él-KDFHH‘! ,, 7 IA & M Cottzcz, ' CAMPUS. R23—236-6m a TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION A. B. CONNER, DIRECTOR COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS BULLETIN NO. 523 MARCH, 1936 DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY Ailkuiiur g Q Y a ‘ailgtiiéififtffgg fieiieg 89km"? (W: ziaiéege a! It g ‘iiigfiiififia Iaxaa, The Hardness 0f CottonseedCake as Related t0 its Suitability for Feeding AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS T. O. WALTON, President The best 0f the methods tested for determining the hardness of cottonseed cake as related to feeding of animals was con- sidered to be the force required to crush it between flat surfaces. The average crushing strengths o-f the commercial cracked cake tested ranged from 127 lbs. to 3698 lbs., and those of samples of slab cake ranged from 710 lbs. to 3427 lbs. The average splitting or ball tests for the cracked cake varied from 92 lbs. to 607 lbs., and those for the slab cake varied from 186 lbs. to 493 lbs. The force required to break the molar teeth of cows was 1080 lbs. to 4550 lbs. with an average of 2165 lbs.; that required to break sheep teeth was from 420 lbs. to 1430, lbs. with an average of 1108 lbs. Large specimens required more force than small ones. The shape of the specimen also affected the results. Cottonseed cake crushed by the “boot heel” had a crushing strength of less than 450 lbs. Moistening the cake with saliva during mastication no doubt reduces the force required to chew the cake, since soaking of specimens five minutes decreased the force required to crush them about one-third, while soaking them 20 minutes decreased the force required to about one- half. Feeding tests with cows and sheep showed that while the size, shape, and hardness of the cottonseed cake seemed to aifect its consumption, some animals would eat the hard cake, while others might not eat relatively soft cake. A tentative classification of cracked cottonseed cake with respect to its crushing strength was dmade upon the basis of the data presented. If the crushing strength is less than 400 lbs. the cake is classed as soft. If the crushing strength is between 401 and 1500 lbs. the cake is classed as medium hard. If the crushing strength is between 1501 lbs. and 2500 lbs. the cake is classed as hard. If the crushing strength is over 2500 lbs. the cake is classed as very hard. CONTENTS Page Introduction ________________________________________ __ . 5 Manufacture of cottonseed cake ______________________________________________________________ __ 5 Mastication by cows and sheep 6 Methods used in the testing of the cake _______ .- . ---_ 7 Preparation of sample to be tested ______ _- 9 Crushing strength of teeth of the sheep and the cow .......................... _- 9 Relation of size and shape of specimen to hardness ______________________________ -- 10 Relation of crushing strength to crushing by the heel of the booth- 12 i Crushing with a tooth as related to other tests ______________________________ __ 13 Effect of moisture upon hardness 14 Variations in hardness of commercial cracked cake ______________________________ -- 15 Variations in hardness of slab cake 15 Hardness as related to opinion of crushers as to quality of cake ________ __ 20 Relation of hardness to consumption of cracked cake by cows ______ _- 21 Relation of hardness to consumption by cows of squares cut from slab cake 23 Relation of hardness to consumption of cottonseed cake by sheep- 23 Classification of cottonseed cake with respect to hardness __________________ __ 25 Acknowledgment 2 7 Summary __.__ 27 BULLETIN NO. 523 MARCH, 1936 THE HARDNESS OF COTTONSEED CAKE AS RELATED TO ITS SUITABILITY FOR FEEDING. G. S. FRAPS, CHIEF; AND C. D. MARKS, ASSISTANT CHEMIsT, DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. Cracked cottonseed cake is extensively used for the feeding of range animals in Texas and in other states. Its form enables it to be fed directly upon the ground, from which it is picked up by the animals. Both cows and sheep are fed in this Way. It is used as a supplementary feed when pastures are not suificiently good, especially in winter or in times of drouth. Complaints are occasionally received by the Division of Feed Control Service that cracked cottonseed cake sold for feeding purposes is too hard for the animals to eat. There are differences of opinion as to what constitutes hardness in cake, and what kind of‘ cake is best suited for feeding purposes. Some believe that the cake should be so soft that it can be crushed by the heel of a boot. Others think the cake should be so hard that an old cow may hold it in her mouth and suck it for a long time. Very soft cake may crumble when exposed to weather, or it may partly fall to pieces in the sack, resulting in a loss of the small particles. Hard cake may be entirely refused by some animals. Some feeders have complained of cake so hard it broke the teeth of the animals so that the feeding trough had a number of broken teeth in it. Some cottonseed crushers claim that a soft cake can be made only at the expense of a reduced production of oil. In other Words, the soft cake contains more oil than the hard cake. Some millers find it diflicult to make a cake as soft as their customers desire and at the same time to do efiicient milling in the extraction of the oil. The term “hardness” as used in this publication is applied only to the suitability of the cake as food for the animal. The object of the work here reported was to study the hardness of cottonseed cake, to devise methods for measuring it, to ascertain the factors which affect it, and in other respects to contribute to a solution of the problem of hardness of cottonseed cake as related to its suitability for feeding purposes. This publication is restricted to a study of _the hardness of cottonseed cake as related to feeding. Data regarding other tests and experiments relating to the hardness of cottonseed cake from the manufacturing or technical point of view are to be presented in a subsequent publication. MANUFACTURE OF COTTONSEED CAKE In the manufacture of cottonseed cake, the cotton seed are first cleaned in order to remove as much as possible of the sand, dirt, bolls, leaves, and other foreign matter present. After the seeds have been reginned in order to remove part of the lint, they are cut open with as 6 BULLETIN NO. 523, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION little crushing as possible by a machine called a huller. The kernels are separated from the outside coat or hull by shakers and hull-beaters. Since the kernels vary in protein content, a sufficient amount of hulls is allowed to remain with the kernels to secure the desired protein content of the final product. The kernels are crushed between several sets of smooth steel rolls under high pressure and are then cooked at‘ 212° to 235° F for approximately 1 hour. The kernels are formed into layers which are enclosed in woven hair press cloths and subjected to a pressure of approximately 4000 lbs. per square inch in order to expel as much oil as possible. The resulting press cakes are about 14x26 inches, ‘i inch thick, and weigh from 2O to 50 pounds. The cakes may be stored, exported, ground to a meal, or broken to form cracked cake. Cubes or cake made from cottonseed meal or other feed are also