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TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

A. B. CONNER, DIRECTOR
COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS

BULLETIN NO. 546 JULY, 1937

DIVISION OF HORTICULTURE

FURTHER TESTS OF
VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE
WINTER GARDEN REGION

  
L: T B R [AI R Y
Agricuiéurai 81 fvﬁasé2aaé~zzi ﬁﬂiege of Texas

.2’ .. s ii  
Ewnage S1a-.-;.,;., £3,453.

AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS
T. O. WALTON, President

This publication supplements Texas Station Bulletin 508 by
reporting on the adaptability of certain vegetable varieties intro-
duced since the publication of that Bulletin in 1935. as well as
by giving information on varieties previously untested. In this
report an account is given of 169 varietal names representing
the following nine vegetables: dwarf lima beans, sweet corn,
edible cowpeas, cucumber, muskmelon, rutabaga, tomato, turnip,
and watermelon. Over 300 samples were studied. Consideration
has been given to the adaptability of a variety and to the char-
acteristics which serve to identify it. In addition special atten-
tion has been given to ear-worm resistance in sweet corn, and to
temperature and time of ripening in muskmelons.

CONTENTS

Introduction V_--_ _

Method of Procedure .................. __ 

Recommendation and Description of Varieties

Beans, Dwarf Lima ..... __

Corn, Sweet _______________________________________ __ 8
Cowpeas, Edible s 1e"
Cucumber _ _- 16
Muskmelon 19
Rutabaga _ _ __ __-_ 25
Tomato _-_ 31
Turnip 34
Watermelon 7 38
Summary of Promising Varieties--- 42
Acknowledgments - r43

Literature Cited 43

 
BULLETIN NO. 546 JULY , 1937

FURTHER TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR THE
WINTER GARDEN REGION

By Leslie R. Hawthorn, Horticulturist, Substation N0. 19, Winter Haven

Every year new vegetable names appear in the seed catalogs. Some of
these are valuable new varieties, or improved strains of old ones, while
others are old varieties renamed with or without slight improvement in
type. Since the completion of the extensive initial adaptability trials re-
ported upon in Texas Station Bulletin 508, the Winter Garden Station has
modiﬁed its program of adaptability studies with vegetables to the extent
that the annual trials are restricted to fewer vegetables, and in addition
emphasis is placed on the new or previously untried varieties. Within a
period of three or four years all the important vegetables are grown at
least once.

With such a system it is not always possible or feasible to study these
varieties in minute detail. The main object of these trials is to obtain a
record of the performance and characteristics of these new varieties as
compared with older varieties well adapted to the region. Such a record
cannot be considered as ﬁnal, but it is at least indicative of the usefulness
of any variety discussed, and as such should be a helpful guide to the
grower who is trying to keep up with recent developments. In no case
should a grower switch unreservedly from his present varieties to any
suggested in this bulletin, unless he has supporting information——perhaps
his own experience with the new variety, or that of a neighbor’s—indicat-
ing that the variety in question is really as valuable as it seems.

The information given for rutabagas and turnips is based on studies be-
ing conducted in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of the
"United States Department of Agriculture. These studies primarily involve
ythe collection of detailed descriptions and measurements, rather than ob-
éservations on adaptability and general appearance. However, being more
Ecomprehensive and more detailed than a regular adaptability trial they
Eare an excellent source of information for such a report as this, and hence
Efull use has been made of the data collected.
E

METHOD OF PROCEDURE

The procedure of conducting these trials has been much the same as
that followed in the original trials (2)*. An effort was made to obtain
he samples from original sources whenever possible. In all of the trials
several well adapted standard varieties were grown as checks. One of
these was usually planted at fairly frequent intervals throughout the ﬁeld.
ZWith these varieties for comparison, the behaviour of the previously un-
Etried varieties could be fairly accurately gauged. All the seasons reported
élwere practically normal for the crops concerned. Only two crops (Chinese

SSuch numbers as these in this Bulletin refer to references under “Literature
Cited.”

  
6 BULLETIN NO. 546, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

cabbage and mustard) grown in recent seasons have been omitted from
this report in order that further tests may be made of them.

All the trials were conducted on a Webb ﬁne sandy loam soil. The cu-
cumbers and muskmelons were fertilized in the row previous to planting
with 150 pounds per acre of 11-48-0 fertilizer. The rutabagas and turnips
received 100 pounds per acre of the same fertilizer broadcast previous to
planting. Tomatoes were fertilized at the rate of 250 pounds per acre
distributed beneath the row before transplanting.

RECOMMENDATION AND DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES

This report covers 9 vegetable crops and 169 varietal names, and is
based on a study and comparison of over 300 samples grown between late
1934 and December 1936. The crops and varieties are discussed alpha-
betically. With the exception of edible cowpeas, of which only one variety
is reported, the varieties of all other crops have been arranged in tabular
form so that a comparison of their commoner characteristics can be easily
made. In so far as is possible these tables duplicate in form and arrange-
ment the tables in Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 508, so
that comparison can also be made with varieties reported in that publica-
tion. Only selected varieties are discussed in the text. These are not
necessarily the best adapted, although practically all such varieties are so
discussed, but in the main they are varieties about which growers are
likely to hear for one reason or another, perhaps because of their success
in other parts.

For a discussion of the adaptability of a vegetable, aside from its speciﬁc
varieties, the reader is referred to Bulletin 508 just mentioned. As point-
ed out in that bulletin, some vegetables seem naturally adapted, while
others are limited in their adaptability in the extreme South because of
one or more factors, such as summer temperatures, winter temperatures,
length of day, atmospheric humidity, insects, diseases, and so on. The
earlier report discusses these factors as they affect forty-nine vegetable
crops.

Beans (Dwarf Lima), Phaseolus lunatus

Although a few lima beans are grown every year at the Station, this re-
port is based primarily on a trial conducted in the spring of 1936. As
shown in the ﬁrst report (2), lima beans are not ideally adapted, although
in some seasons they may do very well. The year 1936 seemed favorable
to them.

No variety has yet been found to replace Henderson for general all
round use, or to replace the Jackson Wonder for the home garden (2).

Burpee’s Bush is not a new variety, but has not previously been report-
ed upon from this Station. It is more attractive but not quite as early as
the commonly grown Henderson. Its larger pods are occasionally 41/2 or
more inches long, but rarely contain more than four beans and sometimes
only two (Table 1). On the basis of weight of pods, it was practically as
productive as Henderson in 1936. The seeds or “beans” are not as thick
or plump as those of Fordhook.

7

TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION

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8 BULLETIN NO. 546, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Dreer’s Bush is another large-podded variety. The pods are slightly
smaller than those of the Burpee Bush, are often straighter, and are likely
to average slightly more beans per pod. However, indications are that
Dreer’s Bush is not so productive a variety as Burpee’s, and in an unfavor-
able year might not fare so well.

Henderson Improved. As seen in 1936, this strain was a decided im-
provement over the regular Henderson. The pods are longer and more
attractive. While the variety will not excel all strains of Henderson in
productivity, it will excel some. In 1936 it was one of the most proliﬁc
producers in the ﬁeld. Henderson Improved is worthy of a trial.

McCrea is a rather new variety making its appearance in catalogs dur-
ing recent years. The pods are short and plump. The plumpness is rather
unusual in pods of so small a size. They are rarely longer than 2% inches.
They are usually uniformly ﬁlled with three plump beans. At Winter
Haven it has not proved very productive, being among the least proliﬁc.
In season it is somewhat late. This may explain its low productivity, for
weather conditions are always more adverse for the late than they are
for the early sorts. Because the plump beans place it in the popular po-

tato lima type, and because of its performance so far, McCrea deserves a‘

trial, at least in ‘the home garden.
Corn (Sweet), Zea Mays

Since the ﬁrst report on the adaptability of this crop in 1935 (2) interest
in sweet corn has been increasing steadily all over the country. In the
North and East, canners, market gardeners, and all types of sweet corn
growers have been resorting more and. more to the crossed inbred strains
which have been developed by various experiment stations, seedsmen, and
others, and which in a number of instances have been highly successful.
In the South and West, but particularly in the South, there has been a
greatly increased activity on the part of a number of experiment stations
in the development of sweet corn varieties resistant to the corn ear-worm.
The problem of the corn ear-worm seems to be extending farther to the
North than formerly. All of these interests combined have focused more
attention than usual on sweet corn.

