E-124-10M-L180 TEXAS AliRlCULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION A; B. CONNER, DIRECTOR COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS BULLETIN NO. 508 JULY, 1935 DIVISION OF HORTICULTURE Vegetable Varieties for the Winter Garden Region 0f Texas i R Y lzricullural & Mechanical College o1 lam \ 90MB Slatlonl Iexasl AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS T. O. WALTON, President STATIUN SFAFFI Administration : A. B. Conner, M. S., Director R. E. Karper, M. S., Vice Director Clarice Mixson, B. A., Secretary M. P. Holleman, Chief Clerk D. R. McDonald, Asst. Chief Clerk Chester Higgs, Executive Assistant Howard Berry, B. S., Technical Asst. Chemistry: G. S. Fraps, Ph. D., Chief: State Cher=:-i~.<":. S. E. Asbury, M. S., Chemist J. F. Fudge, Ph. D., Chemist E. C. Carlyle, M. S., Asst. Chemist T. L. Ogier, B. S., Asst. Chemist A. J. Sterges, M. S., Asst. Chemist Ray Treichler, M. S., Asst. Chemist W. H. Walker, Asst. Chemist Velma GrahannAsst. Chemist Jeanne F. DeMottier, Asst. Chemist W. H. Garman, M. S., Asst Chemist A. R. Kemmerer, Ph. D., Asst. Chemist A. W. Walde, Ph. D., Asst. Chemist F. J. McClure, Ph. D., Asst. Chemist Horticulture: S. H. Yarnell, Sc. D., Chief Range Animal Husbandry: J. M. Jones, A. M. Chief B. L. Warwick, Ph. D., Breeding Inves-"riaa. S. P. Davis, Wool and Mohair Specialtisl. J. H. Jones, B. S., Animal Husbandmat: Entomology: F. L. Thomas, Ph. D., Chief; State Entomologist H. J. Reinhard, B. S., Entomologist R. K. Fletcher, Ph. D., Entomologist W. L. Owen, Jr., M. S., Entomologist J. N. Roney, M. S., Entomologist , J. C. Gaines, Jr., M. S., Entomologist S. E. Jones, M. S., Entomologist » F. F. Bibby, B. S., Entomologist "R. W. Moreland, B. S., Asst. Entomologiz». C. E. Heard, B. S., Chief Inspector C. J. Burgin, B. S., Foulbrood Inspect ir Agronomy: - E. B. Reynolds, Ph. D., Chief R. E. Karper, M. S., Agronomist P. C. Mangelsdorf, Sc, D., Agronomis‘ D. T. Killough, M. S., Agronomist J. O. Beasley, M. S., Asst. Agronomist _ Publications: A. D. Jackson, Chief Veterinary Science: ‘M. Francis, D. V. M., Chief H. Schmidt, D. V. M., Veterinarian "i". P. hlathews, D. V. M., M. S., Veterinarian Plant Pathology and Physiology: .1, J. Tkmbenhaus, Ph. D., Chief W N. Ezekiel, Ph, D., Plant Pathologist l.. B. luring, M. S., Asst. Plant Pathologist G if. Adstatt. Tvl. Asst. Plant Pathologist "Claim Boyd. B. Fi, Asst. Plant Pathologist warm and iirncle Economics: L. '. 3 M. S., Chief W. E. L a1. i. l-h. D., Marketing . .‘:. “zérwnng :4. S., Farm Management 1""'W. M. a . ". 3., Ranch Management "A. C Slut-ma, N. :~~ . Farm Management R-Uf-‘ii limm ifewarc“ 3 Jswla ‘Jillian-e, PM. D., Chief Mary Ann»: Griznefs. M. S., Textiles Syli-Er. Cover, 54h 1)., Foods - "Soil Survey: "W. '1‘. Carter, B. Chief E. H, Temriiia, B. S., Soil Surveyor J. W. Hu~.~.‘;2.nee, Y‘! S., Soil Surveyor ’ i? ll/ll1\T£!'_", B. t}, Soil Surveyor Kaila. Y. y ' ' lctin g Chief 1’. i‘. iTr-ry, M. ‘I Swine lirasbandry: F11" inle, M. E , Chief Dznr, ilushandrp: O. C Cupelarprl, .2’ Poultry Husbandry: R. M Sl'»~i~‘==.'o<-~.l, S., Chief J. R. Coach, M. :‘>., Assoc. Poultry Husb. Paul D .‘,lt.urkie, I? S., Asst. Poultry Hush. Agricultural Engineering: II. P. Smith. M. S., Chief Main Stair-m Farm: C .'l‘. h‘ Nless, Tiuperintendent Apiculture San Antonio): ,H. B. I" rks, B. S., Chief . H. .~\"eX. B. S., Queen Breeder Feed Coniril Service: F‘. .). Fuller, M. S., Chief James Suiliwm, Asst. Chief. S., Dairy Husbandman I). Pearce féezvlretary H. Rose's i‘? Inspector L. hmkws-J-a ‘R S., Feed Inspector D. Rein "<1 ~., Feed Inspector . A. Moore, Feed Inspector J. Wilson, B. S., Feed Inspector . G. Wickes, D. V. M., Feed Inspector J. K. Francklow, Feed Inspector 351E997???" SUBSTATION S No. 1, Beeville, Bee County: R. A. Hall, B. S., Superintendent No. 2, Tyler, Smith County: P. R. Johnson, M. S., Superintendent No. 9, Balmorhea, Reeves County: J. J. Bayles, B. S., Superintendent No. 10, College Station, Brazos County: R. M. Sherwood, M. S., In Charge "B. H. Hendrickson, B. S., Sci. in Soil Erosion L. J. McCall, Farm Superintendent "R. W. Baird, M. S., Assoc. Agr. Engineer No. 3, Angleton, Brazoria County: R. H. Stansel, M. S;, Superintendent H. M. Reed, B. S., Horticulturist No. 4, Jefferson County: R. H. Wyche, B. S., Superintendent "H. M. Beachell, B. S., Junior Agronomist No. 5, Temple, Bell County: Henry Dunlavy, M. S., Superintendent C. H. Rogers, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist H. E. Rea, B. S., Agronomist “E. B. Deeter, B. S., Soil Erosion No. 11, Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County: H. F. Morris, M. S. Superintendent "No. 12, Chillicothe, Hardcman County: "J. R. Quinby, M. S. Superintendent "J. C. Stephens, M. A., Asst. Agronomist No. 14, Sonora, Sutton-Edwards Counties: W. H. Dameron, B. S., Superintendent I. B. Boughton, D. V. M., Veterinarian W. T. Hardy, D. V. M., Veterinarian O. L. Carpenter, Shepherd “O. G. Babcock, B. S., Asst. Entomologist No. 15, Weslaco, Hidalgo County: "P. L. Hflpkinfl. B. S., Junior Civil Engineer W. H.,Friend, B. S., Superintendent No. 6 Denton, Denton County: P. B. Dunkle, M. S., Superintendent "I. M. Atkins, B. S., Junior Agronomist No. 7. Spur, Dickens County: R. E. Dickson, B. S., Superintendent B. C. Langley, M. S., Agronomist No._8, Lubbock, Lubbock County: D. L. Jones, Superintendent Frank Gaines. Irrig. and Forest Nurs. Members of Teaching Staff Carrying G. W. Adriance, Ph. D., Horticulture S. W. Bilsing, Ph. D., Entomology D. Scoates, A. E., Agricultural Engineering A. K. Mackey, M. S., Animal Husbandry R. G. Reeves, Ph. D., Biology J. 8. Mogford, M. S., Agronomy F. R. Brison, M. S., Horticulture ‘Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine. S. W. Clark, B. S., Entomologist W. J. Bach, M. S., Plant Pathologist J. F. Wood, B. S., Horticulturist No. 16, Iowa Park, Wichita County: C. H. McDowell, B. S., Superintendent L. E. Brooks, B. S., Horticulturist No. 19, Winterhaven, Dimmit County: E. Mortensen, B. S....Superintendent "L. R. Hawthorn, M.’ S., Horticulturist Cooperative Projects on the Station: W. R. Horlacher, Ph. D., Genetics J. H. Knox, M. S., Animal Husbandry A. L. Darnell, M. A., Dairy Husbandry R. O. Berry, B. S., Biology R. T. Stewart, Ph.D., Agronomy V. A. Little, M. S., Entomology ‘(As of September 1, 1935 "In cooperation with U. S. Department of Agriculture. fln cooperation with Texas Extension Service. ‘In cooperation with State Denartment nf Aorimiltnre j a From 1930 to 1934 an extensive series of vegetable adaptability studies was carried out at the Winter Garden Substation. This Bulletin includes a report on 590 varietal names representing 49 kinds of vegetables. Over 1550 samples were studied. Consider- ation has been given t0 the adaptability of a variety and to the characteristics which serve to identify it. Under adaptability the diseases and insects to which a vegetable is most commonly sub- ject are given, as these are often as important in the successful culture of a vegetable as climate, soil, and proper cultural methods. In addition general recommendations regarding the importance of varieties and the variations in stocks are also given. A descrip- tion is given of the resistance that a number of vegetables offered to injury when the temperature was 18 degrees F. in 1933. CONTENTS Page Introduction ______ _- 5 Method of Procedure 6 Definition qf Trade Terms . _ . . . . . _ . ,_ 6 Significance of Stocks, Strains, and Varieties 7 The Importance of Variety . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , _ , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,_ 7 Variation in Stocks 7 Cold Resistance 1 ........ -_ 8 Recommendation and Description of Varieties ________________________________________ 9 Artichoke, Globe 9 Artichoke, Jerusalem ________________________________________ __ 10 Asparagus . _ . . . _ A _ . . . . _ _ _. 10 Beans, Dwarf Lima ______________________________________ __ 11 Beans, Dwarf Snap _________________________ __ 13 Beans, Pole 18 Beets _ 18 Broccoli, Sprouting __________ 1 23 Brussels Sprouts ______________________________________ -- 25 Cabbage _ 26 Carrot 31 Cauliflower and Cauliflower-Broccoli 37 Celery .. 40 Chard 41 Collards 42 Corn, Sweet and Roasting Ear 42 Cowpeas, Edible - 48 Cucumber , 50 Dandelion _________________________ __ 55 Eggplant _ A . . . . _ . -- 56 Endive _____ __ 57 Fennel _ 57 Garlic _____ -_ 58 Kale \ _ 1 ,,,,,,, __ 58 Kohl-rabi ...................................................................... _ ______________________ ,_ 60 Lettuce _ 62 Muskmelon and Casaba 66 Mustard 74 Okra -. 75 Onion _ 75 Parsley 83 Parsnip 1 84 Peas, English ______ -. _. 85 Peppers, Hot . 90 Peppers, Sweet ,_ 92 Potato, White 94 Pumpkin _ 95 Radish ________________ '* 96 Rhubarb 99 Roselle 99 Rutabaga 100 Salsify - 101 Spinach , 101 Squash, Summer r110 Squash, Winter 112 Sweet Potato 116 Tomato ......... _.117 Turnip .127 Watermelon ___________ a 127 Planting Guide _ _________________ 1133 Recommendations 136 Acknowledgements r 138 Literature Cited, .138 FNYQV" .' ~ ‘ . BULLETIN NO. 508 JULY, 1935 VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR\THE WINTER GARDEN i REGION OF TEXAS LESLIE R. HAWTHORN Every grower of vegetables, Whether for the home garden or the market, is confronted at some time or other with the problem of varieties. There are literally thousands of so-called varieties and almost every catalog lists some not listed by others. Studies by numerous workers indicate that many of these names are synonymous. Some of these studies (1, 2, 5, 14, 15, 21, 29)* are also very comprehensive along other lines such as numbers of varieties covered, detail of descriptions, and history of varieties, and hence are useful references to anyone interested in the crops concerned. That varietal names are frequently synonymous or practically so has also been borne out by the tests reported in this publication. Long experience on the part of growers, seedsmen, agricultural experiment stations, and others has shown that varieties vary in their regional adaptability and usefulness. Certain of the varieties described in the catalogs of reputable seedsmen as being among the most desirable have been found to be prac- tically worthless when grown under Winter Garden conditions, although such varieties may often be of great value in other parts of the United States. The seedsman, faced with the difficulty of describing a variety for all sections of the country, even if he is familiar with its varying behavior, usually resorts to describing it as it grows under favorable conditions. In 1930 an extensive series of vegetable, variety trials was started at the newly established Winter Garden Experiment Station (Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Substation No. 19) to determine whiclc are the most suited to the Winter Garden region and comparable terri- tory in Southwest Texas. Since the vegetable variety situation is con- stantly changing and since some information on all vegetables was urgent, great emphasis was placed on surveying the vegetable variety field in as rapid a manner as possible. A detailed statistical study of all-possible characteristics was not made. Careful notes were taken on the outstanding characteristics, however, in order to identify and describe the variety properly. Concurrent with these adaptability trials have been a series of detailed descriptive studies of the more important varieties of tomatoes, spinach, beets, and onions. This work has been done in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agri- culture. In the reports of these four vegetables full use has been made of the descriptive material obtained in the cooperative studies. All the trials were conducted on Webb fine sandy loam, the only soil available at the station. There are considerable areas of this soil, as well as the similar Duval soils in the Winter Garden region (22). Un- doubtedly some vegetables would behave somewhat differently on the darker clay and alluvial soils. However, judging from general observa- tion of a number of crops, any vegetable or. any variety which has been *Numbers here and elsewhere in this Bulletin refer to references under “Literature Cited." 6 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION indicated as adapted on the basis of these trials would also grow on the darker heavier soils. In many instances it would show more vigor there. Root crops are often less evenly shaped in the heavier soils. "Vegetables, such as muskmelons which are desired very early in the spring, will usually mature quicker on the sands than on the clays, because the sands Warm up sooner. Aside from such differences as these, none of greater significance are likely to be seen. Method of Procedure For these adaptability studies the general procedure has been to collect samples of all the leading varieties together with those offered locally. New varieties have also been included. Whenever possible, samples were obtained from original sources, usually groWer-seedsmen operating in the district. This reduced to a minimum the possibility of misnamed stock as well as seed of unknown origin. Whenever possible, established commercial practices were followed in conducting the trials. Obviously, the small plots in which the numerous samples had to be grown made some large-scale operations impractical. With a few exceptions there was only one replication of each sample. The lack of replications was compensated by the inclusion of several stocks and strains of all the leading varieties and by the repetition of the trials in successive years. In such tests certain varieties can often be eliminated as not adapted the first year provided climatic conditions have been normal. They may possess characteristics which are plainly unsuited to the demands of the section, or they may resembleso closely well known varieties that for all practical purposes they may be considered the same. No variety was ever thus eliminated Where there was any doubt as to its value or identity. A number of the varieties reported (Tables 1 to 31) are credited with but one year’s trial. Many of these, however, were added to the trials in the last season, rather than dropped after the first. DEFINITION OF TRADE TERMS In order to use any information concerning varieties to best advantage it is necessary that certain terms used by seed-growers and others be understood. The terms used in this publication were first defined and published in 1925 (31) and later were accepted by the Vegetable Growers Association of America in a report of the Committee on Standardization of Vegetable Varieties. The definitions of terms follow: Kind: “A kind includes all the plants which, in general usage, are accepted as a single vegetable, as, for example, tomato, cabbage, bean. the same as the genus or the species of botanical classification. The species Brassica oleracea includes several kinds, (cabbage, cauliflower, and others).” A Variety: “A variety includes those plants of a given kind which are practically alike in all their important characteristics of plant and product. This is not‘ <. den-Ltd’ VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 7 Each variety should be distinct from all others -in one or more prominent and significant features. Named varieties that are not distinct should be classified as strains of a recognized variety or as mere synonyms.” Strains: “A strain includes those plants of a given variety which possesses its general characteristics but which differ from others of the variety in one important or two or three minor, respects—differences not great enough to justify a new variety name.” For example in the case of lettuce, Imperial, New York No. 12, and a number of other similar names, are strains of the variety New York, and have been developed for specific purposes, such as heading under various climatic conditions, and disease resistance. All are essentially alike in physical appearance, and are sold as New York. Stock: “A stock represents all plants of the same parentage or pedi- gree. Differences between various stocks of a variety or strain should be very slight. A seed-grower may maintain more than one stock of a strain, each representing a pedigree line. Two seed-growers may have stocks so nearly alike as to be indistinguishable, but as long as they are separately maintained, they are distinct stocks.” SIGNIFICANCE OF STOCKS, STRAINS, AND VARIETIES The Importance of Variety With some vegetables the variety chosen may mean the difference between success and failure; with other vegetables any variety which is chosen will grow well. Onions, for example, may be a complete loss if any one of the rather large number of unadapted varieties is planted. In spite of this fact the onion happens to be one of the most important vegetables grown in this section, but only because the right varieties are usually planted, not because the vegetable is wholly adapted. With carrots, on the other hand, it matters little what variety is selected, so far as its culture is concerned. The choice of a carrot variety can depend entirely on the grower’s preference as to type. Variation in Stocks As might be assumed from their definition, strains differ from one another for the very reason that they have often been developed for specific purposes. In actual practice stocks vary too, and often more than one might at first expect. Several stocks of the same variety or strain may be carried by one seedsman. They may or may not vary consider- ably, and may differ in varing degrees from other seedsmen’s stocks. The practical significance of this can be seen"in Table 5, which gives the per- centages of different colored cores as well as their sizes found in a number of varieties, strains, and stocks of carrots. In several instances several of the stocks of a given variety came from the same seedsmen. In Tables 25, 26, and 27 the yields of strains and stocks of tomato varieties from many 8 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION seedsmen indicate again the difference which may be found. Similar studies‘ of all kinds of vegetables reveal similar differences. The trials at the station have indicated that it is often worth while to continue growing strains and stocks which have proven good. This can usually be accomplished by asking for the stock number of the seed when it is purchased. This number will enable the exact stock to be bought again if it isjdesired and available. Frequently this will mean a little greater outlay for seed, for good stocks are expensive items for a seedsman to maintain. Paying a premium for seed is in itself no guarantee that the seed will be satisfactory, but to pay it to a reputable seedsman for a pro- duct which has always grown well and true t0 type in the past is usually a much more profitable practice than buying unknown seed at bargain prices. Cold Resistance Early in February 1933 there occurred a severe cold wave which killed and injured many vegetables. On the first night the temperature dropped to 18° F. The entire period of five days was characterized by low temper- atures and considerable Wind. On the first day the temperature was below freezing for over twelve hours. The seriousness of this cold wave to all vegetation was increased by the fact that January had been unusually warm, the mean temperature for the month being 7° F. above normal. All vegetables were exhibiting in early February a rather vigorous lush growth. As judged by the extent to which they were killed or injured, the various vegetables showed varying resistance to cold injury. The effect. which it had on the subsequent growth of 22 varieties of onions has already been reported (17). The vegetables can be classified according to their resistance to these cold weather conditions as follows Killed outright: cauliflower, cauliflower-broccoli, English peas, sprout- ing broccoli. Not necessarily killed, but a complete loss: beets, Italian dandelion (Cichori/um intybus, L. not the common dandelion Tarcwcaczmn officinale), kohl-rabi, lettuce, mustard, turnips. The root crops were not a loss for home consumption where their roots were well protected by the soil. How- ever, in seven to ten days few of them were usable, as they either renewed growth or decayed. Vegetables partially injured: Brussel sprouts (many plants uninjured), kale (leaves slightly injured, new leaves began to grow rapidly), onions (many plants killed, others later split or doubled; commercial crop cut 25-40 per cent), parsnips (parts of foliage injured only, recovered rapidly), spinach (marketability was much reduced). Vegetables uninjured: Cabbage (had been almost entirely harvested, hence observation not very reliable), carrots, common dandelion (Ta/raocacum officinale). VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 9 RECOMMENDATION AND DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES Since 1930, 49 kinds of vegetables have been tested. This has involved the growing of over 1550 samples involving a total|of 590 varietal names. For the sake of easy reference the vegetables are arranged alphabetically and the varieties listed on the same basis in the tables. Whenever it has been convenient, a table has been used to list the varieties of a vegetable and to give in condensed form their more important characteristics. Certain varieties of every vegetable are described and discussed in greater detail. These, too, have been taken up alphabetically. However, when there is a variety which because of its outstanding usefulness or adaptabiilty can be recommended ahead of all others, such a variety has been discussed first. In the tables the number of years that each variety has been tested, as well as the number of samples of it, are given. This will give some idea of the scope of the work, and the amount of material on which‘ the descrip- tion and recommendation is based. All the samples of a variety were not necessarily tested every year, and the number of samples does not necessarily mean an equal number of seedsmen. In cases where the seed remained viable, (it was often planted from the same packet in successive seasons; in other instances it was replaced by new samples. Those who are familiar with varieties as grown in other sections of the United States or take the trouble to compare the descriptions as herein given with those published elsewhere will in some instances find noticeable differences between the varieties as grown here and grown elsewhere. This is more noticeable with some vegetables than others. Further information along this line is to be found in the vegetable variety type books of the United States Department of Agriculture (1, 2, 26). Artichoke (Globe), Cynara scolymus There are two distinct types of artichoke of which the Globe artichoke is one. It is well adapted to the Winter Garden section, although it is very little grown. here either commercially or in the home garden. Globe artichoke is cultivated for its large globular flower heads, which are covered by rows of thick fleshy bracts. These are edible and con- sidered a great delicacy by some people. In appearance Globe artichoke resembles a large grey-foliaged thistle. After the plant has developed to a fairly large size, possibly 4 to 5 feet ‘across and 21/,» to 3 feet tall, a flower stalk appears in the center of the rosette of leaves. This, if allowed to elongate fully, may reach ‘a height of 4 to 5 feet and be terminated by a large bluish-purple flower. The plant handled in this way makes an attractive ornamental. When used as a vegetable the flower head is har- vested before it opens. Varieties : Large Green Globe is by far the most common variety and the only one tried at the station. A few catalogs list a Purple Globe which is 10 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION supposed to differ from Large Green Globe in having a purplish tinge to the bracts. Since Globe artichokes are for all practical purposes peren- nials, increasing themselves by offshoots, seed need only be purchased once. Indeed it is desirable to mark the more promising plants the first season and to use offshoots from them only. This insures a uniform crop and product in future years. The plants of a crop grown from seed vary somewhat. Artichoke (Jerusalem), Helianthus tuberosus Jerusalem artichoke is distantly related to the Globe artichoke, as both belong to the botanical family Compositae. To casual observation, how- ever, there is practically no resemblance between them. If Globe artichoke can be compared to a thistle in appearance, then Jerusalem artichoke can be compared to the sunflower, to which it is closely related, both belonging to the genus Helicmthus. It, like the Globe artichoke, is well adapted. Jerusalem artichoke is cultivated for its tubers. These resemble small, very irregular, misshapen, white potatoes. Jerusalem artichokes are almost always irregular in shape because the eyes protude. There is some re- semblance in flavor although the artichoke is much more watery, less mealy than a white potato. Varieties : White Improved, or Giant French White is probably the most commonly listed and the most widely grown variety. Very little is known of Jeru- salem artichoke varieties. Many catalogs list the vegetable without any reference to variety and yet according to studies by the United States Department of Agriculture (25) there are many different forms. These vary in appearance as well as in levulose content. The Jerusalem artichoke is native to the United States and many of the varieties offered undoubtedly trace back to wild forms. While tubers of White Improved when planted will give as much success as any, it can hardly be said that the variety is ideal. Asparagus, Asparagus officinalis The adaptability of asparagus is still undetermined. As a plant it grows splendidly, but as a commercial crop it is not a proven success. On several occasions it has been cultivated successfully in the Winter Garden area for commercial purposes, but-its culture has never been continued in- definitely, nor taken up by more than a few growers. The chief difficulty encountered seems to be the rest period, which always occurs during the winter months in the North. Under the mild climatic conditions of South Texas this natural rest period induced by cool weather does not always occur, and the subsequent development of the asparagus may not be very satisfactory. There may be a distinct lack of uniformity inithe time of appearance of the first spears. Under normal conditions the spears from all plants should begin appearing at approximately the same time. Spears also tend to be spindly. At present asparagus can be grown in the home VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 11 garden and under certain conditions may be at least a mild success commercially. At the station eight varieties and strains are being grown. These are: Argenteuil, Conover’s Collosal, Giant Washington, Martha Washington, Mary Washington, Palmetto, Pedigreed Washington, and Washington. Varieties: Mary Washington will probably give as much satisfaction as any variety. It has grown just as vigorously as any, and more so than some. It is one of the newer varieties of asparagus especially developed for resistance to the rust disease. Should that disease become prevalent, the only prac- tical solution would be to grow rust-resistant varieties. Favorable reports from the various sections of the country indicate that Mary Washington is normally vigorous, and produces uniform spears of good quality. All varieties of asparagus are very similar to each other. So far in the trials at Winter Haven it has been impossible to differentiate between them. Beans (Bush Lima), Phaseolus lunatus Lima beans have not seemed any too well adapted in any of the trials at this station in three years of testing. They are slower growing than the bush snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), so that by the time they are ready to set pods the weather is too warm and dry for best growth and setting. Lima beans are also rather subject to weevil injury in the pods and seeds. This may occur before harvest. In the fall the lesser corn stalk borer (Elasmopalpus lignosellus Zeller) is liable to reduce stands as it does with the snap beans. No extensive trial of lima beans has been made in the fall. Judging by general ob- servation and the reaction of the snap bean to fall conditions, the lima bean will probably do better then, than in the spring, where a good stand is obtained. Varieties : Henderson, while not the most desirable lima bean for the housewife because of the small size of pod, is probably the most satisfactory variety for the average grower. It is one of the two most dependable varieties for setting pods. These, while small, may be set in great pro- fusion and contain 3 to 4 small beans. This is the variety usually grown to supply the “baby limas” to the canning trade. Its earliness, its ten- dency to set pods when others may not, and its high quality all make Hender- son the most satisfactory bush lima for the Winter Garden. It is already established as the most popular variety in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (7). Fordhook is more attractive to some growers because of the larger pod and seed, or “bean.” Under conditions where it sets pods well it would certainly be preferred to Henderson in most home gardens, but in the Winter Garden it cannot be depended upon to bear profusely, at least in the spring. Fordhook should be tried by all those interested in lima lZ BULLETIIN NU. 002$, '1'.l£i2£Ab' AGKIUULTUKAL ELFEK1MEN'1' SIATLUN SHfiHuHHTHu fiHwmwHHTuHH-w 33M 38H 8. Hwmfiww Q92 2ft =382HE H H .55; =9.» >wwwmwmwhwww Y” i2. 8. Eiwwfi 2i H.255 8 5m H- Xi; EHHHHHQE $5. aomwwmfifi was m a uHHHHHHowaHEm v.35 wwfinmwmmHnHw H?» 23.5 xnww ps2 UQPHHHQ Hm X - X x X m- X N SHHHwwE o» 2E5“ 27E. comwwmwHfi H a .8253 nomxoan moHHHHHHQmHHWQfiHHMH QMHE mw-m H. nomwwmwmfi H. H HHHomH oHnuwwHwnww @502 Him vim“. cu EHHHwwE Ham“ HxzrHHHo Hm w“ - w» M HR m- X N Saga mvév Baum H. m comnownumm Mum wowwmvgwflwm Him EEwwE swwwmrq. amwwwwwwpw X H-Huxim EHHHwwS E12. >23 H.563 H. m xooswuoh fiwwwmwmw Him “ti. 8 85:55 EH Hfiwwsw H- H? x m- m, N H132 3-2. >18 N w. \ ~65 Huwsn 3a HwMHLHWNWHHWWWVHHWHw Hum i3. 8 858E EH HaZR. .2 X- X» 5-x N zgz 2.-.; .618 H H =55 é “£125 3 vac. HwHHHHHonH We EBMUQHHH flwwG HxzrHsu HR THx KT k w wuHwH op 85:65 Efifi. 3H3 vcovwm H H woZvHHHBH 0095M 2w.» AHNHHWV Hmmmwwww Hwfi mxuafiwm wfiw MHHEBQ HS wwwm HHH .$2.Hu> QHHQHHW \ fiHmHnH 0H wEwQ mHwmM Ham mflmvm Hus-HQ HHmH-fl u: mofimiouuwua-HO 13o€a> .H . 03x8 VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 18 beans, for should conditions be favorable it will be a much appreciated variety. The Hopi lima has been particularly successful in California. Un- fortunately this variety has only been tried once at Winter Haven, when a series of numbered strains were grown in comparison with Henderson, Jackson Wonder, Fordhook, and Philadelphia. The season was rather unfavorable for all limas that year as even Henderson set only a light crop. The strains of Hopi varied in type and season, but all showed re- markable vigor of vine. There was a great tendency for the vines to have numerous runners. All flowered and some set a few pods, but it was evi- dent that while possibly the Hopi lima might be as successful as any, or more so under favorable conditions, it did not solve the problem of low yield under conditions of high temperature and low humidity. Jackson Wonder sets pods about as dependably as Henderson and is a fine variety to plant in the home garden. It is slightly later than Hender- son, but of the same general type. The vine tends to grow a little larger, and sometimes has runners, but not with the profusion of the Hopi. The seeds which when dry are irregularly spotted with a brownish black color, often have sufficient color even in their immature stages to affect the appearance of the cooked product. This particular characteristic de- tracts considerably from the quality of Jackson Wonder as a commercial sort. ' Beans (Bush Snap), Phaseolus vulgaris Good crops of dwarf snap beans are grown in the Winter Garden. There are two distinct types of these beans, the green pod and the wax pod. Of the two the former is better adapted. Under the conditions of the station trials even the most promising wax podded bean grew rather poorly as compared with the more promising green podded sorts. Beans can be grown both in the spring and in the fall. While beans ought not to be planted before danger of frost is over, the planting should not be left too late, as all varieties yield very poorly if the flowering and pod-setting period occurs in too hot and dry weather. Fall planted beans usually thrive very well, although one great drawback to this crop may be the lesser cornstalk borer, (Elasmopalpzts lignosellus Zeller). This insect penetrates the main stem of the bean plant near the surface of the ground. As a result the plant dies. In small fields, losses in stand as great as 60 to 70 per cent have been sustained; in larger field the loss rarely goes over 30 to 40 per cent. There are literally hundreds of varietal names of bush snap beans (15). This is because there are many distinct forms of snap beans and in addition because the popularity ofithis vegetable has encouraged the renaming of varieties, a confusing practice leading to the appearance of more and more synonymus rather than new varieties. In Table 2 the column “Days to first picking” is based on the assumption that the seeds are sown around March 25, and that the season is a, normally favorable one. 14 BULLETIN NO. 508. 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x00xmx 53x55 505505 "05x050x0? xmx 05 50xx5xw x003 55050 fixwxxm 0505 05x550x0? 805004 555w 50.5.5 M5x5xw mx5050fi 50x00 000w 5Q 550x50? 5.5 500m 505w 5x55 we m0x5mx5050050-xO x050x50? in 0505. 16 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Yields of some of the promising varieties were considered very good, and heavy picking extended over a fairly long period. From well adapted varieties yields of 3500 to 4000 pounds per acre (approximately 100 to 113 bushels) can be expected. The better wax podded varieties will rarely yield more than 2100 to 2450 pounds (60 to 70 bushels) per acre. Varieties : Giant Stringless Green Pod: This variety is an early round-podded bean of attractive appearance and excellent quality. It is not only useful to the home gardener, but is well suited for market purposes. Although not canned commercially as much as some varieties, it makes an attractive pack. The plant is large, vigorous, productive, yielding the best in the trials. Pods are longer and generally somewhat straighter than Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod. They are not straight pods, however, usually having at least a slight curve. ' They are completely stringless and fiber- less, even when well matured and passing out of the best edible stage, and possess that “meatiness” so often found in round-podded beans. Except for those growers who because of certain market or other requirements, need some other type of bush snap bean, Giant Stringless Green Pod should suit well the needs of the grower in the Winter Garden. 'It is already one of the leading varieties in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (7). Asgrow Valentine was introduced in recent years for the purpose of supplying a Stringless Black Valentine. While possessing all the desirable characteristics of Black Valentine, it has the additional ones of being stringless, and lacking fiber. Black Valentine has for many years been a popular shipping sort be- cause of its attractive appearance and good shipping qualities. A des- criminating market, however, will avoid it on the basis of quality. It will probably be more or less rapidly replaced by Asgrow Valentine and Stringless Black Valentine. Bountiful is shown in Figure 1 as an early flat-podded bean of high quality and attractive appearance. Bountiful stands close to Giant String- less Green Pod. In some respects it excells that variety. In yielding capacity it is equal to Giant Stringless, and like that variety is also dependable and slightly earlier under most conditions. It is one of the lead- ing varieties in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (7). For those growers who wish to produce a very desirable flat-podded green snap bean, Bounti- ful is highly recommended. Brittle Wax is one of the leading varieties of wax podded beans, and has been popular for over a quarter of a century. A round-podded variety of excellent quality, Brittle Wax unfortunately yields rather poorly under Southwest Texas conditions. Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod (Figure 1) can best be characterized by describing it as a smaller podded Giant Stringless type. The pods tend VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 17 to be somewhat more curved too. Its season is the same. At Winter Haven it has tended to be slightly more productive. Some strains have given indications of being better yielders. In recent years many seedsmen have been dropping the prefix “Burpee’s”, and have offered the variety as Stringless Green Pod. Several of these strains grown at Winter Haven appeared identical with the strain under the original name. Conserva is a promising new variety introduced from Europe in 1932. At Winter Haven it was excelled only by Tennessee Green Pod in earliness. It has the ad- ditional merit of being a much higher quality bean than Tennessee Green Pod, being in fact among those varieties of the highest qual- ity. It also tends to be rather c _ ' in Figure 1. Two leading varieties of Dwarf urved Conserva 1S average Snap Beans. Left: Bountiful, flat podded. yield, and because of its other good Right: Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod, qualities is worthy of trial, at least "m wdded- e in the home garden. Davis Wax, although poor in quality, the pods having considerable string and fiber, has been very widely grown for market because of its attractive appearance and good shipping qualities. Since it is liable to yield very poorly under Winter Garden conditions, it can not be recom- mended for any use in this section. New Stringless Green Pod, although similar in name, and even in appearance to Giant Stringless is actually a distinct variety. New String- less Green Pod has longer and straighter pods than Giant Stringless, and in addition it has all the desirable characteristics of that variety as well. It seems to have considerable promise and is well worthy of a trial. Pencil Pod is the only wax podded variety which can be recommended at this time. Wax podded beans, because of the attractive waxy color of the pods, are favored by many housewives, and in sections where they grow well, are usually found in every home garden. Of all the wax poddedbeans which were tried, Pencil Pod yielded as well as any and considerably better than most. Fortunately the pods are round, stringless, fiberless, fairly long, and of excellent quality. The black seeds from which it often gets the name Pencil Pod Black Wax, detract from its appearance when canned. Red Valentine is one of the really old varieties of green podded garden beans. In some sections of the United States, it has been widely grown for 18 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION shipping and is still very popular. Its poor quality coupled with only a fair yielding capacity give it a position of rather minor importance in the Winter Garden. Refugee is another very old bean, which was offered for sale in this country well over a century ago. Today it is recognized as one of the lead- ing shipping and canning varieties. Although it does fill the need for a late green snap bean it has been disappointing at Winter Haven by yielding poorly, although it has been reported to do well in gardens at Uvalde. Stringless Black Valentine is very similar to Asgrow Valentine. All statements concerning that variety would apply to this. Tendergreen is a fairly new variety. Its long, fairly straight, round green pods are very attractive and of good quality. It gave indication of at least fair yields, and is certainly worthy of trial. Tennessee Green Pod has long been grown in some Southern states. Its chief merit is earliness, being among the first, if not the first to be ready for picking. Tennessee Green Pod is distinct in type, being noticeable for its rather small plant and very dark green foliage, as well as its broad flattened medium to dark green pods. Unfortunately their quality is rather poor. It is fairly productive. Beans (Pole), Phaseolus vulgaris No adaptability trials of pole beans of any type have been made at the Winter Garden Station. Pole beans because of their longer harvestable period are usually more productive than bush beans. However, they are rarely grown commercially, and nowhere as such in the Winter Garden. Balanced against their greater productivity is the additional labor and expense required. Under Winter Garden conditions it is very doubtful whether they would be so productive, however, for like the late dwarf varieties they would probably be adversely affected by very hot weather and conditions of low humidity. The high winds would also be a problem. Under such conditions pole beans might be more successful in the fall than in the spring. ' -Beets, Beta vulgaris All varieties of beets are Well adapted for winter culture in Southwest Texas. From late September until early February they can be sown in successive plantings. While all of these plantings might not be successful commercially, because of the various market conditions, they would under normal weather conditions be successful in the home garden. Beets grown in the sandy soils of the Winter Garden area are usually very uni- A form, evenlshaped, and smooth-surfaced. While other crops may be as. well adapted as beets, and perhaps be more valuable from the market point of view, no crop is better adapted than they are. Temperature has considerable effect on both the foliage and interior root color of beets. 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VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 21 not only have a deeper purplish-red tinge to the foliage of some varieties but in addition the roots of all varieties will have a more in- tense interior color than beets planted later and harvested in April and May. The lighter zones or rings will be considerably paler, often white, especially in varieties in which the zoning at the best is distinct. The rings will often be wider, too, and in all varieties more distinct, more clearly defined. The colors given in Table 3b, and especially the column “Quality of interior color” are based on beets harvested in cool weather. In warmer weather the varieties will have relatively the same relationship to each other with respect to quality of interior color. This characteristic is very important in beets. The canning trade in particu- lar demands beets with good interior color, to enable them to put out a popular quality pack. The tests at Winter Haven indicate that such types are obtainable, (Tables 3a, b). The productivity of a root crop such as beets depends to a large extent on the standand on the size at which the beets are harvested. All the important commercial varieties are very much the same size; so that harvested at the same age, their yields do not vary greatly. Yields of beets range between 180 and 250 bushels per acre normally, when harvested at a popular market size. Most varieties can be left to grow much longer, and yields can of course be greatly increased this way. All varieties are equally adaptable. The question as to what variety should be planted is answered by considering the use or purpose for which it is being grown. The cooperative trials of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture were used to obtain descriptions of the following varieties: Crimson Globe, Crosby Egyptian, Detroit Dark Red, Early Wonder, Eclipse, Edmunds Blood Red, Extra Early Egyptian, Half Long Blood, Long Dark Blood, and Winter Keeper. Varieties : Detroit Dark Red (Figure 2) is recommended above all others because it has excelled in almost every requisite. In this section earliness is not of vital importance with beets so that Detroit Dark Red’s being slightly later than Crosby Egyptian is of no great importance. Its globular almost ball-like shape is usually more desirable than any other. Its interior color is only equalled by the little-grown rather undesirable long types and by recently introduced strains which, because of their special pur- poses, fail to be of such general usefulness as Detroit Dark Red. This variety is excellent for home use and canning, and it can also be used for marketing locally as well as for distant shipping. It holds its interior color better than most in the warmer weather. Its eating qualities are of the best. » Crosby Egyptian is of considerable commercial importance throughout the United States. It is just as well adapted to the Winter Garden area as Detroit Dark Red. Some prefer its type to that of Detroit Dark Red. 22 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Crosby Egyptian is deep oblate rather than globular and its flesh has a purplish cast which Detroit Dark Red lacks. The zoning is usually more distinct, but in cool Weather the pale zones are well colored and the general appearance is good. Un- less a grower particularly wants a beet having a Detroit Dark Red color, he will not be disappointed in Crosby Egyptian. Early Wonder is closely related to Crosby Egyptian. It is sup- posed to be a deeper, earlier strain of that variety. However, after a study of 15 samples of Early Wonder and 1'7 samples of Crosby Egyptian it was impos- sible to say which type either variety really was. Both deep and shallow strains were found under both names. Some of the deeper strains are very attractive, and if all the shallow strains were labelled Crosby Egyptian and all the deep ones Early Won- der, then Early Wonder would be "a more desirable variety than Crosby Egyptian. Eclipse is a type of beet which is going out of favor because of F_ 2 D t _t D k Red H t its flesh color. This is carmine, ‘guifl pQrpo§er%‘eet_ at ' a“ “Ce e“ a much lighter red than the dark- blood redsof Detroit Dark Red. The lighter zoning is usually very pale colored, and in the spring-harvested crop will often be white. Such a beet has a very pale sickly color when cooked, and compares very unfavorably with any dark-red variety. This characteristic is very objectionable in canning and shipping varieties, and is not desired by some markets. There are markets which like large- foliaged beets, however, and if the interior color is no objection, then Eclipse will suit them very well. Eclipse is an early beet, and is often called Early Eclipse. The roots of Eclipse become a large size if allowed to continue grow‘- ing. Single roots Weigh 1% lbs. and even 2 lbs., twice or more than twice the weight of Crosby Egyptian, and Detroit Dark Red. Eclipse if left unpulled because of unfavorable market or other conditions would thus supply a fair amount of feed for stock. A conservative yield would be 30-40 tons of feed per acre. \ A field of stock beets such as Golden Tankard could be expected to yield twice or even three times this amount. VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 23 Extra Early Egyptian was the earliest beet in the trials, and as such is a useful variety. The flatness of its root is not very desirable. Extra Early Egyptian, or Early Flat Egyptian, as it is sometimes called, is liable to have rather uneven-shaped roots. Both the cross section out- line and the longitudinal section outline are very likely to be wavy and irregular. The flattened root, too, will give but few slices when cut. Good-for-all is an excellent uniform small strain of Detroit Dark Red. The small foliage will be popular with shippers. The roots were among the most uniform in size and shape in the trials. Almost ball-like in shape, tending towards the oval rather than the oblate they present a very attractive appearance. The flesh is excellent, there apparently being hardly any zones at all, and the entire cross-section a deep blood red. Good-for-all is excellent for canning, or pickling whole. The variety would not be popular with truckers who cater to markets demanding large-foliaged beets. Ohio Canner, in the one season in which it was tested, had indications of being very useful-to Winter Garden growers. It is supposed to have smaller foliage than Detroit Dark Red (16). At Winter Haven it had larger foliage than most of the Detroit Dark Red strains in test, although it was slightly smaller than Perfected Detroit described below. As large- foliaged beets are often in more demand in Southwest Texas sections Ohio Canner fills this need very well and at the same time supplies a root of excellent appearance and quality, and far superior to such a variety as Eclipse. The zoning of the flesh is extremely indistinct, so indistinct, in fact, that it is impossible to count the zones or rings with any degree of accuracy. The root shape unfortunately varies somewhat between globu- lar and round top-shape, but in size it is quite uniform. This slight variation in shape is not serious, especially in a bunching beet for local markets. It is later than Eclipse, and even later than most strains of Detroit Dark Red, but it is not a “late” variety. While Ohio Canner was developed primarily to suit the perculiar demands of the canning industry, it is believed to be admirably adapted to the requirements of the Winter Garden Section. Undoubtedly the housewife supplied with a beet of this type would not knowingly accept varieties of lighter color. Perfected Detroit is a strain of Detroit Dark Red having large foliage and round top-shaped roots rather than globular ball-like roots. Its large foliage makes it just as desirable as Ohio Canner with most truckers. Its interior color is excellent, too, although its zones are not quite as in- distinct as those of Ohio Canner. Broccoli (Sprouting), Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Considerable acreages of sprouting broccoli have been planted in recent years in the Winter Garden area (22). The crop is well adapted. In 1932-33 and 1933-34 variety trials were conducted at the station and in other years at least one variety has been grown. In every year the crop has grown vigorously and well. 24 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION While broccoli will grow on a variety of soils and is probably more widely adapted in this respect than cabbage, like that crop it prefers the rich clays and alluvial soils. Also like cabbage it is particularly subject to injury by the cabbage worm (Pontial protodice), the cabbage looper (Autographa brassicae), the diamond-back moth (Plutella macu- Zipennis), and the harlequin bug (M azrgantlia histrionica). All of these insects as well as the cabbage aphis (Aphis brassicae) may ruin a crop of broccoli if not controlled. With the exception of the harlequin bug, which is very difficult if not impossible to control satisfactorily, all of these insects yield to control methods. While successful crops of broccoli are occasionally grown without infestations of any of these insects, a crop should never be planted without taking them into consideration. All varieties are subject to them. Like most vegetables of the cabbage group, broccoli has a distinctive glaucous blue-green foliage. It resembles somewhat a cauliflower in that the first harvestable portion of the plant is the central or terminal inflorescence. Unlike cauliflower. however, this inflorescence is a compact head of green buds instead of the undeveloped flower parts which con- stitute the white curd of the cauliflower. This head is harvested after it is well developed, but before it has loosened and the buds opened. One of the problems with broccoli is that if harvested too late, or if improperly refrigerated, or delayed in shipment, it may blossom before reaching‘ the market. The central head is usually 5 to 6 inches in diameter, and some- times larger. After its removal side shoots develop and these, too, can be cut so that the harvesting period may extend 4 to 6 weeks with cuttings every 2 to 3 days. The side shoots are rarely as large as the first central one, and become smaller as the season advances. The plant as a whole is more open than cauliflower, less in the form of a rosette as the main stem is distinctly lengthened. The leaves are decidedly smaller. Varieties: The following varieties have been tried at the station over a period of two years: Christmas Calabrese, Green Sprouting, Italian Green Sprouting, Morse’s Selected Italian Green, and Propageno. All of these varieties are essentially alike. All lack uniformity. There is too much variation between individual plants in earliness, compactness of head, color (shade of green) of head, and size of flower bud. If the number of plants showing the different variations are counted from season to season, differences between varieties on the basis of percentage of this or that characteristic can be determined. They do not really possess, however, characteristics sufficiently outstanding to warrant a varietal standing. They are strains rather than varieties of sprouting broccoli. Propageno seemed the most uniform of all. It has _the advantage of being decidedly earlier (1 to 2 weeks), and having a higher percentage than most of compact heads with a dark bluish green color. Its chief drawback is a tendency to have larger individual flower buds than some. VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 25 Brussels Sprouts, Brass/icon oleracea var. gemmifera Brussels sprouts is one of the minor cruciferous crops rarely grown in the Winter Garden area even in home gardens. Judging by two years’ trials, however, the vegetable is Well adapted. The cultural and soil re- i, quirements are very similar to those of cabbage. The limitations imposed by the insects such as cabbage worms, diamond-backmoth and harlequin bugs are, also the same. g The plant resembles the cabbage and other closely related crucifers in l having the glaucous blue-green foliage by which they can usually be .1 igure 3. Brussels Sprouts. Lower leaves removed, exposing the sprouts which are ready to harvest. ffgieasily distinguished. It has a single erect stem which may grow 2 to 21/2 feet tall. The small buds for which the plants is grown are borne ,?n the axils of the leaves. These resemble minature heads of cabbage. They vary in size but average around 1% inches long and 1% inches across. iAs they become large they hide the stem of the plant entirely (Figure 3). ‘When the Aleavesbegin to wither and turn yellow the buds in the axils of 26 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION those leaves are ready to harvest. A succession of harvests can be made beginning with the lower buds and working upwards. Varieties : Only two varieties were grown at the station. These were Half Dwarf and Long Island Improved. So far as the buds or sprouts are concerned they are practically alike, and both are equally well adapted. The plant of Half Dwarf is about 30 inches tall, while Long Island Improved is slightly less than 2 feet. Cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Cabbage is a commercial crop in the Winter Garden area. It is well adapted for winter conditions. An early crop has to be sown in the sum- mer and transplanted toward the end of the hot season. Handling cab- bage under such conditions is not always easy. At transplanting time many plants may be lost. However, after the crop has been ‘brought through this difficult period, the weather gradually becomes more favorable and it usually begins to thrive and grow vigorously. These difficulties can be avoided by later planting but there is usually less profit. Although cabbage will grow on a variety of soils it prefers the rich clays and alluvial soils. The weights of head in Table 4b would probably be considerably greater for the larger sorts, had these varieties been grown on a rich alluvial soil. Also these weights would probably be less should the cabbage be grown on a rather poor sandy soil. The weights of the smaller earlier cabbages will vary less than the larger types under vary- ing conditions of soil and fertilizer application, but given a normally productive soil with other favorable conditions, the weights of the dif- ferent varieties will be approximately as given in Table 4b. The yield which can be expected from an acre will depend on the stand, the percentage of harvestable heads, the soil, the fertilizer used, if any, and the variety. Large-headed varieties will tend to yield more than small- headed ones, although they are usually spaced wider apart. The per- centage of harvestable heads will often depend much on the seed stock. In general with a medium-sized variety yields of 8 to 10 tons per acre can be expected. However, under very favorable conditions and with some varieties much higher yields may be obtained. The success of a cabbage crop is likely to depend much 0n the presence of several insects: cabbage worm (Pontia protodice), cabbage looper (Autographa brassicae), diamond-back moth (Plutella maculipennis), and harlequin bug (Murgantia histrionica). There are fairly successful con- trol methods for the first three, but the last may constitute a real problem. A crop of cabbage is not usually completely destroyed by these pests, but they should be taken into consideration in growing a crop. All varieties are equally subject to them. The destructive disease, Blackleg (Phoma lingam) may also sometimes be present. The hot water treat- ment of the seed, as a preventative measure is oft-en good insurance. 27 VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION .hu0>|.> “0u0.:50|.080 ">:::0::¢|.:0 :M5:55::0||.5::0 :..:0v:n05l:.:v:5 050v: 5.500: 50> 505M n0>::0 >203 .:::05:..:0:0 0050: 50> omfié: 0:0: .5000 ..5::0 $50.5: w a m .02 5:05000:>P >200: 26> >050 502:0 50B 0050: 50> 27cm 50000005: 00:505.: .050: m w 0M:0> >200: 55005 5005.0 0:500 50B 55:00.5 mm-cm 50000005: 0005555 0050500 m u 50:000005w 55:05 005 :0::5.55 5000 00:0: 2.7mm 50000005.: 0:0: .530 50:5 .050: : : 0005:0505 >200: 5000M >50 >203 0050: 50> 00-2w 50000005: 000E050 .050: 0 m 555m: 00:0: 350m: 0.50am 0:0: >50>0505 500.50 :50 0:500 .> 00>0>00 .30.» 0.0.00: 50> monom 5000000:5 50:50:»: .050: m m h020m >200: 50> 505M 50>::0 >203 .:0 .> 00.50: 0:73: 0:0: .5000 r5005 .050: u a 000:::0m 003m .5500: 55005130: 5005M 0:500 >203 .:0 55005 om-mw 50000005: 5:500 050a: ....:0:5 .050: m m 00:50:: 50000003: 55:55 00.» :0::5..:55 5000 0.950: mS-mo: 0:0: .5000 rfi:5 .050: N N 030m: 00.»: ::o550w: >>00: 5005M >050 50:: .:>0>> 0050: 50> 007:6: 50000035 0:0: 0005555 0050500 : : 555m: 00:0: 000.: .500: 23> w>@.~ww 50>::0 520.»: >::05::0:0 0050: 500w ewfi-iw: >000: $5050 ....:v:5 .050: u a 05u.%0__.~~.~.00::0::~..0:.U: 55:005 500.: 0.: .005 >03 .:0 .> 55:00 .. .500 . : 0 .. 5 .050 :. u h>00:|5%:005 h 5000mm 205% 520m“: .:0 w 0050: 5000000:5 @500 u5.:.0:.3: .fi5 650% w a 500:50:...::0:5m:>%0 wmnowWv >00: 0.: :0:500.: >03 0 00755005 | 50000005: :.~00 .5::0 30:5 .050: a a :00: :55: :5 5:0: 5005M 0:500 :..:0050 2050 ov-mo 5:500 005:: 5000505 .050: 0 w 0:050:03 50050:. 00:50:: 550%: ham0> 0>m000.:0>::0 @203 .:0 .> 0000: o%::.|%w:: 50:0: .5050 r0015 .050: m w 000:::MM:0::::%:0::::%Y: 55:0 5-5: :: 5000 0.: .005 >03 .:0 .> 55:005.: | :n00 .5: 0 i: 5 .050: w 00:50:: 5 55:00:: 5005M 0:500 >>0>> .:0 0000753005 00-2. 5:000 050000 : 00:00:05 .050: w a 0:030:03 50:00:u0:O >>00: 5005M 20:0 5.0:: 5:03 .:0 00.50: 50> 00.00 5000000:5 0005.55 :0.$000 u a 050000w ::< >>00:-55:005 500.50 >050 5>0>> 00:0: 00-2: 50000035 050.3: .050: : : 5:50: 000mm ::< >200: 55> .580 503:0 h>0>> 55:00.5 25-00 50000005: 0:0: 00005.05 .050: : .: 5.03m: 000084 #00020: 500:: 00:00 33.5w 505:: 0: 00:55.00 500» I i . 00:0 M53505: 50000m 005 .:0::O :0 .05 5: .$0:.~0> 550:»: .0505: :30 0500M :00: .0>0Q P 0.00.300 m0 00::0:u0:u0u0:U :0:0:u0> .00 050m. 28 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ..:.fi=v|._m :.~=80¢0l.§0. :60. 50205022022 0.2212 .0502 5.2.2 96> 50252020 01x2. w .022 520500023 5.202255 0005 020 .20 050 5522.05 5.2m 56> 50252020 .0022 27x0 0m20> 3500 .205 250m 2.55050 224 552.05 552.05 .0022 w|$v 5020000025 1| 00202022 $200200 20502 50.2 5.22 50252020 m2. 2.0020595 235G 202.2 0001.2 5020 5022050 2.50 0022.502 M50755265 5221552265 .2022 Nkwlfim 235G 002.22 5250mm 0.50pm 322052. 2022 X50055 502072 050755265 5.2m 552.05 #0252020 .0022 Aw Ylifim h0>0w 2.052000 3.30.2 "220? 00.50am 557552.05 5.22 .50.» 50252020 .0022 Am 27x2. 2.0022202 052m .5502 3500 205 $2.3m 0.2.2 4 55265 5.22 20252020 .0022 Am Xw-Xm 20.2.2022 500002.222 0022022 62.0200 020502 .2002 050755265 5.2.2 50252020 .2022 Am m4 0200.2 2.0M 22055022 50m 052052.052 m>002 4 050755265 5.2.2 .0022 m4. 235G 002.2. 000.2 0.8.500 00.50 $5 M502 E5 .22. 500520 w-» M25285 20.2.5022 5000250000 022.2 552.05 552.05 50252020 21m 0.504 502.202. 0.2.205 0505.2 =2 2605 302.25 552.05 5.22 50252020 01x2. 5002520252 .20 .5020 502m 52 2.2022020? 500.62. 022.2 502m 5.2m >20? 2.02.2022 m|~kw 00000025223 22.20.22 05$ 3500 02.50am 552.05 552.05 2.02.200 XNLX2 220220.203 50502. 5250M 2.022000 35005 "220? 00.50am 5502-55265 5.22 26> 50252020 502.2 Am . 27x2. 2.0022202 2m250n2 0.252220 50m 50m 02020 350mm 5522.05 5.2m 50252020 21m 202.2022 50002502200 22022002025 50502.. .5022 2.05200 @002 552.05 552.05 2.05205 21m 2202200203 5020025020 3000 .205 550m 25505224 050755265 5.2.2 602w 5002. 7X2. w50m00w 224 M52205 250.32 52 2520022 050755265 5.22 .0022 2002. 27v 350mm 2.0022 224 252005 m0 00002200 20200 050755265 5.22 56> 20252020 21m 2.2039 200054 2.2.50 02.5505 0 2002 000555202 05.2w .2220? 0250502 >¢02u0> 2.0022 OMGJJGU VG m022u2u02o0u02U mduQmHfl> fi=~ Qqfifihw VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 29 Varieties: Copenhagen Market (Figure 4) is probably the most useful variety for the section. It is early, globular, of fair size, and well known. Being nearer to the smaller types in size, Copenhagen Market will vary less in size than the larger sorts when grown on different soils. Under favor- able conditions it will weigh 3 to 4 pounds, but if conditions are unfavor- able may not go much above 2 pounds. The head is practically spherical and according to a series of careful studies (2) is 63 per cent of the entire weight of the plant. The heads of some varieties only represent 40 per cent of the total weight. Copenhagen Market has excellent quality. The interior leaves of the head are fairly crowded and compact, and the core is medium in size, occasionally small, rarely large. While successive plantings of Copenhagen can be made, there is some danger that the variety may be injured in a severe cold wave. It is less hardy in this respect than some sorts. In the average year Copenhagen Market would be absolutely safe from such injury if left in the field all winter. All Seasons is a useful general purpose cabbage. It is fairly widely grown and shipped from South Texas, particularly the Lower Rio Grande Figure 4. Two important varieties of cabbage. Left: Early Jersey Wakefield. Right: Copenhagen Market. Valley. It is fully three weeks later than Copenhagen Market in season; hence it lacks the particular usefulness of being early. The head is not spherical like Copenhagen Market but more oblate and tends to be considerably larger. Given plenty of space and grown under favorable conditions it may reach 7 pounds or more, although here it rarely approached 6 pounds. a 30 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Danish Ballhead is a very late variety. In the North it is mostly used for storage cabbage. It has never grown particularly well at Winter Haven, possibly because of the warm weather during its early-growth stages. Early Jersey Wakefield (Figure 4) is an excellent pointed type of cabbage. It is well suited to home gardens in Southwest Texas. The variety is very rapid-growing, coming in ahead of all other varieties. It is also small, many heads weighing less than two pounds. Being a pointed type in shape it is not as popular for shipping in Texas as are some of the globular types. It is one of the oldest of cabbage varieties, being first grown in this country about 1840. Glory of Enkhuizen resembles Copenhagen Market in shape. It differs chiefly from that variety in being normally larger and also about 15 days later in season. It is not as widely grown in Texas as All Seasons. One of its chief uses in the North is in the making of sauerkraut. Golden Acre is supposed to be an early strain of Copenhagen Market. There are, however, strains of Copenhagen Market just as early as Golden Acre. This latter variety is therefore not distinct. There are some excellent strains of it available, and these can be safely grown for Copen- hagen Market. Mammoth Red Rock is a slow-growing late sort, possessing some ex- cellent qualities. Red cabbage often brings a better price than green cabbage. Aside from this fact, however, Mammoth Red Rock supplies a unique novelty in cabbage for the home table. Used in salads it is very attractive. The variety also stores well, and at Winter Haven has come through a severe freeze (18° F., with below freezing weather for over 12 hours) practically uninjured. If not grown commercially Mammoth Red Rock might well be grown in every home garden. Midseason Market correspands to All Season in general usefulness, although it has the advantage of being slightly earlier than that variety, and somewhat more globular and less flattened.‘ It was found to be uniform in size, shape, and eveness of maturity. Its quality is excellent. It is intermediate in size between All Seasons and Copenhagen Market. Midseason Market is well worthy of trial. Savoy should be grown by all those who really like cabbage. It is dis- tinct in type being dark green in color, often lacking bloom, and with leaves decidedly savoyed—-hence its name. In shape it is a flattened globe. Under favorable conditions Savoy will grow fairly large. It is more pungent than most cabbages and can hardly be used for salads. If cooked properly, however, it will retain much of its rich color (dark green in. outer leaves, deep yellow in interior ones) and for many it will have a very likable flavor. Volga was more uniform than any other variety in size, shape, and season. It has the drawback of being rather late, and also being large. VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 81 The entire plant is large, having many big spreading leaves. Volga is conspicuous for its extremely heavy bloom and silver gray foliage although it is not unique in this respect. Although for some growers it may be rather large, it is Well worth trying because of its uniformity and vigor of growth. ' Carrot, Daucus carom Carrots can be readily grown during the cooler months of the year. Unlike beets they can hardly be planted much later than December 31, as they take longer to mature, and are especially slow-growing in the early stages. Even-formed and smooth roots can be expected of almost any variety if grown in the sandy soils of the region. As with beets, other crops may be more profitable than carrots, but there is no one better adapted. Many varieties of carrots are described in catalogs and elsewhere as “stump rooted”. This means that the tip of the enlarged fleshy portion of the root comes to a rather sudden termination, and continues as a more or less slender tap root. In other varieties the entire edible portion or at least the lower portion of it gradually tapers to the tip and transition to tap root is hardly noticeable. In the trials at Winter Haven where all the carrots have been grown in a sandy loam, there has been a noticeable lack of stump-rooted carrots even in varieties which are described as such. Any carrot when pulled in an immature stage is likely to lack this character, but even very large roots were observed to taper all the Way. The cooperative studies of carrot varieties with the United States Department of Agriculture in which the same strains of a number of varieties have been planted in various sections of the United States indicate that stump-rooting is likely to be absent in certain sections. Varieties which are normally stump-rooted have been so indicated in Table 6b. In none of these was the character entirely lacking. There was only a tendency for it- to be less conspicuous than one would expect. Quality in carrots is determined to a large extent by the size and color of the core. The flavor of the outer flesh or cortex as it is tech- nically called is always sweeter and more palatable than that of the center or core of the carrot. When this core is colored yellow in contrast to some shade of orange possessed by the cortex, it is usually very flat and tasteless in flavor. A large core thus affects the quality of the entire carrot more than a small one. An orange or “red” core (in some roots it may even be a redder orange than the cortex itself) has a better flavor than when it is yellow. Such a core whether small or large is less con- spicuous pand the cross section of the carrot is greatly improved in appearance. An orange or red core that is relatively small, gives a root of excellent quality. Although varieties may be described as coreless or red-cored, no variety is truly coreless, and rarely is one found which is 100 per cent red-cored. In the season of 1933-34 fifty or more roots chosen at random from every variety and strain in the test were cut and examined for core characteristics. The results are given in Table 5. These varieties and 32 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION strains came from different seedsmen, although in several cases more than one strain and more than one stock of the same variety came from the same seedsman. This study showed that varieties from different sources varied in their interior appearance and qualty. Even stocks of the same varety or strain from the same seedsmen showed variation. This indicates the value of knowing stock numbers, for very often the same stock can be ordered year after year. Roots with “pale” or “red” cores (Table 5) were really well colored roots, as the term “pa1e” means‘ that the core was not a deep orange or reddish orange. The percentages of yellow cores is in most cases very Table 5. Color and Size of Core in Carrots, Season of 1933-34 Percentage of . Percentage Variety and strain Yellow Pale Red Small Medium Large Bagley N0. 1 . 28 50 22 . 4 92 4 Bagley No. 2 38 18 44 6 94 0 Bagley No. 3 ........ -. 90 4 6 0 88 12 Chantenay No. 1 .... .. 32 51 17 4 83 13 Chantenay No. 2 .... -- 20 76 4 8 84 8 Chantenay, Coreless ........ -- 21 68 11 6 91 3 Chantenay, Improved ---_- 44 46 10 4 88 8 Chantenay, Red Cored No. 1 .............................. .. 14 38 48 12 72 16 Chantenay, Red Cored No. 2- ............................. .. 14 58 28 4 90 6 Chantenay, Red Cored No, 3 ............................. .. 4 66 30 8 88 4 Chantenay, Red Cored No. 4 ............................. .. 12 45 43 9 89 I 2 Danvers Half Long No. 1 22 66 44 6 92 2 Danvers Half Long No. 2 60 30 10 10 78 12 Danvers Half Long N0. 3 50 40 10 8 80 12 Danvers, Selected 58 36 6 8 74 18 French Forcing 90 6 4 22 58 20 Hutchinson ______________________ __ 30 52 18 4 86 10 Imperator No. 1 ____ _. 8 62 30 8 88 4 Imperator No. 2 .. 18 60 36 6 88 6 Imperator No. 3 -- 26 44 30 4 88 8 Morse’s Bunchmg _ 2 46 52 10 88 2 Nantes No. 1 . . 8 48 44 46 48 6 Nantes No. 2 _____ ,_ 14 52 34 20 76 4 Nantes Improved 2 82 16 18 72 10 Oxheart ............ _- . _ 10 54 36 2 80 18 Rubicon ..... .. _. 18 40 42 10 88 2 St. Valery ......... _. 12 38 50 0 80 20 Scarlet Forcing ................. .. 20 60 20 10 I 82 8 indicative of the quality of the root. There is a striking difference be- tween the third strain of Bagley with its 90 per cent yellow cores and no small ones, and Improved Nantes with its 2 per cent of yellow cores and 18 per cent of small ones. All varieties are equally adapted. The question of what variety to grow is answered by considering the purpose for which the carrot is to be grown-—home use, market, shipping, canning, or for all these purposes or some combination of two or three of them. VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION ' MGHQQHHHTAHEm 3oxa0EIdvH-fl “M:Hnn09|.c00 $3M w .3020.» 02000500 00G < wmhfl Now-g .. 0000335 wmwnoum 650x H H aowBmaounoa. =0_..H $0M wn0>c0Q 00:» #00000, oZ o 00H wcHlmm 00000035 3x003 050A H H BQZEQ HvwuovHww 00.500 EH00 0cm“ 4 EEHEEHHQHE wm-mm 03.100 Hmxflwfi 0E0: u a 0.3mm poHuwuw xooumfiHcnom mvoxmflwwn MHwO 0.3.2 mHH-QHH 003 an?» M03000 .050: a u >uoH0> 6m BOH H H? 