @053 a0 awnfimZ . uwcoEcofi $35 no hwfisflz hanwoO ouHnwHmm .3550 nomaowmon .3560 nosdnm nmfiéao ofiHgP aoscmancUulnoHansau ooh-Ha 3H» 5 ovum HHuao we 32H. n35? HEu 9:25 2H» 5 wounugoa HEa iHSca ~33» AuHHHE a2: 225w H-Hoaoua iHeouoo oHB-B Jo-nuaouo.’ iuHF-u w: nHEHvH d oHaua. 19 ’THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN o5 w» .3 ww H6 i: H.m 2 HxH S Wm mm B» :28 wouoO wdH m3 o... 2. .1. E. m6 N2 m.H $ g omH awn. cdH HHN .9: 3N wdH 3N mfi mum H..HH 2a. wdH 3m wwtoo 3: mum mdH m8 #3 2a #3 3m mdH m3 mHH m3 woooO odH a: mdH m: wdH 3N w..." Sm 2N 2a . w.....H 5w as»? was mmmwuHoi HtwH $~ m2 5m Hdm m3 HS NHH. Q3 8m 3N RF $.50 HA6 m3. 0.3. 2m 3w E: Q8 m2: Q3. $3 Q2. 5.3 >bm§ mwoow p230 i mHH vdH 5H H6 9.: w... m2 m... m.“ Him HéH @826 3. m2 HE. 3 .3 5H H; =2 m5 .3» §~ 3N $5.2 gm 2.. Hdm 2m mHH. >2. v.3 w? N...“ 16H i.» wmHH mwEPwQQ 2m m? 3e 3w v.5 3w Hdw $3 . N? $3 3w 3mm mam 3.2 23 M33 Hm: 2S $5 $2 $2 $2 25. Q2: “ma” awoz . QHHE H05 260w 530mm I1 m In || .| In mwHQEwSvH m HH H. || ll w “$.32; w || | H mH H mpmtsi m. H. 3 m mH oH mwHHHio» HE.» iswwmsuaw ? i iwHwfiwm. Hfifl. 93w 1&2. mwww _ $.43. Pflaw ~92. mzww Hmhaw 23H- fififl. mhww 2: ma; 2: 2.2 2: we: 2: 83 2: 25 ooH 85 awn moErH. E 130B .6.» moEwH. E H.309 non 38mm. E 13cm. 6a woErH. E H308 .6.» mwEwH. E HwHoH non woEwH. 5 130B mwnoown noun?» nH mwuouwn wniam cH mwuoowa no“??? cH wwnoown wcram cH mwaooou no??? nH mwuoooa wciqm cH vooh 3:55:05 mwEB. we MQQEHHZ wwcomunwfi wwEHH mo nwnfisz wwnomacwfi 3E3 mo awnfinZ hunfloO OMHQEHH LficfloO GOPHQMMQH .3525 mosaum GPHHJZHU was? wozzizfivlmofiiacu v0.23 o5 E ooau nose u: 30:. noun?» H-Gd Minna o5 E mowauuiva via .253 £33m .35.: H33 mH-oou Hnmvuéhfi £13.30 oHc-HB fiflnauouo.» 633w w: 2.5M .m 05am. 20 BULLETIN NO. 489, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION I H 0H I I H woHanmnimbm I I I I m I wwHnpwncfifiO m w. H. m I H 001.650 I I H w m H 055m I I . I 0 w H 8.8 fisah H. w H.H 5 0.0 5. w H wmFH I H m m H. w 000033» I w H w m w £00m 0H H. m H H.H mu 1H 0H 0H wH 030.35% m I 0.. 3 0.0 0H. w. mu m.H Hm ..::000O I I w.» H» HH w. mm 0.. 0H 8020080.. H50 m0wE0nvH00HmH H. .I H.H Hm Nd .3. 3 3 0.0 m0 005:0 v w. 2 .3 3 wH 1m 3 m.“ NH. mEmHQHH m.“ hm 0d § H.m H.H. 0d w» i. 8 i. N0 m0HQQ< H. m... 2 f: 8N N... wwH ad x: 5. mw 00.5000»: HE... SHHPH 5:0». w H.H HH 0.0 3. m... Ha w.» 00H 0w 3 m0sua0nH H.0H.HH. no H.0.H00O H I I I I I :0H0E.H0H0>P 0.. 5 I I I I I mp8: H a 0 w I I 00E I I H.H I I I moHan0nHs§ w I 0.0 0H. I I I mwsuwom I I _ I I H .I. _ wcofifififiwm I I H I l H @520 I H YH 5 I I 0 00H.HH0HHB0H. H50 moHanQHvHowHmH I w 0.0 g I I H.H 0N $.~..0..B§_.m w... 3H m I u w» 3 I 0000.5 QHH “N. a.» 3 m... EH w... H 0S _ 3 _ Nw 0.0 S. $5055 Hda a... N45 5w w.H.H 05 06H 2» 2a 2» 06w 2a m0HQn< H0052. H05 BwmH I I I I I H. 05.3.9.0? 2.. wwH m... S m: w. 0N HH w HHHZHHEFHU m.H 2 w HHIH ma. Nd mwH 5 3 0... 3 :0E0...H $0 wmm 3a $0 0d N: Nd wwH Z wHH HdH .2 00:20 mFSHO 2E HwmmH. EHQH. HgaH. EHwH. H052. EHQH. HwhuH. $3. $5.0 mhaH. HmhaH. 93H. 00H 50H 2: wHoH 00H 25H 00H £3 2: $0. 00H 02H HOQ 005E. E 130B n09 @085. H.H H509 .HOHH 005E. H.H H000? :0: @055. E Hupom. .5: 005E“. E H308 H0.» 008E“. E H.308 $.30...» 005B :H 00.500: mfinam :H 02000: H005? cH 00.500: 05.50 cH 00.300: H0053 :H 00:000.. 05.5w :H H.0or.H 00:20:05 005$ H0 0.55:2 00:20:05 005$. H0 HMHHEHHZ 00:05:05.. 005$ m0 pwnfinZ 5:000 omHwwHwH 3:000 :0w:0HH0H. 3:200 0000mm 5200.6 002.0... _a:.=..0 Ghwaz H.0::Hu:0OIm0HH::00 00:5 0:0 EH 000a A000 . m0 33H. M0353 HE: 0......» 0H3 E 000232- HEQ 6100a H00>E 25H:- 005 0H.00..H flHowouq .2093... 0H3?» 601100000.» item m0 3.5M .w oH-HFH. 21 THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN H m H H w m i hwamwm N I m 1 l m _ gézvm N H; 5 w; 3 H. w H“ _ 38m ll m H. mH w HH wnHcHFH. H H. 3 5H m w 9H B _ @295 wfibm w w m.” Hm w; 3 w m4 mH new: _ E5 mini H HH oH a HHH 2 BPEQO 1H 2 HH mH am o.H Hm HnH mm HtH om 35m wwzswwwk» m; wH H..." Hm w.H mm o.H . Hm . H.m am H.H 3 mcoHcO m.m 5 3 Hw g mwH md m: HQ mm m5 i" mwoHaEoE mwom HHmHHw-GH H.m i" H.m Hm Wm 3H m.» mmH m6 HR 3w mmH 32w .850 HE» wvhw-HHQQHQ fisonH N5 wmw Q5 Hww m? 3% wsm :5 mdH 3H S: HAH .252 2Q $23G a HmH HHH H.w 3H H6 §H w.» $ w...‘ i. F3“. 395m \ 3. 3. w...“ an Him EH wéH Sm S.” oHm m9 wHH 330m fiakm H}; Haw Hwmm mmm wfi 2H. S: $5 2m m5 i: 3m 035cm HHmHnH _ _ _ _0aHHu_.Hum£5m .5 oHwHonH H HiH HQH 1|. .1 ll In mHSQwO l. m w H l. l. mHHwwawQmHw m 3 w w w HH mawHwO mm mm QH 2 m.H 5 mm .6 om Hm H: mm mosfimwH w.H wH ad E. wmH 3m HYmH m5 ma“. m» i: 3H fiHanvH was wmmnnwO HHafism 8: HEHHHV mcwwflw QQMM w 1| g wwH mHH mmm 9mm mmm m.mH mHm HHQsQHQm azsHoo mcowhw QHHHHHHH. H mcwwnm c.3352 mwsoq woHnfiwwo> m H zl I. .| |l 83m m H >H H. I 1| £055 _ 2:5 wfiswwnauw l. H H || I! 7 H f mwiuonawwfi Hmhww mhww Hmhdfi mhdw H922. whww 1&2. 93% Hmhww wmww Hwmaw $2. ooH 25H 3H wHoH 8H . 23H 2: wHom 2: $2 2: $3 awn woErH. E H.309 non mwErH. E HwHoH mom moEHH E HQHPH. pon moEHH E H.309 an.» woEHH. E H.308 um.» moEHH. E Hmpom. mwnooou .3553 2H mHiouwn wcinm cH mwnouw» Hopi? cH mwuooon wfinnm cH mwaoow.» uoucHB cH mHioown wfiunm nH wooh wonoEnwE mwEG Ho HQQHHHHHZ uocoScwi $53 Ho HEHEHHZ Hécoficoi 3E3 mo awnfisZ hunsoOlfiwmHwwHHH 3:500 nowawwwon 5.500 mouwum HBHHUHHHHO #50182 wNHwHHHHO oauoZ UUHHGmHHHOUIIQOmuEH-OO e923 0-H» E coca sumo :1 naD-i Hnlinllhb iI-III l-nnniu Di.- 1: nil-nub»)! Ill $11-51 ab)...‘ : ----- s. 1.2:, II>>| §||>>|h ?il>|>> >>>>> .. - IIIII unlr. » |||| || lb |I||||| .> >\i|l 22 BULLETIN NO. 489, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION “F: U>GTw FFF “ti: IIQP UQF-_.R>H 5w m» 3. HQ Nd B. m5 2.20 9H HN mH HN .000 éHoo 00000 $0 N; m? o5 5w m3 0w l H._._H N.N 0m o...“ 0N wmawoo mHN H3 HdH m2 m0 m: Him 00H wN Hm 9N 5 09H. N.w om 0.0 Hm H.m m5 0.2 wmN Nd Nm Y.» 0H. 00000 .2 mm mN wN N.wH Q» o....._.N m3 0.2 wwN NHN Sm 00am on.» mommfiog Em wNw w? m»... Ea 5m 0H» HAO 0.2 w? 3a $0 E0000 NQN MEN NdN EWN 0.8 . 2.2 0.5 NwHH Q5 HHm 0.? mNoH 503m 200cm .550 NE 2. 0d HoH 3. 5 m3 mm pd 2 w.“ H» .3025 Ham S“ 3 HH. WN Nm Z .3. 0.3 H>N Nd 3 $02 HHw c5 .200 0E. W5 0% 3m m3 NHH ooN QwH NNN mofiswwfl Hdm m8 0.2.. HNa Héw NNm 0.3 >8 H.wH wHN A H.Nm 0E. 3mm 95H owHH Q3 32 $5 _ momm NHwH 0.3m HdmH mmHN QHmH £2 000E 05E 85 . E000“ cmwuoum 52 wHHH NHHH HmHH l a l l 323.30 0:0 iwwumsocv 62.08am. l l l l H l 00m N l l H N m 0.00:3 00.3mm m l H m N w 35.59.20 l l N N. w w 0.00:3 00000.25 l l l l w l 5.3mm H. m . H.H HN 0H N 0H nnoomonH H l w H. N.H wH 0H .55 N H HH HH NH m.H NN E0009.» was 0.00.26 0.00:3 205$ Htw 3. 0d 3 m3 NHH 0.2 3N \ ENH NvH 0.3 HwN 0020a .300 95.5 $0.30 205$ l l l H l l nw30HwEH5wO H~ l l H l l vcwawmm 9N mN H l l H H 0208mm l l H l l H uwnfisusO m. l >6 2: .3. ww N l 0.3.6 N l l H H N 9E0 l H N l l H swxvwm HEWE. QHE. 103w EH50 HWHQH. 93H. 100% EH00 Hmhsw mhaw H930 EH00 2: 28H ooH S2 ooH 23H 00H wHoN 00H 32 00H $3 .60 mwQEH E 130B n00 moErH. E 1.30m. .60 mEEH E H0009 non wwEWH. E HwuorH. n00 mocha. E 120m. .30 mmErH. E 130B . mcaouwu uouEB 0H @2000» 0:28..“ E.. wwuoowa awpEB cH mwuoova 05.5w 0H 00.300» nwuEB 0H nwnooon MEEHm 0H 000M 00:03:05 @053 H0 nwnfisZ 00:03:05 @053. m0 uonfisZ 00:03:05 @053 m0 uvnfisZ 3:500 0503M hpcsoO nompwfion .3055 mouwum HwEEEO iwumxvun nwEzwHO 0.5.02 . wunfiflcoUllmomuc-Su 09:3 on..