Resistance to corn ear-worm: In 1935 a number of the new varieties
developed by Southern experiment stations were grown in a special test
designed not only to determine adaptability, but to give a reliable reading
as to their corn ear-worm resistance. Each variety was grown in three
separate plats each in different places in the ﬁeld. When the corn had
reached the edible stage, every ear of marketable size was examined and
graded on the basis of ear-worm damage. Practically all varieties were
infested in over 95 per cent of the ears, and a number had all ears in-
fested. This is the normal situation under South Texas conditions. Of
these infested ears, those which were damaged only in the tip were con-
sidered marketable (Figure 1). These, together with the ears entirely
free of damage, represented the total number of marketable ears. As
previously shown, varieties vary greatly in their resistance to injury by

TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION 9

Figure 1. Practically all varieties of sweet corn have over 95 per cent of
ear Worm infestation. Where damage is conﬁned t0 the tip as shown above,
the ear is considered marketable.

the corn ear-worm (2, 4). The test of 1935 not only gave a fairly accur-
ate numerical record of a variety’s resistance to this pest, but i11 addition
indicated that in general, deﬁnite progress is being made in the South
towards the production of better adapted and more resistant sweet corn
varieties (3).

In 1936, a similar test was conducted With a number of the new crossed
inbred sweet corns being grown so extensively in the North during recent
years. The original parent varieties (commercial strains of Golden Ban-
tam, White Evergreen, etc.) had proven very susceptible t0 injury by the
corn ear-worm when grown at the Station in previous trials (2, 4). In
contrast to this a number of these crossed inbred corns, especially some of
the attractive yellow kerneled strains, proved to be quite resistant t0
the ear-worm.

10 BULLETIN NO. S46, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Since practically all varieties were infested in over 95 per cent of the
ears, the resistance of any variety to injury is an important factor in de-
termining its usefulness. Yield in terms of ears per plant is also impor-
tant. Some varieties rate high in one or the other of these characteristics
while others rate moderately well in both, and of course still others make
a poor showing all around. In order to arrive at some sort of numerical
evaluation by which one can obtain an idea as to a variety’s possibilities
in terms of both yield and resistance combined, a yield-resistance index
is given in Tables 2 and 3. Having determined the average number of
ears of marketable size per plant, and knowing the percentage of infested
ears which are marketable, it is a matter of simple calculation to deter-

Table 2. Ear-worm Damage in Sweet Corn Varieties, 1935

   
Ears of
marketable size Infested Yield-resistance
(yield) ears index
Variety Source -
Average Av. no.
no. per Variety % Variety ears per Variety
plant rating mkt. rating plant rating
Early Alameda . . . . . . . . Lagomarsino. . . . 1.41 8 50.3 16 0.71 16

Florida 671 . . . . . . . . . . . Fla. Exp. Sta.. .. 1.45 6 66.9 13 0.97 8

Georgia 428 . . . . . . . . . . . Ga. Exp. Sta.. . . 1.65 3 85 .8 3 1.42 3

Georgia 439 . . . . . . . . . . . Ga. Exp. Sta.. . . 1.63 4 89. 1 1 1.45 2

Honey June (a) . . . . . . . Associated . . . . . . 1.26 13 87 .5 2 1.10 6

Honey June (b) . . . . . .. Substa. No. 1... 2.05 1 82.6 5 1.69 1

Honey June (c) . . . . . . . Substa. No. 19. . 1.11 15 79.3 6 0.88 10

Honey June (d) . . . . . .. Main Sta . . . . . .. 1.44 7 79.0 7 1.14 S

Hopeland . . . . . . . . . . . . . Md. Exp. Sta.. . 1.49 5 42.9 17 0.64 17

Indian Soft . . . . . . . . . .. Substa. No. 19.. 1.30 10 56.3 15 0. 73 14

Mexican June‘ . . . . . . . . Substa. No. 19. . 0. 85 17 84.4 4 0.72 15
Oregon Evergreen. . . . . Lagomarsino. . . . 1.20 14 62.4 14 0. 75 13
Papago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Langer . . . . . . . . . 1.69 2 73.1 9 1.24 4
Surcropper Sugar (a). . . Substa. No. 11. . 1.06 16 73.5 8 0.78 12
Surcropper Sugar (b). . . Substa. No. 1. . . 1.35 9 73 .0 10 0.98 7
Surcropper Sugar (c) . . . Associated . . . . . . 1 .29 11 68.1 12 0.88 10
Wood's Southern Swee T. W. Wood. . .. 1.28 12 71.6 11 0.92 9

‘A ﬁeld corn commonly grown for roasting ears and included in this test for purposes of
comparison.

mine the average number of ears per plant that are really marketable, as-
suming that there is a 100 per cent infestation. This ﬁgure is called the
yield-resistance index.

Since it is known that yields vary from year to year along with climatic
and soil conditions, the yield-resistance index is going to vary too, because
the actual yield directly affects it. Possibly a variety’s resistance to ear-
worm damage may vary also. because of factors as yet unknown. Table 2
indicates that strains of the same variety grown and selected under differ-
ent conditions may vary in resistance too when assembled at one location
for test. Tables 2 and 3 can therefore be compared with each other only
in a general way. A variety having a higher yield-resistance than a
variety in the other table may not necessarily be a better variety. Com-
pare them with Honey June No. 3 which was grown both years. Yields in
1936 were in general higher than those in 1935 and hence the yield-resis-
tance index tends to be higher, too. For the actual comparison of resis-
tance to ear-worm damage, use the ﬁgures which show percentage of in-
fested ears that are marketable.

TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION 11

Table 3. Earworm Damage in Sweet Corn Varieties, 1936

Ears of . .
marketable Size Infested Yield-resistance
(yield) ears index
Variety Source
Average Av. No.
no. per Variety % Variety ears per Variety
plant rating mkt. rating plant rating
Ferrell's Wonder . . . . . . Ferrell . . . . . . . . . 1.00 20 38.3 19 0. 383 18
Golden Cross Bantam.. Robson Seed Co. 1.49 6 51.4 13 0. 766 9
Golden Cross (Mid-
west)‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cali‘. Pack. Corp. 1.43 8 43.1 17 0.616 13

Honey June (c)i . . . . . .. Substa. No. 19.. 0. 79 24 73.0 3 0.577 15

Iogent 89.00 . . . . . . . . . . Iowa Exp. Sta... 0.96 21 59.2 9 0.568 16

logold E.E.B.45 . . . . . .. Iowa Exp. Sta... 1.35 10 50.0 14 0.675 11

Iogold P.39.I.45 . . . . . .. Iowa Exp. Sta... 1.92 1 54.8 10 1.052 3

Iogold P.51.I.4S . . . . . .. Iowa Exp. Sta... 1.47 7 61.9 7 0.910 5

Iogold 01.45 . . . . . . . . . . Iowa Exp. Sta... 1.86 3 46.2 16 0.859 7

Iogold 04.45 . . . . . . . . . . Iowa Exp. Sta... 1.88 2 52.6 12 0.989 4

Iogold 13.45 . . . . . . . . . . Iowa Exp. Sta... 1.40 9 64.3 5 0.900 6

Iogold 20.45 . . . . . . . . . . Iowa Exp. Sta... 1.27 13 62.6 6 0.795 8

Iogreen 23.48 . . . . . . . .. Iowa Exp. Sta... 1.11 17 29.4 22 0.326 22

Iogreen 46.48 . . . . . . . . . Iowa Exp. Sta... 1.26 14 23.1 23 0.291 23

Iogreen 77.48 . . . . . . . .. Iowa Exp. Sta... 1.20 16 48.2 15 0.578 14

Iogreen 79.48 . . . . . . . . . Iowa Exp. Sta.. . 1.22 15 61.2 8 O. 747 10

Iogreen 91.48 . . . . . . . .. Iowa Exp. Sta... 1.09 18 34. 6 20 0. 377 19
Mosshart SugarT . . . . .. Texas Exp. Sta.. 0.50 25 71.4 4 0.357 20
Narrow Grain Ever-

green 26x15 . . . . . . . . . Associated . . . . . . 1 04 y 19 31.5 21 0.328 21
Seneca Golden . . . . . . . . Robson Seed Co. 1 57 » 5 42. 1 18 0. 661 12
Stowell's Evergreen

14x5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Robson Seed Co. 1.29 12 11.2 25 0.144 25
Suwanee Sweet‘ . . . . . . . Associated . . . . . . 0. 80 23 52.8 11 0. 422 17
Sweet Dubois*. . . . . . .. Fla. Exp. Sta.... 1.33 11 97.2 1 1.293 2
Sweet Snowﬂake‘ . . . . . . Fla. Exp. Sta.. .. 1.63 4 83.3 2 1.358 1
Top Cross Narrow

Grain (Midwest). . . . Associated . . . . . . 0 94 22 23.1 23 0.217 24

‘Only one replication of these.
TA single row only.
ISame as Honey June (c) in Table 2.