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VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 85 Varieties : Danvers Half Long (Figure 5) is recommended above all others chiefly because it is, grown to fill the present market demand more than any other well known variety today. Even if grown for this purpose primarily’, it can still be used for other purposes such as home consumption and home canning if the need arises. Other varieties while perhaps better _ Figure 5. Varieties of Carrots. Left to Right: Danvers Half Long, Nantes, Chantenay, Amsterdam Forcing, Scarlet Horn, and French Forcing. suited to these latter purposes are not always acceptable to shippers and markets. There are varieties of much higher quality than Danvers Half Long, and some of these may supercede it. Danvers Half Long is a fairly long carrot for a table kind. It is long- conical in shape, tapering uniformly all the way from a fairly broad shoulder to the tip, which under Winter Garden conditions is never blunt. This shape has become very popular in recent years with buyers and shippers, so that today it is often difficult to sell carrots having other shapes. The big drawback to Danvers Half Long is its poor interior color. Two out of the three strains of Danvers Half Long as well as Selected Danvers 36 BULLETIN NO. 508. TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION all had a rather high proportion of yellow cores (Table 5). Some of the newer varieties recently introduced to compete with Danvers Half Long have better interior color. Should this higher quality be maintained they will probably gradually replace Danvers Half Long. Amsterdam Forcing (Figure 5), a rather small variety, is of excellent quality and well adapted to home garden use. It is very similar to Nantes in shape, but it is smaller. The rather small cylindrical roots are deep orange in color, and usually have a small red core. The thick deep orange-colored cortex gives them a rich flavor. They are among the earliest of the more useful and desirable carrots, and are a fine addi- tion to the home garden. Chantenay (Figure 5) is one of the most widely grown carrots in the United States. It used to be planted more extensively than it is today, but in recent years it has been losing acreage in favor of Danvers Half Long and other varieties of that type. The root of Chantenay is shorter than Danvers Half Long, broader at the shoulder, and when stump-rooted, as it is supposed to be, is more “chunky” than Danvers Half Long. Its shape has made it popular with canners, as it gives them a maximum of root for dicing. It excels Danvers Half Long in color of core, and almost every seedsman offers a Red-cored Chantenay, or some improved strain. As Table 5 shows, these strains may vary greatly. For the home gardener who does not expect to ship his crop, Chantenay is a fine carrot to plant. Usually it is preferable to plant a “coreless,” “red cored,” or “improved” Chantenay, although such listing does not necessarily guarantee a better carrot than one just labelled “Chantenay.” Imperator is a comparatively new variety. It is intended as a replace- ment for Danvers Half Long. Resembling that variety in general shape, it is somewhat longer. It is rather uniform in size, has good exterior color, and a fairly smooth surface. The interior color is an improvement over Danvers Half Long (Table 5). It also tends to have fewer large cores than that variety. Already considerable acreage of this variety is being planted in various sections of the country. Imperator is worthy of trial. Morse’s Bunching is another of the newer varieties designed as improve- ments on the Danvers Half Long type. In our trials Morse’s Bunching tended to be slenderer than Danvers Half Long and Imperator. It had a pleasingly small number of yellow cores (Table 5) and also a low number of large ones. Morse’s Bunching is a promising new variety to try. Nantes (Figure 5). Every housewife who appreciates really good carrots should plant this variety in_ the home garden. The root is cylindrical in shape, longer than Amsterdam Forcing. Like that variety, many roots have small cores, and most strains have relatively few yellow cores (Table 5). The thick cortex of the roots gives the variety a high quality. No variety, with the possible exception of Amsterdam Forcing VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 37 excels Nantes in quality, and its culture for all purposes should be more widely encouraged. \ Tendersweet resembles Danvers Half Long in shape, being long-conical. It is, however, a distinct variety differing from most others of its type in frequently having a reddish tinge to the flesh, especially around the shoulder. The petioles of the leaves, too, are often tinged purplish red. Very few carrots have such a character. Tendersweet is an attractive variety of high quality and merits the attention of those who have not tried it. * Cauliflower and Cauliflower-broccoli, Bmssica oleracea var. botrytis Like its close relative cabbage, cauliflower is not only well adapted to the Winter Garden area but is often grown commercially. All that has been said about cabbage in regard to handling, the difficulties of transplanting during hot dry weather, the effects which various soils are likely to have, the problems created by certain insect pests, diseases, and so on applies equally well to cauliflower and cauliflower-broccoli. The edible portion of these plants is the inflorescence which terminates the main stem. This undeveloped inflorescence is called the curd. If left unharvested and allowed to grow, it develops finally into stems, branches, and flowers which are practically identical with the flowers of sprouting broccoli, cabbage, and all the other vegetables of this group. Frequently on casual observation cauliflower and cauliflower-broccoli seem very much alike. In fact in the United States they are usually both marketed as cauliflower. Cauliflower-broccoli, however, differs from cauliflower in often forming more than one head, especially after the first one has been harvested. In this characteristic it resembles closely the sprouting broccoli already described. The plant of cauliflower-broccoli is also usually distinctly larger than that of cauliflower. In season it is much later. In Europe, varieties of cauliflower-broccoli, or just broccoli as it is known there, are widely listed in seedsmen’s catalogs. In the United States very few seedsmen list the vegetable at all. However, in California cauliflower- broccoli is being grown commercially, and varieties are being developed to extend the cauliflower season. It is reported that a number of them are well adapted there. For that reason many varieties of this vegetable were tested under Winter Garden conditions. From the results obtained it would seem as though there is only a limited use for it in this section. Late varieties are definitely unsuited, the rising temperatures of Feb- ruary, March and April being unfavorable for the fairly cool weather requirements of cauliflower-broccoli. However, varieties which mature in November, December, January, and in some years even in February may be very useful in extending the cauliflower season. The time required for varieties of cauliflower and cauliflower-broccoli to mature will be found to be considerably longer than that in some parts of the United States. This is attributed to the fact that after the plants are transplanted the atmospheric and soil temperatures are decreasing with 38 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION the approach of winter. This slower growth may result in the larger heavier growth which is often obtained. Varieties : There are really very few varieties of cauliflower offered to the American trade. By far the two most common varieties are" Early Snowball and Dwarf Erfurt. Many catalogs list no other varieties but these, and some list only one. For the station trials many samples of these varieties were obtained direct from European sources, which supply the American trade. These samples came under a variety of similar names and together with the varieties and strains of cauliflower-broccoli made the trials of this crop rather large. While differences in uniformity, compactness of head, etc., plainly exist between various strains of Early Snowball and Dwarf Erfurt, it was evident that the two varieties are very much alike. Indeed on the basis of these trials alone it would be impossible to state for a certainty which was one and which was the other, because in some instances there was more resemblance between a strain of Dwarf Erfurt and one of Early Snowball than there was be— tween two strains of either of them. Good strains of either variety are available. It would seem as though the practice of sticking to a satisfactory strain and stock year after year would be particularly desirable in the case of this crop. Early Snowball is likely to give as much satisfaction as any of the true cauliflowers. Strains of it are grown under a variety of similar names, such as Earliest Snowball, Express Snowball, Snowball, Super Snow- ball, and Superior Snowball (Table 7). While some of these vary in earliness, uniformity, size, and so on, it is not safe to assume that seed sold under any one of the names will always produce exactly the same crop. In general Early Snowball is the earliest of the cauliflowers, although strains of Erfurt can be found which are just as early. The plant is around 25 to 30 inches tall and has a spread of 35 to 40 inches. This is small compared with the cauliflower-broccoli varieties. The curd measures 6 to 8 inches across and the cut head with trimmed leaves weighs 2 to 2% pounds. Catskill is a larger, later variety than Early Snowball. As grown at the station during one season it appeared to be one of the best mid- season varieties to follow Early Snowball and Dwarf Erfurt. Danish Giant often known as Danish Dryweather is a reliable variety maturing 10 to 15 days later than Early Snowball. In one year’s trial at Winter Haven it varied in appearance, uniformity, and quality according to the strain. Evidently it can be very desirable. It is usually somewhat larger than Early Snowball. Dwarf Erfurt. Most strains of\ this variety are slightly later than Early Snowball. Like that variety Dwarf Erfurt will be found listed under .503005||.005 “330000003-00303033003-0 0003030330003 0002/ 0E3 0303003000 >00> 0 0073 000m 3E3 350000 Nkwnfiw mLXw 5033.05 0 003-033 303 3 3 00003.0 0050504 0.03033o> 330033005 03003 00 0008.0 000m 3E3 0-0 $0-0 33050 0 063-663 33000 m w 330033005 03003.0 00300005 330033005 00 003 503300.003 000w 3E3 m6 Nkww 33050 0 003663 33000 w 3 330033005 00005 330033005 330003 0.. 003353m 000w 3E3 m6 Xw-w 33050 0 063663 33000 w w 330033005 0000830 3300M 03 0008.0 3.00m 033033 0-0. $0-0 33050 0 063663 33000 3 3 02250 0033030003 200 0303000 .3033 0.0003 03-0 0303 >00> 3 3 053fi0030> 3w 00.030 030E0G 0..- 02.2.0 000m 030050 000.033 0500 .3333 Xw- $0 0- x0 51.3005 0 0363 500000035 3 3 I 00030000003 30300> 3.0.3005 03.300300G 3.000 0303053 000.0033 0500 .3333 m6 Nkww 000073.05 03-0 35363 303 3. w 000350>0Z 030.00 0000003 0000 00005000300033 000.0 3E3 350000 w6 .~\. w|w .005|33050 0 0363 000000035 3 3 00000500003 3.30000 0033 00003 03-0 303 >00> 3. w 30.0003 30.3 03003.0 302.. 00003 3A. 303 >00> w w A0003 301.3 3E3 000033 000330003 000m 030000 3.00030 0500 .3333 ~\.w| ~30 m- "kw 00003 ma. 003-03 303 m w 3000500. 303 000 300530. 000w 030000 0000033 0500 .3E3 $0- $0 0- X0 00003 03-0 603603 303 3. w 00.00.030.33 33033005 3300M o» 003353w 000M 3E3 m6 Xw-w 33050 0. 063603 >300 w 3 330033005 000000033 30300> 00000000 000w 000m 3E3 0-0 "kw-w 33050 0 063603 33000 3. 3 330033005 330003 030000 .30 Z 00003 03-0 303 30> w w 030003 03003.3 . 305M003 .3003G 3 003353w 000M 3E3 m6 fiww 33050 0 333663 33000 3 3 003003 003w 3003.33 0300333 3000003 303G 00 003353m 3.00m >00> 3E3 0-0 $0-0 33050 0 2.0-03 33000 0 3 0000003 0003G 33003.3 00.02.00 330003 00 $05.0 000m 3E3 0-0 $0-0 33050 0 003603 03000 3 3 33.033005 0003300333 000G033 303G 00 003355 000M >00> 3E3 m6 Xw-w 33050 0 ..._63-w63 33000 w w 300E 000330003 00030.3 00000000 0000 000M 3E3 0-0 $0-0 33050 0 3.63-3.3 03000 3 3 0050033 303G 0:036 030E0G 00 050m 000m 3E3 350000 “Rm-Kw m|~\3N 503005 0 0363 000000035 .3 3 00.30003h0G 030E0G 0030.50 000 0000.003. 0000M 003 .303 000w 0030.33 350000 Xw- $0 m- "kw 503005 0 @3633 0000000035 3. w 3000330 0303000G 3030.3 300000 0030000004 3.00m 3E3 350000 0.3. Xm-m 503005 0 033633 500000035 3 3 33303300 00.303000 .3073 0M003 03-0 303 >00> w w 330.034 03000 0500003 0.50 0903300030033 0000 3E3 0:0 350000 ~\.w| X0 m- Kw 503005 0 0363 500000035 3 3 0003030. UUQQHNUQQN M05030 mmuflnmwOnm uwww>flflg 3000000 00300 .3303? .0330? 30030 00 0030500 003 003005033 000 0033005 0030 000.3. 0035030 00000m 00 .0: 03 50300> 50G 00000 3030.3. 0000M 0000 500w 030G 330000033-00303333000 0:0 00303033000 we 00300300000003“. 30003000» .3. 030.3. 40 BULLETIN NO. 508. TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION a variety of names such as Earliest Erfurter, Early Dwarf Erfurt, etc. When obtained from some sources these differ slightly from each other, but when obtained from others they appear identical. Dwarf Erfurt is very similar to Early Snowball, and some growers who have strains suited to their particular conditions and market prefer it to Early Snowball. February is a cauliflower-broccoli named, like a number of varieties of this vegetable, after the month in which it is supposed t9 mature. Under Winter Garden conditions this variety has usually begun to mature fairly early in February. However, in a warm season the quality and appearance of the curd may be unsuitable for market. The plant of February is 35 to 40 inches tall and has a spread of around 50 inches. Grown beside Early Snowball it looks very large. The curd is not pro- portionately larger, although it is larger. Normally it is 6% to 8% inches across, although it occasionally measures 9 or even 10 inches. January is another cauliflower-broccoli and is supposed to mature in the month of that name. Under Winter Garden conditions it has rarely matured much before the end of January and its harvest has extended well into February. Late-maturing plants may suffer from warm weather in the same way that all plants of the variety February are liable to do. In appearance January resembles February. The curd is usually white, and when of this color is of excellent appearance and quality. It offers a splendid way to extend the cauliflower season after the true cauliflowers have been harvested. November is the earliest of the cauliflower-broccolis. Its name is not indicative of the time of maturity under Winter Garden conditions. In trials at Winter Haven it has rarely matured much before the month of January. This reduces its usefulness somewhat since it is not much earlier than the variety January. In appearance it is like other cauli- flower-broccolis though the plant is slightly smaller. It tends to be above medium in size. Veitch’s Autumn Giant is a disappointing variety. While supposed to be midseason it proved under Winter Garden conditions to be a late sort coming in no earlier than the cauliflower-broccoli, January. In quality and appearance of curd it does not compare with January, for the curd is often too creamy in color and tends to loosen rather early. There is hardly any need to grow Veitch’s Autumn Giant when the cauliflower- broccoli January takes its place so well. Celery, Apium graveoleits Celery is adapted to culture in the Winter Garden area, but not every- one is able to grow it. Greater success can be expected-at least with our present knowledge—on some soils than on others. The skill, patience, and attention to details on the part of the grower probably has more to do with the success of celery than anything else. It is a crop which re- quires constant attention to insure success. VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 41 Celery is slow growing and it is desirable that it be harvested in late November, through December, and even in January and February. To attain this result seed must be sown in the hot months of May and June. Growers succeed in this by maintaining a constantly ‘moist soil surface in a specially constructed seed bed. This has the necessary cooling effect and the seed germinates. When the seedlings are later transplanted, soil moisture conditions are again exceedingly important. Handling the crop through these periods requires careful irrigation. Controlling of the soil moisture by irrigation has been found easier on the heavier darker soils—the silty loams and the clay loams. Hence the culture of celery has been confined almost entirely to these soil types. It can, however, be grown on the sands and sandy loams. On such soils, however, methods of handling have not been perfected. Insects and diseases have fortunately been mostly absent in Winter Garden celery crops so far. The most trouble has been caused by cut worms, which get into the heart of the maturing plant and ruin it for market. The worms have been plentiful enough in some fields to necessitate control methods. Unlike the majority of vegetables which have been grown but little in the Winter Garden area, celery has a record as a commercial crop rather than a home garden one. Celery requires too much specialized attention for the average home gardener. As a commercial crop celery has promise. A Varieties: No variety trials of celery have been conducted at the station. In the commercial plantings the following varieties have been grown success- fully: Golden Self Blanching (old type, and American grown seed), Wonder- ful Pearl Special, and Schneck’s Improved Florida Golden No. 15. Chard, Beta vulgaris var. cicla Chard, or Swiss Chard as it is also called, is, like the beet to which it is closely related, well adapted to Winter Garden conditions. It notonly thrives in the cool winter months, but even grows fairly well in the hot weather of late spring and early summer. To obtain a crop in warm weather, however, it is desirable to plant while the weather is still cool. Chard grown during cool or mild weather is usually of better quality than that grown during periods of high temperature. Its culture is limited almost entirely to the home garden. Chard resembles the beet in the general shape and appearance of the leaves. These are usually much longer and broader, with distinctly wider petioles and midribs than those of the beet. In color theyare a clear green, lacking the various shades of reddish purple found in many varieties of beets. The root is not enlarged, and the vegetable is used entirely for its foliage, which is prepared as greens. 42 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Varieties : There are only a few varieties of chard. Some seedsmen’s catalogs list only one, and it is rare to find more than three. Only Lucullus has been grown at the station. This variety is characterized by its distinctly savoyed or crumpled leaves. ~Their color is a deep yellowish green. The broad midribs and petioles are white with a tinge of green. From the observation of plantings outside the station, it would seem as though other varieties differ chiefly from Lucullus in lacking the crumpled appearance and in having foliage of a lighter or darker green color. Collard, Brassica oleracea var. acephala The collard is in the same botanical species and variety as kale and even horticulturally there is very little essential difference between the two vegetables. The plants of both have the typical glaucous appearance common to most vegetables of the cabbage group, and both are leafy vege- tables primarily grown for greens. Most varieties of kale have frilled and curled leaves, and if the term kale conveys this idea then collards can be thought of as lacking such a characteristic. The leaves of a few varieties of kale, however, notably Jersey or Thousand Headed are decidedly smooth and in many respects closely resemble collards, although in general they are taller and the leaves are less clustered in one definite head. In the collard there is usually a thick stiff main stem terminated by a loose head of cabbage-like leaves. The main stem may be as much as 2 feet tall. Collards respond to soil conditions in much the same way that cabbage does. Insect pests and diseases are also the same. Varieties : Georgia is one of the most widely grown varieties of collards, of which there are very few. Grown at the station during one winter season Georgia gave every indication of being excellently adapted. Corn (Sweet and Roasting Ear), Zea mwiz If it were not for the ravages of the corn earworm (Heliothis obsoleta Fabr.) many more varieties of sweet corn would be adapted to South- west Texas than there are at present. As it is, very few varieties of this excellent vegetable are suited for cultivation in this section. Even some of those field corns which are grown for roasting ears suffer severely from the earworm, so that the number of varieties of both sweet and roasting corns together from which one can choose is rather small. Fortunately among the few varieties available there are one or two very desirable ones. Many of the widely grown sweet corn varieties of the Northern states would be unsuited to Winter Garden conditions, even if the corn earworm were not present. This statement\ is particularly true for those early- maturing types. A comparison of records here with those for any northern , $um>|$ u SHHHHEHHIHwmE N NmM N N-H HNHHHHHVmE Bmm m- X H. 5.13.. HNomwmmwHE N m mmHnHHHHw mfi >> Q N N-H NRNmHH-Hvmfi 3mm Nk w- NH m Hmé» nowmmmwun mfiNH H H cmmpwnm>m 3&3 N N-H . EHHHHmmE HmmE-Bmw .3. 22$ commmmHmHE 2.5mm w m BoHHmMr P2295? H I. HaiéfiNfi B8 $1. 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This speeding up of life processes causes the early varieties, which are all dwarf sorts, tb Itassel and silk when they are considerably smaller than they would finder northern conditions. This smallness of stature extends to the gears, which are also very small-often extremely so. In addition to this, fthese varieties are particularly susceptible to corn earworm damage, so fithat most of the ears are unfit for use. A rather large number of sweet and roasting ear corns were tried in $21931 in order to determine their response to this situation. Texas is Zishipping, because of a growing demand, more roasting ear and sweet i rn to the North each year. The very dwarf varieties were so evidently unsuited that they were in most cases eliminated from the trials of i932. In 1933, an intensive study was made of a still smaller collection, ntaining all the few really promising varieties together with some others ‘or comparison. In this planting every ear of marketable size of all lliree replications was examined and graded on the basis of earworm mage. It was found that all varieties had anywhere from 86 to 100 er cent of the ears infested with corn earworms, and only three varieties less than 90 per cent. However, the damage from this infestation aried greatly according to the variety. Any damage restricted to the 'lk and extreme tip of the ear was considered very much less serious ‘han damage in the main body of the ear. This latter type of damage Aaried all the way from 16 per cent to 95 per cent, according to the yariety. Varieties with long tight husks had less damage than those with H‘, ose husks. A detailed report of this study has already been published "12)- . i” Two of the most promising varieties from the point of view of slight l- earworm damage, Honey June and Surcropper Sugar, have recently originated by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (19). uch an advance indicates that the future may see many more better- “apted varieties. arieties: Honey June (Figure 6) easily excels all varieties of the true sweet corn in adaptability and usefulness to Winter Garden conditions. In the st of 1933 (see above) it ranked first in corn earworm resistance. The Aaracters of tall stalk, and ears with tight fitting husks well extended iyond the tip are inherited from Mexican June, a field corn often grown l; roasting ears. Two ears per stalk are common. Honey June has’ all be characteristics of the average field corn, except in the kernel which in ze dry state is a typically wrinkled sweet corn. The kernel is white l} color. In season Honey June is unfortunately later than most varieties. iiowever, under South Texas conditions it can be planted early enough to (‘able growers to ship it to Northern markets to supply the early demand. or a number of years Southern shippers have been shipping field or nasting ear corn to the North, and preliminary trials in shipping Honey ne have met with encouraging success. Its ear is of sufficient size to 46 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION satisfy the demand for large ears built up through constant use of roast- ing ear types. In addition it has the quality of a true sweet corn. In this last characteristic it approaches but hardly equals Country Gentleman, one of its parents. Country Gentleman is one of the highest quality whiteisweet corns. It belongs to that small group of varieties which have no regular rows of kernels on the ear. Instead the kernels are arranged irregularly. The best strain of Country Gentleman had as much as 69 per cent of its in- fested ears damaged by worms in the main portion of the ear in 1933. This was much better than many varieties, but eliminates it as a commercial type. Because of its high quality, however, Country Gentleman can be grown under home garden conditions with mod- erate success. Extra Early Adams is an early white-seeded field-corn type widely grown in some southern sections for roasting ears. While it has an advantage over Honey June in earliness, it does not approach that variety in other qualities, not even in corn earworm resistance. Figure 6. Ears of Honey June Sweet Corn, in milk or edible staga ‘Golden Bantam is considered the acme of quality by most people who have eaten it, and its praises have been sung far and wide. Golden Bantam is an eight-rowed yellow sweet corn. Under Southwest Texas conditions, however, its culture is almost certainly to meet with great disappointment. Its comparatively small ears with their rather loose husks are seriously damaged by corn earworms. Unlike a number of early dwarf sweet corns it is not usually a complete failure in the home garden, but for commercial plantings it certainly cannot be recommended. Golden Giant is a large-eared yellow sweet corn later than Golden Bantam. For those who prefer yellow corn it is a good variety to try along with Golden Bantam. No large numbers of usable ears can be expected. Golden Sunshine, according to all reports, has gained wide popularity in recent years as an early yellow sweet corn in northern sections. It is representative of that group of very early dwarf sweet corns both white and yellow which are a complete failure in this section. It is no exagg- geration to say that a large proportion of the ears of such varieties become a slimy pulp due to the ravages of the earworm.‘ Under such conditions it is useless to plant Golden Sunshine and all such varieties under Southwest Texas conditions (see those marked “unadapted” in Table 8b). VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 47 f Golden Sunrise is a midseason fairly large-eared yellow sweet corn of - cellent quality. While it has to be credited with poor resistance to ‘rn earworm ravages it has under station conditions given indications usually coming through in somewhat better shape than Golden Bantam. the detailed study of this problem in 1933 both strains of Golden nrise excelled Golden Bantam in earworm resistance. This fact, to- ‘i Ether with its very high quality makes it the best of the yellow kernelled rts to try in the home garden. M Mexican June is a field corn already widely grown in Southwest Texas. has a high resistance to earworm damage, and is one of the most reliable ‘Hr roasting ear corns to plant. It can be planted both early and late. ‘g season it is later than Honey June, of which it is the field-corn parent, ” d hence as that variety grows in popularity, Mexican June may come to _- planted less than it is today. f" Oregon Evergreen. Of all the white sweet corns long known to the trade regon-Evergreen is the best adapted. In 1933 it ranked next to Honey i ne and Surcropper Sugar in earworm resistance, although its record of V‘ per cent of infested ears damaged was far behind that of Honey ne, which had only 16 per cent. Oregon Evergreen is slightly earlier in i,» on than Honey June and hence is useful in supplying at least for the jme table, true sweet corn of good quality ahead of that variety. Redgreen is a new white-seeded variety, which has shown almost as uch resistance to the earworm as Oregon Evergreen. It is of excellent ality. Slightly earlier than that variety it fills another gap in the t of varieties suited to home garden conditions. It gets its name from e reddish green foliage which gives it a distinctive appearance in the eld. fiSurcropper Sugar ranks next to Honey June in resistance to earworm _ mage, and is the only other true sweet corn which can be grown commer- in the Winter Garden, although it has failed to equal Honey June "uniformity of characters and sweetness of kernel. _ §In certain locations of Texas, particularly in North and East Texas, has excelled Honey June in productiveness and resistance to earworm 1-3:: ge (19). In three years of rather complete trials of these and other i 'eties at Winter Haven, Honey June has shown itself to be so well pted in more ways than Surcropper Sugar that the latter variety iuld be considered only as a substitute in case seed of Honey June is available. Neither variety has any striking advantage in season. liWhipple’s Yellow is another of those good quality yellow sweet corns ich may give the gardener a few ears with only slight earworm damage l‘ the home table. It is later than Golden Bantam by several days and ally slightly earlier than Golden Giant. It is not suited for commercial n pea. ‘». ..~..a,~.._.=._’»a..s.§..-J% 4s BULLETIN NO. 50s, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Cowpeas (Edible), Vigna sinensis From certain points of view, certainly that of the home gardener, edible cowpeas are one of theImost valuable of crops. Commercial crops are grown every year (22). While they do not always set as fully as might be expected during the hot summer months, they do nevertheless produce a crop which is very welcome at a time when other home- grown vegetables are rather scarce. The quality, too, of the desirable varieties is excellent. Cowpeas resemble beans more than they do English peas with which they are confused by some because of the name. They are often called just “peas” in the same way English peas are. In the South they are also commonly known as “blackeyes” because one of the Blackeye varieties is the one most commonly grown. This is an unfortunate term, for it is misleading. A number of edible cowpeas do not have ‘black-eyed seeds, and in addition some of the most desirable varieties from the point of view of both quality and productivity are not blackeyes. They can be grown at any time during the frost-free period. They are . not particular about soils and have no serious disease troubles. The lesser cornstalk borer (Elasmopctlpus lignoselltts, Zeller) may do consider- able damage in summer and fall plantings, by reducing stands. In some years serious injury to the pods may occur through the activities of stinkbugs. Varieties : Cream Crowder has most of the desirable qualities of a good edible cow- Not only is it very productive, but it also has excellent quality and an attractive dark green pod with pale green peas lacking a dark eye. Unfortunately it is only a midseason variety, but this drawback is not felt in late plantings. The pods are of good length (61/2 to 7 % inches) and exceed those of all other varieties in width, being over % inch, wide. In color they are usually dark green compared with the Black- eye. They usually are crowded with 15 to 17 peas of small size. The variety is not grown nearly as extensively as the Blackeye, but it is believed that because of its quality and productivity combined it should be rated above Blackeye at least for the home garden. Blackeye is the most commonly grown variety in the Winter Garden. There is no question as to its adaptability, usefulness, or, for that matter, its productivity. All of these characteristics have been proven through wide culture for years to be very satisfactory. It does not, how- ever, equal Cream Crowder in appearance of pod or pea, or in quality, and not always in yield. Its earliness in the spring crop is a distinct advantage, especially for the commercial grower. The dark eye of the pea (seed) is considered objectionable by some, and for a quality market is a decided disadvantage. \ There are various strains of Blackeye (Table 9). All of them are similar, varying from one another usually in only one or two minor VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION ozoxocfiw _ . __ , _. 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If one wishes to grow the best known variety of edible cow- peas Blackeye is the variety to plant. Extra Early Blackeye is a strain of Blackeye which in the trials at Winter Haven was earlier by several days. The pods were shorter and the peas (seeds) somewhat smaller than in the regular strain. Lady Crowder bears a close resemblance to Cream Crowder. It is several days later in season and has shorter pods. It has excellent quality and is well worth growing in the home garden. Large Blackeye has a distinctly larger seed justifying its name. There are fewer of them per pod than in the regular Blackeye (only 8 to 10 as compared with 10 to 12). In productivity of pods and in all other characteristics Large Blackeye resembles the standard strain. Purple Hull is distinct from all other varieties in that the pods are tinged a dark purple red in the constrictions between the seeds. The pods are also longer than those of all other varieties and shell easier. It is a variety well worth trying as in some years at Winter Haven it has been very productive. It always grows well and vigorously but sometimes does not equal the productivity of Cream Crowder. In quality it is on a par with that variety, and since its seed lacks a dark eye it makes an equally attractive dish when cooked fresh or dry. Cucumber, Cucumis sativus The cucumber has been found to be well adapted. It can be grown as a spring, late summer, or fall crop. In very recent years increasing acreages have been planted on the heavier alluvial soils for the late summer and fall crop. On these soils more favorable conditions for fruit-setting can be maintained through irrigation. Aphis, or plant lice (Aphis gossypi/i), striped cucumber beetle (Diabrotica vittata), and spotted cucumber beetle (D. 12 punctata) are likely to be the limiting factors in cucumber pro- duction especially in the fall if they are not properly controlled. Diseases also may be very serious in the fall. Danger from them is increased by the fact that control measures are not always successful, although controlling the insects will help in the control of some diseases which are transmitted by the insects. _ In Table 10b the weights are the averages of all usable cucumbers of slicing size. Frequently the weights given in other reports are based on the fully ripe fruit (i.e. fruit which is ready to harvest for seed pro- duction), which because of its greater size weighs more. Since the cu- cumbers in the station trials were harvested regularly every day or so, sufficient fruits representing the later stage of growth were not obtained for an average weight. The size of the fruit in terms of length and diameter as given in Table 10b is based on only the more desirable fruits of slicing size. Numbers of these were measured; so the measurements given are based on averages. VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 51 They give an indication of the size of fruit which would be available for an attractive commercial pack. \ It is often desirable to know whether a variety of cucumber has black spines or white spines. In general black-spined sorts fail to hold their green color well after reaching a slicing size, but instead quickly turn yellow and become fully mature. Usually the stripes at the blossom end are yellowish rather than pale green or whitish, and the fruit is not as attractive for slicing as a white-spined cucumber. Because of their high productivity many of the black-spined varieties are grown for pickling. Practically all the more desirable slicing varieties are white spined. These varieties retain their green color decidedly longer both on the vine and after harvest than do black-spined ones. Varieties : Early Fortune (Figure 7) is a leading commercial variety well adapted to the Winter Garden region. It is an early, productive sort suited for home garden, local market, and shipping. It is a fairly long, well colored, attractive cucumber of good quality. It has an excellent record as a long-distance shipping cucumber in many southern sections including the Wichita Valley of North Texas (3). While the fruit of Early Fortune rarely has completely parallel sides it is not prone to bulge in the middle, and hence usually packs well. Always Green is very similar to Kirby’s Stay Green (see below). Arlington White Spine (Figure 7) is an old reliable variety which was very productive in the trials. While it would be very satisfactory for the home garden, it would hardly be a desirable commercial variety be- cause of its exterior color. The greenish white stripes extending fully two-thirds back from the tip of the fruit give it an appearance of lighter color than it actually has. Today dark greens are preferred, and as the requirements of a first-class cucumber are found in other varieties, Arlington White Spine is not as useful as it once was. Black Diamond is another variety similar to Kirby’s Stay Green, but was not as productive as most of the cucumbers of that type. Chicago Pickling is a fine representative of the pickling type. Taking the United States as a whole Chicago Pickling has probably been the most popular cucumber of its type. Its high-yielding capacity and uniformity of size and shape have won it high praise. In these trials, however, in spite of its fine performance it was excelled by National Pickle, a newer variety described below. Davis Perfect has given every indication of being well adapted, although less productive than Early Fortune. The fruits are usually shorter and darker green than those of that variety. 