LIBRARY.
A 8c M COLLEGE»

HARQDTI}

TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

A. B. CONNER, DIRECTOR,
College Station, Texas

BULLETIN NO. 600 APRIL 1941

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY OF CORN MEAL, ALFALFA
LEAF MEAL, DRIED BUTTERMILK, CASEIN, COT-
TONSEED MEAL, AND TANKAGE AS MEASURED
BY PRODUCTION OF FAT AND FLESH
BY GROWING CHICKENS

G. S. FRAPS AND E. C. CARLYLE

Division of Chemistry

 

AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS
T. O. WALTON, President

A129-441-7M-L180

[Blank Page in Original Bulletin]

This is a report 0f part of a comprehensive investigation of the
value of feeds and foods for productive energy as measured by
the production of fat and flesh in growing chickens. In 11 experi-
ments with 256 chicks previously reported, it was found that the
productive energy of a primary mixed ration for production of fat
and flesh 0n growing chicks was 278 calories per 100 grams of effec-
tive digestible nutrients. The ration used was composed of 51 per
cent yellow corn meal, 19 per cent wheat gray shorts, 10 cent
dried buttermilk, 6 per cent cottonseed meal, 5 per cent alfalfa
leaf meal, 4 per cent tankage, 2 per cent bone meal, 2 per cent
oyster shell, and 1 per cent salt. The object of the work here
reported was to ascertain the productive energy of the feeds
named above and also of casein. A standard ration containing
corn meal, or (in some cases corn meal and casein), was fed
to one group of baby chicks. At the same time other groups
were fed similar rations except that the feeds to be tested replaced
part of the corn meal or corn meal and casein. At the end of 3
weeks, the chicks were analyzed and the gains in protein and fat
determined. Analyses of the feeds and the rations were also made
as well as digestion experiments on the rations. A preliminary
comparison was made of the energy value of the corn meal with
the other feeds in the primary mixed ration previously tested.
From these data, the previous mixed ration was found to have
91 per cent of the productive energy of corn meal, thus making
the productive energy of the corn meal 305 calories per 100 grams
of effective digestible nutrients. The average productive energy
per 100 grams of the effective digestible nutrients was found to
be for alfalfa leaf meal (5 exp.) 241 Calories, dried buttermilk
(4 exp.) 243 Calories, casein (5 exp.) 298 Calories, cottonseed
meal (5 exp.) 280 Calories, tankage (7 exp.) 240 Calories, and
wheat gray shorts (5 exp.) 270 Calories as compared with corn
meal (standard) 305 Calories. When the productive energy of
the ration and the corn meal were again calculated with these
revised values, the productive energy of the corn meal was found
to be 3.00 Calories per gram of elfective digestible nutrients. The
productive energy of the feed and the utilization of protein by
the chicks and other matters pertaining to the productive energy
are discussed.

CONTENTS

PAGE
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Method of procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
Details and data of the work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Calculation of maintenance requirements and productive energy of

rations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Tentative productive energy of certain feeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Calculation of revised productive energy of corn meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Revised productive energy values of certain feeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Effect of high protein content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Productive energy of other feeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35

Utilization of protein in the rations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35f

Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY OF CORN MEAL, ALFALFA LEAF MEAL,
DRIED BUTTERMILK, CASEIN, COTTONSEED MEAL, AND
TANKAGE AS MEASURED BY PRODUCTION OF
FAT AND FLESH BY GROWING CHICKENS

By G. S. Fraps, Chief, and E. C. Carlyle, Associate Chemist,
Division 0f Chemistry.

The work here presented is a part of a comprehensive investigation
of the value of the energy of different kinds of feeds as measured by the
production 0f fat and flesh on growing chickens. Previous publications
have discussed the digestibility of some chicken feeds (3), the utilization
of energy of feeds by growing chickens (6), the utilization of the energy
of wheat products by chickens (7), the energy values of corn bran, rice
bran, and rye flour (8), the relation of gain in weight to gain in energy
content of growing chickens (9), and the metabolizable energy of chicken
feeds (10).

The object of the work is to measure the energy value of feeds in terms
of the use made of the energy by chickens. Values of feeds have been
compared in terms of digestible nutrients and of metabolizable energy
on the assumption that these are measures of the utilization of the food
by animals. Previous work (1, 2, 4, 7, 12) has shown that measured in
terms of gains of fat and flesh by the animals, neither digestible nutrients
or metabolizable energy are always correct measures for the energy
value of feeds (7).

Extensive work has been done on the utilization of the energy of feed
by ruminants by Kellner, Armsby, Forbes, and others. As the literature
has already been summarized in previous publications (5, 6), it will not
be again summarized here. V.A deficiency of protein (5) or of calcium (11)
or vitamins of other elements or compounds necessary for growth may
in some cases decrease the utilization of the energy of feed by animals.
When productive energy is measured, the feed should be fed in a balanced
ration which is not deficient in any substance needed for the assimilation
or utilization of the digested feed or which contains any substance which
interferes with the utilization of the energy.

A previous publication (Bulletin 571) reports measurements of the
energy value of a mixed ration for production of flesh and fat on growing
chickens which shall herein be termed the primary ration. In 11 experiments
with 256 chicks, the mixture was fed at two levels, one of full feed and
the other approximately half of full feed. Analyses of representative
chickens at the beginning and of the experimental chickens at the end
of the experiment permitted the determination of the gain in fat and
flesh and the calculation of the Calories gained. Maintenance requirements
of the chicks and productive energy of the primary ration were calculated

6 BULLETIN NO. 600, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

on the assumption that maintenance requirements vary directly with the
weight. Calculations 0n this basis were found to be more in accordance
with previous results of other workers than those calculated on the
assumption that the maintenance requirements vary directly with the
surface area of the chickens. The average productive energy of the
effective digestible nutrients of the primary ration was found to be 278
Calories per 100 grams. The primary ration was composed of 51 per
cent yellow corn meal, 19 per cent wheat gray shorts, 1O per cent dried
buttermilk, 6 per cent cottonseed meal, 5 per cent alfalfa leaf meal, 4 per cent
tankage, 2 per cent bone meal, 2 per cent oyster shell, and 1 per cent salt.

For preliminary comparisons of corn meal with other feeds, We assumed
that the effective digestible nutrients of the corn meal had the same
productive energy as the primary ration. However, comparisons of corn
meal with wheat gray shorts (7) and some other constitutents of the
primary ration showed that their digestible nutrients have lower productive
energy values than those of corn meal, so that the productive energy of
corn meal must be greater than that of the primary ration (2.78 Calories
per gram). The next step, therefore, is to ascertain the productive energy
of the constituents of the primary ration previously tested, as compared
with corn meal, and from these data to calculate more closely the productive
energy of corn meal. The corrected value of corn meal then can be used
in the determination of the productive energy of other feeds which are
compared with corn meal.

The objects of the work here presented are to determine the productive
energy of the constituent feeds used in the primary ration previously
studied, as compared with corn meal, in order to secure a more nearly
correct productive energy value of the corn meal, and to calculate the
productive energy of the other feeds relative to this new energy value
for corn meal. Since casein was also used in comparing some of the
feeds tested, determination of its productive energy compared with that
of corn meal was also necessary. Some other feeds than those used in
the primary ration were included in these experiments, and the data
regarding them are given in order not to divide the experiments, but the
values of these additional feeds will be discussed in more detail in
connection with other Work done in other experiments.

