L I BR ARY , A & M COLLEGE, CAMPUS . R90-737-13,500 Texas Agricultural Experiment Station A. B. CONNER, DIRECTOR COLLEGE STATION, BBAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS BULLETIN NO. 549 JULY, 1937 DIVISHiI-Y F CHEMISTRY B R A R Y 59mm“ l Ildllliml Cqitege er T_.;.;3~.~ mmHDSMfiflLTmm& Cfiemical Composition of Soils of Texas AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS T. 0. WALTON, President The analyses of several thousand samples of soils were averaged by types for about 100 of the most important soil series of Texas. The constituents of these soils as averaged by types are classified in five grades, according to the quantities present, Grade 1 being the highest and Grade 5 the lowest grade. The grades have been designated in such a way as to carry the highest possible signifi- cance permitted by the present state of our knowledge. Tables are given to show the composition of the various soils averaged by types, and their grades, as well as a very brief description of the soil series. Maps showing the prevailing grades of the constituents of the upland surface soils in the various parts of the State are given for total nitrogen, active phosphoric acid, total phosphoric acid, active potash, acid-soluble potash, total potash, acid-soluble lime, basic- ity, acidity, and acid-soluble magnesia. These maps show that wide areas of Texas soils are low in phosphoric acid and in nitrogen, especially in the eastern part of the state. Potash is present in larger quantities than phosphoric acid. Lime is high in areas in the central and western part of the state. Lime is low in some areas in the eastern part of the state, and some of the soils in these areas may become sufliciently acid to require liming. Texas soils are not likely to be deficient in magnesia. Alluvial soils are better supplied with plant nutrients than upland soils. Variations in the composition of the soils in the areas are to be expected. The maps, tables of composition, and tables of grades give a good general idea of the chemical composition of the soils of Texas. CONTENTS Page Introduction ____________________________________________________________________________________________ -- 5 Samples and methods __________________________________________________________________ _¢ --------- 7- 5 Changes in chemical composition of soils __________________________________________ _- 7 Grades for constituents of soils and their interpretation __________________ -. 9 Variations in average composition and grades of constituents of soils grouped by types -_ ________________________________________________________________ __ 12 Chemical composition of soils grouped by types in the ' geographic divisions of Texas __________________________________________________________ -- 12 Gulf coast prairie _____________________________________________________ -__ ___________________________ _. 14 East Texas timber country .............................................................. -. 21 Blackland prairies __________________________________________________________________________________ _. 31 Grand prairie ........................................................................................... -_ 32 West cross timbers .......................................... _; ____________________________________ __ 36 Central basin _________________________________________________________________________________________ __ 40 Rio Grande plain ____________________________________________________________________________________ __ 46 Edwards plateau _____________________________________________________________________________________ __ 54 Rolling plains ___________________________________________________________________________________________ __ 54 High plains __________________________________________ -_ 56 Mountains and basins ______________________________________________________________________________ __ 66 Other constituents of the soils _____________________________________________________________ __ 73 Average composition of surface soils of Texas b'y generalized areas Total nitrogen ________________________________________________________________________________ __ 74 Active phosphoric acid and total phosphgric acid ________________________ 76 Active potash, acid-soluble potash, and total potash _________________ __ 77 Acid-soluble lime, basicity, and acidity (pH) ____________________________ __ 79 Acid-soluble magnesia ____________ __ 3O Summary ........................................... _- a _ 35 References ___________________________________ _i ' 85 Index to soil series ______________ 35 BULLETIN NO. 549 JULY, 1937 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS By G. S. Fraps, Chief, and J. F. Fudge, Chemist Division of Chemistry The chemical composition and properties of the soils of Texas have been studied by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station for more than 33 years. Many analyses of soils have been made, chiefly of samples of soil types representing areas mapped by soil surveyors of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Individual analyses of the various samples have been published, by counties, in 15 bulletins of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. It now seems desirable to present the average chemical composition of the various types of soil, to group these aver- ages according to the areas they occupy, and to map them so as to show, in a general way, the chemical composition of the various areas of the surface soils of Texas. An outline of the present information relating to soil classifications and soil values in Texas with respect to their physical composition and location, and a brief de- scription of about 100 of the most important series of soils in Texas, with the map showing where they occur, are given in Bulletin 431 (4). The average chemical composition of the various types of soils are given in the Bulletin here presented. The system of classification outlined in Bulletin 431 is followed. The general average composition of surface soils of Texas is presented in 10 maps, based upon the map of the soil areas of Texas presented in Bulletin 431. The maps are necessarily in broad outline. There are differences in the com- position of different samples of the same soil type and some differences between the soil types which cannot be shown in maps of this size. The maps can show the composition of the soils in a general way only, since there are differences be— tween the types of soils in the same area, some being of lower and others, especially alluvial soils, of higher composition than is shown on the maps. Those interested in the details may consult the publications dealing with the composition of the soils of the various counties of the State (see Table 1), which contain more details than are possible in a publication of this kind. The analyses and other chemical investigations were confined to the determina- tion of those constituents and chemical conditions of soils which, by reason of their great variation and inadequacy in many soils for the proper growth of many kinds of economic crops, cause problems closely related to agriculture and provide basic means for studying methods of overcoming soil deficiencies in crop production. The significance of the chemical composition and the interpretation of results are of as great importance as the analyses themselves and have received a great deal of attention of this Experiment Station. A number of bulletins have been published on these subjects. Our discussion of these relations must necessarily be in broad outline, leaving to those interested in the details the consultation of the various publications of this and other Experiment Stations. SAMPLES AN D METHODS The samples used in this work were taken by soil surveyors of the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils of the U. S. Department of Agriculture from virgin land or uncultivated land and were such as were believed to be representative of the soil 6 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Table 1. giving detailed chemical composition Texas counties surveyed with date of survey and number of bulletin Analysis in Date of Texas Bulletin Reference survey Number number Detailed oounty surveys Angelina (part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1903 125 7 Archer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1912 244 22 Bell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1916 301 28 Brazona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1902, 1910 125 7 Brazos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1914 316 30 Bowie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1918 375 34 Cameron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1909. 1923 125, 430 7, 38 amp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1908 316 30 Cherokee (part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1903 125 7 eman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1922 430 38 ' 1930 533 49 1920 430 38 1907 125 7 1918 375 34 1916 337 32 Ellis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1910 316 30 E1 Paso (part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1912 337 32 Erath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1920 430 38 Franklin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1908 244 22 Freestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1918 37S 34 F rio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1927 533 49 Galveston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1930 533 49 Grayson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1909 192 17 Harris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1922 430 38 Harrison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1912 244 22 Henderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1923 482 41 Hidalgo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1909. 1925 125, 482 7, 41 Jefferson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913 301 28 Lamar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907 125 7 Lavaca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1905 125 7 Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1905 192 17 Lubbock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1917 337 32 McLennan (part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1905 192 17 11am . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1925 482 41 Midland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1928 S33 49 Montgomery (part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1901 125 7 Nacogdoches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1925 125, 482 7. 41 1927 482 41 . 1929 533 49 Red River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1919 375 34 Reeves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1922 430 38 Robertson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907 125 7 Rockwall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1923 430 38 Rusk (part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1906 125 7 San Saba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1916 337 32 Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1915 301 28 Tarrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1920 430 38 Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1915 301 28 Titus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1909 192 17 Tyler (part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1903 192 17 Van Zandt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1928 533 49 Victoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1927 482 41 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913 316 30 Webb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1909 12S. 301 7, 28 Wichita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1924 482 41 Willacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1926 482 41 Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907 125 7 Regional Reconnaissance surveys General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 6 South Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1909 161 11 Panhandle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1910 173 13 SouthCentral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913 213 19 Northwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1919 443 39 West Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1922 443 39 Trans-Pecos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1928 533 a 49 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS 7 types in the area being surveyed. The samples of surface soils were usually taken to a depth of about 7 inches. Analyses by areas (usually counties) have been published by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in the bulletins listed in Table 1 (6, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 22, 28, 30, 32, 34, 38, 39, 41, 49). Maps of the areas surveyed showing the location of the soil types, together with detailed descriptions and other information, have been published by the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. In the course of time, due to the information secured during the progress of the soil survey work, some of the names originally used have been changed in order to conform to more recent soil correlations which have been established after more complete information has been accumulated. For this reason, the names used in the individual publ cations are not always the same as those used in Bulletin 431 or in this publication. This is somewhat confusing but is a necessary accompaniment of scientific progress. The analyses averaged for the purpose of this bulletin, though made over a long period of years, were all made by practically the same methods. Nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method (60). Total phosphoric acid (P205) was estimated after ignition with magnesium nitrate (60). Active phosphoric acid is the phosphoric acid (P205) dissolved by 0.2 N nitric acid (8, 61). Total potash (K20) was determined by the Lawrence-Smith method of fusion with ammonium chloride and calcium carbonate (33). Acid-soluble potash is that dissolved by boiling with hydrochloric acid of 1.115 sp. gr. for a period of 8 hours (33, 51, 61). Active potash is that dissolved by 0.2 N nitric acid (33, 61). Acid-soluble lime and magnesia are dissolved by the 1.115 sp. gr. hydrochloric acid, that is, with the acid-soluble potash (61). The quantities of iron and manganese given are those dissolved at the same time as the acid-soluble potash. Basicity is the quantity of 0.2 N nitric acid neutralized biy the bases of the soil in the estimation of active phosphoric acid and active potash, expressed as car- bonate of lime (21, 43, 44). When the basicity was over 8 percent, 1.0 N nitric acid was used. The pH is the degree of acidity or alkalinity determined by the quinhydrone method (1). Other analyses, such as iron, manganese, sulphur, material insoluble in 1.115 sp. gr. hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid absorbed, potash absorbed, and base exchange capacity, and many pot experiments were made in connection with this work, and are briefly mentioned but are not averaged by soil types for the purpose of this Bulletin. CHANGES IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS The chemical composition of a soil does not remain constant. If the soil is under cultivation, there may be considerable losses due to cropping (5, 18), of leaching by water (12), and erosion. Cropping may remove considerable quantities of plant food, as shown in Table 2. On the whole, vast quantities of plant food and other materials are removed from Texas soils by the various crops grown (18, 31, 33). A crop of 1/2 bale of cotton will take up as much as 48 pounds of nitrogen, 19 pounds of phosphoric acid, and 31 pounds of potash in the seed, the leaves, and the stems of the plant. A crop of 3,000,000 bales of cotton, as was produced in 1935, requires about 144,000 tons of nitrogen, 57,000 tons of phosphoric acid, and 93,000 tons of potash. A crop of 100,000,000 bushels of corn, as was raised in 1935, would require about 75,000 tons of nitrogen, 31,250 tons of phosphoric acid, 8 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION and 50,000 tons of potash. Some of the plant food in the leaves and stems is re- turned to the soil, but many of the leaves are blown away or washed into low places and lost. Other crops grown in Texas besides cotton and corn remove large quanti- ties of plant food and lime from the soils, so that the soils are continually being depleted. Legume crops, if turned under, restore some of the nitrogen, but phos- phoric acid, potash, lime, and other mineral constituents can be restored only through additions of these substances. Table 2. Estimated quantity of soil constituents taken up by crops (pounds per acre) Phosphoric Potash Nitrogen acid (P205) (K20) Corn (40 bushels) total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2S 42 Grain and cob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 19 13 Stalk and leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 6 29 Cotton (250 pounds lint) total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 19 31 Seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 7 8 Stalk and leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 12 23 Hay. Alfalfa (4 tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 50 143 Hay, Cowpea (2 tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 22 70 Hay, Mixed grasses (2 tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 16 54 Oats, (40 bushels) total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3S 14 28 Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 10 7 Straw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4 21 Onions (15 tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 37 72 Potatoes, Irish (100 bushels) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 10 36 Potatoes, Sweet (200 bushels) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 20 72 Rice (1900 pounds) total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 15 42 rain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 12 5 Straw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3 37 Sorghum. green fodder (10 tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 _24 60 Sugar cane (20 tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 42 160 Wheat (25 bushels) total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 18 23 Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 13 9 Straw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5 14 Some of the plant food is replaced by that in fertilizers, but the quantity of ferti- lizers used in Texas (42) is small compared with the quantity of plant food removed. The 60,016 tons of fertilizer sold in 1936 would contain 3,008 tons of nitrogen, 6,730 tons of phosphoric acid, and 2,314 tons of potash, (corresponding to a 5-l 1-3.8 fertilizer). These quantities are only about 2 per cent of the nitrogen, 12 per cent of the phosphoric acid, and 2.5 per cent of the potash required for cotton alone. When the corn, grain sorghums, vegetables, and other crops are taken into consider- ation, the percentages of the plant food replaced by fertilizer are probably less than one-fourth of those given above. Erosion removes the soil itself, and so reduces the depth of the surface soil, or it may remove all of it and expose the subsoil, which is generally lower in plant food, or it may produce gullies so that the land cannot be cultivated. Percolation of water through the soil removes much nitrogen, and also some lime, magnesia, and potash (12, 18). The extent of loss by leaching depends upon the quantity of the rainfall, the permeability of the soil, and other factors. Applications of fertilizer containing sulphate of ammonia or other acid-forming fertilizers may make acid soils more acid (54). The natural weathering of soils may make some Texas soils less acid (48). Weathering and other natural agencies gradually change the chemical composition and physical characteristics of soils. Soils do not remain constant in chemical composition or physical composition, but are constantly, though slowly, changing. Within the area of any soil type, there CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS 9 are areas higher or lower in plant food than the average, due to difference in cultiva- tion, cropping, erosion and other factors. The analyses show the composition of the soil type in a generalized way but there may be decided variations within the type. Under the present agricultural system, Texas soils are being depleted of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, lime, magnesia, and other elements, and in some places the top soil is being washed away. The soils are thus becoming poorer. Cropping and natural agencies tend to decrease the nitrogen, active potash, the lime, especially where it is low, and to a less extent, the active phosphoric acid. Where the soil is slightly acid, the acidity may increase in the course of time, due to the cropping and the percolation of water. The total phosphoric acid, total potash, acid-soluble potash, and basicity where it is high, are very slowly affected by cropping. Since some of the analyses included in this discussion were made 10 years or more ago, some of the soils, especially those under cultivation, are lower in nitrogen, active potash, active phosphoric acid, basicity, and may be more acid, than they were at the time the samples were taken. GRADES FOR CONSTITUENTS OF SOILS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION In order to facilitate the study and discussion of the composition of Texas soils, the constituents have been grouped in 5 grades, according to the quantity present, in line with the general method of grading hays or other materials. Grade 1 is the highest; that is, it contains the highest quantities of the constituent grouped. Grade 5 is the lowest, while 2, 3, and 4 are intermediate in the order named. The use of the grades facilitate comparison of the quantities of the constituents in var- ious soils and bring out the resemblances and differences between the quantities of the chemical constituents in them. The grade not only indicates the quantities present, but also the deficiency or strength of the soil in that particular constituent. The quantities placed in each grade have been adopted so as to have the greatest meaning possible with information at present available. Available information has been construed regarding the effect of the quantity of the constituent upon the properties of the soils, and its relation to deficiencies or possible deficiencies in plant food and fertility. The information available includes the results of pot experi- ments and their relation to the composition of soils (8, 9, 10, 23, 24, 33, 35, 45), field experiments (15, 20, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59), and other work in the agricultural literature (18). The quantities of the constituent included in the limits of each grade and the relation between these quantities and other methods of interpretation previously used by us are given in Table 3. The corn possibility (8) for the various grades given in Table 3 is based upon the highest amount of the plant food in the limits of the class. For example, the 1O bushels for Grade 5 of nitrogen is for .030 per cent, the highest quantity for this grade. The corn possibility represents the aver- age amount of plant food which was withdrawn by plants in a number of pot experiments from soils containing similar amounts of total nitrogen, active phos- phoric acid, or active potash. It is expressed in bushels of corn per acre and as- sumes that a bushel of corn requires 1.5 pounds of nitrogen, 0.625 pounds of phos- phoric acid, and 1.0 pounds of potash, and that an acre of soil to a depth of 6% inches weighs 2,000,000 pounds. It does not take the subsoil into consideration. The 10 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Table 3. Limits and interpretations of Texas grades of constituents of soils Grade Number 5 4 3 2 1 Nitrogen (total) Limits-Per cent . . . . . . . .. 