;_ 1 an m: v . lmmriural & Mechanical Cullen oﬁuu

 A 8‘ "I CMJAGE ' Foliage Siatinn. Texaa

CAMPUS f’

R30-436-8m

 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

' A. B. CONNER, DIRECTOR
COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS

BULLETIN NO. 525A JUNE, 1936

DIVISION OF POULTRY HUSBANDRY

WHEAT GRAY SHORTS FOR THE
PREVENTION OF SLIPPED TENDONS
IN BATTERY BROODER CHICKS

 

AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS
T. O. WALTON, President

I-\~r\rl'@..< _. _.. .

w
.W4
h

Rations containing wheat gray shorts milled from hard wheat
produced fewer slipped tendons and‘more rapid gains than rations
containing shorts milled from soft wheat when fed t0 chicks in
battery brooders, although the units of feed necessary to pro-
duce a unit of gain in live weight were greater for the shorts
milled from hard wheat than for the shorts milled from soft
wheat. Hard wheat shorts contain larger amounts of protein,
fat, ash, and ﬁber than soft wheat shorts but the soft wheat shorts
contain more nitrogen-free extract than the hard wheat shorts.

The substitution of twenty percent wheat gray shorts in chick
rations for a like amount of ground corn or ground kaﬁr pro-
duced more rapid gains and fewer slipped tendons, and required
less feed to produce a unit of gain in live weight than did rations
not containing wheat gray shorts. Chick rations containing
thirty percent wheat gray shorts produced more rapid gains but
required more feed to produce a unit of gain in live weight than
did rations containing twenty percent wheat gray shorts. The
presence of twenty percent of wheat gray ‘shorts in the rations
containing 1.20-1.62 percent calcium and .56-.72 percent phos-
phorus had a greater eﬁect in increasing the rate of gain, in
reducing the number of chicks developing slipped tendons, and
in reducing the units of feed required to produce a unit of gain
in live weight than did any of the variations in the percentages
of calcium and phosphorus studied. Rations containing 1.90-1.93
percent calcium and .87-.99 percent phosphorus, even though pro-
tected by twenty and thirty percent wheat gray shorts, produced
more slipped tendons than did rations containing 1.20-1.62 per-

cent calcium and 56-57 percent phosphorus.

CONTENTS

Page
Introduction ............. -_ - 5
Previous Work .......... __ 5
Method of Procedure 7
Experimental Results 10
Comparison of no Wheat Gray Shorts with Twenty Percent
Wheat Gray Shorts _____ 4* 10
Results _--l 10
Comparison of Twenty Percent with Thirty Percent Wheat
Gray Shorts ________ w __ 14
Results 14
Comparison of Shorts Milled from Hard, Soft, and Blended Wheat 16
Results ____________ __ 16
Comparison of Different Levels of Calcium and Phosphorus
with and without Wheat Gray Shorts _ _____ __ ,_ 13
Results  _,_________ 19
Discussion 22
Summary and Conclusions 24
References __-.  24

BULLETIN NO. 525 JUNE, 1936

WHEAT GRAY SHORTS FOR THE PREVENTION OF
SLIPPED TENDONS IN BATTERY BROODER CHICKS

R. M. Sherwood, Chief Division Poultry Husbandry
J. R. Couch, Associate Poultry Husbandman

Poultrymen are ﬁnding as they change to more intensive methods of
broiler production, including the use of battery brooders, that it is
important to select the proper feeds in order to prevent slipped tendons
(sometimes called perosis) and to produce rapid and efficient gains. The
condition known as slipped tendons occurs largely from the fourth to the
seventh week in the growth period of chickens grown in battery brooders.
The symptoms of slipped tendons in the advanced stages are these: the
tibial-metatarsal joint is swollen and has a bluish-green color caused
apparently by small hemorrhages in the underlying tissue, the tendons
slip out of place to either side, and the use of one or both legs is par-
tially or wholly lost. Whether or not the chicken is marketable depends
on the severity of the deformity.

Previous Work

Titus and Ginn (17) and later Titus (16) found that rice bran is
especially valuable in the prevention of slipped tendons or perosis.
Titus (16) also reported that rice bran contains a factor, possibly a
vitamin, which is necessary for normal bone development in chickens.
He suggests that this might be one of the vitamin B complex; since it is
not soluble in ether, it cannot belong to the group of fat soluble vita-
mins. Hunter and associates (8) were able to produce “hock disease”
experimentally in more than ninety percent of the birds. They produced
the abnormality readily by the addition of bone meal, sodium phosphate,
and calcium carbonate to the basal ration. They said that the condition
was more prevalent with chicks in batteries and concluded that for the
prevention of “hock disease” oats or oat feed possess beneﬁcial proper-
ties which could not be explained on the basis of their ﬁber content.
Graham and associates (3) in an attempt to isolate the factor inﬂuencing
the rate of growth, feather growth, and perosis, made a number of
extracts of wheat germ middlings. Their results indicate that at least
part of the activity of wheat germ middlings may be removed in solvents
of a slightly acid nature. They also stated that it appeared that the
success of wheat germ middlings in chick rations may rest upon at least
three factors, one increasing rate of growth, another reducing mortality,
and a third reducing slipped tendons. Branion (1) reported that perosis
was common in chickens fed rations composed largely of corn and that
this trouble was prevented to a considerable extent by the use of wheat
germ, oat hulls and germ, or whole oats.

Wilgus and associates (19) found that a level of one percent phos-
phorus produced as severe perosis as larger amounts when steamed bone

6 BULLETIN NO. 525, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

meal was added as the phosphorus supplement to a basal ration con-
taining .95 percent calcium and .81 percent phosphorus and 10w in the
preventive factor. They estimated the relative perosis-preventing prop-
erties of common poultry feed stuffs to be as follows: wheat germ 100,
wheat standard middlings 65, red dog ﬂour 50, wheat bran 40, ground
oats 30, hard wheat 5, soybean oil meal 0. They also stated that all
but a small amount of perosis was prevented by feeding twenty percent
wheat standard middlings when the phosphorus level was 1.2 percent.
Sherwood and Couch (14) reported that when twelve percent of dried
milk in rations containing about .51 percent phosphorus was replaced
by a like amount of meat and bone scrap, thus raising the amount of
phosphorus to about .95 percent, the percentage of slipped tendons was
increased from fourteen to eighty-four. Rice bran and wheat gray shorts
when incorporated in a ration in place of ground corn deﬁnitely prevented
slipped tendons at phosphorus levels up to nearlyil percent. It was
found that two or more factors are associated with the trouble known
as slipped tendons, and that there are indications that phosphorus is a
causative factor and that a preventive factor is present in appreciable
amounts in wheat gr-ay shorts and rice bran and possibly in lesser
amounts in oat groats and cottonseed meal.