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A030 M50050 0550053 00555 é 0503555050 m0 00505500005050 1000550 P .305 030a. 54 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Green Pack is very similar to the variety immediately following. Kirby’s Stay Green (Figure 7) ranks close to Early Fortune for being the spring sort that is the most useful and most adapted to the Winter Garden. Kirby’s Stay Green is exceptionally early and very productive. Figure 7. 5 Varieties of Cucumbers Left to Right: Snow's Pickling, Kirby’s Stay Green, Arlington White Spine, Early Fortune, and Vaughan. It has the splendid dark green color so preferred on the markets today. Grown in considerable acreage in the South during the past decade it has shown itself to be well adapted to shipping. Kirby’s Stay Green lacks the length of Early Fortune, as it rarely exceeds 7 1A; inches, and in addition it tends to be more bulged in shape. The name “Kirby” and the term “It Stays Green” were copyrighted at the time this variety was introduced. As the variety soon became very popular it or similar varieties were offered by other seedsmen under names usually resembling in some way the term, “It Stays Green.” Hence there are numerous strains available today under such names as Always Green, Green Pack, Sunny South, etc., which if they are not actually Kirby’s Stay Green certainly resemble that variety closely. Long Green, Improved is not a good commercial variety. Like most black-spined cucumbers it is well suited to pickling. The mature fruit is long, and so is the fruit of small pickle size. Unlike most black- VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 55 spined varieties Improved Long Green is a fine slicing sort. Hence it makes a good variety'for the home garden, filling in the latter part of the season, but tends to be a low yielder. Longfellow is one of the long dark green cucumbers which are becoming rather popular in recent years. Their length, smoothness, and uniformity of shape make them very attractive. The quality, too, is excellent. Under Winter Garden conditions they have been only fairly productive. National Pickle has been outstanding in these trials for three seasons. It has not only been very early and exceedingly productive but has pro- duced uniform, well-shaped fruits excellently suited for pickling purposes. No one interested in the production of pickles should fail to try this variety, as it appears to be the best adapted of all the pickling types. Small Gherkin is better known as West Indian Gherkin (see below). Stay’s Green is very similar to if not identical with Kirby’s Stay Green. Sunny South is another variety of the Kirby’s Stay Green type. Vaughan (Figure 7) is probably more adapted to forcing than it is to outdoor conditions. An attractive long cucumber, dark green in color, it has yielded very lightly, as have most of the cucumbers of this type. West Indian Gherkin. The Gherkin gave every sign of being far more adapted than any cucumber in the trials. It is not a true cucumber, as it belongs to a different botanical species, viz., Cucumis anguria. The leaves are noticeably more lobed than those of the common cucumber, although there are actually three main lobes as there are in the cucumber. The small fruits are carried on long stems, and are covered with greenish spines. These are slightly flexible, unlike the white or black spines on the common cucumber. Because of the prickly nature of the fruits, this variety is often called Bur Gherkin. The vines at Winter Haven were exceedingly vigorous, growing rapidly in every direction, and after they once began to set, were loaded with fruits. These are chiefly used for pickles. Woodruff’s Hybrid is another of the longer types. Although not a 4 failure it was not as productive as many of the varieties. Some of the varieties discussed above would seem more useful in this section than Woodruff’s Hybrid, in spite of its attractive appearance. Dandelion (Common), Tararwcum officinale, Dandelion (Italian), Cichorium sp. Both dandelions can be grown very easily during the cooler months of the year. This crop is favored on some eastern markets, and the demand has been sufficient to encourage the planting of it on a commercial scale in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. In the Winter Garden area, too, there have been occasional small acreages in recent years. The Italian dandelion usually planted in Texas is not a true dandelion, but instead is a chicory. In the field it can easily be identified from the 56 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION true dandelion by its upright growth. The rosette of leaves in the com- mon dandelion is usually flat on the ground. When harvested and packed for market both plants look very much alike in color and appearance, and they both have the same somewhat bitter flavor. Varieties : The dandelion has been grown at the station for two years. A total of 8 samples has been tried. They came under 6 different names as follows: Arlington Thick Leaf, Common French, Cultivated or French Common, Dandelion, Improved Thick Leaved, and Italian. Common French is probably as representative of the truedandelion as any variety might be. There are very few consistent differences be- tween dandelion varieties, Italian excepted. When ready for harvest (100 to 120 days after planting) Common French consists chiefly of a rosette of lyrate leaves in a more or less procumbent position; it should not be flowering. In color the leaf blades are a dark bluish green, and the midribs reddish-purple. Varieties with other names, Italian again excepted, are apparently only strains of the Common French. The name “Common French” really conveys the meaning that it is the common American dandelion, and the seed comes from France. Italian, because of its upright growth, is distinct in appearance from Common French and related strains. It is harvested easier, and the leaves are usually freer of soil particles than those of the common French. In season it is approximately the same. Practically all the commercial acreage of dandelions is planted to the Italian variety. Eggplant, Solanum melongena There is only one serious drawback to the culture of eggplant in the Winter Garden and that is the disease known locally as eggplant yellows. In spite of this trouble, eggplant is grown commercially every year. The disease is a chlorotic condition affecting the leaves. It usually appears after the plants are set out but before harvesting has begun. The number of plants affected gradually increases and since plants having the disease may finally die from it or at least cease to bear fruit, it is obvious that if the disease appears early and spreads fairly rapidly, yields will be materially reduced. So far the cause and control of the disease have proved very baffling. An account of it appears in the Forty-Seventh Annual Report, 1934, of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. The eggplant is grown almost entirely as a fall crop. It matures at the same time as fall tomatoes. Like that crop, harvesting is brought to a close by the first killing frost. Varieties : There are only a few varieties of eggplant of commercial importance. Only two have been grown at the station in the variety trials, but these have been tried during three years. Both are equally well adapted. VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 57 Black Beauty has large attractive egg-shaped fruits of a shiny dark purple color. On a normal healthy plant 3 to 4 fruits and even 5 may be expected. An average-size usable fruit‘ is 5 to 7 inches long and 4 to 6 inches across. The plant is around 2 to 21/; feet tall and fairly spread- ing. Because of the very dark color of its fruits Black Beauty is con- sidered by some to be one of the most attractive and desirable of egg- plants. Florida High Bush differs from Black Beauty chiefly in being taller. It averages 30 to 36 inches tall. This greater height usually prevents the fruits from touching the ground. The fruit is slightly more elongated than Black Beauty. It possesses a rich dark purple color but generally lacks the darker more intense shades found in Black Beauty fruits. In season it is a few days later than Black Beauty. Endive, Cichorium endiva Endive can be easily grown in the cooler months. In cultural, soil, and climatic requirements it corresponds very closely to lettuce, of which _, it is a near relative. Endive is related more closely to Italian Dandelion, being in the same genus, Cichorium. h. The plant in general form is a rosette much like the dandelion. The T leaves are fairly long, decidedly lobed and cut, and often more or less twisted. In fully grown plants there are many of them so that there is i’ a fairly dense bunch of leaves. Under some cultural methods they are v tied up so that the inner leaves will be blanched. This reduces somewhat {i the bitterness of their flavor. Varieties : Three varieties have been grown at the station. No attempt has “been made to recommend one variety above all others; hence they are taken up alphabetically. Ever White is very pale green in color. It has apparently been developed to minimize the necessity of blanching. Planted in early January it re- quires around 100 to 105 days to reach the market state. In size it is Ilnone too large being but 12 to 14 inches in diameter. The midribs may ‘ e slightly tinted with rose. “ Large Green Curled differs from Ever White in being decidedly darker reen in color. The plant, too, is usually larger, being 15 to 18 inches in jrfameter. It requires 95 to 100 days to reach the marketable state. I Moss Curled is very similar to Large Green Curled both in appearance §= season. The chef difference is a lack of rose color in the petioles. Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare Li‘ The cultivation of fennel has been rarely practiced in the Winter Garden rea, although it is well adapted. In the Lower Rio Grande Valley 58 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION fennel has been grown to a limited extent. As for most minor vegetables, the market for it is limited. The chief outlets for fennel are some of the larger Eastern markets. I Fennel has been grown at the station only one season. Two samples each having the name Sweet Italian were planted. The crop grew very well. The plant of fennel is more or less glaucous, often 3 or morefeet tall. Although it has rather numerous branches it is fairly erect. The com- pound leaves are composed of filiform segments, and add to the fine network-like appearance of the entire plant. In this respect it is not unlike asparagus. The base of the plant is somewhat bulb-like and is used for flavoring. It is sweet and aromatic. Garlic, Allium sativum Garlic is closely related. to the onion. Texas is one of four states in which the crop is grown commercially (20). Only in California is the annual acreage usually larger than it is in Texas, where from 1930 to 1933, inclusive, plantings averaged about 1560 acres. Garlic used to be grown more extensively in Texas especially around Laredo, but as the culture of the Bermuda onion became more popular, interest in garlic on a commercial scale decreased. Considerable quantities of garlic are im- ported from Mexico, and this, too, has tended to reduce the interest in . this crop. Garlic probably has the most penetrating alliacious flavor and odor of all the cultivated Alliums. The plant resembles that of the onion except that the leaves are flat. The bulb consists of a number of cloves or bulbils enclosed in a common scale. The crop is started by planting out the cloves, rather than from seed. Planted in November or December the crop matures in June or July. Garlic is subject to pink root, and thrips injury in the same way that the onion is. Only two varieties of garlic are usually grown. One is the White or Early, and the other is the Pink or Late. No test of varieties has been made at the station. Kale, Brassica oleracea var. acephala Kale is closely related to cabbage and like most vegetables of this group is well adapted for winter culture. It is not grown on a commercial scalein the Winter Garden. It is an excellent vegetable to include in the home garden, as the greens are considered by many to be of high quality, and in addition are very resistant to injury by temperatures below freez- ing. In February 1933 kale was only partially injured by 18° F. While the leaves were “scorched” in many plants, new leaves continued to grow so that more harvests were possible. Kale has the more or less glaueous green or blue-green foliage typical of most of the vegetables related to cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower. It is grown for its leaves, which are used as greens. In most varieties they are in the form of a rather open rosette. They vary greatly in height. In the home garden individual leaves can be harvested, and 59 VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION Suo>|u> “fiasmmvlam "Efiwofilhwos Ism:|£ 13M “m5 v53 Siwew 3E 85 .> .5; .5.@&-.: v32“ e2: 2:59am 3i 3.3 83a 0E 5 5 nfluwfiw . 5255mm. 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Under commercial conditions the entire plant above ground is harvested before it has become woody. It responds to soil conditions in much the same way that cabbage does. Insect pests and diseases are also the same. Varieties : \ There are several distinct types of kale. Since it is rarely grown outside the home garden in the Winter Garden area no commercial preference has been established, and it is difficult to say which variety or varieties would be favored. Judging only from buyer and consumer reaction to other vegetables it is presumed that the darker green and more frilled varieties would receive first choice. All varieties are equally adapted. In view of these facts the varieties are discussed only in an alphabetical order with no variety being given first recommendation. Dwarf Green Curled (Figure 8) is characterized by a rather dwarf rosette of very frilled or curled, medium to dark green leaves. To many it is a very attractive type. Bloomsdale Double Extra Curled and Blue Scotch are of the same general type, although in the trials at Winter Haven, Blue Scotch had a slightly bluish cast where Dwarf Green Curled did not. These varieties in which the margin of the leaves is very frilled are often referred to as the Scotch varieties. Dwarf Siberian differs from Dwarf Green Curled in being less frilled at the margin of the leaves, and in having a distinctly bluish green color. Its appearance is coarser, less delicate than Dwarf Green Curled. In season it is the latest of all the kales. Blue Siberian and Siberian re- semble Dwarf Siberian closely. The only distinguishing feature in the Winter Haven trials was the presence of a purplish color in the petioles of Siberian and Blue Siberian. Jersey or Thousand Headed (Figure 8) is the earliest of all the kales. If allowed to continue growing it will grow 3 to 4 feet or even more tall. The central stem elongates more than in the Scotch and Siberian varieties; so the plant is hardly as rosette-like as they are. In addition to differing in height, it also differs from other varieties in having leaves which are only undulated at the margins, never frilled. While general opinion would probably rate it as the least attractive of the kales, it has the valuable advantage of earliness and great productivity. By some growers it would undoubtedly be considered more nearly a collard than a kale. Kohl-rabi, Brassica oleracea var. caulo-rapa Kohl-rabi is a vegetable of rather minor importance closely related to cabbage. It is very well adapted, but is only cultivated in home gardens. The edible portion of the plant is the stem, which is very enlarged immediately above the surface of the ground. It is a flattened globe in VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 61 shape. As the leaves are rather small and sparse, the bulb-like stem is always visible. The foliage is glaucous like that of cabbage. Kohl- rabi is subject to the same insects and diseases affecting cabbage. Varieties : There are onlytwo well known varieties of kohl-rabi. They are Purple Vienna and White Vienna. Both have been grown easily and successfully during two years at the station. Two samples of each were tried. Purple Vienna. The bulb (stem) of this variety is 2 to 2% inches in diameter and 1% to 2 inches deep. The exterior is a reddish purple color similar to that of Mammoth Red Rock cabbage, although not as intense. Figure 8. Two distinct varieties of kale Background: Jersey or Thousand Headed. Foreground: Dwarf Green Curled. The interior is white. The purplish color of the skin extends up the petioles and even the midribs of the leaves. The crop is ready for harvest’ in 90 to 100 days after being transplanted in early September. " White Vienna. The essential difference between this variety and Purple Vienna is only one of color. The skin of White Viennais a very pale, almostwhitish green. In size, season, and all other. respects-it is. very similar to Purple Vienna. I a a ‘ r » - » 62 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Lettuce, Lactuca sativa Lettuce is excellently adapted to the Winter Garden area. For four years lettuce of the highest quality has been raised at the station with comparatively little difficulty. All types do equally well. Commercial crops of lettuce have been grown in spite of some danger from loss through freezing injury. Maturing heads of lettuce can be made unfit for market by temperatures 4 to 6 degrees below freezing. I In the home garden some of the very early varieties should always be grown, as a number of these are of excellent quality, and are also more likely to be ready for harvest before any serious freeze occurs. It is unfortunate that the New York type, which is probably in wider demand today than any other, should be among the later sorts. In Table 12a the days given in column “Days to Harvest” are based on notes taken on crops planted around October 15 to November 5. A crop planted later t0 benefit more by the warmth of late winter and early spring might grow more rapidly, but it is also possible that some heading types would not head up well. The columns indicating size and weight of heads are not necessarily correlated. Some of the loose leaf types look very large, but are not compact and hence are light in weight. Some varieties look smaller or larger than others, according to whether they have few or many, small or large outer leaves. There are three types of lettuce: crisp, butter, and Cos. Crisp lettuce has brittle large-veined leaves, and may either form a cabbage-like head, or just a bunch of more or less loose leaves. Butter differs from crisp in having leaves which are less brittle, softer in texture, and are often described as having a buttery flavor. Cos, or Romaine as it is some- times called, is a distinct type characterized by tall upright narrow heads, having spatulate-shaped leaves. Varieties : New York (Figure 9) is probably better known today throughout the United States than any other lettuce. It is also called Wonderful and Los Angeles, but these names are going out of use. Much confusion has resulted, however, in shippers calling it “Iceberg.” There is another distinct and old variety named “Iceberg” which enjoys considerable popu- larity on its own account. It is so well established that its name can not be easily changed, and hence the confusion in names is likely to continue. New York is a large crisp heading type, medium to dark green in color. The head is very firm, and the leaves have a very crisp texture. These characters have made it popular with shipper and cook alike, so that to many, New York has become the standard of comparison. Because of its lateness it is more likely\to get caught by a freeze under Winter Garden conditions than some of the earlier varieties. However, because all varieties grow equally well, and because New York does have, not only the 68 .:00:0000||.fi:5 “.0300: 0:000 00 0:00::|lm ::0:.:000 00 0::.$|.5I»0M VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION _ 0000: 000 wHuwH 50:00.00 mvév 00000035 5:000 00:00am .050: _ >5 m _ N 0:00AM 05:5 0000 000: 0030: 0TH: 50:00.... Eli. 00000035 0:000 00:5 :000: .050: _ 5 m m 00000: 0:25 0000 000: 00:00: 0H0 50:005-::050 00-00 0:000 50> 050: _ .5 a N 00050005 0.000 000: 00:00: 0.1.. 50:05 0.1:. 0:000 050: m: H H ::0:0:..00.H. 0.000 000: 00:00: wHLvH 0000155005 0T3. 00000035 0:000 00:5 :00o: .050: 5 H H H. :0.000w 008. 08 00-... 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VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 65 approval of the housewife, but that of the shippers as well, it seems to be the most satisfactory lettuce to grow. Both on the station and on other farms excellent crops of New York have been grown. Over a decade ago a serious disease called brown blight appeared in the California lettuce fields. Dr. Ivan C. Jagger of the U. S. Department of Agriculture attacked this problem by breeding resistant strains. These were of the New York type, but called Imperial because they were Figure 9. Four varieties of Lettuce Upper left: New York; Upper right: Hanson Lower left: Mignonette; Lower right: Big Boston developed in Imperial Valley where brown blight was particularly menac- ing. Later strains resistant to both brown blight and mildew were re- leased. Various seedsmen worked on these improving them for type and in other ways. As a result of all this activity numerous strains were released, and listed as either New York or Imperial with a number or letter attached. New York No. 12, Imperial 3, and Imperial F are examples. Some have already been dropped, and as plant breeders are still working on the problem other strains will presumably be produced. 66 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Although they vary in earliness, size, firmness of head they are all es- sentially New York, and can easily be identified as such in the field. _ They will not all do equally well under identical conditions; hence a grower should stick to the strain suited to his situation, unless he wants to try others. Strains of promise to the Winter Garden are: Imperial D, Imperial F, New York 12, and New York Special. Unadapted strains are New York Nos. 2, 3, and 6, also called Imperial Nos. 2, 3, and 6. New York No. 12 while smaller than some is the most reliable. Big Boston (Figure 9) is a popular, widely grown butter head type of lettuce. It is one of the best of that type to grow. Black Seeded Simpson is an excellent high quality representative of the crisp-leaf type. Its earliness and quality particularly recommend it. Grand Rapids is another crisp leaf type of lettuce. It is used very commonly as a forcing lettuce grown under glass, but also grows very well out of doors. l Iceberg is not the Iceberg of the shipper and green grocer, but a distinct type of crisp-head lettuce. It is a widely planted variety on its own merits. It differs from New York (the shipper’s “Icebei-g”) in being smaller, lighter green, and in having a slight tinge of brown towards the margins of the leaves. Attractive and high in quality, Ice- berg is well worth planting. Mignonette (Figure 9) is a very early crisp-heading type of high quality. It is one of the smallest of lettuces, but is a very dependable header. In the home garden it can hardly be excelled for an early lettuce of its type. Prize Head is an excellent high quality leaf lettuce. Its foliage is a light greenish brown. Its rapid growth and good quality make it a desirable home garden sort. White Paris is representative of the Cos or Romaine lettuces, all of which grow very Well here. This type is popular on certain Eastern markets. On several occasions this lettuce has been grown and shipped from the Winter Garden. As well as being a good shipping type, it also adds variety to lettuce types and should certainly be grown more in the home garden. In the hot weather of a southern spring it will usually stand up better than most varieties. Muskmelon and Casaba (Winter Melon), Cucum/is melo Muskmelons are excellently adapted to Winter Garden conditions. Spring crops are usually easier to grow than late summer and fall ones, as various insects and diseases are more prevalent in the later seasons. These are the same as those which attack cucumbers and if these are properly controlled, as the insects (particularly the aphis and cucumber beetles) can be, then fine crops of various melons can be grown. VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 67 Cucumis melo includes all the well known types of melons variously known as muskmelons, cantaloupes, and winter melons or casabas. Un- fortunately the first two of these terms have been very loosely used so that the same variety or type of melon may be called either a musk- melon or a cantaloupe. The Word “cantaloupe? is most generally applied to the heavily netted varieties, while the word “muskmelon” is more often applied to the larger less netted melons, which usually have a noticeable aroma when ripe. No clear line can be drawn between these two types of melon, as there are various intermediate varieties. Casabas are a distinct group. Almost all varieties of these can usually be distinguished immediately by even the most inexperienced as some- thing different from a muskmelon or a cantaloupe, as a casaba lacks netting, and the rind usually is distinctly creased and corrugated. The outstanding exception is the Honey Dew melon, which has many char- acteristics of vine and fruit in common with the muskmelon. Like the true casabas, however, it is late, very firm-fleshed, and suited to storage. In the tests at Winter Haven the casabas were found to be unsuited for spring planting. If planted then they mature in too warm a season for storage. Planted in the summer, they mature in the fall when they can be stored and allowed to mellow. In Table 14a the days required for their maturity are based on asummer planting. The days given for the muskmelon varieties are based on a normally favorable spring season. In a cool season melons will require a longer period to ripen, and in some warm seasons it is possible that they will mature even quicker than indicated in Table 14a. Time of planting will, of course, affect the date of ripening, but not, however, to the extent that might be expected. Table 13. Comparison of dates of first harvest of Golden Champlain with dates when accumulated mean temperatures above 50° F. approximated 2500° F. Date accumulated mean Year Planted temperature above 50° F. . Date of approximated 2500° F. flrst harvest 1931 March 13 June 1'7 June 15 1932 March 18 June 1 June 8 1933 First planting January 27 May 31 Second planting February 20 May 23 May 23 Third planting March 6 May 26 1934 March 22 May 30 June 4 A study made in California (23) indicates that in the Imperial Valley the ripening season begins when the accumulated mean temperature above 50° F. after January 1, totals 1,997° F. A corresponding accumulative temperature in the Winter Garden area is apparently around 2500° F. Golden Champlain has been planted in various tests at the station from 1931 to 1934. Irrespective of the planting date the date of first harvest paralleled fairly closely the date when the accumulated mean temperature _ above 50° F. amounted to 2500° F. (See Table 13.) Lateness in ripening is associated with low temperatures, and earliness is associated with high ones. 68 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 0000000 =0? 00.7.: 0300000000 0 05200000 0302 0000.000 >00.» 007: 030x000 00000 000 000: 0.»:000.000< =02» 00:00.0 0:0:> >0:>: >0::00.00 0000 000E030 00.0 0000 00020006: x03: >003: 0.0300000»: 0000 0000:...» < 0000 0000M m0 0: 00 000: 00H. 050x000 >:0.0:000:000Q 007: 030x000 >:00:000:0000H 007: 0000 0000: 000 0000 00:00:00 .>0::0000 6000000000 000x036: 00000 :0:000000000 00000: .00 000 00000 :0:000000000 00000: .00 000 9000000000000 000 0.»:0000000000 00:0.0~: 00x0000 :000: 0000:0000 0000: 4 00:000 920000000 04 0000.000 0000.0 00:00:05» 00:00 0000x000 000 .000»: 0.20:: .00 0:000w 2000 >00 > 0000000 0000: 0:0 00.0 20:0: 000x00 00 220000000 00 007: 0000 00:05 03000000 >00 > 00.00000 >00.» "000: 00:B0000w 00:05 00:0 4 >0::000 :m:: 0.2:0:000000000 0000 >00000m 000:00 0x:: >00> 00:000 030x000 >00 > 2000 >00 > 00:05 0000:...» 00:: 4 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BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION High quality in a muskmelon is probably more widely recognized as an important characteristic than it is with any other vegetable. Favorable conditions are essential to high quality, and any factor which is un- favorable may affect quality adversely. Under such circumstances it is not easy to rate varieties for quality. A few varieties usually excel others under all conditions, while some varieties always rate low at the best. No rating can be depended upon to stand under all conditions, however. Reference to quality in Table 14a or in the discussion of varieties below should therefore be taken as only indicative of the tendency under average conditions. A Varieties : Hale’s Best (Figure 10a). As a well proven commercial variety for the Winter Garden section Hale’s Best can be recommended above all others. In the four years it has been grown in test, it has been a very depen- dable producer. It is also among the earliest of the high quality commercial varieties suitable for shipping. Hale’s Best, or HB as it is sometimes known, is an oval- shaped melon, usually Weighing around 2% pounds, covered with a dense heavy netting, and having an attractive golden fawn color when ripe. While some stocks are more ribbed than others, ribs are practically lacking in the best stocks available today. The flesh of Hale’s Best is comparatively thick, fine-textured and salmon in color. Observations would indicate that it usually attains a high qual- ity. Hale’s Best should certainly b. Perfected Perfecto, shape short oval, be included in any program in flesh very thick, . , , which melons are bein rown for Figure 10. Two "similar and valuable varieties g g of cantaloupes. the first time, a. Hale’s Best, shape oval, flesh thick Burrell’s Gem can bear fruits of fine appearance and excellent quality. In some sections it is grown as a shipping melon. It is not grown as such in the Winter Garden area, and it is doubtful whether it will ever be so grown. In addition there is a tendency today to favor melons having a fawn-colored exterior, such as is possessed by Hale’s Best. Burrell’s Gem, also known as Ferry’s Defender, and Ordway Pink Meat, has a dark-green skin below its heavy netting. Burrell’s Gem is well worth VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 71 including in the home garden, however, as it can be of high quality, and like many melons can sometimes be sold locally. Delicious (Figure 11a) does not have as an attractive shape and exterior appearance as some melons. It should, however, be appreciated as a good home garden variety. In shape it is a flattened globe with rather promi- nent ribs. The netting is heavy on the ribs, but usually absent on the sutures between the ribs. The flesh is thick and of an attractive salmon color. Delicious is a melon well worth trying. Eden Gem is closely related to the Rocky Ford group of melons discussed below under Gold Lined Rocky Ford. It is a more or less globular melon which is heavily netted and ships very well. Unfor- tunately it IS green-fleshed, al- Figure 11a. Delicious, a variety of muskmelon. though normally gold-lined. Its quality is usually excellent. While its flesh color is against it as a commercial melon, Eden Gem rates with some as a home garden sort. Georgia has very few characteristics to recommend it. One of these, however is rather unique. This is its resistance to burning when dusted with sulphur. If melons could be dusted with sulphur certain diseases, particularly the mildews, could probably be controlled. In tests at Winter Haven, and also at College Station by the Division of Plant Pathology it has always failed to burn. In most of these tests the foliage of other varieties in adjacent rows was “burned” completely. If it were not for this valuable characteristic Georgia melon would be practically value- less, for even under favorable conditions its quality rarely reaches medium. In addition the fruits are very prone to crack, and lack most of the desirable characteristics for a commercial muskmelon today. Gold Lined Rocky Ford. The name “Rocky Ford” is perhaps more sug- gestive of a group of melons than it is of any specific melon. It is typified by a short oval, almost round melon weighing about 21/2 pounds densely covered with a heavy netting. Ribs are lacking. These characteristics» combined with a splendid uniformity of size have made Rocky Ford a first-class shipping melon. The original type was noticeably ribbed and always green-fleshed. Today, the true type is still green-fleshed although in some strains such as Gold Lined Rocky Ford the tendency to have a definite golden or salmon color has been intensified. In seedsmen’s catalogs melons are aften referred to as of the Rocky Ford type, for even though they are salmon-fleshed, they resemble Rocky Ford closely in external characteristics and usefulness. In these trials, Gold Lined Rocky Ford gave indications of great productiveness. Its quality was also good. Other varieties, however, are believed to be more satisfactory, certainly from the commercial point of view. ' I 72 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Golden Beauty Casaba. The casabas have a distinct usefulness in that they can be stored. In fact storage for -at least a short period is necessary for the best development of the peculiarly lucious flavor which they possess. Golden Beauty Casaba is well adapted to Winter Garden conditions when planted to mature in the fall. The fruits are large, somewhat flattened globes, having a thick greenish yellow, ‘uniformly colored golden skin which is extremely creased and corrugated. Their outer surface resembles that of some of the winter squashes, more than it does that of the musk- melon and cantaloupe. It is not hard and shell-like as the winter squash, however. The flesh is a pale greenish white usually firmer in texture than the average muskmelon and when ripened under proper conditions, possessing a delectable spicy flavor. Golden Champlain is an extremely useful muskmelon because of its dependable earliness. It has always been earlier by several days to a week than any other variety except Lake Champlain, which is; identical with it. While it may be useful for local market it is unsuitable for shipping. Unfortunately the fruit is at its best quality for only a short period, so that even in the home garden other varieties are more desirable for the table once they begin ripening. ' Golden Honey Dew belongs to the casaba group although more than any other in that group it resembles a cantaloupe in vine growth, ap- pearance of fruit, and shipping qualities. Its popularity is rapidly grow- ing because aside from the green-fleshed Honey Dew, it is the only melon which can be successfully shipped and yet bring to consumers all over the country the peculiar qualities of the casaba. Possessing an attractive pale cream (often tinted yellow) color the fairly large oval fruits, with their thick salmon-colored flesh, are hard t0 excel. There is no netting, and only the slightest indication of ribbing, but the skin is very tough. These characteristics combined with a uniformity of size make the Golden Honey Dew a very valuable variety. Honey Ball is mostly useful because of its resemblance to Honey Dew. It is, however, a cantaloupe. It came from a cross of Honey Dew (green- fleshed) and Texas Cannonball. It resembles Honey Dew in lateness, shape, and color of fruit, and even somewhat in quality and flavor of flesh. Unlike Honey Dew, it has a medium heavy netting. iWhile its flesh color is against it as a commercial melon Honey Ball does have a place, especially as a shipping melon. Honey Dew resembles Golden Honey Dew, except in color of flesh, which is a very pale green. The texture of the flesh also tends to be firmer. The rind usually has a faint greenish tint which is absent in Golden Honey Dew. The name “Honey Dew” usually ‘refers to the green-fleshed type. It is probably the more widely known of the two. _ Honey Rock, an introduction of recent years, looks_ very promising. Approximately the same size and shape as Hale’s Best, lit has a coarser and more open netting. The flesh -is= usually quite -thick and _-- of good \ Hale’s Best in type, and is a prom- VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 73 Lake Champlain is identical with Golden Champlain described above. Mildew Resistant No. 50 is a type of Hale’s Best developed in Cali- fornia by Ivan C. Jagger of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for the purpose of combating the problem of powdery mildew (Erisiphe cicho- racearum). As