Method of Procedure

The method of procedure is similar to that used in the previous work
already mentioned (7). The feeds to be tested were compared with corn
meal or casein and corn meal as standards. Sixty or more baby chicks
were placed upon the standard corn meal ration for a preliminary period
of approximately one week. They were then weighed, and five groups of
chicks were selected so as to have the same average weight and to be as
nearly uniform as possible. The chickens left over after selecting the
five groups were used for digestion experiments. One group was killed
and analyzed. One of the four experimental groups received a standard

 

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..._ ...4__._-.. 2.... n.

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY BY GROWING CHICKENS 7

balanced ration containing 50 per cent or more of corn meal or corn meal
and casein, while in the rations for the other three groups the corn meal
or casein, or both, was partly replaced by the feed to be tested. The
chickens were fed individually in battery brooders, each compartment
being divided by a screen wire, so as to furnish two spaces, each to contain
one chicken. The brooders were electrically heated and controlled by
thermostats to a temperature of 92-94° F. The chickens were fed indi-
vidually for 3 weeks and weighed at the end of each week. They were
then killed, the intestinal contents removed, and the entire chick prepared
for analysis. In experiments up to and including No. 8, boric acid and
3% ground filter paper were added before grinding. In the experiments
after No. 8, ground filter paper alone was added. The filter paper absorbs
the water which would otherwise separate, and gives a more uniform
sample.

Beginning with experiment No. 26, the chickens were cooked before
being ground for analysis. They are placed in fruit jars, heated in steam
at 15 pounds pressure for 3 hr. in an autoclave, allowed to cool overnight,
and then ground in a food chopper with 3% ground filter paper. The
cooked chicks are more easily ground to a uniform mixture than the
uncooked chicks. There is always some loss of water in cooking the
chicks, which is ascertained by weighing the jars containing them before
and after cooking. In tests with jars which contained water, only, the
loss from 200 grams of water was about 4 per cent.

Protein (N x 6.25) was determined by the Kjeldahl-Gunning Method
on 3.5 gram samples. Fat was determined on 4 gram portions by ex-
traction with ether after drying under reduced pressure at 100° C. and
grinding in a mortar. Three or more determinations were made on each
chick. After correcting for the added quantities of filter paper and boric
acid (when used) and the loss of water when the chicken was cooked,
the energy content was calculated by the use of the factors 5.66 for protein
and 9.35 for fat. This method was found in previous work (7) to give
results agreeing with the heats of combustion of dried chicks as determined
in a bomb calorimeter.

In Bulletin 589 (10) We showed that for chicken feeds or rations, the
metabolizable energy for maintenance can be calculated with an excellent
degree of accuracy from the digestible nutrients by means of the values
of 4.4 Calories per gram of protein, 4.2 Calories per gram of nitrogen-
free extract and of crude fiber, and 9.47 Calories per gram of ether
extract. The digestible nutrients are reported in this publication in terms
of effective digestible nutrients, which are the sum of the digestible
protein, the digestible ether extract multiplied by 2.25, and the digestible
nitrogen-free extract. For the purposes of this work, the grams of effective
digestible nutrients have been multiplied by 4.2 calories to secure the
metabolizable energy. The value so secured is probably a little low for
feeds high in protein. Any correction for this lower value, if needed,
can be made in subsequent publications.

8 BULLETIN NO. 600, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Details and Data of the Work

The ingredients of the standard corn meal rations used in the various
experiments are given in Tables 1, 2, and 3. In the other rations, the
feed to be tested was substituted for part of the corn meal, and was
usually 50 per cent of the total ration. In experiments with some of the
high protein feeds, the standard ration was made up to be high in protein
by use of casein and corn meal. The feed tested replaced part of the
corn meal and part of the casein. Some of the feeds, such as alfalfa
leaf meal, could not be fed in quantities as high as 50 per cent of the
ration, as the ration killed some or all of the chicks, while others, such
as dried buttermilk, caused illness, such as diarrhea. It was, therefore,
necessary to use less than 50 per cent of such feeds in the rations fed.
High protein feeds in some tests replaced corn meal to the extent of
50 per cent of the ration, resulting in a high protein content of the ration.
In other experiments, the quantities were adjusted so that all the rations
contained equal quantities of protein.

The quantities of feed which replaced the corn meal in the experimental
rations, together with the identifying numbers of the feeds, are given
in Table 4.

Chemical analyses were made of all the feeds and also of the mixed
rations. The percentage composition of the feeds and their effective

Table 1. Names, registration numbers, and percentages of feeds used in standard rations
Exp. 1-66, 8, 9, ll, 12, 21, 22, and 23

Lab. Exp. Exp. Exp. Exp. Exp. Exp. Exp. Exp.
No. 1-66 8 9 11 12 21 22 23
53890 Corn meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48440 Corn meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.0 56.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48986 Corn meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49468 Corn meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48361 Casein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 12.0 12.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

49469 Casein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54170 Casein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 5.0 20.0

43898 Wheat gray shorts . . . . . . 19 .0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48265 Wheat gray shorts . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48740 Wheat gray shorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 20.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49467 Wheat gray shorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54168 Wheat gray shorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 16.3 16.3

43901 Dried buttermilk.' . . . . . . 10.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43903 Cottonseed meal . . . . . . . . 6.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43900 Tankage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43902 Alfalfa leaf meal . . . . . . . . 5.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48263 Alfalfa leaf meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . 0 6.0 6.0 6.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54172 Alfalfa leaf meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 4.0 4 .0

48262 Yeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

54171 Yeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.0 6.0 6.0

70402 Cod1iveroil............ . . . . .. 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

70632 Cod liver oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48426 Cod liver oil (fortified) . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : .

71153 Cod liveroil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.2 0.2 0.2

54169 Dried skim milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 10.0 . . . . ..

54330 Dried skim milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0

33303 Bone meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oyster shell . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Calciumcarbonate . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5

Tri-calcium phosphate . . . . . . . . . 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY BY GROWING CHICKENS

9

  

 

Table 2. Names, registration numbers, and percentages of feeds used in standard rations
for Experiments 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, and 31
Lab. Exp. Exp. Exp. Exp. Exp. Exp.
No. 24 26 27 28 30 31
54347 Corn meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54984 Corn meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55087 Corn meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55225 Corn meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55463 Corn meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55588 Corn meal . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54371 Casein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54168 Wheat gray shorts . . . . . . . .

54821 Wheat gray Shorts . . . . . . . .

55462 Wheat gray shorts . . . . . . . .

54330 Dried skim milk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55226 Dried skim milk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10.0 10.0 . . . . ..

55587 Dried skim milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0

54171 Yeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54822 Yeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.0 6.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55227 Yeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 6.0 6 .0

54172 Alfalfa leaf meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 .0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54985 Alfalfa leaf meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ’4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

71153 Cod liver oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  ..

77434 Codliveroil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Calcium carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Tri-calcium phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1 .0

Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Table 3. Names, registration numbers, and percentages of feeds used in standard rations
Experiments 32, 33. 34, 35, and 36
Lab. Exp. Exp Exp. Exp. Exp.
No. 32 33 34 35 36
55731 Corn meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55840 Corn meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56046 Corn meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.0 . . . . . . . . . . . .