Milby (10) found a. correlation coefficient of .6303 between the per-
centage of phosphorus in the ration and the development of slipped ten-
dons. He states, however, that his results did not justify the conclusion
that phosphorus is the chief causative factor of slipped tendons, but
merely indicates that high percentages of slipped tendons are associated
with a. high phosphorus content in the ration. Milby (11) later con-
cluded that in rations otherwise adequate, excess phosphorus appears to
be the chief causative factor in the production of slipped tendons. He
found that rice bran and, to a lesser extent, wheat middlings appear to
contain a substance which tends t-o prevent slipped tendons. The balance
between the amount of phosphorus and the preventive factor seems to
determine the development of slipped tendons. He also found that a
ration containing three percent of magnesium carbonate did not cause
slipped tendons but did‘cause slower growth and a lower ash content
of femurs. Hammond (4) in studies of inorganic phosphorus as related
to perosis, recorded that “the highest correlation was found between
inorganic phosphorus and perosis. There was a high correlation between
perosis and total phosphorus, but a signiﬁcant negative correlation
between organic phosphorus and perosis. The use of partial correlations
showed there was also a signiﬁcant negative correlation between perosis
and calcium.” He stated further “that inorganic phosphorus is a
primary factor in the etiology of perosis.”

Insko and associates (9) found that a widening of the calcium-phos-
phorus ratio did n-ot increase the percentage of slipped tendons. An
increase of bone meal in the feed, which involves an increase of phos-
phorus, althourgh the calcium-phosphorus ratio remained about the same,

WHEAT GRAY SHORTS FOR PREVENTION OF SLIPPED TENDONS 7

caused a noticeably higher percentage of slipped tendons. The phos-
phorus in bone meal is largely inorganic phosphorus. Payne and asso-
ciates (12) concluded that intensive brooding methods may be a con-
tributing factor in the development of slipped tendons in connection with
rations in which the minerals are not properly balanced. He reported
that puriﬁed calcium-phosphate and calcium-carbonate gave the same
trouble as did steamed bone meal. He suggested that an attempt to
avoid rickets by the use of calcium and phosphorus is likely to produce
slipped tendons. Buckner and associates (2) found that the addition
of magnesium carbonate to chick rations produced abnormal conditions of
the leg bones. This was more marked when fed with tricalcium phos-
phate than without it. Herner and Robinson (7) reported that the
amount of leg troubles increased when increasing amounts of meat meal
ash were used in the rations. Heller and associates (5,~ 6) presented
data to show that perosis cannot be cured by the usual vitamin treat-
ment but by a phosphorus correction of the diet. Sherwood (13)
reported that the percentage of slipped tendons was increased by increased
amounts of total phosphorus or decreased amounts of calcium in the
ration.

Method of Procedure

Four speciﬁc studies are reported in this bulletin. The general
methods of procedure are similar for the different studies. The chickens
used were Single Comb White Leghorns of like breeding produced from
stock raised by the poultry division of the experiment station. They
were all hatched at the station in the same incubator.

In the lots for these experiments, the chicks were distributed at
random; but the largest and the smallest chicks as well as any weak
ones were discarded. The chicks were weighed at the beginning and
at the end of the experiments and at two week intervals. They were
weighed early in the morning after feed had been withheld since six
o'clock the preceding afternoon. The chicks were fed in battery brooders
so placed in a well ventilated brooder room that all lots were under as
uniform conditions as possible. The feed was weighed daily and the
chicks were allowed about all they would consume. Tap water was
before them at all times. The chicks in experiment 1 had approximately
an eleven hour feeding period per day, while in all of the other experi-
ments the feeding period was fourteen hours per day.

Samples of feed used in these experiments were analyzed by the
Division of Chemistry; "these analyses are given in Table 1.

The units of feed required to produce a. unit of gain in live weight,
(sometimes called feed efficiency) as used in this work, are calculated by
dividing the total weight of the feed intake for the chicks in a lot by the
total gains made by the individuals of that lot.

In calculating the slipped tendon index, a method similar to that
reported by Titus and Hammond (18) f'or their perosis index was used.

8 BULLETIN NO. 525, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIIVIENT STATION

 

 

 

    

 

mo. om. QWNN :6». .m mNN a}. 3.8 NC . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . .135 3cm
C. . . . . . . . . .. wﬁéN woéo 6 ooN n+4 m§mN No ..............Iiﬁwﬁwcom
i? u - o  .O@ . - . u . - ¢ - - » ' - . . . - ' . - . . . - - - ' - » - - . ~ . . - . I .  ~ u I - - p | ~ I   
Nm. . . . . . . . . .. mﬂiwm . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .  ma ..........=onw»vuw>owa:o»mv
3. 0N. 3a N7: 3.9. 3w C. 2a 3E m: ......aw._uw 3B E5 302
No.  3A 8N MEiNN 3w 2.3 i.» 2.3 .2: . . . . . . ....x=abx=n “BEG
8. . . . .  8; $4 3d 3w 3.3 3w 2Y3 8 . . . . . . . ....¢_=Es:=@ 8cm
No. wN. c“. C. N7». $4. Sam 9:. $5 a: . . . .35.? >95 Se? @2285
mo. 0H . 3. 8. wNN NH d 1.3 a?» 8.3 2: . . . . . . .4325» ~35 “musk :3
.3. N»: i“. 3 . Q4. I d $.43, m: é $3 Q: ... . . . dﬁozw 52m “m2? wax
8.  mo. 2. 00A» 8.2 wqﬁ. 3w 8.8 N3  . . . . Imtoﬁ >€m “@055
3.  8. i. 3e $2 ﬂew 84. 3.3 3 188% bﬁw EBB
NNA   $1 NmA $9 $10 8.2 NNA. 3:“ i: .............§E§._&E_<
$4 . . . . . . . . . . 3. 3.; 3.2 NNN 2am 0N6 3.8 2: . . . . . . .... . . AmQE K2 @287»
8. . .  aN. 6. 0N4 $1: 3.2 £4. a; 3H .  1500302?» 252w
S. .  $1 mo. wm.“ no.2 3.3. oNﬁN moNN ma . . . . . . ............wmxuc=o»mv
sm< 53m 2:23 EEQHU sm< 05332 Umbxm 32E “mm 533m d Z
223025 -332 éosm wuﬂm 3.30 wEEmm wuwm
§wo§Z

mwuvu we iomﬁmciico QM-wwiuononmln 03MB

9

WHEAT GRAY SHORTS FOR PREVENTION OF SLIPPED TENDONS

%@." mwQ-fm mq¢Jﬁ NmJa  NﬁJﬁ . . ..... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........Q4..~.NHMUMOQQMO§Q|EQ@U—NU

mo. 0m. “w. 0». o0. Ft ..  .  . . . . . . . . . ............w444o44n4wo44aﬂ$u.4on4

4m.4 00.4 mm.4 mm4 ~04 mm4 ..  .  . .. . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . ..E444o4mo 333m
wco3m4 4o mmmﬁmnm 320444484444 044m EESmU

m4. m4. m4. m4. m4. m4. . . . . .   . . . .  . . . . . ..................303344.00

00.4 00.4 00.4 00.4 00.4 00.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . 