now on the market. _ The quality of the cake is determined by its odor, color, and texture. The odor and color of the cake depend upon the quality of the seed and the proper control of the cooking process. Off-quality or sour seed will give cake which is off-quality in odor or color; excessive temperatures in the cooker may give a cake which is off-quality in color. The sizes of cracked cottonseed cake as agreed on by the National Cottonseed Products Association, are as follows: Nut-size cake should pass through 1% inch round perforations and pass over g inch round perforations. It should be free from meal and from pea-size and pebble-size cake, and it should not contain in excess of 10 per cent of sheep-size cake. Sheep-size cake should pass through g’- inch round perforations, and over S inch round perforations. It should be free from meal and pebble-size cake and should not contain in excess of 10 per cent of nut-size and pea- size cake. Pea-size cake should pass through 2 inch round perforations, and over é inch round perforations. It should be free from meal and from nut-size and pebble-size cake, and it should not contain in excess of 10 per cent of sheep-size cake. Pebble-size cake should consist of fine particles and small pieces of cottonseed cake capable of passing through e inch round perforations. MASTICATION BY COWS AND SHEEP It was thought possible that a consideration of the shape of the teeth, their strength, the manner in which the food is crushed and divided, and other similar processes of mastication by the animals which consume cracked cottonseed cake, might aid in deciding what constitutes hardness in cottonseed cake, and what kind of cake is suitable for feeding purposes. \ Both sheep and cows are ruminants and have similar methods of mastication. The front teeth are sharp-edged cutting teeth while the HARDNESS OF COTTONSEED CAKE 7 back teeth are Wide, corrugated grinding teeth, often badly worn in older animals. The lower jaw is narrower than the upper jaw, so that the teeth on both sides never meet at the same time (Fig. 1). In mastication, the _lower jaw is alternately pulled up and lowered. In pulling up the lower jaw the lower teeth are pressed against the upper W Figure 1. Position of the teeth of the cow in the jaw. ones. This crushes the food. But at the same time the lower jaw moves laterally, which causes the food to be torn apart by attrition. The cheeks and the tongue prevent the food from escaping and also push the food back between the masticatory surfaces of the teeth. The food is moistened with saliva. The strength and form of the lower jaw, the pattern and composition of the teeth and lower jaw, and the manner of movement of the lower jaw are closely related to the kind of natural food of the animal and to its manner of mastication. While eating, the cow moves its lower jaw from 15 to 2O times in from 15 to 25 seconds, and the sheep moves its lower jaw from 5 to 12 times in from 15 to 25 seconds. The lateral movement of the lower jaw is more nearly described as a rotary motion with the center of motion the hinge of the jaw on that side in which mastication is taking place. (Figure 1). The food is not ground alternately upon one side of the jaws and then the other, but is usually ground upon one side for several minutes and then shifted to the other side. After the food is moistened, it goes to the first stomach. After a time, it is returned to the mouth and masticated some more. METHODS USED IN THE TESTING OF THE CAKE A number of methods are in use for testing the crushing strength, hardness, or similar properties of structural materials, such as concrete, 8 BULLETIN NO. 523, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION steel, and bricks. These methods have been considered in selecting a method which might be related to the hardness of cottonseed cake, as concerns its suitability for use by animals. The development of a. method for testing the hardness of cottonseed cake involves several factors which are not met with in the ordinary routine testing of materials. The material itself is neither similar to nor analogous to any material now tested for hardness in ‘routine laboratory testing of structural materials. Because of the dissimilarity of the cake to other materials which have been tested for hardness, it was thought necessary to investigate the known methods of testing the hardness of other materials in their application to cottonseed cake, and either to adopt the method which gave the best results or to develop a new method which would give satisfactory results. Crushing the specimen between teeth of the cow or sheep was con- sidered, but the teeth vary so considerably in size and shape that the results secured with one tooth would probably be difierent from those secured with another tooth. Crushing the specimen between flat surfaces is open to the objection that the teeth abrade or crush between more or less irregular surfaces. After some consideration, it was decided to try out two methods, one of which is here called the crushing test, and the other the splitting test, or ball test. Crushing Test. The crushing test is made by- crushing the material between two plane surfaces which are parallel to each other and which move toward each other in such a manner that there is no rotary or twisting motion of the surfaces during the movement. It gives the value of the ultimate load a material will bear when no forces are involved which will induce bending ortorsional stresses in the material. The crushing tests are made by machines of two types which give the same result. The Olsen 60,000 lb.-testing machine was used on the initial tests in this study. This machine is so constructed that a movable platform is brought down upon a stationary weighing platform by means of screws operated by a gear. The stationary platform is connected to a graduated scale beam by means of a suitable system of levers. A movable counter- weight on the scale beam is used to balance the applied load, and the amount of the load is determined by the position of the counterweight on the scale beam. The counterweight is moved along the scale beam by means of a long screw working in a half nut and turned by a crank and a system of pulleys. The beam and one of the pulleys of this system are graduated so that the loads can be measured in 10 lb. intervals. The other machine used for making the crushing tests is the South- wark-Emery Hydraulic Testing machine. This machine has a movable piston which is operated by oil pressure from a rotary pump. The piston moves upward toward an adjustable weighing head. The force on this head is transferred to a diaphragm acting on oil in a closed HARDNESS OF COTTONSEED" CAKE 9 chamber. The pressure on the oil is measured by suitable gauges which are graduated at 20 lb. intervals. The Southwark-Emery machine is speedy and has been used in the great majority of the tests made. Both of these machines are so designed that no torsional stresses are induced in the specimen being tested, and that, if the specimen is of the correct size and shape, no bending moment is applied to the specimen. The Splitting, or Ball Test. In the splitting, or ball test, a steel ball 15/32 inches in diameter is forced into the specimen of cake until the specimen fails by splitting. The force necessary to split the specimen is measured by