Honey June is today more ﬁrmly established than ever as the leading
sweet corn for the Winter Garden area. Although it is still a new variety
more seedsmen are listing it, and acreage is steadily increasing. The tests
of 1935 and 1936, however, have brought to light some very promising
sweet corn material, and in the not far distant future Honey June may be
replaced by still better varieties, especially by some variety of the ever
popular yellow type, of which the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station
itself already has some promising possibilities. While each variety is not
discussed separately below, all the varieties listed in Tables 4a and 4b
merit more consideration on the basis of ear-worm resistance than do all
but a few of those previously reported. This statement is especially true
of those varieties recently originated and introduced by Southern experi-
ment stations. Because of the exceptionally good showing made by some
of the yellow kerneled crossed inbreds in 1936 (Table 3), practically all
of that type discussed below are worthy of trial, even on a commercial
basis. While they are not perfect, they offer real possibilities, for up until
now no high quality yellow sweet corns have ever shown suﬂicient resis-
tance to the ear-worm to merit further attention.

Florida 671, a recent strain developed by the Florida Experiment Sta-
tion, showed promise under Winter Haven conditions. It is not nearly as
resistant to the corn ear-worm as Honey June, nor does it equal even

12 BULLETIN NO. 546, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Surcropper Sugar (Table 2). The ears are long, 8 to 9 inches, with 12 to
16 rows of White kernels. It is fairly productive. The Florida Station has
apparently not introduced this particular strain, but it has distributed
Florida 191, which so far has not been tested at Winter Haven. From the
descriptions available. it appears that Florida 191 is very much of the
same type and season as Florida 671, and probably is worthy of trial if
one is interested in this particular type.

Georgia 428 is a very late variety of sweet corn developed by the Georgia
Agricultural Experiment Station. The plant grows to a height of eight
feet, and in appearance resembles a ﬁeld corn more than the normal
sweet corn. The earsare long, 8 to 81/; inches, with 12 to 14 rows of
white kernels. The variety resists the ravages of the ear-worm to a
slightly greater extent than Honey June (Table 2). The two drawbacks to
Georgia 428 are its lateness and the toughness of the seed coat covering
the kernels, a characteristic which greatly reduces its quality.

Georgia 439 resembles Georgia 428 in many ways, differing only in
being still later, in having slightly greater plant height, and in having 12
to 16 rows per ear. It is more resistant to ear-worm damage than No.
428, ranking among the most resistant varieties ever grown in the trials
at Winter Haven. Unfortunately its quality like that of Georgia 428 is
also lowered by the noticeable toughness of the kernels.

Iogold P.39.I.45 was the most promising of all the crossed inbred
sweet corns including both the white and yellow kerneled strains tried at
Winter Haven in 1936. It averaged more ears per plant than any other of
the twenty-nine samples in the test (Table 3). Its resistance to ear-worm
damage was unfortunately only moderate, but nevertheless it was still
considerably higher than any other yellow kerneled sweet corn tried at
the Station in previous tests (2, 3, 4). Some other Iogold strains excelled
Iogold P.39.I.45 in resistance (see below, and also Table 3), but none ex-
celled it in yield nor on the basis of a yield-resistance index.

The ears of Iogold P.39.I.45 were the largest of all the yellow kerneled
crossed inbreds in the 1936 test. They ranged when husked from 6%
to 8 inches in length, and ran rather uniformly to 14 rows. The quality
was excellent. The performance of this variety was so promising as com-
pared with the original parental type (as represented in the many yellow
kerneled varieties tested in previous years) that the outlook in this sec-
tion for these attractive yellow varieties is much more favorable than
formerly. Iogold P.39.I.45 is worthy of more than a casual trial.

Iogold P.51.I.45 is another strain of the same general type as Iogold
P.39.I.45. In 1936 while fairly productive it did not equal Iogold P.39.I.45,
although it was somewhat more resistant to the ear-worm (Table 3). It
had a good yield-resistance index. The ears of Iogold P.5 1.1.45 are usually
slightly shorter than those of Iogold P.39.I.45, and are not as plump, hav-
ing only 10 to 12 rows. Excellent in quality, Iogold P.51.I.45 should be
tried by those growers interested in this type of corn.

Iogold 01.45. This high yielding strain was handicapped in 1936 by a
lower ear-worm resistance than most of the yellowed kerneled varieties.

13

TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION

 
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TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION 15

With husked ears 6 to 7 V, inches long and with 8 to 12 rows, it differed but
little from the other yellow Iowa strains. On the basis of possible yield
it can be classed among the more prom-ising.

Iogold 04.45 was a very close second in 1936 to Iogold P.39.I.45 in
yielding capacity, ear-worm resistance, and yield-resistance index (Table
3). It also resembled that excellent variety fairly closely in plant and ear
characteristics (Tables 4a and 4b). Iogold 04.45 rates among the most
promising.

Iogold 13.45 showed greater resistance to the corn ear-worm than any
other yellow strain from Iowa. It was less productive, however, than
any of those so far discussed, although it averaged more ears per plant
than many of the varieties in trial. The husked ears of Iogold 13.45 are
shorter than most of the Iowa strains, being only 51/2 to 6 inches long.
There are normally just 10 rows. In spite of these drawbacks the variety
has considerable promise and is certainly worthy of trial.

Iogold 20.45 was the least productive of the yellow Iowa strains dis-
cussed, but merits attention because of its ﬁne resistance to ear-
worm damage. In this characteristic it was close behind Iogold 13.45, the
most resistant of the yellow Iowa strains. Any yellow sweet corn exhibit-
ing such resistance at the present time is worthy of trial.

Mosshart Sugar is a recent introduction of the Texas Agricultural Ex-
periment Station. Unlike most sweet corn varieties so far introduced in
the South it has yellow kernels and, since at the same time it is quite re-
sistant to the corn ear-Worm, it indicates the possibilities along this line.
Unfortunately the limited supply of seed did not allow of such an extensive
test in 1936 as was possible with most varieties, and hence the records in
Table 3 may not be as accurate an index as that of other varieties. How-
ever, assuming them to be fairly indicative, Mosshart Sugar showed as
much and possibly even more resistance to damage by the corn ear-worm as
did the most resistant Iogold strain (Table 3). In productivity it gave
a poor showing in 1936, but this can probably be attributed to the condi-
tions of low humidity and the drying winds prevailing in the latter portion
of that season. Under Winter Garden conditions such climatic conditions
are likely to arise nearly every year, and late varieties are always affected
adversely. Because of its yellow color, its resistance to the ear-worm, and
its ﬁne quality, Mosshart Sugar appears very promising.

Papago. This variety was developed over 20 years ago by the Arizona
Agricultural Experiment Station (1), and has long been an established
commercial variety in some sections of southwestern United States. Grown
for the ﬁrst time at Winter Haven in 1935, it proved to be a very promising
variety. Not only was it fairly productive, but in resistance to the corn
ear-worm it rated with Surcropper Sugar. The ears are often as long
as eight inches, and run rather uniformly to 12 rows. The kernels are
yellow, a characteristic much in its favor. Papago does not, however,
equal in quality such inbred crossed strains derived from Golden Bantam
as the Iogold strains described above.