0-.030 .031-.060 .061-. 120 .121-. 180 . 181 + Maximum corn possibility bushels per acre . . . . . . . . 10 18 33 48 49+ Maximum number of 40 _ bu. "corn crops. . . . .. . . . 10 20 40 60 61+ Pounds per two million. . .. 0-600 620-1200 1220-2400 2420-3600 3620 up Total phosphoric acid (P205) Limits—-Per cent . . . . . . . . . 0-.025 .026—.050 .051—. 100 .10l—. 1S0 .151 + Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . Low Low to fair Fair to good Good High Maximum number of 40 bu. corn crops. . . . . . . . . 20 40 80 120 121+ Pounds per two million. . . . 0-500 520-1000 1020-2000 2020-3000 3020 up Active phosphoric acid (P205) Limits—-P.p.m . . . . . . . . . . . 0-30 31-100 101-200 201-400 401 + Maximum corn possibility. 18 40 45 50 51+ Pounds per million . . . . . . . 0-60 62-200 202-400 402-800 802 up Total potash (K20) Limits-—Per cent . . . . . . . . . 0-.30 .31-.60 .61—1.2O 1.21-1.80 1.81 + Pounds per two million. . .. 0-6000 6200-12000 12200-24000 24200-36000 36200 up Acid-soluble potash (K20) Limits-Per cent . . . . . . . .. 0-. 10 .11-.20 .21-.40 .41—.80 .81 + Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . Low Low to fair Fair to good Good High Maximum number of 40 bu. corn crops . . . . . . . . . . 50 100 200 400 401 + Pounds per two million. . . . 0-2000 2200-4000 4200-8000 8200-16000 16200 up Active potash (K20) Limits—-P.p.m . . . . . . . . . . . 0-50 51-100 101-200 201-400 401 + Maximum corn possibility. 26 50 94 171 172+ Pounds per two million. . .. 0-100 102-200 202-400 402-800 802 up Acid-soluble lime (CaO) Limits—Per cent . . . . . . . . . 0-. 10 . 11-. 20 .21-.40 .41-2.00 2.01 + Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . Low Low to fair Fair to good Good High Pounds per two million . . . . 0-2000 2200-4000 4200-8000 8200-40000 40200 up Basicity (CaCOs) Limits——Per cent . . . . . . . . . 0-.30 .31-.60 .61-2,.00 2.01-5.00 5 .01 + Pounds per two million. . . . 0-6000 6200-12000 12200-40000 40200-100000 100200 up Acidity (pH) Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-5.0 5.1-5.5 5.6-6.0 6.1-7.5 7.6+ Acidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Very acid Acid Slightly acid Practically Alkaline Acid-soluble magnesia. (MgO), neutr Limits per cent . . . . . . . . .. 0-.07 .08-.15 0.16—.30 .31-.60 .61+ Pounds per two million. . . . 0-1400 1600-3000 3200-6000 6200-12000 12200 up indicate the possible yield from the soil, as this depends corn possibility does not upon the rainfall and other conditions in addition to the fertility of the soil (49). The experiments on which the corn possibility is based and the method itself is discussed in detail elsewhere (8, 33). The number of corn crops of 40 bushels each per acre as given for each grade in Table 3 is calculated from the maximum quantity of the constituent in the grade concerned. The average for the grade would be lower. The surface soil is as- sumed to weigh 2,000,000 pounds to the acre as with the corn possibility. A crop of 40 bushels of corn is assumed to require 60 pounds of nitrogen, 25 pounds of phosphoric acid, and 40 pounds of potash. The interpretations “low,” “low to fair,” and so forth, given in Table 3 for total phosphoric acid, are based chiefly upon observations by Hilgard (51) and others (~14, 26, 52) as to the wearing qualities of the soil. Most of the total potash is highly insoluble and only of remote value for agri- cultural purposes, although it includes the acid-soluble potash and the active potash. Most of the total potash is in soil compounds so highly resistant (16, 25, 37, 40) that it may remain unavailable for plant growth for thousands of years. Inter- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS 11 pretation of the analyses for total potash are not made, although on an average it is related to the active potash and the acid-soluble potash (33). Since some workers report these analyses in pounds per two million of soil (some- times incorrectly calling this pounds per acre), the grades have been expressed in these terms also. Soils whose nitrogen, active phosphoric acid, and active potash are found in Grade 5 are very likely to be deficient in these forms of plant food for all crops. Such constituents when given Grade 4 are often, but not always, deficient. The probability of a deficiency for field crops is much lower for constituents in Grade 3, but these soils may need fertilizers for truck crops, which require much plant food for rapid heavy growth. If graded 1 or 2, they are less likely to be deficient. Fertilizer experiments (59) indicate that cotton may respond to potash on Texas soils containing 134 parts per million of active potash, which is in Grade 3. How- ever, the chemical analysis is not an infallible indicator of the needs of the soil. Acid- soluble lime, basicity and degree of acidity (pH) are related to one another (21, 43, 44, 47). Soils with lime or basicity in Grades may be acid or become acid. When the lime or basicity has Grades 1 or 2, the soils are limestone soils and high in lime. Grades for degree of acidity (pH) are based on ranges of pH for satisfactory plant growth. Grade 1 (7.51-l—) is definitely alkaline, Grade 2 is practically neutral, and is satisfactory for good growth of most crops (Table 4). Grade 5 contains soils that are so acid that most crops, particularly legumes, will not grow well. Grade 3 contains soils which are suitable for many crops but which may be sufficiently acid to decrease growth of certain crops. Soils in Grades 4 or 5 usually require proper liming for best results with most crops. However, there are some crops which give best results with slightly acid soils. The grade cannot always be accurately interpreted in terms of crop yields or possible fertilizer responses, since these are determined by rainfallpdrainage, physical character of surface soil and subsoil and other factors in addition to chemical com- position, upon which the above grades are based. Magnesia (3) is deficient in certain soils of the eastern part of the United States which have been cultivated and highly fertilized for many years, and which have Table 4. pH of soils for diflerent crops (from N. C. Bulletin 293) and corresponding grade for the highest acidity pH Grade pH Grade Alfalfa . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.5 — 7.5 2(?) Oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.0 — 6.0 4 Alsike clover . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 — 6.5 3 Peanuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 — 6.5 3 Beets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.5 - 7.0 3 Red clover . . . . . . . . . .. 6.5 - 7.5 2(?) i Blackberries.’ . . . . . . . .. 5.0 — 6.0 4 Rye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.0 —- 6.0 4 Buckwheat . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 - 6.0 4 Snap beans . . . . . . . . .. 5.2 — 6.0 4 Cabbage . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.5 - 6.5 3 Soybeans . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.0 - 6.5 4 Cantaloupes . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 - 6.5 3 Spinach . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 — 6.5 2 Carrots . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.5 - 6.5 3 Strawberries . . . . . . . . ,. 5.5 - 6.5 3 i Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.0 — 6.0 4 Sweet clover . . . . . . . .. 6.5 — 7.5 2(?) Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 - 6.0 4 Sweet potatoes . . . . . . . 5.0 - 5.4 4 Cowpeas . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.0 — 6.5 4 Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 — 5.6 4 Crimson clover . . . . . . . . 5.5 — 6.5 3 Tomatoes . . . . . . . . . .. 5.0 — 6.5 4 Cucumbers . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 — 6.5 3 Velvet beans . . . . . . . . . 5.0 — 6.0 4 Grapes (bunch) . . . . . .' 5.0 — 6.0 4 Vetch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 — 6.0 4 Grasses . . . . . .. 5.0 — 6.0 4 “latermelons . . . . . . .. 4.5 - 5.5 4 Irish potatoes. 5.0— 5.4 4 Wheat . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.0— 6.0 4 Lespedeza . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 — 6.5 3 White clover . . . . . . . . . 5.5 — 6.5 3 Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.0 - 6.5 4 12 BULLETIN NO. S49, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION produced heavy yields of crops. The data on which to base grades of magnesia are scanty and insufficient for use in interpreting the grades. Many soils in which magnesia has Grade S may not be deficient in magnesia. There is as yet no evidence to show that any Texas soils are deficient in magnesia. If there are any, they would likely be found among those where magnesia has Grade S. VARIATIONS IN COMPOSITION AND GRADES OF CONSTITUENTS OF SOILS GROUPED BY TYPES The average chemical analyses of soils grouped by types given in the tables are in most cases averages of a number of samples. Some variation in composition between samples of the same soil type is found. In most of the soil types, however, the variations are comparatively small, so that the averages given are fairly repre- sentative of what may be considered the composition of the type as a whole. In some cases, the quantity of a constituent in an individual sample may be consider- ably higher or lower than that in the most of the samples of that soil type. In such cases, the figure for that constituent in that sample has been omitted in calcu- lating the average. For information regarding individual analyses, the bulletins dealing with the composition of soils of the various counties should be consulted. Any grading according to quantity of the various constituents must necessarily contain some samples near the lowest limit and some near the highest limit. A soil type containing 3 parts per million of active phosphoric acid would be given Grade 5 the same as one containing 29 parts per million. Obviously, the soil con- taining 29 parts per million, although low in active phosphoric acid and therefore correctly graded 5, may have a higher capacity to furnish plants with phosphoric acid than has the soil type which contains only 3 parts per million. Such variations within a given grade may be relatively more important in Grades 4 and 5, where the quantity of the constituent is low, than in the higher grades where the plant may be able to secure as much plant food at the lower limit of the grade as at the higher limit. For the study of an individual soil type, reference must be made to the analysis of individual samples. Some of the soil types discussed later are represented by only one or two samples. Such analyses give indications as to the quantities of the several constituents which may be found in the type, but cannot be considered as clearly representative of the soil type as a whole as where many samples of a soil type have been analyzed. As previously stated, some of the samples were analyzed over ten years ago, and there is a decrease in fertility of some of them, especially those cropped constantly, and also a possible increase in acidity of slightly acid soils. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL TYPES IN THE GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION OF TEXAS Soils are the results of the action of weathering agencies, such as rain, temperature, wind and biological activity upon the parent material. Similarity of soil character- istics due to similar parent material and similar weathering agencies makes possible the division of Texas into a number of regions containing soils which are in many respects similar to one another. These regions have been presented and described in Bulletin 431 (4). The soil series in each region are closely related, many of them CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS 13 DALLA S N. HANS. OCH! I HARYL 7 EMF? a m; l. East Texas Timber Country M‘ ' 2. Gulf Coast Prairie 3. Blacklsnd Prairies “"7" "4 4'7 M 9°17 4. Grand Prairie 5. West Cross Timbers 56x m l; m“ q,“ 6. Central Basin 7. Rio Grands Plain M 8. Fdwards Flateau l u” M‘ Oz Con’ 11% 9. Rolling Plains "4 g‘ “W e g 10. High Plains c0 noc/zwaa. /c/¢. n! mxaavion cu. 1 l1. Basins and Mountains °w e You rmmv z/vr m nvnnoc *9‘ "’ W” c455 a 8 a‘ scun. zsn JONES M mm ' 4'90"!!!’ . nus "'1 1r c4 c4511. _ “mm N5 m 0" o5 ' n Mso scion n ~ <1 a n0! r n HUDSPETH uwensw 1. m/m w‘ 6“ u § N L Mm "’ o L 1 L‘ U u‘ 5| m: own .0710 co/vc, _c.° A“; won n0 44g! § g ‘I " u, ' J“ A “M? 6P cnocnzrr came/r uz/v, § w 9O < ‘y! Q / l‘ fi w’ Y; a surrow n/u 1 “*5/01 a}, mum; I do o \. 4» VALVEHDE zomanns an 4 d? o? . ' g we ° 0mm: 0. ‘ 4 6 mv. ZAVALLA rmo Q QB‘ 0 - gr i ‘ \ Fun/r usuzifi a‘? ‘i? ' 3 O 6 ‘ WEBB i /vp_ e0 I a oumtg gr- 41/5‘? P O O O Dim/on: l ‘ ‘Q?’ WH-M _ SCALI-STATUTZ mus f exa: Q ~ Figure 1. are found only in this region, they have a similar origin, and were formed by similar natural agencies. The soil series in one region are related in some broad character- istics which difler, as a rule, from the broad characteristics of the soils of the other ' regions. The regions are indicated in Figure 1. This classification brings together and compares soil types which are adjacent and related. The chemical composition and grades of constituents of the various soil types are discussed by regions in which the soils occur. In each geographic area, the more closely related soil groups are indicated as comprising a number of soil series, each of which in turn includes one or more soil types. These are shown in Figure 2, and the legend indicates the general character- istics of the group by giving the name or names of one or more of the prominent soil series of the group. The descriptions of the regions and of the soil series are given only in outline suflicient to identify them. More complete descriptions may be found in Bulletin 431 (4) and in the reports of the various soil surveys. Most of the soils whose analyses are given in this Bulletin are those of consider- able areal extent and importance. Soil surveys have listed more than 700 soil types in the State and only 25 per cent of the land area of Texas has been surveyed in detail. (U dam» mo wmun 14 BULLETIN NO. S49,’ TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Rio Grands Plain (continued) S Duval-Webb T Maverick-Zapata U Brennan-Nuecss V Lonalta-Point Isabel Edwards Plateau W Denton-Rough stony land X Valera-Rough stony land Y Rotor-Rough stony land Rolling Plains Z Abilene-Roscoe-Foard 2 st Texas Timber Country K rvin-Norfolk Kirvin-Bowie Lufkin-Susquehanna Sezno-Caddo Iacocdoches-Norfolk Gulf Coast Prairie Lake Charles-Edna Hockley-Katy Harris Galveston Blackland Prairies Houston-Wilson Wilson-Crockett Grand Prairie Denton-San Saba West Cross Timbers Windthorst-Nimrod Windthorst-Nimrod Prairies Central Basin Tishimingo-Pedernales Rio Grands Plain Victoria-Goliad-Orelia 6 \\A“AE AE A6 i‘ _ A ' ea BF § AH°§° \\ Y Rolling Plains (continued) Miles-Vernon High Plains Pullman-Richfield Amarillo sandy loams Amarillo sands Enterprise sands Basins and Mountains Rough stony land-Brewster Reeves-Verhdlen Alluvial soils Ochlockonee-Bibb Trinity-Catalpa Miller-Yahola Frio-Spur-Leona Alluvial soil BE,Harlingen-Gil BF Balmorhea-To; BG Ri o Grands-La Figure 2. Principal groups of soil series in Texas. GULF COAST PRAIRIE The Gulf Coast Prairie consists of a nearly flat strip of land varying from 20 to 80 miles wide, bordering the Gulf of Mexico, and extending from the Sabine river at the Louisiana line to the vicinity of the San Antonio River at the west edge of Victoria County. The area covers about 8,000,000 acres of land lying within, or partly within, 19 counties. Along the coast the surface is but a few feet above sea level; inland the surface rises. very gradually and uniformly to elevations of more than 100 feet above sea-level in the more northerly sections. On the basis of the main soil characteristics, the soils of the Coast Prairie are divided into (1) dark- colored prairie soils, (2) light-colored prairie soils, (3) marshy and semi-marshy soils, and (4) flat stream bottom soils. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS 15 Outline description of series Dark-colored prairie soils: Lake Charles soils: Black, dark-gray or brown, noncalcareous surface soils fairly tight on drying, with heavy subsoils slowly permeable to water. Light-colored prairie soils: Crowley soils: Bluish-gray to brownish-gray or brown to dark-brown surface soil mottled in many places 4 to 8 inches deep, with a bluish-gray heavy subsoil mottled with yellow or brown. Edna soils: Light-brown to gray, sandy surface with a dense, impervious gray clay subsoil. Galveston soils: Gray, loose, incoherent sand with a yellow or gray subsoil, Hockley soils: Light-brown and gray, sandy surface with a dense mottled gray and yellow clay subsoil. Katy soils: Light-brown to gray, sandy surface with a dense mottled gray, red, and yellow subsoil. Marshy to semi-marshy prairies: Harris soils: Gray to brown surface with high salt content, and a gray or brown dense clay subsoil with a high water table. Flat stream-bottom soils: Guadalupe soils: Brown or ash-brown, calcareous surface with a light brown or yellowish-brown calcareous subsoil which is of light texture. Miller soils: Reddish, friable, calcareous surface with red, crumbly subsoil heavier than the surface. Ochlockonee soils: Brown or light-brown, noncalcareous surface with brown, yellow or gray or mottled noncalcareous subsoil. Pledger soils: Brown or black friable, calcareous surface with red friable, calcareous subsoil. Trinity soils: Black or dark gray, calcareous/surface and subsoil. Yahola soils: Reddish, friable, calcareous surface soils with subsoils lighter in texture than the surface soil. Composition of soil types The composition of the soils is given in Table 5 and the grades of constitutents of surface soils in Table 6. The dark-colored prairie soils (Lake Charles series) have grades 2, 3, and 4 for nitrogen, potash, lime, and magnesia, but Grades 4 and 5 for phosphoric acid. The light-colored soils have mostly Grade 3 for nitrogen and magnesia and Grades 4 and 5 for potash, phosphoric acid, basicity, and lime. The calcareous river bottom soils are graded 3 to 1 for all constituents. Some of these soils may have become more acid since the analyses were made. The noncalcareous Ochlockonee soils have lower grades (4 and 5) for all constituents" than the calcar- eous soils, particularly active phosphoric acid. 16 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION N6 W6H~ 6v. mN. 66 Haw. oH oHo. nmo. oH . . . . . . . . . . . . 2206656 .5602 >HE66 6:262 36M mwfi- fim. $0. - ..- .--.-...QO.N.~HHHW .E.NO— “AUCGM 02x26“ “AWGM H 6 HN. 66.6 6.“.H N“ Hm. 6 oHo. 3c. .6 . .. . . . . .22o6n:6 2:62 >HE66 6:6 >62626o$ Hi6 0o. “H. 6H . Nw 6N. “H NNo. “mo. 6 . . . . . . 1668.56 .E62 >2E66 666 >62c26c$ “.6 oH . 66. oN. o6 2.. 6H 3.6. oNo. N . .. . . . . . . . . .22o622:6 .6666 2e 28666260 6.“ 2. 84 “w. 66H Hw. NH $6. 66c. N . . . . . . . . . . .666.1=6 .6666 6:6 260666260 6.6 HH. c6. wH . 2.6 m“. oH 66. 3c. m . . . . . . .22o6n:6 .8602 >Hcc66 666 >66> 6626M m6 6c. 66. mH . ““ Hm. wH oNo. N“o. m . . . . . . 668.56 .5602 >HE66 62E >66.» 666m @.W ---.¢- @@- -..--.- . -. @@¢ Q M . -.-.--.....ZOwQ5w.E.NO@>.NQU~AHZMGGQM @.W .---- mw- -¢-.-~ . .- NQ- fi - --QQ--.-UUG%\=HW Iuhfin: ~ANAU WHZMN-Hfim 66. o6. HH». oHN 66. 6 “oo. H6o. N . 122666226 .&6Q265.m ..-..-. WM: 0%. QQ. @ . .... ..--........w0flwhflw.EGO_GGUM Hi6 c6. 6c. H Hm. HHH H6. 6 mNo. 66c. NH . .. . . . . . . 666666 .562 >2cc66 62E 666m N.6 6N. 66. “N. NNH m6. 6H 65. 2c. NH . . . . . . . . . 4.66256 .562 >266 62E 666M 6.6 2 . Hm. “N. “m c6. 6 2c. 26o. H . . . . . . . 2206296 .5602 >626 >HE66 62E 656m 6. 6 mH . “Hi 6H . 66 NN. NN 3c. 66c. H . . . . . . .6661:6 .562 >626 >2E66 6:6 6626M mw.% ........ Wh- .....-. . .. mwQ- a .....-...-.-........éivwflfiw.%.NAUG§@ o.6 6a. 6oH mo. 6H wHo. o“o. H .......................666.r56.>6266:6m2 6.6 Hé. ““ . 66. No 6N. 66. 6 66c. 2c. N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2668; .562 6226 >62>>o60 .V.@ @N- 5w. 5W. ¢M. $3. w @ . -.-Q---.-.-..-UU.N%HH~W JFHNQA >UT§QhU R-W mw@- @5- #¢. BN- QW- fi . -.--¢--.- .-...ZOWD.DW.>NAU >UT2IOHU $.% §.w- @§- @@- AN. @W. #3. @ . .--..¢--..-.--..UUN\-:AmJfiNTu >UTHE66 62E >66> 6616220 6626A 6.6 HN. Nm. 6N. moH oH . 6N» wH HNo. o“o. 6 . .6661:6 .562 >HE66 6226 >66> 6616220 6626A H .6 mm. 6w.H wH . H NHH NN. om. 6 66c. 66c. 6 . . .. . . 6066266 .862 >626 >226 6616220 6626A . .66 mN. H5. H6. 62 6H . 66.. “H 68. mNH . H. . . .. 2666.166 .8662 >626 >226 661620 6626A ¢-...-.. mfi. NW. Q5. .-.-¢. a - . --.-..-.ZOMQ.:W.ENO—WMZMN£U UJNA NN. Na. 6H2 66H “m. Hm. mN 2c. 6.8. H . . .6661:6.E6o26616_20 6626A 6 6 “H. 66. oN. 66 . 6H . Nw. 6 62o. o6o. 6 . . . . . . 220662226 .562 >HE66 62E 6616220 6626A m6 NH. 6N. 6H . 62 HH . 6m. 0H NNo. 2c. 6 . . . . . . . 666126 .562 >2E66 62E 6616220 326A ..H.“ mH. HHflH 66. 62 wH. 68 o6. 6S. H . ............22o6n:6.6n66 62E 6616220 6626A HH. N6. i... wNH. oN. wmH. oNH. oNH. H . .............6661:6 .2566 6562 6616.20 326A “.6 66. 6H .H 66. H.oH NN. 6“. NH 66c. H6o. oH . . . . . . 566666 .562 >626 661620 6626A 6M6. 26. “o. H 2.. 66 NN. o6. HN c8. NoH . oH . . . . . . 46662.56 .562 >626 6616.20 6626A 6.6 66. 664 66. H c3 2.. w“. “H 66c. 2c. c6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12266666 >626 6616220 6626A 6 6 2.. 664 “H.H owH 66. 2.6. 66 66c. 63. c6. . ................6661:6 >626 6616.20 6626A 62206 6126B H666o2c6-v16Q 360 66m 360 6660 66m 262.2222 6:60 66m 6:60 28222222 6660 66m 6660 622cm 626666622 66m 682A 66m 2266625 66m 66m 6264 6662 6c ma 263cm >62 6222=2cw 2266862 262cm 268cm .64 622m 622m 86 .62 6862 6.2.6.2. 262622 666m 626< 6266.6. H.264 286B 6>2€< 2666.2. -6592 6366.2 6660.0 6250 6H2» 6.. 6.2.666 6o 666>H6fl< .6 636.2. 