56076 Corn meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.0 . . . . . .

56436 Corn meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.0

55732 Casein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 . . . . . . 20.0 20.0 20.0

55462 Wheat gray shorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 16.3 16.3 . . . . . . . . . . . .

56077 Wheat firay shorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 16.

55587 Dried s 1m milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 10.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56047 Dried skim milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 10.0 . . . . . .

56437 Dried skim milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0

55733 Cottonseed meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55227 Yeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55841 Yeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0

54985 Alfalfa leaf meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

Calcium carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .5 1 .5 1 .5 1.5 1.5

Tri-calcium phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Salt . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..  1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

77762 Fish liveroil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

organic constituents are given in Table 5. As stated in Bulletin 571, the

percentage of effective organic constituents is the percentage of protein

plus the percentage of fat multiplied by 2.25 plus the percentage of

nitrogen-free extract. The water, the ash, and the crude fiber are not

included for the reason that they have practically no energy value for the

growing chickens. The chemical composition of the rations as found by

analysis is given in Table 6.

10 BULLETIN NO. 600, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Table 4. Percentages of feed which replaced corn meal or corn meal and casein, and identifying
numbers

Experiment 66.
Oat meal 43891, 51; milo 43899, 51; wheat gray shorts 43898, 40.

Experiment 8.
Patent flour 48435, 50; low grade flour 48436, 50; wheat gray shorts 47764, 50.

Experiment 9.
Wheat gray shorts 47764, 50; wheat bran 48741, 50; corn bran 48706, 50.

Experiment 11.
Casein 48261, 38; starch 49094, 50.8; Wesson oil 49095, 15.

Experiment 12.
Casein 49469, 38; starch 49094, 50.8; Wesson oil 49095, 15.

Experiment 21.
Casein 54170, 50; cottonseed meal 54177, 50; tankage, 54178, 50.

Experiment 22.
Casein 54170, 50; dried buttermilk 49628, 50; alfalfa leaf meal 54172, 50.

Experiment 23.
Dried buttermilk 49648, 25% replacing 15% corn meal and 10% casein; cottonseed meal
54177, 43% replacing 23% corn meal and 20% casein; tankage 54178 28% replacing
20% casein and 8% corn meal.

Experiment 24.
Cottonseed meal 54177, 43% replacing 20% casein and 23% corn meal; dried buttermilk
49648, 25% replacing 10% casein and 15% corn meal; alfalfa leaf meal, 25% replacing
23% corn meal and 2% casein 54371.

Experiment 26.
Tankage 54178, 32% replacing 30% co_rn meal and 2% casein; alfalfa leaf meal 30% replac-

ing 15% corn meal and 15% casein; meat meal 54664, 37%, replacing 20% casein and
17% corn meal.

Experiment 27.
50% protein meat and bone meal 54872, 35% replacing 20% casein and 15% corn meal;

tankage 54873, 29% replacing 20% casein and 9% corn meal; cottonseed flour 54679,
30% replacing 20% casein and 10% corn meal.

Experiment 28.
Cottonseed meal 54903, 43% replacing 20% casein and 23% corn meal; meat scraps 54664 ,
37% replacing 20% casein and 17% corn meal; alfalfa leaf meal 54985, 30% replacing
20% casein and 10% corn meal.

Experiment 30.
Tankage 55081, 29% replacing 20% casein and 9% corn meal; 50% protein meat and bcne
meal 55082, 35% replacing 20% casein and 15% corn meal; corn gluten meal 55121,
38% replacing 20% casein and 18% corn meal.

Experiment 31.
Corn gluten feed, 55120, 39% replacing 9% casein and 30% corn meal; tankage 54873,
28% replacing 20% casein and 8% corn meal; soy bean oil meal 54665, 37% replacing
20% casein and 17% corn meal.

Experiment 32.
Cottonseed meal 55733, 43% replacing 20% casein and 23% corn meal; meat meal 54F64,

37% replacing 20% casein and 17% corn meal; alfalfa leaf meal, 30% replacing 5%
casein and 25% corn meal.

Experiment 33.
Wheat gray shorts 55840, 50; delinted cottonseed hulls 54860, 50; oat hulls 55505, 50.

Experiment 34. _ _ _ _
Dried buttermilk 49648, 25% replacing 10% casein and 15% corn meal; dried skim milk
56047, 25% replacing 12% corn meal and 13% casein; cottonseed flour 54679, 30%
replacing 20% casein and 10% corn meal.

Experiment 35. _
Tankage 54873, 28% replacing 20% casein and 8% corn meal; 50% protein meat and hone
meal 54872, 35% replacing 20% casein and 15% corn meal; peanut meal 54798, 40%
replacing 20% casein and 20% corn meal.

Experiment 36. _
Alfalfa leaf meal 56437, 30% replacing 5% casein and 25% corn meal; casein 55572, 30%
replacing 30% corn meal; wheat gray shorts 56077, 50% replacing 30% corn meal
and 20% casein.

11

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY BY GROWING CHICKENS

    

   

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12 BULLETIN NO. 600, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

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13

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14 BULLETIN NO. 600, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

 

Table 6. Percentage chemical composition of rations

 

Nitro-
Lab. Name of ration Protein Fat Crude gen-free Water Ash
No. fiber extract
43964 Corn meal Exp. 1-66.... 18.13 3 .61 4.14 55.56 10.06 8.51
43965 Oat meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21.12 4.39 3.80 54.08 8.54 8.07

43966 Wheat gray shorts . . . . . . . 21.51 3.76 5.53 50.79 8.54 9 .87

43967 Milo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19.21 2.96 3.86 56.33 9.34 8.30

48466 Corn meal Exp. 8 . . . . . . . 22.71 5 .22 3 .26 54.13 8.85 5.83

48467 Patent flour . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.01 2.92 2.76 56.17 8.75 5.39

48468 Low grade flour . . . . . . . . . . 25.75 3.48 3.04 52 .02 10.29 5.42

48469 Wheat gray shorts . . . . . . . 26.37 4.59 5.72 46.87 9 .49 6.96

48791 Corn meal Exp. 9 . . . . . .. 22.81 5.06 3.18 53.80 9.38 5.77

48792 Corn bran . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22.10 6.22 9.31 48.49 8.09 5.79

48793 Wheat gray shorts . . . . . . . 26 .60 4.89 5.48 47.08 8.84 7.11

48794 Wheat bran . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.75 4.51 7.00 44.64 9 .09 8.01

49205 Corn_ meal Exp. 11 . . . . .. 22.75 3.77 3.00 53.80 10.81 5.87

49206 Casein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.23 2.11 2.63 30.35 9.70 5.98

49207 Starch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17.63 1.35 2.41 62.86 10.73 5.02

49208 Wesson oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.78 17.66 2.93 43.88 9.29 5.46
49478 Corn meal Exp. 12...... 22.08 2.84 3.03 55.90 10.53 5.62
49479 Casein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.35 1.83 2.66 30.81 9.42 5.93
49480 Starch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.90 1.05 2.32 63.79 10.95 4.99
49481 Wesson oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.50 16.87 2.94 46.39 8.07 5.23
54182 Corn meal Exp. 21 . . .. .. 20.85 2.44 2.25 59.59 8.74 6.13
54179 Casein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 56.38 1.35 1.61 24.52 8.94 7.20