grown at the station for one season only (1934), it was more ribbed and less uniform in size than'Hale’s Best. Its quality and color of flesh were excellent. Oregon Delicious (Figure 11b). Not unlike Georgia melon in shape and size, although usually heavier, it differs noticeably from that variety in having a really high quality. The netting is heavy. While unsuitable for shipping it has excellent quali- ties for the local market where large size, attractiveness, and good quality are often all demanded. Peerless Pearl is very similar to ising commercial variety. The fruits are very firm and are ex- cellent for shipping. The variety is very productive and the quality very good. Peerless Pearl is one of the melons worthy of trial by those growers loclking for some‘ Figure 11b. Oregon Delicious, a variety of thing better. m“skme1°n' Perfected Perfecto (Figure 10) is another melon similar in type to Hale’s Best. It is usually slightly later in season. Like Peerless Pearl it is a very firm melon. The flesh is usually somewhat thicker than in most melons, and its quality is of the best. Perfected Perfecto is well worth trying. Persian is a very large late-season melon often erroneously classed as a casaba. It is a muskmelon. While unsuited as a shipping melon it does make a valuable addition to the home garden, where under normal con- ditions it will afford a plentiful supply of high-quality fruits late ‘in the season. It is adapted to either spring or late summer planting. When planted in the fall it is very productive. For a large muskmelon Persian is rather unusual in having practically no ribs although it is covered with a rather dense medium-heavy netting. The color beneath the netting is dark grey-green. The flesh is usually very thick, and salmon in color. Superfecto is related to Perfected Perfecto, Peerless Pearl, and Hale’s Best in type. It is well adapted for any use and because of its firm fruits already has a reputation as a good shipping variety not only from the Winter Garden section but also from the Wichita Valley in North Texas (3). Like Perfected Perfecto it often has a heavier netting than Hale’s Best. In exterior color, size of fruit, shape and interior character- 74 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION istics there is, however, close resemblance. Of the two, Superfecto is normally nearer the globe, less near the oval in shape than Hale’s Best. Superfecto has been of uniformly good quality in all the seasons it has been tried. It is another of those melons which can well be grown in the Winter Garden region. Weavers Special. This new variety warrants separate discussion because of its unusual qualities. It is similar in some respects to Honey Ball, for both varieties resemble Honey Dew. Both Weavers Special and Honey Ball, however, have netting, and both are cantaloupes. As grown in the spring and again in the fall of 1934 at Winter Haven, Weavers Special has shown remarkable uniformity for a new variety. It is short oval in shape, has cream-colored skin with slight to medium netting. The skin while very thin is rather tough and as the entire fruit is solid it is believed it would make at least a fair, if not a good, shipper. The flesh is very thick and light salmon or orange in color. These characteristics together with those of productivity and earliness make Weavers Special a melon worthy of trial. The quality in 1934 was excellent. Mustard, Brassica juncea Mustard is one of the commonest of vegetables to be found in home gardens of Southwest Texas. It and the turnip are grown for greens probably more than any other leafy vegetable. On a commercial basis, of course, the acreage of mustard is negligible compared with spinach, but in the home garden mustard and turnip greens come first. The chief limiting factors in the culture of mustard are insect pests. The flea beetle (Phyllotreta spp.), turnip louse (Rhopalosiphum pseudo- brassicae Davis), and the harlequin bug (Murgantia histrionica) are all liable to cause trouble. In most years one or all may attack mustard. Rarely are all three absent throughout the season. Any one of these insects may cause the mustard to be a total loss. Flea beetles and lice can at least be reduced by proper control methods but harlequin bugs present a real difficulty. Fortunately mustard grows fairly quickly without much handling or expensive methods so that in the home garden at least it is always worth while to attempt a crop. No commercial crop of mustard should be grown without consideration of the insect menace. A The time required for mustard to be ready for use depends somewhat on the variety, but also decidedly on the season in which it is grown. In the warmth of fall and spring some varieties will be ready for use in 40 to 50 days, while if the seed is planted in November and temperatures stay rather low the same varieties may require 70 to 90 days. Varieties : Mustard has been grown on the station grounds for a period of four years. Since the first year, however, when three varieties were grown in a variety adaptability trial no test of varieties has been made. Alto- VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 75 gether, mustard under five different names has been grown at the station. They are: Florida Broad Leaf, Fordhook, Giant Southern Curled, Japanese, and Tendergreen. Giant Southern Curled is probably more widely grown than any other variety. The plant is large, having rather long, broad leaves. These are light green in color, and the surface is crumpled or savoyed. The margins of the leaves are usually frilled. A vigorous, hardy variety, Giant Southern Curled is valued for its reliability and fairly rapid growth. Fordhook differs from Giant Southern Curled chiefly in being somewhat more upright in growth and in having leaves which are more frilled and darker green. In season it is usually later. ~ Tendergreen is relatively new. It is also known as Mustard Spinach. This name is misleading as the variety is not a true spinach at all‘. For a mustard it is dark green. The leaves are relatively flat, lacking the crumpling and curling common to the leaves of Giant Southern and Ford- hook. It is a rapid grower and among the earliest. It is also somewhat resistant to lice damage. Okra, Hibiscus esculentus There is hardly a crop that will grow more vigorously in the Winter Garden area than okra. Planted after the last frost in the spring, okra grows through the summer bearing a succession of crops. The tall varieties reach a height of 7 to 8 feet or more. Related to cotton, okra, like it, is subject to cotton root-rot (Phymatotrichum omnivorum). In the home garden root-rot is generally not serious, as enough plants usually survive to supply the table. Okra is little planted commercially since the market for it is limited. ' Varieties : No variety trial of okra has been conducted at the station, although small plantings of one variety have usually been made every year. All varieties are adapted. The choice of variety depends mostly on a grower’s preference for type of pod, and size of plant. White Velvet has been grown at the station. This is a tall variety. The pods are rather long (6 to 7 inches), cylindrical, and a very pale green, almost white. Other varieties are Long Green, a tall, green-podded sort, and Dwarf‘ Green, a variety which, as the name implies, is both dwarf and green—' podded. ‘ Onion, Allium cepa In spite of the fact that Texas leads all the states in the production of onions, produced mostly in the Winter Garden area and regions to the south and east of it (9), very few varieties of onions are adapted to 76 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION South Texas conditions. This paradoxical fact is due to the peculiar sensitiveness of onions to length of day. All varieties require a certain number of hours of daily sunlight before they will bulb up properly. The Bermuda onion, which enables Texas to rank first in onion production, produces bulbs during a shorter day than the majority of onion varieties and hence is satisfactorily grown in South Texas. Irrespective of how early in the late summer or fall varieties requiring long days are planted they will not bulb up before the longer days are reached in the spring. This fact introduces complications into the culture of these onions. In ad- dition, it means that whatever the problem during the early life of the onion may be, a grower has to carry such a crop through the hot months of May and June, and even into July in order to obtain mature bulbs. 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VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 79 Varieties : Only varieties which are in some way adapted are discussed in the paragraphswhich follow. Although many of the varieties omitted are well-known sorts in large areas of the country they are apparently entirely unsuited to South Texas conditions. All such varieties have been noted as .“Not adapted” in Table 15a. Yellow Bermuda (Figure 13a) leads all others in usefulness to the Winter Garden. For well over 30 years (9, 18) it has been grown in South Texas and by far the greater proportion of onions planted in the Winter Garden today are Yellow Bermu- das. The variety used to be called (and still is by some people) White Bermuda, but this name is being rapidly dropped as it is confusing to those who are familar with Crystal Wax. Yellow Bermuda is a medium-sized flat onion, straw yellow in color. A normal-sized bulb is around 21/2 to 3 inches in diameter and 11/2 to 1% inches in depth. The outer scales are usual- ly very thin and shuck off easily. The interior fleshy scales are on the other hand rather thick and coarse in texture. The flavor is Bermmla’ the leading mild and sweet and the variety is much favored as a slicing onion. Unfortunately Yellow Bermuda is a poor keeper, and is practically useless as a storage onion. The variety is also prone to split and double badly under unfavorable conditions. Its yielding capacity depends on the soil in which it is grown, the amount of fertilizer used, the existing climatic conditions, the severity of thrips infestation, as well as other factors. At the station on Webb fine sandy loam Yellow Bermuda onions have yielded in more or less normal years all the way from 59 to 400 bushels of U. S. No. 1’s per acre. Such a wide range of yields was entirely due to methods of handling. If there is no crop loss through unforseen catastrophes, and if the more common commercial practices are used, yields will generally vary between 100 and 300 bushels per acre. Most of the seed of Yellow Bermuda is imported from the Canary Islands. Just as good crops can be grown from domestic seed, providing proper care has been taken in the growing and handling of the seed. Crystal Wax is next in importance to Yellow Bermuda as a commercial onion. This variety differs from Yellow Bermuda chiefly in its color, which 'is white. The outer scales have a waxy, glossy sheen which give the variety a very attractive appearance. Crystal Wax is often more desired by the trade, and frequently brings 10 to 25 cents more a crate. However, 80 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION under unfavorable conditions it may be very disappointing. It is much more liable to split and double than Yellow Bermuda is. In the tests it has shown a greater tendency in this regard than any yther variety. If the weather at harvest time should be wet, a crop of Crystal Wax is much easier lost through decay, sun scalding, etc. than a crop of Yellow Bermudas. It is often claimed that Crystal Wax is milder in flavor than Yellow Bermuda, but if this is true, the difference is indeed very slight. While a splendid onion for the experienced grower, willing to take a chance on the weather, Crystal Wax hardly compares with Yellow Bermuda in reliability. Crystal Wax seed is mostly imported from _the Canary Islands. How- ever, it is also grown in California, and in recent years in North Texas. Where care has been taken to rogue the seed crop of off colors and other- wise to give proper attention to its production, home-grown seed is accord- ing to our tests just as good as imported seed. Denia is a strain of Prizetaker, probably deriving its name from Denia, the port of Spain from which it was originally shipped. The merits of this variety are just the same as those of Prizetaker, discussed below. As with all varieties, strains may vary from different seedsmen and from year to year. Earliest Express unfortunately was received and tested only in the last season of these trials and then planted in late October instead of in September as it should have been. In spite of this and the resultant later transplanting Earliest Express matured about May 15. As grown under these conditions it looked like a small Early Grano. While on the basis of such a test as this it is impossible to say whether it is identical with Early Grano or not it is undoubtedly similar. Foliage color as well as shape of bulb were practically identical. It is believed the small bulbs were due to the late planting, rather than to any varietal characteristic. Since the time of maturity was probably later than normal it has been made the same as Early Grano in Table 15a. Small size and a slightly later maturity are typical of all very late onion plantings. Early Grano (Figure 13b) is evidently related to the Sweet Spanish type although much earlier than that variety. It has only been grown for one season at Winter Haven. In that one season, however, it seemed to be splendidly adapted. It has the size of the Sweet Spanish and Prize- taker onions, and yet matures very soon after the Yellow and Crystal Wax Bermudas. It is possible that it actually matures at about the same time as the Bermudas since the majority of Early Grano onions in one plat did do so. In another plat, however, they matured a little later. Early Grano has the foliage of Sweet Spanish, being medium dark green in color and lacking entirely any tinge of blue so common to most varieties. The leaves are large, and the plant grows vigorously. It does not become as large as that of ‘Sweet Spanish, possibly because it bulbs earlier. It also has the same resistance to thrips possessed by that I VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 81 variety. It is a yellow-skinned onion. The bulb is globular in shape, although not spherical. In most bulbs the greatest diameter is nearer the neck than it is to the base (see \ Figure 13b), so that the lower half is more attenuated than the upper half, which seems rather com- pressed. In weight the bulb is often twice that of a Yellow or a Crystal Wax Bermuda. Planted at the same spacing distances Early Grano should yield 75 to 100 per cent more than the Bermudas. The keeping quality of Early Grano is no better than that of the Bermudas. Like these varie- ties it would have to be marketed soon after harvesting. In flavor and pungency it is hardly as mild as the Bermudas, being like Sweet Spanish, intermediate between the Bermudas and the really pungent Figure 13b. Early Grano, a“ promising variety. types. Early Grano should be a valuable addition to the few varieties of onions adapted to the Winter Garden. Its globular type is not only a change from the flat Bermudas, but happens to be very similar to the increasingly popular Sweet Spanish and Prizetaker varieties. Unlike them it will mature earlier, eliminating all the difficulties of culture with the late- maturing sort. In New Mexico where the variety developed, selection towards a more spherical shape is underway, so that in the future it may resemble Sweet Spanish even more than it does today (8). Giant Gibraltar is very similar to, if not a strain of, Sweet Spanish, and the description of that variety (see below) is satisfactory for Giant Gibraltar. Prizetaker. This late variety can be matured, but it is not quite as reliable l as Sweet Spanish. Prizetaker has much in common with Sweet Spanish and in some situations it is very difficult to tell them apart in the field. Normally Prizetaker has a slightly bluish cast to its green foliage. In this respect it is very similar to the Bermudas. Almost all other varieties have a distinct bluish cast, much greater than that of the Bermudas. The bulb of Prizetaker is practically spherical. The color is yellow, somewhat darker than Yellow Bermuda, but lighter than most other yellow varieties. In size it is one of the largest of onions, bulbs having similar diameters to corresponding bulbs of Yellow Bermuda being twice as heavy or heavier. This results in very heavy yields where a sufficient number of plants bulb up properly. A fair percentage of plants have been found to bulb up each year towards the end of June. Prizetaker has sufficient resistance to thrips and pink root to continue growing 82 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION under adverse hot weather conditions and make bulbs. It is not as successful in this respect, however, as Sweet Spanish is. The task for ' the grower is not an easy one, and many bulbs may b_e unmarketable after they are harvested because of decay. Prizetaker is unquestionably a very attractive variety. It represents a type for which there seems to be an increasing demand. It is doubtful whether it could ever be grown successfully in very large acreages in South Texas. In certain seasons it might be. Year in and year out Prizetaker would probably not equal Sweet Spanish, which it resembles closely, in reliability, and neither would equal Early Grano. Red Bermuda, although perfectly adapted, is grown but very little. Its color, a light purplish red, is the only difference between it and Yellow Bermuda and Crystal Wax. The colors of these last two varieties are preferred and hence they are grown and Red Bermuda is not. So rarely is the variety asked for that very few seedsmen list it. Red Creole (Figure 14) is as well adapted to South Texas as the Ber- mudas are. Since the market demand for it is very slight, it is hardly grown at all. The variety is pe- culiar to Louisiana, where it is raised for local consumption rather extensively. In season it is a week or two later than Yellow Bermuda. Red Creole is a rather small, flattish onion. The base is decid- edly flat, but the upper half of the bulb is gently rounded (see figure). In color it is light bronze pink, and the interior is also tinged purplish pink. It usually weighs consider- ably less than Yellow Bermuda, often being only half the size of that variety. The characteristic which gives it particular value to the Winter Gar- den is its splendid keeping quality. In common storage it decays very little. For the housewife who likes to have a supply of cooking onions available long after the last Ber- ' i muda onion is gone, Red Creole F ‘§;1f'ieaty.1e' Red Creme’ a useful eeerage fills the need. It is a rather pun- gent onion, hardly suitable for slicing, and even when cooked may have a slightly stronger flavor than most people are accustomed to. Riverside Sweet Spanish is a strain of Sweet Spanish, and under Winter Garden conditions not differing\ sufficiently from regular good strains of that variety to warrant separate discussion. VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 83 Sweet Spanish in many respects resembles Prizetaker. It differs chiefly from that variety in having foliage which lacks any blue cast, resembling Early Grano in this respect. It is also\more reliable, although maturing just as late. This greater reliability may be due to some resistance to injury from thrips and pink rot. Sweet Spanish will apparently have just as many thrips, and just as much infection from pink root and yet form bulbs in spite of this. The crop, however, may not be a large marketable one, as under very adverse conditions considerable decay may be present or soon appear in newly harvested bulbs. At best Sweet Spanish has never given evidence of being a good keeper under South Texas conditions. Like Prizetaker in shape, size, and appearance, Sweet Spanish, or Valencia as it is called by some, is a very attractive onion. While it can be grown in South Texas, it should not be tried on too large a scale by any grower who is not familiar with it. The difficulties encountered in growing such a late-maturing sort may prove very discouraging even to the experienced grower. It is probable that under certain conditions, especially on land entirely free from pink root, and in a year when the thrips infestation is at a minimum, excellent crops of this variety could be grown. It will hardly compare with Early Grano for reliability if future tests of that variety continue to be as favorable as the one already made. White Creole differs from Red Creole only in size, and possibly in being slightly milder in flavor. It is, however, a pungent-flavored onion. White Creole is just as adapted and just as useful to the Winter Garden as Red Creole is. Because of its color it would probably be more gen- erally accepted than Red Creole. Its splendid keeping quality and hence long period of usefulness during the hot unfavorable storage conditions of summer make it particularly Worthy of wider trial. White Sweet Spanish resembles Sweet Spanish in being able to mature where other varieties will not. In foliage it resembles Prizetaker more, having a slight bluish cast. The bulb is white as the name implies, but is rarely as spherical as either Sweet Spanish or Prizetaker. The upper half of the bulb usually tapers somewhat making the greatest diameter nearer the base than the tip. In size White Sweet Spanish is equal to the regular Sweet Spanish. In spite of its white color it is hardly as attractive as Sweet Spanish or Prizetaker under Winter Garden conditions. Comparatively few of the bulbs which mature are sufficiently free from blemishesof one kind or another, and the tendency to decay is even greater than in the yellow- skinned strains. Parsley, Petroselinum hortense Parsley is one of the commonest of herbs. Popular both for garnishing as well as flavoring it is found in many home gardens, where it is a valuable addition. It is well adapted for culture in the cooler months, and has even been grown commercially on a fairly large scale in the Winter 84 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Garden area. In several seasons 50 acres or more have been grown in one plantation, and the crop has been shipped out in carlots. If planted in October it grows luxuriantly through the fall and winter months and is ready for harvest in January. Harvesting often continues for some time, and in the home garden the plants, if well watered, after the arrival of the hotter weather, will continue to supply the home table well into the summer. Varieties : No trial of Parsley varieties has been made at the station although every year one or another of the varieties has been grown on the station grounds. From the observation of such plantings it appears that the chief difference between varieties is to be found in the leaves. In all varieties the leaves are compound and the segments toothed and cut, but the degree to which the leaves are compound, and the extent to which the segments are cut and toothed, as well as the extent to which the leaf is curled varies considerably. For garnishing, an attractive parsley is desirable. The more the leaves are cut and curled the more attractive they usually are. The variety names, Plain or Single, Double Curled, and Moss Curled or Triple Curled are indicative of the amount of curling. To many users of parsley the last named variety is considered very desirable. Parsnip, Pastinaca sativa The parsnip is rarely grown in the Winter Garden area even in home gardens. It is, however, fairly well adapted. On the station grounds it has never been a complete success, for in spite of fertilizer and an ample supply of water it has grown too slowly and hence failed to be ready for harvest until too late in the spring. Under such conditions the crop never benefits from the cold weather and freezes which are supposed to improve its quality in a colder climate. In three trials at the station the seed has been planted in October and harvesting has begun in late March, and continued through April. Even then many roots were still small. Varieties : The varieties of parsnip are very few, and they all resemble one another very closely. The most commonly listed variety is Hollow Crown or Guernsey. Like most varieties of parsnip the root tapers its entire length from a broad shoulder. In the station’s test only the variety Harris’ Model has been grown. This has been developed from Hollow Crown by years of selection. The edible portion of the taproot is often made uneven and irregular by thick side-roots, some of which assume almost the proportion of the main root itself. It is claimed that the motive behind the selection pro- gram by which Harris’ Model was produced was to eliminate such branching habits of the tap root. Since Hollow Crown was not grown it ,7, . . VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 85 was impossible to make a direct comparison. In the three years of trial with Harris’ Model heavy side roots and divided roots were on the whole the exception rather than the rule. Peas (English), Pisum sativum The success of an English pea crop ‘in the Winter Garden depends mostly on freedom from periods of low temperatures. While peas thrive under the average daily winter temperatures of South Texas, they may be frozen in a severe cold Wave. Peas will stand considerable cold during the germination period and in early seedling stages. Later than this, and particularly after they begin to flower, temperatures much below 32° F. may seriously injure or even kill them. On October 20, 1932 a number of varieties of peas were sown at the station. On January 1 a temperature of 23 degrees F. killed the tops of all varieties. In the previous two months they had already been sub- jected to a number of frosts. On one occasion, December 18, the tem- perature had dropped to 25 degrees F. but no injury to the peas had occurred. After the freeze of January 1 new basal shoots started on all plants, and before many weeks had passed there was not only abundant foliage again, but flowers and pods also. On February 8 and 9 temperatures of 18 and 21 degrees F. were recorded, and every variety of pea was killed to the ground. There was no recovery after this freeze. Small pickings on some varieties could have been made on February 7, but not of sufficient size to call the crop a success. Extreme early planting in the fall (before October 15) is rarely successful because the weather and ground are then too warm. Judg- ing from the tests at the station it would seem as though a crop planted between October 15 and November 15 yields heavier where not frozen than a crop planted in January. The latter is much more likely to come through cold waves uninjured as at the time freezes are most likely to occur the plant is in its more resistant stage of growth. The higher the temperature the more rapid the growth of the vine, but the shorter its length, and the fewer pods it bears. Peas planted in January in a normal year grow very rapidly. Under such conditions the vines of most varieties will bear only two or three, rarely four pods per vine. The vine length, and the number of days to first picking as given for each variety in Table 16a will be found to be much less than the length of vine" and the days given for these varieties in studies made in cooler regions (14, 26). In the trials of peas at this station late-maturing peas have for the most part been omitted. Peas, especially fall-sown ones, are rather subject to powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) and in preliminary tests it was found that early-maturing varieties could often be harvested before this disease became serious. Early varieties planted in the fall also have more chance of maturing before a killing freeze wipes out the crop. 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HHNBQ hufidfid uooQ 33> $2.3M H633 cmmum 3w: Em: ow|mH Hm 2.3m 33> dam raxi 2.8m a u a:m.a:< . Liooim _ 53w wm o5 muwmnzm .330 £30m mwm:or.H Wiwsm Nwcfifia mmEEww “Ema mxuwfimfl . . amfim Hflomamw mmn mmEO we dz n: zumisr o m.» Amummmv mama HmminH £52m a wmH flnaoh. 5.3% AGNmFU-umv wumh HG mmfi-mmumuuwunfiu mfiuQmhfl> .2: ~55. 87 VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION .M$£M:TJQ nusmm~|l.a_ “QMHBIJHB 13M uwnfi wé :35 5532b wofisoa 3x255 w» $7 M» w amaze? 238...»? own»: w-..“ nmonw EEwwE “x553 £3395» x x m- k m 3.2.x 3.33 25365 m-m Gooaw S31v5 wfifiom 033a»? w} fim-Xm 23.60 £oSQo3H E5305 v-w coouw viww 353 Ewan: X “X m- X a iofinafl mafiofi. wwafi Tm cvonm v1.3. . £53 .3323 W... X. u- w» N 133 Mcfiusm Swim vi» :35 55305 3533-353 unwmafim ~\H ~\~ m-N mmiannw v9.2 m-» ESMUQE v3.55 asmflfiam X "X m- X a Eomwfibw BASQUE w-m .605 Eswwwi .333 “Emmwnpw X. w» mim 50w Esmfionm wmfiflom uo>nso|aswmwppm X w» X u cam 33m Esmwwi Wm cooau 85:65 wowcsca wo>n=u 23mm? X. X m- fi m aozuwiwm wopfion unmmwfim UHdkwGQ EEwoE w-m iooam 55:55 3,53 aswwwfiu ~ a QM u aowflooxfl mmsbz \ Q95 3 cwfi» E»: w3=mfia-_.@w&.¢~ 235cm X x m- X N. N2 dz “$233 $5.2 ownfi m4 angn-ibom usuwwnum X X ml X w. zmnafi QM com JuOEEQS Esmwwfi Tm :35 xawwtwofi “$53 unwmanum X m- w.» w. ~o>pa3 B35 QMHE wfiw 53w 521mg @333 ©0>a5o x X mum fldmflofiflawm $55.5 ww>u5o 33mm? Mk X m-m 3.8.35 dofiflmfl wmnfi w-m :35 Esmuwfi ©3593 wo>-6 w» X m- X N mwoamoam copxwfl ~32 mi“ E65 Efiwwi @0238 ww>nflo >133? w - X m- X w. Eofixiwasm uunwTéwE wé 60E o» 53w a: “cs3 woznu qTusmmwfiw N H m- w» m cowuww uoxuwz wuowmaom wmufi m4. sownw 3w: $215 afifibm X K m- X m wfiagw ~32 ma“. wofihom 333w»? wk m- MX m >353 zmwfi v52 vmw iomuw uswfl wounmoa ww>nso mfiswflm X. Xw-Xm wnosnmion. wHdBQ Swim w-v =35 3&2?!» .3 qEEA-mfiow uswmwnaw N H Xx- ‘R m wxmuiw 3n mama mo ofi $305 mo 3mm no dZ .330 onus» wcH wawsw .3#w.ww.~m ipwnoA hvomusw Em C-mfiwfifiv naoh a. musmifiuqhaso 1503a? £33 3.3-. 88 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION For the home gardener peas are well worth planting in the fall or in the winter. The commercial grower, however, needs to balance the market prospects against possible loss from cold before he ventures into any large acreage. Pea seed is comparatively expensive and heavy losses can easily be sustained. For those unacquainted with English peas it should be pointed out that the seed characters as given in Table 16a are of great importance as an indication of quality. Wrinkled seed is an indication of high sugar content and hence high quality. The smoother the surface of the seed, the lower the quality. It was for this reason that only one smooth- seeded variety—Alaska—was included in the tests, as high quality is a very desirable characteristic in peas. The color of the dry seed is im- portant to the canner. A cream-colored seed is likely to give a product which if allowed to get slightly over-mature will appear pale or yellowish in the can. A green-seeded variety is not likely to do this. Varieties : No variety can be recommended above all others. Little Marvel, Nott’s Excelsior, Laxton’s Progress, and Horsford Market Gardener have all been very promising varieties for one reason or another, but all have . their drawbacks. Alaska is more widely grown than any other in the United States. Its earliness, which shows up more in cooler climates, is probably the chief character contributing to its popularity. Alaska is used more for canning than for anything else, chiefly because of its vine length, which under northern conditions is suitable for canning machinery, and also because the seeds retain a green color when overmature, and even when dried. In spite of its popularity Alaska is one of the poorest quality peas grown. Canned peas are either classed as “sweets” or Alaskas by dealers. The former irrespective of the variety used is considered better than the latter. In the Winter Garden, Alaska should never be grown for the home garden, as there are several varieties of excellent quality which will ripen prac- tically as early. It is doubtful whether there is any good reason for growing it commercially, as peas are seldom canned in the section, and any discriminating market will avoid it. Gradus is a high quality pea with fairly large pods and peas. It has been rather productive both in the fall as well as in the spring crop. All the pods tend to ripen at about the same time; so its harvest period is not as long as for some. While not among the most promising of varieties, Gradus is certainly worthy of trial. Horsford Market Garden gave signs of great productivity in the trials. It was one of the few later varieties to look at all promising. Each year it has grown vigorously and set pods heavily. The pods are not so long nor so attractive as some varieties. Neither are they the easiest to VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 89 shell, but the peas are of good quality. Horsford Market Garden should be tried by all growers interested in peas. Laxton Progress is one of the newer peas. It has a fairly long, at- tractive, medium-green pod. Their size, high quality, and the ease with which they are shelled have won the variety many admirers. Its poor yielding capacity reduces its importance considerably as a commercial sort, although it has been grown commercially in South Texas, especially in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (7) and is worthy of trial. It should certainly be included in the home garden where it has not already been tried and found wanting. Laxtonian has been only fairly productive. The pods are not likely to be as large as those of Laxton Progress, nor as attractive, although they are similar in being curved, pointed, and hence easy to shell. It can be included among those varieties most likely to give some satis- faction if conditions are at all favorable. Little Marvel. In some respects Little Marvel was the most satisfactory pea in the trials. It was very reliable, never failing to set a good crop of pods. When planted in October heavier pickings were made on it than on any of the other five varieties then in test. It also yielded well from the November planting. Unfortunately the pods of Little Marvel are rather small, and while well filled are usually rather hard to shell. They do not have the attractiveness of the larger podded sorts. The quality, however, is excellent. Nott’s Excelsior is a pea similar in type and usefulness to Little Marvel. It has all indications of being just as productive and reliable. Pods tend to be somewhat smaller than those of Little Marvel, and also are harder to shell than larger pointed pods. Like Little Marvel, the variety has excellent quality, but is a few days earlier. Premium Gem can best be described as being very similar to Nott’s Excelsior. According to the extensive studies of pea varieties made by the United States Department of Agriculture and the Wisconsin Agri- cultural Experiment Station (26) Premium Gem and Nott’s Excelsior are varieties of Little Gem, a variety not grown as yet at Winter Haven. All three varieties are today well jumbled together and although any one seedsman may have distinct strains to offer under the three names in- volved, there is no consistency of behavior for any of these varieties from different sources. Premium Gem and Nott’s Excelsior while similar were nevertheless found to be slightly different, especially in season, the former being notice- ably later. Further tests of these varieties, especially other strains and stocks, might give different results. In usefulness and value to Winter Garden growers, Premium Gem is in a class with Little Marvel and Nott’s Excelsior. Surprise is a variety of increasing importance throughout the United States. However, its usefulness to the Winter Garden is not so apparent. 