- E oonu £000 n0 30:0 555R w: NEuQu one E nohduo>cn win 6100a uooim .355 e05 2000a Gmoueun 6-00.30 30;? ioHauuomov 632w a0 015M .m 05am. THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN 23 Average Number of Daily Servings of Some Foods and Classes of Food The foods ‘in each individual diet record were counted and grouped into the customary classes, based on general similarity of nutritive values. The Table 9. Foods most frequently eaten Average number of servings per week Food White Negro Mexican Cereals (all kinds) .................................... 28.00 29.16 25.00 Pie, cake, etc ....................................... ._| 5.00 4.67 1.89 Oats I 1.67 0.88 —- Corn (whole meal) ............................ "I —— —— 7-45 Milk _ l 15.91 9.09 12.50 Meat 8.14 11.48 7.00 Butter 5.38 3.18 3.04 Eggs 3.50 2.69 4.67 Vegetables Irish potatoes .................................. .. 3.50 1.40 2.41 Beans (dry) 1.63 1.37 4.38 Lettuce . . . . . . . _ _ . . . . . . _ . . . . . _ _ .. 1.04 -—- -—- Peas (all kinds) 0.86 -—- —- Tomato _ _ . _ . . _ . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ .. 085 -—— — Sweet potatoes . _ . _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ . .. 0.741 1.21 —- Cabbage and kraut ............................ H —— 0.77 -— Greens —- 1.04 -—- Fruits Apple 2.41 1 84 2.80 Jam, jelly, preserves ...................... _. 1.27 0.731 -— Orange ........................ ._ 1.21 0.672 1.79 Banana . _ . . . . . _ . . . . . _ . . . ._ 0.89 —— 0.791 Grapefruit ____ ._ 0.691 —- 0.681 Lemon _. -—- 0.781 - Grapes ....................................... -. — —- 0.931 Sweets and beverages Candy 1.79 2.83 3.04 Syrup and molasses .......................... __ 1.25 1.52 - Cocoa 1.08 -— ' -— Coffee ........................... Q .................... _. 0.95 -— 6.36 1winter only zspring only average number of times daily each class of food was eaten was calculated for each season in each county and for each race (Table 10). Seasonal Differences: The striking similarity within each race in the averages for the two seasons is readily apparent (table 10, line of “average”). The only instances in which there was a dissimilarity for the average number of times the different foods were eaten in the two seasons occur in the case of the eggs and leafy vegetables, which are higher in spring diets and for citrus fruit, raw fruit, and nuts, which are higher in winter diets. These differences do not occur uniformly with all races and in all regions, however. The seasonal difference in the use of eggs BULLETIN NO. 4S9, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 24 Av. No. daily WHITE CHILDREN 1150110 CHILDREN IEXICAN CHILDREN servings 0.1-1.0 ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ 5 1,1-z,o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ i-i 2 2.1-3.0 - — — - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _- s.1-4.0 ---- -- --- :-- _- 44-00-11- '-‘ I- 0 ___- Iii _________ 0.1-0.5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 5 0.6-1.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - i - - - - _ g 1.1-1.5 _____ _ 7.-...- _-_ 1.6-2.0 ___- r, C- 2.1-2.s ,__ .- 2.s-s.o F .- 0 r ___- ___ 0.1-0.5 ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 0.6-1.0 _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ V! ii E 1.1-1.5 - — - — - - — - - - ———- ----- E 1.6-2.0 -----.- ___ I__--_ é 2.1-2.5 --- f-_- 2.6-5.0 :1- ___ ‘- s.1-s.s :- s.s-4.0 f? o ' T . 0.1-0.5 -- _____ II- 8 1 é 0.6-1.0 ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- ‘___._.__ g 1.1-1.5 _ _ _ _ ___ ‘,_ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ E 1.6-2.0 _____ __ ,_______ _ _____ __ a 2.1-2.5 II----- ,-- __- 2.6-5.0 74-- ___ 3.1-5.5 "J- I- -- s.s-4.0 I- w 0 g 0.1-0.5 ° 0.6-1.0 :1 1.1-1.5 T 1 ___- E 1.6-2.0»? ' __________ __ 0-1.0 ' " _- ,,, 1.1-2.0 T =' T‘ fi 2.1-3.0 ___ ___ “"0 _ ___ .- - E5, 3.1-4.0 ____ " _ ' ' _ _ _ ' _ _ _“ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ________ ___-_- a‘ 4.1-5.0 - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - _ - __- 5.1-s.0 - — — — — — - ——— —---— 0-1.0 ___ __ I E ___i_ g 1.1-2.0 - ------- -- - - - - - - -- »----- E 2.1-5.0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ -_ _i ___ '_" _ _ i _ _ _ _' _ _ _ _ ' _ ' i _ _ _ _ _ _ i’ _ _ _- a: 3.1-4.0 ___ _ ___.-_ _______ _- 4.1-5.0 5? 7-‘ ---- I I I I I I I I I I I I Perverrhseof 10 20 s0 10 20 s0 40 s0 10 2o children‘ BOYS GIRLS - —- Fi'g. 1. Frequency diétribution of number of daily servings of several food classes in the diets of individual boys and girls 0f the three races. THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN 25 is greater among Mexican children than with the other two races. Among both White and negro children, eggs were eaten more often in the spring only in those counties (Brazos and Hidalgo) in which 1/3 to 1/2 of the group were farmers’ children; presumably these children had access to a more abundant home supply of eggs in spring than in winter. In Jefferson county scarcely 1/20 of the group lived on farms. Only the Hidalgo county children both white and Mexican, and the White of Brazos county ate more leafy vegetables in spring than in Winter. Of citrus fruit, a slightly higher consumption in winter was found only for the white children of Brazos and Hidalgo counties, and the Mexican group. The average frequency for the Brazos county white group and the Mexi- Table 10. Diet with reference to region and season as shown by the average number of times daily some foods and several classes of foods appeared in the diets of the three race groups Average number of times eaten daily by Food Countyl White children Negro children Mexican children Spring Winter Spring Winter Spring Winter B 2.47 2.28 1.35 1.16 Milk J 2.19 2.15 1.43 1.25 H 2.33 2.42 1.93 1.67 Average? 2.37 2.28 1.39? ___1.21 1.93 1.67 B 0.83 0.75 0.66 0.26 J 0.67 0.74 0.36 0. 2 Butter _ H1” _ 0,63“ _0.s5__ ___m__ _______0.39___ _0_.>49__ Average? 0.76 0.77 0.49 0.42 0.39 0.49 B 1.36 1.30 0.71 - J 1.52 1.17 0.96 .7 A“ “mtg H 1.22 1.45 0.8a 1.00 Average? 1.34 1.30 0.85m‘ 0.77 0.83 1.06 W‘ B 0.52 0.50 0.27 0.5.5 - J 0.66 0.54 0.31 0. 6 Raw frms H 0.50 0.50 0.45 0.00 Average? 0.53 I 0.52 0.29 0.30 0.46 0.66 B 0.24 0.31 0.15 0.12 Citrus J 0.25 0.22 0.27 0.19 fruit H 0.34 0.43 0.27 0.34 Average? 0.26 0.32 0.22 0.16 0.27 0.34 B 1.65 1.51 0.92 1.24 All J 1.89 1.63 1.30 1.32 vegetables H 1.65 1.80 1.35 1.22 Average? 1.71 1.60 1.14 1.29 1.35 1.22 B 0.41 0.27 0.29 0.34 ' Leafy J 0.27 0.29 0.26 0.30 vegetables H 0.30 0.25 0.11 0.05 Average? | 0.35 1 0.27 i 0.27 0.31 0.11 0.05 B 4.07 4.12 3.69 3.72 ~ J 3.90 4.08 4.38 4.54 A“ “mm” H 3.85 3.50 3.01 0.44 Average? 3.97 4.01 4.09 4.20 3.61 3.44 B 0.40 0.45 0.23 0.16 Whole J 0.36 0.38 0.14 0.16 cereals H 0.42 0.38 1.20 1.05 Average? 0.40 0.42 0.18 0.16 1.20 1.05 lBzBrazos, JzJefferson, HzHidalgo ?Weighted average 26 BULLETIN NO. 489, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Table 10. Diet with reference to region and season as shown by the average number of times daily some foods. and several classes of foods appeared in the diets of the three race groups—Continued. l Average number of times eaten daily by F Food County; White children Negro children Mexican children l Spring Winter Spring l Winter Spring Winter _ B 2.36 2.35 2.11 2.15 A11 Prom" J 2.30 2.42 2.55 2.63 (qther than H 2.05 1.93 2.71 2.35 mm‘) Average? 2.27 | 2.27 2.36 2.46 2.71 2.35 B 1.16 i 1.45 1.33 1.57 J 1.13 1.26 1.72 1.32 Meet H 1.01 | 1.17 0.93 | 1.03 Average? 1 1.13 1.34 1.55 1.72 0.93 1.03 B 0.75 0.46 0.53 0.13 J 0.57 0.60 0.45 0.45 Eggs H 0.61 0.33 0.39 0.57 Average? 