54180 Cottonseed meal . . . . . . . . . 37 .33 5 .00 6.20 35.81 7.13 8.53

54181 Tankage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43.14 7.56 2.69 24.24 5.46 16.91

54242 Corn meal Exp. 22 . . . . . . 20.30 2.59 2.34 59.59 9.06 6.12

54243 Casein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.02 1 .26 1 .70 24.02 9 .34 7.66

54244 Dried buttermilk . . . . . . . .. 31.01 4.16 1.77 45.31 7.78 9.97

54348 Corn meal Exp. 23 . . . . .. 30.71 2.15 2.13 48.77 8.90 7.34

54349 Dried buttermilk . . . . . . . . . 29 .36 3.36 2.10 48.46 7.87 8.85 =

54350 Cottonseed meal . . . . . . . . . 31.42 4.91 6.13 41.96 6.86 8.72

54351 Tankage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.44 5.79 2.86 43.21 5.85 12.85

54716 Corn meal Exp. 24 . . . . .. 30.26 2.14 2.11 48.95 9.28 7.26

54717 Cottonseed meal . . . . . . . .. 31.09 4.77 5.95 41.85 7.61 8.73
54718 Dried buttermilk......... 28.98 3.27 2.00 48.66 8.11 8.98
54719 Alfalfa leaf meal . . . . . . . .. 31.55 2.25 6.24 41.55 8.05 10.36
54989 Corn meal Exp. 26.... . . 31.61 2.15 2.20 48.66 9.15 6.23
54990 Tankage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.53 5.95 2.89 40.89 6.09 12.65
54991 Meat meal . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30.90 5.38 2.79 36.83 7.04 17.06
54992 Alfalfa leaf meal . . . . . . . .. 31.51 2.11 7.11 42.79 7.29 9.19
55088 Corn meal Exp. 27.... . . 31.38 2.16 2.26 49.22 8.62 6.36
55089 50% meat and bone scrap 31.21 4.70 2.69 37.53 7.29 16.58
55090 60% tankage . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.84 3.83 2.47 42.25 7.53 12.08

55091 Cottonseed flour . . . . . . . . . 30.79 4 00 2.84 47.36 7 .73 7.28

55264 Corn meal Exp. 28 . . . . .. 31.26 2.61 2.13 48.85 8.54 6.61

55265 Cottonseed meal . . . . . . . . . 30.23 4.75 7.65 42.16 7.44 7.77

55266 Meat scrap . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31.15 5.88 2.83 36.07 6.96 17.11

55267 Alfalfa leaf meal . . . . . . . . . 31.19 2.40 6.58 42.47 7 .98 9.38

55464 Corn meal Exp. 30 . . . . . . 30.81 2 40 2.32 49 .44 8.69 6.34

55465 60% tankage . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.89 4 63 3.08 42.83 7 .93 10.64

55466 50% meat and bone . . . . . . 30.96 5 63 3.06 37.32 6.60 16.43

55467 Corn gluten meal . . . . . . . . 30.75 2.38 3.88 48.59 7 .71 6.69

55589 Corn meal Exp. 31 . . . . . . 30.74 2.45 2.19 49.55 8.55 6.52

55590 Corn gluten feed . . . . . . . . . 30.22 2.20 4.87 45.88 8.35 8.48

55591 Tankage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.60 3.96 2.10 44.23 7.69 11.42

55592 Soybean oil meal . . . . . . . . . 29.59 2.20 4.27 48.17 8.15 7.62

55734 Corn meal Exp. 32 . . . . . . 31.80 2.46 1.66 48.98 8.94 6.16

55735 Cottonseed meal . . . . . . . . . 29 .50 4.71 7.67 42.80 7.76 7.56

55736 Meat meal . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31.01 5 .48 2.34 34.91 7.67 18.59

55737 Alfalfa leaf meal . . . . . . . . . 30.95 2.08 6.03 42.77 8.58 9.59

55842 Corn meal Exp. '33 . . . . . . 19.36 3 .25 3.34 58.37 9.44 6.24

55843 Wheat gray shorts . . . . . . . 23.19 3 .76 5.59 50.85 9.02 7.59
55844 Delinted cottonseed hulls . 16.08 2.09 22.75 43.68 8.46 6.94
55845 Oat hulls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16.18 2.20 18.10 46.60 8.05 8.87

56048 Corn meal Exp. 34 . . . . . . 30.15 2.37 1.61 50.05 9.33 6.49

56049 Dried buttermilk . . . . . . . . . 28.63 3.09 1.87 49.51 8.81 8.09

56050 Dried skim milk . . . . . . . . . 27.14 2.04 1.78 53.15 8.22 7.67

56051 Cottonseed flour . . . . . . . .. 28.99 3 70 3.00 47.24 9.67 7.40 7

56078 Corn meal Exp. 35 . . . . .. 31.24 2.24 1.77 49.13 9.36 6.26

56079 60% tankage . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.80 3.80 2.07 43 .65 7.94 11.74
56080 50% meat and bone meal.. 30.35 4 .81 2.81 37.93 7.71 16.39
56081 Peanutmeal............. 29.80 4.22 5.44 44.07 8.13 8.34
56439 Corn meal Exp. 36.... . . 30.80 2.07 1.86 49.55 9.57 6.15
56440 Alfalfa leaf meal . . . . . . . .. 31.18 2.65 4.85 43.10 8.73 9.49
56441 Wheat gray shorts . . . . . . . 21.01 3 .56 4.03 55 59 8.92 6.89
56442 Casein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.61 1 .38 1.37 25 87 9.36 7.41

  

15

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY BY GROWING CHICKENS

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v62 ww.w 3am in: 3.3 m9: $93 wwh m  . . . . . . 1.92% mmdcsfi e22
Qmfi ww.w Ram >62 M: 4A.. 99$ when 9E. m . . . . . . . . . . . 1&2. mm .2032 2G2
Q92 3 a n93 m . 3i wwdm $9; m. m: m. E. w Imam“. wm doing mtofi 53m i355
wwfi ww.w Ii ~m “i: wwwm 2.2 fiwfi we“ w. IP92. wm .555 38% 52m Qua?
n63 ww.w ww. 5 ow”: 5.8 3m: o4»: m3 ~ . . . . . . . 1&2. mm 503$ 32b $0
nwfi Ea 2.0m w. 5N wwwm wwom mwfi YE m . . . . . . . . dam“. wm 503mg 13E “m0
min: ww.w. 8.3 wfi: $3.2M :5 ~ s8 ww.w“ m . . . . . . . .992. mm E033 13E EoU
wfi: fig mwdm mwom mmsa 52m 92m 2K m. ........w>m@ wwaoswfiwwiifiv
. . . . . .. ......-....................- .............‘.....  ...............................WEQ@@@HQQWUTMQ<NU
Nwm; ww.w mmwfi  wwwm 9mm m6“  v ..............wxumao zbwciczwum
wwlfi wcoiioaxfl
3MB? 4cm J53 EMEB .Ew 4cm éw
>328 NR. § LWEQPE oizo 6.6 J25 fiiciwon wommhziw c033 we 05mm
écm Qofi 5Q warm 532% pain J3 EQEQ wm @239; wa Emww? gm wammo? .02 was wcvEionxu we goaisz
wwioiwU ¢sm6>> ~56 5m 39cm 03A 21A

mas-oi? 5w 2.52m o: .5.- noic-au wnu 2:303 iogmeafiao QMQnQ><

fi 25C.