16 BULLETIN NO. S46, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Sweet Dubois, a product of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, has shown more resistance than any variety grown at Winter Haven
to the corn ear-worm. Unfortunately it is later than Honey June, and is
only fairly productive. Its productivity may, however, fluctuate with the
season, like that of most of the late varieties. Under Winter Garden con-
ditions low humidity and drying winds are likely to occur at the time the
late varieties are tasseling and silking. Such conditions are not favorable
for good pollination, and are reﬂected in lower yields. They cannot
be overcome by irrigation. Unfortunately, too, like a number of the new
white sweet corns developed in the South, Sweet Dubois has inherited too
much toughness in the skin of the kernels, and thus its quality is lower
than it might be. While commercially the variety may have some pos-
sibilities, it does not equal any of the yellow varieties discussed above in
its value for home use or for the fancy market.

Sweet Snowﬂake is another variety recently developed by the Florida
Experiment Station. In spite of being even later than Sweet Dubois, it
seems to be more productive, and rates second to Sweet Dubois in corn
ear-worm resistance. The husked ears are large, 7 to 8 inches long, with
12 to 16 rows. In quality it is about on a par with Sweet Dubois. Like
that variety, for home use and even for the discriminating market, Sweet
Snowﬂake is easily excelled by the recommended yellow varieties.

Cowpeas (Edible), Vigna simensis

Very few new varieties of edible cowpeas have appeared on the seed
market in recent years. No variety has taken the place of Cream Crowder
which because of its productivity and high quality still remains the variety
given ﬁrst recommendation at the Winter Garden Substation. During the
past two years only one variety new to the Station's trials has been in-
cluded among those grown.

Clay Crowder proved to be a vigorous but very late maturing cowpea.
It did not have pods ready for use until several weeks after the Early
Blackeye, even maturing considerably later than Cream Crowder. It does,
however, produce (although none too plentifully) over a long period, a
characteristic which is of some value in the home garden. It is possible
that the variety is related to Sumptuous, a variety of similar habit (2).
The dried seeds of both are rather pale in color. A direct comparison has
not been made, however. In view of the very satisfactory varieties already
available and being grown, Clay Crowder cannot be recommended as a
variety of much value to the Winter Garden region.

Cucumber, Cucumis sativus

The number of days which a variety of cucumber requires to reach
maturity varies with the year and also with the season. The relative earli-
ness or lateness compared with that of other varieties usually remains the
same in any season, although in a cool one there is sometimes a greater
lapse of time between the maturity date of one variety and that of a

TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION 17

later one. Because of these variations due to season, the number of days
to ﬁrst harvest have been omitted from Table 5a, since for these newly
tried varieties the records cover only one or two years.

 
Figure 2. The long type of cucumber is becoming increasingly popular.

' In recent years varieties having longer and darker green fruits than
most of the older sorts have become increasingly popular (Figure 2). In
general such varieties are not as productive as those with smaller fruits.
However, should the market demand continue in this direction, it is very
likely that one or more of these longer, darker green cucumbers will be-
come the leading variety or varieties. At present Early Fortune still
seems to be the most commonly grown variety for commercial purposes,

and Kirby’s Stays Green and related varieties are still widely used.

A and C Special is one of the newer varieties which is described in
catalogs as being of the long type. However, at Winter Haven the fruit
was only of medium length (Table 5b). The fruits are parallel-sided and
a real dark green in color, and hence very attractive in appearance. For
a long cucumber A and C Special is fairly productive.

Ace as grown at Winter Haven seemed similar to A and C Special.

Colorado is another of the dark green long t-ype of cucumber. At Win-
ter Haven it has been longer than A and C Special and the Ace, and hence
more promising than those varieties, if one particularly demands length.
In color Colorado tends to be a darker green. It resembles in some ways
both Nicholson’s Premium and Straight 8. The variety is very attractive
but, like most long cucumbers, it is only a fair producer.

Greenbac is also a new variety of the long type. Under Winter Haven
conditions, however, it is not as promising as some of the others men-
tioned in this report. While it is dark green in color, it lacks the length
claimed for it; and in shape it tends to bulge slightly in the middle, so
that it lacks the desirable cylindrical appearance. The fruit is not unat-
tractive, however, excelling many of the older varieties in appearance.

Longcu. Excluding such non-commercial varieties as Chinese Ever-
green and China, Longcu is among the longest, if not the longest, of the
new longer types tried at the Station. It is not parallel-sided as some of
the long varieties are, but tends to be slightly convex in longitudinal
shape, with a further tendency to be pointed at the extremes. Longcu is,
however, an attractive cucumber, and of ﬁne quality.

18 BULLETIN NO. 546, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

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TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION 19

Nicholson’s Premium is still another of the new long dark green cucum-
bers. In some ways it resembles Colorado, and both are not unlike
Straight 8 discussed below. It averages 7% to 8 inches in length, has
parallel sides and blunt ends. Uniform in shape and size, smooth sur-
faced, it has a very attractive appearance. In productivity it unfortunately
does not rank so high.

Straight 8 as grown at Winter Haven in two seasons has not fulﬁlled
the claims made for it in other parts of the country. It is unquestionably
an attractive cucumber, being in type not unlike Colorado and Nicholson’s
Premium described above. Under Winter Haven conditions it has not
reached consistently the eight inches in length implied in the name. In
productivity it equals most of the other long varieties, but is excelled in
this characteristic by such varieties as Kirby’s Stays Green. Like most of
these dark green long type cucumbers, it is worthy of trial, especially if
there is a market interest in long cucumbers.

Muskmelon, Cucumis melo

No attempt has been made in Table 7a to indicate speciﬁcally the num-
ber of days from planting to ﬁrst harvest, as most of the varieties reported
upon herein were not planted on dates which correspond very well with
previous trials. The year, the season, and the time of planting in that
season all affect the rapidity with which muskmelons mature.

Temperature and Time of Ripening: In Bulletin 508 (2) it was point-
ed out that the records available at the time indicated that there is a
correlation between the accumulated mean temperature above 50° F. after
January 1 and the time of ripening of muskmelons. When the accumulat-
ed temperature totals about 2500° F., then the ﬁrst Golden Champlain
melons are just about ready to harvest full slip, irrespective of the plant-
ing date, so long as it was not unreasonably late. The spring of 1936 was
abnormally cool and the 2500° of accumulated mean temperature above
50° did not occur until June 6. The ﬁrst Golden Champlain melons (some
fruits were picked from both of the strains being grown) were harvested
on June 9 only three days later, yet they had been planted extremely late,
March 31, a month to six weeks after most of the commercial plantings.
These latter plantings, incidentally, had grown very slowly, and had been
of some concern to the growers who are accustomed to a much earlier
maturity than was experienced in 1936. Observations in California have
indicated that the ﬁrst cars of cantaloupes are usually shipped when the

accumulated mean temperature above 50° after January 1 amounts to .

1997 degrees (6). It has usually been the practice to harvest melons be-
fore the full slip when they are to be shipped long distances. Picked on
the quarter and half slip, the ﬁrst car of Hale's Best cantaloupes was
shipped on May 20, 1936, from the Winter Garden region. On that date the
accumulated mean temperatures above 50° since January 1 amounted to
2003 degrees, only 6 degrees above the average of 1997 degrees found
necessary in California. As a matter of record all the data available along
this line at Winter Haven have been brought up-to-date in Table 6.

20 BULLETIN NO. 546, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Table 6. Comparison of dates of ﬁrst harvest of Golden Champlain
with dates when accumulated mean temperatures above 50° F.
approximated 2500° F.

Date accumulated
mean temperature

Year Planted above 50° F. Date of ﬁrst
approximated harvest‘
2500° F.
1931 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . March 13 June 17 June 15

932 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . March 18 June 1 June 8

1933 First Planting . . . . . . . . . . January 27 May 23 May 31

Second Planting . . . . . . . . February 20 May 23 May 23

Third planting . . . . . . . . . March 6 May 23 May 26

1934 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . March 22 May 30 June 4

1936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . March 31 June 6 June 9

‘Full slip.