0mm 0mm m~4 m~4 m~4 00. ~44  . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........4moEo44om

0m. 4&4 0N4 w~4 3.4 00m e04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . .........44w44m.43m>O

00.w4 00.w4 00.w4 00.w4 00.444 00.w4 m04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................v4=4E.4w344n 453D

00m 00m 00m 00m 00.». 00m 4404  . . . . . . . . . ........4mwE4m@4m:m:<

       . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . ..................QMOU3QZQ%UC5OM0
awﬁw. awaw. Awc.     .............-................-...-....MHHOZM>.N.HMH.WUEg
mco3m4 E m344w4ww4wc4 44o owmuaouhvm
o m 4. m N 4 424E442 4.31.4
483mm 4403mm 4403mm 4403mm 463mm 4403mm 205mm .
\ miaciimciﬁ 344: 444450443 Mimwiivﬂm m 344: N 35044444044440 =- womi mGQ-wﬂu we mwioﬁvvawiullm Q4445?
@©."# @¢-n% @W.“# ©wtuﬁ Cwﬂﬁ RﬁJa . . . . ..... . . . . . . . .........._.....-O@U.GkMM~MQZQWQQQIEHZU@NU
@5- N§. @%- @©. Q@. ©W. ... . . . . . . . . . ..- . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...-...-..M5ho§QmQ§QwiUUkUm
4N4 044.4 4N4 m~4 $4 0N4  . . . . . .  . . . . . . ................E444u4mu344w94on4
wco3m4 .40 wowﬁmcm maoamwonn 044m EESmU
m4. m4. m4 m4. m4 m4. . . . . . . . . . . .. .... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............00334000

00.4 00.4 00.4 00.4 00.4 004 . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . 1144mm

0nd 0mm m~4 m~4 m~4 00. 4.0 . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . ......4muEu:om

QW.       .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . .-...:U§m HUQM~AQ canon-U

00.w4 00.w4 00.w4 00.434 00.w4 00.w4 on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..v4444=.634444 463G

00m 00.». 00m 00m 00m 00m 004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........4mo44:mu4mrm.=<

59$. m4.~> 4mm» wmmm momm 5mm ma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........44.4mv4 044440.40

Gav. @@.      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . -..mahogw >ﬂhm Hﬁﬂgg
m44o3m4 E mﬁhzwokmﬁ 44o wwﬁcoﬁom
o m 4. m w 4 44.244574 45mm
4403mm 4403mm 483mm 483mm 4403mm 4403mm 2445mm

mqrQZ-Qmcii 344: 444444013 M-Zwﬁﬂll n wiuﬂihm-QHQ =4 3on4- m-llwnh wQ mw44043oaM44m|N 04:44?

   
 

of slipped tendons. Values of zero, one, two, and three were given to
the respective grades. These values were added, the sum was divided by l"
three times the number of chicks in the lot, and this ﬁgure was multiplied Er
by 100. The ﬁgure obtained is the slipped tendon index, and of course
the larger the index the more severe the trouble.

Experimental Results

Comparison of No Wheat GPHJY Shorts with Twenty Percent Wheat
Gray Shorts

This study was planned to supply more information on the value of
wheat gray shorts in controlling slipped tendons and in inﬂuencing gains
and the units of feed required to produce a unit of gain in live weight.
The substitution of twenty pounds of wheat gray shorts for a like amount
of ground kaﬁr or ground corn was studied on three levels of calcium and
phosphorus. The changes in calcium were made by varying the amounts 
of oyster shell and bone meal while the changes in phosphorus were é
made by varying the amount of bone meal in the rations. As these 
mineral feeds were changed the amounts of ground kaﬁr or ground corn 
were changed accordingly, because kaﬁr and corn were the lowest in ‘l
mineral content of all the feeds studied.

l

 

Table 2 gives the rations used in experiment 1 of this study and Table
3 gives the rations used in experiments 2 and 3. The only difference
between them is that ground kaﬁr was used in experiment 1 and ground
corn in experiments 2 and 3. In this study it is not known whether the
wheat gray shorts used were milled from hard wheat or soft wheat.
However, the chemical composition is more nearly like that of shorts
milled from hard wheat than it is like the composition of shorts from
soft wheat. No attempt was made to make the protein, carbohydrate,
a.nd fat content of the different rations exactly the same; however, the
differences in the percentages of these nutrients in these rations were
not large. It was planned in this study to have the total amounts of
calcium and phosphorus of the rations containing shorts as nearly the
same as those of the respective rations not containing, shorts as was
possible.

Results

It is seen from table 4 that on all mineral levels in every experiment
the slipped tendon index was much lower when twenty percent of wheat
gray shorts was included in the rations than when no shorts was fed.
The slipped tendon index for the lots with twenty percent wheat gray
shorts ranged from 0 to 9.4 with an average of 2.5. The slipped tendon
index for the lots without wheat gray shorts ranged from 13.5 to 43.7
with an average of 33.8 (Table 4). The difference in the slipped tendon
index for the lots on the same mineral levels of each experiment caused
b~y the use of wheat gray shorts ranged from 11.3 to 40.7 (Table 5).
The rations containing low calcium and low phosphorus showed a smaller

WHEAT GRAY SHORTS FOR PREVENTION OF SLIPPED TENDONS 11

9W6 3Q mwd K6 3Q 24. . . . . . ..................11.69am Ezwﬁivaxmloamwvm
mwd 07¢ :6 8Q n06 mod. . . . . . . . .  .  . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . ‘Imumwedﬂwnwm
was. ~26 mod wmé $4“ £4“   . . . . . . . . . . . ..~E@E€@nxw
3.». n04» and $4. K6. oué .. .. . . . . . . . .  . . . .  . . . . lﬁunvEiuaxw
“sumo? P»: E 5am E 3c: m @0365 B uwhswwk wow» Mo BED
Qﬁmvﬁw ~1§W§w~> Qﬂmméw wiﬁawu Wimoﬁw ﬁﬁmmdi  . . . . . . . . . . . . . E: zﬁecwaxowoéwwwé

Namwlemw waﬁwwgqv ﬁmThﬁﬁw Qﬁmmsﬁ wiwzvﬁw “aﬁwmqﬁ   .. ..  . . . . . . . . .éw==m.~uqwemhwaxm

ﬁiieww 585.2“ _.¢~+§¢ww #3345“ Niiaow “Gigi.   .  . .  . . . . . iﬁvzsmuucvEmhvmxm

offvmﬁ 523.8”. @4192“ 1w 3&3. .2 Hqﬁb 318.20 . . .   . . . . . . . . . . iﬁwimﬁdnwemhwmxm

Wnwmmdo: Wowmﬁmaw 0.2362: wdﬁﬁwéﬁ. ﬁﬁmisﬂ: Qtmﬁmow . .. .. . . . . . .  . wﬁimévemkwaxmlosmoz

ﬁzwwgooﬁ oémmwkﬁoow mtguwwdi! aiﬁfwzw M1§+HAZZ Qﬁwwaﬁw .  . . . ..  . . . . . iwmzwﬁoowéwecwgxm
Qamfhimo: Qmiwgow 923.9“: wéwwmgﬁ fmiaia Naiﬁnﬁ . .  .. .........22§~.ooNéwﬁcwnim
Qifwxa ~.mHH¢.~.o~ wﬁwqtw ﬁﬁawgw ﬁoﬁrﬁomw Nﬁfamo .  .  ..............2@§HuooHéuemsenm
mEmkw E Emma? Y»: 5 5am wwmkuzw
@.@  $-@  @.@  .- -.- .. - . . - - .-.....MI@C.NNWQQQET~QQXU%OH~GQS
@-o  §n€  ¢.$  -»--~ -- - - - - -.- - -¢-..- - ¢ ~ - - - --.-.--@PHHQEvMQQxm
  O.M    .......... ........ . . ....................Nuﬂwemuwﬁunm
o-o  x~o  $¢$  --¢--»-»- .>. --.---.».---....i...-.€#=@E@h@Qxm
wows“ nova»; v25 5
wﬁozw 3.8mm Eﬁm mﬁoaw mﬁonw 52w mﬁosw mﬁonw 52w
3% 32?» um??? o Z >§m Qwwn? Haws? o Z >95 “was? 23s? o Z
“Quorum ow “mocha cu EQSQQ on
N aoﬁwm w coﬁmm w zomﬁwm w noﬁmm ﬁ 233M w. coﬁwm

M59155.“ 5E
E5330 ﬂaw

mSuOJQwOQQ awﬁm
Eﬁﬂmu Boa

mskosuwoaa 30A
E3013 30A

m" ma: .N J nw-ﬁw-imnoﬁkv >vﬁo~vﬂ~0 m-oou ~25“ miirﬁw i“ t-MTPF Pr: i“ GEM owuaokrd Qoﬂiw ﬂaw-Eva m-wﬁiiwlv 011»?