the pressure recorded on the gauge of the Southwark-Emery testing machine. The ball used is set in a short section of steel shafting. This ball is imbedded in the shaft until just slightly less than 1,4; of the diameter of the ball is above the surface of the mounting. The mounting is then crimped in around the ball so that it is firmly held. The splitting test is made with the mounted ball in the testing machine and with the specimen to be tested placed on top of the ball so that the ball is approximately in the center of the specimen. The specimen is forced against the plane crushing surface of the weighing head of the testing machine until it fails and the pressure necessary to cause failure is recorded. The split- ting test should give results that measure both the crushing strength of the cake and the cohesion of the particles along the Weakest section. A test similar in many respects to the splitting test has been used for some time in making hardness tests of timber. PREPARATION OF SAMPLE TO BE TESTED Individual pieces of cracked cottonseed cake vary in size and shape. The specimens to be tested may be selected so as to represent either the average or hardest specimens. Since the hardest specimens are the ones most likely to be rejected by the cattle and are therefore most apparent to the purchaser, it is probably best to select for testing those pieces which appear to be the hardest. Some of the work was done upon slab cake. At first, the specimens were sawed to the desired size. Later on, they were taken by means of a core drill. The same slab varies in hardness in diflerent parts of its area. In comparative tests, therefore, a number of cores were taken from each slab and only the averages were used. ORUSHING STRENGTH OF TEETH OF THE SHEEP AND THE COWV Apparently the hardness of the feed should not be greater than that of the teeth which are to be used to crush it. For this reason, it is desirable to have information regarding the crushing strength of the teeth of the sheep and of the cow. A number of cow teeth and sheep teeth were secured from Armour and Company and from Swift and Company of Fort Worth. The back, 10 BULLETIN NO. 523, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMEINT STATlON or crushing teeth were the only teeth tested. The cow teeth were mounted singly in short sections of 2-inch pipe by means of a mixture of equal parts of Portland cement and sand. These mountings were covered with moist sand and were allowed to harden for 7 days before testing. The sheep teeth were mounted in similar sections of 2-inch pipe, but because of the shortness of the teeth, Woods metal was used instead of cement. Both the sheep and cow teeth were mounted so that the plane of their crushing surface was perpendicular to the direction of the applied testing load. About 10 or 12 folds of Kraft paper were placed between the surface of the tooth and the load in order to distribute the load over the entire surface of the tooth. The teeth were tested in a Tinus-Olsen machine. The load required to break off any part -of the tooth was taken to be the crushing strength. The crushing surfaces of the teeth were roughly corrugated and some of them were so worn that they had one or more sharp edges or points. The manner of mounting the teeth and the manner of applying the load to the teeth are slightly different in these tests from conditions in the mouths of the animals. In the latter case, especially with very hard foods, the loads are applied at an angle of approximately 20° and are usually concentrated on the hard upstanding ridges of the teeth. Table 1 shows the results of the tests on teeth of cows and sheep. It will be noticed that the load required to break the 35 cow teeth tested ranged from 1080 to 4550 pounds with an average of 2165 pounds. The Table 1. Crushing tests of sheep and cow teeth (total load in lbs.) Sheep teeth . . . . . . . ..420, 540, 800, 920, 960, 1000, 1010, 1020, 1050, 1090, 1100, 1160, 1160, 1220, 1220, 1230, 1240, 1300, 1320, 1320, 1360, 1360, 1360, 1430. Average-1108. ‘ Cow teeth . . . . . . . . ..1080, 1420, 1420, 1460, 1480, 1580, 1600, 1620, 1620, 1680, 1730, 1770, 1800, 1800, 1800, 1800, 1860, 1880, 2080, 2100, 2120, 2170, 2240, 2250, 2320, 2440, 2460, 2560, 2640, 2670, 2780, 3580, 3580, 3850, 4550. Average-——2165. load required to break the 24 sheep teeth tested varied from 420 to 1430 pounds with an average of 1108 pounds. By similar tests (dis- cussed on a subsequent page), the crushing strength of samples of commercial cracked cake was found to vary from 65 to 8240 pounds with an average of 1328 pounds. It is evident that some of this cracked cake was harder than the teeth of both cow and sheep, and that teeth could be broken if the animals applied sufiicient force in chewing. These tests will be considered further in connection with the classification of cracked cottonseed cake with respect to hardness. RELATION OF SIZE AND SHAPE OF SPECIMEN TO HARDNESS Each of the four sizes of cottonseed cake contains pieces of different size and shape. Since the crushing or cracking strength may depend upon the size and shape of the pieces selected, it is desirable to know something regarding the relation of size to the two tests selected. HARDNESS OF COTTONSEED CAKE 11 The effect of the size and shape of various specimens of cottonseed cake is given in Table 2.~ On account of the difliculty of securing comparable specimens of cracked cake, these comparisons were made Table 2. Relation of the shape, size, and thickness of squares to crushing strength of cottonseed cake Average Approxi- Average Unit Average Average Number Labora- Approxi- mate crushing crushing area of thickness of tory mate dimensions strength strength specimens of specimens number shape (inches) (1bs.) (lbs. per (sq. in.) specimens averaged sq. in.) (in.) 38492-A Rectangular 1 x2 x% 8566 4690 1.829 .62 24 Rectangular 34x2 x36 5864 5120 1.146 .60 36 Square 1 x1 x% 3591 3695 .972 .66 16 Square Mx %x% 880 2300 .382 .58 9 upon pieces cut from slab cake. The crushing strength depends upon the size of the piece of cake and decreases decidedly as the size of the specimen decreases. A The size of the test specimen greatly affects both the total crushing strength and the load per square inch required to crush the specimen. The smaller specimens of the same slab of cake are much more easily crushed than the larger ones. The results indicate that the shorter dimension of the crushed surface is the controlling factor. For instance, while the average area of the s”): 2” test specimens is slightly larger than that of the 1”x 1” specimens, the load per square inch is larger for the latter than for the former. a The average thickness of the test specimens is also given in Table 2. It will be seen from these results that there is no direct relation between the crushing strength and the thickness of the specimens used. Because of the nature of the samples, the thickness of the specimen varies to so slight an extent that a complete investigation of this problem with specimens of widely varying thickness could not be made. Table 3. Crushing tests on squares and cores oft cottonseed cake of various sizes and shapes Average crushing Standard _ strength deviation Labora- Approxi- Approximate Number tory mate size of _ of number shape of specimen Umt _ _ Per cent specimens specimen (inches) Total (lbs. Deviation of averaged (lbs.) sq. in ) average . .9 1522s 2222 59 :58 .2 ectangu ar x x 8 . 