431151. .1 .

16 BULLETIN NO. 600, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

 

    

 

 

3.mm3 530.3 00. 3m m. >33 00.00 3.. 533 5.003 3.5. 3. . . . . . . . . . ..5033031005 3003 0330334
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0.05 35m ow 3m .31. 303 00.30 m.mm3 3.3.333 0.00. 3. ..........5033031.005 300005033030
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mm 35053305033
5.2.3 wm.m 0... 3m 0.02 wmww o.wm3 h. 3303 0.00 .0 . . . . . . . . . 50303 033353033323 3003.53
5.3.303 mw.m 3.3m 0.0.03 393.33 0.02 0.003 0.5 0  ....50300053000U
3.mwm 00.0 mwwm 0.5: 3.33.2.0 33.30333 3.53.03 . 0.5....  .. PM. ..... . . . . . . ..50333.31005530U
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0.53 8.0 03M: 0.5. 00.03.. 5.03. 3.0.3330 .. . . . . .. w  00303330 330053533035
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0.30.0.3 $0 mm 3m 0.003 00.00 0.02 3.0.0.313 3.30 w  . . . . . . . . ..5033030w00350.3.
0. 3w3 5mm womm 0.003 $13.33 0.000 whom m. 3w w TI... 2503303 1005 300005033510
33.3253 8.0 $.00 0.003 33.23 0.003 0.003 0.30 .0 NIJJ . . . . . . . . . . ..5030.353000U
3.503 35.0 0.3.00 30.3.00 30.00 0.000 3.000 0.0.0 w . . . . . . . . . . .50330.31005 5.300
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0.0.03 00.0 00.3.3 3x00 $.20 00... 0.00 .. . . . . . . . . . . . 00303330 333053533035
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0.5.3 3.0.0 mm. 3m 0.35 00.00 0.53 m.mw3 wmow w m . J . . . . . . . . . 15030.3 5000C
0.003 00.3. 3.0.30 0.003 00.8 0.003 @6333 0 ow  w   . . . . 15033033005 530D
- - - . - - . . - - . . _ . . - . - - . . . . - . . . - . . . . . - - - . . . . . - . - - - . . . . - . - n %  - . . . - , . . . . . - - - . . . . . . - - -    
0.03.3 335.3. 3330.313 3.8m 00x8 0.0.0 0.2 . . . 0. .... . . . . . . . . 00303330 033053533035
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333M303 .80 .5033 333M303 .533 .500 .50
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17

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY BY GROWING CHICKENS

   

 

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Nw 555050000

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0w 5050:0900

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v ww0 >w.w 0w 0N w.ww0 w0 >0 0 >w0 w.0>0 w .... . .. . . . . . . 1550120555 :50

. . . . . - - . .- ......- .-...--.. -.».-¢....-.-.-.v-.-....-.  .-.--~...-- 
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0w 55505900

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v vv0 ww v ww.w0 w wv 0w w0 w wv w.>v  . . . . . . . . . 50050005 TQEEZMKQ

wN 0cw0:0:oaxm0

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w 0w0 00 v ww 0N w.ww0 ww >0 w >00 v.NON w  .........:o00w.~0mw::0mo0>0
w ww0 0w w ww 0N 0.ww0 0N >0 w 0w0 w.ww0 w  . . . . . . . . 11.5035: 50:30:50.
0 w00 ww w 0w 0N >.w00 w0 w0 w w0N w.00N w  . . . . . . ..:o00w:0mo:: :50

. . . . . . . . . - . - . - . - - - . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . .  . - ~ . - ¢ - - . - . . - . - ~ - . .    
v 0w0 ww N 0w w0 N.>v v0 w0 w 0v 00w w ..............wv_uaw... iwfifiwmzm

wN Eofiionxm

 

18 BULLETIN NO. 600, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

 

00500 00000 00w 0x050 o5 .00 050000 0000000000 .00 000E 0003004..

0.000 00.0 00 00 0.000 wmww ~55 0.03 www w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00500 000000

0100 2w wmmm 0.x: 00.00 0.02 0.05 mww w . . . . . . . 100300 30000 >000 00003

0.3; 00.0 ww. 00 0.000 wwww 0.0.: 0. S: 0.00 w . . . . . . . . . . .000.00 500E ~02 0:002.

0.000 00w 00 5m . 0.02 00.00 0.50 0.2: www w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00S00_00E 0000

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. wwmfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iwEw o3 000 0000200

0.02 00.0 00.00 0.? 00.00 m. 0w 0.00 . . . . . .. w .... . . . . . . . . . .5050 00000000000
wm 000E0000x~m
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w. $5 00.0 00.00 0.000 00.00 0.000 o. 000 0.00 2 . . . . . 100500 _00E 0000 000 0002

0.000 00.0 wwmm 0.23 00.00 0.0.: 0.80 0.00 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000000 00350.5.

0B2 00.0 $.00 0.000 00.00 0.20 m.wmm 0.00 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I00S0500E 0000

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0.03 00.0 0:: w.ww 00 wm 0.00 0.00 . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5050 00000000000
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w. $5 wow 00 00 #02 ww 00 mwom 0.80 0.00 w I.........00S00 0000 000000300

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0.000 mww 8.00 m 000 S00 0.0.5 0.000 0.00 w . . . . . . . . . 00500 55000300 000G

0.000 8.0. wwmm 0.50 00 ww 0.2: 0.000 www w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00S0500E 0000

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0.03 ww.w 2.2 oww 2 ww 0.00 0.00 . . . . . . . . .. w . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5050 >0000ES00Q
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0.000 wm. 5 mm. 00 0.000 00.00 0. 52 0.00.2 www w . . . . . . 3.200500 0:05 000000300

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- ' . . - - . - . . . . . - . ~ - Q . . . . . . - - . . . . . . - - . - . . . - . . . . - . . . . - - -  . - - . . ~ - - - . - . . . . . . - - - . 0 . . .    

0.02 00.0 00.00 0.00 00.00 :0 .000 . .. .. . w ..... . . . . . . . Z5050 000000080

mm 000E00000m~

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00.0 @5000 i: 000 0000300 000 0530? .00§000E00 00.0.5.5

.0. 0.000.

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY BY GROWING CHICKENS 19

Digestion experiments were made with all of the rations, usually two
being made 0n each ration. The results will be presented in a subsequent
publication. The digestion coefficients of the rations were averaged sepa-
rately for each experiment on productive energy and, together with the
analysis of each ration, were used to calculate the efl"ective digestible
nutrients of each ration. The effective digestible nutrients of each ration
are given in Table 9. They were used to calculate the effective digestible
nutrients of each feed, in comparison with those of the standard corn meal.