12 BULLETIN NO. 525, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

difference in the slipped tendon index between the lots receiving wheat
gray shorts and those not receiving it, than did the rations containing
low calcium and larger amounts of phosphorus. It is true that none of
these rations contained as large amounts of phosphorus as is sometimes
fed, especially in rations containing meat and bone scrap, or larger
quantities of b-one meal; therefore, the corrective effect of the shorts,
even on the highest levels of phosphorus studied in these experiments.
is more pronounced than in some other experiments where the phosphorus
levels are so high that a considerable number of chickens develop slipped
tendons, even when fed wheat gray shorts.

It is seen in Table 4 that in every case (With both cockerels and pullets
and on all three mineral levels) the increases in gains due to the use of
wheat gray shorts are signiﬁcant. The difference in gains caused by
wheat gray shorts regardless of the mineral levels fed was from 147.3
to 315.0 grams for cockerels, with an average of 226.8 grams. With
pullets this difference of gains caused by use of wheat gray shorts ranged
from 64.3 to 180.4 grams with an average of 131.7 grams. Table 5
shows that as regards the lots on the same mineral levels the increases of
gains caused by twenty percent wheat gray shorts ranged from 147.3
to 294.9 grams for cockerels and from 64.3 to 178.9 grams for pullets.
The chicks receiving wheat gray shorts required less feed to produce a
unit of gain in live weight ‘than did those not receiving wheat gray shorts
in every experiment and on all levels of calcium and phosphorus except
with the chicks fed the low calcium-low phosphorus rations of experi-
ment 2 (Tables 4 and 5).

Table 5-—Sunnnary of advantages of wheat gray shorts

Advantages"‘ of rations with 20 percent
wheat gray shorts over rations with no
wheat gray shorts

Low calcium Low calcium High calcium
and low phos- and high phos- and high phos-
phorus rations phorus rations phorus rations

Sl pped tendon index

Experiment 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 38.9 40.7
Experiments 2 and 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.5 40.6 31.3

Average gain in live weight in grams

Experiment 1 Cockerels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1S0. 5 i- 25.2 147 .3 i 19.0 193. 6:1: 22.9
Experiments 2 and 3 Cockerels . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. . .. 195.1 i 23.9 285.01 25.7 294,9i26_3
Experiment 1 Pullets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64.3i14.9 147.4i14.0 97.4i 16.8
Experiments2and3 Pullets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 117.5;t20.8 178.9j:19.6 141.8i25.3

Units of feed required to produce a unit
of gain in live weight

Experiment 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 .26 _31
Experiments 2 and 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -—.02 .36 _25

Figures preceded by minus sign show disadvantages for wheat gray shorts.

WHEAT GRAY SHORTS FOR PREVENTION OF SLIPPED TENDONS 13

awtnﬁ b¢.nw wwtnﬁ wﬁ-nw @¢."@ \ Q¢Ja . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .O@HNH mﬁkognmwoﬂaieﬁﬁvﬁﬂu

“o. ow. mo. No. “w. we. . . . . . .   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........w_ionmmosa i630.»

Ho.“ 0o.“ mo.“ Ho.“ 00A Ho;  . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................E:Mu_mo~awuuwm
253m» 0o womﬁmnm waosawonm 0cm EEQEU

2. m“. m; 2 m0 m“ . . . . . . . .  . . . .  . . . . . . . . . .....................=o._o>:uoU

00~ 00A 00A 00A 000 00A . . . . . .  . . . . .  . . . . 

       . . . . . .  . . . . . ........ZUSMMUHM>QUN@MMU@SU

00.0 00.0 00 a 00.0 00 a 000.0 m0“ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . .  . . . . . .JEE.US:Q BIO

8.9   Q   Q  Q  . . . . - . . . - . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ..~. ..-..Q.NkUWUHm°Q UQG QNUE

006 00.». 00 m 00.», 00 m 00.». we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . .............~.muEwm2m:m=<

BM          . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . - . . . QMMQO 3O=U~m ﬁZHDOhO

8  @@. Awaw.  Ca. oaw.  . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .mukoﬁw >NHM HNUS? Qwvnvﬁm

mwaw.  s.   mac.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... .wu.m°§m >NHM BNUZB 

8.   Awav. v Ava.   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . ....-. .W.who§w hﬁkw HNUZB wvhﬁm
mcoUmh E wucwmwwpwc“ 0o ommucwuhwm
o w + m » w _ bne=z 03m
coimm coimm 008mm cotmm cQSmM 203mm 038mm

mEhAZ-QMQGQ 5:5 i-imo-ﬂo EﬂmmZ-wvim m ma: v mwiwﬂ-Tﬁwiiv i“ 00m: mmliwﬂh m0 mwiwmwvhwiml». Q-QGH.

14 BULLETIN NO. 525, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Comparison oi Twenty Percent with Thirty Percent Wheat Gray Shorts

In Bulletin 476 of this station, it was reported that when ten and
twenty percent of wheat gray shorts was substituted for a like amount

 

of yellow corn meal, larger gains were made, fewer chicks developed '

slipped tendons, and less feed was required to produce a unit of gain
th-an when no wheat gray shorts was fed. In experiments 1, 2, and 3 of
this bulletin where twenty percent wheat gray shorts was substituted
for a like amount of kaﬁr or corn, similar results were reported. The
object of this study was to determine whether the substitution of thirty
percent of wheat gray shorts would produce larger gains, more com-
pletely prevent slipped tendons, and produce more economical gains than
twenty percent wheat gray shorts when substituted for a like amount
of ground yellow corn in rations containing nine percent meat and bone
scrap and nine percent dried buttermilk; these rations contained a
higher percentage of calcium and phosphorus than those reported in
Bulletin 476 or in experiments 1, 2, and 3 of this bulletin. These higher
levels of calcium and phosphorus were used so that the corrective value
of wheat gray shorts could be studied under more adverse conditions.

Results

There was very little difference in the slipped tendon index between
the lots receiving twenty percent wheat gray shorts and those receiving
thirty percent wheat gray shorts when hard wheat shorts was fed. When
either soft wheat shorts or blended wheat shorts was ﬁed the lots receiving
thirty percent Wheat groay shorts had a signiﬁcantly lower slipped tendon
index than the lots receiving twenty percent wheat gray shorts (Tables
7 and 8). Since the hard Wheat shorts protected the chicks against‘
slipped tendon better than the soft wheat or blended wheat shorts, the
difference in the slipped tendon index between the twenty percent and
thirty percent hlard wheat shorts could not be as great as with the soft
wheat or the blended wheat shorts.