The leading variety in the Winter Garden region is still Hale’s Best.
There have, however, been a number of strains of this popular and valu-
able variety developed in recent years for special purposes, in much the
same Way that numerous strains of the famous New York variety of lettuce
have been developed. Some of these strains carry the name Hale’s Best
together with a number (such as 36, or 112, and so on) to distinguish
them from each other, and others have been introduced under somewhat
different names. The purpose behind the introduction of some strains has
been disease resistance, particularly resistance to powdery mildew which
has been a serious factor in certain sections of California. None of these
strains has shown any resistance to the diseases common in the Winter
Garden area. Other strains have been introduced for uniformity to a
certain shape and size. Under such circumstances it seemed desirable
to test'a number of these strains of Hale’s Best, and hence in 1936, out of
56 samples of cantaloupes grown at the Station, 19 were strains of Hale’s
Best. Besides being listed in Tables 7a and 7b, a number of these are
discussed in more detail in the paragraphs which follow. Several new
varieties of types other than the Hale’s Best are also described.

Baby Persian is supposed to be a small edition of the variety Persian,
previously described (2). However, observations made on samples from
two separate sources grown in the spring of 1936 suggest that the type
has not as yet been ﬁxed, for some fruits were as large as the normal
Persian. One strain was better than the other in having a greater pro-
portion of small fruits. Baby Persian is extremely late, and under Winter
Haven conditions in 1936 tended to decay in the ﬁeld before showing any
signs of ripening. The variety does not seem very well adapted.

Hale’s Best, Jumbo. This is a large strain of Hale’s Best. The fruit
is distinctly larger in all dimensions, and weighs one to two pounds more
than fruits of most strains of Hale’s Best. It is a very attractive strain,
and often well suited to a local market, but is not usually desired by ship-
pers who in general prefer small fruited strains.

Hale’s Best No. 10 is a fairly productive strain of the variety, but seems
to vary in size and shape. Lack of uniformity is undesirable in a ship-
ping variety. Whether strain No. 1O from other sources would show this

21

TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION

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22 BULLETIN NO. 546, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

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TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION 23

characteristic is not known, but as grown at Winter Haven in 1936, it did
not equal some of the other strains.

Hale’s Best No. 36 is one of the most commonly grown strains in the
Winter Garden region. Judging from several samples of N0. 36, as well
as from observations in several seasons, it would appear as though this
strain is in general a very good one. It is slightly larger than Hale’s Best
No. 112, the other most commonly grown strain, and is usually a triﬂe
later in maturity. Results of these tests indicate that No. 36 is perhaps a
slightly more satisfactory cantaloupe for commercial purposes than the
No. 112, but the two strains are very close, and growers unfamiliar with
both of them should try some of each. Undoubtedly the strains may vary
slightly from diﬁerent sources.

Hale’s Best No. 112 is another popular strain in the Winter Garden
area, and deserves a trial by those growers unfamiliar with it. Some
growers prefer it to No. 36 for commercial purposes. Hale’s Best No. 112
is usually slightly earlier than No. 36, and in size not quite so large. As
has been pointed out in the discussion of No. 36, the two strains resemble
each other closely in most characteristics, as well as in popularity.

Imperial is very similar to, if not identical with, Weaver’s Special prev-
iousl-y described (2). This is a very ﬁne variety. It is short oval in
shape and has cream-colored skin with slight to medium netting. This
netting, and the fact that it is a cantaloupe rather than a member of the
casaba group, distinguishes it from the popular Honey Dew, which in
some ways it resembles. It is hoped that the name Weaver’s Special will
persist rather than this new name Imperial, for unfortunately the name
Imperial has also been given tolsome mildew resistant strains of Hale's
Best. Already confusion exists because of such nomenclature. The va-
rieties involved are very distinct from each other.

Imperial 45. This differs entirely from the Imperial just discussed
above. Imperial 45 is a strain of Hale’s Best developed in the Imperial
Valley of California for resistance to the powdery mildew disease. It is
very uniform and productive, but like most of the mildew resistant strains,
is not so attractive as such strains as Nos. 36 and 112. The ribs and
sutures are more noticeable, and such characteristics detract from the
appearance. Imperial 45, however, is among the better strains of those
resistant to powdery mildew.

Imperial 50-15 is another strain of Hale's Best developed for resistance
to the powdery mildew. It diﬁers from Imperial 45 in having smaller
fruits, but at the same time it is more productive. It is not quite as early.

Jade Beauty is an attractive new variety something like Weaver’s Spe-
cial in external appearance. There is more netting than on Weaver’s Spe-
cial, however, and the color is a white greyish cream, lacking the yellow
tinge usually present in the cream color of the latter. The ﬂesh is a very
pale greenish white in color, very thick, and of ﬁne quality. The rind is
rather tough, and the variety would probably ship well. Jade Beauty is
of sufﬁcient promise to warrant a trial by those interested in this type
of melon.

24 BULLETIN NO. 546, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

 
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TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION 25

Mildew Resistant N0. 8 is another 0f the Hale’s Best strains developed
for powdery mildew resistance. In type it is one of the better resistant
varieties; the ribs are almost absent, and thus in external appearance it
approaches the regular strains more nearly than some. The fruits are
large, approaching the Jumbo in size, and hence the strain will not please
those growers who prefer the smaller sizes.

New Seed Breeders. This very recently introduced strain of Hale’s
Best has considerable promise as an early producer of fairly uniform small
fruit, 11A, to 21/2 pounds each. The flesh is thick, of a good deep salmon
color, and of ﬁne quality. In 1936 New Seed Breeders was especially
productive in the early pickings.

Perfecto, Improved. This cantaloupe is similar to Perfected Perfecto
already described (2). Both melons resemble Hale’s Best in general type,
but have heavier netting, and are more of a greyish fawn in external
color. Improved Perfecto has very thick-ﬂeshed, ﬁrm fruits of excellent
quality. The variety has the disadvantage of being rather late, maturing
5 to 6 days later than Hale’s Best.

Pink Pearl is similar in type to Peerless Pearl, Perfected Perfecto, and
Improved Perfecto. It is an excellent cantaloupe, handicapped only by be-
ing 5 to 6 days later than Hale’s Best. It should be a ﬁne addition to the
home garden collection.

Powdery Mildew Resistant No. 45 is synonymous with Imperial 45.
Rutabaga, Brassica napobrassica

Through cooperative studies with the Bureau of Plant Industry of the
United States Department of Agriculture a rather comprehensive list of
rutabaga varieties has been grown at the Station during each of the past
two years. The descriptive data given in Tables 8a and 8b, as well as the
descriptions below, are based on observations made in these trials. Since
only three varieties were mentioned in the report of 1935 (2), Long Is-
land Improved is redescribed here, in order that its relationship to other
rutabaga varieties may be better understood.

Size and shape of rutabaga roots. As pointed out in 1935, the rutabaga
grows more slowly than the turnip (2), and many observations made
during the past two years and continuing into the present season (1936-
37) indicate that this slow growth, combined with the climatic conditions
of the only period during which the crop can be grown in south Texas, re-
sults in a longer and less globular root than is common in the northern
sections of the United States. Varieties listed in Table 8b as having oval
to top shaped roots commonly appear as globular in the North, and those
listed as long oval would probably appear more distinctly oval, and so on.

In addition to this peculiarity rutabagas do not acquire the size com-
monly attributed to them in northern regions. It is very likely that while
they are adapted to the cool weather conditions of the fall and winter
seasons, the short days reduce their growth. In the North they enjoy
longer days as they have to be grown during summer and fall.

26 BULLETIN NOI< 546, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIQN

Rutabagas are normally not harvested until their roots .are at least
4 inches in diameter. Thus they are much larger than turnips, the roots
of which are usually between 2 and 3 inches in diameter for the globular
varieties at time of harvest.