The average live weights, percentages of protein and fat, and Calories
per 100 grams of chicken, as well as other data, are given in Table 7.
The averages are made from the data of each individual chicken. Varia-
tions which may occur in the composition of individual chickens, with
standard deviations, have already been discussed from other data in
Bulletin 571, so that additional calculations were not made with the data
in Table 7.

Calculation of Maintenance Requirements and Productive
Energy of Rations

The maintenance requirements are calculated from the data secured
with the standard corn meal ration, and these are used to calculate the
productive energy of the other rations used at the same time in the
experiment. Average data for the calculations of the maintenance require-
ments are given in Table 8. The productive energy of the effective di-
gestible nutrients of the corn meal ration was taken to be 2.78 Calories
per gram as was found to be the average of previous results (Bulletin
571). For each experiment the productive energy of the corn meal used
was ascertained by multiplying the effective digestible nutrients of the
corn meal ration, as found in the digestion experiments, by 2.78. The
maintenance requirements are calculated with use of the average weights
by periods. This has been shown (6) to give more consistent results than
the use of the average of the first and last weights and better in accord
with the previous work of others than the use of the surface area (6).

Since corn meal is used as the standard, the Calories of productive
energy used for maintenance under the conditions of each experiment are
calculated from the data from the corn meal ration, as given in Table 8.
The initial energy content of the chicks is calculated from the initial live

yveight and the initial energy per gram, as found by analysis (Table 7).

The final energy content is calculated from the final empty weight and
final energy content of the chicks. The productive energy of the ration
eaten is the grams eaten multiplied by the productive energy per gram
of ration as given in Table 8 (1.98 in case of experiment No. 8). The
productive energy used for maintenance is the productive energy of the
ration eaten less the gain of energy in calories of the chicks, since, by
definition, the productive energy is measured by the gain in energy. The
maintenance requirements are calculated as Calories of productive energy
required to maintain 100 gm. of chicken for the period of each experiment.

20 BULLETIN NO. e00, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

 ..-| . . . - . . . - ¢ ¢ - - - - . - . . - . -...- - ' - - » - - - - - . - . . . . . . - - ~ ~ - - - . . . . . . . - - - . . - . - . - . - . . - - .- vu -- ---¢-|-  
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21

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY BY GROWING CHICKENS

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Nhw N»; ma? maxm mama cwwmw 95m :5 hflfi w . . . . 15cc Qwfiw 30A
is 3.. wag M38 wawm Qfim M13». :5 cwwfi w . . . . . . . . . 55c csci
w cceccionxfl
mm; Saw cwwxe mwvm v.2“ was“... v.8 we: N  . . . . . . . 10:2
Q2 Am»? me
3c n53. mwom n53 wwmm Qmmm v.3 mafi Aweflwmw wmv . . . . . ...........oE>H
~NA awww 59$ ma?“ Nwofi m2: ma». :3 N Ziwfiecm zwcm $055
New Q3 we
NNA mace 26¢ maem “Sm; acmm N3 m5: AQQW wmv ....m:2cw zmcw emock/
$4 Ndmh max. 98m v8; Qmvm c3 ma“: c  . . . . ...._@...E§e
>3 Anise we .
EA wafi ccmm “v.25 “awn wwmm o? m4»: m  EecSmO
. 35% ms 8A ecoccioexfl
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ccm oofi cue ccw 8c oecwcee iwU 4cm ._mU .30 .30 . éw
ceSmc we 4x0 cific eececee cacao >325 eceecee ccvecee 2.28m eemmcvzw ceSsc we eEwc
wcceiecc ceflmc we ecu 5mm ccwcc ceJmfl we c120 3E5 zmcoce >5 a? cescccZ ecu ceccccc ecoccienxfl
Bnfiwomcc >925 com c3 e33 . Fcwm ixficw emmce><
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Bcei-zc 01:30am‘. 0230b». P35 wca mcetnc we 3.2:. @2333... enact-a 2d

:e3u_:o_ao wca mini

5 o???

22 BULLETIN NO. 600, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

wan 3; wwwm vsmw v?» mwvm :5 w.ww @122 w NIIHwE :0 =$Q>ow
mbw ww _ w wvm N. t». i?» wsmw. wwmm 2x. w wfl w . . . . . . IewmeEmP
a av N»; awmv mwmm es?“ wfiom o. EN 9% mefl w 116mm; 532w 5e

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v ww Q _ w. Ev mvmm wwwm cs2 wwow m3 Q2: m. . . . . . . . . . . .. owweEwP
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mRm 9: W»? vwwm wSHw 5:1 eamm wSw wv: v  wk; E22

wvm wmA 98v “m? qEm M32 odwm NSw 2w: w .. ..._meE wwma=8eou
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mww $4 wwow E8.“ v.95 Navm N52.“ oww :2 w ...H...~...~meE E32

vsm. $1 wwmv “a; wwww we”: min :5 “w: w ..  . 2.825.
wm EoEioaxm

f? mm; mum.» 98m fifim wvw H52 vvh mSw v UIIEQE E2 2E2

m. 5 B; mtmwv QQN o. Em v2: fiwwm ma» ma: w .. .. izEhzEn EEG

wvm. $4 wvwm v.8» win afiw wwwm v.9 wafl v ... 113E wmaéozau
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www Q; mwmw mswm wvww e9: n55 vmvu M22 w Hx.............%§:_fi.

wéh. S; owvw e43.” ma?“ 16m wéww N. w“. wafi w . . . 13E E3555

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m? Q: ovvv m4? wwvm wafi vwwm Q2 w wow m .. . . . . c630
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23

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY BY GROWING CHICKENS

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24 BULLETIN NO. 60o, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

we. we. mm; hm; wv; w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......cobw._ ownxsmu.

;;. we. em; ww; “w; w . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....._....=oSm.:w@E wwwmcofioU

wm. w;. av; ;m.m mn; w  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . lsoSau xziwvfisn EEO
mm wswEioaxm;

w;. N;. em; mm; em; w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........=o$§_ xzfihwfisn woEQ

e;. we. ww; we; mm; m . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11:05.3 53x0
mm wcvflzpoaxm;

     Am . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ...... . . . . . . . . ..QO@.#N.~ Uwflxiflr?

he. we. em; mm; Si; w .. . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . .5032 13E wovwcoweoU

e;. w;. ew; we.m em; m . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . I553 cBmwU
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w;. 3. mm; mw; ww; w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155E nuhfim

;;. we. vw; we; ew; w . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....................co:m.~cfimmU
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mm. e;. w“; mmfim wed. w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . ..........=oSw._=o comma?

w;. we. ww; ew; mm; w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zcofiwd auwwfn

we. he. ww; ew; nw; w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . .  . . . . ......:oSm._ Humane
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S. w;. mm; ;w; ww; w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:035 3.6% 53m i355

m;. e;. w;; wv; mm; w  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................:o3a.~5P5FSU
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w;. m;. we; ww; mm; w . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . .....cofimwmw._onm zwwmemun?

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m;. ;;. hm; ww; wh; w  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............:oSwL.5oewcvwmm
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w;. e;. mv; an; mm; w . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . .................co:m.~22>;

we. we. w;; mm; mm; m.  . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . .....co$m.~m€csm 52m ewwnk/

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.3 “.33.