The gains of the cockerels fed the thirty percent wheat gray shorts
were larger than those of the cockerels fed the twenty percent wheat
gray shorts in both experiments and with all three kinds of shorts, with
the exception of the cockerels of experiment 4 receiving blended wheat
shorts. When experiments 4 and 5 are combined, the gains of the cock-
erels fed the thirty percent wheat gray shorts were larger than those of
the cockerels fed the twenty percent wheat gray shorts with all three types
of shorts. The gains of the pullets fed the thirty percent wheat gray shorts
were larger than those of the ones fed the twenty percent wheat gray
shorts in both experiments and with all three types of shorts fed, with
the exception of the pullets in experiment 5 receiving blended wheat
shorts (Table 7). When experiments 4 and 5 are combined, the gains of
the pullets fed thirty percent wheat gray shorts were larger than those
of the pullets fed twenty percent wheat gray shorts when shorts from
hard wheat and shorts from soft wheat were fed: when blended wheat

WHEAT GRAY SHORTS FOR PREVENTION OF SLIPPED TENDONS 15

3K». 8.» 3.», Ho.» 2.» w?»

o5». $2». 09m 12m 2.” 8a

52m $1.» $6 Fin 3.» S.»

\ gamma,» .v>= E 5mm mo 3n: m @2603 3 wohsvﬁ woo“ .3 mﬁnD
fiwwei ~AHH~2QK fzﬂaai. Némwi: ¢.o‘_Hw.wv~ wd ﬂew:
Zimqmww fﬁmﬂih ~H¢~Ho6~h Q2330 oQﬁﬂadoh Qﬁmmamw
@5193“ ~.¢H+o.mo~. m $3.8“ “in H~6§ 123.2“ ﬁ$+ﬁ~$~
qﬂmﬁSw @4123» Qﬁwmﬁﬁw MYZHQJAK wiﬁHﬁJla wﬁﬂwqmw
¢.Z+o.\bw ﬂtmﬁa: maﬁixoﬁ Qﬁwaat. izmwﬁw oQﬁHwtomw
wdﬁﬂo§ow Hqiﬁmnw Wﬁﬁwqmw ﬁﬁiaxw “Sigma EMZHQEE
mEmhm E usmmw? P»: E 5w» owm$><

To“ 93 ad“ 93 ﬁw Nd

Wm" 2a 58 9% m}. mi.
92 ~13 0.: o.- “.1: W:

xovﬁ covcﬁ Baa a
“EQPSQ cm “aouuom ow 2.633 on 28:5 on pcuuhom on pnvﬁom om
o coSmM m coBwM m .823“ u main w ceﬁm ﬁ noswm
o: Qaeww 00H 2.86m m2 macaw
wﬁoaw “was? UQUGBQ 3.8% “aux? tom 33am “was? “ism

 .. H Maaﬁ m“.

cvﬁivaxo Mo n32

. . . . m anwEiwnxm

. . . . . é Ewﬁiuaxm

w muswcbhwaxo Mo nmwﬁn
. duwzsm m unwEimaxw
. . . . . . . 5.62am w n-GUETQQNMH

. m wcm w“ macvﬁiunxo “o umoz

. . . . ..MMUMQMUOQ m “cwﬁiuaxm
. . . . 66.56600 ﬁ EwECQQxM

. W UGN Q ﬂavﬁioaxu m0 GU02

. . .m ucoﬂshoaaﬂ

. . . . . . . . . . iv uﬂwﬁiuuﬁwnm

n Hi: v mwﬁvilavﬂﬁo hcﬁvfvav ~30.“ ﬂiﬁ niﬂaw E 3-995 0P5 i“ i-Fw QMGHQK»: Q22: ﬂow-now woﬁﬁﬂmlb 013i.

16 BULLETIN NO. 525, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

shorts was fed the gains of the pullets fed thirty percent wheat gray
shorts were 3.4il6.0 grams smaller than those of the pullets fed twenty
percent wheat gnay shorts.

Table 8—Summary of advantages 0f 30 per cent wheat gray shorts over
20 per cent wheat gray shorts

Advantages‘ of 30 percent over 2O percent
wheat gray shorts

Sample 108 I Sample 109 Sample 110
Hard wheat Soft wheat Blended wheat
shorts shorts shorts

 

l

I
Slipped tendon index

Experiments 4 and 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 7.4 8.2
Average gain in live weightls in grams

Experiments 4 and S Cockerels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62.3i18.7 31.6i19.8 39.2i18.4

Experiments 4 and 5 Pullets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27.5 i 14.3 45.1 i 14. 7 —3.4i 16.0

Units of feed required to produce a unit
oflgain in live weig|ht

Experiments 4 and 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ——-. 12 l .0 I ——. 11

‘Figures preceded by minus sign show disadvantages for 30 percent shorts.

Comparison of Shorts Milled From Hard, Soft, and Blended \Vheat

The object of this study was to determine whether the slipped tendon
index, rate of gain, or units of feed required to produce a unit of gain
in live weight were inﬂuenced by ‘the type of wheat from which the
shorts was milled.

Shorts milled from hard wheat, from soft wheat, and from a blend of
seventy percent hard wheat and thirty percent soft wheat, were fed in
two experiments at levels of twenty and thirty percent. The difference
in the amounts of shorts in the rations was made up by ground yellow
corn; Table 6 gives the proportions of ingredients in the various rations.

It is seen from Table 1 that hard wheat shorts contains much more
protein, ﬁber, and ash, and less nitrogen-free extract, than shorts milled
from soft wheat. The hard wheat shorts contained twice as much mag-
nesium, over twice as much calcium, and about seventy percent more
phosphorus than did the shorts from the soft wheat.

Results

The slipped tendon index of the chicks fed hard wheat shorts on both
twenty and thirty percent levels was smaller than that of the chicks
fed the same levels of soft wheat shorts or blended wheat shorts.

The slipped tendon index of the chicks fed blended wheat shorts on
both twenty and thirty percent levels was smaller than that of those fed

WHEAT‘GRAY SHORTS FOR PREVENTION OF SLIPPED TENDONS

17.