Root colors. As some of the names imply, the tops or shoulders of
some roots are supposed to be “green” and others “bronze.” Observations
on this characteristic indicate that in most instances this is largely a
matter of light. Where the tops of the roots are shaded by heavy foliage,
they are likely to be green, and where they receive light, as in a period of
clear weather, they are likely to be bronze. This statement applies only
to varieties having the words “green top” or “bronze top” in the name.
Purple top varieties usually have a purple color on the shoulder under
all conditions. '

Early Neckless (Figure 3) is easily the best adapted rutabaga for the
Winter Garden section. It grows rapidly, matures early, and unlike most
varieties attains a good size before the warmer days of late winter arrive.
The attractive root has a more or less deep oblate shape. This shape is
the variety’s chief distinguishing characteristic, as no other variety in
the large collection at the station had such shape. The surface is
comparatively smooth and has fewer side roots than most rutabagas.

Figure 3. Early Neﬂkless rutabaga is the variety best adapted to the
Winter Garden.

Above the soil surface it is a russet purple in color, below a buﬁ yellow.
The russetting above is often very heavy, and helps to distinguish it from
the others. The ﬂesh has a pale buff yellow color. While a grower will
obtain a crop with a number of other varieties, Early Neckless is the

27

TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION

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TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION 29

most dependable, and is equally useful for storage, stock, or home use.
Strangely enough it is not a widely listed variety and is not at all typical
of "the better known varieties normally grown in the North. There is
also a distinct variety (see below) known as “Neckless” which might
easily be substituted unintentionally for Early Neckless. The true
variety can always be identiﬁed by its shape, however.

American Purple Top is one of the most widely listed varieties in the
United States. It is later than Early Neckless and under Winter Garden
conditions usually has a top-shaped root. As grown elsewhere it is usually
reported as more deﬁnitely globular. The surface above the soil line is
purple, and below it is buff yellow. Like a number of other varieties it
grows fairly well, but does not give the impression of being an entire
success.

Bangholm is another fairly well known variety in the North. Develop-
ing more slowly than American Purple Top it is usually less of a success
than that variety. The root is more oval in shape, and the color above
the soil line is bronze and purple, rather than purple only. The variety
is reported as being resistant to club-root disease. Bangholm hardly has
a place among varieties for the Winter Garden.

Canadian Gem is similar to American Purple Top and, as the name indi-
cates, is popular in Canada. It is also grown fairly widely in the northern
states. It can be classiﬁed with American Purple Top so far as usefulness
to this section goes.

Figure 4. Ditmar’s Bronze Top is a rutabaga of good quality.

30 BULLETIN NO. 546, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Corning Green Top does not always, as the name implies, have a green
surface on that portion of the root above the soil line. Under shady condi-
tions the green may predominate, but if there is plenty of sunshine and
light generally, the above-ground surface is much more likely to be bronze
in color. The variety is rather similar to Ditmar’s Bronze Top, a more
widely listed variety described below, and the remarks concerning the

adaptability of that variety apply equally well to this.

Ditmar’s Bronze Top and related varieties (see Table 8b and Figure 4)
are more adapted to the Winter Garden Region than are American Purple
Top and its related varieties. Ditmar’s Bronze Top, however, in no way
approaches the usefulness of Early Neckless. The root of Ditmar’s Bronze
Top is oval-top shaped, and normally bronze colored on the shoulder,
though under shady conditions a number of roots will be green there. The
exterior color below the soil is buff yellow, and the ﬂesh is a pale buff yel-
low. Although a midseason variety, Ditmar’s Bronze Top usually has a
high percentage of roots of good size. They are perfectly satisfactory in
quality.

Early Neckless. Because of its importance, this variety is described
ﬁrst (see above).

Long Island Improved is another variety practically identical with
American Purple Top. It is, however, fairly widely listed under this name.

Monarch, as the name implies, is a large rooted sort. Even the foliage
is somewhat larger than that of most varieties. Under Winter Garden
conditions, however, it is rarely seen at its best, as it is also very late and
thus is hampered by too high temperatures before reaching its maximum
growth. The root is long oval to long top-shaped. It resembles a number
of other varieties in being purple above the soil surface and buff yellow
below. Monarch is not a variety for South Texas.

Neckless must not be confused with Early Neckless described above.
Various strains of Neckless are much more commonly listed in seed cata-
logs, but none of them compare with Early Neckless in usefulness and
value to South Texas. In shape, the root of Neckless is long oval, and
hence somewhat resembles such varieties as American Purple Top and
others having the same color. In usefulness, it can also be classiﬁed with
them.

Sweet German is one of the few white varieties of rutabagas. It is also
characterized by having a very dark green foliage, the darkest green
among all the varieties. Maturing late, the variety is at a disadvantage,
but in spite of this there is always a good proportion of usable roots. They
are top-shaped, of medium size, with green, bronze, and purple shoulders,
and a white skin below the soil surface. The ﬂesh is also white. Because
of its lateness, the variety is hardly as dependable as Sweet Perfection
White described below. -

Sweet Perfection White differs from practically all varieties by having
strap leaves (most rutabaga leaves are winged). While resembling Sweet

TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION 31

German somewhat in root shape and color, it is considerably earlier than
that variety in season. This makes it a more useful variety in the Winter
Garden area, where it ranks next to Early Neckless for dependability.
However, it seems rather susceptible to aphids. The rather small root
although top-shaped is shorter than that of Sweet German, to which it is
similar in color. Sweet Perfection White has only a medium dark green
foliage.

Tomato, Lycopersicum esculentum

Tomatoes are increasing in importance in the Winter Garden Region,
especially as a fall crop. As pointed out and discussed at some length in
the vegetable variety report of 1935 (2), the varietal situation is not a
simple one in the light of the climatic conditions existing in South Texas,
so that with the increasing importance of the tomato crop, the question of
varieties continues to be a leading one.

No variety has yet been found to exceed Bonny Best in adaptability.
Marglobe has probably been grown more by commercial growers because
of the insistence by buyers and shippers that they must have this variety,
but those farmers who have grown Bonny Best and who have handled the
variety correctly (as to spacing, fertilizer, etc.) have had high yields and
felt well repaid for their efforts. In fertilizer, irrigation, and spacing tests
at the Station a good strain of Bonny Best has been used consistently, and
the marketable yields obtained in the favorable treatments have been very
good. No difﬁculty has been experienced in the disposal of the fruit into
regular commercial channels. Next to the Bonny Best type, Pritchard is
still a good second choice, as it normally yields better than Marglobe and
at the same time is acceptable to shippers. Several varieties reported upon
below, however, may prove more valuable than Pritchard (Tables 9a and
b). All of these except Fletcher’s Special and Texas Early have been
tested for amount of puffing at the Main Station, and none was found to
have a sufficiently low percentage of puff to be satisfactory from this
standpoint (7).

Currie’s Supreme is a new early midseason variety with rather attrac-
tively shaped fruits. They are globe shaped, and some are noticeably very
deep in longitudinal section. While it gave very little promise of replac-
ing varieties already in use, its performance was such that some growers
might want to try a few rows of it.

Fletcher’s Special is a large fruited variet-y of recent introduction in
Florida. It seems entirely unsuited to the requirements of Winter Garden
region, being too late to reach a condition of high productivity.

Floriglobe. This variety resembles Marglobe in some characteristics of
both plant and fruit. The fruit, however, is pink, which is a drawback in
a section where red fruited varieties are preferred. Its pink color com-
bined with rather low productivity does not mark the variety as having any
special promise for Winter Garden conditions.

32 BULLETIN NO. s46, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

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TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION 33

Glovel is another variety with pink, globe-shaped fruits. As grown at
Winter Haven during two seasons and as reported from several sources,
it has given considerable promise of being a very useful variety. It yields
noticeably less than Bonny Best, but it does give indications of being a bet-
ter producer than Marglobe. The fruits are of good size, globe shaped,
ﬁrm, and excellent for shipping, although late in the fall season of 1936
they showed a serious tendency to puff. Its pink color is a drawback in a
section favoring red fruited varieties, unless it is grown in suﬁicient
quantity to allow the shipment of solid cars.

The vine is more open than that of Marglobe and yet affords more pro-
tection than that of Bonny Best. The variety was developed as a shipping
variety resistant to fusarium wilt and nailhead rust, and is reported as
resistant to these diseases. Glovel is certainly worthy of trial.