25

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY BY GROWING CHIGKENS

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gofimu QBOQ fiwomfloaaoU
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 2:532 15E $2 mfimfi<
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mm acofiionxw

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wm Qcwiianxw

26 BULLETIN NO. 600, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

The average maintenance requirement per day per 100 grams, as shown
in Table 8, is 12.49 Calories of productive energy. The maximum average
of an experiment is 16.15, and the minimum average of an experiment is
10.20 calories per day per 100 grams. It is pointed out in Bulletin 571
that these variations from one experiment to another appear not to
affect the productive energy, which is compared with the use of the
maintenance value obtained in the same experiment.

The maintenance requirements calculated in Table 8 are used in Table
9 to calculate the productive energy of the rations containing the feeds
compared with corn meal. The method of procedure in each case is in-
dicated in the headings of the table. The energy used for maintenance
is calculated by multiplying the average weight by periods by the Calories
required to maintain 1 gram of chicken as found by the use of the corn
meal ration for the same experiment, and is given in Table 8. The sum
of the Calories used for gain and for maintenance divided by the quantity
of feed eaten gives the Calories of productive energy of one gram 0f the
ration. These are given in the next to last column of Table 9.

The values given in Tables 8 and 9 are averages of those calculated from
the data for individual chickens. The results would be slightly different
had average data been used in the calculating of the maintenance re-
quirements or of the productive energy. The standard difference from
the mean, the standard deviation, and the standard error of the mean
are given in Table 10.

Tentative Productive Energy of Certain Feeds

The method used for calculating the productive energy of the individual
feeds from that of the ration when corn meal alone is replaced is shown
in Table 11. (Test 7-6-8-7-6-36). The difference between the assumed
productive energy value of 1 gm. of the corn meal ration (1.980 Cal.)
and of the patent flour ration (1.764) gives the efiect (—.216) of substi-
tution of 0.5 gm. of patent flour for 0.5 gm. of corn meal. This difference
added to the productive energy of 0.5 gm. of the corn meal (1.130) makes
the productive energy of 0.5 gm. of the patent flour to be 0.914 Cal. or
1.828 for one gram. The preliminary value for the productive energy
values of the other feeds used to replace corn meal alone were calculated
in a similar way.

In some of the experiments, however, the calculation was slightly
different, since both corn meal and casein were used in the standard
ration, and the feed tested (usually high in protein) was substituted
partly for corn meal and partly for casein. The method for calculating
the data for such feeds is illustrated in Table 12. The productive energy
used for casein, 1.97 Calories per gram, is the average of 4 of the 5
experiments shown in Table 13.

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY BY GROWING CHICKENS 27

These preliminary calculations are based upon the assumption that
corn meal has the average productive energy of 2.78 Calories per gram
of effective digestible nutrients found for the primary ration used in
previous work (6). The effective digestible nutrients of the feeds com-

Table ll. Calculation of productive energy of feed substituted for corn meal
Experiment 8

Low Wheat
Line Corn Patent grade ray
No. meal flour flour s orts
A Productive energy, calories per gram. 2.260 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B Productive energy of mixture,
Tables 8 and 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.980 1.764 1.723 1.250
C Effect of substitution, Line B minus
1.980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. — 216 —.257 -— 730
D Productive energy (.5 gm.) corn meal
substituted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 130 1.130 1 130
E Productive energy 0.5 gm. feed sub-
stituted (Line C plus line D)... . . . . . . . . . . .. 914 .873 400
F Productive energy of 1 gram feed
substituted (Line E divided by 0.5). 2 .260 1.828 1.746 . 800
G Effective digestible nutrients of 1 gm.
feed (Table 13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .813 .787 .692 .459
H Productive energy of effect. digest.
nut. (Line F divided by line G). . . 2.780 2.323 2.523 1.743
I Relative productive energy of effect.
digest. nut. with corn meal as 100
(Line H divided by 2.780 and
multiplied by 100) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 84 91 63
Table 12. Calculation of‘ productive energy of feed substituted for corn meal
and casein, Experiment 36
_ Alfalfa Wheat
Line Corn leaf gray Casein
No. meal meal shorts
A Productive energy, calories per gram . 2.174 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B Productive energy of mixture,
Tables 8 and 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.885 1.270 1.395 1.721
C Effect 0f substitution, line B minus
1.885 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. -- 615 —.490 —.164
D Casein substituted, gm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .05 gm. .20 gm. . . . . . . . . . .
E Prod. energy 0f quantity of casein
substituted (1.97 cal. per gm.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .099 .394 . . . . . . . . . .
F Corn meal substituted, gm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 gm. .30 gm. .30 gm.
G Prod. energy of quantity of corn meal
substituted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 . 652 . 652
H Prod. energy of casein and corn meal
substituted (Line E plus line G)... . . . . . . . . . . .643 1.046 . . . . . . . . . .
I Quantity of feed substituted (grams). . . . . . . . . . . .30 gm. .50 gm. .30 gm.
J Prod. energy of quantity of feed sub-
stituted (Line C plus line H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .028 .556 .488
K Prod. energy of 1 gram feed sub-
stituted (Line J divided by line I). . . . . . . . . . . . .093 1.112 1.626
L Effective digestible nutrients of 1 gm.
feed (Table 13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .782 .214 .499 .681
M Prod. energy of effect. di est. nut.
(Line K divided by line ) . . . . . . . 2.780 .435 2.228 2.390
Relativeprod. energy of effect. digest.
nut. with those of corn meal as 100
(Line L divided by 2.780 and
multiplied by 100) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100 16 80 86

28 BULLETIN NO. 600, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

pared with corn meal were calculated from the digestion experiments
by methods similar to those used for calculating the productive energy,
as described above.

The tentative productive energy of certain feeds, their effective di-
gestible nutrients, the productive energy per gram of effective digestible
nutrients of each feed, and the relative value of the productive energy
of the effective digestible nutrients as compared with that of corn meal
as 100, are given in Table 13.

Table 13. Tentative productive energy of certain feeds

Effective digestible nutrients
Productive
energy Productive
Exp. of feed, Productive energy
No. calories In feed, energy compared
per gram per cent calories with those
per gram 0f corn
meal as 100
Alfalfa leaf meal
24 54172 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 17 4 0 0

26 54985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547- 23 5 2.328 84

28 54985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 15 0 1 .620 o8

32 54985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293 14.8 1.980 71

36 56438 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .093 21.4 .435 16

Average (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 18.4 1.273 46

Average (4) (24 excluded) . . .294 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Wheat gray shorts
8 47764 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800 45.9 1.744 63

9 47764 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.468 48.5 3.037 109

1-66 43898 (Brown) . . . . . . . . . 1.093 65.4 1.671

33 55462 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.326 48.8 2.717 98

36 56077 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.112 49.9 2.228 80

Average (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.160 51.7 2.279 82
Dried buttermilk
22 49648 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.138 52.9 2.152 77

23 49648 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.516 58.5 2.591 93

24 49648 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .940 64.0 1 .469 53

34 49648 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.148 54.7 2.099 76

Average (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.186 57.5 2.078 75
Cottonseed meal
21 54177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.312 51.1 2.567 92

23 54177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.142 48.1 2.374 85

24 54715 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.200 51.1 2.348 84

28 54993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .856 40.5 2.114 76

32 55733 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.014 41.7 2.432 88

Average (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 105 46.5 2.367 85
Tankage
21 54178 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.156 39.0 2.966 107

23 54178 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432 40.1 1.077 39

26 54178 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 822 41.8 1.967 1

27 54873 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 279 45.6 2.805 101

31 54873 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 48. 1 1 .848 66

30 55081 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 39.4 1.977 71

35 54873 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 48.4 1.041 37

Average (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 837 43 2 1.954 70
Casein
11 48261 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.724 77.9 2.213 80

12 49469 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .950 83.4 2.338 84

21 54170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.178 69.7 3.123 112

22 54170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.004 64.0 3.132 113

36 55732 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.626 68.1 2.390

Average (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .896 72.6 2.639 95

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY BY GROWING CHICKENS 29

The differences in the values of the same feed compared with corn meal
are greater than are desirable, especially with alfalfa leaf meal. The
errors of the work on the digestion experiments as well as those in
determining the productive energy are all assigned to the productive
energy. It is considered, however, that the average values are approxi-
mately correct. Additional determinations are needed and will be furnished
later.