0.63 0.46 0.43. 0.34 0.39 0.57 B 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.05 J 0.09 0.03 0.04 0.05 Cheese H | 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.07 Average? 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.07 B 0.32 0.30 0.20 0.15 Legumes _ ii 313g 31g: 0'32 0'35 0.71 0.60 Average-e 0.33 0.23 0.27 | 0.27 0.71 0.60 B 0.06 0.10 0.03 0.20 J 0.06 0.095 0.02 0.04 Nut” H 0.06 0.037 0.04 0.03 Averagee 0.06 0.097 I 0.03 0.10 0.04 0.03 B 2.39 2.22 1.73 1.63 J 2.19 2.09 2.02 1.92 Sweets H 2.21 2.24 1.19 1.11 _ Average? 2.30 2.19 1.91 1.82 1.19 1.11 B 0.16 0.14 0.05 0.04 Coffee and J 0.21 0.16 0.18 0.14 tea H 0.21 0.26 1.09 _ 1.09 Average? 0.13 0.17 0.12- 0.10 1.09 1.09 lBzBrazos, JzJefferson, HzHidalgo 2Weighted average cans in Hidalgo county was 2% times in 10 days in spring, and 3 times in 10 days in winter; for the Hidalgo county White group, 3 times in 10 days in spring, and 4 times in Winter. In both seasons there were some children in these counties who had no citrus fruit in the week during which - records Were kept, but there were fewer such cases in winter than spring. Jefferson county white children had anaverage of 2% times in 10 days in both spring and winter. The abundant local supply of citrus fruit in Hidalgo county apparently had little influence upon its consumption by children there, since Brazos and Jefferson county children ate almost as much. - Nuts (including peanuts and peanut butter) were eaten, nearly twice as frequently in winter as in spring by the white children in all three counties, and three times as frequently by the negroes; but scarely 1/ 4 of the white and 1/5 of the negro children had nuts in their diet. THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN 27 Only the Mexican children had a higher frequency of raw fruit in winter than spring diets. This was due to greater use in winter of apples, bananas, and grapes. Regional Differences: Aside from the differences noted above in the use of eggs and of citrus fruit in the three counties, the diets of the white children show no regional differences. The negroes of Brazos county had slightly more butter than those of Jefferson, and slightly less cereals, meat, sweets, and coffee and tea. The difference in the averages for coffee and tea is due to the fact that approximately three times as many of the Jefferson county as of the Brazos county group drank these beverages; the coffee and tea drinkers in the two counties had the same average fre- quency, 4 times in 10 days; the Jefferson county group had quite as good milk consumption as the Brazos county. All these small regional dif- ferences appear unimportant. i Since the few foods for which these small regional and seasonal dif- ferences were found had such a minor part in the diets of these groups of children, records from a sufficiently large group in either season appear to give equally satisfactory pictures of the qualitative character of the diet. DIET WITH REFERENCE TO RACE Racial differences in diet are, in general, small rather than large. White children had a little more milk, butter, fruits, and leafy vegetables than did either the negroes or Mexicans, and both white and negro children ate more sweet foods than did the Mexicans. The Mexicans exceeded both the white and negro children in the use of eggs, legumes, whole cereals, and coffee and tea. These differences are portrayed graphically in Figure 2, wherein the values for the spring diets as given in Table 10 are used. The most conspicious racial difference is the Mexican’s greater use of coffee and tea; about three-fourths of this race drank these beverages while scarcely one-third of either white or negro children had coffee or tea in their diets. The question as to the influence of coffee and tea upon the milk of the diet is answered in part by the figures in Table 11. In 10 of 12 groups of children, those who did not drink coffee and tea had a higher average milk consumption than did coffee and tea users; the other two groups had the same average for milk. In all groups, however, of the children who did not drink coffee and tea fewer were found in the low- milk consumption group (2 cups or less) than among the children drinking coffee and tea. The use of coffee and tea therefore seems to have tended to crowd milk out of the diet. This replacement of milk by coffee and tea must not be as great among the Mexicans as with the other two races because nearly three times as many of the Mexicans as either of the other races drank coffee and tea, yet the average milk consumption for the Mexicans was greater than for the negroes and only a little less than for the white children. 28 BULLETIN NO. 489, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION In general, similarity rather than difference in kinds of foods used by the three races is the striking feature of this comparison. Methods em- ployed by the Mexicans of preparing foods and combining them into meals Average number d i1 agrvqngs WHITE Z. 37 MILK NEGRQ 1. 39 MEXICAN 1. 95 WHITE . 2. 50 QTEETS NEGRO 1 . 91 PIEXICAN 1 .19 WHITE l. 34 MEXICA]! mi- Q. 33 IEEXICAI nii- Q. 39 LEAFY VEGETABLES NEGRO III-II- 0- 37 MEXICAN "'- O, 11 EGGS NEGRO —1-—I-— 0. 48 MEXICAN Q. 89 it; O, LEGUMES NEGRQ -"—" 0- 27 MEXICAN Q. ‘[1 WHOLE CEREALS NEGRO i. 0. 18 imxxcm 1 - 3° mans __ 0- 18 COFFEE 6'. TEA NEGRO —- 0- 12 MEXICAN 1-99 Fig. 2. Race differences in the use cf some foods. Length of line is proportioned to the average number of daily servings. differ to some extent from those employed by the whites and negroes, but from the standpoint of being qualitatively satisfactory the diets of the three races are fairly comparable. _29 Nd N.d 4.N N.N N.N N.N d4. 4.44 Nd dd 444 m4 N4 m4 Nd wd N.N m.N 1 4oE4wh_ dd Nd Nd N.N N.N N.N N.N 4.44 dd 4.4. . 4nd 4.4 4.4 N4 N4 Nd Nd N.N 4.N _ 4044.44 _ dd Nd Nd N.N N.N N.N N.N dd dd 44d 4nd >4 m4 d4 m4 dd pd N.N TN _ m8=4m=m_ NN Nd Nd YN N.N N.N N.N 4.44 N.N dd dd d4 4.N d4 d4 wd wd N.N __ N.N Q . 4940444344244 _ N4 N m. 4 m 4 m 4 m 4 m 4 m 4 _ m m. m 4 M. m" m w u. w u. w u. w u. w u. w u. w u. u u. m u. n m m 4 m 4 w 4 a 4 m. R 4 4 a .4 4.. m m @223 .55. E mo mo, om.» H. n04 4.44m 333w C5444 494v 444943 446.43 o3s4wmw> $5.4M 434mm 4E5 44o$ma44uoO 14444404044 c 844.6 532.4 =44 @3544 % . wmnrimm >442. mo 4.2454444 wmw4w>< O "mnv $444495 1443524443: :4 3.4494394 :3? 43G .N4 03am. S S A m F o _ T add d 4.4 w4w m4 4.2. N4 3a Nd wNd m4 44$ 4.4 4.4.5 m. 4.3 N.N ddm 4.N 44d» N4 Q5 N4 ma» m.N 4.3 m4 4.28 4:2 .4353 D 4.4m i d.N 4...? d4 ddw 444 444d d4 dNm N.N N25 4.N 4.344 E ddN 7 N.N 4.4m d4 4.3. } m4 44.5 4.4 m4» d.N 4.44. j 1N 46m: 402 M5445 H T § __ @4450 ekv __ Q4440 4&4 __ E4440 __ e\§ __ £4440 § Q4440 4R. __ 24440 __ mmfi #55080 mm»; QCUOEN $04 HFUOEN mmw4 44444044444 n84 444444044444 mmw4 #55086 4o @4446 N ou§4w>< 4o @4446 N ow§4w>< .40 M4446 N 0444.834 .40 @4448 N ouw4w>< 4o @4446 N wmw4w>< .40 2446 N ow§4w>< uflrwwmm M44143.“ mntvdm mnrfiwm M44445 mctwwmm \ 2.410 whom $44G $40M 2.446 94cm wwwmflwvu 44 o mu o w 44440444445 938,4 3E3 434. E 4E2 M9 GQmHHEn-MFQQ 045 6% U06 mw-Hfl QQHMOU MG om: 045 &Q 434424443304 0J5 Enfi Qimfl-F 30 BULLETIN NO. 489. TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION DIET WITH REFERENCE TO SEX Dietary differences between the sexes are shown by the graphs in Figure 3. For the girls in each race, the average number of daily servings of milk, butter, fruits, vegetables, and protein foods was slightly but consistently higher than for boys. Whole cereals were equally infrequent WHITE cBILDRBl dqil IQ I nu _________________________ _ _ BOY3 501mm :_____i_-__ cums - —— 8% m. rxurts _. _ m: m vmmmws rrrztrzr: ________ ..