90 BULLETIN- NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Its popularity has been due to earliness as well as to its wrinkled green seed. The variety has been fairly productive, but the pods have been smaller than those of Little Marvel. .They are hardly as bunched 0n the vine, and hence not so easy to pick. These characteristics make it less desirable than Little Marvel, Nott’s Excelsior, and peas of that type. Thomas Laxton rates very high in importance all over‘ the United i States, being grown widely as a home garden sort. It is one of the leading varieties in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (7). Its pods While not of the longest, tend to be fairly broad and are dark green in color. The peas are of excellent quality. All of the stocks tried were rather unproductive. The variety would seem to be more suited to fall plant- ing and its response then was better than when planted in January, but even then it did not equal some other varieties. World Record is an early productive high-quality variety. The pods are of fair size, with pointed ends, which usually make shelling easier. The peas are large, of good quality, but if canned need to be used before over-mature, as they are cream in color. World Record while not out- standing is certainly worthy of further trial in this section. Peppers (Hot), Capsicum frutescens All varieties of hot peppers grow well, but are not grown to any large extent, although there are a few small acreages. As with sweet peppers, discussed below, the pepper weevil (Anthonomus eugenii) is likely to be the most important factor. This pest, however, is entirely absent in some seasons. For a commercial crop the spring planting is more common than the fall one. Planted in the spring and properly -taken care of, the plants will grow and bear all summer long and continue into the fall. For home use, seed, especially of the earlier varieties, sown in June will produce a crop before frost. Hot peppers as a class are later than sweet peppers. The fruit of hot peppers is harvested at different stages of maturity, according to the use to which it is to be put. For example, when eaten fresh, it is pickled immature, when grown for condiments it is usually harvested fully mature. Some varieties are used more for one purpose than others. All fruits are greenish in their earliest stages, but usually go through a transition color of yellow, and are scarlet at maturity. In Table 17 the mature color has been designated as “red,” a general term to indicate a scarlet or crimson color. Varieties : As stated above all varieties are equally well adapted. From the trials at the station it was hardly possible to determine the uses of the various varieties. The “Chief Use” as indicated in Table 17 is based on state- ments in catalogs and elsewhere. The variety chosen will depend entirely on the preference of the grower, as well as the purpose for which the .. ...-'...'..l-i.mx.fl “91 éimuw|unnw “mfinfluulhzao n 5M §€=Q~E 2 “.3 98 v8.5 @281? 5: VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 30:9» Ammcwonm Hwomcou uwwcwHw H-X HHwEm >nw> 93H 96> ozomnfififlflau H H cumdnaa. 831mm.» Mawmmwflwmu XH-H HHwEw 3.2 013E H H Sow Ammcunw nmnwfi» 33% m8. “L? 8558 £2 QEQE $5.58 H H =26 =§m um» Hwfinoo mé 55:58 32 M593. H H =30 fluoHxoE \ Mnionw» Roz?» AEEHHR- $9$w 0M5: 3.53 Mficcsu 680s H H 52$ 30:0? numuumcam B2?» Haumnoo KN- XH Esfixzb-Hfiim o»! o??? H H E00 Hcnorm cowuu wnoHw @2552» XL“ Susi 32 wHvHoHn H H huuvfiu comawm 9: animus» mcoH Xw-w 852.2: Ami 32 >5 dHuHoHn Eco H H wficvmunv wigs» v3 AZHEHKQ fiwLkw omHwH n52 haw .53 65o: a u - 53:55‘ Hwwuwxuwfi ona @235 can? p200 am Jfimnwfl 3mm moHQEwm Hvouwou fiflnh flowwom 0m: EEO mo dz mudoV ~$oid> 32C muoanoh fiH 05am. 92 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION pepper is being grown. In general the smaller-fruited the variety the greater the number of fruits per plant. Some of the small ones are also among the most pungent. Peppers (Sweet), Capsicum frutescens Sweet peppers are successfully grown in a commercial way in the Winter Garden area. They can be grown both as a spring and a fall crop. The fall crop is by far the most important, as that is the only one grown for shipping purposes. They grow more vigorously and are more produc- tive in the fall than in the spring. The difficulty most likely to arise in the growing of peppers is the pepper weevil (Anthonomus eugenii). In some seasons this insect is entirely absent; in others it may be present in great numbers. It pre- vents the proper development of the fruit, and even fairly large, well- shaped fruit may be found to be injured inside when carefully examined. Without proper control of the weevil, the crop may be a complete loss. All varieties are about equally adapted. The choice of a variety depends more on its usefulness than ‘on its adaptability. It is not easy to select a variety on its yielding capacity. In Table 18b the productivity of the varieties is based on fruits per plant. Usually the more fruits per plant the smaller the fruit. Some of the hot varieties have hundreds of fruits per plant, but the fruit is tiny compared with some of the large varieties. Commercially the larger varieties are more desirable under the competitive conditions of some markets. Varieties : California Wonder is the leading commercial variety of the Winter Garden. It is in wide demand in many markets because of its large size, smooth uniformly-shaped fruits, and the excellent quality of its thick flesh. The fruits of California Wonder are 3% to 4% inches long and almost as wide. They approach a rounded cube in shape, and they are often referred to as “chunky” or “blocky.” They commonly have four lobes, but three are not at all unusual. The flesh is perhaps "the thickest of any pepper variety, although today new varieties (or at least varieties with new names) of this type are appearing and often have flesh about as thick: Such an even-shaped pepper with its thick flesh makes an ideal shipping variety. Since it is shipped all over the country it has to be widely appreciated for its quality, as well as its appearance. Its big drawbacks are lateness and small number of fruits per plant. Under Winter Garden conditions, it can be started early enough in the summer in order to come into full bearing during the profitable period of fall. Chinese Giant is large and chunky like California Wonder but it lacks some of the desirable characteristics of that variety while still possessing the undesirable ones. The fruits are very likely to be irregular in shape, in that the sides may be more or less caved in; such fruit will have an appearance of being “deflated.” While flesh is thin the fruit will 93 VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION .3020.» AW. .005 A5. 50000x 25 .5 0000005550 00 0.0.5 055005 05x0 0.. 50x00 05.x; .x5.0005 x50 035x00 550x05 552.05 AmH. x50x.|550x.05 m 500000350? 055B 50553 005500300 552.05 .52. AM. 0.50.8202: .10 =00 .826? x600 550005 550005 AM. x50x0|550x.05 m 050M 505M 50:03. 500E 550005 02.5 AM. x50x. x 005050nx 05.x. 5005055 00.550.02.00 552.05 x0050 >50> .5. 0500-5550005 m 000x500nx 0000 0x00x 505025055 H.000 x0050 AV. 552.05 0-x 000x500 0500 x50 5x00 500 500w 55x0 05x02 >50> m mwéox 000500 0x: 005.00% 550x005 552.05 3H. x50x. m 50005502 550E 5x500 "x5000D H.000 55x0 AmH. 555x005 m 05000 350W 03050000 007x 5005 550505-550 AM. 550505 T» 05000 0005500 03050000 0000A‘. 550x05 x0050 >50> AM. x50x.|550x.05 01w 50x55? 05.50.0500 5x00xm m0 050050 005x0x 0005x0058 .550 m0 .02 0x5050~x >00>0005x55nH 50005050. \ 05.55 A000Bw. 050.55% m0 00000050005550 x000050> AxwH 050m. 05050500 005x 00-00 5x500 .5050 ..0x5 .0505 u u 50000002055 5x003 00507550005 xR-mw 000x .550 r0x5 .0505 H H xx0m 50x50? 05050500 00507550505 mw-wm 5x500 000x505 .0505 H N MEN >5x5fi x00x500 550x05 N015 000x 050x H N 005055 .0582 0m50x EH00 000x .5050 20x5 .0505 H H 000x500nx 050505000500 00507550505 mwém 5x500 .550 r0x5 .0505 N m 500x500 M5050500 xx050 mmlwm 5x500 55> 5x505 .0505 H u mxicox 50x55x0xm 00500003 xx050 00-0w 500000005 050x H m 50005505 >x50mx 05050500 550505 Hwém 0x500 00x505 .0505 H u 0550 350M 5000030 x50 50550055. 050 0x003 0m50x EH05. 000x 50> 00x505 .0505 H u 05000 0005000 5x003 0m50x 3.100 000x .5050 ..0x5 .0505 m m 50x50? 05.50200 050cm 000w 000.5505 005500 500000 005m“ 50000m 005 00050 mo .0Z 0500M , 55000505? 00 050D 0055M $003M. uuonnoh n0 00000100005050 xauoxul> inn n-AIH. 94 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION often be heavier than California Wonder, the lack of weight in wall be- __ ing made up by the size of fruit. Fruits will often measure 4 to 5 inches ‘ long and be almost as wide. Four lobes are common. The variety is less i productive than California Wonder. It has no use as a commercial sort é in the Winter Garden, and even for home use is excelled by others, except; 1n size. Early Giant has fruits of a smaller more elongated type than either California Wonder or Chinese Giant. In length the fruits are 31/2 to 4% inches but only 3 to 3% inches wide. The flesh is comparatively thin. Early Giant excels in earliness and productivity, and hence is a useful’ variety for home use and local market. 3 Oshkosh, while lacking to some extent some of the excellent character- istics of California Wonder, seems to be a very desirable all-round variety. as The fruits have the smoothness and uniformity of California Wonder but are usually somewhat smaller. Broad at the stem end they narrow down to a more or less broad-pointed blossom end. The flesh is thick, l but does not equal California Wonder in that respect. The variety is 7 fairly large and yields well. This characteristic makes it particularly valuable. While not grown very widely, Oshkosh deserves trial by all growers unacquainted with it. It is possible that it may fit in with the growing and marketing operations of some “producers better than varieties now being grown. a RubypKing is a popular variety in some sections of the United States, but has not shown itself {to be of great commercial value to the Winter‘ Garden. It is an attractive, medium long, tapering variety, usually with three lobes. Its earliness makes it a useful variety for home use. Worldbeater bears a resemblance to Ruby King, which is one of its parents. The other is Chinese Giant. Worldbeater has the characteristic tapering shape of Ruby King, but has a larger fruit with greater width. through all its length. The fruits are usually 4% to 5 inches long and 3 to 3% inches wide. It is usually uniform in shape and size, rarely crumpled, but tends more towards the smoothness of California Wonder. In some sections of the United States including the Lower Rio Grande Valley (7) it is a widely grown commercial variety, and has even been grown as such in the Winter Garden area. It has the advantage of California Wonder in earliness. Worldbeater is well worth trying. Potato (White), Solcmum tuberosum VAlthough potatoes are grown in the Winter Garden area in home gardens and even commercially from time to time, they are not as well adapted as many other vegetables. Potatoes are essentially a cool weather crop, in spite of the fact that they are more subject to injury by freez- ing than most vegetables which are thought of as cool weather crops. The fall and early spring months, as well as many days in the winter season, are ideally suited to potato culture. The difficulty is that potatoes "VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 95 are a fairly long season crop and cannot be grown in the fall so as to avoid the days of high temperature without maturing at a time When killing frosts are very likely to occur. Nor, if the harvest is to be in the cooler days of spring, can a crop be grown without the planting time coming in the dangerous frosty period. Studies made in Minnesota (4) indicate that temperature both of air and soil is very important in connection with yields. Where temperatures are relatively 10w, especially at the time of tuber formation, yields tend to be greater than they are under conditions where temperatures are high. Since the only feasible times to attempt the culture of white potatoes are the spring or the fall a grower is practically forced to take a risk with untimely frosts. Unfortunately, too, potatoes are rather a costly crop to grow. One of the biggest items is the seed. This cost as well as other more or less ex- pensive cultural operations have already been incurred by the time the freeze comes and destroys the crop. Early blight and late blight are two diseases which may in certain seasons cause much trouble. These are best controlled by a regular spray schedule which, since it should be begun and maintained before and during the dangerous period, involves still added expense of which there may be no return if the crop is lost through a freeze. ' I Extensive commercial production of white potatoes has not as yet been carried out under Winter Garden conditions although fairly large acreages have occasionally been planted. In home gardens potatoes are often grown as the investment and risk are not so great and the possible return well worth the chance. Varieties : Bliss Triumph, Irish Gobbler, and Ohio Early Rose have all been tried at the station. Yields of all were comparatively low, with the lowest listed last. Bliss Triumph is the most commonly planted variety. It is also the leader in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (7). Since tubers are heavy to ship, very few varieties are carried by local seedsmen, and often Bliss Triumph is the only variety available. The tubers are roundish, and usually deep pink in color. The sprouts are also simlarly colored. Irish Cobbler is occasionally available. This variety yields just as u well as Bliss Triumph, and one strain of it even excelled Bliss Triumph l ever cultivated to any great extent, even in the home garden. ; sembles the winter squash in the manner of culture. it is trailing in habit and requires considerable space. !mr""""* ' in the station trials. The tubers of Irish Cobbler are roundish; they are creamy white in color, although the sprouts may be tinged pink. Pumpkin, Cucurbita pepo. Like the summer squash, which is in the same botanical family, the pumpkin is well adapted to the Winter Garden region. It is not, how- It re- Like that vegetable The fruit, too, 96 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION can be harvested and stored in the same way. Hence while the crop can be planted to mature in the summer, it is usually more desirable to have the bulk of the crop ready for harvest in the fall as the fruit can then be stored during the cooler months. Varieties : Only Small Sugar has been grown at the station. This is one of the most commonly grown varieties in sections where pumpkins are usually planted. Besides being a desirable variety with which to make pies Small Sugar is a type of pumpkin frequently used to make “Jack O’Lanterns.” It is oblate in shape, deep orange in color, distinctly ribbed, and weighs 4 to 5 pounds, and under favorable conditions may weigh more. The vines are very productive. As summer squash and winter squash are both well adapted and the Small Sugar pumpkin also grows well, it is indicative that other varieties of pumpkin are probably more or less adapted. Radishes, Raphcmus sativus Radishes are well adapted to Winter Garden conditions, but have not been grown commercially to any large extent. Because of their com- mercial unimportance, radishes were grown in a large trial only one season. This was in the spring of 1931 when all the varieties listed in Table 19 were grown. In 1930, 1932 and 1933 one or two varieties of radishes were grown in appropriate seasons and they have always been a success. The radish is a widely adapted vegetable, being grown successfully in almost every section of the United States. The short period-usually about three to four weeks under favorable conditions—required for its growth, reduces the problem of finding suitable climatic conditions. In the Winter Garden, the fall, winter, and spring seasons all have favorable weather for the radish, although during the winter a prolonged cool spell may retard the radish’s growth more than is desirable for best quality. Rapid growth is necessary for radishes of high quality. While varieties do vary in quality, there is not the difference in this characteristic that is found in some other vegetables. Almost any radish variety if grown under favorable conditions allowing rapid growth will be crisp, juicy, and mildly pungent. On the other hand almost any variety if grown under conditions making for slow growth will be tough, intensely pungent, and perhaps bitter. Because the radish can be grown through the greater part of three seasons its rate of growth will vary tremendously depending on when it is planted. An early variety planted in late spring or early fall and Well supplied with moisture may be ready to pull in 21 days, while the same variety planted in January may not mature in 60 days. Varieties : \ All varieties of radishes are well adapted. Almost any variety that a grower prefers either for home use, local market, or shipping will grow 97 VEGETABLE VARIETIE'S FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION .5535 5|. wwE u ~uo@cou-opw5m_>o.l.mcoo|.@513 n hwvm .555 iwuocowlpoaofiwmu wflfi 5M5»: 550A comawuwwmmnou 3E woxwn; 0350x535» 53 owns? gmwouwkwwww “w” mmwm E 5%“ “Mama M “Mm émmwfi.“ . Mn“ m usghkwafimflwm no .3355 aszwsnw E55 85:65 won semi?» 5.25203 5 5.25m =55. 2.58 m axsw sass pwwmmwwwm 2E 522.... Ewww wwwfimu x3 ~22 §s_-.%s 2.5m 988m w. ~12 nazmaosw H8 5.8a @235“ m5: ewwmwfih wflwwwflfiw X5 E5268 . 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The varieties discussed in alphabetical order below have been chosen for mention because of their universal popularity, or because of some particular usefulness, rather than on the basis of adaptability, since all are equally adapted. Chinese Rose is one of the best of the so-called winter varieties. While having the typical pungency of a radish, it also has a slight sweetness, which is considered by most people to add to its quality. Chinese Rose like most of the winter radishes is strikingly different from the familiar small early radish. Winter radishes have foliage similar in size to that of turnips, and their roots are also large. One Chinese Rose radish is equal to more than an average-sized bunch of early globular radishes. While Chinese Rose will grow at the same time that the early sorts will, it is more appropriately grown in the fall if the best advantage is to be taken of its storage qualities. It can be stored in the same way that carrots, beets, or turnips are stored. While Chinese Rose can be harvested when rather small, and hence comparatively early, it does take much more time to reach full edible size. It normally requires twice to three times the length of time needed by a small early radish. In this respect it can be compared to a quick-growing turnip. Early Scarlet Globe is probably the most widely grown radish in the United States. If one wishes to grow the radish most frequently seen on the market, this is the one to grow. French Breakfast is also a widely grown variety, probably because of its attractive appearance, and rapid growth. This latter characteristic, however, often causes it to have poor quality, for it continues to grow rapidly even after reaching the edible stage, and hence does not remain edible very long, but becomes pithy. Golden Globe is a good variety to follow the early sorts if planted at the same time they are. While not possessing the bright colors of the red and white radishes, Golden Globe creates a change on the home table with its rich color of russett yellow. It has the character, too, of re- maining in the edible state longer than most, although in flavor it is rarely ever as mild. Icicle is an extremely popular long white variety of excellent quality. It should always be included in the home garden collection, and it is widely acceptable to the trade also. Sparkler often has the longer name of Sparkler White Tip. While in quality and general usefulness it is on a par with most radishes of its size and season, its chief merit is its attractive appearance. Like French Breakfast it has a white more or less circular area at the tip of the root. When bunched these crimson-rooted radishes with their conspicuous white tips make a pleasing appearance. .5. ~ r'\-_ Agrieuliiaral o? ',~ r" .. / \...\ ggggggg $3iiifir. flexes. VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 99, Rhubarb, Rheum rhaponticum Rhubarb is one of the very few vegetables which is not adapted to Winter Garden conditions. This is chiefly because it is a perennial and for successful culture needs to be left in the same location for several years. Planted in October it will grow splendidly through the" winter months, but as soon as the weather becomes warm the following summer it quickly dies from cotton root-rot (Phymatotrichum o-mnivorumloften combined with other decay diseases of the root. * Three varieties, Cherry Giant, Giant Crimson Winter, and Strawberry were all grown at the station in the winter of 1931-1932, and all had. succumbed by the following midsummer. Cherry Giant was again tried in 1932-33. Protecting the plants with a lattice shade a/nd giving them” other special attention failed to bring a single plant through. All were dead by July. This is the common experience of practically all who have tried to grow rhubarb in this Southwest section. Since a rhubarb crop depends to a large; extent on the amount of stored food material in the root, and this food material is in turn accumulated during the long grow-- ing season between harvesting periods, the situation created by the root-rot is a difficult one. For those who wish to go to the expense and trouble the problem can be solved by planting each fall a number of large roots. Small ones will hardly do. Harvesting begins as soon as good growth has been made and can continue throughout the season. This system is equivalent in some respects to forcing in the North, as harvests are made at- the expense of the recently planted root whichfof‘ course, has had no time to establish itself thoroughly. '1 Varieties : Varieties of rhubarb differ from each other chiefly in the color of stalk (leaf petioles), their sourness, and in vigor of growth. This last, characteristic depends, of course, on other factors, too, such as the soil fertility, length of harvesting period, and so on. In none of these characters are the differences always readily apparent. Under the only system of culture which appears possible at this time, the size of root obtained for planting is of much more importance than the variety. A large root is very essential. Varieties which have a reputation for vigorous growth are Cherry Giant, Giant Crimson Winter, and Victoria. Of these only the first two have been grown atrthe station, and Cherry . Giant gave the most promise. Under the conditions of the test, no ’ satisfactory comparisons have been made between varieties. a Roselle, Hibiscus sabdariffa. Roselle is somewhat similar to okra but looks more like the cotton plant, to which both are related. It is well adapted to Southwest Texas con- ditions, and is a valuable addition to the home garden. a - Roselle is grown for the red-colored acid juice obtained from the fleshy calyx. With this juice a jelly resembling that made withcrany 100 BULLETIN»NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION berries can be made. The bolls, or seed pods, are harvested soon after the petals shrivel and drop. Since the cranberry is unadapted to the Winter Garden, roselle fulfills a real need. Roselle, even if planted early, is not harvested until November. It does not flower while the days are still long. When planted in midsummer it still flowers in November. When planted late the plants are not as large at flowering time as they are when planted early. Harvesting once begun continues until the tfirst killing freeze. By harvest time a roselle plant started in April or May is an immense thing, often being well over 6 feet tall and having just as great a spread. A row of roselle‘, plants makes a splendid temporary ornamental hedge. The dark reddish stalks and deep green leaves, together with the bright pale yellow flowers and red buds make an attractive picture. I Varieties : In seed catalogs roselle is only listed under the name of the vegetable. No varieties are recognized. Rutabaga, Brassica napobrassica The rutabaga is very similar to the turnip and is indeed closely related to it botanically. While it is a well adapted vegetable its culture is not quite as easy as that of the turnip. Rutabaga is slower growing than turnip and also seems more attractive to some insects. These two characteristics create difficulties. In the Winter Garden area the ruta- baga is grown to some extent in home gardens, but rarely on a commercial scale. The foliage of the rutabaga with its glaucous appearance bears more resemblance to cabbage, broccoli, and similar crops, than does the turnip although both are related to these other vegetables. The root is much like that of the turnip. In general it is larger, and has more side roots. The same insects which infest turnips also infest rutabagas, and more than any other factor are likely to‘ be the limiting ones. Planted in October or early November rutabagas will hardly mature before March. They are a cool weather crop and can not be planted during the summer. Varieties : No extensive trial of varieties has been made at the station. Three varieties, Bloomsdale Swede, Long Island Improved, and White Rock, were grown with the turnips in 1933-34. The brief observations concerning varieties are based on this small test. Long Island Improved} is a large-rooted variety, twice the size of most turnips. In shape the root is a somewhat lengthened globe, which tapers into a very gradual union with the thick but long taproot. Above the ground the exterior is purple, and below it is creamy yellow. The in- VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 101 terior is also creamy yellow. Long Island Improved is a popular, widely grown variety in certain sections of the country. By some growers it is known as American Purple Top. Bloomsdale Swede as grown in the trials in one season only, appeared very like Long Island Improved. Both are desirable types. ~ White Rock is an earlier variety than Long Island Improved. In shape of root it is the same. The shoulder of White Rock is a very pale green, instead of purple, and below the soil the exterior is white instead of creamy yellow. The flesh is also white. For those who want a white variety, White Rock appears to be very satisfactory. Salsify, Tragopogon powifolius Salisfy is a very minor vegetable, but nevertheless appreciated by many users of vegetables. Under Winter Garden conditions it can easily be added to any garden, as it is well adapted. Salisfy or vegetable oyster as it is sometimes called, is rather slow growing. Planted in October it will hardly be ready for use before late February or even sometimes in March. Varieties : Only one variety, Sandwich Island, is listed by most seedsmen. The roots of this variety are around 7 to 9 inches long and are approximately 1 inch in diameter. They are very cylindrical, and even below the thicker edible portion the tapering of the root is almost imperceptible. Un- fortunately side roots are numerous, and many of them are large. Spinach, Spinacea oleracea The question as to whether spinach is adapted to the Winter Garden area has been settled for some years, for this crop is one of the most important grown in the section (10, 22). Since the season of 1917-1918 when a small acreage of spinach was grown for the first time near Crystal City, the industry has grown and expanded rapidly. By 1929 Zavala County alone accounted for 63 per cent of the carlot shipments of spinach from Texas, and over 36 per cent of the carlots for the entire United States. Acreage and shipments continued to increase during the next two years. Because of the importance of the crop special tests to determine yields were conducted. Only the early and late varieties of both the savoyed and flat leaf types were included in these tests. In the winter of r1932- 1933 each variety was sown at the rate of 101/2 pounds of‘ seed per acre. The seed was sown on October 19. As the stands were rather thick, the rate of seeding was reduced to 8 pounds of seed per acre in 1933-34. That year the date of planting was November 14. -Each variety was sown in three separate plats, the harvestable areas of which were 1/ 100 acre. In Table 20 the yields based on an average of the three replica- 102' BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION tions .and calculated on an acre basis are given for the two seasons. All. varieties were harvested untrimmed. Had they been trimmed for shipment the yields would have been somewhat lower. In 1932-33 Princess Juliana and Longstanding Bloomsdale were harvested two weeks later than the other varieties because they were so slow in growing that they were Table 20. Yields of Spinach Varieties Bushels per acre Rank 1932-33 1933-34 Average 1932-33 1933-34 Average _ _ I I I I Blight Resistant Savoy .... .. 459 372 I 416 I 5 4 I 4 Bloomsdale ......................... ._ 547 391 469 I 1 3 3 BYOB-d Flanders ________________ _. 511 317 415 I 4 6 5 Giant Thick Leafed .......... 1 526 453 I 490 I 3 1 1 King of Denmark ............ .. 427 328 I 378 I 4 5 6 Longstanding Bloomsdale 437 238 I 338 I 6 7 I 7 Morse’s Dark Green.....___.. 542 407 I 475 I 2 2 I 2 Princess Juliana ______________ _. 253 131 | 192 | 8 8 | 8 I I I I I hardly ready with the others. In 1933-34 all varieties were harvested at the same time. The average of the two years gives two flat leaf varieties higher yield than any savoyedtype. This is not unexpected, as these particular flat leaf varieties grow very large and give the impression of being able to yield even higher. Bloomsdale, the leading representative of the savoy- -leafed type had the highest yield by a slight margin in 1932-33, but dropped to third place in 1933-34. This variety in spite of such a record, however, is a good producer, as Table 20 shows. These yield tests indi- cate that neither the flat-leafed types nor the savoyed-leafed types out- yielded each other as a class. Yield depends much more on the individual variety irrespective of type. Under Winter Garden conditions the late, slow growing kinds like Princess Juliana and Longstanding Bloosmdale are very likely to yield poorly. However the latter variety, because of its slowness in producing seed is fairly widely grown for spring-maturing crops. In very cool weather the leaves of savoyed varieties will savoy up much more than in warm Weather. Through the cooperative studies on spinach varieties with the United States Department of Agriculture it has been found that very often spinach is not as savoyed here as it is when grown elsewhere. Also in warm weather, spinach tends to be less erect in habit, and more procumbent. Hence during the long season in which fairly mature spinach can be observed (late October until April) any one variety may appear differently on various occasions according to the time of the year. a iVarieties which tend to bolt may do so if planted very early so as to begin maturing in October, or if planted so as to mature in March or April. The warm weather of spring is very unfavorable to the production ofgood spinach. Most varieties cease to grow vigorously. The disease, Fusarium wilt (30) may appear and kill many plants. VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER ‘GARDEN REGION 103 In Tables 21a and 21b, the days to first usable and to full growth, as well as “habit” have been based on crops sown in the latter part of October or in early November. The time required for a crop of spinach to grow varies greatly with the date of planting and the temperatures during the time of growth. Time of planting tests With the Bloomsdale variey have been conducted at the station for several seasons. Optimum temperatures for spinach seem to be between 60 and 67° F. When the daily mean temperatures for the period of the spinach crop vary either much below or above this range yields may be reduced and maturity delayed. Bloomsdale made marketable crops in all thelway from 48 to 84 days in the 1932-33 season, according to the time it was planted. In 1933-34 the same variety varied all the way from 59 to 111 days. That season was cooler than 1932-33, and hence plantings made in late November and dur- ing December were slower than usual. I The cooperative trials of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture were used to obtain descriptions of the majority of these varieties. Varieties : Bloomsdale (Figure 15) is the most widely grown variety in the Winter Garden area and indeed in the whole United States. Besides being an excellent market and shipping spinach, it also yields rather well (Table 20). Bloomsdale, or Bloomsdale Savoy as it is sometimes called, is a fast-growing variety of medium size. In habit it is usually fairly erect although if maturing in spring may be more procumbent. In cool weather it is very savoyed, but in Warm weather the savoying may be but slight. Gaudry (Figure 16) is a repre- sentative of the flat-leaved varie- ties, although it may be sometimes slightly savoyed, especially in very cool weather. Given room, it makes a much more spreading plant than Bloomsdale. It is much less erect, especially towards the time of ma- turity when its large outer leaves will often rest on the ground. It gives the appearance of yielding Figure 15 Bloomsdale the leading variety considerably more than Bloomsdale. This is a, sav°y¢d type; wmpéu‘? with Figure illustrating flat leafed‘ varieties; However, it is very similar in type g to Broad Flanders, and as Table 20 shows, that» variety did not equal Bloomsdale in yield. Gaudry, because of its fairly smooth leaves is a fine type for canning. ~ ~ 104 BULLETIN NO. 508. 