Grothen’s Globe. Among the newer varieties recently tried at the Sta-
tion, Grothen’s Globe (or Grothen’s Red Globe in some catalogs) has been
among the most promising. It is decidedly a heavier bearer than Mar-
globe, and even has all the indications of being a better producer than
Glovel, but does not approach Bonny Best or related varieties in this re-
spect. Grothen’s Globe is a red tomato, and in addition is more typical of
what is usually considered a good shipping tomato. Deep globe in shape
and of good size, the fruits of this variety are ﬁrm and solid, with thick
outer and interior walls. For growers who are looking for a variety bet-
ter than Marglobe, and who do not wish to grow Bonny Best, Grothen’s
Globe is worthy of trial.

Kilgore’s Special gives no promise at all of being useful to Winter Gar-
den growers. It is noticeably unproductive. The fruits at the green-ripe
stage are striking in being a very dark green, practically a blackish green
on the shoulders.

Table 9b. Varietal Characteristics of Tomatoes

Fruit l
Variety Remarks
Size, Cell
ounces Shape Color* no.

Brown's Special. . 6-7 ﬂattened . . . red. . 8-10 l Stone type; very unproductive.

Canadian . . . . . . . . 4-5 oblate . . . . . . red. . 7-9 Productive Earliana type.

Currie’s Supreme. 4-5 globe . . . . .. red. . 4-7 Attractive appearance; fair productiv-
1ty.

Fletcher's Special. 5-6 deep oblate. red. . 6-10 Too late, and not productive enough.

Floriglobe . . . . . . . . 4%—5% globe . . . . . . pink. 4-8 Similar to Marglobe but pink. Un-
productive.

Glovel . . . . . . . . . . . 4}6-5% globe . . . . . . pink. 5-7 Rather promising; fairly productive.

Grothen’s Globe. . 4%-5% globe . . . . . . red. . 5-7 Very promising; fairly productive.

Kilgore’s SpeciaL. 4%—5% globe . . . . . . red. . 4-6 Too late and unproductive.

Louisiana State... 4%-5% deep oblate. pink. 4-6 An attractive pink fruited sort.

Nystate . . . . . . . . . 4-5 deep oblate. red. . 4-5 Fairly promising but others more
adapted.

Penn State . . . . . . . 4-5 deep oblate. red. . 6-8 Small determinate foliage characteristic.

Rutgers . . . . . . . . . 5-6 deep oblate. red. . 4-7 Too late; lacks productivity.

Scarlet Dawn. . . . 4-5 deep oblate. .red. . 4-6 Fruits deeper than Bonny Best, but
unproductive.

Stokesdale . . . . . . . Ué-SM deep oblate. red. . 4-7 Similar to Bonny Best; productivity
vanes.

Sunrise . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 oblate . . . . . . red . . 6-8 Productive Earliana type.

Texas Early . . . . . . 4-5 deep oblate. red. . 4-7 Similar to Bonny Best, but no better.

‘The varieties have been simply classiﬁed according to the commonly used terms-pink, red, and
y w.

34 BULLETIN NO, 546, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Penn State is different from most varieties in that it has a small plant
with a determinate type of growth. The branches do not continue t0 grow
indeﬁnitely but after reaching a moderate length are terminated by a
ﬂower cluster. With such a variety properly spaced, a grower can depend
fairly well on some clear walking space between the rows. Unfortunately
Penn State does not have much promise of ﬁlling any useful place under
Winter Garden conditions, chiefly because of low productivity.

Rutgers is another new variety receiving considerable attention in var-
ious sections throughout the country. In two seasons at Winter Haven it
has not shown much promise. It is too late, and like most late varieties
is unproductive under Winter Garden conditions.

Stokesdale. Reported as being developed from a single plant selection
of Bonny Best, Stokesdale has not equalled that variety in yielding capac-
ity. The fruits are of good size, deep in shape, occasionally approaching
globe. While worthy of trial Stokesdale does not seem to be as promising
as some other varieties reported herein. -

Texas Early is another recently listed variety with some resemblance to
Bonny Best. In neither of two seasons, however, has it equalled that
variety in yield, being more nearly on a par with Stokesdale, a variety it
resembles. Texas Early has sufficient promise to be worthy of trial, but
among the newer varieties some others are more worthy.

Turnip, Bmssica rapa

Since the ﬁrst and rather brief report on turnips in 1935 (2) the Sta-
tion has been cooperating with the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United
States Department of Agriculture in obtaining detailed descriptive notes on
a number of turnip varieties. The descriptions included in this report are
based on observations made in these cooperative studies.

The varietal situation as regards turnips has changed very little, if at
all since the previous report. Shogoin and Purple Top White Globe are
still grown widely, and no other variety has come into national promi-
nence. Neither has any other variety included in the Station's trials given
any indication of such usefulness that one could recommend it above those
already in use. All varieties are about equally well adapted, and hence
the variety to grow depends almost entirely on the purpose for which it
is grown, together with the grower’s personal desires in the matter.

Several varieties-—Early Snowball, Orange Jelly, Red Top White Globe,
and White Stone—-have been indicated in Table 10b as synonymous with
(or at least very similar to) certain other varieties not described herein.
All of these varieties were listed and described previously (2).

Bortfeldt. This variety has a long, large, more or less cylindrical root,
which develops very slowly (Table 10a). The foliage is among the larg-
est. Useful only as feed for stock, it is almost unknown in the Winter
Garden section where other stock feeds are more practical.

35

TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION

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TESTS  VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION 37

‘Cowhorn is similar to Bortfeldt in that it too has a long, more or less
cylindrical root. Earlier than Bortfeldt, both its foliage and root are
somewhat smaller. The quality of the latter is such that the variety can
be used for the table, but it is also grown for stock in some sections.
Cowhorn hardly has a place in the Winter Garden region Where much
more useful varieties can easily be grown.

Figure 5. Purple Top Milan has usually been the earliest variety of turnip
in the trials.

Pomeranian White Globe is a midseason variety maturing later than
Snowball to which it bears some resemblance. It is not such a desirable
variety, however, usually being much more variable in shape, size, and
time of maturity. While under some northeastern conditions the root is
reported as being truly globular,‘it is usually rather oval under Winter
Garden conditions, tending to resemble White Egg in this respect. Being
excelled in appearance and usefulness by other varieties, it hardly has a
place in South Texas.

Purple Top Milan has usually been the earliest variety in trial, both the
foliage and the root are small. The latter is of the ﬂattened type (Figure
5), and is reddish-purple above the soil, white below. The roots of the
better strains are generally fairly uniform in size and shape, and have a
fairly smooth surface and regular outline which makes the variety rather
attractive. Very slender taproots uniting abruptly with the main portion
of the root also enhance their appearance. Purple, Top Milan has a de-
cided usefulness as an early sort, and for situations not demanding a
large foliage would often be more proﬁtable than other varieties. How-
ever, because of its rapid growth it could not be depended upon to remain
for more than a week in prime market condition. Like many varieties,

38 BULLETIN NO. 546, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

however, it remains edible six to eight weeks or longer, although continu-
ing to grow and attaining quite a large size.

Purple Top Strap Leaf. In type this variety resembles Purple Top Milan
very closely, but under Winter Garden conditions can always be distin-
guished from that variety in that the color of the root above the soil is
always noticeably more purple, decidedly less reddish-purple. Purple Top
Strap Leaf is also usually a few days later, and in general has a slightly
larger foliage than Purple Top Milan, although this latter distinction is not
always clear cut. The foliage of both varieties is small compared with that
of all the later varieties without ﬂattened roots. Purple Top Strap Leaf
tends to have somewhat less regularly shaped roots than Purple Top Milan,
a characteristic which detracts slightly from its appearance. Aside from
this the variety has much the same usefulness.

Purple Top Yellow Aberdeen is a very vigorous, but late maturing va-
riety capable of producingroots of tremendous size. These are globular
in shape, purple above the soil surface, and yellow below, with a pale
creamy yellow colored ﬂesh. Since the variety is primarily a stock tur-
nip, it hardly has a place among the varieties useful to the Winter Garden
region. However, of all the varieties usable for stock, Purple Top Yellow
Aberdeen is among the most promising, and can be highly recommended
to any grower who raises turnips for this purpose.