17 -NNNNeeeNmeee eNeee© NNNNNNwwNNNN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS lfw-INIQQMN udflnbfreqwlnfimd‘ . . NN 2N. ee. N 2.. NNe. e8. 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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS 21 EAST TEXAS TIMBER COUNTRY The East Texas Timber County is a continuation of the great coastal belt of timbered sandy land extending from New Jersey along the Atlantic and Gulf sea- board and extends southwestward into Texas as far as DeWitt and Wilson Counties. The soils are mostly of light texture and color and are low in organic matter. A narrow strip of timbered sandy soils lying 50 to 75 miles west of the East Texas Timber Country in the northern part of the State, known as the East Cross Timbers, is also included in the discussion of this region because of the similarity of soils. The two areas have a combined area of about 26,000,000 acres covering all or parts of 74 counties. The surface relief of the region is uneven, with a general slope from north to south. Elevations in the southern parts range from 100 to 200 feet and increase northward to 300 to 600 feet above sea-level. The land is generally un- dulating to rolling and hilly, and is deeply carved by stream erosion. The soils consist mainly of light-colored or red fine sands and fine sandy loams underlain by subsoils which are heavier than the surface soils. The subsoils, mostly of clay or sandy clay, differ greatly in color and structure. The groups of series are (1) upland soils with friable subsoils, (2) terrace soils with friable subsoils, (3) upland soils with dense subsoils, (4) terrace soils with dense subsoils, and (S) flat stream-bottom soils. Outline description of series Upland soils with friable subsoils: Bowie soils: Gray to light-brown surface with a yellow subsurface and a yellow permeable subsoil mottled with gray or red. Caddo soils: Gray surface with yellow subsurface and yellow, slowly perme- able subsoils, mottled with gray in the lower part. Kirvin soils: Light brown to grayish or slightly reddish surface with red, slowly permeable subsoil with some gray mottling in the lower part. Nacogdoches soils: Red surface with ironstone fragments in many places, and a yellow permeable subsoil with red spots and ironstone pebbles. Norfolk soils: Gray surface with yellow subsurface and yellow, very permeable and sandy subsoil. Orangeburg soils: Gray to brownish-gray, noncalcareous surface with a red, friable, sandy clay subsoil. Ruston soils: Light-brown to grayish surface with brown, yellowish or reddish subsurface soil and a reddish-yellow, reddish-brown, or light red, very permeable subsoil. Terrace soils with friable subsoils: Amite soils: Brown to reddish-brown noncalcareous surface with a red to dull- red, friable heavy subsoil. Bienville soils: Brown to grayish-brown surface with a yellowish-brown or light-brown, friable subsoil. 22 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Cahaba soils: Light-brown surface with reddish or yellowish subsurface and light-red, very permeable subsoil. Kalmia soils: Light-brown or gray surface with yellow subsurface and yellow, very permeable subsoil. - Upland soils with dense subsoils: Acadia soils: Light-brown, gray or slightly mottled surface, tight when dry, with a gray or slightly mottled dense clay subsoil. ' DeWitt soils: Grayish-brown surface with dense, heavy yellow clay, mottled with gray or yellowish-brown and gray subsoil. Lufkin soils: Gray surface, becoming tight on drying, with gray, dense, very slowly permeable subsoil. Morse soils: Brown or dark-brown surface with a stiff clay subsoil, mottled with gray, yellow and some red. Oktibbeha soils: Gray to brownish surface with red or mottled red, yellow and gray plastic subsoil, with underlying calcareous clay or marl. Susquehanna soils: Light-brown to gray surface with yellow sub-surface and red and gray mottled, dense, very slowly permeable subsoil. Tabor soils: Light-brown to gray surface with yellow subsurface and yellow rather dense, moderately permeable subsoil. Terrace soils with dense subsoils: Leaf soils: Light-brown surface with reddish or yellowish subsurface and dense, mottled red and gray, very slowly permeable subsoil. Myatt soils: Gray surface, becoming tight on drying, with gray, dense, very slowly permeable subsoil. Flat stream-bottom soils: Bibb soils: Gray or slightly mottled surface with gray, slightly mottled subsoil Hannahatcheesoils: Red or brown surface with red subsoil. Ochlockonee soils: Brown or light brown, noncalcareous surface with brown yellow, or gray or mottled, noncalcareous subsoil. Analyses and grades of con- stituents are given in Tables 5 and 6 for the Gulf Coast Prairie. Portland soils: Chocolate-brown surface with light chocolate-brown or reddish- brown subsoil. Composition of soil types The average composition of the soil types is given in Table 7 and the grades of the constituents of the surface soils in Table 8. Practically all of the upland soils have Grades 4 and 5 for all constituents except the total and active potash, for which most of the soil types have Grades 3 and 4. Most of the types have Grade 4 for nitrogen and magnesia and Grade 5 for active phosphoric acid and basicity. Al- though the basicity in most of the types is quite low, the most of the soils are not very acid, and have Grade 2 for pH values. It is possible some of these soils are more acid now than when these analyses were made. Very few significant differ- 23 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS o2. oN. mo. 282 mN. 86. 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N ...................vom.N§w .Ewo_>.fiu mam-EU % 0.0 NN. mm. “N. 2N m0. .34 mm N8. N~0. u ........=8Q% damn us: 2=>¢2m U 0.0 B. 0m. 0w. wNN 3. EN 8N 3o $5 N ... ..... 1822a 25w 2E 2235.20 T v.0 0N . mN . wN . SN mN. 0o. N. 0M0. $0. N . . . . . . . . . . . fiomnsw £32 323w us: MSE< L NN NN. EN. NN. $0 S. S. 3 £0. N3 N ....~2~.:=m .52: >222 2E §E< U mzomnsm NEE: :23 26w 000.2015 F. 0. m NN . N». 0N. 0w 2. 0v. m $0. N13. m . . . . . . . . . .0035 EmoN $52 9E. >$> coNwswN R 0.0 3. 0w. 0N. moN m0. S... 0 $0. m3. m . . . . . . . . dumtzw .282 3E3 2E 50> 5.62M G 0..0 wum 0m. 8. m: 0m. . . . . . . . m 000. $0 N .. . . . . . . . downs» .Ewo_ >083 52:5 6032M A 0.0 NN NN. N0. 00N m0. NQN .m 0N >00. $0. N .. . . . . . . 182:2 5E2 >222 rmzzw c0305 S . .0.m ma. mm. 0N. 3N mN. mo N. $0 $0. N . . . . . .0805 E82 >229 2E >SQ>GNM GONmN-Mw A . . . . . . 0N~ mum NR ww 8. 8. NN 0N0. 0N0. N . . . . . duaisw 552 325w E; 3353M cornsmN X N .0 S. 0m. NN 2N NN. ma. N o8 0N0. 2 .... .=8€w .222 323w 2E .2828 E 0.0 mN. 0N. mNM N5 a0. NN.. 0N Nmo. Nwo. mN ..uu£.5w .ENO_ 230:3 E0 5035M T Qaw- Nfi- @@- ¢¢- fifi- Q -... -»-¢-........:QwQH~m ..@N.~Nw Qc€ Nhnvuwim , NR0 0N. wN. uN u» m0. 3. 0N m8. N00. N. ..................Iouwfnw NEwm E: 0060M W uh mu. 0m. Nwm omN mN. 2.. w NNO. g0. N . . . . . .0035 .Emo_ 3E3 2E 30> MNNNQQMGNNO 5 m0 N0. mN. .3“. mm N0. 2. Nu $0. 0N0. N . . . . dumtnw .Emo_ 3E3 E0 >29» wEnvwsfiO . m.0 8. Nvu. 8. wNN wN . m0. 0N .30. 0N0 N‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . downsm E82 >NzSw wpsnwwnNfiO O w 0 8 NN 00 wNN mN . m». nu 3N0. umo. m . . . . . . . . . . . . . duwtsw .502 Nvnnw MNNNDQMGMNQ N Nwwscmuconuvlnwmomnnw @328 at? wmow NEmNaD N TL T N5 8m £5 Na» .8 n2 . a» .6 no a2 _ no .6 5 m6 E ma Niunwmafi ufiNNv QNQNNNNN NNNNNNNE Nnmwfimm NhvfiNNu NWWE N an?» m 6.50% row 4v U“ 203cm NNENNNN 202cm 433m 202cm Awfiom 54.8mm .825 5m 62 QENZ NFC. U 0N3» 2E @284 2E N88. @334 NNNQB éEZ B uondNufloUnlmuNnfiaU NQQENH. mauoh. NEH 2N» No 2N3 No 2.2.2.222 é 05am. 24 25 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS UQQGUGOU|M5GBoU acne-F nuuoh. umwfi on» No 6:06 0o 6663.564 0.0 0+. 66 . 66H N0. 66. 6 N60. $6. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20656 .582 >26 6666663666 N.0 H». . NH... 06H NN. 0N . 0H 6N0. H60. 6 . . . . . . . . . . .668t:6 .682 >26 66666666666 6.6 6.... 66. 2H 2.. E. 6 66c. $6. 6 . .... . 666666 s26 6==§6=66=6 0.0 wN. o0. HON mN. H6. NH H60. 0N0. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .668.ts6 >26 66.22.6666 ¢.W -.-..-. .-. .......- Ch. m .. M .6». -..ZOwQ.-Am Jtdni >Uiflw 0.G@ 0.0 0N. 06H 66. 0N 0N0. 060. H ...........666~.=658236.86 6:0 6:606:35 6.6 60H 6N.N HmH 0H . 00. 0N 3.0. 060. N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:66:66 .=8oH >26 8:606:20 6.6 66. 66. 66H 0N. 66. 0H 6N0. H60. N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .668t:6 582 >26 86600320 6.6 NH. wH . R. NH. Hm. NH 0N0. N00. 6 . . . . . . . . . .0806 .582 >086 6cm >66.» 66.52 M.© ©N. 5W. . ON. QMQ. M. . . . . . 6680606 JCNOH >986 05¢ NPHU? 66.52 Hi0 0H. 0H. 06H HH . c6. mN HHO. NNO. H . . . . . . . . . . 006266 .5802 >286 6:0 66.82 0.0 0H. 0N. 0HH 8. 66. 0H Z0. 3.0. H . . . . . . . . .3386 é82 >986. 6:0 66.82 0.0 66. 66H 06H 66. 8. NH 6S. 5.0. N .............:o6n:6 >26 6682 @~¢ .€¢| x§u °$o %§n X ~60 acm--|uu--¢¢-@U~m%k:m 6.20 N0. 66. 0HN NH . v6. 0H NNO. 060. N . . . . . 50662.6 .82 >086 6:0 >8.» 556A N .0 NH . mN. N0H m0. 3.. 0H 0N0. n60. N . . . . . .6u6.v56 .582 >286 62c >._6> 550A 6.6 0N. 3.. 60 00. N6. 0H M60. 060. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506066 £82 >26 >26 0506A 6.6 6H. 66. .6: S. 6N. 6N $6. 68. 6 . . . . .. .. .6666? .66.; >26 3:6 66:5 6.6 6H. N6. 60H 0H. 6.6. 0 060. 66.0. 6 .....................:o6n:66.8356 afiCsA 6.6 HH. MN. 66 HH. :1 mH 060. H60. 6 .........668.H.:6.E6o::6 cficsq . . . . . . 0N..-) 66. . 1 HNH HN. c6. 6 HNo. 660. 6 . . ...=6.66=6 6.82 >286 5606A B. 0N. 66 3.. 6.... 2 66. 68. N . .6668; .66.: >656 =33 0H. 0H. I. 0H. 66. H; 0H0. 6N0. N . 066026.386 638A 00. NN. 6w m0. N0. wH 6H0. N60. N ..................668.t=6accmfzvcsq H.0 6H . . . . . . . . . HoH HVN. 0m. w 0H0. 06.0. H 50606 .562 >386 6:0 >=6>88 0123A 0 .0 0N. 0H. . . . . . . . . 66. 0N . 6 000. 06,0. H .6680.:6 .282 >068...» 6nwwwwflww>u8mmw . 66. . 6 H 0N. 66. 2 H8. -666. N6. . . . . . .....~.._.6.6_.6..e..6_. 6L . NW Z. 6T. 6H. i. . 66. 66c. 666. N». .. .6668; 15661668625 2:5 H.0 0H. N». 66 0H. 66. wN NNO. $0. 6 ..........=¢66=6._.=666=6=1:=6 H0 HN. NN. 6: 0H. 66. 2. N60. 06.0. 6 ..................16.8166 .0266 6:0 56:24 0.0 0N. 2.. 00H NH. 66. mH 6S. $0. 6 . .................=c66=6 v.82 >26 5626A 0.0 HN. 66H No NH. 00. c6 HNO. N00. 6 . 21680666 :82.>..__6 c3062 6.6 2.. Nw. HwH mN. NN. NN N60. N60. 0 . .........=.66=6 >26 .655 QQ- §x~ @§u Q@a Q -n¢u¢¢- 00000 uonaooo-oo-Nvkkgw 0.0 6H . Hm. 66 6c. N6. 6 N5. 6N0. N . . . . . . . . . . 466026 .682 >286 6:0 3236C 0N 0H. 0H . Na N0. 3. 0H 0_0. 6+0. N . . . . . . . . . . .666t:6 £82 >286 6:0 “$56G H.0 6N. 8. 66 wH . 66. N 0M0. 3.0. 6 . . . . . . . 466136 .582 >286 6:0 >66> 6:68.36. 0.0 0H . mN. 6... m0. Nn. 66 68. $0. 6 . . . . . . . . . .6..8t_6 £82 >286 62c >._6> 626864 Av6scfino0vlu2mowns6 66:60 :23 6:06 683D 6660 66m 860 .860 6m 6.252 860 66H “n60 6252 860 66m 66.60 6=cw m6 8266 666 H>H 66m 6E5 66m 2666c.» 66m 66m E66. 66m 0c 632cm >x666m 632cm 0663M 202cm 26.86% 6266mm 62E 86 .62 6682 6Q>H 26¢ E64 £63. E6< 56b $63. H8665 6.52 i. 63w? 26 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION m m NH. 00. NN. 00 HH. 00.H 0H HHO. N00. H ................:o000m.0002 00000 000 0.00 w 0 0H . 0N. 0H . 00 00. N0. H 0H 000. 000. H . . . . . . . . . . . 0000000 .E02 00000 000 000m 0.0 00. 00. 0N. NOH 00. 00.H 0H 00H. 0NH. H .........H0ow000.0_02>000 02m w.@ .Q@- @¢- AaW- ---¢. N ~.-. -.-.--¢-.-.-UUN.?:JWJF-Na: . . . . 000w 000300000050 000m m m N0 0N 0N. 00H N0. 0N. NH 000. 000. 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0000000 .0002 >000 30w 30000 m. m 0N. 00. 0H . 0NH NH . 00. 0N 000. 0N0. 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000.000 .802 >000 30w 3032 0 m 0H . 00. HH. 0m 0H . 0N. 0H N00. 0N0. H . . . . . . . . . . . 000000 0.02 30000 000 50> 000A N .0 0H . m0. 0H . 0N N0. 00. , 00 N00. 000. H . . . . . . . . . . . .000.t0w .502 00000 000 30> .0000 0.0 00. 00. H0. NNH m0. 0N. 0H 0N0. 000. 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.000000 .0002 3.00m 000 0000 0 N 0H. m0. 0N. 0w N0. 0m. m0 000. 000. 0. ...000€0m .E0o0>000m 000 000A 0 0 N0. 00.H 00. HNH 0m. 00.H 0 N00. 0N0. N .........H0ow00w.E0cH 5200004 0.N 0N. H0.H Nm. 00H 00. 0w. 0 000. N00. N .........000E00.E0o_>20 .0002 0000000 00000 00.0 0:00 00000.0 %¢.@ @%¢ fim. fifl- 5%. ¢ fi --- ---Q-...ZOWQ:M_E.NQ~ NAwv-HNW hOQNmT 0.0 00. 0H. HN. 00H 00. HH.H 0H NHO. H00. H ............000000w.000200000 .6000. 0 .0 0N. 0m. 0N. 00H 0N. 0N. 0 000. H00. 0H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .HHom00m .0002 00.000 00c 300m. 0.N 0H. 0N. 0H. 0HH 00. N0. 0N N00. H00. 0H ...............000t0m .0002 00000 00c 0000.0. N . m 0N. N0. 0H . 00H 0N. 0m. N _ N00. 000. m . . . . 2000000 E02 3.000 000 50> 00000000006 H.0 0H . NN. 0N. 00 00. Nm. mH 000. 000. m . . . 0000.000 .0002 30000 000 50> 00000000006 0 . m 0N. 0N. 00. HNH . . . . . . . . m0. 0H 000. H00. H . . . . . . . . . . 1.000000 .0002 >090 00000000006 0.0 0H . 0H . N0. HwN HH . 0N. 0N 000. 000. H . . . . . . . . . . . . 0000000 .0002 00000 00000000006 0.0 0H. 0N. 0H . 0NH 0N. 0N. N 000. N00. N . . . . . . . . . . . 000000 .602 00w 00000000006 0 . m 0N. m0. 00. 0NH 0H . m0. 0H N00. 000. N . . . . . . . . . . . 000.200 .0002 000 00000000006 N0. 00.H N0. 0N. HN. 0 HNO. 000. N .....mom00m.0002>000w 00000000006 . . . . . . . . 0H . N0. H 0m. 00H 0H . 0N. 00 0H0. 000. N . . . . . . . . . . . . 0000.000 .0002 3.000 00000000006 0. m NN. 00 . 0H . NOH N0. 00. m 000. 000. N . . . . 000000 .0002 00000 00000000 00000000006 0 .0 00. 00. 00. N0 00. 00 . 0H 000. H00. N . . . . 0000000 .0002 .3000 000E000 00000000006 N .0 NN. 0H . 0H . 00H 0H . 0m. HH 000. H00. 0 . . . . . . . . . . 000000 .502 000280 00000000006 0 .0 0H . HN. 0H . HOH HH . 00. N0 N00. 000. 0 . . . . . . . . . . .0000._0w .0002 >000>00m 00000000006 0.0 0H. 0N. 0H. HmN 00. mm. m 000. N00. N 2000000 .0002 00000 000 00000000 00000000006 . . . . . . . . 00. 00. NH . 00 00. m0. NH NHO. 000. N .000~._0m .502 30000 000 00000000 00000000006 0.0 00. 0m. HN. NOH 0N. 00. 0H 000. 000. Hm . . . . . . 000000 .0002 00000 000 00000000006 m .0 NH. HN. 0H . wNH 0H . 0N. NN N00. N00. Hm . . . . . 0000.50 .0002 0.0000 000 00000000006 N . m 0H . . .00. HH. 00H H0. m0. N0 000. 0N0. H . . . . . . . . . . 11000000 .0000 000 00000000006 0.0 N0. m0. H0 0H. 00. 0 0N0. 0H0. H ...............000t0m .0000 000 00000000006 0 N0000$0oUv|l20ow00w 0000.0 00B 0:00 000009 0000 5m 000D 0000 00m 000000 0000 00m 0000 00005 0000 00m 0000 000m m0 2000002 00m 0000 00m 050m 00m 00m . B04 00m .00 20200 00:03am 000200 050m 200000 033m .00 000m .000m 00m .0 Z 0802 000m. E00 200. 02000 H02 000B 03000. 003m. .0002 0o=0H00oO|huu0=oU 0005i. uanommuuafl 000 0o 0:00 0o 000.2000‘ .N 030m. 27 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS f0 Hm. 3. mu. Nun dw. Z J at as. 3o. u . .2055 .282 zvcmm ucc b?) umfiiom we S. 3. mm. m8 S. 8; 2: 8... 2.0. m . 608.26 .Emo_ 35mm 2E ~32, 1:22am 9w 3. £4 F1 a3 on. fitm 9d r8. t? _ . . . . . . 46w?» .=:.5_ >2“. 3% 1:52;; “.0 S. Btu 8A mum 3.. 3a S» $4. 3o. H . . . . . dumfizw .55: 5W3 9v YECIcL 0.0 m»: 8. Ow. 3N o». Noé % Se. SQ. u . . . . . . . . . . iswasw :32; >13 nsqxfiok m6 3. m». 3.. S... wm. 8a >2 N8. I“. u . ...........uumt:w E5: au? ccfiir» om. 8. 5:. 2A Ea 2 $0. S... _ . ......:own=w_>2,.. v.52...“ h 9w 2a 3; a“. S». a.“ 05w .2 2:. 0N7 H . ...........uum.t:w.>a~u “Esta; 0.... Z... .8. 3. 3 3 . we. w 23. Co. n . downsw .282 mucaw us: uu:.:=__..\._==I m6 X. S. 3. m; 3. “w. S 2:. *2 . w . éumviw .E.m:_ .355 us: wmzofizmccxm we 3 . 8. 2 . 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MEMOR- 08w 03w uO O=OD 003050 MO OH-HQBmHUQOU uO QQUGHO .® 078Gb.» 30 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION N m ¢ m m n a m m m ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . $.82 >wnww 2E i? wnmikom N fl u u m u H E u m H . . . . . . . ........Emo_>m_o 32m vcfifiom u u m u m u fi m. m m ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............E@o_>2uwcm_tom N a W N N a a Q N N w . . . . . . . . .-..-¢-...-....-..-..%@~OUC.N_H.~OA% u m w m m w m m u m m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .983 328w vac ounoumnwcami m w. m m w + u w m u w . . . . . . ..................Ewo_>fiu>uzmnnmm Awvsaflnovvlmzom Eaton Emubw 3E fimvawafi Q83 mama...» nwaucm amaaem v84 EQ< 5w 26m ma inflow mtfiwém Bniom wtfii pxniow 130B $0.5 aoam .22 Z Mo oqSZ Q93. E2 Eu< 2s‘ 9:34 _ E8. dz flwflflfifloOlmuuin-OU HQAMEFH. MNNQH. umwfl 03v MO 23w oust-E wO wuflofifiumfloo wO mouwuU .w O-fiflvm. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS 31 ences in composition are found between the upland soil types. The terrace soils are not significantly different in composition from the upland soils. The flat stream- bottom soils are somewhat higher in the various constituents than are the upland and terrace soils. This is especially true of the Portland soils which have Grades 2 and 3 for most constituents. The similarities between the soils of this area in chemical composition are remarkable. BLACKLAN D PRAIRIES The Blackland Prairies chiefly occupy a large, broad, wedge-shaped area extend- ing southwest from near the Red River in northeastern Texas to the vicinity of San Antonio, over 300 miles in length and about 75 miles wide in the northern part and 2O miles in the southwestern end. A number of smaller interior prairies are separated from the main area, ranging from 1O to 2O miles across. The main body covers about 9000.000 acres in all or portions of 30 counties, and the smaller areas cover about 2,000,000 acres in portions of 15 counties. The surface is generally rolling with some smoothly undulating and flat surfaces. Elevations above sea- level range from 400 to 800 feet on the main belt, and from 300 to 500 feet on the minor prairies. The predominating soils are very dark and of heavy clay texture, developed from soft calcareous parent materials. They may be divided into (1) calcareous prairie soils of granular structure, (2) noncalcareous prairie soils, which on drying become dense and tight, and (3) noncalcareous prairie soils of only moderate friability. Outline description of series Galcareous upland prairie soils: Houston soils: Black, dark-gray, or ashy-black to brown, friable surface with dark-gray, brown or yellowish, highly calcareous, moderately friable or crumbly subsoil. Sumter soils: Brown or yellowish, friable surface with yellow to greenish- yellow, crumbly subsoil. Galcareous terrace soils: Bell soils: Black to dark-brown, friable surface with dark-gray to brown, zrumbly subsoil. Lewisville soils: Brown, friable surface with yellow or brown, crumbly subsoil. Ialcareous flat stream-bottom soils: Catalpa soils: Brown, friable, permeable surface with brown or grayish, riable, permeable subsoil. Trinity soils: Black or dark-gray, calcareous surface and subsoil. Analyses nd grades of constituents for Trinity soils are given in Tables 5 and 6 for the Gulf Ioast. loncalcareous upland prairie soils: Crockett soils: Black to brown or spotted, moderately friable surface with eddish or yellowish or gray-mottled subsoil. Ellis soils: Brown, moderately friable surface, with greenish-yellow, dense ibsoil, which is calcareous in places. 32 BULLETIN NO. S49, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Grayson soils: Dark gray or brown surface with a stiff yellow or mottled sub- soil. Wilson soils: Black to dark-gray surface, very tight when dry, with brown or dark gray, dense, tough subsoil. Noncalcareous terrace soils: Irving soils: Dark ashy-gray to black surface, very tight when dry, with dark gray or brown, dense, tough subsoil. Noncalcareous flat stream-bottom soils: Johnston soils: Black or very dark-brown, moderately friable surface with brown, black or dark-gray, moderately crumbly and permeable subsoil. Composition of soil types The average composition of the soil types is given in Table 9 and the grades of constituents of surface soils in Table 10. The calcareous soils have Grades 1, 2, and 3 for all constituents except active phosphoric. acid for which they have Grades 3, 4, and 5. Soils which are well supplied with lime and high in basicity may supply sufficient phosphoric acid to plants even though the quantity of active phosphoric acid in the soil is low. Most of the noncalcareous soils have Grade 3 for all con- stituents except total and active phosphoric acid (Grades 4 and 5) and magnesia and pH (Grade 2). GRAND PRAIRIE The Grand Prairie lies immediately west of the main Blackland Prairie area and extends south from the Red River to the vicinity of the Colorado River, where it merges with the Edwards Plateau. The Grand Prairie occupies an area about 250 miles long and 20 to 75 miles wide and covers approximately 7,000,000 acres in 21 counties. The surface is high, rolling to hilly, deeply dissected, and crossed by a number of deep valleys through which rivers flow in narrow strips of bottom- land. Elevations above sea-level range from 800 to 1200 feet. The soils are mostly dark; the deep surface soils are noncalcareous, but the shallow soils contain considerable limestone. ' Outline description of series Rolling upland prairie soils: Brackett soils: Brown or light-brown to grayish, friable, calcareous, shallow surface with a yellow or whitish, chalky, calcareous, friable, thin subsoil. Crawford soils: Brown, red, or reddish brown surface with a red or brownish, crumbly subsoil which is calcareous in the lower part. San Saba soils: Black or very dark-brown, friable surface with a dark-gray, yellow, or brown, crumbly subsoil. Bell soils: Black to dark-brown, friable surface with a dark-gray to brown, crumbly subsoil. Analyses and grades of constituents for Bell soils are given in Tables 9 and l0 for the Blackland Prairies. 33 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS 0.0 m». m0. 0m. wfi 0w. m»; NH omo. 00o. N don?» .502 .852 0:0 >02» 00020000 o. m 2 . 3.. 3. z: 0N. 00 A a . wNo. 0»o. N . .3200» .Ewo_>0nmw 0E0 50> 3020000 w.0 o0. .34 oo. H $3 ww. mo.. m am wmo. mmo. m . . . . . . . . . . . . . domndw .502 3020000 m0 N»... 0w. om m3. 0N. N0. I... Q8. i: . m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000025 .502 00020000 m0 3.. 8. 0 mm. 9.. wN. 0». w“ Nmo. m0o. 3 . . . . . . fiomnsm .8002 300mm 0:0 3020000 0.0 3. 0m. 