4 Rectangular x2 fix 2 4300 3660 315 7.35 20 Rectangular fix2k§x% 4150 3640 336 8. 10 16 Rectangular fix2 {p66 3950 3460 593 15 . 00 36 Square 1 x1 x% 3470 3560 346 9.99 46 Cylindrical i} (dia) x14 2060 2888 254 12.33 24 Square 24x 5/§X}/2 930 2470 135 14.50 31 12 BULLETIN NO. 523, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION If slab cottonseed cake is to be tested, a specimen of standard size should be adopted. The difiiculty involved in sawing any type of rectangular specimen to the exact size and shape desired, suggested the idea of using a core drill for cutting these specimens. A drill bit was constructed so that it would fit a Riehle core drill which is used for coring rock for test specimens. This drill cut a core 1 inch in diameter from any part of the cake desired and produced cores of uniform diameter. A comparison of the results of the tests on cores of cottonseed cake with those of rectangular specimens of the same cake is shown in Table 3. It will be noticed that the standard deviation for the cores is higher than that for other types of specimens shown, but on account of the ease of preparation of the core it Was decided to use the cores in testing the crushing strength of slab cottonseed cake. RELATION OF ORUSHING STRENGTH TO GRUSHING BY THE HEEL OF THE BOOT It has been the practice of some stockmen for vyears to test the hardness of cottonseed cake by placing a piece of cracked cake on a Table 4. Comparison of “bootheel” test with ball and crushing tests “ Bootheel" test Crushing test Ball test Type of specimens Results of test (lbs.) (1135,) 1 inch cores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not crushed . . . . . . . . 976 457 1% inch cubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not crushed . . . . . . . . 1616 ‘ 339 9i inch cubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not crushed . . . . . . . . 1145 259 }é inch cubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crushed . . . . . . . . . . . 61S 172 Table 5. Comparison of bootheel and crushing tests on cottonseed cake (12 pieces tested in each case) Bootheel test Crushing test Laboratory Type of Mean crushing number specimen Number of strength of Mean crushing specimens ' specimens not strength crushed crushed by (lbs.) bootheel (lbs.) 40718 1" cores 0 1713 1596 40634—B 1" cores 0 1211 1178 40640—B 1" cores 0 808 793 40718 1" squares 0 2197 2283 40640—B 1" squares 0 1979 2051 40634-B 1" squares 0 1733 1692 40718 34" squares 0 1125 1185 40640—B %” squares 0 846 850 40634-3 %" squares 0 718 673 40718 $4" squares 8 543 485 40640—B $6" squares 6 447 333 40634—B %” squares 12 . . . . 229 HARDNESS OF COTTONSEED CAKE 13 concrete floor or slab, standing on it with the heel of one foot, and then spinning around with the full weight of\ the body on the test specimen or otherwise crushing it with the heel of the boot. If the specimen is crushed by this procedure, the stockman considers it soft enough for feeding, and if the specimen is not crushed by this test, he considers it too hard for feeding. For convenience, We term this the “bootheel test.” This test, however, is indefinite because of the various degrees of rough- ness of the bootheel and the floor, and the various Weights of the persons making the test. The size and the shape of the test specimens also affect the results. ' Attempts were made to ascertain the relations between the bootheel test, the splitting test, and the crushing test. Cubes of different sizes and cores were cut from different samples of cake. These specimens were tested as follows: The first cube or core in the series was tested by the crushing test, the second was tested by means of the bootheel test, the third was crushed, the fourth was tested by the splitting test, the fifth was tested by means of the bootheel test, and the sixth was tested by the splitting test. Splitting or crushing tests thus were made on samples from both sides of a bootheel test, so that a comparison could be made of the relation of the crushing or the splitting test to the bootheel test. The results of this work are shown in Tables 4 and 5. Theyindicate that a sample which meets the bootheel test must have a crushing test of less than 450 pounds. Most, of the samples of commercial cracked cottonseed cake tested had average crushing strengths that exceeded 449 lbs. and thus could not meet the bootheel test. CRUSHING WITH A TOOTH AS RELATED TO OTHER TESTS Because of the similarity of the action of the ball test to the action of the cow’s tooth upon cottonseed cake, it was decided to determine the relation between the ball test and the force necessary to crush a section of cottonseed cake with the grinding surface of a tooth as one of the Table 6. Comparison of ball and tooth tests Number Average Average Average of cores ball test tooth test ratio of ball tested (lbs.) (1bs.) to tooth test Set 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2S6 384 .666 Set 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 355 630 .564 Set 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 360 478 .753 Set 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 395 694 .570 Set 5... .; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24 397 731 .543 Set 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 479 630 .760 Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 591 .643 crushing surfaces. A molar of a cow was mounted, as already described, for a crushing test of the tooth. Specimens of 24 one-inch cores were cut from the same cake and sanded smooth. The odd numbered cores 14 BULLETIN NO. 523, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION were used in making the ball test, and the even numbered cores were crushed by means of the tooth. The results are shown in Table 6. In each case it requires more force to crushthe cake by the tooth than to split it by means of the ball. The splitting action of the ball required only about 64% of the force required by the tooth to crush the cake. It is to be expected that the “tooth” test would give higher figures than the ball test because of the distribution of the crushing forces over the greater area of the crushing surface "of a tooth. The sharp ridges of enamel which corrugate the surface of a cow tooth, however, tend toward a very non-uniform distribution of the crushing forces over the surface of the tooth and this tendency will affect the relation of the ball and tooth tests. Table 7 shows the results of a comparison of crushing and tooth tests. These tests were conducted in the same manner as the ball and tooth tests except that the crushing test was substituted for the ball test. The sample which has the highest crushing test gives the highest tooth test, and the sample with the lowest crushing test gives the lowest tooth test. Table '7. Comparison of crushing and tooth tests 0n 24 one-inch cores 40718 40633-(1 40654 Crushing Tooth Crushing Tooth Crushing Tooth test test test test test test (lbs.) (lbs.) _ (lbs.) (lbs.) (lbs.) (lbs.) Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1659 187 1244 610 2674 971 The tooth crushed the cake with about half as much force as was required by the compression test with two samples, and with about one-third as muchforce with the other sample, which was the highest. This will be taken into consideration in a subsequent discussion. EFFECT OF DIOISTURE UPON HARDNESS Animals moisten their food with saliva while chewing it, and the cow swallows her f'ood and then brings it back for further chewing. The moistening may result in a decrease in the effort required to crush the material. In order to test this point, samples soaked in water for various lengths of time were compared with the original samples. Ten one-inch cores were cut from a sample of cottonseed cake and were numbered in order- of their position in the series. The odd-numbered cores were tested b'y crushing in the usual manner, and the even-numbered cores were soaked in water for five minutes before testing. All loose disintegrated parts of the specimens were removed by rubbing with a cloth before the specimens were tested. A Other tests were made with‘ the time of soaking 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and. 30 minutes respectively. The average of the crushing tests HARDNESS OF COT'TONSEED CAKE 15 of six untreated specimens in each test was taken as a basis for compari- son in determining the efiect of soaking on the treated specimens. The results of the tests are shown in Table 8. The force required to crush the cake decreases with the time of soaking for the entire time of Table 8. Efiect of soaking in water on crushing strength (in pounds) of cottonseed cake Number Laboratory Type of Original Wet 5‘ Wet 10 Wet 20 of tests number specimen (average) minutes minutes minutes averaged 40650 1" cores 965 692 603 433 10 40633—C 1" cores 1399 1 1 1 1 912 670 1O 40633—G 1" cores 1950 1647 1468 1121 10 40634—B 1" cores 2138 1483 1166 1063 10 40633—A 1" cores 2183 1649 1451 1258 10 40956—A 1" cores 2507 1759 1434 1171 10 40654 1" cores 2762 _ 1728 1228 1003 10 38492-1) 1" squares 3733 2360 2300 1970 6 Average . . . . . . . . 2205 1554 1320 1086 the experiment, up to 20 minutes. The first five minutes has the great- est proportional effect upon the crushing strength. The decrease in crushing strength is about one-third in the first five minutes, and is more than one-half in 2O minutes. VARIATIONS IN HARDNESS OF COMMERCIAL CRACKED CAKE About 75 samples of cracked cottonseed cake received from various sources were tested by the ball test and the crushing test. The results given in Table 9 are the averages of six specimens of each sample. The data in Table 9 show that the mean values for the crushing test vary from 127 lbs. to 3693 lbs., and that the variations from the smallest load to the greatest load were from 65 lbs. to 8240 lbs. Averages are given by groups of samples. These averages ranged from 208 to 3058 pounds. The variation of the mean for the ball test on each sample was from 81 lbs. to 635 lbs. The variation from the smallest ball test to the greatest ball test was from 30 lbs. to 1130 lbs. Averages are also given by groups of samples. These averages varied from 121 to 390. The range of variation was much greater for the compression test than for the ball test. VARIATIONS IN HARDNESS OF SLAB CAKE Samples of slab cake secured from various sources were subjected to the two tests. The tests were made on cores of uniform size. Table 10 shows the values obtained for the compression tests and ball tests on cores from 56 samples of slab cake. The averages for the compression test vary from 710 lbs. to 3427 lbs., and the variation from smallest load 16 BULLETIN NO. 523, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERILIENT STATION to greatest load is from 440 lbs. to 4300 lbs. There was thus a Wide variation in the hardness of slab cake. The variation was not as great as it was with cracked cake, but this was partly due to the variation in the sizes and shapes of the pieces of cracked cake. Table 9. Ball and crushing tests on nut-size cracked cake Ball test on 6- Crushing test on 6 Labora- specimens (lbs.) specimens (lbs.) tory Origin of sample number High Low Mean High Low Mean 38500 Munger Cotton Oil Co., Mexia . . . . . . . . . . . 170 50 92 180 90 127 38562 Luling Oil & Mfg. Co., Lullng . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 70 9O 310 70 148 40902 San Antonio Oil Works, San Antonio . . . . . . 115 45 81 325 65 197 41091 Gainesville Oil Mill, Gainesville . . . . . . . . . . 180 4O 118 365 85 205 38493 La Grange . . . . . . . . . . 270 120 195 380 120 205 38491 H. G. Wicker, Converse, Texas . . . . . . . . . 230 90 153 330 110 21S 39765-C Southland Cotton Oil Co., Waxahachie. . . . 135 65 96 465 110 223 38490 Brazos Valley _Oil Mills, Waco . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 70 118 520 120 230 38575 Schulenburg O11 Mill, Schulenburg . . . . . . . . . 240 70 127 450 130 262 40635 Dallas Oil and Ref. Co., Dallas . . . . . . . . . . . 180 100 144 380 160 264 Averages for preceding ten samples. . . . . 187 72 121 371 106 208 60335 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 140 269 38765-A Southland Cotton Oil Co., Waxahachie. . . . 250 90 151 420 145 271 38568 El Paso Industries, El Paso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 110 158 330 190 280 39118* Brownwood Cotton Oil Mill, Brownwood. . 160 40 106 410 105 296 38619 Richmond Cotton Oil Co., Richmond . . . . . . 410 130 2S3 390 230 310 38502 Farmers & Ginners Cotton Oil Co., Austin 200 80 127 520 180 325 38503 Waco Cotton Oil Co., Waco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 30 118 510 220 350 38580 Ballinger Cotton Oil Co., Ballinger . . . . . . . . _ 270 120 190 440 270 351 39147 Nat’l Cottonseed Products Ass'n, Dallas. . . 300 150 215 440 230 3S1 40641 Richmond Cotton Oil Co., Richmond . . . . . . 220 60 163 780 260 426 40644 Planters Cotton Oil Co., Inc., Ennis . . . . . . . 220 70 151 80S 250 427 39148 Industrial Cotton Oil Mill, Waco . . . . . . . . . 320 180 261 905 285 570 Averages for preceding eleven samples. . 2S0 96 172 541 215 360 38508 Memphis Cotton Oil Co., Memphis, Texas. 320 1S0 217 1080 250 580 38489 Traders Cotton Oil Co., Ft. Worth . . . . . . . . 260 120 181 980 290 593 60336 _ _ v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1650 250 652 38561 Lockhart Oll 8t Gin Co., Lockhart . . . . . . . . 520 70 278 1370 200 670 40658 Clarksville Cotton Oil Co., Clarksville. . . . . 225 90 131 1440 370 758 40914 Bonham Cotton Oil Co., Bonham . . . . . . . . . 155 40 95 1230 450 944 38569 El Paso Cotton Industries, El Paso . . . . . . . . 360 190 277 1530 390 953 39070 Cottonseed Crushers Ass’n, Dallas . . . . . . . . 330 160 261 1600 580 958 40913 Austin Oil Mfg. Co., Austin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 60 164 1220 465 963 40660 West Texas Cotton Oil Co., Seymour . . . . . . 410 140 294 1460 520 1049 40651 Quanah Cotton Oil Co., Quanah . . . . . . . . . . 400 240 348 1240 720 1008 40648 Fidelity Products Co., Houston . . . . . . . . . . . 420 95 2S0 2640 380 1079 40657 East Texas Cotton Oil Co., Terrell . . . . . . . . 440 130 298 2600 570 1096 Averages for preceding eleven samples. . 335 113 222 1559 406 877 39765-B Southland Cotton Oil Co., Waxahachie. . . . 390 130 251 2120 580 1167 41092 Jayton Cotton Oil Mill, Jayton . . . . . . . . . . . 260 90 158 1430 425 1190 40904 El Paso Cotton Industries, El Paso . . . . . . . . 180 60 99 2110 550 1256 38621 International Vegetable Oil Co., Houston. . 390 190 265 2060 560 1303 39071 Cottonseed Crushers Ass’n, Dallas . . . . . . . . 