- i133’ “m! mm?» 2:17:- 31?, m emu-s ------------------------------------------ -- Z23 m. nwrsn_____l ___________________ __ ' ‘ERG CEILDHEI w ______________ -- i123 wrm ----- -- 31g? m. nuns .—_':-_.%_ _ _- 3255 m. vmaunnss ____________ __ {Z24 new cmsusz: 81R m. exams ___________________________________________ __ 213E m. P3171‘!!! ___________________________ .._ 5:2‘; IKXICAI CBILDRQ nu _________________________ __ $12: M11132--- 32?? m. 1111mm .. - ..- _ i235 m. mamas ________ _ ._ .. _____ _- iii? not: emu: ____________ _ _. if: m. exams ------------------------------------- -- - -- - - i133 ALL rnvrnu, _ _,_ -------------------------- - - Fig. 3. Differences in the use of some classes of foods by boys and girls of the three races. Length of line is proportional to the average number of daily servings. in the diets of negro boys and girls, but white and Mexican boys had a trifle higher average consumption of such foods. Whether the girls really had the better diets, or were more faithful in keeping their records, or more THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN 31 successful in remembering what they ate, is an open question. However, while the differences are perfectly definite, they are small and make separate analysis of data for the two sexes unnecessary. DIET WITH REFERENCE TO OCCUPATION The group of White children was large enough and the four occupational groups were sufficiently represented to permit analysis of the diets with respect to the occupation of the children’s parents. Table 12, p. 29, gives the average number of daily servings of the several classes of foods in the diets of the occupational groups and shows that the farmer, business, and labor groups had a definitely lower consumption of milk, fruits, vegetables, whole cereals, coffee and tea than the professional group had. In the case of milk, fruits, and vegetables this is rather a surprising finding for the farmer children since this group is at the source of supply and produc- tion of these foods holds an important place in the industry of each county. Evidently some other factor has a greater influence upon the type of diet children eat than does the mere availability of food. Education in eating habits and cultivation of a liking for milk, fruits, vegetables, and whole cereals would probably go far toward actually getting these valuable foods into the diets of growing children. EVALUATION OF THE DIET AS A WHOLE An appropriate diet for children must provide materials for body growth and activity, and in so far as possible maintain health. As summarized by Sherman (9) the essentials are: “(1st) sufficient of the organic nutrients in digestible forms to yield the needed energy; (2nd) protein, sufficient in amount and appropriate in kind; (3rd) adequate amounts and proper proportions of the various ash constituents or inorganic foodstuffs; (4th) sufficient of each of the essential vitamins”. In practical experience, how- ever, not isolated nutrients such as protein, calcium, iodine, fat, vitamin A or C, etc. are eaten, but combinations of two or more nutrients in bread,' milk, lettuce, oranges, meat, and other ordinary foods. While it is possible to derive adequate amounts of the necessary nutrients from a very few properly selected foods, it has become customary 1n planning children’s diets to specify the inclusion of at least minimum amounts of those classes of food which best insure the dietary essentials that are likely to be lack- ing—minerals, vitamins, protein of high nutritive value, and bulk. Hence fruits, vegetables, whole cereals, milk and other animal protein foods hold a prominent place in well-planned dietaries. Thus safe-guarding the quali- tative character of the diet is regarded the most practical way of provid- ing for optimum nutrition. Considering the diet from a quantitative viewpoint, the tentative and“ hypothetical nature of the quantitative standards for children beyond the age of infancy is their most conspicuous feature, and is well recognized. All agree that revision of the standards may follow when a larger fund of 32 BULLETIN NO. 489, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION . . E93 .w . wwmtwwd mwoou Jumhnimsfinf; HO iOmmT/OQQ mbOO. OuwOH-H O.M OQIOQ OuwvaAvvmmvvmmfi mMQONA bfi|w fiwawfifl wwnmfinouww a?» HOE wwfisuoa 32D EM EM EM Em S2320 pom mwawwcwuw wiedanwm. E. NNNN NNS... NNN. NS... N5. NSN 2N8... Ncwnwmao SGQMNQE S. N.N. NNS... ..N... NNN... EN $5 N88... NGQMEEQ onwwz ..N QNN NNS... SN. 3w... i; N....N 2N8... ‘ll i1] i! 1|: I w .2 3E2... 00m mcooawwflnw» m mimmouw ufiaw omN Nnoonwwififi m MGMDM N... +++ ++ + +++ N......... .2... NS... ...N NN 528E w. 3m ..N ++ + N..N..... 3.x... N....... N.N ....N 82.... N 2N3... N. NNS... ..N... ..N..... N.N. ..NN 822 N .311». 2.2m N + ..N....... ..N..... ......... N.N ..N v8.08 Q50 Nk o» X muao $050M ..N . +++ + ..NN..... N3... ......... N.N N... NQNQS Ea N) N28... £58m N. 3. ++ + + + ......... NS... NS... ...N ..... 53.68 . 0.33m N ..N ++ ++ +++ ++ + ..N....... _ N.N... N8... N... N $23. Nifi. . @335 S ..N ++ + + + 2.2.... NS... N....... N... E. E392: . @154 ..N NN +++ ++ ++ NN....... ........ NN..... N... NN NEE X $520 S ..N. + + +++ ..N....... NS... N....... N... ..N 83.65 X NEENm NNN + ++ _ _+++_ _ E. éogfigfi X 8.3m ..N 3N. +++ + + N _ ++ _+++_. 2...... _ NNN... ..N..... N.N. SN 85 N.N 5E. i EM EM 8w EM _ o _ < _ o _ m _ o _ o _ m _ < mfinosn 32D. mafia? BNEEN§HQ< 55H $0.5m E323. cwwaonm mwiowmO £2554 wooh m5 sdww> flwawmso was? %U§#n Mafia. Fm Gouwflso 05H hfi QOQNO hThQEEQO GMQE mun-u SUQQ MO 25cm 0G0 HQ @OQOHEQU H0=u QMGMOPU fifl HO 05nd? vfluwfin: woun-Eummm .M.n Qmfidh. THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN 33 reliable information is available. The definite amounts that have been proposed refer to energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, and iron. Among standards recently suggested, those of Sherman and Gillett (9), Rose (8), Hawley (5), and Wait and Roberts (12) (13) (14) are in fair agree- ment. In general, the recommendations of these authorities are embodied in the tentative standards shown in Table 13. Estimated Nutritive Value of an Average Diet An indication of the nutritive value of the average diet of Texas school children is shown in Table 13. The foods listed in this illustrative diet are those in each food class which were most commonly eaten by the white children in this study, and the amounts given are based upon the average number of times daily each food class was recorded. It was assumed that the individual servings were of ordinary size, and the several foods of average composition. The calculations for calories, protein, calcium, and phosphorus are based on figures for average composition as given by Sherman (9). For iron, the more recent figures reported by Stiebeling (10) and by Peterson and Elvehjem (6) were used. The comparative vita- min values are taken from the compilation by Smith (11). l This diet would furnish sufficient energy for a child 6 to 11 years old, and also enough