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Analyses and grades of constituents are given in Tables 9 and 10 for the Blackland Prairies. Flat stream bottom soils: Catalpa soils: Brown, friable, permeable surface with brown or grayish, fri- able, permeable subsoil. Analyses and grades of constituents for Catalpa soils are given in Tables 9 and 10 for the Blackland Prairies. Trinity soils: Black or dark-gray, calcareous surface and subsoil. Analyses and grades of constituents for Trinity soils are given in Tables 5 and 6 for the Gulf Coast Prairie. Composition of soil types The average composition of the soil types is given in Table 11, and the grades of constituents of the surface soils in Table 12. Most of the soils have Grade l for acid-soluble lime and magnesia, basicity, and pH, Grade 2 (some in Grade 3) for nitrogen, acid-soluble potash, and active potash, Grade 3 for total phosphoric acid and total potash, and Grades 4 and 5 in active phosphoric acid. Although the content of active phosphoric acid is low, the soils may still have the capacity to supply suflicient phosphoric acid to plants because of the high lime content. WEST CROSS TIMBERS The West Cross Timbers area is a timbered region in central-northern Texas about 200 miles long and in places more than 5O miles wide, covering about 7,000,000 acres in 21 counties. The surface ranges from "ently rolling to very rolling, with smoothly undulating broad divides and considerable areas of hilly and rough stony land in some sections. Elevations above sea-level range from 1,000 to 1,200 feet. The soils are largely of sandy texture and from noncalcareous parent material, although in many places considerable bodies of dark-colored soils of heavy texture from limestone parent material occur. Outline descriptions of series Rolling upland prairie soils: Nimrod soils: Light-brown or gray surface with a yellowish friable subsurface and a yellow friable, sandy subsoil. Windthorst soils: Brown, reddish-brown, or red, friable surface with a red, heavy but crumbly subsoil. Terrace soils: _ Bastrop soils: Chocolate-brown, calcareous surface with a chocolate red subsoil. Bell soils: Black to dark-brown, calcareous, friable surface with dark-gray to brown, crumbly calcareous subsoil. Analyses and grades of constituents for Bell soils are given in Tables 9 and 10 for the Blackland Prairies. iLewisville soils: Brown, friable, calcareous surface with yellow or brown, crumbly, calcareous subsoil. Analyses and grades of constituents for Lewisville soils are given in Tables 9 and 10 for the Blackland Prairies. 37 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS oHuHuum H2239 oHHu Ho wHHom mo mow3wi< m.“ w... m?» 8e 0mm 3. nNH 3 owo. woo. H H.“ “m. oN.H 0“. o“N “w. “H.H wm “oo. wHH. H m.“ “m. m0.“N H¢.mH NwH “w. #0. no woo. ooH. N m.“ Q». @¢.mH “w.“ “mH mm. om. wH owo. mNH. N H.“ mo. +¢. $0. omN mw. . . . . . .. wH omo. “HH. H o.“ mm. ¢o.H N“. oNv ac. Nm.H ww N“o. ¢mH. H 0.“ Ho. @w.@H ¢m.HH 00 +¢. mm. mH ooo. o“o. mH m.“ “m. mm.» oo.© woN 0+. HH.H mm “mo. omH. mH m.“ 0“. +|oH wH.oH H“N mo.H oo.H ow NmH. woo. m m.“ Hw. I|oH No.0 w_+ No. ~¢.~ we o¢H. N¢H. m 0.0 QN. mo.m Hw.H Nmw Q“. Ho.H ow Hmo. HQH. m w.@ mm. ¢¢.N mm. o@¢ co. oN.H ow woH. ooH. m . . . . . . .. mN.m ow.» Nw.N ........ $0. m¢.H oN o“o. woH. ¢ .. . . oN.N @¢.m mo.N ........ o“. m¢.H $0 “oH. wwH. w . . HN. om. mm. o¢N “N. ow. ¢H wNo. omo. H . . . . . ... mN. Q» QM. owN 0N. w“. wm ovo. wmo. H w.o 0N. wa om. ooN mo. mH.H m “mo. ““o. N “.0 QN. vH.H Nm. NNm “N. wm.H 0N wmo. H¢H. N “.“ Hw.H ¢@.¢ ©m.H .. .. .. H“. w¢.H . . . . . . .. woH. wmH. N o.“ oa. ooN um. .. . . . . .. co. NmH . . . . . .. oHH. HmH. N N.“ Nm. mm.“ ““.m HoN ¢¢. NH.H HN w“o. mwo. “ w.@ 0N. +“.m oo.m mom “m. ma. Hm ¢oH. o¢H. “ ....... ON. I.o_ m¢.wN mw ¢N. oo. oH mNo. moo. H H.o ““. wN.mH “v.0 m¢H Hm. m0.H wN woo. w“o. + N.“ wm. o“.NN ¢o.HH Qww #0. No.H wm H“o. HNH. w N.“ om. I.o_ ¢“.om mm “H. ow. w mHo. +¢H. H o.“ OH. ;|oH oN.NN m+H wN. NN.H w Noo. @~H. H “.“ NN.N oo.wN mo.NH mmN QN. 00. w woo. o“o. w M.“ w¢.H oN.mH w@.w QM» am. mo. um o“o. mmH. w “.“ @m.@ mo.Nm mw.¢H mm mo. MN. NH mHo. Hmo. ¢ Q.“ ¢H.H Hm.HN w“.oH wmH mm. om. mH wmo. QNH. w m.“ N“. oH.wo oN.wm QH cm. em. 0 “No. omo. H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w“. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. oNN. H 0.“ NH.H @@.@_ m“.NH mHN ow. mH.H 0N ¢¢¢. owo. m w.“ mw. Nm.m m¢.m ooN wm. mo. Nm mwo. o“o. m w.“ “w. ¢@.@¢ oH.©N w~¢ mo. oH.H Nm N“o. omo. N m.“ N“.H o“.ww oH.HN mow “o. aw. av moo. ¢¢H. N fiBO 6m H3O H5O 3m HHOSZE .250 5m H5O mania fiSO 5m HswO 26m mg mionwwz 5m v55 8m 293cm Em Sm H23. $m Ho ofiiom mxwfiflwm 222cm amaaom 222cm fifiom 648mm donm 5m d2 H23‘ H204 “E504 E2 68m. v2.64 E2. -022 .HH Q53. ......................downs» .Em2nou=wnm . . . . . . . . . Iwowogqfiwoficownvnm . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5805 .Em2 328w one coocunH . . . . . . . . . . . domohsw 5E2 35mm vac noomumm . . . . . . iomnsw £52 >20 coucwnm . . . . . . domtflm .282 >20 nouflwnm . - . . - - - ' » - - - . . - - - - . - . - . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iwuwfizw $20 235G .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fiownsw $20 ooHCmQ -- . - - ¢ ¢ . - - - - . - - . - . -¢-.UU.W%.M:@ . - - - - ~ . . . - . - - . . - . - . - . - - . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .@@OwQ:w H>NwU @MQ.T$.NMU . - - . - - . a . ~ - . ¢ - . I . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . Zzownsw £82 2023.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zwoahtsu. .282 wkcoBmhU . . . . .2053 .EmoH 52o >zw>fiw HvhofiwmhU . . . . . . . . . dumfisw .Emo_ >20 2Hw>§m HZEBEU . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . .@@QwQfi-w JFHGOH >G@U .TMQ%3.NHU . . . . - 1 . - - - - n - . . - ' . . - . ¢ - - . 4 . . - - - - . . . 1 . . . . . .....oomt:w.>wBHvHo§>mHO . . . . . . . . . . . 60226 .822 >2» >206 uuuxumhm . . . . . . . . . . . . . downsw .Emo_ >20 3mm fioxuwum . . . . . . . . . . . . .3225 .E.@oH >20 >26 fiuvHumbm ... . . . . .. ........momn:m £82 uHHw 3920.95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dummndm JHHmOH 2mm Huoiudum . . . . . . . . . . . . ZOmDUw .H.H.H.NO~ uuQMUdumm . . . . . .3225 JCQOH Suxufim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fiownsm £82 >zw>wkw 3339mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603.25 6E2 >=w>fiw fivxumbmm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . imfifiU >Z0>Uhw uuOMUN-wm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dumfinw £20 37:63 fioxowhm . . . . . downsw 582 >23» 2E “Soxuwpm . . . . . . . . . . . .3255 £82 35mm 9E fivxowhm . . . . . . . . . . . ':OwQ.H-.M .>-N~U HQUMONMm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0U.Q.@.~§w .>.®~U UTHOMUNMQ wHHow vEmkH HXEHQHH mfizom @952 3mm. 38 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION . 5U 2C 3H 3H S. m: $0. woo. m . . . . . . . . . . . . downs.» E82 ma? fifinwpww gm o.» 8. 3 “w. o»; S. mm. S 35. S... m . . . . . . . . . . . . éowfisw 5S2 >20 3% “haw fim o.“ 2.. +2 5.0 2: 3. S; 8 wmo. m8. S .................Imownswimmumnwwaww m» o» £5 8m o2 .6 2A 3 :0. m3. om .....................dufibmwcmmmomnawqdm mwvsufinovvlwmow 038a cumin wcEoM H5O 8m $50 .230 8m nBEE “=80 3m “$0 nomfiz Goo Hum fiSO mmom mma m 5g? 2 5m e83 3m nmfiom 5m Sm E2 .8 m ma 232$ 222m Qzzow ifiom oégow amfiom éiagm .55 new dz 08x2 2K9 Bi 22m $33.. 2i 28a 2&3 use .22 z uoflflflqoOlbfi-uum ucuuU o5 mo mouba-Z .3 09mm. 39 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS N N w N m m m m w m N ....................Em2>m~u3:wwnmmndw fi a fi a N N M: ¢ M, N . . . . . . . . . ....-....-....--.-.>.N@U.NQ.N@H1N@ N N m N N N m w m. m H .. . . . . . . . . . .................IENoISEQQ N N a a @ m.- mw fi fi N N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...-.E.N°@ Ztmhfim Onn@ gounhwa N N m N N N N w m N N ........................Ifiwofibfioaofiuufl N N N N N N n w m N mfl . . . . . . . . . . ............>m_uuofi~wQ N m a a a a fi Q N N W . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ........-.....->N_UUQQM.NQ N N N N fi N m ¢ N N @ ..-.-........-.....-..->.NNU>~HQMMQHO%3QHO ..... fi fl fi ....-..- N N Q N N fi ......-.-.-.....-....-.>.NNU>HNNQ@MO%3QHU .. .. m w n N m n w w w N .............................Ewo_uuou_3m._O N m m N N N N m m N N .................Ewo_>uHu >=o>3m @5280 A .2 N N .-..¢-.. N N --..-. N N N ..-......-.-..-........awnv%>d@nvvho%aeu N @ fi a N N @ Q N N R ..-.-......-..-.......--.->NxU.rvh°%.$.NhU -..-. m‘; a a W mu fi m W W H ....................E.NO@>Gfiu>nnOawuuUMUNhm N N N N N N N w m N w .....................E@°_>~_3s=w:~%.2m N m N N m m N m m N N ..........................Emo:mn3oxuu.~m N N H N N m n w m N w .............................E.mo_$oauw.-m N N N H n m n m m N w ................Emo~>=u>w§SonuN-m -...- .-.--..-..-..-.---.-.-.-..-...-. @ ---..-.-..--. H A ..-. ....-.-.-.-.-.>.N%U>ZU>.NhmUuU3Udkm N .9 A M N @ @ ¢ Q M: W ..-.....--...-.-.E-@o@%©G.NmflUg—nwHUU3U@-um N H a a a N W Q fi @ N ..............................%N~U“QUMU-Nhm mzom QEQQ. vfixaswmuaod Ewonmfiz 25A nmfiom awfiom Awfiom 23. E94 8m mmom ma 022cm Nufimwm 032cm @283. @335 18B éfi $25 6E2 2 cs2 2-3. E3. E3» n64 35g R39 .2 omhsum UGNHU on» no mien ouawuflw “a wuflonuflmflou we £650 .2 2.2? 40 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Milam soils: Brown or reddish-brown, friable surface with a red, heavy, crumbly, permeable subsoil. Flat stream-bottom soils: Catalpa soils: Brown, friable, permeable, calcareous surface with brown or grayish, friable, permeable, calcareous subsoil. Analyses and grades of constit- uents are given in Tables 9 and 1O for the Blackland Prairies. Frio soils: Grayish-brown, calcareous, friable surface with a grayish-brown, calcareous, crumbly subsoil. Ochlockonee soils: Brown or light-brown noncalcareous surface with brown, yellow or gray or mottled, noncalcareous subsoil. Analyses and grades of constit- uents are given in Tables 5 and 6 for the Gulf Coast Prairie. Composition of soil types The average composition of the soil types is given in Table 13 and the grades of constituents of surface soils in Table 14. The principal upland soils of the area are the Windthorst fine sandy loam and the Nimrod fine sand. The (Windthorst fine sandy loam has Grade 3 for total potash, active potash, acid-soluble lime and magnesia, and basicity, Grade 4 for nitrogen, total phosphoric acid, and acid- soluble potash, and Grade 5 for active phosphoric acid. The Nimrod fine sand has Grades 4 and 5 for all constituents except acidity (pH) (Grade 2). The Milam fine sandy loam of the terraces has Grade 5 for all constituents except potash (Grade 3) and pH (Grade 2). With the exception of the Bastrop fine sand (Grades 4 and 5 for most constituents) and the soils of the Ochlockonee series, the soils of the flat stream-bottoms have Grades 1 and 2 for all constituents except total and active phosphoric acid, in which they have Grades 3, 4, and 5. CENTRAL BASIN The Central Basin occupies about 2,000,000 acres in 8 counties in central Texas. The surface is rolling to hilly, with relatively smooth valleys and broad gently rolling lowlands interspersed with stony hills and rough lands. The elevations range from about 800 to 1300 feet. The soils are predominantly red, noncalcareous, and sandy with heavy subsoils. Outline description of series Rolling upland prairie soils: Lancaster soils: Brown to slightly reddish-brown surface with a yellow or mottled, crumbly subsoil in thin layers. Pedernales soils: Bright red, friable surface with a dark red, crumbly subsoil in thin layers. Pontotoc soils: Dark reddish-brown to nearly black moderately friable surface with a reddish-brown to brown, rather stiff subsoil. Tishomingo soils: Brown to reddish-brown, friable surface with a_red or mottled, dense subsoil in thin layers. 41 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS m.N 02A mm. N 00.2 02N 02.. 02 .2 20 2.2.0. 000. 22 . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..220m2222m .2282 3.28m 0222.2 0221.2 m.N m2. 0N2 mm. 002 0m. 00.2 Nw 000. 200. 22 .. . . . . . . ........0002222m .2282 >w28m 022202 0221.2 N.N 00. 00.0 2.0.0 2N2 N2... m2 .2 02.2 N02. 0N0. N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22om2222m .2282 820 022.22 $.\. @¢. N . . . . . . . . . .........UU.®%\:Hw mefiOw NfiflmU O.._MH% Q.§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..@@QMQH-W2>.N@U O@M/@ m N 0N 2 20.02 2w.N 2.00 NN. 2.0.2 2m 2.2.2. N02. N2 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 2.082225 .820 02222 . . . . . . m22om 222022022 22280220 82m . . 02 m0 2 02.. 0N2 22.. 22.2 Nv 02.0. m8. N . . . . . . .220m022m .2282 3.28m 02222 222202820 22202222 . . . . . . 02 . 02 .2 0m. m2N 0m. 00.2 0m 22.0. 2.00. N . . . . . . 0002225 .2282 >2.28m 0220 222202820 228222.22 m0 N2. 2.2.. 0N. NN2 2N. N0. 02 000. 000. 2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220mn22m .2282 3.28m 02222 2282222 0.0 00m 0N. N2. N02 00. 02.. NN 0N0. 020. 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0082222m .2802 3.28m 0220 22282232 N.w 00.2 02.0 00.0 N02 Nw. 2.0.2 2N mm... 200. m . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220m2222m .2282 >820 322m 220250.222 . .2...N. 00.2 2.0.0 0N0 22.0 0m. 2.0.2 2.02 000. 222. m . . . . . _ . . . . . . . 8.002225 .2802 820 322m 0022822 . .. . . mm. 02.. 00. 002. N0. 20.2 02. 000. 0N0. N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220m2225 .2802 3.28m 0022m8m . . . . N0. mm. mm. 22m 02.. 2N .2 mmN 000. 0N0. N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0002222m .2282 3.28m 22025822 0.N 222 2.0. N2. N02 02. 2N. 00 200. 0N0. N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220m2222m 2.28m 0025mm aw.@ - NN. wN. - $@. N . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . - .QU.®%HH-w éufldw QQHHWNm 0.N NN. mmm 5.2 8N Q0. 00.2 0N mm... Q00. N . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .22om2222m .2282 002.822 fi R @m.¢. 5%. fifi. @ . . . . . . . . . ......- . - . . . ..QU.®-@H5w 2ENO@ Qohwmfim N.N 0N . 0N. 02.. NON 2m. 2.0. 2 N2 2.00. 02.0. w . . . . . . . . . . . . .220mn22m .802 3.28m 02222 0025mm 0.0 Nm. N0. mm. 002 0N. 00.2 a2 N25. 02.0. m .. . . . . . . . . . . 2.08.2200 .2282 3.28m 02222 22025022 Q.@ Qfi- Wmv. awfi. g. R@. 5 w ...........-...-...~%QMD.D.M NUGNW Ufimwwnwokwwfim . ha. . wc. m@. w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0U.®.~M5w Hviflm 02.22% QOhumNm .. .... RM. @Q. w . . . . . . . . . . ..............ZOMQ.DW.>d~OQQHuwNm 0.0 NN.N +02 0N.». N00 Nw. NN.2 00 022. 000. N .. .. ..........0082222m.>82022022m8m m220m 0082.202. ¢.N 2N. m0.N 00.22 m... 2.2 . 0m. N 0N0. 22.0. 2 . . . . .220m022m .2282 3.28m 022222 223m 22022202223 . .0MN 22.. 00. 2m 20.02 NN mN. 00. 2.2 m8. NNO. 2 . . . . .0082222m .2282 3.28m 02222 2220.0 220222202223 .. . . . . 02.. 0N. 0N. 2.02 Nm. 00.2 0 N00. mm... 2 .. . . . . .220m022m .2802 2022mm 2220.820 2.522.222.2223 a 0 NN. 0N. N0. wN 22 . 2N. 0 NNO. NNO. 2 . . . . . . 082225 .2282 3.00m 2220.88 2.2022353 N~0 2.2.. 02 .2 mm. 0N2. 00. 2.0.2 02 N00. 0N0. 2 . . . . . . . .22om2222m .2282 820 2220.820 29022202223 0.0 0m. 0w. 02.... 2.02. 00. 22.2 2.2 $0. 202. 2 . . . . . . . 082225 .282 >820 2220.88 23022202223 0 0 02.. 00.2 22.. NON mm. 02 .2 02 N00. 02.0. N2 . . . . . . . . . . 22002225 .2282 3.28m 0220 2020222202223 0.0 m2. 0N. 0N. 02.2 N2 . 0m. 02 200. 000. N2 . . . . . . . .. 4.082225 .2802 22.0mm 0220 52022202223 h.@ hm. Ch. ©V. Nb. h Q . . . . . . . .. ... . ...ZOwQ:w Jmmdn; NndmU umkOflu@gm\$ 0.0 NN. 20. mm. 002 0m. 0N2 NN +00. £0. .2. . . . . . . . . . . . .....0002225 .2282 820 252022202223 0.0 NN. mm. 0N. 2N 2.0. m0. 22 N20. 0N0. 0 .. . . . . ..............220m22:m 2.28m 02222 2.0222222 0.0 00. Nm. 22. N0 02. m2... 02 02c. NN0. N .. . . . . . . . ..........008.2222m 2.28m 0220 002222272 m22om 0228222 2.2822222 02222232 22200 20m 02200 22200 20m 00222222 22200 20m 22200 00222222 22200 20m 22200 220w M22 22.022082 20m 0222222 20m 22082022 20m 20m 2.204 20m .20 02222220w 222.2222 032cm amflom 02222220m 22m020m .04 .m022m .m022m 220m .0 Z 02282 022.22.. 2.204 2.2022 0.22202. 2.204 230.2. 02204 2820.2. 02222 020222222? 0002C 2003 0222 20 02200 20 000302242 .02 0222a? 42 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 4Q 44.. NN4 2.. S» 2.. 4N4 3N N8. 4.3. N ............448.4=m .5484 >459, B444 >4? 24,4 N4 w». 8.» 8.4 84. 4%. 4N4 SN $4. 44.4.4. N ............8&:4w .2484 3.5m 2E b? 2:4 N4. 43. 3N4 4&5 SN 2.. $4 4... 48. N46. .44 ...... . . . . ........44Qfl44a .584 .340 344m 2:4 N4. 4.... +444 $.04 £4. 2. $4 44N4 454. 44N4. 44 ..............8&=.w .E~o4 >2» >444... 2:4 .-.. .-....-. -.- - -..-- .-.-.- W .9 --...-...¢..........@@OmQ:w>>.N@U>a:m°@-@ .-.> .- . ..- ..-...-. .-...-.-...-..- fi -......-.......-.-...UON%HHPWN>.N@U~%QZWQ@HH% 4L N4: 43.2 444; m2 4%. 3.4 $N 24. N8. 4. ..:..........44o24=wé84444w 2E P4. N42 +444 n45 m8 3. $4 i» 84. NN4. 4. ................8&Sméwo4444m 2W4 m N 8. £4 444.» NS S. 3.4 4.44 N8. 94o. 44 ....:.........:....44om44=w..=~o4o4#4 mm» 4a. 2e N4; Q3 c». N424 4.444 4.8. 4.44. 44 .. . .................8N4Bméwo4o4b4 Q m. @@. awfi- @@. 5 a - - . . . ....~.--..%@OMQ.QM ->.N@U >ZU>GMM OTmm N.» 8.4 3.3 44.NN 8N 3. 8.4 4N N8. 24. 4 ..........afi.444w.>4..4u >44v>flw 2:4 4:50 4am 4480 44480 4am 44044442 4444440 Sm .4430 440542 .4480 4cm £50 24cm m.» a E 24m.» 2 5m 081M 4cm 433cm 4am QQ% 5m *0 04.42am 444442444 44.425 44420.4 @4425 44.4294 54424.4 .4244 =3 dz v4.22 @4444. 4.434 4.42 4:443. 4.43.. 4.44.4.4. 24443. 428. .2442 wonfiwqc0|wuwnfl4rh 30.40 434$ @444 .40 243 mo nom>4w44< .2 0344B 43 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS 51f“! -v-4(\INC\I'_N INNQWFv-IH P161 QWQWNMN IONN=w>m§ oi m . . . . . 582 mwqmm 05m 2km . . . . . ..............Emo_>2u2»m ......... . . . . . . . . . . 5E2 >922 use 98> oi m . . . . Z2582 >20 3mm oim . . . . . . . . - ...>.N—O ow-hm ....................Ew2§mov_m ..............>w~uor~m mzom EOfi-On- Emwbw ad 17m . £82 >wnww use >=o>m~w E232 . . . . . . . . .Em2 36% one ESSA ..-...-....-.......~.>.N@UQOH&WNm . . . . £82 >20 3mm aobwam . . . . . . . . . Ew2 >223 aobwam ...............uzmmnokgmmm . . . . . . .Em2 Qobmdm . . . . . . . . . . 5S2 >98» vim @833 . . . . _ . . ..........uamm mam Qobwmm 23m ouabum. . .Em2 328m vac macaw “muofivcmg . . 582 mwnmw >zw>m§ ewkofiwnt’? . . . . . . . . . .282 >20 >=Q>§M ufionuwikw . . lEdnJ kUfldw 05G umhonfivnmkw . . . . . . . . . . ZEN“: >.N—Q umuOfluwuflma ...........UGdw0G©.UOmEWz 23m 255m wear»: wnEoM ma $22.2 E 2.25 E3 mfiomwam £25 22 238m o>$a< nmSom 2.32m Eo< 223m 18a 22 8E 0x3 23. éfi 1.2.. =3 6E2 26m mo . o2 05x2 25H. 221:2. 3on0 30>.» on“ mo 23m 003.22.. mo Bflofluflmflou we @0030 .3 wish. 44 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Nm. 00. . . . . . .. m0. w0.H . . . . . . .. ~00. mmo. H ........:o6n:6.502>0506 >506 00250262. . . . . . . . . 00. 06. 0H. 000 66. 06.0 0 000. 060. H . . . . . . . .000056 .5000 >HE06 >086 000560600. . . . . m0. 0H. H H0. 060. 00.H 00.0 0 00.0. 00.0. H . . . . . . . . . 200626 .502 >20 >506 005050265. . . .. H0. 00. 0w. 0H0 H0. 0w.~ 0H 000. ~00. H . . . . . . . . . .0000.:6 .502 >0_0 >006 092502600. N .0 06. “w. 00. 00H 66. 06. ~ NH 00.0. 660. 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200626 .502 30506 00250262. 0. .0 60. 6. 00. 02 00. 00 . 0 HH >00. 0.00. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8026 .502 >286 00550265. . mm. 0~.H m0. 00w mm. Hm.H 0 00H. 000. H ....................:o6n:6.502omc050260.H. . . “u. 00. w»... 00.0 0m. ~H.~ mm H00. H00. H ...................w000.:6.502owc050260.r . . . . . . . . . . . . 00. 00. . . . . . m0. 0H .~ 0 n00. 000. H . . . . . 2006006 .502 >256 >=0>05 ow2Eo260H . . . . . . . 00. 60. 00. 660 0H. H00 Nm H00. H00. H . . . . . 000056 .502 >056 32020.00 00.25906? .. . . . .. 0.0. fi. 0N. 00. 0.0. 006 60 00H. ~60. H . . . . . . . . . .0669...“ .502 >H506 020 00025026.? ...... . . 0m. Hm. 00. 06 H0. 00.0.. ~00 0HH. 0.00. H ........ . 0000.56 .502 >H506 0:0 0050502600. 6.0. 0H. ~02. H020 M00. 60. ~06 0E. 660. NNH. H . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 000056 .502 >506 0000590 0.0 . . . . mm. mH. 600 m»: H00 0mH 00H. 000. 0 ................:06n:6 .502 >H506 00005000 . mH. 0m. 0H. 00m ma. 0.00 00m NZ. ~00. N . . . . . .0000.=6 .502 >286 0000500 0.0 0.... 00.. 00. 0H0 0w. 0.00 0H ~00. Hm0. H . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . 200626 .502 >000 00005000 0.0. 0H. 00.. 00. 66 06. 0N0 H: H00. 00.0. H . .. . . . . . . . ..0000.56 .502 >000 003500 2.... @@. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. SW. fi . . . . . . .........QUN.@.:.~W .502 %qouw wmv@fl~MMU.auU@ . . . . . . . 0H. H0.H 0w. 80 0m. 0m.H 86 HHH. 000. H . . . . . 0000.56 .502 >HE06 0cm >006 60200020002 . . . 0N. 6. 06. 00.0. m0. 60; 0 0N0. 0M0. 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200626 .502 >H506 6065000000 . . . . 0H. 0.0. mu. 0.0.0 00. 0w. H HH 0N0. n00. m . . . . . . . . . . . . .0000.56 .502 >H506 6.085600% . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60. N0. 000 0w. ~0.H HH 0N0. 000. H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00626 .502 600005200 0m. m0. m0... 000 “m. wm.H 0H “mo. 0.00. H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..000056 .5026000E0H00m ... HH. 60. 0H. 02 NH. 602 mH 000. H00. H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000056 .502 >H506 000600502 60006 00000.5 H5000: 0550M 560 00m 500 500 6m 02:02 500 6m 500 020:2 500 8m .0500 200m m0 00605002 3m 052 6m 2605M 6m 6m 003.. 6m 00 2n20m >000060m 202$ 2600002 202$ 26000.2 .2625 602m 50 .0 Z 0502 00>H H.000 20¢ 3030 204 0002. 03030 003.0. .0002 GHm0fl HauuioU on» 00 230 0o 606>HOG< 0H 29am. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS m . . m w w N m H m m w H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5S2 $.53 55$ owEEosmC. . fi @ N fi N # W Q @ M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EWO~ >fiéU NAHMOHW OwnmtuhoflwT? N. M, mw N m.- M. fi W M» W W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ENO_ Nmfiifiw OWHZEOSwTW . . m.’ w M; N m‘; a Q mu M w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QPHQOH OMDQFHOSWTW . . . w m m N w H w w m H . . . . . . . . . . . . EmoH 35mm >=Q>Sw omEEoHHmC. . . . N w m m N H N N w H . . . . . . . . . . . . . EmoH 338w one ownHEosmHH N V a a Q a fi a Q N M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E.NO~ >COuw UOuOuCO@ . . - + Q ¢ N M; w N a Q E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6m: Nmfigdw Uououcofiw N Q M, M. a N m W m. M a . . . . . . . . . . . . HHHNOH >N~O OOHOUHGOQ ... @ fi .-.... .... m‘; a “V @ N w .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-..E.NQHNAQOQWMQ~NQMU@QQ . . m m N N m N N N 1 m H . . . . . . . . . . . . .EmoH 35mm mac 5B3 mwHmchwnwnH - . @ ¢ @ N mw fi W ¢ ¢ M; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E.NO_ Nflwvcfiw w.w@.flqh®fimv@ . m m m H N N m w m H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . £62 Rxfiiuwwm .. v m w m v H m w w H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 3.5% hfimwocm; wHHom @185 HEQHQ: wcEoM aionwafi v85 nmwaom nwwaom nflsom E3‘. 