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It is flat-leafed, but in addition has spiny seeds. These seed are in a way similar to grass-bur seeds (Cenchrus ponncifloras), a common weed on the sandy soils in the Winter Garden, but the spinach is slightly Figure 16. Gaudry, an improved type of Viroflay being more compact. smaller and has fewer spines. Hollandia was the largest spinach in the trials at Winter Haven (Figure 17a). Because of its fairly rapid vigorous growth it was ready for use before any other variety. If it had been cut when first usable, the yield would have been considerably less than when fully grown. The large plants are often almost 21/2 feet across. The largest leaves are 16 and even20 inches or more long, and about equally divided between petiole and blade, the latter being slightly the larger of the two parts. The foliage is decidedly light green, and was the lightest green foliage among the spinach in trial. Hollandia while not as erect as Bloomsdale, often is more erect than Gaudry. The large leavesitend to droop rather than be entirely procumbent. The entire lack of savoying makes\ the variety very suitable for canning, a use for which it is much grown in California. Like other spiny seeded MEWS 71F I“ VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 107 sorts it is also planted in the fall in cool-er sections and wintered over, giving an earlier harvest in the spring than otherwise could be expected. King of Denmark is not particularly suited to the Winter Garden area. It is valued in some sections for its longstanding qualities, almost equaling Princess Juliana in this respect. Under Winter Garden conditions it is practically a flat-leafed type. The foliage is very pro- cumbent. The petioles are usually distinctly long. Other varieties are more useful and desirable. Longstanding Bloomsdale was developed for the purpose of giving to the trade a spinach which would be slow to bolt, and yet still be of the popular Bloomsdale type. At Winter Haven Longstanding Blooms- dale has always been slow growing and also slow to bolt. It is a poor variety to plant before January for if planted earlier it grows too slowly in November, December, and January. Yields are liable to be low. Longstanding Bloomsdale was a poor yielder in both years that it was in the yield test (see Table 20). Planted in January it will grow faster, and, judging from observations only, will give higher yields. Longstanding Bloomsdale is much like Bloomsdale in appearance. In general, however, the plants are smaller, more compact and as the variety continues growing into warm weather, they are aften less erect. The foliage is usually darker green. Longstanding Bloomsdale is really an excellent variety, but after three years of rather intensive observation, would seem to be less useful in the Winter Garden than might at first appear. It is, however, planted by some growers for a spring harvest, and ranks next to Bloomsdale in importance. New Zealand is not a true spinach, as it does not even belong to the same family. Among botanists it is known as Tetragonia expansa. Unlike the common spinach it forms a rather much-branched plant of 4 to 5 feet across and 1 to 2 feet in height. The leaves have some resemblance to the common spinach although they are usually smaller. In flavor they are very similar. Harvesting consists of cutting off the tender tips of the branches 3 to 4 inches back from the terminal. Fresh shoots are soon sent out so that harvesting continues until some unfavorable condition such as frost terminates the life of the plant. _ Unlike true spinach, New Zealand spinach cannot withstand cold weather. In the home garden it is excellent for extending the spinach season, as it thrives in much warmer conditions than ordinary spinach does. How- ever, New Zealand spinach is not adapted to the very hot weather of midsummer in the Winter Garden region, unless given protection. Nobel Gaudry is a spinach of the flat-leafedtype, similar in appearance to Gaudry, from which it is a selection. It is usually larger than Gaudry. Like the leaves of that variety, those of Nobel Gaudry are sometimes slightly savoyed, especially in cool weather and in the younger leaves. It is a better type of flat-leafed spinach than Viroflay and Broad Flanders, 108 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION and possibly even Gaudry. Nobel Gaudry is often called just “Nobel,” 0r (Nobel) Giant Thick Leafed,” (5) but was grown under the name Nobel Gaudry. Old Dominion resembles Virginia Savoy more than any other variety. It was introduced as resistant to mosaic and as an improvement over Virginia Savoy, which tends to bolt very easily. Old Dominion is not longstanding, but will bolt just as early as Bloomsdale, and on occasion even earlier. Fortunately it is not as likely to do so as Virginia Savoy. Old Dominion tends to‘ have less savoyed leaves than Virginia Savoy. It does not approach Bloomsdale in usefulness to the Winter Garden. Prickly Winter (Figure 17a) ‘is closely related to Hollandia Prickly described above. Like that variety it is flat-leaved and has spiny seeds. It differs from Hollandia Prickly in being somewhat slower growing, in being slightly smaller both in plant and leaf, as well as being slightly darker green. It is light green compared with Bloomsdale, however. In general usefulness it compares favorably with Viroflay, Gaudry, Nobel Gaudry, and varieties of that type so far as Winter Garden conditions go. In colder climates it is often planted in the fall and wintered over. It is popular with canners especially in California. Prickly Winter is probably the oldest known cultivated variety of spinach (5). Princess Juliana (Figure 17c). Of all the spinach varieties grown in the trials Princess Juliana seemed to contain the fewest off-types. It is a very attractive variety, being of the savoyed type, a dark often dull-bluish . green, and forming a dense compact rosette. The petioles are usually short and because of the compactness of the plant rather inconspicuous. Princess Juliana, or just Juliana, as it is often called, is entirely unsuited to Winter Garden conditions and should never be planted on any large scale. If it is, disappointment may be the result. Princess Juliana is very slow growing. In the trials it has never "yet gone to seed. Even when planted in October it grows all winter long, perhaps reaching a fair size by February 15; but if it is left uncut will be only slightly larger by March, and then will slowly die because of some disease such as Fusarium wilt or a mosaic, rather than bolt. Table 20 gives a good indication of its yielding capacity. Virginia Savoy (Figure 17b) is of the Bloomsdale type although earlier, and was developed to combat the spinach yellows, a mosaic disease (27). It is not only a rapid growing variety, but unfortunately produces seed whenever conditions become even slightly favorable for bolting. It is entirely unsuited for very early planting, or for any planting which would makeit mature in the warm weather of late winter and early spring. In between these two times Bloomsdale is just as satisfactory as Virginia Savoy, as it is usually more savoyed, and as Table 20 indicates will yield heavier. ' VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 109 Figure 17. Illustrating the relative sizes of different varieties of spinach. Spinach in all pictures was planted October 18, 1932-, and photographed January 18, 1934. The smaller varieties increased in size to some extent after this date, but n-ot greatly. The ruler shown is a foot long‘. a. Between the white stakes, Hollandaise ‘Prickly, to left, Prickly Winter. b. Behind hat and white stake, Virginia Savoy, (Bloomsdale was about the same size) c. Behind white stake and to right of hat, Princess Juliana. To left, Victoria. \ 110 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Viroflay (Figure 18). Of all the flat-leaved varieties planted in the Winter Garden Viroflay is the most common. There is always a relatively small acreage devoted to flat-leaved varieties every year, as certain markets prefer this type. Viroflay is of the Gaudry type, but less uniform. Figure 18. Viroflay, a. flat leaf variety“ of spinach. Petioles are usually longer, leaves more pointed, and the plant as a whole less compact. While asked for by growers to a greater extent than other flat-leaved types, it is much less desirable than Gaudry and Nobel Gaudry, particularly the former. Squash (Summer), Cucurbita pepo Summer squash are excellently adapted. They can be grown in the spring and again in the fall. In some locations, particularly on the heavier darker soils they will thrive in the summer. There are three distinct types of summer squash: (1) Scallop, or Patty Pan; (2) Vegetable Marrow; and (3) Crookneck and Straightneck. Varieties: Scallop, or Patty Pan is VeryYpopuIarin the South generally, and par- ticularly in certain sections. ' In shape it is flat, almost ‘disk-shaped with VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 111 a scalloped edge (Figure 19). It may be either white or yellow in color. The white varieties are more popular._ They are usually harvested when quite small. p They can, however, be used when more mature, especially if pared. Because of their shape paring is not easy, and is usually wasteful. Some have been selec- ted for a green tinge to the exterior color, oth- ers for greater depth, greater smoothness, or a combination of these and other characters. It is not easy to make positive identification of these various strains, and many apparently identical strains go un- der "different names (Table 22). Mature fruits weigh 1% to 2 pounds. Vegetable Marrow is a more or less long cy-' lindrical type of squash (Figure 19). It is the smoothest of the three types lacking the scal- _lops of the Patty Pan, and the wartiness of the Crooknecks. It is very little grown in the Winter Garden. How- ever, on the basis of the trials it is highly re- commended. It is just as productive as the other types. In addition, its even cylindrical shape makes packing easier. Its smooth surface makes paring easy, and there is little There is more flesh than in the Scallop or Patty Pan, and fully fully mature. waste. All varieties of this type are very similar to each other. Mgure 1."). Three varieties of fiummer fiquash. " Upper: Zucchine, a vegetable marrow Center: Straightneck - Lower: White Bush . It can be eaten when small as well as when as much, if not more, than in the Crookneck. The color is in general either white, or some combination of mixed greens._ Mature fruits weigh 3 to 5 pounds apiece. The vine of the vegetable marrow may either be a bush or trailing, according to thevariety (Table 22). 112 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Crookednecks and Straightnecks. This group is as distinct from the two groups above as they are distinct from each other (Figure 19). The fruit is long like the Vegetable Marrows, but has a definite neck which swells into an enlarged bulbous end. The neck is either crooked or more or less straight, hence the terms “crookedneck” and “straightneck.” In former years the crookneck was the only recognized type, but from it the straightneck has recently been developed by selection and breeding. In many crooknecks the neck forms a complete “U” curve. The fruits of both crooknecks and straightnecks are usually heavily warted; in some varieties the surface is entirely covered with warts and corruga- tions. The color is deep yellow in the young furits, changing to darker shades and a more golden yellow in mature fruits. Mature fruits weigh 3 to 5 pounds. All types of summer squash will yield approximately the same on a weight basis. Yields of 3 tons or more per acre can usually be expected. The Scallop type usually produces a greater number of fruits. When weighed this advantage is lost because the fruit is small. Individual strains of all types vary in yield. A grower can only be assured of ap- proximately the same performance year after year by sowing seed from the same source having the identical stock number. If the fruits are picked every day or every other day at least, the harvesting period may extend as long as 4 to 6 weeks. The varieties found in the three types of summer squash differ but little from each other. A study of Table 33 will reveal that many varieties are practically identical, and that aside from the three main groupings, there are not many more variations. Varieties of Vegetable Marrows are recommended above all others‘, although they are grown but little on a commercial scale. For shipping or market a scallop or one of the crooknecks or straightnecks is at present one of the more satisfactory sorts to grow. In the Lower Rio Grande Valley White Bush is the lead- ing commercial variety (7). The Vegetable Marrows are gaining in popu- larity in many markets and deservedly so. It is firmly believed that a concentrated effort to sell the Vegetable Marrows on an even wider scale than at present would meet with success. Squash (Winter), Cucurbita maocima, C. pepo Winter squash are very little grown in the Winter Garden, although they are excellently adapted. More winter squash should be grown in home gardens. They add to the variety of food, and since they store splendidly, can be held for those periods when other vegetables are not so plentiful. Winter squash can be planted either in the spring to mature in the summer or in the summer to mature in the fall. In either period fully mature healthy fruits can be put away in common storage so long as it is dry. They will keep longer in the winter months when temperatures ’ are lower. At such times it is possible to keep them several months. Whereas summer squash are soft and watery when cooked, winter squash are dry and mealy. 113 VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 0030000 000:000Am .>00M 0000M 0000000 3000000 03000003 x000 Hw-wm w m M0E000N 000:0 00:0M000H 30:0> 00:00.0 000A mm-wm H a 000m 30:0? 300002 03000M0> :w:M0mH 00:wH 000:3 300.0000 03000M0> M00:000 Hw-wm H u 300002 03000M0> 000:3 00>0 00000000 000:3 00:03 :05. mm-vm H H 000m 00055 000x000“. 0:095 30:0> 0030M x000x0000 000A Hw-wm m w 0000x0000 00.00am 00000005 00000M00M 3OZ0> 0020M 0000000000000 :05: Hwuwm w N xu000nxMm000w 0030000000000 H>000>P 000:3 00:00.0 :35. mm-wm H H £00m 000;? 00000002 000 >0003 >003 000.000 30:0> 0030M x000x0000 :00: Hw-wm H H 10:00.00 000000w 0005x0002 000M >00> “@0003 00:00» 0000 $-00 H u 000m 000.25 000:3 M00-H m0 000w 4 05000000 00:wH 0000M x000 000 00M: 3000000 05000M0> M05000 Hw-wm w H 300002 03000M0> 00:00H PW00000mH 0x01508005 0000M 000M000 .0023 000x000 swan mm-vm H m Q0:00w 000m 00005.. 00000 ©0x0000 >003 3:005 30:0> 0030M x000x0000 000A Hw-wm H H x000x0000 0055mm 000x00 >0003 >00> “UMHQQ 30:0> 0020M 0000000000000 0005 Hwém N H xo000sMm000m 000000w 00000 >0003 >00> “0M001H 30:0> 0030M x000x0000 000a Hwém N m 0000x0000 000000m 00000 >0u03 >00> “QMHNQ 30:0> 0030M 01000000000000 :05 Hwlwm H H xu000zMm0u0w 00010 >0003 >003 "UMHNJH 30:0> 0030M x000x0000 0002 Hwvwm H u xu00x0000 000:0 00000 0000.0 0000:0000 00003 >800: 3000000 2000M?’ M05000 00-0w H H 300002 03000M0> 0330M 0&0“? 0H 00:0M000H 30=0> 902000 :05: mmén H H Swim 3020M 30.0mm 0Q>0 00000000 000:3 “$2000 £003 mmuwm w. m £00m 0.0.2:’? >T~0mm 60030.00 >00> “:000m 0M000O 0700x0000 :00: Hw|wm H H JOQQMOOMD 000Z00w 300E 0Q>0 000.0000 00:03 00:03 025 $-00 H H 000m 000005 00030 0000000 0000M 0000:0360“ x000 >003 $0M: >003 3000000 0300M?» swan Hwém m m 0:0N00o0 0Q>0 00.00.0000 >00> 0000M 000M000 .0033 00:03 0E5 mmém H H xmflm 000;? m.M00000mH 00000 00>? 000:0 0003000 00000000 0000 00000000: _ .00 00.00 00 .00 00 >00000> 0000M 0Q>H 00 m>0nH x0009 0000M xwaavm 00E000m m0 00100000000000 1000:0000, flu 030a. 114 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION .0m0.~000|.a000 "0000805410005 $3M 000 500003 co lflOvuflfil 3:050 0.60 03000000: 00.5» “c3000 0300A 000.530 £00000» 0000:0500 0000700020 £030 0.0 03-03 00.2 00.3000 .050: 0 0 £00.53 00mg» v.00 0000509 000M005 >n0> 0000.5 x030 95> 00a £00050 £003 nfisnfim TX mw-wm EH00 00000.05 050A m a Q0050 03.08 0000030 2.050 < 000.00 0500.5 030w 0000.33 00000000 000.0043: 05:00 W» 0:63 00.3 00000.05 .050: 0 a 0000=c0n000M . 000.0000 0.000.530 0cm. 00000 0020.5 030w 0000.005 3000900 005000-200 0105000 w|n 03:03 00.00 r0005 .050; w H wfiyonasflwnwnnzm 00000050 000500060 002.000 #003000 £00050 0005-0 0000:0500 w-m 0.3-2: 0000 05.500 .050: a a msomoflofi c0300 . 00.0.0000 , 32050 05:00am 5000M x000. £00050 0095.0 00000000500 0-0 20-2: 0000 r0005 .080: H H 0508£0Q >0$w50 0090 \ . . “E000 0300A 00.0w 400050 000000503 0:00 0-0 3703 002 0m0n000 .080: H 0 dfianam 00:50.» .0300 00.00.35 0.00am 450003 00705.00 0000 mxnaaofi . 050G n0000m 00: EEO 00 6n E 0000.03’ 005.0% 0000a. 0.30M ~n00fi>wv smusvw m0 30000000000006 00000.03, éw 0100B VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 115 Most winter squash belong to Cucurbita maximal, a botanical species different from that to which the summer squash belong. Only one variety, Table Queen, included in the tests is of another species, viz., C. pepo. Varieties : Golden Delicious. In a section where winter squash is not grown com- mercially it is difficult to recommend one variety above_ all others, especially as all the varieties tried were desirable kinds. Golden Delicious, more than any other, comes nearer to being such a variety. It is top-shaped and when fully grown may measure 10 to 12 inches long, and 8 inches across. Under hot Weather conditions it tends to be smaller. ' It is golden orange in color, except for the tip at the blossom end, which is a deep green. The surface is almost smooth. The flesh is very thick, golden orange in color like the rind, and is very dry. Its dryness and sweetness give it an exceedingly high quality. These characters combined With the yellow rind are making Golden Delicious an increasingly popular type for canners. It is certainly a desirable home garden sort, and probably would be acceptable on local markets. Delicious differs from Golden Delicious only in having a dark green rind instead of a golden orange one. In shape, size, and quality it is the same as Golden Delicious. It is a much older variety, long known for high quality, but because of the green color of its rind has never been used by commercial canners. For the home garden and local market Delicious should be a valuable addition. Hubbard, Improved. Of all the winter squash, Hubbard is the best known. It has been a standard of quality for winter squash for many years. It is just as well adapted as any of the other winter squash. It differs from Delicious in being more or less pointed at both stem and blossom ends. If it were cut in two, each end would resemble a bell in shape; hence it is often called double bell-shaped. In color it is a dark bronzed green. The flesh is very thick, and yellow in color. Kitchennette is very appropriately named. It is often called “Baby Hubbard,” for it really is a strain of Hubbard which matures fully while still small. It -has all the good qualities and desirable characters of a large Hubbard. Kitchennette is a fine variety for the small family. Either in the home garden or on the market it should have its appeal. Table Queen is also called Des Moines, Acorn, and sometimes in the restaurant trade Individual. Table Queen is not a true winter squash, as it belongs to the species Cucurbita pepo. Its only resemblances to winter squash are its flavor and its storage quality. It is somewhat faster growing than summer squash, as it produces fully mature fruit in about the same time that they take to produce the immature but first usable ones. In shape it is more or less globular, usually slightly lengthened, and noticeably pointed at the blossom end. The surface is ridged or scalloped the entire length of the fruit. The crests of the 116 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ridges are usually about §4 to 1 inch apart. Aside from the scalloping, the surface is very smooth. The rind is very tough and is still dark green when the fruit is ready to harvest. However, if left on the vine or stored after harvest the fruitwill turn golden yellow in color. The most desirable method of preparing Table Queen is that commonly used in the preparation of winter squash. The fruit is cut in half, length- ways. The seeds are removed. Then the two sections can be either placed together again or left apart, and baked at approximately 350 to 400° F. for about 45 minutes. Afterwards butter, salt, and seasoning can be added to suit the taste. Each half makes an individual serving, hence the name “Individual” squash. Table Queen is well worth trying. It is early, productive, of high quality, and is increasing in popularity both as a home garden and a commercial variety in many parts of the country. Sweet Potato, Ipomoea batatas In contrast to the white potato, the sweet potato is ideally adapted to the Winter Garden area. This crop grows luxuriantly and with com- paratively little attention. Like the white potato it is subject to freezing injury, but unlike the white potato it thrives during the long hot season. Hence’the problems of climate are practically lacking with the sweet potato. Although sweet potatoes can be grown on any soil, the best root formation is obtained on light sandy soils. The sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius) is likely to be the most troublesome factor in production. Various control measures are available (24). No large scale production should be attempted without serious consideration of this pest. Varieties : Black Spanish, Nancy Hall, Porto Rico, and Red Porto Rico have all been grown at the station in trials covering three years. Porto Rico is the most desirable of those easiest to obtain. It is not only a popular commercial variety, but makes a fine home garden sort, too. It is also productive and stores well. The exterior of the root is pale rose in color; the interior is pale orange-yellow. The quality is excellent. When cooked the texture is plastic rather than dry and mealy. Available in the last year or two is a Red Porto Rico. This is smoother than the regular strain; has a deep rose or purplish red exterior and is a very heavy yielder. It is decidedly preferable to the regular strain. Nancy Hall is another variety popular in certain parts of the country, as Well as on many of the big markets. It is hardly as desirable as Porto Rico, although in yield it has exceeded that variety in some trials at the station. Like Porto Rico it stores Well. The exterior of Nancy Hall roots is pale yellow, sometimes suffused with pale pink; the flesh is yellow. VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 117 Tomato, Lycopersicum esculentum Tomatoes are one of the important vegetables in the Winter Garden (22) and considerable attention has been given them in the adaptability trials. Because they are grown both in spring and fall, it has been possible to observe them during six seasons. While tomatoes as a crop are well adapted to Southwest Texas, they are at the same time limited in their full development by certain climatic factors, and this is particularly trueof certain varieties of tomatoes which are leading popular sorts in other parts of the United States. Most varieties cease to set fruit with the coming of summer. The low humidity, high temperatures, and drying winds of that season are evidently the chief causes for the failure of the tomato to set fruit according to studies made in Oklahoma (28). Fall harvesting is terminated by the first frost. Hav- ing two rather short seasons in which tomatoes thrive well creates varietal problems not encountered in many other locations. As‘ the accompanying tables indicate, all the late varieties are practically useless to the section. While if planted sufficiently early they will sometimes give a fair account of themselves in the fall, it hardly pays to risk planting them then, as there are other varieties which will give much better yields. The days required by a variety to ripen depends on various factors. Under Winter Garden condiitons, as indeed in many sections in South and West Texas, the earliness of a variety is of greater importance in the spring than it is in the fall. In the fall the different varieties if planted sufficiently "early are ready to start setting fruit together as soon as climatic con- ditions become favorable, while in the spring they maintain the same rela- tive time to maturity as elsewhere. It will be seen from the tables that an effort was made to test thoroughly all varieties which proved promising in the first year or which for other reasons were of much interest to growers in the section. For example, Bonny Best because of its great promise was tried every year and from eight different seedsmen; Marglobe because it has been widely favored by shippers was obtained from thirteen seedsmen during the course of these studies. In this way the usefulness of the important varieties was rather thoroughly determined. ' Yields : With a crop such as tomatoes the yielding capacity is likely to be a more important factor in the determination of the variety best suited to one’s needs than it is with some other vegetables. In the case of crops such as turnips, carrots, and cabbage, each seed to emerge can only pro- duce one harvestable unit. In contrast to this, one tomato seed may produce none or many. As a means of obtaining some accurate yield data, records were kept of the marketable fruit harvested in the spring of 1931 from the varieties being used in the cooperative work with the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. The nine varieties collected for this Work (see Table 24 under “spring”) represented between 85 and 90 per cent of all the tomato acreage in the 118 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION United States. The particular eighteen strains by which these nine varieties were represented were, according to a number of experiment station Workers in five widely scattered locations in the United States Table 24. Yields and Ratings of Standard and Other Varieties, 1931 A T‘, Pounds per acre of marketable fruit Spring, 18 strains Fall, 17 strains Pounds Rating Pounds Rating i - Bloomsdale ....... .. 2909 i 2 Bonny Best No, 5 ............................................ .. 5077 2 2823 i 3 Bonny Best No. 6 .......................................... .. 7024 1 2156 i 4 Break O’Day 1525 i 10 Earliana No. 1 3922 3 2974 i 1 Earliana No. 2 ..................................................... .. 3586 4 1481 | 11 Early Detroit N0. 1 ---. .. 2464 8 20138 I 8 Early Detroit No. 3 ....................................... .. 2915 7 1703 i 9 Globe No. 3 G22 13 1131 i 17 Globe N0. 4 313 16 1442 i 13 Greater Baltimore No. 962 11 i Gulf State Market No. 8201 6 2098 i 6 Gulf State Market No. 3460 5 i 1434 i 14 Gulf State Market No. . i 1155 | 16 Indiana Baltimore 1947 9 | John Baer 2030 | 7 Marglobe No. 2 886 12 1161 i 15 Mar-globe No. 4 1139 10 2146 i 5 Marglobe No, A ' 1472 i 12 Santa Clara Canner No. 2 .............................. .. Negligible 17 i Santa Clara Canner No. 3 Negligible 17 i i Stone No. 1 545 15 i i Stone No. 3 550 14 i‘ i and over a period of two years, the most typical strains of all those submitted. There were three replications of each strain, and each repli- cation was 1/55 of an acre. The plants were 6 feet apart in rows spaced 6 feet. In the fall of 1931, the test was repeated with the majority of the varieties. Several varieties which gave evidence of being entirely un- suited to Winter Garden conditions in either spring or fall were omitted, and several varieties which had appeared very promising in the regular adaptability trials of the spring season were added. These omissions and additions are apparent in Table 24, under “fall.” In Tables 25, 26, and 27 are given the yields and ratings of all the varieties and strains grown in the adaptability. tests for five seasons. These tables, however, do not include the records presented in Table e24, as that was an entirely separate experiment. Records in Tables 25, 26, and 27 are based on plants spaced 3 feet in rows 6 feet apart. While the yields in these tables have been computed on a basis of only one replication, and hence are probably not as reliable as those in Table 24, they show on the whole, in those instances where comparisons can be made, noticeably similar trends to the yields in that table. There is considerable similarity in relative yield of varieties from season to season. Different strains of the same variety yielded variously as Was to be expected, but only VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 119 rarely did one strain of any variety rate very high and another very low in the same season. \ Spacing and soil fertility affects yields of tomatoes greatly. Close spacings such as 4x11/2, 4X3, and 31:3 give considerably higher yields of Table 25. Yields of 58 samples of Tomatoes, Spring 1931 ll/larketable fruit per acre Variety and strain Pounds Ratinrr l l Acme ....... __ _ l 682 I 46 Avon Early . 1595 l 28 Bloomsdale N0. 11 ' 2563 l 18 Bonny Best No. 1 .1 3850 I 7 Bonny Best No. 21 4320 I 2 Bonny Best No. 3 . 3212 I 13 Bonny Best No. 4 3036 l 14 Break O’Day No. 1 3432 I 10 Break O’Day No. 21 ........................................................ .. 3652 I 8 Break O’Day N0, 3 2398 I 19 Break O’Day No. 4 2255 I 22 Brimmer ........... .. . 0 I 55 Co0per’s Special No. 1 I 1716 I 26 Cooper’s Special N0. 2 I 847 I 40 Dwarf Stone .... ., I 968 I 38 Earliana No. 1 .I 1595 I 28 Earliana No. 21 2, 3388 I 9 Earliana No. 3 2904 I l7 Earliana No. 4 2981 I 16 Early Jewel 3245 I 11 Globe No. 1 .. 528 l 51 Globe No. 2 803 I e44 Globe No. 3 1894 I 24 Globe No. 4 682 I 46 Globe No. 5 77 I 54 Greater Baltimore 1243 I 34 Gulf State Market No, 112 ........................................ .. 3223 I 12 Ideal, Livingstorfs 1067 l 37 J. T. D. 1617 I 27 John Baer N0. 11 4697 I 1 John Baer No. 2 3971 I 6 John Baer No. 3 ~ 3003 I 15 June Pink1 1452 I 30 Louisiana Pink 627 I 50 Louisiana Red1 2321 I 20 Mar-globe N0. 1 825 I 42 Marglobe No. 21 1738 I 25 Marglobe No. 3 682 46 Marglobe No. 4 1408 31 Marglobe No. 5 1287 33 Marglobe No. 6 1089 36 Marglobe No. 7 - 649 49 Marglobe No, 8 1 1408 31 Marglobe, Master No. 9 - 1166 35 Marvel 2321 20 Monumental 770 45 Norton Wilt Resistant No. 1 -.._ _-._....__..___--.____-. 968 38 Norton Wilt Resistant No. 2 _._ .__-._._..__._.--__.___-. 99 52» Ohio Red 99 52 Oxheart 0 55 Paragon 825 42 Perfect First Early1 3905 5 Ponderosa, Improved 0 55 San Jose Canner 0 55 Stone 847 - 40 Stone Harris’ Early1 4015 3 Success 3998 4 Walter Richards l I 2101 23 1This strain also listed in Table 2e (1932) “This strain also listed in Table 27 (1933) 120 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION marketable fruit than such spacings as 5x5, 6x4, and 6x6 feet (11). Varieties will respond differently to the same spacings. With heavy bearing sorts, the fruit may be smaller than normal where close spac- Table 26. Yields of Tomato Varieties, 1932 Pounds of marketable fruit per acre Variety and strain Spring Fall Pounds Rating Pounds I Rating Bloomsdale N0. 11 _-___..-.-........a-__-.-._.-._-..-__-_.--_- 4312 3 . I Bloomsdale No. 2 -.._ _. ...__._.-... 3795 I 7 Bonny Best No. 21 .___ . ........ .. 3080 11 5478 I 4 Bonny Best No. 52 .......... ._ 4059 6 Bonny Best No. 6 _ _ . . _ . . . . . . . .. 1518 21 Break O’Day No, 21 3960 4 Break O’Day No. 49 ._ _.___. 2992 12 3762 8 Break O’Day No. 5 .-__..----_-...-.-, .__.~-.--__. 2970 10 Cooper’s Special No. 39 --_-.__--.-_-__-.--......-_.---- 1562 I 20 Earliana No. 21 2 3322 I 8 4114 I 5 Ferry’s 1002 l I 5819 I 3 Gulf State Market No. 11 3._..__.........._._._.___....- 3487 7 1881 18 Gulf State Market N0. 22 .... .. 1892 17 John Baer No. 11 ............................................. .. 3201 10 2706 11 June Pink1 3245 9 7073 1 Landreth 2508 a 14 Louisiana Red1 4466 2 Marglobe No. 21 __________________________________________________ __ 2673 13 Marglobe No. 102 1199 22 Mal-globe No. 11 ............................................... .. 2640 13 Marglobe No. 122 1716 19 Marglobe, Master No. 132 ................................. .. 990 23 Morse’s 4982 6622 2 Perfect First Early1 ......................................... -_I 3718 I 6 I 2134 I 15 Pritchard No, 19 2112 I 14 I 3091 I 9 Pritchard No 2* I I 2662 I 12 Ston-e, Harris’ Early1 ________________________________ __ 3872 5 I I Success1 5698 1 I 1925 I‘ 16 1This strain also listed in Table 25 (1931) 2This strain also listed in Table 28 (1933) ing is practiced. Low-yielding varieties will not be as noticeably affected. The use of fertilizers will usually overcome this difficulty with high- yielding varieties. Yields with each spacing are usually much greater in the fall than they are in the spring. Soil fertility and fertilizers have an effect on tomato yields. All varieties respond to fertile conditions with a more vigorous vine growth, and where the nutrients are present in good balance with heavier yields of marketable fruits. No fertilizer was used in the variety and adapt- ability studies. Varieties: Bonny Best. Of all the varieties tried, Bonny Best has shown itself to be the one most suited to Winter Garden conditions. It seems to bet a remark- ably reliable yielder under both spring and fall conditions. Bonny Best is as early in the spring as any tomato adapted to the Winter Garden. The plant is of medium size and semi-erect. The foliage while not heavy, VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 121 lacks the openess of some varieties and hence prevents sunscalding without creating too dense a shade. The red fruit is deep oblate in shape, and normally medium in size. Under unfavorable conditions (such as heavy rains or irrigation following dry weather) it may develop radial cracks Table 27. Yields of Tomato Varieties, 1933 Pounds of marketable fruit per acre Variety and strain l Spring Fall l l Pounds Rating Pounds Rating I l Bloomsdale No. 1837 22 Bonny Best No. 1210 4 8071 1 Bon-ny Best No. 660 14 6822 3 Bonny Best No. 737 l 11 6802 4 Bonny Best N0. 1199 5 5421 9 Bonny Best N0. 7550 2 Bonny Best N0. . 4983 11 Break O’Day No. . .... .. 726 12 l Break O’Day N0. 451 19 4223 13 Break O’Day No. .. 5854 8 Clark’s Early No. 1 . 924 6 3192 V 15 Clark’s Early No_ 2 .. 6446 6 Clark’s Special B .... __ 2700 18 Clark's Special C __________ _. 1706 I 23 Cooner’s Special No. 32 1232 2 I Earliana No. 21 2 ................................................ _. 1529 1 Earliana No. 5, 1232 2 Ferry’s 1002 396 20 5900 7 Gulf State Market No. 112 ____ ________________ 1. l 482 18 Gulf State Market No. 22...“ 726 12 Gulf State Market No. 3 _________________________________ _, 902 7 2044 20 Jack O’Harts 3025 16 John Baer No, 4 ______________________________________________ __ 539 17 Karger - 3608 14 Marglobe No. 102 154 24 l I Marglobe N0. 122 264 23 l l Marglobe N0. 14 396 20 2981 17 Marglobe No. 15 _________________________________________________ __ 1331 26 Marglobe N0. 16 2013 21 Marglobe No. 17 ________________________________________________ __ 2496 . 19 Marglobe No, 18 l 5258 l 10 Marglobe, Master No. 132 ________________________________ _. 352 22 l I Morse’s 4982 .. 594 16 l 6610 l 5 Pritchard No, 12 ________________________________________________ __ 616 15 l ' Pritchard No. 22 _________________________________________________ __ 869 8 I 4702 l 12 Pritchard N0. 3 814 , ‘9 l 1408 l 25 Pritchard No_ 4 ______________________________________________ __ 7'70 I 10 l l Red Rock n l] l‘ 1613 l 24 ‘This strain also listed in Table 25 (1931) 2This strain also listed in Table 26 (1932) which are usually shallow. Circular cracks are rare. There are usually 5 to 8 regularly arranged cells in the cross section. General observations, supported by extensive data‘ collected at College Station (32) indicate that puffing is less than in many varieties. The fruit has good quality. Bonny Best is an excellent variety for the home garden and in view of the consistent low yields of its chief commercial competitor in this section (see Marglobe below) is grown considerably for shipping. The better strains of Bonny Best have always outyielded the better strains of Mar- globe and this statement is even true of many of the lower-yielding strains 122 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION EHHHHEE EHHHwoE Qfivwouam Haownmxfiwm EHHHmwE wHTmm flouwomEE 35$ oEoHH H H 95TH 30:0? EHHHHEE 55:58 $5526.25 domHoHEwm HSHQUE wmlmm floBwwmwHE 3.35 0E0: H H hawk 502w? ._ H EH65 £45 comwwwHHHE 2E5 . 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H: moHHmHuouu-EQHO HMHQHHQHP a2 ~55. 123 VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 0090000 M00000 =03 000m 07w 30:0.» 00s0m|0500 $.70 53M 30:0? 0002.000 05.000 =03 000m 07m 30:0» 0000020000 XTX 000m 3o=0> 0000.000 000 003000000005 00h mUhfiSOmm HQZGB 205m 00000.0 0030000000 05> 000.00 v-0. 00.0 000000 00000 $01 fin 3000mm 00000 m0 000.003 0030000000 000.00 w-w 000 000000.000 00000 fim|fi0~ 0000M M05000 .00o0w 0.000000 000 003000000000 95> 0;. 0000 000500.000 0000 $0.300 0000M 000000.200 00000000 00-00 0.0.0 000000000 00¢. 000000 0.5.00 500w 000000000 000000060 00.0 0000000000 50:00 000w 00w 0000.00.00.00 02.0000 $0000.23 5000 Tm 00.0 00.0000 000w Xm-ukw xooM 00M 005800 M00000. =03 30w 01m 000 00000-0000 XTX. 0000 00M 55500 E 000.000 0500 00.0 0000 07m 000 000000 0000 X70 0.0.500 00M 0000A 005500 00 00000.0 0500 00.0 0000.0 01m 00.0 0000M Kim“ 0.0.500 000M 000000000000 00 0000 000M 0000M 00 0x070 muw 000.0 00.030 00000 Nkw-Xm 0.5000050 00000000 00G 003000000000 000»? xflwfi UOS000d~w Oauv dmOH0UGO~w 000.00 .00 000.003 00000 0005.030 NTw v00 00.200 0000 m0. 00.5mm 0000M 000.0000 0000.000 000 “03005000000 05> v0.0 000000 000w . 0000.090 0000.000 000 003000000005 05> x000 0000M 0Tb 0.0000000 $000.00.» 00R 00000000000000 F00> 10.0 0000M 00mm 0000C 0000003000000 05> 00000 0000M m4. 0.0.0 000000000 0000 Xb-Xm 00d0m0m0~m 003$ 000.52 0.0000 00 000.003 “wcwflnufl 00 0000mm 3'00 00.0 000x00 0000 mzw wmv 0.00.002 6000.000 00H H0>MOQB~0OMQGB 35> v00 060000050002 000.000.00.00 020000 00000 .5000 w|m 000 00.0000 m-w 000,55 005000000 00m “0>000000.00:D 01m 00.0 00000 w-m 00000.52 0000.00.00.00 00000 .5000 0030000000 00 >02 m-N. 000 000000.000 00M 0000000010 000000000000: 05> x000 000000.000 x000 0000000010 x0000 .00 000.53 000M 0000M 00 000055 00.0 00.0000 0000 Xm|~kw 000.5030 000.000 0000M .0 000 "0000 000M 0000M r10‘ 000 000000 0000 $m|~k¢ 000.0090 \ 000 0500 “wnsflawfl x000 4 07w x000 000000 000w 0-0 x000 000m 000000000000 05> "0000 000M 0000M m6 00.0 00.300 0000 Xm|~k¢ 50M 0000. 0000 000 000000000 000000000000 002 mTm 000.0 000000000 00.5mm .O xowh 000000000 000000000000 00Z 00.0 000000.000 w|m .M .0. .0. 0>0000©0000D v00 0000M PQQ0mMGM>MQ .0000; 0.00.000 :0 50000 00x00.» 5000 00300000004 w-m x000 0000M ukmkkw 5x002 00.000 .0000 00000010 00G "00/00050000005 35> m0. ~00.» 0000000000 0am OMOEESGM 00000.10 0.000000 000 003000000000 05> 0-0 x50 0000M w-m 00000 000.00 0o 000.003 00300000000 00000 v-0 000 00.0000 0000 m-Xw 0c." 0.0.0.50 000T» 00 000020.005 0.1.... x000 00.0000 0000 0-0 $005M 0000M 0w: 00000 00w 009.... 05> 5300:0000 N700 v0.0 000000 0000 m-w 0:02.50“ 03000000003 000 000000000 Xm-Xw 003m 0.53M M00000 00 =03 000T» >05 "0000 0030000004 w|m x50 0000M 0-0 00000.5 0.50000 wzaswoaEo NI. 0.2 85.0020 .02. E 0 38$ .0220 0010000000000. m-w 00.0 000000.000 0000 o0 M xd0000w 0x020 000000000000 35> 00000 000M 0000M Tm 000.0 000x00 00000 $00-$00 0000M 0.00.500 00000003000 35> 00000 000M 0000M m-m 00.0 000x00 00000 ~km|~k¢ 0030b... 0000M 0.5.000 00000000 000 00000003000000 05> x50 0000500000 o?» 5EE00M 0000000000000 000.00 wLv V0.0 0000M xvuxm hdhmkv 00.00am 000000000000 35> 0030000000 w-m 00.0 00.200 0000 ukmQkw 000M 0000M 0.0000 m0 000.003 »0>00000000 00000 v-m 000 00.0000 0000 xmlxfi 00000000050 0000 gwflaam mM-w 00.0 00.0000 0000 m4 . 3.00M 00>< 0000.000 000 0030000000000 0-0 x000 000x00 0000 X0000 0504 v .0: =00 0.00000 0000w 000000 600w mxnwfiofi 053m 00a >0005> 124 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION of Bonny Best (see Tables 24, 25,. 