protein, phosphorus, iron, vitamins B and G, and probably enough vitamin C. But it would provide only 85 per cent of the amount of calcium called for by the standard and about one-half as much vitamin A as has been suggested by Gillett and Rice (4). The calcium shortage would be entirely covered by another cup of milk, and this extra milk, along with 1 more tablespoon of butter and a whole egg rather than one-half, would probably sufficiently increase the vitamin A. Very little change in the diet for the .white children (Table 13) is necessary to make it fit the averages of the negro and Mexican children. The only changes required for negro children are the subtraction of 1 cup of milk and a slight reduction in the butter and fruit. For the Mexi- cans lé cup of milk should be subtracted, a 50-calorie portion of oats should be replaced by a 100-calorie portion of whole corn, and 1/2 egg added. This average diet for negro children apparently provides only half as much calcium as a growing child needs according to the standard, and the phosphorus and iron content would be less than is regarded as satisfactory. The Mexican child would fare better than the the negro in phosphorus and iron supplied, but the calcium is scarcely 3/, of the standard allowance. It should be pointed out, however, that many children had a poorer diet than that given in Table 13. Seventeen per cent of the white children had only 1 cup of milk or less, 1/4 of them had no raw fruit, 1/3 to 1/2 no citrus fruit, and 1/ 3 of them no leafy vegetables; over 1/ 4 and 1/ 3 of negro and Mexican groups, respectively, had 1 cup of milk of less; similar proportions of negro and Mexican as of the white children lacked citrus and raw fruits and leafy vegetables, and in addition 1/5 of these two races had no butter in their diets. Lack of these foods would greatly 34 BULLETIN NO. 489, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION .m.m.< dcHHonoO i=5 woo .oZ crwzsmfi dnnnflosno Honwnfi E nnnwmonn ono? moHnoo 10mm!» fiHooH nnoonu owHH. 2Com wan E .3 02.5% vHHHnnn mo finHnH o mono. moon woo.» onosn onws? no Sow o mono Sosa mwwH Howmnn mo? Hoonnn Con?» mum» Honnomfiwwo now owocn mo? ooco3oHHH do dz .5225 J39,» nwnH v on o: Mum Jooo now 53w mo? wfinwon a mo wnnHo> onfino Sow o oonno aoonnn Homo not n3 i? no 2E n 2E. 22 35o 2: 38 5m 3.5m min E om: now wowrfionr, dnoo noonfiw dinwnon ononom noozrwn dowwoo no own mo own noHdwwn now Hooobononsw wnw? mfinmoo oH Hzno >oHo non mono cos» wnoE nownnn no own of now owoon moan coEooHowQ woonfisowo oZ oH ...................... .. ooowofl o3 no oowwoO moofioowow oZ 2: ............. ; ofion. ooH ................. .. Honom. ooH ................. : Honom. m ouo nonoséoo 3:: NH oxow? o woEE n. wwwm m xmoB o mwEE m 5mm mH zoo mo Snow H no monnnowoH an wH oH H mid mo Snow H no mwuo w now o oodo now? a mow o oonno ooog no ooonnn nHonnLnnwoonnH m Snow onoE no H Hoonwnwn . mH 3 ............ 5% o Q23» Eonw oHonHB wH ............ 13H. o v2.15 Eonm oHosB oH >now onoE no H 2on3 mHoonoo Honno Hooonm wHoonoo HE.» Hooonm wHownoO . Snow onoS no H mnwsoo oH zoo o oom>5 onopofi nnonHn nonHno oH zoo o ooco H huooH no mH MN b moo d QOGO AnooBm MN A POQNQOQ Gdfiw HQHTHO (fuwm OM08 HO H Hgfiumamfifim no vii: ooooon _m how o mono oooooo no ononoo I. “How? o 3E3 w o?» hwooH “Hm Fm amok» o moon? w zwooH w .>nom H nmooH Ho hwooH moHnonwwonw w0~AduQMQ> mw~flduwww> m .5. o mono HowvHooo H H. zoo o mono m M83 non mosh» w oaonnnon no wonfio mH now o o2?» Hononnnon Hoonnnnoo no Hm o? mow o mom?» Honocnoo. Hoocooo no on m inow H nmooH no Amonfio oonnv >>on wH uwo> Kon nov Bon wH w? Bon nov Ban roH .>nwm onoE no m Oowmnw fionh flunk . fioxooo ivonv tank I- I1 w .......... ..ooco owooH no nonnom no .................. z onono H oEH>H ww .................. .. wonomo H 5H2 QN. .............. : momma ~\HH 2.5x >53 v55 Q5~fl> PC5054 Hooch ®5Tw> QHHHHOE< UOOnH Ufipfifikffl.» QHHHHOEAW UOOQM Hocnonou 550w nmfiowosoowmofi onmoxom. magi-m mnonoi. mHHQOHHGHQQEQa-HOO n: uononm oonnHH .2- 10m; Hmmmom n2. n25 "mH-noo onoum 4H 03am. I THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN 35 reduce the vitamin A, B, and C content of the diet and the minerals, especially calcium and iron. Nearly 1/ 3 of the white children, 1/2 of the negroes, and 15 per cent of the Mexicans had. no whole cereal; unless those vegetables and fruits which are good sources of phosphorus and iron were then included in the diet, these essentials were likely lacking. Development and Use of the Diet Score Card As a means of reducing the diet records to one common term for purpose of comparing the diets as a whole, a score card was devised. (Table 14, Texas). In developing the score, the recognized nutritive values of the several classes of food were kept in mind and an attempt made to assign appropriate numerical values. These score values represent personal judg- ments which may or may not rightly express relative nutritional values. The score is purely an arbitrary device; but despite its inherent limitations it serves as a means for comparing the diet records. It is resorted to only because the more desirable and exact evaluation by calculation of the nutrients supplied in the individual diets cannot be employed with the qualitative records of this study. Milk, generally regarded as the most valuable single food, was given the highest score value. Milk is a source of proteins of high biological value, of abundant calcium and phosphorus in favorable ratio, and of easily assimilated iron; it is rich in vitamins A and G and is a fair source of B, D, and E. Both milk as such and foods containing milk were given credit in scoring. Butter, an easily digested fat rich in vitamin A, called for a separate evaluation because a conspicious amount of the milk consumed in Texas is in the form of skim milk, clabbered milk, or buttermilk. Fruits and vegetables, which contribute vitamins, cellulose, and minerals to the diet, were given the same score values, only a little less than milk. Citrus fruits and tomatoes, and raw fruits were given credit separately as well as being counted with “fruit, any kind”. Citrus fruit and tomatoes are the best of the known sources of vitamin C; they are also‘, good for vitamin B. Oranges and tomatoes are further valuable for vitamin A, and they make a significant contribution t0 the calcium and iron of the diet. Raw fruits in general afford greater assurance of an abundant supply of vitamin C and B and a sufficient amount of cellulose. Leafy vegetables, assigned a separate score value, are comparable with butter as a source of vitamin A; they are valuable also for vitamins C and B and exceedingly important sources of both calcium and iron. “Potato or substitute” and “other vegetables”. while listed separately, were scored jointly. The primary value of both refined and whole-grain cereals is energy, but the whole-grain products are superior to the refined in the quality of their proteins, and their content of phosphorus, iron, and vitamins B and » E. 1 Bran was counted as whole cereal in scoring. As two different protein foods other than milk were required to receive the full protein score both the protein and the other nutrients supplied by these foods are recognized: for example, iron from meat; iron and vitamins A and D from eggs; BULLETIN N_O. 489, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION O0 O5 15 453 WHITE BOYS PERCENTAGE 0? CHILDREI 15 540 WHITE GIRLS 10 _.