Seven Top is primarily grown for greens. On the basis of root forma-
tion it is very late, and the root is very tough and woody. Since Shogoin,
and indeed a number of other varieties as well, form leaves just as quickly
as Seven Top and have in addition useful roots of good quality, the value
of Seven Top under Winter Garden conditions is practically nil.

Watermelon, Oitrullus vulgaris

With possibly one exception, recent watermelon trials have not revealed
any further varieties of outstanding usefulness (Tables 11a and b).
Peerless (see below) may be the exception. Hence the situation as re-
gards this crop remains about the same as it was two years ago (2).

Alabama. Sweet has the disadvantage of being late in season. The fruits
are long cylindrical in shape, dark green in color, with a tough rind, and
seem adapted to shipping. The ﬂesh is pink, and the seeds white. Al-
though late, it is fairly productive, and hence is fairly useful.

Dale Special proved to be no better than the regular Dale as grown in
the Station’s trials (2). It is practically identical with Dale in appear-
ance.

Golden Honey resembles Yellow Fleshed Ice Cream (2) in most char-
acteristics, but hardly excels that variety. The ﬂesh indeed is likely to be
paler, less golden, than that of Yellow Fleshed Ice Cream. The two va-
rieties are probably strains of the same variety; there is not much choice
between them.

39

TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION

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40 BULLETIN NO. 546, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

 
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TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION 41

Klondike R7 is a new wilt resistant variety from the California Agri-
cultural Experiment Station. In general appearance it resembles the
regular Klondike (2). However, the surface is less grooved (i. e., the
sutures are not so deep), and the color, while still dark green, is slightly
lighter than in the regular Klondike. The ﬂesh has an excellent deep red
color. Since wilt is not a serious factor in the Winter Garden, and since
the Klondike type is not so useful in the section, Klondike R7 is hardly
likely to become an important variety here. The variety, like Klondike
itself, is worthy of trial, however.

Moon and Stars is a distinct variety easily distinguished from the usual
run of Watermelon varieties (Figure 6). The fruit is oval in shape, weigh-
ing around 30 pounds; the exterior color, which is the distinguishing
characteristic of the variety, is dark green, generally splashed with bright
yellow spots varying in size from an eighth of an inch to several inches in
diameter. These spots are usually quite regular in outline, approaching a

Figure 6. The bright yellow spots of varying size give the Moon and
Stars Watermelon an unusual appearance.

true circle in shape. The foliage is also covered with small yellow spots.
This peculiar characteristic gives Moon and Stars a value as a novelty
variety, suitable “for competition in fairs. Aside from this, however, the
variety has a ﬁne red colored ﬂesh of good quality, and the vine is fairly
productive. Moon and Stars is well worth trying.

42 BULLETIN NO. 546, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Peerless. Of all the varieties tried recently, Peerless is perhaps the
most promising. It is both early and productive. The fruit is long cylin-
drical, and a medium mottled green in color. Unfortunately the rind is
rather tender. The ﬂesh has a ﬁne texture combined with a good red
color, and the seeds are white. While Peerless in its productivity, its ﬁne
appearance, and high quality has been very promising, and hence is worthy
of trial, it has not given as many signs of dependability as Florida Favorite
(2), and hence may not stand the test of time.

Phinney’s Early is a very early variety and as such is a more desirable
one than most of them. The fruit is oblong in shape and only around 17
pounds in weight. The exterior is mottled light and dark green. The ﬂesh
lacks in attractiveness, being a pale pink in color, but in ﬂavor is usually
unexpectedly sweet. Extreme earliness, fair productivity, combined with
a fair quality, make Phinney’s Early a valuable addition to the home gar-
den. Its value is greatly reduced, of course, as soon as the later, but more
attractive, melons of higher quality come into bearing.

Pride of Muscatine, a wilt resistant variety developed by the Iowa Ex-
periment Station, does not seem to have any special characteristics to
make it of particular value to the section. A late, but productive, variety
with large, long-cylindrical fruits weighing 30 to 42 pounds apiece, it
sunburns easily, and has only a fair quality.

SUMMARY OF PROMISING VARIETIES

This report brings up-to-date the adaptability record of the varieties of
the nine vegetables covered in the foregoing discussion. New varietieshin-
cluded in recent trials have in most instances not excelled the varieties
already established as the leading sorts. Notable exceptions are found
among the sweet corns. With some of the other vegetables various new
varieties have shown considerable promise, and in the future for one rea-
son or another some of these may become of considerable importance in
the Winter Garden region.

A summary of the latest recommendations follows:

Dwarf lima beans: Henderson and Jackson Wonder (for home garden
only) still remain the most dependable and the most useful.

Sweet Corn: Honey June since the last report has justiﬁed the recom-
mendation at that time and has become the leading sweet corn variety.
Still newer varieties are also showing considerable promise, however. This
is especially true of some yellow varieties of which Iogold P.39.l.45, Iogold
04.45, and Mosshart Sugar are among the best. Sweet Dubois, and Sweet
Snowﬂake, two new white varieties, show deﬁnitely more resistance to the
ear-worm than Honey June, but are handicapped by poorer quality.

Edible Cowpeas: Cream Crowder remains the most satisfactory va-
riety for both yield and quality.

Cucumber: The leading varieties are still Early Fortune and Kirby's
Stays Green. However, long fruited varieties, of which there are a num-

TESTS OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES FOR WINTER GARDEN REGION 43

ber, are deﬁnitely becoming more popular with markets and growers alike.
It is impossible to say which of these is the best.

Muskmelons: Hale's Best is still easily the most important variety.
Of the many strains of this variety Hale’s Best No. 36 and Hale's Best No.
112 are favored the most by commercial growers and looked very promis-
ing in the trials. The former tends to produce somewhat more fruits, and
to be slightly larger in size; the latter is usually earlier by several days.

Rutabagas: Early Neckless is easily the most useful variety, with Sweet
Perfection White in second place.

Tomatoes: The tests have failed to show any variety with greater use-
fulness and dependability than Bonny Best (together with the practically
synonymous varieties John Baer, C‘halk’s Jewel, and Clark’s Early). How-
ever, Glovel, a pink variety, and Grothen’s (Red) Globe show consider-
able promise. -

Turnip: Shogoin and Purple Top White Globe remain the most valu-
able and useful varieties of this vegetable.

Watermelon: Tom Watson and Stone Mountain are still the leaders,
and Florida Favorite continues to be one of the most dependable pro-
ducers, as well as being among the best for quality. Peerless gave indica-
tions of approaching Florida Favorite in these characteristics. Moon and
Stars, a yellow spotted variety, appeared valuable as a novelty, as well as
for its productivity and quality.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The writer is indebted to Dr. Roy Magruder of the Bureau of Plant In-
dustry for his helpful suggestions in the preparation of that portion of the
bulletin dealing with the rutabagas and turnips, and particularly for his
information on the chief use of a number of minor varieties of the former
which are practically unknown in the South.

Acknowledgment is also due the numerous seedsmen and others who
generously supplied samples for the trials, and to Dr. P. C. Mangelsdorf
for the sweet corn illustration.

LITERATURE CITED

Freeman, G. F., 1915. Papago Sweet Corn. Ariz. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 75.

2. Hawthorn, Leslie R., 1935. Vegetable Varieties for the Winter Garden
Region of Texas. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 508.

3. Hawthorn, Leslie R., 1936. Further Studies of Earworm Damage in Sweet
Corn Varieties in Texas. Proceedings American Society Horticultural
Science 33:505-507.

4. Hawthorn, Leslie R. and R. K. Fletcher, 1934. Earworm Damage in Sweet
Corn Varieties. Proceedings American Society for Horticultural
Science 30:550-553.

5. Porte, William S., H. S. Wolfe, and W. M. Fiﬁeld, 1936. The Glovel Tomato.
U. S. Department of Agriculture Circular No. 388.

6. Rauchenstein, E., 1927. Economic Aspects of the Cantaloupe Industry.
Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 419.

7. Yarnell, S. H., W. H. Friend, and J. F. Wood, 1937. Factors Affecting the
Amount of Puffing in Tomatoes. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 541.

i-l