26, and 27.) In the spring under favorable conditions Bonny Best will usually yield in the neighborhood of 11/2 to 2 tons of marketable fruit; in the fall one can expect 2% to 3% tons, when plants are spaced 4 by 2 feet. Bonny Best is not resistant to wilt (Fusarium), hence it would not be a desirable variety where this disease is prevalent. To date this disease has not been very serious in the Winter Garden. Should it ever become so, Prit- chard or Scarlet Topper would probably be the best substitute. Bonny Best traces back to a single plant selection in a field of Chalk’s Early Jewel. Bloomsdale is of the Bonny Best type. It has given an excellent ac- count of itself more than once in both yield and quality of fruit. Break O’Day was introduced in 1930 as an early variety resistant to Fusarium Wilt. Break O’Day rapidly became popular in many sections of the United States, particularly in certain Southern locations. In Texas it has been much favored, and still is, by some growers. Its desirable characteristics are: earliness, globular fruit, and disease re- sistance. Drawbacks to the variety are: openness of vine, favoring sun- scald, and tendency to ripen too slowly on the shoulder. I Chalk’s Early Jewel. Long associated with Bonny Best because of its close relationship to that variety, Chalk’s Early Jewel can often be sub- stituted for it. As with most of the widely grown varieties satisfaction will depend to some extent on the strain and stock which is grown. Clark’s Early. Although not so traditionally linked with Bonny Best as are some other varieties Clark’s Early is nevertheless nearer that type than any other. It is planted by numerous growers in Southwest Texas and their reliance in the variety is justified by observations made in these tests. Cooper’s Special. For those growers who want a pink tomato, Cooper’s Special is a good one to try. It is an attractive globe-shaped tomato which has given signs of being able to yield well under adverse spring conditions. While it has not been tested sufficiently for an unreserved recommendation, the data indicate that it might very well be tried in a small Way by those interested in varieties other than those which they are now growing. Earliana. This old variety is still one of the most useful sorts. Earliness, productivity, and good quality all give it high rank for the home garden. The tendency of the fruit to be slightly oblong in cross section, to crack circularly and to lack depth makes it less desirable for shipping than many varieties, although it would be well suited to some local markets. The open vine habit with consequent lack of shading is an undesirable characteristic. Early Detroit has had wide popularity in certain sections of the United States. It is not, however, adapted to Winter Garden conditions. VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 125 Globe. A very popular variety in certain sections of the United States, Globe has shown itself to be entirely unadapted to Winter Garden con- ditions. Greater Baltimore, another variety of considerable importance in other sections of the United States, is not adapted to Southwest Texas. Gulf State Market is one of the few pink-fruited tomatoes adapted to the Winter Garden section. This deep globe tomato is likely to yield more in the spring than in the fall, and is well worth growing by those who have use for pink tomatoes. It is supposed to have come from a single plant selection from Early Detroit in Mississippi in 1917. John Baer is synonymous with Bonny Best for all practical purposes. All statements pertaining to that variety can be applied to this. It seems to puff somewhat less than Bonny Best (32). June Pink can be best described as a pink Earliana. It is an excellent variety for the home garden. Marglobe, a variety much favored by shippers, and very popular in many sections of the United States, has been a notoriously poor yielder in Southwest Texas. This quality tomato can hardly be excelled for shipping. The fruit is globe-shaped, red in color, and usually fairly solid, present- ing considerable fleshy mass in the center and in the placenta when examined in cross section. The cells occupy comparatively little space. However, in tests at College Station and in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (6, 32) Marglobe was one of the worst varieties to puff. Unfortunately, too, the fruit is very liable to have deep radial cracks. The vine is more erect than Bonny Best and the foliage denser, hence giving considerable shade to the fruit. Because of its commercial importance more strains and more stocks of Marglobe have been tested for adaptability at the Winter Garden Station than any other tomato variety. In spite of these many tests no results have been obtained to indicate that Marglobe can be depended upon for high yields. The conditions of the spring season always seem par- ticularly adverse to its requirements. Should the fall season continue later than usual Marglobe may begin to bear heavily towards the end, but even under such conditions it is still at a disadvantage, for all varieties are then favored. A comparison of Marglobe with Bonny Best (see Tables 24, 25, 26, and 27) reveals the fact that better strains of the latter have outyielded it consistently, often as much as three or four times, and occasionally even five, six, and seven times. A variety yielding so little must receive a considerable advantage in price in order to realize a profit. Even under the more humid conditions of the Lower Rio Grande Valley Marglobe has been reported as a rather low yielder (6). Under the dryer atmospheric conditions of the Wichita Valley it behaves in much the same way that it does at Winter Haven (3). Morse’s 498 can be grown to replace Earliana as "it resembles good strains of that variety. It was very productive in the two fall tests 126 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION (see Table 26), and is certainly worthy of trial by those interested in the Earliana type. Perfect First Early, is another tomato of the Earlianaitype. Its fairly consistent yielding qualities attracted attention in these tests. Red Cherry. This little tomato is usually offered for sale as a novelty or with the statement “good for preserves.” Both of these statements are correct, but in the Winter Garden, Red Cherry along with several other small-fruited sorts has the additional very valuable distinction of being able to set fruit all through the summer. The small “cherry-sized” fruits are of excellent quality, and are always present in great pro- fusion. They rarely crack and decay, as the few fruits on regular com- mercial varieties so often do when by chance they are set in hot weather. For those people who are willing to pick it, Red Cherry cannot be too highly recommended for summer use. Red Pear is a small tomato very similar in type and habits to Red Cherry. The fruits are pear-shaped, as the name implies. It also is valuable for fruiting in the hot summer months. Stone is very widely grown in some regions of the United States, especially in those districts of the East which specialize in canning. Because of its lateness and consequent unproductivity it is entirely un- suited for Southwest Texas. Stone, Harris Early. This variety lived up to its name by being early on the two occasions that it was tried. It was also a heavy producer. The fruit is flattened like a regular Stone, but is somewhat smaller in size. While it would not be a first-class shipping tomato it is worthy of trial for the home garden, local market, and canning. Success has value because of its fairly reliable yielding capacity, especially in the spring, a season which is: adverse to so many varieties. The variety also usually continues to set fruit later in the spring than many varieties. Unfortunately the fruit of Success is below medium in size, reducing the variety’s value as a commercial sort. Yellow Pear. The value and usefulness of this variety is the same as that of Red Pear and Red Cherry. It differs from the former only in having yellow fruit instead of red.‘ Yellow Plum is another small-fruited variety. The fruit is plum-shaped, yellow, and somewhat larger than that of Red Cherry. It does not approach the commercial sorts in size, however. Having the advantage of size, it fails to be as productive as Red Cherry, but like all the small-fruited sorts does possess the merit of setting fruit in the summer. Some seedsmen offer a Red Plum. This has never been tried at the station but is believed to be of the same general typeas the Yellow Plum. VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 127 Turnip, Brassica rapa The turnip is closely related to mustard. The foliage of the turnip is not only similar in general appearance and color, but can often be used for greens also. The flavor is practically the same. Like mustard, too, turnips are popular in home gardens. There is generally some commercial acreage in turnips, and in some seasons a fair tonnage is shipped from the Winter Garden area. Turnips are subject to attack by the same insects which infest mustard. These are the flea beetle (Phyllotreta, spp.), turnip louse (Rhopalosiphum pseudobrassica), and the harlequin bug (Murgcmtia histrionica). These insects make the culture of turnips very difficult and almost impossible in some years. Under such conditions it is inadvisable to grow turnips without giving some thought to possible losses through insect troubles. Varieties : Shogoin is by far the most useful and satisfactory turnip for this area. The foliage grows rapidly, and hence is likely to outgrow minor insect troubles. Severe infestations, especially of harlequin bugs, will injure it badly. It is particularly‘ resistant to aphids. Its large tops can be used for greens, and its roots are of good quality. They are white, usually top-shaped, and become Well above medium size if allowed to grow. The large tops are favored by truckers who want bunched turnips. Golden Ball can well be grown by those looking for something different from the common white varieties. In season, too, it is later, and hence comes in after many of the white varieties are gone, or at least past their best. The root of Golden Ball is almost a perfect globe with a warm creamy yellow color. This color extends through the flesh also, where it becomes somewhat paler. It has good quality. Purple Top White Globe is a standard all-round variety, and is widely grown. Although it is a fine, dependable sort it hardly equals Shogoin in real usefulness. The root of Purple Top White Globe is, as the name implies, globular. Above the soil surface the exterior is purple; below it is white. The interior is white. The quality is of the best. Snowball is an early globular turnip. As the name implies it is white, but under many conditions it is a useful, desirable variety, but it hardly equals Shogoin. White Egg is a midseason oval-shaped turnip. Except that it follows Shogoin in season and hence serves a useful purpose in that respect, it does not equal that variety in usefulness and reliability. White Milan is one of the really early varieties. It differs entirely from Shogoin in being smaller both in foliage and in root. The latter is very flattened and hence to many users is not at attractive as many other varieties. While a dependable early sort, it is not as desirable as Shogoin. Extra Early Milan is the same as White Milan. 128 BULLETIN N O. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 50200 32 no.2 932200.554 30220.2 0200 3020.2 020.2 50252020 00.202 02020 30220 W 5.52m m0 25.235 m0 .202 3223 3223 2.0532022 5.20.» 5522.05 205m 502222 322E. 302.20.» 02202202 2.000 02223 3223 2030 0Ma02|5522.05 MMH 322.5 52002.5 m0 25.235 m0 2072 3223 02223 50252020 5522.05 2202305w 2520m5 2m05 225022000022 3223 3223 005022.123 00502-552205 520025 $0.2. 0.2a . 2202.202» 02202202 2.000 02223 222cm 0>020 02222522 20252020. 0.9202 02020 0222B 220.2. 0222.25.22 50200 32 50.2 032005322 30220.2 500.20 02022 302205 500.20 50252020 5522.05 220m2 502.200 5.52 0.23 a. 25m 3223 ma...» 8.5.2.5 i? E=2..~E-..¢Em 5.5.2 0.2.23 .525 3.5 520M02m m0 25.2005 m0 20.22 3223 3223 2.0503022 205m 23522 20222 0.22222 32.20222 0920mm 05020.2 3223 3223 2.0532022 205m, 502202. 20202 52.20222 50253.52 .202.23.~H . 02202w 32m m025050~m 50200 .2..202.~0> 20022 0025.25.2- 20 00220223092020 2302.205» 2am 0220.2. 5522.05 00.202 om-mw 302 203m .0502 2 2 02020 30220 N 5522.05 2205m 5-3 52.200 0502 2 2 502222 0222.5 5522.05 2.05m 02.1mm 50m00m2.25 2002.205 .0502 2 2 M022 32225 5522.05 5522.05 2227mm 52.200 0502 2 2 20230.5 22022 00.202 30> 02.1mm 50m00m2.25 M5222Q22m ...20v2.205 .0502 m m. 520m02w 0M5“ 0222.252 050m 202.202. 5522.05 EH02. 50m00m2.25 000022.522 220 w m 02020 32225 220.2. 022.252 5522.05 5522.05 mw-ow 302 2002.205 .0502 2 2 220m 502.200 52222.05 205m mmuom 222.200 0502 2 2 22.0222 022g 2225mm 02223.2 5522.05 5522.05 00-25 22.200 2002.205 .0802 m 2.. 202522 202.22 3223 32.2022 5522.05 205m mmém 3.200 0502 2 2 50220.2. 202M 52.202 2002M .20 0 05 .2 0 22 .w 200.502 002.253 2E3 0a 0.200.. 5om00w 052 H0220 we .05 222 22022022. 030220.22 230.2. 0.200% mains? m0 32202202005020 230220.? 0mm 0220.2. VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 129 Watermelon, Citrullus vulgaris \ Watermelons are well adapted to the Winter Garden area. Productivity, earliness, size of fruit, and quality vary from year to year according to the climatic conditions. Irrespective of irrigation (Watermelons are normally not irrigated very much) the Watermelons set more prolifically and bear larger fruit in a wetter, more humid season. Quality is likely t0 be better, too. In 1931 there was more rain than normal, and conditions of high humidity prevailed ‘more than usual. That year the quality of nearly all varieties was good or excellent, and the condition known as “white heart” (a white center) was practically absent. The following year was much less favorable for watermelons. In spite of the fact that seed from the same packets was used for most of the varieties both years, the hearts of a large number of fruits were white or very pale in 1932. Neither 1933 nor 1934 were as favorable watermelon years as 1931, and in these years also, hearts tended to be paler, or White. Such evidence is indicative that climatic conditions have considerable effect on the color of flesh and heart. When vines grow vigorously, bear prolifically, and conditions are generally fa- vorable, the white core is not nearly as common. Varieties : Tom Watson. When market and shipping conditions are considered, this variety is probably the most satisfactory one for general recommendation. There is no variety sufficiently outstanding to be made an unqualified first choice. Hence varieties other than Tom Watson, or ‘the related strains, Red Heart Tom Watson and Weatherford Watson, may well be considered for such a position by those who have tried this variety. Tom Watson is long, cylindrical, and dark green in color. Normally it is of good size (as high as 42 pounds at this station). The rind is tough. The flesh is a deep red, and if grown under favorable conditions the heart will be similar in color. The quality is excellent. Red Heart (Tom) Watson is a strain developed for a higher tendency towards red hearts. This strain has shown up very well, although it is not immune to white heart. Weatherford Watson is a good strain of Tom Watson developed at Weatherford, Texas, many years ago. Burrell’s Grey is one of the desirable grey-skinned melons. It was none too productive, however, and the size was only medium. It is reported to grow very large in some locations. It has a deep red flesh of fine quality. Dale is grown in the Winter Garden area by a number of growers and is rather well known as a local melon. In the station trials it ex- hibited no outstanding qualities, but had the characteristics of a fairly productive and reliable sort. It resembles Florida Favorite, particularly in exterior color, and shape. The shades of green in Dale are darker than those in Florida Favorite and the lighter-colored stripe is slightly broader. In size Dale is usually somewhat larger, often distinctly so. 130 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 50.715 0550051005 100M 5505 530.0: :0H3 03:3 30:0.» 000H0M 03000005 .005 mm-ww 3.000 050: w m 500.00 00H 00:02.: 3020* 0H0 530.0: :00...» 000:3 000m 00.0.00 030000000 00-000 >100 0000.005 .050: m w 00008000003 530.0: 0H0Ha 0100 0>H00000.0m 00-20 000000005 M0HamH:w .050: H m 00000.5 0.000.005.0000? mH0 530.0: :33 00H:3 00.0 03000005 00-2 000000005 McHmmEw .050: m w 0000.00 000w 0.0.003 030.0: H005 0000 020000000 mm-om 500000050 005050 .050: _ H H 500003 50H. .5300: H005 m000 030000050 .005 mm-om 000000050 M50050 .050: _ m m >056 H50500:.H. 000M005 0H00H: 030.0: 00a m000 03000095 .005 00-00 00000035 MnHmmEw .050: m m 00000005 0000m 030.0: 00a m000 0300009500 000m 00.000 M5HamH:w .050: H N 00:00H:0m 030.0: H.005 0000 0.0030005 mmém 50000035 M0HmmH:m .050: m m 5000005 50H 0000mm 00H 000M005 0:003 :0H3 00H:3 00.0 m00H0 0300000550 ooH-mm 000H 050: H H 0000M m3 530a: :33 0023 050m 0>H005H0onmfl5 20-00 >500 000505 .050: H N 350m 000x502 ..307H 00H:3 00H 50HH005 03000095 2-8 000000050 0000005 .050: 0 m 000050.06 307H 0H00H: 00.0 0000 >50.» 00000000000 .005 wmém 500000050 000105 .050: 0. 0 001H50HM 0H0 530w: :0H3 00H:3 H005 0000 030000050 00-0w .2500 000505 .050: m m 0003m >0.H0H00HM 0:003 H005 500005 030000050 00-00 00000035 050: H H 00009 H50 MEN 00H:3 H000 50H005 02000.05.» 00-00 000000005 M0HmmH:m .050: m m 00.0.0.0 :mH..~H 030.0: UQH 900$ Q>$OHHHOOHQ H005 wmumm 000000005 Nimflflwfim .0805 N m. aflwfiwmm OQQHHH 0H00H: vHcHm 0300000550 00-0w .3000 50> 050: H H 0000 00H 2.50m 55.005 0H00H: :0H3 000:3 H00» 0000 03000005500 om-mw 3.000 05o: u m 03.0mm 0..~_.~.0:H0m 00H:3 H00» 50H005 030000050 00.0-2 00000035 M:HmaH:w .050: 0 v 00r00>0nH 0050?: 00H:3 00.0 500005 030000050 .005 wm-mm 000000050 0000005 .050: m u . .0H0Q 03:3 00a 0000 030000050 00-00 00000035 050: m H 000000 000:3 50:50 0000:: 00a m00H0 50> 030000050 wm-mm 000000050 050: m H 000000 000.05 5005C 000:3 00a m000 030000050 00-00 0:000 00:55 .050: m m HH0Q0Q50U 030.0: H005 m000 030000050 .005 00-00 500000005 0000005 .050: a m >050 0.20.055 0H00H: H000 50HH005 03000095 0.0-2 50000035 M0HmmH:0 H H 00050003000: 00w0M0< 000:3 00a a00H0 33> 030000050 wm-mm 50000035 0000005 .050: H H H00000w 05:05 .00:0M0< 0:003 H005 m000 30> 03000005 wm-wm 000000005 0000005 .050: _ w H H00000m 00005 .00HH0M0< _ . .H0H00 :m0H.0 000300: 003500 0000 .0200 000m .00H..0000H >0H>H000000m 00.00 00w00w 000 000:0 00 .00 0H ~$UHHG> 0000M 00 m>0HH H0009 0500M . 0000050000? .00 0032000000050 H000Hu0> .2» .055. 131 VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION >50>|$ “55:w05.|.w05 Mimi's-H 50M 500.50 505050 pc0i0ux0 0: 500 5:050: 551005 00:30.5 M50050 .005 :0>0 mm|wfi Xw-Xwxwfitfin 00H w0:w0rm 323W 030:0» 035050 05h F050: 551005 00:00.05 “c0050 :53. :00:5~5:>0 mmTvm Xw-Xvxfiw-mfi 5305500502» 50303 05.30 50F 00:00:: 50300.5 < 5:053 001305 "c0050 5:005 :00:.§5:>0 Nw-vu fiwLkvxfim-m: 50303 0.5350500? 0 T50 0:80:05 v50 5:35 .5058. 555M005 0.53:0 "5095 M520 M5030 wmém Xmnxvxwfié: 0:05.050 05H 0.7503. @5050 000w "$5515 :02: 5005M 53:05 :00T:5S>0 wm-om 503.03 50E 0W5: 0: 5.00 5:050: 552005 >95 05050 wN-Hm >050 55555:? 5,2550% 5:050: 55:05 500.50 .005 1.30 05053-0505? .> 0min 555505 053w 0.35am 30m "0052 0: 500 50:8 552005 03.5w m; M50050 .005 M5050 00-8 n0:0o::0w :w0G 50300.5 05.5w $5000.03 50m. 0%.: :56: 001505 M50050 605 :00m.-5:>0 mméu fiwufivxfiw-o: 500003 50E 0.50m 00M 0.50:3 h: $020003: @050» 552005 0.5.50 .2 1.60am .005 M5030 omnmm 050M 50B. -2605 5m mnmacmonmwmmfl 050E: 5005M 55005 50:55:05 mN-S 3.5m 000102 30Z 303E» B05 w5wfi5ofw 50:50: >30 :0>o mN-wa nko~lxmxvfi|mfl 050094050 .502 @500 >50> 002 0:003: :5: :m5o: 5005M 0:530 M5050 o: :0>o M50: ~m|wH aéMmTwH 3553M 030E: 502050 05020050 0: 500 “53005-50050» 5005M x500 #0050530 M5030 mm-ou p00>>m >0€€2M 05.5w 05:00» 0.00.50 “Iwflcw (E58. 5005M .3 "0355 5500.8 501503 5-2 50050 :50 0.5M ~50 500w 0E5 :m5o: “5055Ew :05; >050 00 505050 $5030 mmé: >050 5T5 050M595 00.52 0: 500 :56: 03.5w d: “c0050 .005 150 M50: mm-ww Xm-Nkrxmm-om EMSXH 055m 000500055 0E3»: $0.550 “c0050 in :0>o io:w-.~fi5:o:u om-m: pmfivflwmm 3:55am 500:2» .5005 050mm 55005 o: .5050: 5005M .005 :00:.~w5:>0 2.05050 oméw wéxmT: 2050mm 0:05:05 03.0505 J50=00xm~ 5053 553005 05.5w .3 M50050 .005 M5030 mm-om Tvxwfi-w: 003020,": 0030?: 03020.» 03.50am "E50: 55005 055:0 d: 500.50 605 M5030 wN-mu w-vxwfi-w: 20G 000m 02:3 05$»: 2E: d: M50050 .005 5.01530 2J5 358w 00:25 505:0 0520554 5.0:: 50=w5w 03$»: 03.3.0 .3 3500.50 .005 50153.0 mH-w: w0©00w xvii 5.0220 050w .50.: 0E3 50:550.“: :55» 55005 5005M M500 50:55:05 mméh 20m 505500 50:05 05m 000.53 0: 500 5:053 552005 >050 M5o30|~0>0 0:2 $-50. >050 m.=0.~.~5m M55520 now 530.56 5:050: 3:00:05 500mm 0:0: 052:0 vm-m: mmoxwimo-ufiwfi 0:05.054 005B 000w :56» 555.05 500.50 x500 .> 505.520 5N6: 0-00610 w0w00m 000:3 6520054 M5550 :50? 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TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Florida Favorite has been one of the most promising varieties in the tests. It is a reliable yielder, and can be of very high quality. The fruits are of medium size, oblong, and are noticeably striped with medium and lighter greens. The variety would appear to be adapted to at least moder- _ ate shipping. There is a similarity between it and Dale described in the paragraph above. Halbert Honey is not suited to shipping, since it has a brittle rind. It is an excellent variety for the home garden. Halbert Honey is a medium to large oblong melon having a deep red, high-quality flesh. Unfortunately it tends to be unproductive. Hippo Delight is one of the larger melons, and probably would grow to a tremendous size where conditions were favorable to such growth. It is a long oval melon. The exterior color is medium green with a lighter green stripe. The rind is tough. The flesh does not have the deepest of colors, but is usually pink, only occasionally medium red. Hippo Delight is very promising as a large melon. It bears a close resemblance to Schlocher. Irish Grey is fully as good as Tom Watson as a shipping variety. The rind is very tough and hard. As the name implies, Irish Grey has a “grey” or more accurately a very light grayish green exterior color. The flesh is a medium red, and, given unfavorable conditions, the heart is very liable to be white. Where the flesh and heart are both fairly well colored the quality is very good. Kleckley Sweet is rather similar to Halbert Honey both in appearance and usefulness. It has a wide reputation for quality, and because of its ex- terior as well as interior attractiveness rates high as a home garden variety. The rind is likely to be tender and brittle, making the variety unsuited to shipping. It gave indications of being more productive than Halbert Honey. Klondike has a high reputation in California for quality and earliness. It is used there widely as a home garden and market sort, and is being shipped more than formerly. It has failed to come up to expectations in spite of four years of testing. It has never been early here; instead, it has always been midseason. The rind while tough has often been brittle. It is remarkable for its extremely deep red flesh and heart. Only Angeli.no and Chilean have such deeply colored flesh. Klondike is not immune to pale or white heart, however. It should be tried more widely as it is possible that in certain sections of Southwest Texas it might give as good results as it evidently does in other sections. New Graystone was introduced in 1932 and hence has not gone through many seasons under commercial conditions as yet. It has seemed very promising, especially as regards quality. Unlike most of the available grey varieties Graystone is oval to short oval in shape, instead of oblong. It has a broader girth than most Watermelons. The rind is rather tender. VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 183 Schlocher resembles closely Hippo Delight described above. Any state- ment concerning Hippo Delight will apply to Schlocher except that Schlo- cher has tended to have a slightly redder flesh than Hippo Delight. Stone Mountain has considerable popularity as a shipping melon of high quality. It is short oval in shape. The flesh is deep red and of good quality. While not as productive as some melons, it has frequently given satisfaction to various growers in the section. Wondermelon has proven to be a fairly reliable high-yielding variety of good quality. It is similar in appearance to Kleckey Sweet, but usually larger. By some it is called Improved Kleckley Sweet. Thurmond Grey resembles Burrell’s Grey in many respects. Both are larger than Irish Grey. Like Burrell’s Grey, Thurmond Grey is reported to grow very large under favorable conditions, although at the station it failed to go much above a medium size. Thurmond Grey has a deep red-colored flesh of fine quality. Yellow Fleshed Ice Cream is another desirable home garden variety. Its attractive golden yellow flesh makes a pleasant change from the pink and red varieties. While the heart of this variety may be a paler yellow than the outer flesh, it is rarely white. The quality under normal con- ditions is just as good as the best red-fleshed variety. Yellow Fleshed Ice Cream is not listed as much as it used to be. It is possible that its place is being taken by Golden Honey, a variety not yet tried at the station. PLANTING GUIDE When the culture of a crop is being considered the time of planting, the amount of seed, manner of planting, expected date of harvest, length of harvest, etc are all pertinent facts related to the adaptability of the crop to the region. All of this information has been gathered together in Table 31. Time-of-planting experiments have been conducted with only spinach and onions. Information as to the effect of various spacings on tomatoes has been obtained from tests planned for that purpose (11). Aside from these studies no definitely planned experiments have been conducted to determine exactly the cultural requirements of the crops reported upon in this Bulletin. However, in the trials of all these vegetables considerable information has been gathered in a general Way on times of planting, amounts of seed to use, desirable spacing distances, and so on. This information has been constantly supplemented with that from growers, seedsmen, and others who have had experience in Southwest Texas. In general the planting dates given cover the range of possibility in the home garden. When one is planting for the market, the dates are often more limited, as the possible state of the market at harvest time has to be considered. 134 BULLETIN 3N0. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION UU-Mdm O8 QHOMUJ HMQHMUQH £00005 HDQHHH: 9-3 05H 95-55 $255874 D:H§.-DwD> 04hr 91:5 i. 0 , I m@l@ . 0000,00: mwmwwwv 0wwH0:0H.00H00.“H ummwwkmwmfiH oHH 0w wH-QH NH 0m w X w mHmmmnw X H 00,: o0 mH .030 0:00-H:0vH 000002000 E8 00000.0 000260 oHHlfi. 00-2 0-0 0m 0 X 0. 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X :000H>H "H0000 0:010 .0:0:0$0< 00:05 00:00: 00:00: 00:05 00:05 mAH .5500 H000 000.0 .00 .300 0000,00: H0000 500.0 .3070 .00 5:0 060w: _H00:H000w .0003 30$ c0 00.0 .00 00H 005003 w:000H0~H w? 0m0w0w00: H.0:000m o» .0000 00m 00:05 00.0020. 0H:000m0> :0 0 0 - . :0 A 0 D $00 0:0 H: 00=00£Q 0300 0000,50: 00H00GHQ :000Q 00000: 000w 135 VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION .51.; +52: -.<(¢>n\l1l < . - . - Frag “Hwwa H ZEN HzHHHHMHHwHW. l i: l X H. l H H $5 8 H HHBNHH HSHNEHNHN? N H26 H.215 24:6 H822 H £4; TN l wH l x N-N l X H dob S H .30 HHHHHHFH. mad MHHHHHHQHQNHHNHNHHHVHHHQHNWHM amHuoH wwé H: NHHHHHFmH QHHHHH. now mHHHsHHH hxoopw wwD mxoo? w-m wH m ww wowwom fiwnmfi mHwHwH-HH» 2N3 wfimwwwwamw uHmHmwgw , ouafion. H.352» é N3. 2 £0 H8>H§H H 8H4; NH Him 9N Ham H1 éoqNH HE oH 5mm HwHwHHHHH 9.89m HREw znv w HHH H33 wHoHmo 01%? Hmoum HEHHHH oHHlmm wifm l HHZ l X m l m mH Q54 o» H 35H. 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H-.." .222 NH-H.H 3-3 R H. . HH. X 3 snow-E 3mm QHMUUQ moHHoHHH wwHHoHHH moHHuE mwHHuHHH woHHuHHH 5H .HH3om_Auov 0.3a No .38 NHHHNSQHH Hmmwwma: HQHMWMMMHHH HHHQFH HHHWHMWMW 63TH éwnwwom JMMHHH aHHwHMHWPH MHMMWH é 8H wwHwfiHHmH. spfiwufi, HHHuHHwA o» mmafi 39H o5 E ooHHHHHmHD mBOH H6953: oocwHmHnH’ HHHHHoQ wowown wwww ~95 :1 >> u... :2 2:55 MHHHHHEFH oHnaHomo> H» 05am. 136 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION The quantity of seed required often depends on the variety used, its percentage of germination, the spacing followed, and the climatic con- ditions expected. Wide spacing naturally requires less seed per acre. Unshaded seed beds in summer time usually require more seed, as poor stands are likely to occur with low rates of seeding. With a number of vegetables which are often planted in the summer under both shaded and unshaded conditions, the approximate amounts needed in both situa- tions have been indicated. In actual practice, planting distances vary greatly, depending on locality, and cultural practices, especially irrigation. In general the dis- tances given are the smallest for satisfactory plant growth. Greater distances in the case of most vegetables will not greatly affect plant growth at least adversely, but may decrease yields per acre. The time required for a vegetable to reach the harvestable stage depends on the season of the year, the variety used, soil fertility, moisture con- ditions, etc. The figures given in Table 31 are for the vegetable as a whole, and sometimes do not indicate extreme conditions. In general it is based on average conditions, and on varieties most commonly grown. More detailed information, especially as to time required by individual varieties will be found in the text and the separate tables pertaining to the vege- table in question. VARIETAL RECOMMENDATIONS It has not been a simple matter in all cases to recommend certain varieties above all others without accompanying comments. Other con- VARIETAL RECOMMENDATIONS Artichoke, Globe Large Green Globe Artichoke, Jerusalem White Improved or Giant French Asparagus Mary Washington, Martha Washington, Washington; None en- tirely adapted. Beans, Bush Lima Beans, Bush Snap Henderson, Jackson Wonder (home use only), Fordhook Giant Stringless Green Pod, Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod, Bountiful Beans, Pole Snap Beets Broccoli, Sprouting Brussels Sprouts Can be grown, but usefulness restricted by climate. Variety a matter of preference; all excellently adapted. Propageno, Green Sprouting Either Long Island Improved or Half Dwarf according to pref- erence. Cabbage Copenhagen Market, Midseason Market, Mammoth Red Rock Carrot All varieties excellently adapted. Choose variety on basis of use. Danvers Half Long leading commercial variety. Cauliflower Early Snowball, Dwarf Erfurt, January Celery Should not be grown without a full understanding of the prob- Chard lems involved. Lucullus VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 137 Collards Georgia Corn, Sweet and Roasting-ear Honey June, Surcropper Sugar, Mexican June Cowpeas Cream Crowder, Blackeye, Purple Hull Cucumber Early Fortune, Kirby’s Stay Green, Davis Perfect Dandelion Italian Eggplant Black Beauty, Florida High Bush - Endive All varieties equally adapted. Choose variety on basis of use. Fennel Sweet Italian Garlic Well adapted. Any type. Kale All varieties equally adapted. Choose variety on basis of use. Kohl-rabi Either White Vienna or Purple Vienna according to preference. Lettuce All varieties equally adapted. Choose variety 0n basis of use. New York leading commercial variety. Muskmelon and Casabas Hale’s Best, Superfecto, Honey Dew Casaba Mustard Giant Southern Curled, Tendergreen, Fordhook Okra White Velvet Onion Yellow) Bermuda, Crystal Wax Bermuda, White Creole (home use only . Parsley Moss or Triple Curled Parsnip Harris’ Model, Hollow Crown Peas, English Little Marvel, Nott’s Excelsior, Laxton’s Progress, Horsford Market Garden. A risky crop. Peppers, Hot Variety a matter of preference; all equally adapted. Peppers, Sweet California Wonder, Worldbeater, Oshkosh Potato, White Bliss Triumph, Irish Cobbler. Not well adapted. Pumpkin Small Sugar Radish Icicle, Scarlet Globe Rhubarb Can only be grown under certain conditions. Large roots more important than variety. 11089119 Excellently adapted. No named varieties. Rlltabaga Long Island Improved, White Rock Salisfy Sandwich Island spinach Bloomsdale, Longstanding Bloomsdale, Nobel Squash, Summer Variety a matter of preference; all equally adapted. Squash, Winter Golden Delicious, Table Queen, Kitchennette Sweetpotato Porto Rico, Nancy Hall Tomato Bonny Best (and several very similar varieties, see text), Pritchard Turnip Shogoin, Purple Top White Globe, White Milan Watermelon Tom Watson. Stone Mountain, Irish Grey ditions, such as the use for which the crop is being grown, enter into the desirability of varieties. With important vegetables the leading com- mercial varieties have been given first preference because when a grower 138 BULLETIN NO. 508, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION plants these he can be assured of market acceptance. In the case of less important vegetables Where definite trends in market and shipping pref- erences have not been established, or where the crop is rarely grown for market at all, more weight has often been given to other uses of a variety. However, the first variety listed would always be acceptable to most markets. In the case of a few vegetables no varieties have been sug- gested because all were equally adapted, and personal preference as well as market demands vary so much that to suggest any would be misleading. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks are due t0 E. Mortensen, superintendent of the Winter Garden Station, Substation N0. 19, for his helpful suggestions during the progress of the work, and particularly for his assistance in‘ the note-taking on muskmelons and watermelons in 1931 as well as for some notes on sweet potatoes. Acknowledgment is also due to the numerous seedsmen and others who generously supplied samples for the trials. LITERATURE CITED 1. Boswell, V. R., et al., 1933. Descriptions of Types of Principal American Varieties of Tomatoes. U. S. D. A. Miscel. Publ. 160. 2. Boswell, V. R., et al., 1934. Descriptions of Types of Principal American Varieties of Cabbage. U. S. D. A. Miscel. Publ. 169. 3. Brooks, L. E. and C. H. McDowell, 1934. The Home Garden and Orchard in the Wichita Valley. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 70. 4. ‘Bushnell, J., 1925. The Relation of Temperature to Growth and Res- piration in the Potato Plant. Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 34. 5. Drewes, Harm., 1932. Spinach Varieties. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Spec. Bul. 225. 6. Friend, W. H., 1931. Tomato Varieties and Fertilizers for the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 438. 7. Friend, W. H., 1934. The Production of Spring Vegetables in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 72. 8. Garcia, Fabian, and A. B. Fite, 1931. Early Grano Onion Culture. N. M. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 193. 9. Hawthorn, L. R., 1932. Bermuda Onion Culture in Texas. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 65. 10. Hawthorn, L. R., 1932. Spinach under Irrigation in Texas. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 66. i 11. Hawthorn, L. R., 1933. Tomato Culture. In Report of Substation No. 19. 36th Annual Report of Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. p. 245. 12. Hawthorn, L. R. and R. K. Fletcher, 1934. Earworm Damage in Sweet Corn Varieties. Proceedings American Society for Horticultural Science. 30: 559-553. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE WINTER GARDEN REGION 139 Hawthorn, L. R. and Richard Wellington, 1930. Geneva, A Green- house Cucumber that Develops Fruit without Pollination. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta- Bul. 580. Hedrick, U. P., F. H. Ha1l,.L. R. Hawthorn, and Alwin Berger, 1928. The Vegetables of New York. Vol. 1, Part I: Peas. Report of N. Y. Agri. Exp. Sta. Hedrick, U. P., W. T. Tapley, G. P. Van Eseltine, and W. D. Enzie, 1931. The Vegetables of New York. Vol. 1, Part 11: Beans. Report of Agri. Exp. Sta. Magruder, Roy, 1932. The New “Ohio Canner” Table Beet. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bimonthly Bul. 154, pp. 18-25. Magruder, Roy and L. R. Hawthorn, (In Press). Freezing and Cold Weather Damage to Immature Onions, Allium cepa, L. U. S. D. A. Cir. 355. Mally, F. W., 1915. The Bermuda Onion. Tex. State Dep. of Agr. Bul. 46. Mangelsdorf, P. C., 1934. Growing Sweet Corn in Texas. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 69. McCallum, Roy D., 1934. Growing and Handling Garlic in California. Calif. Agr. Ext. Cir. 84. Morrison, Gordon, Harm Drewes, and H. N. Coulter, 1934. Cabbage Varieties. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Spec. Bul. 249. Mortensen, E., 1932. The Winter Garden Region of Texas. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 62. Rauchenstein, E., 1927. Economic Aspects of the Cantaloupe Industry. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 419. Reinhard, H. J., 1923. The Sweet Potato Weevil, Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 308. Shoemaker, D. N., 1927. The Jerusalem Artichoke as a Crop Plant. U. S. D. A. Tech. Bul. 33. Shoemaker, D. N. and E. J. Delwiche, 1934. Descriptions of Types of Principal American Varieties of Garden Peas. U. S. D. A. Misc. Pub. 170. Smith, Loren B., 1920. Breeding Mosiac Resistant Spinach and Notes on Malnutrition. Va. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31 and 32. Smith, Ora, 1932. Reaction of Temperature to Anthesisand Blossom drop of the Tomato Together with a Histological Study of the Pistils. Jour. Agr. Res. 44: 183-190. Tapley, W. T., W. D. Enize, and G. P. Van Eseltine, 1934. The Vegetables of New York. Vol. 1, Part 111: Sweet Corn. Report of N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Taubenhaus, J . J ., 1926. Studies of a New Fusarium Wilt of Spinach in Texas. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 343. ' Work, Paul, 1925. Better Seed for Commercial Growers. Cornell Ext. Bul 122. Yarnell, S. H., 1934. Influence of Heredity with Respect to a Fruit Defect of the Tomato. Die Gartenbauwissenschaft. 81616-663. A