390 270 307 2780 750 1316 40649 South Texas Cotton Oil Co., Houston. . . . . 440 170 323 2860 500 1339 38617 Vernon Cotton O11 Co., Vernon . . . . . . . . . . . 390 130 286 1870 760 1343 40865 West Texas Cotton Oil Co., Abilene . . . . . . . 355 90 222 1910 880 1356 38603 Lockney Cotton Oil Co., Lockney . . . . . . . . . 6S0 290 415 2070 860 1365 40646 Southland Cotton Oil Co., Waxahachie. . . . 360 1S0 243 4020 420 1367 40625 Lubbock Cotton Oil Co., Lubbock . . . . . . . . 400 140 329 2500 740 1386 Averages for preceding eleven samples. . 382 1S5 263 2339 639 1308 \ * Sheep size HARDNESS OF COTTONSEED CAKE 17 Table 9. Ball and Crushing tests 0n nut-size cracked cake—-(Continued) Ball test on 6 Crushing test on 6 Labora- specimens (lbs.) specimens (lbs.) tory Origin of sample number High Low Mean High Low Mean 40645 Merchants 8t Planters Oil Co., Houston. . . . 360 100 200 2340 620 1392 39067 South Texas Cotton Oil Co., Houston. . . . . 570 370 457 1660 1125 1422 40659 Lamar Cotton Oil Co., Paris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660 60 381 2300 580 1428 39065 South Texas Cotton Oil Co., Houston. . . . . 660 340 455 1950 580 1484 41090 Nacogdoches Oil Mill, Nacogdoches . . . . . . . 435 130 272 2640 760 1523 40862 Mt. Pleasant Oil Mill, Mt. Pleasant . . . . . . . 395 180 367 4660 780 1581 38565 San Marcos Oil Mill, San Marcos . . . . . . . . . 500 280 401 2680 910 1598 40866 Brady Cotton Oil Co., Brady . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 180 276 2310 970 1696 38618 Quanah Cotton Oil Co., Quanah . . . . . . . . . . 450 2S0 371 2780 930 1721 40647 Travis Oil Mills, Corpus Christi. . . . . . . . . . 260 90 186 2540 965 1735 40919 Richmond Cotton Oil Co., Richmond . . . . . . 195 60 131 2840 865 1760 Averages for next preceding eleven samples 446 185 318 2609 826 1576 40903 Gonzales Cotton Oil 8r Mfg. Co., Gonzales. 460 110 246 2760 980 1851 38620 Van Alstyne Cotton Oil Co., Van Alstyne. . 370 190 296 2600 1250 1910 38574 San Angelo Cotton Oil Co., San Angelo. . . . 630 360 453 2870 1470 1997 40719 Childress Cotton Oil Mill, Childress . . . . . . . 620 210 395 3080 810 2030 41135 Quanah Cotton Oil Co., Quanah . . . . . . . . . . 420 220 329 2740 1220 2049 40863 Amarillo Cotton Oil Co., Amarillo . . . . . . . . . 270 90 194 2950 1215 2175 38576 Sweetwater Cotton Oil Co., Sweetwater. . . . 330 190 257 5610 460 2287 40931 West Texas Cotton Oil Co., Ballinger . . . . . . 305 130 247 3200 1410 2308 40900 Childress Cotton Oil Mill, Childress . . . . . . . 430 80 221 5400 960 2368 40901 Bonham Cotton Oil 8: Mfg. Co., Bonham. . 460 175 248 3345 1210 2378 38622 Quanah Coal & Grain Co., Quanah . . . . . . . . 350 200 273 8240 620 2383 Averages for preceding samples . . . . . . . . . . 422 178 287 3890 1055 2158 40861 Alamo Cotton Oil Mill, San Antonio . . . . . . . 460 150 309 6120 1140 2386 38577 Kimbell Oil Mill, Sherman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- 390 250 330 4350 660 2603 40702 San Marcos (Mr. Johnson) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 205 290 4320 1480 2608 40971 Chillicothe Cotton Oil Co., Chillicothe. . . . . 450 260 397 3320 1790 2673 41492 Kelley & Batsell, Claude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 240 437 4980 1120 2818 40642 Vernon Cotton Oil Co., Vernon . . . . . . . . . . . 370 185 280 4250 1250 2889 40920 Rio Grande Valley Cotton Oil Co., Clint. . . 510 195 336 5650 1460 3053 38602 Planters Cotton Oil Co., Bonham . . . . . . . . . 480 320 390 4480 2610 3181 40864 West Texas Cotton Oil Co., Plainview. . . . . 460 180 345 4620 1880 3416 41089 Lubbock Cotton Oil Co., Lubbock . . . . . . . . 460 270 373 4760 1020 3518 38507 Oil Mill and Fertilizer Works, Henderson,. . 1130 350 635 7410 1800 3618 38501 Marshall Cotton Oil Co., Marshall . . . . . . . . 880 470 607 5260 1880 3693 Averages for preceding eleven samples. . . . 548 258 390 4958 1543 3058 The variation of the averages for the ball test was from 186 lbs. to 538 lbs. The variation from the smallest ball test to the greatest ball test was from 145 lbs. to 670 lbs. The results of the ball tests did not vary as much as those of the crushing test. Table 11 shows ball and crushing tests on 1 inch square specimens cut from 22 slabs of cottonseed cake. The mean values for the compression tests vary from 1606 lbs. to 3560 .lbs., while the variation from the lowest crushing test to the highest crushing test on individual specimens are from 800 lbs. to 4280 lbs. These tests were run in conjunction with feeding and other tests and are tabulated here for comparisons of the ball and crushing tests on this type of specimen. 18 BULLETIN NO. 523, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Table 10. Ball and crushing tests on one inch cores 0t cottonseed cake Ball test Crushing test Labora- Origin of sample w? A ~58 A wry ° t? "5 TE ° ‘a "5 TE Number E 3 é E ii: E f3 l‘? :3 g U) g Q 2Q w V SQ 5 g .a= 3 “£2 5 i; if» 3 ‘$3 Z U n: t: <0 Z 3 tn a .3 39678-C Traders Cotton Oil Mill, Ft. Worth. . . 12 210 1S5 186 12 815 560 710 39679-B Palestine Oil Mill 8: Fertilizer Co., Palestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 540 385 460 12 1130 580 835 39678-B Traders Cotton Oil Mill, Ft. Worth . . . 12 320 160 221 12 1215 70S 937 39680-A Ballinger Cotton Oil Co., Ballinger. . . . 12 485 345 42S 12 1280 620 948 39680-B Ballinger Cotton Oil Co., Ballinger. . . . . 12 315 145 245 12 1540 440 963 40653 Lavaca Oil Mill, Hallettsville . . . . . . . . . 25 340 170 262 25 1340 740 1027 40703 San Marcos Oil Mill, San Marcos. . . . . 2S 300 150 245 25 1560 870 1071 40650 Quanah Cotton Oil Co., Quanah . . . . . . 25 460 240 383 25 1500 600 1093 Average of next preceding eight determinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . 371 219 303 1298 639 948 40633-B Bryan Cotton Oil Mill, Bryan. . . . . . . . 2S 360 210 288 25 1560 670 1143 40634-A Dallas Oil & Refg. Co., Dallas . . . . . . . . 25 425 290 371 25 1640 870 1169 40640-B Richmond Cotton Oil Co., Richmond. . 25 400 245 325 _ 25 1400 775 1181 40643-C Vernon Cotton Oil Co., Vernon . . . . . . . 25 460 150 292 25 1620 720 1199 39678-A Traders Cotton Oil Co., Ft. Worth. . . . 12 395 235 323 12 1695 935 1216 40956-B West Texas Cotton Oil Co., Ballinger. . 25 490 320 396 25 1680 900 1226 40704 San Marcos Oil Mill, San Marcos. . . . . 25 370 190 267 25 1510 920 1234 39680-C Ballinger Cotton Oil Co., Ballinger. . . . 12 4S0 295 370 12 1840 950 1234 Average of next preceding eight determinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 272 329 1618 843 1200 40634-B Dallas Oil 8c Rfg. Co., Dallas . . . . . . . . . 25 480 250 393 25 1690 870 1245 40956-A West Texas Cotton Oil Co., Ballinger. . 25 520 300 398 25 1890 850 1266 40643-B Vernon Cotton Oil Co., Vernon . . . . . . . 2S 480 2S0 369 25 1920 670 1322 39073-D Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . . 12 420 310 369 12 1580 910 1331 39073-E Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan. . . . . . . . . 12 500 240 404 12 1600 970 1338 40633-C Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan. = . . . . . . . 2S 370 200 291 2S 1820 840 1405 39116 Rotan Cotton Oil Co., Rotan . . . . . . . . . 12 620 330 436 12 1780 800 1412 40633-A Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . . 25 450 295 364 - 25 2180 900 1415 Average of next preceding eight determinations . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . 480 272 378 1808 851 1342 40640-A Richmond Cotton Oil Co., Richmond. . 25 490 26S 384 25 1830 1000 1416 40629 Taft Cotton Oil Co., Taft . . . . . . . . . . . . 2S 520 2S0 420 2S 1780 1000 1435~ 39117 Sweetwater Cotton Oil Co., Sweetwater 12 350 240 282 12 1880 910 1456 40633-E Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . . 25 540 310 385 25 1930 1000 1533 40633-1?‘ Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . . 2S 390 195 291 2S 1900 1300 1557 38944 Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . . 12 3S0 250 306 12 1950 1340 1561 40718 Childress Cotton Oil Mill, Childress . . . 25 540 3S0 44S 25 1920 1040 1604 39057 Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . . 12 490 330 393 12 1850 1310 1613 Average of next preceding eight determinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 274 363 1880 1113 1522 40624-B Lubbock Cotton Oil Co., Lubbock. . . . 25 570 235 431 25 2060 1190 1634 40633-H Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . . 25 395 230 326 25 1910 1320 1655 40643-A Vernon Cotton Oil Co., Vernon . . . . . . . 2S S40 320 411 25 2600 1250 1670 40624-A Lubbock Cotton Oil Co., Lubbock. . . . 25 590 2S0 447 2S 2700 800 1679 40633-D Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . . 25 460 31S 391 25 2295 1120 1722 38592 Southland Cotton Oil Co., Waxahachie 12 380 340 360 12 2020 1470 1733 40633-G Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan. . . . . . . . . 25 460 290 393 25 2160 1160 1796 39073-C Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . . 12 420 270 346 12 2460 920 1809 Average of next preceding eight determinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 281 394 2276 1154 1712 HARDNESS OF COTTONSEED CAKE g 19 Table 10. Ball and crushing tests on one inch cores of cottonseed cake- (Continued) Ball test Crushing test Labora- Origin of sample 3'3 ,7 A ~58 q A dJ 1 4A a Nutfifbyer g5 é é g, gE-‘j é é g, u r-l <3 u »-l <19 39081-B Traders Cotton Oil Co., Ft. Worth. . . . 12 465 245 385 12 2550 1000 1854 39766-A Peoples Oil Mill, Wharton . . . . . . . . . . . 12 455 280 390 12 2400 1680 1876 38492-F Bryan Cotton Oil Mill, Bryan . . . . . . . . 12 490 330 393 12 2170 1230 1890 38878-B Richmond Cotton Oil Mill, Richmond 12 620 410 538 12 2210 1670 1900 38492-E Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . . 12 590 360 462 12 2760 1410 1947 38492-D Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . . 12 440 290 370 12 2530 1620 2061 39766 Peoples Oil Mill, Wharton . . . . . . . . . . . 12 660 440 531 12 2665 1305 2068 38564-C Mutual Cotton Oil Co., Ft. Worth. . . . 12 420 310 343 12 2580 1875 2131 Atlemge of next preceding eight 518 333 427 483 1474 1966 eterminations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 38941 Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . . 12 520 350 440 12 2820 1320 2154 40654 Southland Cotton Oil Co., Waxahachie 25 670 400 524 25 3220 1540 2326 39111-B Richmond Cotton Oil Co., Richmond. . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3280 2040 2492 38943 Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . . 12 630 370 511 12 3290 2440 2720 39679-A Palestine Oil Mill and Fertilizer Co., Palestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 12 540 280 488 12 3820 1920 2768 38878-A Richmond Cotton Oil Co., Richmond. . 12 540 450 483 12 3510 2550 2835 38942 Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . . 12 550 290 480 12 4110 2330 2886 38570 Marshall Cotton Oil Co., Marshall. . . . 12 540 415 493 12 4300 2920 3427 Average of next preceding eight determinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 365 488 3581 2146 2731 Table 11. Ball and crushing tests on one inch squares of cottonseed cake Ball test Crushing test Labora- Origin of sample B '8 my “<5 8 '5 o “5 l5 2 o number 2 E g é g)“ g g é é S] 5 5 i» E E2; § ‘é TE» é §2 Z 9, m s 38592 Southland Cotton Oil Co., Waxahachie 6 440 280 368 6 2390 800 1606 38581 Ballinger Cotton Oil Co., Ballinger. . . 6 570 330 453 6 2800 1020 1610 39081-A Traders Oil Mill, Ft. Worth . . . . . . . . . 36 600 330 472 17 2720 1680 1941 38564 Mutual Cottonseed Oil Mill, Ft. Worth 6 450 330 366 6 2210 1850 2045 38579 Taft Cotton Oil Mill. Taft . . . . . . . . . . 6 510 380 420 6 2320 1770 2090 39111-A Richmond Cotton Oil Co., Richmond. 45 600 250 431 24 2610 1310 2114 38563 Palestine Oil Mill 8: Fertilizer Co., 6 770 440 638 6 2570 1510 220 a estine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 38575 fihulfinlliuég Oil hgillLcSchiillenbgrgl . . . 6 450 i810 2 3580 2010 g338 385 0 ars a otton i 0., ars a . . . 6 30 0 4 0 890 828 38492-D Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . 24 500 350 440 24 2680 3170 2890 38492-B Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . 0 — — — 66 3560 1610 2920 38492-C _ Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . 0 — — — 144 3610 2480 3027 38571 E lg/Iarshaél C0ttO6l1OC1l Cci, Marshall. . . 6 .370 2 3870 i340 38492- ryan otton i 0., ryan . . . . . . . . 35 0 4 4280 30 38492-A Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . 0 — — — 46 4020 3190 3560 39066 Houston Cotton Oil Mill, Houston. . . 19 350 200 289 0 — — — 39073 Bryan Cotton Oil Co., Bryan . . . . . . . . 36 280 390 334 0 — — - 39080-A Lubbock Cotton Oil Co., Lubbock. . . 45 530 290 437 0 — — — 39080-3 Lubbock Cotton Oil Co., Lubbock. . . 36 620 280 449 0 — — — 38492-F Bryan Cotton Oil Mill, Bryan . . . . . .. 55 510 380 451 0 — — — 39878-A Richmond Cotton Oil Co., Richmond. 58 760 245 633 0 - — — 39878-3 Richmond Cotton Oil Co., Richmond. 39 820 380 641 0 — — — 20 BULLETIN NO. 523. TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION HARDNESS AS RELATED TO OPINION OF CRUSHERS AS TO QUALITY OF CAKE Some of the mill operators expressed their opinions of the hardness of the samples sent. Samples are classified in Tables 12 and 13 accord- ing to the opinion of the operators ‘and are compared with the results obtained by ball and crushing tests. The results on the slab cake are given in Table 12. One slab classed _ as soft had an average crushing strength of 1027 pounds. Twelve slabs Table 12. Slab cottonseed cake classified according to opinion of oil mill operators Classification according to Ball test Crushing test mill-operators (lbs.) (lbs.) Soft Not too hard Hard High Low Mean High Low Mean 40653 340 170 262 1340 740 1027 39680-A 48S 345 425 1280 620 948 39680-B 315 145 245 1540 440 963 40650 460 240 383 1500 600 1093 40643-C ‘ 460 150 292 1620 720 1199 39680-C 450 295 370 1840 950 1234 40643-B 480 250 369 1920 670 1322 39116 620 330 436 1780 800 1412 39117 _ 350 240 282 1880 910 1456 40718 540 350 445 1920 1340 ' 1561 40643-A 540 320 411 2600 1250 1670 38618 450 250 371 2780 930 1721 38564 420 310 343 2580 1875 2131 38581 570 330 453 2800 1020 1610 40654 670 400 524 3220 1540 2326 classed as not too hard had crushing strengths varying from 948 to 2131 pounds. Two slabs classed as hard had crushing strengths of from 1610 to 2326 pounds. Table 13 shows the classification of the opinions regarding the cracked cake. Cracked cake classed as soft varied from 223 to 2287 Table 13. Cracked cottonseed cake classified according to the opinion of oil mill operators Classification according to Ball test Crushing test mill-operators (lbs.) (lbs.) Soft Not too hard Hard High Low Mean High Low Mean 39765-C 135 6S 96 465 110 223 39070 330 160 261 1600 580 958 38576 330 190 257 5610 460 2287 39765-A 250 90 15 1 420 145 271 38568 210 110 158 330 190 280 38580 270 120 190 440 270 351 38569 360 190 277 1530 390 953 39765-B 390 130 251 2120 580 1167 39071 390 270 307 2780 . 