__ _@ PERCENTAGE 0F CHILDREN PERCENTAGE 0F cnzmnm PERCENTAGE or cnnmm 15 76 IIEKICAI BOYS PERCENTAGE 0F CHILDREN n ° 1e-22]2s.21|2s-s2| 53-57]58-42|4s-41]4s-s2|5a.s'r]5a-s2] ss-sfl ee-vz] '13-'17] ve-ezl as-ev] 88-92] ss-svlea-lod _/"\ / \ l5 77 IEKICAI GIRLS PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN l4 o 18-22[zazflza-sz]ss.sv|sa_42|4s.4v|4a-s2|ss-rv/Isa-sz]ss-sv] ss-12]1s.11[ve-az| 83-87] aa-sz] assflsmod scoazs Fig. 4. Distribution of diet scores for boys and girls of each race and for two seasons. THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN 37 calcium from cheddar cheese; calcium, iron, and vitamin B from legumes; and Vitamin B from nuts. N0 deductions were made for the use of any food with respect either to kind or amount. Diet Scores with Reference to Season, Sex, and Race The average score for the boys and girls, respectively, were: white children, 62 and 67; Mexicans, 54 and 67; negro 44 and 52. Figure 4 presents graphically the distribution of the scores by 5-point intervals for the two seasons for each sex in each race. These graphs show at once ( 1) the striking similarity in the different seasons between the qualities of the diets as measured by the score, (2) the slight superiority of the girls’ diet to that of the boys in each race, and (3) that racial differences while present are less pronounced than is sometimes supposed. Diet Scores with Reference to Age The number of white and of negro children, but not the Mexicans, in this study was sufficiently large to permit calculation of average scores for groups of children classified by year of age. The relationship between diet score and age, different for the two races, ‘is presented by Figure 5. The sequence of ages includes only those ages in which the number of individuals seemed to make their use permissible. Each child appears at 2 points on each graph, once in spring and once in winter. In a few cases a child had the same, age for both spring and winter, but for the most part they moved from one age in spring to the next higher age in winter, or the reverse, according to the seasonal sequence of collecing the diet records. Never is the same child found at two different ages in the same season. Thus each curve represents the findings for two different groups of children in each sex in the span of the years included. The irregularities of any one of the graphs considered independently are to be accounted for in part by the effects of random sampling. The graphs for the white boys and girls in general resemble each other. In both cases the lines trend downward from 7 or 8, to 10 or 11 years; at a later age there is a rise, and in 3 of 4 graphs a subsequent fall. For boys the rise begins at 13 years and the subsequent fall at 14 years. With the girls the rise starts at 11 years, and the later fall occurs between 13 and 14 years. Although the differences found between the ages in this analysis are not pronounced they are perfectly definite, and because of the similarity of the two sets of graphs and the consistent relationship of average diet score to age within each sex group, it is likely that some other factor than chance is operating. A possible explanation of the fall in the fore part of the graphs may be a closer supervision by parents of the diets of the younger children along with the less pronounced preferences and prejudices on the part of the children themselves at the earlier ages. 38 BULLETIN NO. 489, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 66 ~11 WHITE BOYS é “J 62 C13 <5 é 58 -=: 5., I I | I I I I | I I YEAR 0F AGE 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 NOJN SPRING 31 ' 54 54 65 53 65 39 37 16 no, m 111mm 24 41 61 55 64 52 60 35 23 74 WHITE GIRLS 5 w 7O F11 E El 66 < \ a, 6g I I I I I I I ¥wf T I YEAR OF AGE 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 110,113 sPRmG 21 54 51 61 69 63 84 56 52 24 NOJN WINTER 14 31 53 58 59 74 74 81 42 23 5O ,__ NEGRO BOYS 3 m 46 _ {=1 a g 2 _ <: as I I YEAR 0F AGE 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 14 15 16 NOJN SPRING 13 16 34 24 30 25 14 HOJN WINTER 13 27 29 24 19 20 17 mac onus , ---'°\ 54 _ 50 _ AVERAGE scoma 3 T 42 ,_.. as I I I I I I I I I J mm or m: 'r a s 1o 11 12 1s 14 1s 1e 110.111 SPRING s 2s s2 21 s1 4a as 29 no.1! 1mm: 21 1e 2s s9 41 as 2a 24 Fig. 5. Diet score with reference to age. THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN 39 The trend of the graphs for the boys between 13 and 14 years is in the opposite direction from those for the girls at the same ages; 14 years on the boys’ graph is a high point, on the girls’, a 10w point. The rise in the graph begins at an earlier age (11 years) for the girls than for the boys (13 years), and the subsequent fall is one year earlier for the girls than for the boys. Although the diet scores in this study are based on quali- tative records, the coincidence of the rise in the graph with the onset of puberty in each sex and the subsequent fall corresponding to the age of decline in the rate of growth attract attention. Perhaps the increased desire for food during early adolescence may influence not only the ‘amount of food the child consumes but the variety, so that his diet is more apt to include the several classes of food. It is possible that the prevailing popularity of slenderness among girls and the fad for dieting may be reflected in a restriction of foods eaten by them at age 14 and after. It may also be that a liking for the various food classes has not been develop- ed or their importance appreciated to the point that assures their being eaten. The drop after 13 years for the girls may also reflect the in- fluence of the decrease in rate of growth upon eating habits. With the negro children, the general trend of the 4 graphs is upward, the average score increasing in value with age. If parental supervision accounts for the higher scores of the white children of 7, 8, and 9 years of age, it must be that effective supervision for negro children was lacking‘. It is suggested that either the gradual cultivation of a liking for a greater variety of foods or the possible greater availability of food to older negro children (though in what way is not indicated in this study), explains the rise of the diet score with age among the negroes. i The difference between higher and lower scores for both white and Zr negro children has been found to be due to the greater use of more than l one class of food. The white children of 7 and 8 years, and boys of 14 and girls of 13 years (the ages of higher scores) had in general a more liberal amount of milk, fruit, vegetables, and whole cereal than did the boys of 12 years and girls of 11 years. Negroes of 15 and 16 years 1 (the ages of higher scores) used milk, fruits, and butter more frequently ; than did the group of 9-, 10-, and 11-year-olds. , Both the results of scoring the diet as a whole, and‘ the average daily frequency of the several classes and the more prominent individual foods in the diet, indicate that some other unknown factor or factors are more influential in determining the kinds of food a child eats than are racial . habits, season of the year, or the supply of locally-produced foods. The shortcomings of the diet of the race and sex groups in this study differ only in degree, and not in kinds of foods