:6 5.». m5». moé 3.». 8.». . ..  . . . . . . . .......mwcwwﬁnw_biwaxvwocmv§
o5». 00.». m5». QM». Cd mod .. . . . . . .  . . . . .  . . . . . . Ilmazwgmﬂwmxm
wmaﬁ      . . .. . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . ..-.......QH.GUET~UQN@

32w? 0>S E 5% Mo tn: a wuswokm o» 832.03 E3 .3 BED

wimmé: Qcﬁmaﬁx wdﬁmmeﬁ ~.CH~.oo~. NAZHwJE m; mwaﬁ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “aflasemhwaxw E =82

ﬁﬁwqnwo viwqwﬁ 9510.8“ iwﬁmwé: qﬁmqqww Qﬁwﬁmaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . .223» mﬁwecvmxm

waiweﬁ Nﬁiwmﬁ $23.2“ ~Jl+o6o~ ﬂiw +~.m2 T$+Tmm> . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . .....$v=sm¢§uE€vax@

Qzmhéw Qmﬂmwaﬁw wéﬂﬁﬁalo Aviwﬁmw mime?“ oﬁmwgmw  . . . . . . . . . . . . vﬁiéwemkwax» B =82

+.:,|é.$w Wﬁiwaﬁ Qﬁmwﬁw ~$~m~$w> Qﬁwqmt o.:+m.omw  . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . IﬂohiuoU mEQEIwQxM

weirqBw Wﬁwwgmw 5c~+~Qmo ﬁ§+mw$ 52:53 wdﬁHogkw . .  . . . . . . . . ...........zwkwvzoojﬁemhoaxm

mEmhw E Emmy? 0>S E 5mm vwm~o><
      . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . .....Wwvﬂﬂﬁmuﬂmvemhmwﬁunmvﬁhvﬂﬁwz
W.Na      . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . ......-..WQGUET~QQK@
@.@.w      . . . . . ... . . . . . .............. . . . . . .........-¢HgUETnU@Nm
Mvwﬁ cows»; wwaasw
mﬁonw wﬁosm 3.8mm mﬁonm wﬁosm 3.8mm
pawn? wwwcﬁm “was? tom “musk, FEE anus? woucﬁm $9?» tom “was? v.85
w uouwm m coSwﬁ w noumm m coswm w nosmm H nosﬁm
3.8mm 52w “mus? 388m on mﬁosm zmuw axon? i632» on

3355 ac will wﬂonomim. 55am mwaaém huuw #5013

uQ iomma-“QEQDIIQ 3&6?

18 BULLETIN NO. 525, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT. STATION

these levels of soft wheat shorts, with the exception of the chicks fed
thirty percent blended wheat shorts in experiment 4 (Table 9). The
gains in weight of ‘the cockerels fed hard wheat shorts on both twenty
and thirty percent levels were larger than those of the cockerels fed the
same percentages of soft wheat shorts in both experiments 4 and 5.
There was no signiﬁcant difference between the gains made by the
pullets receiving the different types of shorts (Tables 9 and 10).

Table 10—Summary of advantages of hard wheat shorts over soft wheat shorts

Advantages‘ of hard wheat shorts sample
108, over soft wheat shorts sample 109

20 percent shorts 30 percent shorts

Slipped tendon index

Experiments 4 and 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. 1 10.8
Average gain in live weight in grams

Experiments 4 and S Cockerels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 . 8 i 17 . 3 88 . S j; 21 . 1

Experiments 4 and 5 Pullets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.0i 14.1 —2 .61 14.8

~ Units of feed required to produce a unit
of gain in live weight

Experiments 4 and 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . —.05 —. 17

‘Figures preceded by minus sign show disadvantages for hard wheat shorts.

The chickens fed soft wheat shorts required slightly less feed to
produce a unit of gain in live weight than did those fed hard wheat or
blended wheat shorts.

Comparison of Diﬁerent Levels of Calcium and Phosphorus
With and Without Wheat Gray Shorts

The object of these experiments was to compare the effect of three
levels of calcium and phosphorus, with and without wheat gray shorts,
upon the slipped tendon index, ‘the rate of gains, and the units of feed
required to produce a unit of gain in live Weight.

Three experiments were conducted on this study; Table 2 gives the
rations used in experiment 1 and Table 3 gives the rations used in
experiments 2 and 3.

Experiment 1 was conducted in 1934 and experiments 2 and 3 were
conducted in 1935. In experiment 1 the chicks were allowed approxi-
mately an eleven hour daily feeding period. With experiments 2 and
3 the chicks were allowed a fourteen hour feeding period. For this
reason the data for experiments 2 and 3 are studied together in separa-
tion from experiment 1.

It is seen from Tables 2 land 3 that the only difference in these rations
is that in experiment 1 ground kaﬁr was used and in experiments 2 and

WHEAT GRAY SHORTS FOR PREVENTION OF SLIPPED TENDONS 19

3 ground yellow corn was used. It may be noted from Table 1 that
there is more difference in the chemical composition of different samples
of the same feeds used in the two different sets of rations than there
is between the kraﬁr and corn. '

The calcium content of the rations used was hi-gher in 1935 than in
1934. The rations on the low calcium-low phosphorus level contained
1.20 and 1.35 percent of calcium and .56 and .57 percent 0f phos-
phorus, with calciumzphosphorus ratios of 1:.47 and 1:.42; those on
the high calcium-high phosphorus level contained 1.49 and 1.62 percent
of calcium and .69 percent of phosphorus with calciumzphosphorus ratios
of 1:.47 and 11.43; those on the low calcium-high phosphorus level
contained 1.23 and 1.35 percent of calcium and .69 and .70 percent of
phosphorus, with calciumzphosphorus ratios of 1:.56 and 1:.52.

Results

It is evident from the detailed data of Table 11 and the summary
data of Table 12 that low calcium-low phosphorus levels without wheat
gray shorts produced decidedly fewer slipped tendons than low calcium-
high phosphorus levels. When wheat gray shorts was used on these
same mineral levels there was no advantage for either level; evidently,
the higher phosphorus level was not high enough to prevent the shorts
from protecting ‘the chicks reasonably well against slipped tendons.

Of the chicks receiving low calcium-high phosphorus rations as com-
pared with high calcium-high phosporus rations there was no difference
in number of slipped tendons in experiment 1, but in both experiments
2 and 3 there were fewer slipped tendons with the larger amount of
calcium. On both of these levels the chicks were almost wholly pro-
tected against slipped tendons by wheat gray shorts.

There was a smaller slipped tendon index for the chicks receiving the
low calcium-low phosphorus ration than for those receiving the high
calcium-high phosphorus ration when no wheat gray shorts Was fed.
However, when wheat gray shorts was included in the ration, there
was very little difference in the slipped tendon index between the chicks
on these mineral levels.

In this bulletin, under the heading of twenty percent wheat gray
shorts as compared with thirty percent wheat gray shorts, "the rations
discussed in experiments 4 and 5 were made up to contain considerably
more phosphorus than those of experiments 1, 2, and 3; the result was
that neither twenty nor thirty percent of any of the types of wheat
gray shorts protected the chicks against slipped tendons as efliciently
as twenty percent shorts in the rations fed in experiments 1, 2, and 3.