750 1316 38565 500 280 401 2680 910 1598 40642 370 185 280 4250 1250 2889 38570 \ 540 415 493 4300 2920 3427 41292 680 240 437 4980 1120 2818 HARDNESS OF COTTONSEED CAKE 21 pounds crushing strength. That classed as not too hard varied from 271 to 3427 pounds in crushing strength. The sample classed as hard was crushed at 2818 pounds. - RELATION OF HARDNESS TO CONSUMPTION OF CRACKED COTTONSEED CAKE BY COWS A series of experiments was conducted in order to determine the edibility of cottonseed cake of varying degrees of hardness. Four cows of the Division of Dairy Husbandry which had been on pasture for some time were placed in a dry lot. In a preliminary period, these cows were fed one pound of cracked cottonseed cake each day, and nothing else. A very small amount of‘ mixed dairy feed was sprinkled over the cracked cake at each feeding during the first few days of the experiment in order to induce the cows to eat the cake. These cows were first fed on samples of soft cracked cake. Two of the cows refused to eat the soft cracked cake, even though almost starved for several days, while the other two cows ate practically all of the soft cake fed to them. The two cows refusing the cake were returned to the pasture, and the remaining two cows were fed harder samples of cake. Table 14 shows the result of this first series of f'eed- ings. No hardness tests were run on the mixture of cake used in the first three feedings, as these feedings were for the purpose of separating the cows that refused the cake from those that would eat the cake and of getting them accustomed to the cake. The other tests are given in Table 14. The feeding experiments were repeated at a later date with the results shown in Table 15. In these experiments, four cows were fed hard cake, and the cows that refused the cake were replaced by others until four cows were obtained that ate any of the samples fed to them. The Table 14. Results of feeding one pound of cracked cottonseed cake to cows Cow No. 321 Cow No. 196 Age 7 years Age 9 years Labora- Ball Crushing 110W test test number Amount Per Amount Per (lbs.) (1bs.) consumed cent consumed cent (lbs.) consumed (1bs.) consumed Mixture 1 . 0 100 1 . 0 100 ” 0.8 80 0.9 90 " » 1.0 100 1.0 100 38620 . . . . . . .. 1.0 100 296 1910 38576 1.0 100 _. . . . . . . . 257 2286 38501 0.4 40 . . . . . . . . 607 3693 38507 . . . . .. . . 0.6 60 635 3618 38501 0.5 50 . . . . . . . 607 3693 38507 . . . . . . . . 0.5 50 635 3618 38574 0.5 50 0.7 70 453 1997 38580 1.0 100 1.0 100 190 35 1 38580 1.0 100 1.0 100 190 3S1 38565 1.0 100 1.0 100 401 1598 00H H H 00H H H H H 00H H H m.0mm mNmom :0? o0 :0» 0N000 00H H H 00H H H H H 8 0. H 0.20 0.22 =03 8 =0» H0000 00H H H 00H H H H H 8 w. H 0QON 0.28 zN o0 :0» H0000 00H H H 00H H H H H 8 w. H 0NON 0.28 . N o0 :00 H0000 00H H H 00H H H H H 00H H H m.HNN mQ0mN :0? o0 :00 00000 00H H H 00H H H H H 00H H H 0.00m 0.20m :N o0 :0» m0w00 00H H H 00H H H H H 00H H H w.m0H HimNHN =0? 0H :0» m0w00 00H H H 00H H H H H 00H H H 0.00m 0.002 :0? o0 :0» H0000 00H H H 00H H H H H 00H H H 0.00m 0.008 :N o0 :$ H0000 00H H H 00H H H H H 8H H H 0.0% W83 =03 8 =0» ~08... 00H N N .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . N0000 00H H H .. . . . . . . ... 0w NH N . N0000 Am.H 00> NH 0 w<0 m0 H .02 $00 Am 000% w 0 03 . wH m .02 3 0U 0m 0.H N . . 00 H N . .. N0000 00 0 N 00H N N 00H N N 00 0 N N0000 mm H.H N 00H N N 00H N N 00 0 N .. N0000 00 wH N 00H N N 00H N N 0m 0. N N0000 00H N N 00H N N 00H N N 0N 0. N N0000 Am 000% 0 0 000 mm m .02 B 0O 00 0 N 0m H N m» m.H N 0 0 N N0000 0H m. N 00H N N 00H N N 0 0 N N0000 00 0 N 00H N N 00H N N 0 0 N 0.2a N .88 :~XH o0 :H N0000 00006 0020 A0000 000.05 08:0 0020 005cm 0000 0020 008mm A.mnH0 0m0H0 -000 00E0m 000 -000 00050 000 -000 000000 000 -000 005mm 000 0000 000 0000000. 0000 ‘000 0000000. 0000 -000 0000004 0000 -000 00000000 0m0H0 00000 000 000500 00m 00 0o E < 00m 0 0 0o E < 00m 00 0 0 E < 00m 00 0 o E 0. 0.000 0.000 000000 >000 000m 05.050 0o 000m -00on0A A200.» HH 0000 A2000 N 0000 Am000> 0 0w<0 A2000 w 0000 00H .02 B00 HNm .02 B00 00H .02 BoU HHm .02 B00 @500 0w 0300 000000300 0003000 050000 u: 3150mm .00 0110? HARDNESS OF COTTONSEED CAKE 23 feeding of these cows continued for ten days on samples of varying degrees of hardness. \ The results of these two experiments show that the consumption of cake is affected not so much by the hardness of the cake as by the idiosyncrasies of the animals. Some cows seem to be able and willing to eat some cottonseed cake of the hardest type, while others refused to eat the cake of the softest type. RELATION OF HARDNESS TO CONSUMPTION BY COWS OF SQUARES CUT FROM SLAB CAKE In this experiment, samples of slab cake were cut into 1" and 1}" squares, and these specimens were fed to the cows at the same time in the recorded proportions. It was noticed that some of the cows refused to eat any of the cake no matter how soft. Such cows were eliminated from the test, until at the end of the test only three cows were being fed on the cake. A few of the cows were eliminated only after they had refused to eat the cake until they became very weak from starvation. The cut specimens of slab cake were fed during and after the experi- ments in feeding cracked cake to the cows previously referred to. Table 16 shows the result of feeding specimens of slab cake to cows. This table tends to show that the consumption of the specimens is influenced considerably by the size to which the specimens are cut. The experiments in feeding cut specimens of sla.b cake were repeated later with the results shown in Table 17. When the feedings were again started, Cow 312 refused to eat the cut specimens of cake. She was returned to the herd and the feeding was continued with only three cows. No reason can be given for her refusal of the cake, for an inspection of Table 16 shows that in the previous tests she ate the hardest cake offered. In these experiments, two cows that were accustomed to cracked ' cottonseed cake consumed specimens 1" square of two of the hardest samples of cottonseed cake which were on hand. A A comparison of Tables 14, 15, 16, and 17 seems to indicate that the shape and size of the cake which is fed to the cows have much to do with the consumption of the cake by the cows. - RELATION OF HARDNESS TO CONSUMPTION OF COTTONSEED CAKE BY SHEEP Four‘ grown sheep kept in a pen were first fed 32 pounds of pebble- size cake at feeding in theevening. The cake was placed in a large trough in the pen and remained available to the sheep until the next feeding time. All of this cake was consumed. The second feeding consisted of 4 pounds of soft sheep size cake, and was conducted in the same manner as the first feeding. All of this cake was consumed before the next feeding. The feedings were continued with tested samples of 00 0 0 00H 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 . . . . . HmoH ukmnuw zfiH w mfiwww 00 0 0 . . . .. ... .. . . . 00 0 0 00 0 0 ~03 9; wkwsvw :$H 0H <-HHHOw 0H H 0H 00H 0H 0H 0w w 0H 8 u 0H . . . . . . Hw0 wbwsdw :H w mfiwww 00H 0H 0H .... . . . . .. 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