23H 8w 26m mi QEHJOW bzfimwm Bnfiom “E34 Bnfiom Fuck £25 52E 6a: Z Ho oadz 25H. 20¢ 33H 2g QZHQHH 35H. d2 Hiwafl mfihwnnwo 0H: a0 wHHow QUGHHNHQ uO mufioifiuwiou HQ DQUNHO 6H 03s? 46 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Composition of soil types The average composition of the soil types is given in Table 15 and the grades of the constituents of the surface soils in Table 16. All soils have Grade 1 for total potash, but most soils have Grades 2 and 3 for acid-soluble potash and active potash. Most soils have Grades 3 and 4 for nitrogen, Grades 3 and 4 for total phosphoric acid, Grades 4 and 5 for active phosphoric acid and Grades 3 and 4 for magnesia and basicity. Only one sample of many of the types has been analyzed, so that the figures given for those types can only be taken as indications of their composition. RIO GRANDE PLAIN The Rio Grande Plain comprises a wedge-shaped area covering about 22,000,000 acres in 34 counties in the extreme southern and southwestern parts of Texas. The area consists of a broad undulating to rolling plain with a general regional slope to the southeast, and elevations are from 200 to 700 feet above sea-level. The soils, developed under a climate of relatively high temperature and light rainfall, are grouped into (1) dark-colored soils, (2) light-brown soils (3) light colored soils, (4) red soils, (5) semi-marshy soils, and (6) flat stream-bottom soils. Outline description of series Upland plains, dark-colored soils: Goliad soils: Dark-brown or black, noncalcareous, friable surface with a red or reddish-brown subsoil, calcareous in lower part. Hidalgo soils: Brown, calcareous, friable surface with a brown or yellowish, calcareous, crumbly subsoil. Miguel soils: Brown, noncalcareous surface, tight when dry, with a red, non- calcareous, tough subsoil, dense when dry. Orelia soils: Dark-brown or black, noncalcareous surface, tight and crusty when dry, with a dark-brown or dark-gray, dense, heavy noncalcareous subsoil. San Antonio soils: Dark-brown, noncalcareous surface, tight when dry, with a brown or reddish-brown, dense, heavy, non ;alcareous subsoil. Tiocano soils: Dark ashy-gray clay surface extending to 3 to 4 feet without change, very tough when dry and plastic when wet. Victoria soils: Black to very dark-brown or dark-grayish-brown, calcareous, friable surface with a dark-gray, brown or yellowish, calcareous, crumbly subsoil. Willaqy soils: Brown, noncalcareous, friable surface with a brown or yellow- ish, crumbly subsoil, calcareous in the lower part. Upland plains, light-brown soils: Delfina soils: Brown or reddish-brown, friable, noncalcareous surface with tough heavy gray or yellow, almost impervious, subsoil. Maverick soils: Light brown, calcareous, thin, friable surface with a brown or yellow, thin, crumbly, calcareous subsoil. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS 47 Uvalde soils: Light brown or grayish, calcareous, friable surface with a light brown, grayish, or yellow, calcareous, crumbly subsoil. Upland plains, light-colored soils: Brennan soils: Very light grayish brown or gray, noncalcareous, friable surface with a yellow, noncalcareous, crumbly subsoil. Nueces soils: Gray, friable surface ‘with a gray or yellowish, noncalcareous, friable subsoil. Upland plains, red soils: Duval soils: Red or reddish-brown, noncalcareous, friable surface with a red, crumbly subsoil noncalcareous except where thin. Webb soils: Red or reddish-brown, noncalcareous surface with a red or brownish-red, rather heavy and dense, noncalcareous subsoil. Semi-marshy and associated soils: Lomalta soils: These occur on the flat coast border. Brown, calcareous, friable surface (wet salty land) with a brown or gray, calcareous, salty subsoil with a high water table. ' , Point Isabel soils: These occur on flat to dune~like ridges. Gray to ashy- brown, calcareous, salty, friable surface with a yellow, calcareous, salty subsoil. Flat stream-bottom soils: Blanco soils: Gray or light-gray, calcareous, friable surface with a light-gray or yellowish, calcareous, crumbly subsoil. Cameron soils: Black or very dark-brown, calcareous, heavy surface with a dark-gray or black, calcareous, heavy subsoil. Harlingen soils: Dark-gray to dark-brown, calcareous, heavy surface with a dark-gray or brown, calcareous, heavy subsoil. Laredo soils: Brown, calcareous, friable surface with a brown or yellow cal- careous, crumbly subsoil. Raymondville soils: Gray to brownish-gray calcareous surface with light- gray, ash-brown, or yellowish calcareous subsoil with poor natural drainage. Rio Grande soils: Light-brown or gray, calcareous, friable surface with a gray to light-brown or yellowish calcareous crumbly subsoil. Composition of soil types The average composition of the soil types is given in Table 17 and the grades of constituents of surface soils in Table 18. The Victoria and Hidalgo soils, the principal dark-colored upland soils of the area, have Grades 1 to 3 for all constituents. San Antonio and Goliad soils, and the lighter textured, dark-colored soils have Grades 3 and 4 for nitrogen, and Grades 4 and 5 for total and active phosphoric acid. Most of the light-brown soils have Grade 4 for nitrogen and total phosphoric acid and Grades 4 and 5 for active phosphoric acid. The Brennan, Nueces, and Duval series have Grades 4 and 5 for basicity. All of the soils are well supplied with potash, acid-soluble lime, acid-soluble magnesia, and are not acid. The 48 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION N . b WO- WN. a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . éwOwDH-w JAN~U NTHOQUT/ ....-...-..... UU.N%HS.W.~AG@U fimknvaUT) H n . . . . . . . cH.H Hm mmo. “mo. H . . . . . . . . . . . . ficmnsm >20 camuowr W.W h@. 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H . . . . . . . . . . . . . £oww=w £82 >28w 2E 888m u H. nu. ow. ou. wuu Nu. .3. ou wuo. ouo. u . . . . . . . . . . . . . 008E8w £82 328w 2E EEUQ . . . . . . wmow HHEQHHHLEMHH wfiwHm QH8HHHD H.H mu oo Hw S... ow 2 u ww Quo. Hoo. w . . . . . . . . . . . . . iowosw £82 328w 2E >08HHH>> . .u H 2 . o». ow. muo um. Ho.H ww Hwo. woH. w . . . . . . . . . . . . .2228 £82 328w 2E >023?» oH.. owtu mu.H wow oo. HH.H H.w ooo. HH.o. m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......Down:w.E8220oH0H> J. . . . ow. 2.». 24 2w uo. S; 2 www. moH . w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80228 £82 28H0H> o H. ow. oo.H H.H .H oHh ww. wH .H wHH omo. uoo. H . . . . . . . . . . . . Eowoaw .282 >20 328w 28005 2H uw. oH .H om. wou oo. uwu mwH H.Ho. wuH. H . . . . . . . . . . . . 60228 .582 >20 328w 8H8H0H> o.H. H.w. mHMH 2. How Hm. ww. H woH Hoo. H8. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . Eowosw £82 >28w 2E 283$ H .o mw. oH . H ow. wwm ow. HH..H HmH woo. Hwo. wH . . . . . . . . . . . . .008.C:w £82 328w 2E 8ToHOH> w H. H.o. mou wo.H wow S. 8. H wuH moo. mwo. w . . . . . . . . £oww=w £82 >20 328w 2E 8H8H0H> mmH. Ho. um. H H.o. woo oH. wwa wou wwo. w»; . w . . . . . . . . 80225 £82 >20 328w 2E 8H8H0H> o H. 2. H.H .o HHHm uoo ow. ow. u 2w uHH . wS. H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . £8.28 £22 >20 813.25 wH H». www wu.H ouH. mo. mH .u umw m2 . mmH . H. .... .. . . . . . .. . . . .. 008finw £82 >20 283$ Ho2EH0£oOv|wHHow H022o0$¢8o wfi2a UGMHQD H5O 8m HqwO H5O Sm 2.05:2 280 5m EQO £0252 H5O 5m H5O wmom ma 862882 8m 0S5 wwm 283m 6m 8m H204‘. 8m o0 o_o2om 328m 2o20w 222cm w_o2ow nwfiom 6w wcnm wQHm 5w .02 @882 vim. H204 H23. w>$w< 2E E8. $53.. H8209 6.22 woiflHufioUllflHnHm QUGNHU oHM 2H» wc wHHow mo wow3ui< SH 03am. 50 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION A.A mw. 88.2 oN.oA oAN A8. Ao.A ww wAA. oAo. A . . . . . . . . . . . .......AAo0n0w.080AoA008A AKA. A0. 00.0 Nw.m Anfi Ow. mw.N mum AMA. wOO. 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A8A0.A. .00AAZ UQQAHmHAuOOI-Hmfimm OUQNHO Om“ QH-H uO 3A3 MO 0092.304 .h.n Qmfiflhw 51 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS m M o» . 006M 8M 8M mm. 0N8 3 uwo. 2.0. w . . . . . aafifi .582 >Mz8w 05M 30> 000.000 2M M.w ww. 8.3 saw wmu om. $4 0M‘ mMM. $0. m . . . .008M.5w .082 >008» 00m 50> 000800 2M MIM. 0w. 8.2 8.0M 0mm 0m. mm.M MM. “MM. E0. M. .. . . . . . . . . 48.53 .082 >20 3mm 000800 oMM o.» Ml .M oM 6m .2 .2 0Q. mw. NM . ~ 0v M12 . woo. 0 ... . . . 1.00823 580M >8? 55w 09800 2M 0.0 0M . 3.8 Z6 wwm ww. 00...“ Mum is. 30. M . . . . . .2033 008w 2.0 30> >082 00:30 oMM 0w Mm. 2.0M 5.0 o5 m». $8 wm wwo. $0. M . . . . Jwumfinm 608w 00c 50> >282 000800 oMM 0M. Mo.M 2.3 M~.MM 2w mw. mow owM wmM. moo. w . . . . . .5033 581000.800 0._M ms Mo. 8.8 $1: wMm o0. ~M.~ s: 2:. N2. w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .008M.Em SS0 0M0~8MO 2M Mih 2 . m3. MAM w; M.o.M 00.8 N2 03. 80. M . . . dowfia 680M >30 >080 2E 0MMM>M0MM0E>8M m.» QM... Mm. m $1M wMMM 8. M 3.8 M80 wMM . 02. M . . . duwtnw 6.80M >20 >053 2E 0MM~>000E>8M mM Mo. 32w $4. wvw mo.M :8 2... $0M. 02. M ........ . . . .2035 580M >20 0E>M0=oE>8M m.“ ww. $4. $8 2: 00M 8.8 3w m2 . Now. M .. . .... . . .00.£.5m .582 >83 uMMM>MvcoE>mM 5M. 0m. ~54 Mo. 2:. S. 8. N» 0S. moM . w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MMomnsm .082 8M0 8:004 M.» Mqm. 00M ow. 00M. “w. 0w. 0M. Z0. NMM. w ........008M.M=w.:80M>8M08no0.M N.“ 2. mw.w S; mow o0. Mw.M wow to. 08. u . . . . . . ..=¢E=w..$0 980A N . . . . ..............-.UUM.TMDW$ANMUNQQUQ N8 o“. 2.8 0+. MM 08 mm. moM 0~M mmM. moo. m .. .. .. . . . . . .1033 .082 8M0 3mm 0038M 0M. 2. 8AM aMim wwm 0w. MAM w0m owM. mmM . M. ........ .... . .00$.5w .082 >83 3:» 0098A ms om. 8m; 3.0 2% wm. 0N4 N2 moM. 0.2. mM .. .......... . 1:035 580M Em 000.84 m.» M5. 3.0 9am MmM. Mo. EM NMm 2.. :0. 0M ...............00m.t=w.=8oMMMMw 0008A Mvvznqucouvlmzow E0302 Emobw 8M 1M E00 3m 2E0 M000 5M 00==2 250 s0 E00 0252 $8 8M 260 new M0 81.3085 00M 0E5 8M 083M 5m 5M 20¢ 8M M0 033$ maximum 033cm nwaMonM 032$ 0930M .04..w0MrM $05M 5w .02 0E8 Z 09MB 20¢ 20¢. 0302 E04 M809 033M. Mafifi. 0.52 MfiiiMu-flonvrlcMaMm oM-GauU oMM o-Mw Mo 0:00 M0 009252.‘ KM QMMMQH. 52 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION N 8 8 8 8 w 8 8 w w HH N 8 w 8 N 8 N w w w H . N w 8 H N 8 w w w w .. .. H H H N N 8 w 8 N w . N N H H N N N 8 N 8 . . . N H H 8 w w 8 w 8 H N 8 N N 8 8 w w 8 8 N 8 w 8 8 8 8 w w w N N 8 8 N H 8 N w w 8 8 N N N H N N w w 8 8 N N 8 N N N H H 8 N H N N 8 N H N N 8 8 8 wH N N 8 N H N H N 8 N 8 N H N N H H H H N N H. N H N N N N 8 w w N mH H H N N H H H H N N N . H H H N N m 8 8 8 8 . . m N .. m m m. w. H .. m N m w m H . m w m H m . . . . . . .. m w m H . ... H N N N N 8 8 w 8 H . .. 8 w 8 8 8 8 w w w H N N H H H H H H N 8 H H N H H N 8 8 w 8 8 8 N N m H m m w m H N N H H H H 8 w 8 N 8 . 8 8 N N 8 8 8 8 8 N w 8 8 8 w 8 8 8 w H . N H H H N 8 w w 8 H. N N 8 N N 8 8 8 8 8 w H N 8 N H 8 8 w w 8 N .. w m w .. w w m m w H N N N N N 8 8 w w N N 8 M8258 SH v85 28.83% 288.20% 2883M 204 20w. 20w 826w in @2288 £23m @3288 0223.. 83288 820E 802m 802m _ .0222 .20 20< 23. 20w. 822i 120E _ .02 madam OUHHNHU 9mg 05H wO 8:08 QUNMHH-E MO 8020558200 m0 QOUNQO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juflww 09¢ wQUQHHZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UHHmw 05G kFHHwOfi HHNHHGPHQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMA: >UHHmm 05W Gflflflvumm 8:08 002200-098: 828E 283D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 >8? >228 228>D _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z282 222282 . . . . . . . . E . . . . . . . . . .282 >288 02: 2228582 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 >8? 028.82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 >288 02: 82c?nH 8:08 23022-28: 828:2 022QD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 >288 02: >08E>> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 8io02> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 >8? >288 8r802> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 >288 02: 8220005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 >8? >288 02c 8C022> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 >8? 8iop2> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............>8?8€002> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >8? 02802:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I282 >8? >2? 220224 28w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 >288 02: 02022.4. 28w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 >8? 022002..» 28w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 >288 02: 8:020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z282 >8? 8:020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 >288 82: $222 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I282 >8? >228 02822 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.282 >288 02: 0282B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 >8? >288 02: 0382i - < . . . . . - . - . . - -<-..-..-a.mow>~m%wowwww%m . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ....-...E.NO% Nmwuflfiw fivfizoo . . . . . . . ................-.-.......@G.NW©.N:Q0 . . . . . . . . . .............'........E.QQHT.NZQQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..E.WO@ >figfiw UHH€ wvNZOU . . . . . . . ...... . .. .E.NQ@ xfidwU >@Hh.flw UHHHnH @6200 .. . . . .288 82: 08:00 . . . . . .282 >8? 08:00 8:08 082030-280 8282 2283b 0282 82>? .2 @582. 53 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS w-uolblflv-u-ov-l IvII1FIQQFI -—u-1N mtqmmolmu HNqh-em Nanwnv-n-u-aNanwcngQNNwaNv-vm lnwwfldmrqd) v-umqw-sol v-uwuv-aaq-cv-uv-uuv-wv-cv-cwnummuv-uv-cv-uv-c lfifilflffifififlfl) wQUQQFIQ-l v-II-li-iv-II-ii-IQ-lwli-li-lvflq-IV-IXV-(XFII-iwlfi VONNPONNFI "iv-imfilv"! 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Sm? mcocq . . .232 >20 >26 owcccd ................Emo_ 262532 .............Ecc_cwccmA . . .282 >25...“ one 0255A . . . . . . . .522 >20 owocmq ........>m2cocc.EA . . . . .520 scwszhcm ......................>2c20.82.80 . . .282 >20 >26 852m ...........Emc2 22m cccfim ..............Ec2oc:m_m . . . .Em2 35mm 2E comma 220w EcScnT-cccbw 3E 1.1.1.2802 3.2mm 2E 25x2 32cm ...................>m_c2cncw2 22cm ............Em2>vcwm mac 3350A cuuu-cuunnuu-ou-ENO%>M?QMQTQEOA ......................>2c@2@EcA 22cm cccficcmwc 28 EmSEAEcm . . . 2.82 35am zzmzflccm nnck/ -.-u-¢-|-.E@o?>wnfimwcqnaflnwg .................ficcmcccnnmwew ..................Emo_zcsmwifirsfi . ...............Em22m>:Q ......Em2 358w 2E 125D ............2c:wmw=c 125G 22cm v3 222m wcflaD aGcQwQE uEEcm 222... mcmcmwnm 22A 222cm 2c< amsfi o>$c< 223cm 222cm E3. 222cm E8. com 6E2 mmcm mc . c Z cSaZ 3.8. uoflqflflcnvlfliu-m vuGauU 2M oi» 2c mica c0525 we cudofifiumcco we ccufi-U .3 Bach. 54 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION flat stream-bottom soils as a rule have Grades l and 2 for total phosphoric acid, total, acid-soluble, and active potash, acid-soluble lime and magnesia, basicity, and pH. Most of the soils have Grade 3 for nitrogen. The soils are quite variable with respect to active phosphoric acid, the Laredo soils having Grades 1 and 2 while the remaining soils have Grades 4 and 5. EDWARDS PLATEAU The Edwards Plateau is a greatly dissected high limestone plain covering about 22,500,000 acres in 43 counties in central-western Texas. The regional slope is to the east with some of the western portions lying 4,000 feet above sea-level while most of it is well over 2,000 feet. The soils of the region are mostly of clay or clay loam textures developed from limestone alone or from rock with interbedded lime- stone layers. The differentiation of the various soil groups is produced principally by differences in the rainfall of the region, which is fairly high in the eastern section and decreases westward until semi-arid conditions prevail. Composition of soil types The average composition of the soil types is given in Table 19 and the grades of constituents of surface soils in Table 20. The soils of the central and western sections have Grades 1 and 2 in total, acid-soluble, and active potash, acid-soluble lime and magnesia, basicity, and pH. The Valera soils have Grade l for nitrogen, while the Reagan soils have only Grade 3 in this respect. The soils have Grades 3 and 4 in total phosphoric acid, and are quite variable in active phosphoric acid, this constituent ranging from Grade 1 to 5. Five of the eight types given in the tables are represented by only one sample. ROLLING PLAINS The Rolling Plains regions covers about 24,500.000 acres in 58 counties in north- western Texas. The region has a rolling surface with a general regional slope from west to east. Elevations above sea-level range from more than 2,500 feet in the western part to around 1,500 feet in the eastern part, and in some areas in the Canadian Valley exceed 3,000 feet. The soils of the region difier greatly in color, texture, depth and thickness of soil layers. They have developed mostly from unconsolidated beds of clay or sandy clay which is more or less calcareous. The upland soils are included in groups based on the predominating color: (1) dark- colored soils, (2) red soils, and (3) brownish-red soils. Outline description of series Dark-colored upland soils: Abilene soils: Brown or dark-brown, noncalcareous, friable surface with a brown or yellowish, crumbly subsoil, calcareous in lower part. Foard soils: Very dark-brown or black, noncalcareous surface, tight when dry, with a brown or dark-gray, noncalcareous, dense and tough subsoil. Roscoe soils: Very dark-brown or black, noncalcareous, friable surface with a dark-brown to dark-gray, heavy but crumbly, noncalcareous subsoil. 55 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS q c c _ _ q _ m m u c >@Q>:_w=@m§. m .-.N.-. a ..-%.... N M- N M M; W N .-.........-.--........m...~.E.NO_GNMGUNH m c m m c. m m m ..............Emom>mmu>§w>=o>§wcwmmufl a w w a N N m H W W a ..................2.22.52:~m=®>dmMfldMm0Mm n N N N n N a Q Q fi fi ..........-..........E.NO~>UEGWQGEENMNUM N a W N n N N Q M W a ..........A........%.EGOM >Gflc>=®>dmMmO~umm nofiuuw wESEuw chocwok/ v5 o wzom .8 m N . H _ m m m N . H ...........................Eowfiawma»: N a a a fi H N Q fi N W ~...»--.-....-.......-.~....>G_U.Nk0—G> GOMQUUW mEEssnzwv maucnoU on» mo mmow 383D a i» a 3 2 Q83 qnsfi Assam =§£ E3. v34 nu» wuow m; 032cm >=2$m 28.6w o£€< 332cm 13am. 63m aim .222 m... 252 Rim. E2» E2 E3 9594 E8. .02 fiuoufim QcunEcH on? mo mien 003.25 mo nuflofluflwflou mo mwwwuU 6n 03mm. c. w 3H S4: 2 A: 5N cw. 2d m3 :6. N8. o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.3w E82 ma? 52w 598m P» 2 .~ 8.2 we m. 2w 8. B; mo" 8c. m»; . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . dommhfi 682 ma? 32m cwwmom F» 3. I 2 £4‘. w: w». Nm.“ o“ 3c. umc. u ......................downam.Ewo_=mwmv~m w m. cmc mod “cm cw. $4 m: wmc. coo. u ......................dummhsw.E~o_=mwmo~m M: 3.8 N... 3 mcc. c3. m .......zomn:w.E.mo_>m_o~3=wmzvifiucwmmum . cc S . 8. .34 cm 2c. m2. H .......vumv5w .Emo_>m_u 3am mzoifim cmwmvm . N5 . cc 3 3. I cc N». NNd mm m8. S? m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__@8n=... £82 >=w>fiw cmwmum em cw. £5 8w 3m 3.. 3N Q8. $6. aoc. c Idumfsm .58 3322M cwwmom #0 2.. $6 wm.» m2 S. 2.“ 2 m8. 8a. w ..............=¢wn=w .Emo_ 98w 2E Hawmwm o ... M? No. u 2 A 5w 3.. 3. c S. 96. wmc. w . . . . . . . . . . . . . domism .Ea¢_ 3.5mm mac nmumuwm ~ c. S. F!“ R. Sm 2. . 24 w». woc. n: . H . . . . . . . . . . . . duatnw .Emo_ >20 >=u>m=~w 88m . . c030 A 125cm nhfimw. o a o m mom an a m.» Ne. +8 3.3 N»: 8. 8 2:. 3m. m ......w.w..w......Puufihsw>cmfiowcorw mkmzmYD m.» Q. w» 3 2s wwu “m. “m; 2. omc. Q8. m .......................2:03am.>m_um..2m> ~ m. w» 8a 2a m3. 8. wmq I. 3c. 2;. m .........................uumm5w52v ¢H2m> comuuom mvwfinsnsmv 33:00 23 mo mzow wcammD :30 3m £80 i=6 kvm nozmsm 650 8m “~80 c252 .280 8m fiEO 26m mm a 625w 2 Em Q83. Sm smfiom 8m 8m E3. 3m co Qzsgm £23m oEEcw nwfiom @226 £33m 648,5 .25 5m 62 QEQZ vmmm. 23.. E3... o>$u< 23.. 12cm. @323 E8. 65E flwouamm wwucBflfi oi“ we 23m ma mommmaqfi 6w 03am. 56 BULLETIN NO. 549., TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Red upland soils: Fowlkes soils: Red or reddish-brown, calcareous surface, tight when wet, withij a red, calcareous, tight and dense subsoil. .3 Vernon soils: Red or reddish-brown, calcareous, friable surface with a red, s; calcareous, friable subsoil. l Weymouth soils: Reddish-brown, calcareous, granular, friable surface with a reddish-brown, highly calcareous, heavy subsoil resting on carbonate of lime. Brownish-red upland soils: Enterprise soils: Brown or dull-reddish, noncalcareous, friable surface with a brown, red, or yellowish, noncalcareous crumbly subsoil. ' Miles soils: Reddish-brown or brownish-red, noncalcareous, friable surface with a red or brownish-red, noncalcareous, crumbly subsoil. Terrace soils: Calumet soils: Brown surface with a chocolate-brown or yellow stiff, dense, noncalcareous clay subsoil. Wichita soils: Red or brown, noncalcareous, friable, surface with a red non- calcareous, crumbly subsoil. Flat stream-bottom soils: Miller soils: Reddish, friable, calcareous surface with red, crumbly subsoil heavier than the surface. Analyses and grades of constituents for these soils are given in Tables 5 and 6 for the Gulf Coast Prairie. Spur soils: Brown or chocolate-brown, calcareous, friable surface with a choco- late-brown, calcareous, crumbly subsoil. Yahola soils: Reddish, friable, calcareous surface with subsoils lighter than the surface. Analyses and grades of constituents for these soils are given in Tables 5 and 6 for the Gulf Coast Prairie. Composition of soil types The average composition of the soil types is given in Table 21, and grades of constituents of the surface soils in Table 22. The soils have Grades 1 and 2 and occasionally Grade 3 for total, acid-soluble, and active potash, acid-soluble lime and magnesia, and basicity, and Grades 1 and 2 for reaction (pH). The dark- colored and red upland soils and the soils of the Wichita and Spur series have chiefly Grade 3 for nitrogen, while many of the brownish-red soils have Grade 4. All of the soils have Grades 3 and 4 for total phosphoric acid, and most soils have Grades 4 and 5 for active phosphoric acid. HIGH PLAINS The High Plains region covers about 21,000,000 acres in 46 counties of north- west Texas lying west of the Rolling Plains. The smooth surface of the region has a very uniform general slope from northwest to southeast which averages 10 to 15 feet per mile. The soils are mostly brown or red, are open and friable, and are readily penetrated by water. The predominant textures are clay loams in the 57 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS H “ wc. 8. ww. 8H 2... 82H N“ H8. “cc. e .....=cwc3 .582 3.5% 2E b? =25> c.“ c“. 2. cN. 2N ww. 2H c» “cc. 2c. e ....8@rcc .58. >28... 2E i...» =cEc> m.“ we. o_.H Ne. eNN ow. mmH wm Neo. “mo. e ...................:owc=m.=82co:.5> N.“ “m. Ne. en. c; “m. cc; c2 N“? N8. e ...............Idummhnm.Emo_coEo> “ . “ oo. H He.“ No.N m: 8. oe.H “HH 8c. m8. m. . . . . . . downs» E82 .8? 2:28;. =o5c> m.“ cc; +oH Noo 3H Ne. “o.H ew e8. 8c. c . . . . . .3225 =82 8T 2:285. =oFHc> m.“ ow. oH .N oN .H in Hm. “N.H w... 2c. mmo. NH . . . . . . . . dcmccw .882 328m 2E =cEc> H.“ cc. wo. ww. cc... Q: 8H 8 “wo. weo. NH . . . . . . . . custom .682 328w 2E ccFHc> m.“ oo.H ew.w “we 8N we. 3N eeH w“o. N“o. HH ..............mcmc=w £82 8B cc=8> m.“ ww. omN “mH m“... He. 8N c2 “eo. moH. NH ...c8.csc .882 8U =c=8> “.“ NmH oH .wN omNH “w oN. e“ .H on e8. wmo. H . . . . . . . . . dcmccw :8? use; =oFHc> e.“ N“. ccc» 2.3 ooH “N. “HH om coo. wwH. H .. 2.68.225 52c 58cc cocre> e.“ IA eww ooN omN Nw. HeH 2N oeo. Heo. NH .. ...............:ocn=c22c =cEc> m.“ 82 New. N7». o“w ““. NNH NeH 8c. Hoo. NH ..c8o.3w.>2c:ca.8> w.“ ww. 2 H we. c2 Nw. NoH oN e8. Heo. H . . . downs» .282 >28» 2E >$> 323cc N.“ Nw. o“ . m“... o“N Nw. mN.H Hm mwo. H“o. H . . . .8226 .282 >28c cum .32» mu2m3om . mac» e3 ecfioD m.“ ccH 8a.... Nw.