Rations low in calcium and phosphorus produced more rapid gains
when no wheat gray shorts was fed and lower gains when wheat gray
shorts was fed ‘than did the rations low in calcium and high in phos-

20 BULLETIN NO. 525, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

owd mm.» 3.2“ 3.2. 2N4“ 2Q   . .............monwuﬁcoﬁtuaxowonwmwa
mwd 33m mad 05¢ woé 0a.». . . . . . . . . . . . ......................m~=wEtvaxH
m\l@.m.l      ...... . . . . . . -.-..... .-»--.-»-...¢--.¢NUH~OE@hUQNm
:6 3.». Rd no.2» 3Q 0N4“ I . ......................~ucvEtwmxm
“sumo? P»: E 5am Mo in: m @0363 o» ©3253 v32 2o BED
wﬁmmdsw oﬁﬁmméow mimqﬁw mimﬁwﬁ wiﬁﬁa ﬁﬁﬁwd: .. .  wcmmﬁnuﬁmhvaxvwoﬁmwwé
Namwmamw ﬁmwwéamw wiigzw w..2w¢.2\.@ 2:328 5332i . . . .  . . . . . . .   . ............3~==mméﬂﬁhwqxm

2.23.8; ﬁﬁieww Niﬁqwaw 58343 ﬁiﬁﬁo¢~ 523.2% . . . .  . . . .  ............m..~==mNéoecﬁxm

¢.2H¢.mo~ MtCHQdK ad HQQS 502M926 1w 3&3 242M930  . . . . .  .....................B22:m2222383532

m.2m~.oo: QQZMwAKQH Némiai mduﬂmtmow fwfuéqﬁ 923.2%    . . . . Eﬁméwemhmqxwwoiwwz

ﬁzwwgooﬁ mﬁiwﬁi mqTllqxz QQmTSw 2.333% 9235.32“ .. . . . . . . . . . . . .  .. . . . . .........%zuu2uooméwauwqxm

vamig: ¢.8Hm.ﬁo_ fﬁiewa Qﬁilow wiwwgmh NANHWQK .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . .. .......m_w~w2uoU Nﬁaacvﬁm

062M028 wallwémw ﬁﬁﬁﬁiw NQHHYSK ﬁiﬁfaw Nﬁﬂsam. . . ..   .. . ........2wHu2uoUHHcwEEQQxM

mEmkw E 3MB? E5 E E3 033$
Nmm “ﬂu ma we» a? W2 ..  .  .......Imwcammucwﬁiomxomoamoﬁ
QAw R-ﬁ ¢.N    .- ..- -.-... . . - . . ... . . . . ...-....-...-.Wu~HUE@HUQunm
$.Q aw.@ N.@    ...........--... . . -.......-..--..--$HQUE@HUQNE
      . ............ . . . . . ...............-.....ﬁuCUETuUQNQm
@8222 cownﬁ wwaﬁﬁ
mshosamoma ﬁionnmozn wDMOJQmOSQ msuonawosn mskosawona mnkonawoan
22E 22E a5 2M5 29E 30A
E323 22m E323 80A E323 30A E3223 2E3 E323 30A E323 80A
N 523m m .6232 2 523M m coUmM o £23m w uoﬁam

mﬁosw 52w “Qua? 22>»

mﬁonw ~33 @323 o: at?»

mwuaﬂm 52w 335$ vie-nu? ~25“ £33 30>»; mBaQ-ameﬁﬁ U-nﬂ 515013 wioaamiw we ﬂammnuiacﬁvllnw 012a,!

WHEAT GRAY SHORTS FOR PREVENTION OF SLIPPED TENDONS 21

dosamasv E msa>2 wahosawosa can E2228 as“ .6.“ wamascmﬁaawsw ?osw cmsw msssE as“ ms wawaaaa mahsmrm»

ucmuwaaaEshaaxw
...............~acaEiaaxm

. dsazam m 0cm u masaﬁshamxnm
. . . . . . . . dsassm s acaEianxm

dsasasuoU m can u wEaEv-aaxﬂ

. dsakasaoU 2 acaEianxm

wawumanaEianxm
...............2scansuamxm

S. 5.] +0.] S. 9%] mo.
8. 2N. N2. 8. 0o. 3.]
Emma? a>= E 5am so HE: a .8563 o» waszda» uaas so ZED
2.3mm? 32mg: Nif; 52m“? mimméml mdsﬁqg
m6~+2$~ #226] c6156] 0.2.7062“ u.§+2.~m|. affasm
ﬁﬁmogs Qﬁmﬁa Niﬁwﬁ Wﬂmqﬁ ﬁﬁmﬁﬁl fSmEE
mésivg mi§+h$w wail? 5o~+w62 2.42:5] Iaiwom]
mEEw E aswsa? a>: E 5% am§a><
as] 52] ma! m6 2.0 ~82
~.~ QR] we o2] e2] Nam
waves cowsas waansm
mﬁosw mﬁosm >8“ wﬁosw mﬁosm >NMM mﬁosw mﬁosw 22w
has» “was? amas? o Z ~35 amas>> “was? o Z ~85 Hmas>> “was? oZ
wcosawu 953E 953E
wssosmmosm ?2 wan Essaswu mssosmwosa smss sum E2223 wssosmwosa smss new E328
?2 Ea>o E033 wssosamosa ?2 sa>o E033 mssosuwosa ?2 sa>o msosﬁﬁ wssosamosm
sums was ESTZGU swsﬂ sass Us.» Esmasmo swsm ?2 U5». E5228 ?oA

msa>as sasao sa>o 22,2 sasassE £525? so *mammasm>w<

M-QVUQ MEaQGQmO-Qﬁ ~25» 5:501; wiwhwmumﬂ NQ mvwaw-Srvw: HQ hhwE-E-wluﬂn Q—§3E

22 BULLETIN NO. 525, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

phorus (Tables 11 and 12). With both cockerels and pullets, the high
calcium-high phosphorus ration produced greater gains when no wheat
gray shorts was fed than the low calcium-high phosphorus ration,
except for the cockerels of experiment 3 on the low calcium-high phos-
phorus ration. When wheat gray shorts was included in the ration,
the high calcium-high phosphorus ration produced greater gains than
the low calcium-high phosphorus ration in both cockerels and pullets with
the exception of the pullets in experiment 1 (Table 11). There are not
any consistent differences in the gains of the chickens between those
fed the low calcium-low phosphorus ration and those fed the high
calcium-high phosphorus ration when no wheat gray shorts was fed
(Tables 11 and 12). When wheat gray shorts was included in the
ration, the high calcium-high phosphorus ration produced higher gains
than the low calcium-low phosphorus ration in both cockerels and
pullets (Tables 11 and 12).

When no wheat gray shorts was fed there was very little difference
in the units of feed required to produce a unit of gain in live weight
between the low calcium-low phosphorus, low‘ calcium-high phosphorus,
and high calcium-high phosphorus rations. When twenty percent wheat
gray shorts was included in the ration, the low calcium-low phosphorus
ration required more units of feed to produce a unit of gain in live
weight, than did the low calcium-high phosphorus ration, except in
experiment 1. There is very little difference in the units of feed
required to produce one unit of gain between the low calcium-high

phosphorus ration and the high calcium-high phosphorus ration (Tables

11 and 12). The data seem to indicate that chicks are able to utilize
larger amounts of calcium and phosphorus when twenty percent wheat
gray shorts is included in the ration. ‘

Discussion

Twenty percent wheat gray shorts in rations containing from 1.20 to
1.62 percent calcium and from .56 to .57 percent phosphorus produced
more rapid gains and fewer slipped tendons, and required less feed to
produce a unit of gain in live weight in experiments 1, 2, and 3, regard-
less of the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the rations, than did
the rations not containing wheat gray shorts. This is in agreement with
the work of Graham and associates (3), Wilgus and associates (19),
Branion (1), Milby (11), Titus and Ginn (17), and Sherwood and
Couch (14).

In experiments 4 and 5 rations containing 1.90 to 1.93 percent cal-
cium, .87 to .99 percent phosphorus, and twenty or thirty percent wheat
gray shorts, produced more slipped tendons than did the rations used
in experiments 1, 2, and 3. This was probably due to the larger "percent-
age of phosphorus in the ration, and is in agreement with the work of
Insko and associates (9), and Milby (11).