used. On the whole as compared ‘with the standard well-balanced, varied diet, there is probably a sufficient ’ supply of protein-rich foods other than milk, a relative over-abundance of irefined cereal preparations, and a deficiency of milk, fruits, vegetables, i whole cereals, and possibly of butter. The findings furnish support of the desirability of continued emphasis upon the liberal use of milk, fruits, vegetables, and whole cereals. The indication in this study of multiple 40 BULLETIN NO. 489, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION rather than single deficiency in the use of foods suggests the necessity of securing definite information concerning both quantity and kind of food in the diet before steps are taken to improve the diet of individuals or groups. COMPARISON WITH CONTEMPORANEOUS STUDIES The findings for the white children of this study lend themselves to interesting comparison with those of contemporaneous dietary studies of public school children in four other states, Virginia (7), Massachusetts (2), Florida (1), and South Carolina (3). - The ages of the Virginia children ranged from 5 to 14 years, inclusive; of those in Massachusetts from 6 to 17 years; in Florida from 6 to 19 years; in South Carolina the group included 8-, 9-, and 10-year-olds. Reynolds in Virginia had the children answer questionnaires as to the amount of milk consummed daily and the frequency with which fruits and vegetables were eaten. Davies secured her information in a dairying and a non-dairying community in Massachusetts, from a record of one day’s meals as given by a child, together with answers to questions put to him and to his mother regarding his eating habits. Ahmann, Abbott, and West- over secured a two-day record of the diet eaten by children in “five rep- resentative counties of Florida”; four seasons of the year were included but all records were pooled for analysis. Frayser and Moser based their study on two-day diet records collected from “one county representative of rural South Carolina”. The score cards devised for use in Texas, Massachusetts, and South Carolina are quite similar, as may be seen by the values assigned to the several food classes in Table 14. In Figure 6 the distribution of the scores on the basis of five-point intervals is shown for 993 children of Texas, 322 in South Carolina, and 275 in Massachusetts. The spring scores of the Texas group are used. The distributions for Texas and South Carolina are strikingly similar, while the Massachusetts diets in general scored lower than those of the two southern states. The differences in the graphs for the three states are probably due in large part to the deductions which were made in the Massachusetts records for the regular use of tea and coffee, and for the use of meat in amount considered excessive, while no deductions were made in Texas and South Carolina. The Florida workers, using a score card varying somewhat from the others cited in numerical values assigned to food classes, found but 1 per cent of the diet records with scores of 80-100 points, their “commendable” class, and 24 per cent of 60-80, their “adequate” class. Reynolds divided the Virginia records into five classes designated by letters A, B, C, D, and E, in accordance with the nearness of the eating habits to current standards for milk, fruits, and vegetables. A and B diets were regarded good, C questionable, D and E poor or bad. The three classes of the grades in- clude, respectively, 18, 72, and 10 per cent of all the records. In the THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN 41 Texas study about 12 per cent of the records scored 83 points and over. The Florida, Virginia, and Texas studies are therefore in agreement in that a relatively small percentage of the diets had high scores. The similarity of the dietary habits of the school children in the several states is well brought out by comparison of scores on classes of food. 18 18 16 16 l4 l- N l-l O PHCEITAGI OP 01888 A o» c0 Z o TEXAS Izs-21Izs-szIsa-av|sa-42|4s.41|4a-52Iss-s1]sa-szlss-svlsa-vz ?s-"‘lv[1e-a2]as.a1|aa-s2| 95.9111» gffi‘ zo-ulzs-zs [so-u] 35-39 [40-44] 45-49] s0-s4| 55-59] 50-54] ss-ssl '10-'14 ‘rs-val 8044] as-asl 904495-100] 0m- scoas umxs Fig. 6. Comparison of total-diet scores of white school children in three states. The Virginia study concerned itself with the milk, fruit, and vegetables in the diet and found consumption of them markedly below standards. The dairying community 0f Massachusetts had 64 per cent of the milk scores in the highest- interval of value (20-24 points); the non-dairying, 16 per cent. Only 28 per cent of the Texas milk scores were in the highest interval. Since the Massachussetts study demanded four cups of milk, and Texas three cups for full score, the dairying community of Massachu- setts definitely excelled the Texas children in the use of milk. South Carolina, like Massachusetts, required four cups of milk for a full score. The upper score interval in South Carolina includes about the same per- centage as in Texas, but, because of the difference in scoring basis the consumption of milk in South Carolina is probably somewhat higher than in Texas. Of fruits and vegetables there was a limited consumption alike in Texas, Massachusetts, and South Carolina, but the latter two states have a relatively greater percentage of these scores in middle values while Texas scores are more evenly distributed throughout the range. Texas and Florida studies agree in that meat and refined cereals are the most fre- quently recorded foods while fruits and leafy vegetables appear with comparative infrequency. As for whole cereals, Massachusetts and Texas are alike in having about one-half of their records with scores of zero and in the lowest third of the 42 BULLETIN NO. 489, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION score values. South Carolina has fewer low scores than either Massachu- setts or Texas. The meat and egg scores of South Carolina and the protein-rich foods of Texas are comparable, the bulk of the scores in both states being in the highest interval. Massachusetts records have relativedy more meat ant egg scores in the middle values than have Texas and South Carolina. These contemporaneous studies in five states show alike that the diets of the majority of school children are a long way from meeting present day recommendations for the use of milk, fruits, vegetables, and whole cereals. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Grateful acknowledgment is made to fellow staff members and to the many other persons who have assisted in this study, the personnel of the co- operating schools: the superintendent of each system, the late Mr. H. L. Dur- ham of Bryan, Mr. Ernest W. Chaney and Mr. Edwin D. Martin of A. & M Consolidated, the late Mr. D. J. MacDonald of Brazos county rural schools Mr. J. D. Bramlette of McAllen, Mr. H. C. Baker of Edinburg, Mr. M. E Moore of Beaumont, Mrs. LeRoy McCall of Jefferson county rural schools Mr. Roy Guess of Voth and Rosedale independent districts, and to the principals, teachers, and pupils in each of these school systems. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Written records of all food eaten for a week in spring and also in wintel were secured from 993 white children in Brazos, Hidalgo, and Jeffersor counties, 471 negroes in Brazos and Jefferson counties, and 153 Mexicans in Hidalgo county. These records are the basis for this report upon the regional, seasonal, and racial aspects of the diet of Texas school children Despite a distinct diversity in the agriculture and hence the supply o1 certain locally-produced foods in the three regions, only minor difference: appeared in the diet of the children in the three counties. For example children in Hidalgo county had but slightly higher consumption of citrus fruit than did those in Brazos or Jefferson county; figs while grown mucl less extensively in Brazos than Jefferson county were as frequentl; eaten by the Brazos county group; leafy vegetables (cabbage ane the various kinds of greens), were eaten with about equal frequency in the three counties. The chief regional differences, and these not pronouncee ones, were" (1) the greater use of eggs in the spring by the children in Brazos and Hidalgo counties, where larger proportions of the grou} were farmers’ children than in Jefferson county; (2) the use of coffee and tea by a greater number of the Jefferson county negroes than by those in Brazos county. Seasonal differences were inconspicious. Eggs and leafy vegetables were eaten somewhat more often in the spring than in the winter, and citrus fruit, raw fruit, and nuts slightly more often in winter. The foods i1 THE DIET OF TEXAS SCHOOL CHILDREN 43 hich seasonal differences in consumption appeared, had a minor part in i e diets as a whole with the one exception of eggs in the diet of the exicans. Hence seasonal differences were unimportant; Records of the two seasons in any of the three regions’ give quite imilar pictures of the qualitative character of the diet. Racial differences in dietary habits with respect to kinds of food used ‘ re much less conspicuous than is commonly supposed. While in general, he white children had a somewhat better diet than the Mexican, and the exican than the negro, all appear to have a deficiency in the use of milk, j its, vegetables, and whole cereals, a sufficiency of protein-rich foods ther than milk, and a relative over-abundance of foods of refined cereals. t e most noteworthy racial difference occurs in the use of coffee and tea; hree times as many of the Mexican as of either white or negro children 1 ank these beverages. Coffee and tea tended to crowd milk out of the let in all races, but still the Mexicans had better records for using milk vi an did the negroes. 5 Estimation of the nutritive value of an illustrative diet composed of he foods in each class most commonly eaten by the children of this tudy, and used in amounts corresponding to the average frequency of these oods in the diets, indicates that the diet of white and Mexican school v ildren is apt to be deficient in calcium and possibly vitamin A; of ‘egroes in calcium, vitamin A, and probably also in vitamin C, phosphorus, d iron. The calories supplied by the illustrative diet would probably r- sufficient only for children 6 to 11 years of age. “_ The girls of each race had slightly better diets than the boys, the dif- jerence being due to their more liberal use of milk, butter, fruits, and i} egetables. l Children of the farmer, business, and labor groups had a definitely lower nsumption of milk, fruits, vegetables, whole cereals, and coffee and tea 5| the professional group had. This is surprising in the case of the i rmers, since milk, fruits, and vegetables can be produced at home in the unties of this study. 1 White children of 8 and 9 years, the girls of 13, and boys of 14 had 'tter diets than those of 10, 11, and 12 years. It is suggested that this jay be due to more parental supervision of the diet in early years, and he influence of a more hearty appetite in the years of rapid growth. mong negro children the diet improved with age. Perhaps this reflects ck of negro parental ‘supervision in early years and cultivation of a lik- g for a greater variety of foods as the child grows. ’ f ‘Evaluation of the diets by means of a score card shows, as do also the verage daily frequencies of the several classes of food in the diets, that 1) the collective diets of the two seasons were practically identical, (2) _ at the white children had somewhat better diets than the Mexican and he Mexican than the negro, and (3) that the girls in each race had lightly better diets than the boys. Comparison of the diet scores of hite children in this study with those of contemporaneous similar sur- 44 BULLETIN NO. 489, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION veys in four other states disclosed similar dietary deficiencies—viz., milk, fruit, vegetables, and Whole cereals. The findings of this study indicate that some other factor (or factors) than racial habits, season of the year, or differences in the supply of locally-produced foods exercises a greater influence in determining what kinds of foods school children eat. .The findings further suggest that there are good reasons for continued emphasis upon the liberal use of milk, fruits, vegetables, and whole cereals in the diet of growing children. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. LITERATURE CITED Ahmann, Chester F., Abbott, Ouida Davis, and Westover, Georgia. 1930. A nutritional study of the white school children in five representative counties of Florida. Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 216. Davies, Esther S. 1928. The food consumption of rural school children in relation to their health. Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 241. Frayser, Mary E. and Moser, Ada M. 1930. The diet of school children in relation to their health. S. Car. Agr. Exp. Bul. 268. Gillett, Lucy and Rice, Penelope B. 1931. Influence of education on the food habits of some New York City families. New York Assn. for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor, New York City. Hawley, Edith. 1927. Dietary scales and standards for measuring a family’s nutritive needs. U.S.D.A. Tech. Bul. 8. Peterson, W. H. and Elvehjem, C. A. 1928. The iron content of plant and animal foods. J. Biol. Chem., 78:215. . Reynolds, Ellen A. 1926. The relation between dietary habits and health of children in rural sections of Virginia. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 25.0. Rose, Mary S. 1927. The foundations of nutrition. The Macmillan Co. Sherman, H. C. 1932. Edition. The Macmillan Co. " ‘- Stiebeling, Hazel K. 1932. The iron content of vegetables and fruits.‘ U.S.D.A., Cir. 205. Smith, Sybil L. 1929. Wait, Bernice and Roberts, Lydia J. 1932. 10 to 16 years of age. J. Am. Diet. Assn., 8:29. Wait, Bernice and Roberts, Lydia J. 1933. Studies in the food require-ii ment of adolescent girls: III. The protein intake of well-nourished girls 10 to 16 years of age. J. Am. Diet. Assn., 8:403. f". Wait, Bernice and Roberts, Lydia J. 1933. Studies in the food require- ments of adolescent girls: IV. The mineral intake of 38 well-nourished girls 10 to 16 years of age. J. Am. Diet. Assn., 9:124. ' Whitacre, Jessie and Terril, E. D. 1931. Growth in height and weight of Texas school children. Progress report. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta., 44th annual report: 92. The chemistry of food and nutrition. Fourt a Vitamins in food materials. U.S.D.A., Cir.'84{ Studies in the food requireiij- ment of adolescent girls: I. The energy intake of well-nourished giflgf‘