“. Nwn Nw. c: o“ “mo. eeo. m ..................acme...22c cccwcm w.“ m“. 2e cc... wmm ee. HNH c: weo. 8H. e .. ..............ccmtzméficcocwcm m.“ ow. cc; o“.H meH “w. No. c» 3c. “mo. n . . . dccnsc E82 328m 2E >8> v8cm “ .e “m. “w. “N. NoN oN. eN.H “e mwo. o“o. c . . . . .2836 .582 328m 2E E2, e8cm w»: on. “N. “w. mN “Ho. omo. N .. ......cc8.r=_w.=82>e~8m 2E w8cm N.“ Ne. weH we. meH we. 24H ww owo. eeo. N ................=cwc=c £82 83 28cm o.e c». No.H ww. NwN ww. wNH o“ So. woo. N .....cc£.5c .882 8U o8cm w.“ NoH oe.». 2N c“... cc. NwH owH cmc. oeo. N ..........:cmn:m.>2c e8cm e.“ cc; cc; e“. NoN oo. N_.N wm 3c. ooo. N ...................6082mmSficocwcm m . “ 2 H mm.“ 2am Now N“ . c: eH 2c. “oo. oH . . . . . . . . . .823 E82 8H“. 32c 892.22. N.“ we. “ca 31H cc... mm. 31H “m weo. 8H . oH . . . . . . .3225 £82 8? Ezw c=2E< e.“ o“. 2c 8w c2 “w. mo. mN Nwo. c8. H .. ..............=c...€wéwclczccw. N.“ cw. oNH me. 3“. cw. N“. “w ewo. o“o. H .. ... . . . . . . . .3221... .282 c:c:n< w». omtw wNN eHw “HH owH m 8c. NHH. H .. ..H.Hcwn=c.>2c >:c>8cw oGwZ£< ..-..... av. NW. 9*. h w .- .--..-UONwhSm.~A.-w*nv NAZUNINMM DCUZD< N.“ we. oN. Nw. 2N cw. RH Nw ewo. o“o. H . . . . . . .2896 .Emo_ >E8w 2E c=2E< om. m7 Hw. 2N on. eeH em 2c. HoH. H .........cc8.r_=c £82 >288 2E Q=2E< m.“ _e. 2.». w“.N e...» “e. oeH cc weo. SH. HH ..............=cce:m8.2283 cc2E< m.“ Ne. ewH H“.H ewm we. HwH “w “eo. mNH. HH ..............c.8t:w.c82>m_cccc:e< m.“ e_.N 8N... e22 owH we. Hw. wH wwo. NI. 2 ..................2on3.s2c2s=c< m.“ oN.N 2.2 “e2 owN oe. cc; 2 8c. oNH. mH ...................c.8t:m22c c=2E< cmcm occ2cc28o 283D ccco 3m Eco e50 8m c222 £80 8m e50 c222 afloO Sm 2S0 28w mm a Eu c 8 Z com 2:5 com ncficm 5m com Ec< cum mc cEEcw 288cm 222cm 223cm c325 222cm 64.8mm 82mm 5w dz c682 cmNm. 23.. Ec< §€< 23.. so...“ c>=c< E8. $.22 mfiamm mfiacfi 05w mo 23w mo mocm-afl< JN 03am. 58 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 2 h 2... mo. wN. hmo mm. NNN h“ Se. 2o. N . . . . . . . . . . . . downs» .582 >28» 2E 82223 _.h 3. 3N. eN. ma» 2 . GA wh Q5. Nho. H . .. . . . . . . . .8225 .582 2E8 2E 8:223 o h 8. eTN +w.N m3 %. oh." mm eme. moe. N . ..........=om@=m 6.82 220821323 w; R w@- mmC- 0......» Q ¢ --Q-¢-Q.--...UU.N.*H:W JCNA: >Q~UNUZZUT$ N . h N»: ee. ~ Em. mmN 8. w». E EN 25. Se. N . . . . . . . dew?» .5802 328m 2E 50> $8280 e h E. hN. 0N. 3N hN. 2.; Nh N3. who. N .. . . . . . .8225 .592 328m 2E 20> 85280 5h eh. 2 . 2 2m. SN i. meN eh m3. 1.5. Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . domnnm .582 >83 52w 35:80 h .o hN. ee. 9.. o? mo. he.“ 2: 8c. :8. N .. . . . . . . . . . . .3226 682 .8? 32w 86:80 mo hN. mo. wN. 2N NN. 2 A mN ewe. Nhe. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .533 .582 328m 2E HQEEQU _.h oN. 2.. 3 . e2." 2 . 8. i. ma. ehe. N . . . . . . . . . . . . domtsw £82 328w 2E 88:80 mmow v8.55. h . h om. 2 .N S. A 8 wN. hm :5. Noe. N . . . . . . . . i823 .882 .852 2E 50> 3E2 oh 2.. on. on. NeN HN. 2. e8. o8. 2 . . . . . . . . dumfism 582 .88.”. 2E >22, 3E2 e. h Nh. he.“ mm. h»... hh. 2 $5. 2c. N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E0238 .582 >20 32m @222“ e.o i: mm. 8. ma. 8.. wN o3. eee. N . . . . . . . . . . . . 603.25 .582 >20 32w @222 h o hm. mm. 2 . m8 8. e $5. one. N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . flownsw 682 358m 3:2 o.o of mN. 2. emN wN. 3 wme. woe. N .3225 .882 328w .252 Wfi. Qw. Q WQQ. W ...... ..... ..........ZQWDUW.ENO_ wwzz @.© hfi- @@. @¢- m -.-¢¢-.-¢-.-¢-..---UUQ-—H:WJhmfin: WUZE @.R $5. Ww- .-.-¢. R@. $ .-.-----.$QwQ.-Jw Jukfin; hhfliv >ZQ>NMM M912 m.h Ne.“ 2.». heé mm. N2 hoe. nee. N .............o8t=m 582.83 >ZQ>NNM 222a N . h No. 3 A mo. wNN 2X hN 95. 2d. m“ . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eownaw .882 3.8m 2E 3E2 N h NN. ow. No. ohN oN. ha. ewe. wme. m“ . . . . . . . . . . . . .3835 £82 awnmm 2E 3:2 h.o 3. hN. 2. 3 Q. 2 Se. 3e. n .......E.E=w._.=$ 2E 222% e h I. NN. 2. ew we. In 2e. oNe. m ......vomwksw.onwm 2E .352 m.h wh. 3N hhA 2N oo. 9... $9 Noe. e ......=¢B=w.=82.§Q $222 N R aw©u @@- ©Av¢. Q ---.---|. ¢..--UU.@%M:W Jhmfim: >fiTvwfihwz m.h _NA mhih hNé whfi hw. m8 ewe. mme. H ...........=ow€assuwxmfi Nih 2.4 who 8+ 2N8 he; mew me_. woe. H .....................12.0833 $20252 h o N». . em. eN . hi mN. N». o3. o8. fi . . . . . . . . . . écmnsm 428m 2E 5.82 wmtnhwonm m .o NN . ev. h_ . o: 2 . oo £5. m8. N . . . . . . . . . . oufltnm dnmw 2E >622 0225823; e h 2.. 2.. hN. N2 oN. m2 one. m8. N . . . . . . momma. 68m 2E B2» >982 macfimxnm e . h om. 3.. hN. 2N eN . EN woe. woe. N . . . . . . 6082mm 6.8m 2E i2, >582 wflpehfiam mmow owhémma3ohn ocfiqD N a Ne. $4. $8 w...» mo . m3 hoe. hoe. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . zownsm .282 >20 sesoE>w>> N.w Nm. 3.2. woN 8m heN mhe. Ea. N ................v.8E§w£82.83 £256.33 Awmsnfinonvvllwfiwow v3 283D 250 6m 260 280 5m E252 23D 8m 280 nofimfi “E80 8m 280 26m ma 22.2.82 Sm 22A 8m 223cm 3m Sm 2E hem ea @3280. zamfifim 222cm 288m 832cm 28.2.5 64.8mm .225 5m dz 0:82 2&3. 23.. E2 9E3. 3E 283B 8E3 Eon. 6E2 woflfiflflcnelmiflyam wHEQM 0S» “o 23m no 39222. 4N ~38. 59 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS QF TEXAS m N. ww. Q04... 84 m3 2.. 8 , N SN i? 2o. N .. . . . . . . 50.5% éms 3E8 2E b? Saw ms 3L mNN No.2 mmw ow. oo .2 NNm m8. Q6. N . . . . . . . dumtsw .Ew2 35mm vac 50> 5am ms 2. 3Q ooN <2 0N. $2 o2 3.0. 3o. N downéwafiww vac >E§2§aw m . N 3H c». N 9. . N mNH 2N. $2 m2 ovo. 9.0. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . domfism 65% 2E .282 5am as 0N Nm o w: wfiN 2... $2 2: 26. m8. N .......................=8€a.=a2=_..w ms No. 3.6 ma; m? mm. F; Ed 9.6. woo. N ......................@u~t=w.E@oI=aw o. N om. om v 00.». mmN 3. mo N 0M2 one. 3o. N . . . . . . . . . . . . fiownsm .592 35mm one haw w.“ mo. 8 N oN . N NwN 2i $2 a: Nco. 00o. N . . . . . . . . . . . . dumfisw E32 zwnwm 2E 55w 0N 2. 2N 3N 3m 3. 3; NoN :8. a8. 2. .................:=own=m.E@¢T8U._=am m.» 0N. Ne.“ on; m6 2. 3N 2m m2. 3.4. ¢ ..................vu@t:m.Em2>mU~:aw 23w Eofion-Emwhfi “arm 2s 2... 3. S. 3N S. 2 ._ NN - $6. 96. w ......=owh_=w .E~2 >252 2E E2, @2223 0e mm. “m. wN. 2» i: $4 3 0+0. m8. w . . . . . 60.3.26 .592 35mm 3E E9» u$s2>> 5N 3. 8. wN. 2N 2... 2; m .25. Re. N . fiomnsw E82 33.2mm airflow?» NN NN. 2“. 2. c2 QN. 2m.“ 2 Q8. £5. N ...............ou£.5w.Ew2w=mw @3223 Awuafificonvvllwmom oumCoP “.80 Hem 23D :50 kum conga 260 Sm .280 =o==2 230 8m “=50 5cm ma uivam... 2 Em ~55 6m nwficm :5 3m 2g Em .3 032cm mfinzunm 032cm awwgom ufiiow 433m .04 ABE donm 5m .02.. 0:32 2E8 2i E3 252 E2 =32. 02.23.. .28. .952 , woifl-uflcOlm-Sa-k 9520M 0J8 MO Q=OQ a0 aom§ufl< -fiN Q-QU-H- -¢----nouo--E.No@ . . . . . n82 338m 0c: >8> 00E28U .....................Emo_ >8_0>:2m00E:8U ....................E8o_ >wcmwwcc 00E38U mzowv 0820B .582 >28» 02a >8> 00:2 . . . 12:82 >20 5am 35% . . . . . . . 15823023 00x2 ...............E8o_m0:§ ¢o-¢nn--¢o-¢-oo-E@o§ . . . . . .282 328w 02c @052 ............2.8w 02c 00:2 n-ou-u-v-q-E-Nor ..............1528822 . . . . . . 628w 0cm >282 02222023" . . 628m 02c >8.» >282 ommkahzam msom 228E: wohifla3o~m .282 >20 20~5E>0>> . . . . . .282 >v~8m 02c >8> comb; ....................c8o_=2C0> nppon-uconcunnunpauamo% . . . . . .582 >28w 0:; coE0> . . . . . . . .282 >20 coa8> . . . . . >20 >203 coc8> ..................>20=o=6> . . . .282 03.8w 02c >..0> 30:30.2 020w 228E: 20M ...................>m_00o0moM . . . . .2802 >980 vac >8> 280m . . . :82 >28w 02c 28cm c0ncnrlllclla0cnllnlntnalnonsfloi nouuu-nunnunonnn-nolnnun».--.»N?QU&QOW . . .282 >20 >50 0E2E< ..........Em20c0:n< . . . . >20 36.8.8 020:3‘ 582 >280 0cm 0202242 . . . . . .282 >20 020224 .................>200c0:n< wmow 2.229. UPFJOHYxuNQ NNNN Nv-ifivl 2F!?Q@l@lv-1 v-u-MNN WQFv-INWVJNNMNM $61930] NMNNWWWNWWv-d wlv-HNN ---- .¢-..-.. i-l w-II-i 0 N N N N N N N N N N N N W 2 N N N N N N N N N N N 2 N N --..¢¢¢ NF! NI-IVINNVOWINN fNVQfiFlWN N01 NNffiI-(WIMQN .¢¢-¢-. -¢.-.- - c O o ¢ 1-! ¢ q u - - - - - O . . fifiNNNm##NflN N~~~wHN~~ Nm~N¢m~NnNN nmN~ ~wmmmNmn¢¢~ nN~Nn~mvN ¢¢~NmMN¢n¢¢ wmbn ~NNNNNNNnnH Wfififlflfiflfifl m¢~N¢nNm¢mn ¢NnN NHNfiNfiNN NNwNNN~NNnN mNmNmNNN MNNNWNHN m¢¢m¢¢v¢m¢m ¢mmn¢wmwN N¢~¢¢¢mmmm¢ ¢n¢ mmnm¢mmmm¢m ¢mmm¢nmnm m$Nnm¢mnm¢¢ wmwm NNmNmNnm¢mm mmNmnmnmN wwnmmvmmwmw mmmm WHHHHONNNWO HMHNMMO©H NHHOW Yflv-l ~ - O - . - 22202682 06E 2.28m 22.8.» .226 a w m.“ 2.22m 202225 22.2w 9&2 222$ 20082 firm 2% h? 22mm Qm 2% . 22 22 2&2 22:. 22.2 ~22 ... a BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 052m $53M 3U uo 0:0» 003.50 we Baa-Simian. we 32:00 .NN 05am. 60 61 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS u H u u H n u u m m u ..............E~o_>ucwmocmiu>ksaw Q N 3 fi @ fi N W W ¢ M -----.---...©=NMUF:%hEfiQrhfl-Qw u H H H H u u u m n u . . . . . IIEQQHEQW M A N fi N N N W M W N ....--.-....-.E.NO-AUHHGwUC€MSQW @ .2 @ x fi $ fi Q N Q ¢ ~.-<-.¢-¢--¢---....E.N°%Zflfivkflaw 23m E0302 E938 3E a N w m u m u w w m w . . . . . . . . . . 5.32 3E3 BE >.Ho> §Eum>> u m w w u m u m w w H ...................Emo_>u:mwm::~r$ u m m w u w N w w n H ................E~o_>v=mww=cmHHH€r$ fivuscficoUvl-mzow uumbmh 3253.2 v85 nwngom 433m nfiaom 23H Eu< 5w “new ma 032cm mtfiwnm 033cm o>$o< “inflow was? .€HE £25 65:2 Ho oSaZ 23H. 2g 23H 23.. 02:; _ Ssh .02 mvQnw-h-Hr-OolwnuwN-nfi Nnuzmnvflm Oflmfl &O 23m moat-Hm Ho muaoflfiumflou we owF-U én ozaa. 62 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION northern section and sands and fine sandy loams in the southern and western portions. The soils are well developed from deep beds of friable calcareous clays and sandy clays, although the surface and upper subsoils are not calcareous in the normally developed soils, and are underlain at 4 or 5 feet with a layer of accumulated calcium carbonate. Outline description of series Dark-colored upland soils: Potter soils: Brown or light-brown, calcareous, friable surface in thin layers, with a light-brown or yellowish, calcareous, crumbly subsoil in thin layers. Pullman soils: Brown or dark-brown, noncalcareous, friable surface with a dark-brown or chocolate-brown (slightly reddish in places), crumbly subsoil, non- calcareous in upper part. Richfield soils: Dark-brown or black, noncalcareous, friable surface with a dark-brown to dark-gray, noncalcareous, crumbly subsoil. Red upland soils: Amarillo soils: Red, brown, or reddish-brown, noncalcareous, friable, surface with a red, crumbly subsoil, noncalcareous in upper part. Springer soils: Light-brown or reddish-brown, noncalcareous surface with brownish-red, cloddy but friable, noncalcareous subsoil. Light-colored upland soils: Dunesand: Gray, loose, windblown, shifting sand surface with a pale yellow or gray, loose, incoherent subsoil. Enterprise soils: These soils, occurring over considerable areas along the western boundary of the State, are light-brown or gray loose fine sands grading below into pale-yellow fine sand many feet deep. They correspond in soil character- istics, native vegetation, and agricultural use much more closely ‘with the dune sand than they do with the more fertile Enterprise soils of the Rolling Plains. Flat stream-bottom soils: Randall soils: Nearly black or dark-gray, noncalcareous surface with a dark- gray, noncalcareous subsoil. Spur soils: Brown or chocolate-brown, calcareous. friable surface with a choco- late-brown, calcareous, crumbly subsoil. Analyses and grades of constituents for Spur soils are given in Tables 21 and 22 for the Rolling Plains. Composition of soil types The average composition of the soil types is given in Table 23 and the grades of constituents of the surface soils in Table 24. The dark-colored upland soils have principally Grades 1 and 2 for total, acid-soluble, and active potash, acid-soluble lime and magnesia. and Grades 1 and 2 for reaction (pH). The calcareous Potter soils have Grade l for basicity while the Richfield and Pullman soils have Grades 2, 3, and 4. The Pullman silty clay loam and Potter clay loam have Grade 2 for nitrogen and active phosphoric acid. The other dark-colored upland soils have Grades 3 and 4 for nitrogen, total phosphoric acid, and active phosphoric acid. ....~._‘...l.-....».1¢.;..:, y. ., . .19.. 63 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS ¢---» ---¢- ¢-.-.-.--.¢ fi ----~@@OwDH-m-EN°@~A.N@UhUM.nH@HQw o e Ae. NeA em. 38 Ae. . . . . . . . AN wwe. Aoe. A . . . . . . .3288 .882 >28 $8558 e . N Awm ww. ww. eNN 9.. ow.A ow Awe. Nee. eA . . . . . A8888 .882 >888 0588A» w e wN 2.. Aw. ewN ww. AQA we 83. eNe. eA . . . . . 8888.88 .882 >888 2z88< e N AN. AN. AN. NwA ew. ANA Aw eNe. :5. w ..............AAo8e:8 .888 0588.8. e e AA. we. oA . omw wA . ee . A ww oNe. wee. w . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888.888 .888 2288.4. N.N eN. wwN wNA owe. A ....=o8n:8.u:888cc>8822z88< w.N S. 8A.. eA . eo . . . . . . . woA Ale. wwe. N . . 808888 .888 use >882 05.888. A N AN. AAA wNA eww NwA Aw Nwe. woe. w . 888:8 .582 >83 >88 c8888.. w.e NN. ww. 88.. eew NN A NwA Nee. wNA . o . . . 88888 .882 >20 >58 oE88< e .e wN. ee. 8N. ewA NN.A ww 88. eNe. 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . 288888 .882 2AA88< A N Aw. we. AA... mwN 88A Ae 8E. AeA. A» .. . . . . . . . . . . 808888 .882 2x884 N.N ee. AAEN ew.A woN eAA NN A8. mwe. wA . . . 895:... .882 >888 8c 2:88..» A.N 8w. ee. 8.... ooN 8A A ww 88. oee. eA . . . 628.888 .882 >288 2e 2AA88< N.N oe. oe. AA. ow eo. eA oAe. Ale. N . . 1.1268228 .888 88 2:888. A .N we. we. oe. ew em. NN wAe. wee. N . . . . . . . 88.88.88 A888 8e 2AA88< w . N we. wwN AvA 8Q. ww. A wA. oee. eNe. N . . . . . . . . .8888 .882 >83 2:884 w N m8. NNw ee. NAw 2.. A oe eee. oeA . N . . . . . . . . .3288 .882 >28 05.888. . 8:08 883: 80M N. N ww.w NN . A 8:. wN .A wNA Nwe. oNe. wA . . . . .8033 .882 >8Au >28 888.88 A .N Ne.N Nw. oew we. A 8.2 ewe. wAA . eA . . . 688.158 .882 >8Au >828 813.82% w N we. ew. N; NwA mN $8. wee. A ... . . . . . . . . 1:08.88 .882 8.8888 w.N ew. o8. wwm ww .A ww $8. Nwe. A . . . . . . . . . . . . .3288 .882 8885A o N eN. AA... eww ewA 88 Nwe. wwe. N . . . £08.88 .882 >888 88 22.328 e.w ww. A A8. $8 AwA ww Nwe. Ame. N . . 888N888 .882 >888 8e 88.8828 A. N 2. . w Ne . A 82. 2... we Nee. wNe. 8 . . . . . . . . 508.88 .882 >8? EQAESM w .N oN . N we.N NNm oAiA om owe. NeA . A. . . . . . . 6888.88 .882 >28 862883 wN AvA NN. eww wNN wNA oee. eoe. NA .. . . 288888 .882 >8Au >58 =88AA:m.//.. e N eo. 8m. eNw oeN $8 eoe. wwA . NA . . . . 6888.88 .882 >8Au >28 s88=zm . AiN we. wN. owN mAiA wN Nwe. ANe. w .. . 508888 .882 >888 8c 885:8 e N Aw. NN. weN NA‘. A em Nwe. eNe. w . . . 8888.88 .882 >888 38 =88A8m AiN mo. 88. 8% eo.A mw wee. woe. A .. . . . . . . 508888 .882 >83 888:?» AFN we. NA‘. ~88. oo. A wAA wee. oAA . A . . . . . . . . 888888 .882 >8? 5585 Aw . wo.o . . . . . . .. eNA . eAA eA ewe. eoe. A . . . . 1208258 .882 >988 use 830m A w eN.e .. . . . . . wNN . ewA oN ewe. oeA . A . . . . . 608.288 .882 >888 8c 830m _.w eweN 88.2 Ao wN.A w NeA. AwA. w 508888 .882 >83 635A A w 2.... Aow mwN 2; AAN woe. mNA. w ...........wu8t:8 .882 >28 830m 8AAo8 v.83: Axfi2ouLi8nA 880 Em 880 e880 88m 8252 880 88m 880 8855a 880 88m .880 26w ma 8 A 88:88 E 88m 885 88m 283m 88m 88m A288. Sm eo 832cm 928m 282cm 88.88am oAesAow 28.88am 64.88am 8.5m =88 .82 8882 28m. 823.. 28¢ 82834 E3. Afiom. 8238. 13cm. .982 , 2.33m QNMH MO 8:08 MO 8083584. 6N 838.8 N.» E. $4 g. 3» 2. 3Q 8». 2o. .28. o ........................=cwn=m :33 E2232 o.» 2.. »m.~ £4 3» <0. i.» i». m2. m8. w ..........82:_m.>~_~__%=3~ . wzom Eo:oQ-::E.3m 6mm m6 8. Q. 8. 3 8. EA w ma. 3o. H ......:cwQ=w.ucmw 35G ».o »o. 3. S. 8 »o. 2.4 a Se. 8Q. m .. duflczm 65v. 3:5 mzom @5225 w9_o_ou-:_ufim o.» on. No. 3. m2 »¢. 2.; m: 2a. m8. m .......................:owQ=m£82Bantam ~.» w»: 3. m». 8... Q. 2.4 M3 3o. m8. m ......................3£:a.E@o_32:25 ~.» in. H. on. a8 2.. 3A D m8. m8. i . . . . 1.5035 .822 328m 2E haztnw w.» 3. 3.. S. 2a 8. S; mm 5.. .28. i . . . . . . . éumtsw .52: .222; 2E 22.25am u.» 3. 3. S. ow 2. N». 8 3o. 3o. N ...................:ow~_=m6:8 2E 62.22am m.» 8. mo. 8. 3 8. 9.. Nu 5o. woo. N . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ...3~:=w .28» .25 hwwcraw Qwscflcowvlwzcw wcmi: BM “$0 5m “=60 ~50 Sm nofifia 280 3m $50 .2352 ~50 3m ~50 26w ma a 625a 2 2am 2E4 6m nwfiom 5m 3m 20¢ Em mo Bniom mamommam 032cm 55cm 22cm nwaaom 4348mm 28am 5w .O.Z.. oEwZ 2E9 B04 E04 252i 20¢ is.» o2€< a8.» e5 Z BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION mvOnwQmHQOUIQ-Hmflfm Auflm 03H m0 Q=O¢ wO OOQW~GQ< QMN 0-3.8? 64 6S CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS fiv-lNv-lNNv-‘NNP! NNNNNNNNINNNN N N (‘INN NQNNv-HOQWQv-4WVON Ih N -¢.--.- NYQNv-fl IN v-‘FIWQWQNNWNW NWWMM$M¢WID¢$ <9‘ W‘) WNOIN NIOWQONIOQQQNIDWM ‘F N INMNv-l III NNPlNv-lv-INMPIN v-wruoh-RFNNHQNN <1‘ 1-1 (‘INN GIIDWVJNIII¢FUNIOION If) v4 INVNNN -¢--.- N -- N01 '€'¢'7"> N w-l wINHNv2u hxmciaw . . . . . . E82 >UCGW o:€2=< . . . . . . fucmw o:tmE< . . 62mm one >552 o:€mE< .582 >20 32w 2FEE< . . . . . . . . 1:82 2:52:12. . . .E.NO_ >25 2E o:€2:< . . . 16E? us: 225:5.‘ . . . . .Em2 >20 OZTSWE< mzom @529. 8M . 25x2 35mm 2E wrwusumfl . . 1:52 >20 52m 222.2% . . . . . . . . . . . .E~2 uTSWEQSH . . 5E2 35mm 3E Ewcsumfi . . . . . . . .Ew2 >20 wzizmm .522 52,. 32w cmEzzm .Em2 35mm 2E c2515 . . . . .Ew2 >2u cmEzsm . .Emo_ 335m vac .5305 ..........Emo_>2u._oCcnH mmow @229. wP.o_ouL_.~wQ ma ammoawufi @225 E3‘ afiommum 22A .2225 2g 2.38m o>$¢< amnaom 2.22am 23. awfiom 28a 22 .85 3.8. 5w 6.22 26m .6 .02 oSwZ 2S8. 252m Swim 2U wo 23m ouav-nm we uuioflfiwmfloo uonoflaumv bis Bash. . ~..-a..r.....‘.»4\i»1i£»§ai 66 BULLETIN NO. S49, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION The red upland soils of the Amarillo and Springer series, with the exception of the; fine sand, have Grades 2 and 3 for total, acid-soluble, and active potash; in the finej sands, they have Grades 4 and S. The nitrogen, phosphoric acid, lime and magnesia >3 vary from Grades 2 to 5 and basicity from Grades 3 to 5. MOUNTAINS AND BASINS The Mountains and Basins region occupies mainly the Trans-Pecos area in the extreme western part of Texas, and covers over 17,000,000 acres in 10 counties. The elevation of the almost flat basins and plains sections ranges from 2,500 to 4,000 feet, and the adjacent mountains and roughlands are from 1,000 to 5,000 feet higher. The normal soils of the region are those which have been developed on the smooth surfaces of the basins and plains, covering about 12,500,000 acres. The soils are light-colored, very calcareous, contain little organic matter, have a pronounced open granular structure, and are underlain by a well-developed layer of calcium carbonate which is in some places accompanied by soft gypsum. Outline description of series Smooth soils of basins and plains: Ector soils: Light-brown or brown, calcareous, friable, stony surface with a light-brown or yellowish, calcareous, stony subsoil. Analyses and grades of con- stituents for Ector soils are given in Tables 19 and 20 for the Edwards Plateau. Reagan soils: Brown or light-brown, calcareous, friable surface with a light- brown or yellowish, calcareous, crumbly subsoil. Analyses and grades of con- stituents for Reagan soils are given in Tables 19 and 20 for the Edwards Plateau. Reeves soils: Light-brown, calcareous, friable surface with a light-brown or yellowish, calcareous, friable subsoil containing some gypsum. Verhalen soils: Brown or reddish-brown, calcareous, friable surface with a red or reddish-brown, calcareous, crumbly subsoil. Terrace soils: Anthony soils: Light-brown, very calcareous, friable surface with a yellow, calcareous, crumbly subsoil. Flat stream-bottom soils: Arno soils: Chocolate-red or dark-red, calcareous, friable surface and subsoil, both containing some salt. Balmorhea soils: Black or very dark-brown, calcareous, friable surface with a brown, calcareous, crumbly subsoil. Gila soils: Light-brown or grayish, calcareous, friable surface and subsoil, both containing some salt. Patrole soils: Gray calcareous, friable surface containing some salt, with a chocolate-red, dense, heavy, calcareous subsoil containing salt. Pecos soils: Brown or gray, calcareous, friable surface with a dark-gray or chocolate-red, calcareous subsoil containing gypsum and some salt. Toyah soils: Brown or dark-brown, calcareous surface and subsoil. 67 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS oflHnufl Han minus-own u: uHHom Ho uombn=< .m~ 22F -.-. ¢ 0Q. fi .- ..-.....-....-...UUG.~.=.-m JuHRNMUHMH-uflzo - a .- -.-.-..-....0U.Nwh5m JwQQwvN hnfiU .. H a .. .....-.-.~.-.-......ZQwD§mJANHUNHHU .. N .. -.-.....-.-.........UUN.:5m.>.N_O.NZO .4. HVO. a .. ...............ZOwQflmindie NUE-HOEHNQ .H~H..H +2 .34: m2. w: n: . m3. H .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.226 52o Fztoflswm 31H +3 e». HH eeu Ho m2 . $6. H . . . . . . . 503% 562 .85.... 2E 59> oE< eo. no.0 84. o» H3 n»e. +5. H . . . . . . dumtnw £52 35mm BE ~32, 05¢. N .. .-........ .. . . . . . éwOwfl-Jw JAN~U Oiu< N .. -..................UU.N.Y=.-wCANTvOHFTGH . . . . . wzom Eofionénwvbm 3E . . . . . . . Hm. 3. H 8. H »eH $2.. one. uHe. H . . . . 60.325 £32 2.5m >=w>m._m znosfidm . . ou. 3N nn. H wnH N2. woe. oHe. H . . . . . . . . 60.258 £82 2E3 2e >=o€=< . . 26w wuwboh n.w S 8 .HqH oe.o ooH ww ene. Nae. H . . . . . . . . HHomnsm 62am one EH32 cuEF-mq/ n. w S; 3.... H» 6 new 8H o8. eH H . u . . . . . . . .8226 65% 2E >Ea2 201213» ~ w o0. en.u one. Hne. H .. ....HHomn:m.Ewo_>w_u >=w>mHw cnxmsht/ u» no. nw. w». H one m» »H~e. owe. H . . . . . dumtuw £82 >20 >=~>§w GENSHQ.) o.» mH.H 8.» S... 13 oou HeH. woe. m .. .................:omQ:w ssu=~1w€~> w » mo. Hm.» ~».m Nno 2m ewe. H»e. n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62335 Sm? c2913, emw no. %. Hm wo.uH 2N o3 Hqoe. one. 2 . . . . . . . . .2396 .Ewo_ >20 3% mfiwum H w 8; w» .»H H.» .eH 2» N3 NnH . nwe. HH . . . . . . . . dowtsw .Emo_ >20 2a $56M m.» 0o. B.» NH.» o nwH nne. »He. H .. . . . . . . fuuweksm ficwm wE/wom . . . . . . . . »u. =3.» 2 .nH enH oH 25. one. H . . . . . . . . 1:03am 6:3 2E EH82 mguufl . . . . . . . uv. n0. H He. H 2A oH. m8. m8. H . . . . . . . . . dumfisw 6:3 2E >Emo_ 825M Omfi QON OmO. COO. a .. ..................=OmQHHm.EQO~ ww>wvwm COW QHW GOO. wmO. a .. ..................OUm.~.HHHm.EGO_mU>QUNH H .w enH en n3. nne. m . . . . . . . . . . . .2085 .Emo_ >su>mhm mv>vwM n. w wow w»H So. one. m . . . . . . . . . . . 6.31am E82 >=u>§w $35M m w e»~ mnH 85. one. H . . zowndw 5E2 hflcflm vac hZQ>NHM mo>uovH ».» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . owe. mwe. H . . vowfism .Em2 Zucmw on: >=w>mHm mu>ww~H ».» Hum 3H »»e. S... o . . . . . . . . . £023 5E2 3.2mm 9E mu>ow~H » . » n3. nHqu ewe. wne. c . . . . . . . . . 62226 .Emo_ 325w 2E mQ/QQMH WNQ. N .. .. ........ . Jmnewflflm AuGNw 08C mU>QUMm m.» e»~ i: wwe. nNe. u . . . . . . . . . . . . . dumehzw damn 2E $25M h-h fih WNO. W8. a .. .........-.......ZOmDH.Hw.v=Hw£UmU>0UNm M h Ow Oh MNO. wfiO. W .. .................UU.w~.HHHwJ:Hw£U wok/mum mcHmE wan wfiwmn Ho wmom 5005M 250 5m H5O H5O Hum HHBEE H3O 3m H5O noEHHz H5O Em H5O 36m mg 52.22 am was am 15cm am 5H 22 s» H. Bniow £23m Bniom agom mznfiom 53cm 64.3mm donm 5w d2 oSaZ 08a. 23H 23. 