WHEAT GRAY SHORTS FOR PREVENTION OF SLIPPED TENDONS 23

Rations containing thirty percent wheat gray shorts produced more
rapid gains but required slightly more feed to produce a unit of gain
in live weight in experiments 4 and 5, than did twenty percent wheat
gray shorts. Twently or thirty percent hard wheat shorts in the rations
of experiments 4 and 5 produced more rapid gains and fewer slipped
tendons than shorts milled from soft wheat or blended wheat. Although
the same percentage of ingredients was used in experiments 1, 2, and 3,
the rations of experiments 2 and 3 contained larger percentages of
calcium than the rations used in experiment 1. This is due to the
variation in the composition of the individual feeds, since a different
lot of feed was used for experiment 1 than for experiments 2 and 3.

Low calcium-low phosphorus rations (1.20-1.34 percent calcium and
.56-.58 percent phosphorus), low calcium-high phosphorus rations
(1.21-1.35 percent calcium and .69-.72 percent phosphorus), and high
calcium-high phosphorus rations (1.49-1.62 percent calcium and .69-.72
percent phosphorus) were fed both with and without wheat gray shorts
in experiments 1, 2, and 3. The presence of wheat gray shorts in
the rations had a greater effect in increasing the rate of gain, reducing
the number developing slipped tendons, and reducing the units of feed
required to produce a unit of gain in live weight than did the variation

i in the percentages of calcium and phosphorus. The low calcium-low

phosphorus ration produced fewer slipped tendons than the low calcium-
high phosphorus ration or the high calcium-high phosphorus ration
when no wheat gray shorts was fed. The high calcium-high phosphorus
ration produced more rapid gains than the low calcium-low. phosphorus
ration or the low calcium-high phosphorus ration, and required less
feed to produce a unit of gain than the low calcium-low phosphorus
ration when wheat gray shorts was included. These results agree with
those of Insko and associates (9), Milby (11), and Hammond (4).

Several investigations including those of Graham and associates (3),
Titus (16), and Sherwood and Fraps (15), have tried to determine
whether results similar to those described in this bulletin might not
be caused by a vitamin. All of these investigators have made various
extracts of mill feeds known to be of value in preventing slipped ten-
dons in an endeavor to isolate and identify this corrective substance.
As yet, no positive results have been published. The experiments in
this bulletin were not planned to test the effects of organic and
inorganic phosphorus in correcting slipped tendons. Rations which
contained wheat gray shorts and which protected the chicks reasonably
well contained a larger proportion of organic to inorganic phosphorus
than rations not containing wheat gray shorts. There may be other
substances contained in the wheat gray shorts which vary along with
the phosphorus, so that it is impossible to conclude that the results
are caused by the relation of organic to inorganic phosphorus in these
rations.

24

(l)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

BULLETIN NO. 525, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Summary and Conclusions

Chick rations containing twenty percent wheat gray shorts in place
of a like amount of corn or kaﬁr produced more rapid gains and
fewer slipped tendons, and required less feed to produce a unit of
gain, than did rations not containing wheat gray shorts. '

The substitution of thirty percent wheat gray shorts for‘ a like
amount of corn in chick rations produced more rapid gains but
required more feed to produce a unit of gain than the substitution
of twenty percent wheat gray shorts for a like amount of corn.

Wheat gravy shorts milled from hard wheat was of more value as
an ingredient in chick rations in producing more rapid gains and
preventing slipped tendons, but required more feed to produce a
unit of gain, than shorts milled from soft wheat.

In three rations with different calcium-phosphorus levels with and
without shorts, the presence of wheat gray shorts in the ration had a
greater effect on gain in weight, prevention of slipped tendons, and
units of feed required to produce a unit of gain, than did the
various calcium phosphorus levels.

Rations containing 1.90-1.93 percent calcium and .87-.97 percent
phosphorus with twenty and thirty percent wheat gray shorts did
not protect the chick against slipped tendons as well as rations
containing 1.20-1.62 per cent calcium and .56-.57 percent phosphorus
with twenty percent wheat gray shorts.

References

Branion, Hugh D., 1933. The inﬂuence of cereal grains on bone
formation. Poultry Science 12:335.

Buckner, G. Davis, Martin, J. H., and Insko, W. M. Jr., 1932.
The effect of magnesium carbonate when added to diets of grow-
ing chicks. Poultry Science 11:58-68.

Graham, W. R. Jr., Pettit, J. H., Sykes, J. F., and Howell, G. E.,
1934. Studies in the nutrition of the chick. Poultry Science
13:166-177.

Hammond, John C'., 1935. Inorganic phosphorus and perosis.

Poultry Science 1 4: 3 0 2.

Heller, V. G., Zimmerman, Beulah, Thompson, R. B., 1933. Phos-
phorus partition in chicken blood as related to diet and bone
maladies. Poultry Science 12:335.

Heller, V. G., Zimmerman, Beulah, Thompson, R. B., 1934. Phos-
phorus partition in chicken blood as related to diet and bone
maladies. Poultry Science 13:141-147.

VVHEAT GRAY SHORTS FOR PREVENTION OF SLIPPED TENDONS 25

(7)

(3)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

Herner, Milton C., and Robinson, Allen D., 1932. A study of

leg-bone deformities in growing chicks. Poultry Science 11:
283-288.

Hunter, J. E., Dutcher, R. A., and Knandel, H. C., 1931. Further
studies on the production of experimental “slipped tendons” or
“hock diseases” in chicks. Poultry Science 10:392.

Insko, W. M. Jr., Sowell, D. F., and Llyons, Malcolm, 1934. Is

phosphorus a causative factor in the production of slipped ten-
dons? Poultry Science 13:370-375.

Milby, T. T., 1933.
slipped tendons.

A statistical analysis of some experiments on
Poultry Science 12:352-355.

Milby, T. T., 1934. Factors influencing a malformation of the
leg-bones of growing chicks. Iowa Agri. Exp. Sta. Research
Bul. 172.

Payne, L. F., Hughes, J. S., and Leinhardt, H. F., 1932. The

etiological factors involved in the malformation of bones in young
chickens. Poultry Science 11:158-165.

Sherwood, R. M., 1932. Lime and phosphoric acid requirements
for chicks. Texas Agri. Exp. Sta., Bul. 462.

Sherwood, R. M. and Couch, J. R., 1933. Feeding for effective
growth and prevention of slipped tendons in chicks. Texas Agri.
Exp. Sta., Bul. 476.

Sherwood, R. M. and Fraps, G. S. Unpublished data.
Exp. Sta.

Texas Agri.

Titus, Harry W., 1932. Perosis, or deforming leg weakness in
the chicken. Poultry Science 11:117-125.

Titus, Harry W. and Ginn, W. M., 1931. Rice bran, a prevention
of perosis, deforming leg weakness in chickens. Poultry Science
74:249-250.

Titus, ‘Harry W. and Hammond, John C., 1935. A method of
analyzing the data of chick nutrition experiments. Poultry Science
14:164-173.

Wilgus, H. S. Jr., Norris, L. C., and Heuser, J. F., 1935. Studies
on the cause and prevention of perosis. Poultry Science 14:302-303.