25: 33H wage o>$o< HSPH. .952 N O HI. T A T S T N E M I R E P X E m W “.5 8. 3.» .8 m m2 co. .. 9Q m3 8H . 2... H . . . . . . . . . . . . . dowfia .Ewo_ >8". 3:» .58. L N.» 8H 2.» E H Q8 E. o?» m; 2H. 8h H .. .. . 5.0131 éms Eu. 5% firm. U m.» cHH c» .H~ ~w N 2w mo. mm n :3 oNH. 96 H . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.20916 Emo- sfioe m.» 2.. 9. m 8m n; on. 3n 26 oHH. N8. H .............vumt:m.E=o_593B m . s. HZ 8 h w: a. 2 N as 2.. as. H ..............._sme_w .5... is E =25 . . +2 8 n fin B. HQN m 3 3H . Se. H . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3255 .Emc_ 3E3 2E _._a>o.H. Mu w.» M 3d w» H 8w w». No H. 2m 8;. o3. H .........:omn=¢ 6E2 >20 £83k @w4-; AaQ. é --.-- -.¢-.-¢..UUN%-=.-W.E.No» >N@U §N>oh S o . H. 8. H 3.2 2. HH c? 2.. H&.H Zn 3H . o8. u . . . . . . . . . . . . .355 .Emo_ 52o 3% 88m A H a mo H wwi .8 w 3m “o. 8 H mo». 2H . So. u . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03.5w £82 >30 3% mono.» X w.“ w... u 8.3 i HH m3 NHH 8 u m2 EH. 25. u ..........:¢B=mssvwoém m m.» S“ ~ 98S 0H 2 o8 8H we N m” “HH. 8Q ~ ..............oomv.=wSmimouum N . a Z H +2 2 HH How 8. S“ H we 2c. 2o H . . . . . . . . . . . 4625 £82 an? 32m 288m 9, m...“ Hu H +oH Hw H; S: at H». H HmH Ebm $9 H mmflmwmiam @162 Fm. 2% wHobmnH w. 3 fi fi H3 x m. fi W...“ w. M...» M “Mfimmmflmw o. w. i M... W3 WWW WNW. “M... M Hm QM“ Wm “w . . 6 H. mo . . . . . H m w m“ o QEHEHHHBUVIEHow EofionLcmohHw KPH I T m a. any“? “WM. 3%.“: ANNE Huh“. fiw a»? aw“... w“. 3% L Efizow nxfiwam @316 nfisom Bpiom nmfiom d<.8nm 3.3 5w dZ 252 ugh % 23 E3 9&3. E3 EH8. 0E3. =28. 6E2 uvacHuccU|muHwafi Him wnH-Banoz Ho wHHon Ho wo¢finq< flu 03am. 68 69 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS IIIvGXCQU-lv-i -.|-¢- Nv-n-QNN; NNn-u-u-u-a mo] Nu-ov-qwiv-nw-iv-cv-u-u-unflv-cv-IH OII-iv-(q-IQ-IQ-l NNNWN QIIIIGWQXFIwIQIQ-i (KICQ v-iwlQ-COII-II-lv-lv-lv-‘FII-lfiv-lv-IX OII-lwl w(Fl(\II4PlFlv-1I#Fi o»¢¢¢-¢. non-uno- 0:000:11 $QIIFIFIIOII WIFINNIflVJ "JNWWNNQH-l FIN NNfQNNv-lv-11—I<'O€‘NF|<'F4# -¢u-¢-¢- UPON IOWFQWWWIOWNVDQW Vi") NWFINNVDNDNNDNNPINNv-"l ¢IOWQ€WOIOIOFOVDQM lhlh ffllfli-lfifluflfilmfiflilfififfiffl") FIFO NI-(Q-‘NV-‘OMNONNI-‘Nii? "h-uQN-amwcwwldvlnwau N: .........E.Qo_>m_u >2? 493B -no-onoa-¢u-u-.E@°x:~>°F ........Emo_>wcwm us: smack .............Euo_>w_usuzoh .. . .E.mO~ 52o 32m mouum luIIOOIOQnc-ulononvhmiomouvm ........Ewo_ 52o >26 wNoSmnN ................Emo_uzmmzU ...........E.mON 328m vac maO ................w:mmw=cmzU cuulilllnlilitonovw>wiomiio nuoolcconlnIlolunoa-hdiumiiu I|IIOnIl0lIInt%-miowvnhog?mm . . . .282 hflfldm 2E 50> oE< -.-|n~n-¢¢-.-o--->.@7V°=k< mzom EONNOQIENQNM-m 3E . £82 35mm >=u>m§ >coauc< . . . . . £52 aNEaw vac >=os§< mac» ouutuh . . . . . dawn vac >Emo_ cowwnho> . . .52: >20 >522» zfimshrw ................>mNuuflmshfi/ . . . . . . . . =82 >20 3am mo>wo~N NEmmmo>wu~N . . . . . . . wcwm one >Em2 mu>oo~N .................Emo_mo>uu~N . . . . . . . . . 5x2 >=o>mkw mu>wuM 5E2 35mm vac >=u>§m 325M . . . . . . .Ewo_ human vac mo>wu~N .............w:mwo:c ww>oouN ................J:mzum~>ouvN mafia N28 mnmmmn N0 msom goon-w mm amuonmafi 28.8w 23. Inaafim N N N N N N N N N N N w N N N N N N N w. N~ N N N N N N N N N N N m N N N N N N N N. N~ N N N N n N. N m m N N N N N N N N N N N N N w N“ N N w N N m. N . . . . . . . . m N N N N N w N N. Nq 2E4 55cm =38m 2.36m o>$o< 032cm E94 E3‘ @525 13o? :2 .8...“ O>$0< 5w 6E2 sew No . o Z uflaz 2K9 258m N23 mGNauE-oz No nNNoo 095.23 No mudoflfiwmqoo No wouaumv 6N Bank. 2 S. 0.8 Q2 :9 2Q. Bo. to. ....................................:...mEsm$5 8 an 9S NS wS. <8. on 8 W8 #2 :5. 85. m8. 8c. . 86E “$6M 3 3 W2 W2 N8. 3... of» 3.» i... Se. 5W .-.--¢..-.-¢.--¢.-.-.¢¢-- ..@UHOQOQIQZM@A $5 .--..---.-.-..¢-.-.-.¢.-¢-.@~H.N@Q:.WvOMQ_QU|X-.NQ =HE 2.520 2m 3 Q 3o. woo. ......................................emém3:50 2 2 Q8 W8 3o. 3c. .8. m8. . we B... 2Q. mMQQEWH 30.5 33$ 3w S “.3 i5 Q8. £5. N8. 2o. .....................................£58m9:20 8. S 9%., fim» 0.3. m3. 8.» 8M» 2c. N8. N N N -¢--.¢--..----~.-..-.M:OUM.NU@NUH~°H~ ..-..-.---.---.......-...-.WS.OQM.NU~NU..UC.N—QD wfibmum ucwfiufim .--..-....--...--.-.-..>ku§fl.nvu WNNQP uwdm wiwu so. n+0. m7». and umo. mmo. W: Que. wmo. uoé... nu.» so. o8. umhmum uwwoU 2:0 23o £50 .Em 4cm “coo 23o “:3 Emu “ca... ucuu umfi 3a o2 E o2. E 3a “on 3a 3a ta Ba momma-w 33.5w zm . E H . 2 zownsw wuflgw somnaw oufitzw mownsm uumtuw vonuownm Bmumamu uExo 6v Eon oucwnuxv omonmmnnz uriwm hEaEw uionawonm 130k . BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Y3 I? V5 1?. £25 manna. no 258w 3Com n: fionuownu Bu: uficnauona was 5:398 owdanuno Face Jnoflawdnfi- .033 0E3 fibda-Bw fin 05am. 70 71 CIIEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS NNNNN NNNv-l NN N NN N NNFINN NNN NNN NNNN WQWWQ‘ WWQ") NN N W") f‘) ")NN")") NFlv-l v-h-n-l NNNV) lhlhlfllhlf) ")<'Q'") v4") Pl ")") ") ")")N|.wo=§ . . . 6:2 5.83 JMSOMIGOrCU> . . . . . UHQOWIIUOUmOM~I|QOQMMQ< 28E mcEoM . . . . v52 E53 nmzomluouum . . . 65: 33$ nusom|mhoiw> . . 6:2 zcoum smsomnlcoucwfi swfifim wuhmBuH . . . . . . gonmfi “Eomlmxmfioq . . . . . . . . . . dwowsZlcmccohm - - - . . u - o . -.NQ.NQ.WNIIIXOT~U>.NE . HE§>I_Q>=Q . . . . a=vholww=oolwwhadum> =25 wwiuo 2M . . . . . mowwcuwwomlomcmchonwmk Ewmm 193.80 éutmmum UOuEPZ||uwuO£QUGP§ . . . . . . . eokswzlumkoggfiaws --- »-.-- |¢-¢n-.- mhwnErw mmohU 6P5 . . . 13mm cwwlaogcvfl wtwfim @520 . . . . . fioxuEU|=owF5 . . . . . éowzglmowmaoi muimmkm wcmfififim ............no~mo>_mU ...............mvCmI . . - v - . -Aw.NM|ll>U~iU°m . . dcwwlwwiwsu 9E4 otwtm 3x00 2:0 . vzotozlmwnuovwoumZ . . . . . . . dwwmwiocwvm . zmsnwsoscwswicwxwsq . . . . . . . BBQMTIEZMM . . . . . Jzrozlitmm >555U uUQEWF wmxou. gnaw Ex> mm ESQmaE Qzzow E04 zfioium v85. 2.32m 29¢ fisfi o>$¢< ASSm ozsaw E3. £32m 33B 22 2i 8:2 5w 62E 9:50 mow N $5 E 330A w3< unflcuw :3 anew-a.» we mien 003.25 5 wufiofiuflmflcu no Q3329 Q ~38. N O .1 T A T s T N E M T. R E P X E m U T L U C T. R G A S A X E T 9. 4 5 0. N N T. T E L L U B 72 M M n m A N fi fi N W . - . - . . . - . . . . . . - - -.Q-.-QUUHN1%II|UUQNMO OE N fi fi fl _ é fi @ M fi - - - - . . . . . ~ - --u-Q¢-Q¢-.§N>OH|IILNQSkOETNm é fi w fl # fi M fl N Q . . - - -¢¢-. Q - - - IIOOII Q - u - . .._G:o|=Uwr-:-Nm N a m N m N N M M N ..-..-..-.....-...--.2NCOU\—.|JZ.~Qw.|Om-um N N N N N N N N N N .... .... ...........~_2_N>Is_=2 um § fi fi € X $ m m x m . ¢ u ¢ u au.onoun-nu.ounnaoo}iim khmgvhf%%w N. N N N N . N N N n N é =gmhmwflz fi N N N N N. n > v fi fi w w u a n m w . . . . . . . . . . . . ..N3mBu.Nm|v=w_ 525m smsom U< Namath-own UGN wfimmm ammvuwafi 25A 38cm E3. 22 . u mg @226 Nzoim .._._=_¢m £20m @325 =5.» 3a éfi 5N 9.80 =8 “mm u“ 22 22 o>su< 22 =32. 0E2 _s§ égz 82 fluflflmuqoUluaN-ouu =QU mfloia> n0 0:00 QUGwkQ-O n: QEHOQHmHDQOO m0 -®N Omfifl-F CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS 73 Composition of soil types The average composition of the soil types is given in Table 25 and grades of constituents of the surface soils in Table 26. Most of the soils have Grades 1 and 2 for active phosphoric acid, total, acid-soluble and active potash, acid-soluble lime and magnesia, basicity, and reaction (pH). Most of the soils have Grades 3, 4, and 5 for nitrogen, and Grades 1, 2, and 3 for total phosphoric acid, although 5 types in the Reeves series have Grades 4 and 5 in this constituent. These soils are all in the arid region of the state, and moisture, rather than capacity of the soils to supp y plant food elements, is the determining factor in crop production. OTHER CONSTITUEN TS OF THE SOILS The soil constituents considered heretofore are those to which we have given the most attention. A number of analyses to which we have given less extensive attention have also been made. These include sulphur, manganese, ferric oxide, total exchange capacity, and phosphoric acid absorbed. With the exception of ferric oxide, these constituents have been discussed in detail in other bulletins (2, 29, 36, 44, 46, 53). Many more soils have been analyzed for nitrogen, phos- phoric acid, potash, and lime than for these constituents. A brief summary of the data is therefore all that is given in the following sections. The data are given n Table 27. Sulphur A detailed study of the needs of Texas soils for sulphur has been reported by the Division of Chemistry (36, 53), while a study of the effect of sulphur on the yield of certan crops has been reported by the Division of Agronomy (56). With the exception of the soils of the Blackland Prairies and the alluvial soils of the Gulf Coast Prairie and the Rolling Plains, the average sulphur (as S03) content is below .030 per cent. Very few crop increases were secured by the addition of sulphur to Texas soils under greenhouse conditions or in the field. Insofar as crop growth is concerned, very few Texas soils are deficient in sulphur. Such a deficiency may, however, deveTop in the course of years. Sulphur s brought down by rain in appreciab e quantities, and is contained in ordinary fertilizers. Hence sulphur is supplied at the same time as nitrogen or phosphoric acid in fertilizers. Ferric oxide The average iron content calculated to ferric oxide is given in Table 27. The soils of the East Texas Timber Country and the light-colored soils of the Rio Grande Plain contain smaller percentages of ferric oxide than soils of the other groups. However, no particular symptoms of a lack of available iron in plants grown inthese regions has ever been noted, and it is probable that all Texas soils contain sufficient quantities of iron for satisfactory crop growth. Chlorosis due to IIISUffiCIEIIt iron taken up by the plants may develop in limestone soils. The lime seems to prevent the iron from being effective in some spots. Manganese The results of a detailed study of manganese in Texas soils have been presented elsewhere (2). Some averages for the several soil groups of the State show that 74 BULLETIN NO. S49, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION alluvial soils in general contain more manganese than corresponding upland soils. The calcareous upland soils of the Blackland Prairies contain the most manganese and the soils of the High Plains, the least. Very few Texas soils respond to the addition of manganese. Total exchange capacity The total exchange capacities of a large number of Texas soils, determined by leaching with neutral, normal ammonium acetate solution, have been given (46). Some phases of the importance of exchange capacity have been discussed in detail (44, 46, 48, 50) elsewhere. The average total exchange capacities of a number of soil groups are given in Table 27. In general, alluvial soils have higher exchange capacity than upland soils of the corresponding area, and calcareous soils have higher exchange capacities than noncalcareous soils. East Texas Timber Country soils have the lowest exchange capacities, while the Blackland Prairies soils have the highest. The Grand Prairie has calcareous soils whose exchange capacities are only slightly smaller than those of the soils of the Blackland Prairies. The other geographical areas have soils whose average exchange capacities are slightly greater than those of the East Texas Timber Country, but considerably smaller than those of the soils of the Blackland Prairies. Phosphoric acid absorbed The capacity of the soil to absorb phosphoric acid from a solution with which it is placed in contact has been discussed in some detail in earlier Bulletins (27, 29) and the study is being continued. When the percentage of phosphoric acid absorbed by a soil increases, the capacity of the soil to provide available phosphoric acid to the plant may decrease. Soils which fix or absorb a high percentage of phos- phoric acid may require larger amounts of phosphoric fertilizer to produce a given increase in yield, since both the soil and the plant are competing for the phosphoric acid added to the soil. The average percentages of phosphoric acid absorbed by the soils of several geographic areas are given n Table 27. The light, sandy soils of the upland surface soils of the East Texas Timber Country are lowest, while the heavy calcareous soils of the Blackland Prairies are highest, with the soils of the other areas absorbing about 5O per cent. The subsoils usually absorb much larger quantities than do the corresponding surface soils. The surface alluvial soils usually absorb much more phosphoric acid than do the surface upland soils of the same region, and the differences between the quantities absorbed by the surface soils as compared with the subsoils are usually much smaller with the alluvial soils than with the upland soils. AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF SURFACE SOILS OF TEXAS BY GENERALIZED AREAS It seemed desirable to secure a general idea of the composition of the surface soils of the various regions of Texas. In such a general grouping, only the broad average outlines can be given. Deviations from the average of the various soil types given in the preceding sections must be allowed for. Still greater variations are to be expected when general maps are presented. The composition is indicated by the grade given the quantity of the constituent concerned. The map of the various areas covered by different groups of soil series CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS 75 of Texas (Figure 2) was used as a basis. The grades of the constituents in soil types in each area as given in the preceding tables were studied and the average grade which should be given to each constituent in each area shown in Figure 2 was estimated. Some types of a higher grade and some of a lower grade than that decided upon were usually present. The important extensive types were given the most weight in the decision. The classification of each soil group area by grade is given in Table 28. Alluvial soils are not included except where they occupy extensive areas. After the grades for the constituents of all the soil group areas had been decided upon, these grades were mapped upon the base map (Figure 1). In this process many of the divisions between the areas disappeared. New maps were then drawn showing the outlines of the areas having the various grades of each constituent. The maps so prepared are Figures 3 to 12, inclusive, and are discussed briefly below. Total nitrogen Grading of the areas with respect to total nitrogen is shown in Figure 3. The Enterprise sands group on the High Plains is the only area given Grade 5. The East Texas Timber Country, West Cross Timbers, and parts of the Rio Grande Plain, High Plains, and Mountains and Basins region average Grade 4. The Central SHIN. HJNS. OCH/L LIPS UICIL 75 IMAM Dlill 77 GRAY WHEE. asu/m mun Ann. now. covm nu as! mm ems. mu. c111. 3 41.: wro or. con 1% a =1 /c 4 i n Q r "e 4 C CRO: ICII. KING 4m, unm cn. 0N‘ 6‘ 1"“ _ g / °"" . z/vr r .1 ‘ "’ "i"! 645$ E,» l GAIN m scun 1 mc rz 4 ' * W000!’ ~ N 5 lf/y mnvs r “'5 1 n A us 1. “pm "Us m w - nc nsanunsrzm wens-n o, 70R 11:13am can: Ru/wv co s a°5 ANDF-R- nEL. § t t rmco. in y L 5L u WAR mag - \~ i ll ,3, mr/ou 6°“- °“ Lg)" "o ‘*5: T» i4 D Q u Q \, \\\ 0M5 61°" c ocn r or um. 5 w’ l“ d“ 1 (- If Q "YQ/ w ‘Q p”! o,’ surrou m1 5/010 q‘, 1 LL 7044,, out VALl/ER sum/w um E q? _ , . ‘v 541w d’ Q.’ z unto: ‘i A " < 4r . ' i» F‘ 14w‘ ta: 1o u, ‘v\ 9 < w. “pl 2 (if .4 r a ‘M. F2 a‘? c? ' 4 5-3 _ me _ P . 41¢‘. t‘ NI]! '0 Q" 4m r106 a W; 5 sunk. v a Y l 2 scan-smart mus ' o 2o 4o so so I00 Figure 3. Total nitrogen in upland surface soils. Grade 5, 0 to .030 per cent (deficient); Grade 4, .031 to .060 (often deficient); Grade 3, .061 to .120 (sometimes deficient); Grade 2, .121 to .180 (good); Grade 1, .181 and up (high). 76 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Basin, Gulf Coast Prairie, the remainder of the Rio Grande Plain, and the Ector i - soils of the Edwards Plateau average Grade 3. Rainfall in these western areas is i probably a much more important limiting factor for the growth of crops than is the supply of available nitrogen. The Grand Prairie, the calcareous soils of the Blackland Prairies, and the most of the Edwards Plateau have Grade 2. A few small areas along the coast and a small area of alluvial soil in Cameron and Hidalgo Counties have Grade 2. No area of the state is sufficiently high in nitrogen _to receive Grade 1. There are, however, individual soil types having this grade. Active phosphoric acid and total phosphoric acid A large part of Texas has Grade 5 for active phosphoric acid (Figure 4) which is the lowest grade. Exceptions are the soils of the Mountains and Basins region having Grade 3, and an area of alluvial soils in the southern tip of the Rio Grande Plain in Hidalgo and Cameron Counties having Grade 1. Where a considerable quantity of lime is in the soil, such as in the Blackland Prairies, a low quantity of active phosphoric acid is not nearly so important, insofar as crop yields or response to phosphatic fertilization is concerned, as where the quantity of lime is also low. Acfive 5 Pb asp/r oric A aid SCALE-STATUTE IILIS “ O Z0 40 W O9 DO Figure 4. Active phosphoric acid in upland surface soils. Grade 5. 0 to 30 parts per million (deficient); Grade 4, 31 to 100 (often deficient); Grade 3. 101 to 200 (sometimes deficient); Grade 2, 201 to 400 (good); Grade 1, 401 parts per million and up (high) CHEMICAL COMPOSITION UF SOILS OF TEXAS 77 DALLAM sn: Ans. ocn nmnnuoon n 5m omu mm HAN n e01, PAR as! m 5. HALL cm. AL w or. corn 6%? \__., 94195;‘ “W. Q s ='~' m"- HM c or. m/va w’, amen cu. o” Q4 L‘ ‘a’ o "I: .LYNN [NT I0 <11 rnnuc Ac" W’ UJ “OFF i”! C455 cunts our n scunr/sn JONES m: z m 4R 4 » ' f -"°°°uP "N Mnnms I u/rcq/vo fAYL c4 cnsn" U‘ "Us 5 . ENDER. \‘ . Lmsowunsrzm ULBERSN L0 w~l u»: 1-4 srmconz RUNN. C0 i o D05 AN R ca m o ‘N I "a I“; I‘ y 5L L S: 3 ran nus. [RIM Co,“ coal l‘ o“ n0" 44”‘ "3 w a ' \ Q u < \. r, \\\ \- . “p5 6P5 c ocnzrr scale/am um, 5 3 R 9" r09 us“ e0’ 1 gf° t LLANO (‘a ‘ i‘ w’ . pfiQ/o 0a‘ surro/v must: ‘v v x0 i‘, ran/rut 514,15” 594w ‘f, up )~ . *3» VALVERDE comws xznn 4b k _ \I" emu l)“ \ Qua/Aw: ' 3' 4p i 1A <, 6 ms’. JAVALLA rn/a ed‘ ~ Q . mun/r LASAL’ um. 2°‘? e? ' 9 WEBB ’ p n r¢/_ _ Phosphoric Acid ~ we '0 § § men scALz-swurz mus I o 2o 4o so so loo we‘; é E Figure 5. Total phosphoric acid in upland surface soils. Grade S. 0 to .025 per cent; Grade 4, .026 to .050; Grade 3, .051 to .100; Grade 2, .101 to .150; Grade 1. .151 per cent and up. Total phosphoric acid in Texas soils (Figure 5) is generally of Grades 1 to 3, although the Hockley-Katy group of soils in the Gulf Coast Prairie region has Grade S. The East Texas Timber Country, Rio Grande Plain, West Cross Timbers, the High Plains in West Texas with the exception of the Enterprise sands (Grade 5), and the noncalcareous upland soils of the Crockett-Wilson group in the Black- land Prairies have Grade 4. The soils of the High Plains area and the Rio Grande Plain area probably contain sufficient phosphoric acid to produce the maximum crops which can be produced with the limited supply of moisture available in that region where irrigation is not used. The remainder of the state, including the Grand Prairie, Central Basin, Edwards Plateau, Rolling Plains, the Trans-Pecos, or Moun- tains and Basins regions, and the calcareous soils of the Blackland Prairies, has Grade 3 for total phosphoric acid. Active potash, acid-soluble potash, and total potash Active potash, the portion of the potash of the soil most closely related to crop growth, is mapped in Figure 6. There is no area of Grade 5, and only the Enter- prise sands group of the High Plains and the Hockley-Katy group of the Gulf Coast 78 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Acfive Pofash s scAtl-su 7U?! HILLS iii O 2O 4O 6O 6O DO Figure 6. Active potash in upland surface soils. Grade 5. 0 to 50 parts per million (deficient); Grade 4. S1 to 100 (often deficient); Grade 3. 10_1 to 200 (sometimes deticient); Grade 2, 201 to 400 (good); Grade l, 401 parts per million and up (high) Prairie have Grade 4. Soils of the East Texas Timber Country and the Grand Prairie have Grade 3. The remainder of the state is quite high in active potash, with large areas having Grade 1. i Acid-soluble potash is mapped in Figure 7. The light, sandy soils of the East Texas Timber Country and the Enterprise sands of the High Plains have Grade 5. The Lufkin-Susquehanna group of soils in the East Texas Timber Country, the soils of the Grand Prairie, and the Hockley-Katy group of the Gulf Coast Prairie have Grade 4. Most of the Edwards Plateau has Grade l. The remainder of the state has either Grade 2 or Grade 3. Total potash is mapped in Figure 8. No area has Grade 5. The light, sandy soils of the East Texas Timber Country and the Lake Charles-Edna group of the Gulf Coast Prairie are the only areas having Grade 4. The remainder of the areas in the humid region of the state, in the Rio Grande Plain, and the Vernon soils of the Rolling Plains have Grade 3. The Edwards Plateau and the High Plains have Grade 2, while most of the Mountains and Basins region has Grade 1. With the exception of the light sandy soils of the East Texas Timber Country and the Lake i s 3 E i . ...-..L.ivz.tséamx~.limn hi.‘ viw M.” CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS 79 AciJ-fo/Uib/é Pofalb Figure 7. Acid-soluble potash in upland surface soils. Grade 5, 0 to .10 per cent; Grade 4, .11 to .20; Grade 3, .21 to .40; Grade 2, .41 to .80; Grade 1, .81 per cent and up. SCALZ-STATUYE nus \ _ u o :0 on on so no Charles-Edna group of the Gulf Coast Prairie, the soils of Texas are high in total potash. Acid-soluble lime, basicity, and acidity Acid-soluble lime (Figure 9) in the soils of Texas is relatively high. The East Texas Timber Country, the Amarillo sands and Enterprise soils of the High Plains, and the Brennan-Nueces group of the Rio Grande Plain have Grade 4. The West Cross Timbers, the Wilson-Crockett group of the Blackland Prairies, and a few very small areas elsewhere in the state have Grade 3. The remainder of the state has either Grade 1 or 2. Basicity of Texas soils (Figure 10) is, in general, relatively high, except the East Texas Timber Country and the West Cross Timbers soils which have Grade 5. The principal area having Grade 4 is the Hockley-Katy group of the Gulf Coast Prairie. A large part of the High Plains and Rio Grande Plain, the Wilson-Crockett group of the Blackland Prairies, and the Lake Charles-Edna group of the Gulf Coast Prairie have Grade 3, while the remainder of the state has Grade 1 or 2. 80 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Practically all of the state has Grade 2 for intensity of acidity (pH) of the soil i (Figure 11). A considerable part of the Trans-Pecos area and the Maverick- _; Zapata group of the Rio Grande Plain have Grade 1. Figure 11 should be studied i Tafd/ Pofash 4 ‘iiwfilil WQifii; SCALZ~STA7UTE IILIS Figure 8. Total potash in upland surface soils. Grade 5. 0 to .30 per cent; Grade 4, .31 to 60; Grade 3, .61 to 1.20; Grade 2, 1.21 to 1.80; Grade 1 1.81 per cem and up. in conjunction with Figure 10, giving the basicity of the areas. For example, while the soils of the East Texas Timber Country are at present practically neutral (Grade 2), the basicity of these soils is so low (Grade 5) that after continued cropping, particularly with the use of acid-forming fertilizers, the soil may become sufficiently acid to require liming for certain crops. A slight degree of acidity is beneficial to many crops. Acid-soluble magnesia Acid-soluble magnesia (Figure 12) is relatively high in mostof the soils. The Enterprise sands group in the High Plains is the only area of the State which is CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS 81 sufficiently low in magnesia to have Grade 5, and only the soils of the East Texas Timber Country and a few small areas along the Gulf of Mexico have Grade 4. I JHER HJNS OCH! LIPS N MITCH Ill”; DIMI GRAY WHEE, RSI/TH RAND ARI '60. ALE LDYD O7. C077. as: msn ems. mu cm. u 3 0 \ /c i ”- ‘P. 4- uu. cnos 1c». KING M, 1m . l “#4 _ ‘o’ I: 04K nvr ro mnoc “i” "’ i m ‘ 6155 scu/t .10/v s m rz " "w" W’ . nus m‘! 1r u u usn _ END“ "Us M i - n: use nuosrcm 11m 6L nu/v i m‘ 0'95 t ND“ Am H! - - Q ‘ WLLN- m u . a m, colv . ‘p? w,“ "° 4's, 15 \ ¥ o5 - "I op.” . 0* P5 n9 cnocn r call/or um. § 0* t" " =- 1!‘ i '40 w ‘Q’ t o, _ surro/v m 1 m, ‘Io/O c‘ mu: rm” _ do 1s v zomwos 44} ' r r mu d‘ _ r9 v 2 unwz z ' 3 mm A /o “f, ‘y 1 u a £8 y R Acid-Joluble 3 LiMQ z “ i _- | 020606060100 Figure 9. Acid-soluble lime in upland surface soils. Grade S. 0 to .10 per cent; Grade 4, .11 to .20; Grade 3, .21 to .40; Grade 2, .41 to 2.00; Grade 1 2.01 per cent. and up. The soils of the West Cross Timbers and the Central Basin and part of the Rio Grande Plain have Grade 3. All the remaining areas of the state have either Grade 1 or 2. 82 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Anna . . fr. ~ 1 Fm . m: I l? gflglguzfiliy w . -0 A I,‘ I3 ljlfili ~ l3 I1 Figure 10. Basicity of upland surface soils. Grade 5, 0 to .30 per cent; Grade 4, .31 to .60; Grade 3, .61 to 2.00; Grade 2, 2.01 to 5.00; Grade 1, 5.01 per cent and up. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF‘ TEXAS 83 SCALZ-SIATLHZ MILES O 2O 4O 6O 0O I00 Figure 11. Intensity of acidity or alkalinity (pH) of upland surface soils. Grade 2, pH 6.1 to pH 7.5 (practically neutral); Grade 1, pH 7.6 and up (alkaline). 84 BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION DIN 3 Acid -J'oluble Magnesia SCALl-SYATUYE HILLS 0 20 40 6O 00 I00 Figure 12. Acid-soluble magnesia in upland surface soils. Grade 5. 0 to .07 per cent; Grade 4, .08 to .15; Grade 3, .16 to .30; Grade 2, .31 to .60; Grade 1 61 per cent and up. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF TEXAS 85 SUMMARY The average chemical composition of soils of about 100 of the most important soil series in Texas is presented and discussed. These averages are derived from the analyses of several thousand samples of soils. The constituents of these soils are classified in five grades, according to the quantity present, Grade 1 being the highest and Grade 5 the lowest grade. The grades have been designated in such a way as to carry the highest possible significance permitted by the present state of our knowledge. Nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash are most likely to be deficient for plant growth when the quantities of total nitrogen, the active phosphoric acid and the active potash in the soil have Grade 5. Grade 1 for these constituents indicates that the soils are quite ‘fertile provided the physical and environmental factors are also favorable for plant growth. The soils are more likely to become acid when the basicity of lime has Grade 5, and soils with the degree of acidity expressed by pH of Grade 5 will certainly need liming. Soils of Grade 1 or 2 in lime or basicity will probably not need liming. The composition of the soil types of the Gulf Coast Prairie, East Texas Timber Country, the Blackland Prairies, the Grand Prairie, the West Cross Timbers, the Central Basin, the Rio Grande Plain, the Edwards Plateau, the Rolling Plains, the High Plains, and the Mountains and Basins, as well as classifications of their constituents by grades, are given in a number of tables. The average composition in sulphur, ferric oxide, manganese, total exchange capacity, and phosphoric acid absorbed are given for some of the areas. Maps showing the prevailing grades of the constituents of the upland surface soils in the various parts of the State are given for total nitrogen, active phosphoric acid, total phosphoric acid, active potash, acid-soluble potash, total potash, acid- soluble lime, basicity, acidity, and acid-soluble magnesia. These maps show that Texas has large areas of soils low in phosphoric acid and nitrogen, as well as some areas high in these constituents. Areas low in potash are smaller than those low in nitrogen and phosphoric acid and the areas high in potash are larger. The western part and the extreme southern part of the state are usually higher in nitro- gen, phosphoric acid and potash than the eastern part. In general, Texas soils are well supplied with lime. Areas high in lime are found in the central and western parts of the state. Some areas in the eastern part of the state are low in lime, and some_ of the soils of these areas may become sufficiently acid to require liming. Texas soils are not likely to be deficient in magnesia, iron, or manganese. Alluvial soils (not shown on the map) are better supplied with plant food than are upland soils of the same region. ' REFERENCES 1. Biilmann, E., and Torborg—-]ensen. S. 1927. On the determination of the reaction of soils by means of the quinhydrone electrode. Trans. Second Commission. International Soc. Soil Sci. B: 237. 2. Carlgglel, E. C. 1931. Manganese in Texas soils and its relation to crops. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. u . 432. Carolus, R. L., and Brown, B. E. 1935. Truck crop investigations——Magnesium deficiency. I The value of magnesium compounds in vegetable production in Virginia. Virginia Truck Expt. Sta. Bul. 89. Carter, W. T. 1931. The Soils of Texas. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 431. Dorman, C. 1933. A comparative study of cropped and Virgin soils. Soil Science, 36:101. Fratlgs, 1G. S. 1907. The composition and properties of some Texas soils. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. u . 99. Fraps, G. S. 1909. The chemical composition of some soils of Angelina, Brazoria, Cameron, Cherokee, Delta, Lamar, Hidalgo, Lavaca, Montgomery, Nacogdoches, Robertson, Rusk, Webb, and Wilson counties. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 12S. T‘ 95"!“ 86 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 4S. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52.. S3. BULLETIN NO. 549, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION REFERENCES-Continued Fraps, G. S. 1909. Active phosphoric acid and its relation to the needs of the soil for phosphoric: acid in pot experiments. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 126. Fraps, G. S. 1912. The active potash of the soil and its relation to pot experiments. Tex. Agr.? Expt. Sta. Bul. 145. . Fraps, G. S. 1912. Relation of the total nitrogen of the soil to its needs as shown in pot experi- ments. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 151. ~ Fraps, G. S. 1913. The composition of the soils of South Texas. Tex. Expt. Sta. Bul. 161. Frarg, 1Gi7S1. 1914. Losses of moisture and plant food by percolation. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. u . . - Fraps, G. S. 1915. Tex. Agr. Expt.? The composition of the soils of the Texas Panhandle. i Sta. Bul. 173. g Frarg, GE 1179815. Effect of additions on availability of soil phosphates. Tex. Agr. Expt.‘; ta. u . . 1 Frapss, GBSI. 1195146. Cooperative fertilizer experiments with corn. 1908-1914. Tex. Agr. Expt.; ta. u . . ‘ Effects of additions on the availability of soil potash and the preparations? Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 190. f. Soils of Grayson, Lee, McLennan, Titus, and Tyler counties. Tex. Agr.} Fraps, G. S. 1916. of sugar humus. Fraps, G. S. 1916. Expt. Sta. Bul. Fraps, G. S. 1917. Fraps, G. S. 1917. Bul. 213. Fraps, G. S. 1918. Irish potatoes. Fraps, G. S. 1919. Fraps, G. S. 1919. Agr. Expt. Sta. Fraps, G. S. 1920. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 267. , Fraps, G. S. 1921. Relation of soil nitrogen, nitrification and ammonification to pot experiments. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 283. Fraps, G. S. 1921. Availability of potashin some soil-forming minerals. Tex. Agri. Expt. Sta. Bul. 284. Fraps, G. S. 1922. Availability of some nitrogenous and phosphatic materials. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 287. ' Fraps, G. S. 1922. The effect of rock phosghate upon the corn possibility of phosphoric acid 192. Principles of Agricultural Chemistry. Chemical Publishing Co. é_ Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. The composition of the soils of south central Texas. Cooperative fertilizer experiments with cotton, corn, sweet potatoes and Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 235. The needs of Texas soils for lime. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 243. Composition of the soils of Archer, Franklin, and Harrison counties. ~ Tex. p B111. 244. The relation of the phosphoric acid of the soil to pot experiments. Tex. of the soil. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 28 . . Frarés, GBSI Soils of Bell, Jefferson, Smith, Taylor, and Webb counties. Tex. Agr. Expt. ta. u . . Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 304. Fraps, G. S. 1922. The fixation of phosphoric acid by the soil. Tex. Agr. Fraps, G. S. 1924. The soils of Brazos, Camp, Ellis, and Washington counties. Expt. Sta. Bul. 316. S GBSI. The effect of cropping upon the active potash of the soil. Tex. Agr. Expt. ta. u . . Fraps, G. S. 1926. The soils of Eastland, El Paso, Lubbock, and San Saba counties. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 337. Fraps, G. S. 1927. Relation of the potash removed by crops to the active, total, acid-soluble potash of the soil. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 355. Fraps, G. S. 1928. The soils of Bowie, Denton, Freestone, and Red River counties. Fraps, G. S. 1929. Relation of the water-soluble potash. the replaceable, and acid-soluble potash to the potash removed by crops in pot experiments. Tex. Agr. Sta. Bul. 391. Fraps, G. S. 1930. Possibilities of sulphur as a soil amendment. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 414. Fraps, G. S. 1931. The fertilizing value of greensand. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 428. Fraps, G. S., 1931. The chemical composition of soil of Cameron, Coleman, Dallas, Erath, Harris, Reeves, Rockwall, and Tarrant counties. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 430. Fraps. G. S. 1932. Chemical composition of soils of northwest and west central Texas. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 443. Fraps, G. S. 1932. Availability to plants of potash in polyhalite. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 449. Fraps, G. S. 19x33. Soils of Henderson, Hidalgo, Milam, Nacogdoches, Navarro, Wichita, Willacy and Victoria counties. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 482. Fraps. G. S., Asbury,, S. E., and Ogier, T. L. 1936. Commercial fertilizers in 1935-36. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 529. Fraps, G. S., and Carlyle, E. C. 1929. The basicity of Texas soils. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 400 Fraps, G. S., and Fudge, J. F. 1932. Relations of buffer capacity for acids to basicity and ex- changeable bases of the soil. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 442. Fraps, G. S., and Fudge, J. F. 1933. Rapid chemical methods for the estimation of the capacity of the soil to supply phosphoric acid to plants. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 25:217. Fraps, G. S., and Fudge, J. F. 1935. Base-exchange properties of some typical Texas soils. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 520. Fraps, G. S., and Fudge, J. F. 1935. Relation of the occurrence of cotton root rot to the chemical composition of soils. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 522. Fraps, G. S., and Fudge J. F. 1936. The effect of sulfur and sulfuric acid upon the development of soil acidity at different depths. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 28:1012——1016. Fraps, G. S., and Fudge, J. F. 1936. Soils of Collin, Frio, Galveston, Midland, Potter, and Van Zandt counties and the Trans-Pecos area. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 533. Fudge, J. F. 1934. Mathematical relations between total exchange capacity and absorption of ammonium and potassium by soils. Soil Science, 40-269. Hilgard, E. W. 1906. Soils—Their formation, properties, composition, and relations to climate and plant growth. Macmillan Company, New York. t Jenny, H. 1930. A study on the influence of climate upon the nitrogen and organic matter content of the soils. Mo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Research Bul. 152. * Lomanitz, S. 1922. The needs of the soils of Brazos and Jefferson counties for sulphur. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 302. Tex. Agr. Tex. Tex. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF’ TEXAS 87 REFERENCES~Continued Pierre, W. H. 1928. Nitrogenous fertilizers and soil acidity: I Efifect of various nitrogenous fertilizers on soil reaction. J our. Amer. Soc. Agron. 20:254. Reynolds, E. B. 1928. Experiments with fertilizers on rotated and non-rotated crops. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 390.. Reynollds, E. B. 1930. The effect of sulphur on yield of certain crops. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. u . 408. Reynolds, E. B. 1931. A chemical and microbiological study of Lufkin, fine sandy loam in relation to productiveness. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 421. Reyréollds, E. B.,and Wyche, R. H. 1929. Fertilizers for rice in Texas. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta u 398 Reynolds, B., McNess, G. T., Hall, R. A., Johnson, P. R., Stansel, R. H., Dunlavy, H., and Morris, H. F. 1932. Fertilizer experiments with cotton. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 469._ Skinner, W. W. et al. Oflicial and tentative methods of analysis of the Association of Official Tex. Agricultural Chemists. Washington, D. C 61. Wiley, H. W. 1899. Fourth Edition. Methods of analysis. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Bul. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 46, Revised Edition, Division of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. INDEX TO THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND GRADES OF CONSTITUENTS OF THE SOIL SERIES Pages Pages Abilene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54, 57, 60 Lomalta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 50. 53 Acadia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 24, 28 Lufkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 2S, 29 Amarillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62, 63, 6S Maverick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46, 49, 52 Amite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21, 24, 28 Miguel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46, 48, 52 Anthony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66, 67, 69 Miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 17, 19, 56 Arno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66, 67, 69 Milam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40, 41, 43 Balmorhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66, 67, 69 Miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56, S8, 60 Bastrop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36, 41, 43 Morse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 25, 29 Bell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..31, 32, 33, 35, 36 Myatt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..22, 26, 29 Bibb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 26, 29 Nacogdoches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21, 23, 2g Bienville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21, 24, 28 Nimrod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36, 41, 43 Blanco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 50, S3 Norfolk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..21, 23, 23 Bowie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..21, 23, 28 Nueces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..47, 49, 52 Brackett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 37, 39 Ochlockonee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 17, 19, 22, 40 Brennan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 49, 52 Oktibbeha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 25, 29 Caddo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21, 23, 28 Orangeburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21, 23, 2g Cahaba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 24, 28 Orelia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46, 48, 52 Calumet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56, 58, 60 Patrole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66, 68, 69 Cameron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 50, 53 Pecos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66, 68, 69 Catalpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31, 33, 35, 36, 40 Pedernales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40, 44, 45 Crawford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 37, 39 Pledger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 18, 20 Crockett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31, 33, 35 Point Isabel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 50, 53 Crowley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 16, 19 Pontotoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40, 44, 45 Darnoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37, 39 Portland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 27, 30 Delfina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46, 49, 52 Potter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62, 63, 65 Denton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37, 39 Pullman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..62, 63, 65 DeWitt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 2.5, 29 Randall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62, 64, 65 June Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62, 64, 65 Raymondville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 51, 53 Duval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 49, 53 Reagan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55, 55, 66 Ector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55, 55, 66 Reeves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66, 67, 69 Edna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 16, 19 Richfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62, 63, 65 Ellis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..31, 3 35 Rio Grande . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 51, 53 Enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56, 58, 60, 62 Roscoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54, 57, 60 Toar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54, 57, 60 Ruston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21, 24, 28 ‘owlkes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..56, 57, 60 San Antonio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46, 48, 52 Trio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40, 41, 43 San Saba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 38, 39 Qalveston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 16, 19 Springer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62, 63, 65 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..66, 67, 69 Spur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..56, 59, 61, 62 1ol1ad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46, 48, 52 Sumter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..31, 33, 35 kayson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 34, 35 Susquehanna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 25, 29 }uadalupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 17, 19 Tabor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 26, 29 Iannahatchie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 27, 30 Tidal Marsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17, 19 Iarlingen . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 50, 53 Tiocano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46, 48, 52 iarris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 17, 19 Tishomingo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40, 44, 4S Iidalgo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46, 48, 52 Toyah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66, 68, 69 Iockley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..15, 16, 19 Trinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 18, 20, 31, 36 Iouston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31, 33, 35 Uvalde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 49, 52 rving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 34, 35 Valera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55, 55 ohnston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 34, 35 Verhalen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66, 67, 69 Iaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..15, 16, 19 Vernon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56, 57, 6O .alm1a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 24, 28 Victoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46, 48, 52 Iirvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21, 23, 28 Webb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 50, 53 . ke Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..15, 16, 19 Weymouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56, 58, 60 ancaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40, 44, 45 Wichita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56, 58, 60 aredo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 50, 53 \Villacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46, 49, 52 .eaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 26, 29 Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 34, 35 .eona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51, 53 hVindthorst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36, 41, 43 ewisville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..31, 33, 35, 36, 36 Yahola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 18, 20, 56