Calculation of Revised Productive Energy of Corn Meal

The relative productive energy of the feeds compared with corn meal
listed in Table 13 were used to calculate a more nearly correct value of
the productive energy of corn meal. The productive energy of the effective
digestible nutrients of each primary ration for which the productive
energy was ascertained in Bulletin 571 was calculated by the procedure
outlined in Table 14. The percentage each ingredient contributed to the
total of 70.45 per cent of effective digestible nutrients in the primary
ration was calculated. Each of these percentages was multiplied by its
average relative productive energy (Table 13) as compared with corn
meal, and the total gives the productive energy of the effective digestible
nutrients of the primary ration Mixture 14 to be 90.9% of that of corn
meal (Table 14). Similar calculations were made for other primary rations,
Mixtures 18, 22, 23, 24, and 25. The average productive energy of all the pri-
mary rations is 91.0% of that of corn meal. Since the average productive
energy per gram of the effective digestible nutrients of the primary ration
was 2.78 Calories, the effective digestible nutrients of corn meal have a
productive energy of 2.78 divided by 0.91, which is 3.05 calories per gram.

The corrected productive energy of the effective digestible nutrients
of corn meal, therefore, becomes 3.05 calories per gram, instead of the
2.78 calories previously used. (This value was subsequently found to be
a little high as will be seen on a later page.) Since the other feeds are
compared with corn meal as a standard, the use of this revised productive
energy for corn meal makes necessary the revision of the productive
energy values obtained for the other feeds.

Revised Productive Energy Values of Certain Feeds

The productive energy values of all the feeds compared with corn meal
in the work reported in this publication were calculated with use of the
value of 3.05 calories per gram for the effective digestible nutrients for
corn meal and the revised value of 2.14 calories per gram for the casein.

The results for those feeds used in the primary ration are summarized in
Table 15.

A comparison of the revised values in Table 15 with the tentative
values in Table 13 is given in Table 16 and shows that the revised values
are higher for the effective digestible nutrients of the various feeds
compared with those of corn meal. This is particularly noticeable with

30 BULLETIN NO. 600, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

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PRODUCTIVE ENERGY BY GROWING CHICKENS

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32 BULLETIN NO. 600, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

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PRODUCTIVE ENERGY BY GROWING CHICKENS 33

alfalfa leaf meal, with which, for example, in Experiment 24 the pre-
liminary relative value of 0 was changed to 35, and in Experiment 36,
the preliminary value of 16 is changed to 45. The explanation for the
increase is that when the feed is substituted for corn meal, the higher
revised productive energy of the corn meal gives a higher revised value
to the same quantity of feed substituted. Since the percentage of effective

Table I6. Average tentative and corrected productive energy of digestible nutrients and
their standard deviations. standard errors, and percentile error

Prod.
energy per Standard Standard Standard
Number 0 gm. deviation error error
of tests Cal. Cal. Cal. per cent

Alfalfa leaf meal.

Tentative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 127 101 45 35

Corrected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 241 110 49 21
Buttermilk, dried.

Tentative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 208 46 23 11

Corrected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 243 48 24 1O
Casein.

Tentative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 264 43 19 7

Corrected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 298 46 2O 7
Cottonseed meal.

Tentative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 236 17 7 3

Corrected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 280 15 6 3
Tankage.

Tentative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 195 75 28 14

Corrected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 240 78 29 11
Wheat gray shorts.

Tentative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 228 60 26 11

Corrected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 270 63 28 10

Table 17. Average constituents and productive energy of certain feeds

Alfalfa Butter- Corn Cott0n- Wheat
leaf milk, Casein meal seed Tankage ray
meal dried (stand- meal s orts

ard)

Number of tests . . . . . . . . . 5 4 5 . . . . . . . . 5 7 5
Effective organic constit-

uents,_perc_ent....... 61.8 90.6 87.7 91.1 85.8 81.4 84.1
Effective digestible nutri-

ents, per cent . . . . . .. 18.4 57.5 72.6 80.2 46.5 43.2 51.7
[Vetabolizable energy,

cal. per 100 gm . . . . . . . 77 242 305 337 195 181 217

Productive energy
Total feed, cal. per 100 gm. 43 139 214 245 130 103 137
Effective organic constit-

uents,_cal. per 100 gm. 64 153 243 268 152 127 163
Effective digestible nutri-

ents, cal. per 100 gm. . 241 243 298 305 280 240 270
Rani; with effective digest-

ible nutrients of corn

meal as 100 . . . . . . . . . 79 80 98 100 92 78 89
In percentage of metabo-

lizable energy . . . . . . . 57 58 71 73 67 57 64

34 BULLETIN NO. 600, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

digestible nutrients of the feed substituted remains the same, and is lower
than those for corn meal, the productive energy of the effective digestible
nutrients becomes proportionately larger compared with that of corn meal.
Greater increases in relative value thus occur with feed of low digestibility,
namely, the alfalfa leaf meal, while the increase is not great with feeds
whose effective digestible nutrients are not widely different from those
of corn meal. There is little difference in the standard deviation and
standard error of the tentative and of the revised values for productive
energy of any of the feeds except alfalfa leaf meal. On account of the
higher revised productive energy, the percentage of error is lower.

When the productive energy of the primary ration is recalculated with
the new values compared to corn meal given in Table 16, but otherwise
using the same procedure, the value relative to corn meal is 90 instead
of 91. Use of this new figure would give a revised productive energy of
corn meal of 3.01 instead of 3.05 calories per gram of effective digestible
nutrients. The value rounded off to 3.00 will be used in subsequent work.
The corresponding productive energy per gram of corn meal would be
2.40 and for the effective organic constituents it would be 2.63.

The productive energy values are summarized in Table 17 for the feed,
the effective organic constituents, the effective digestible nutrients, and
the metabolizable energy. The standard deviation and error are also given
in Table 18.

Table 18. Standard deviation and standard error of productive energy of the feed, the
effective organic constituents, and the metabolizable energy

Alfalfa Butter- Cotton- Wheat
leaf milk, Casein seed Tankage gray
meal dried meal shorts

Number of tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 4 5 5 7 5
Total feed
Prod. energy per 100 gm., Cal . . . . . . 43 139 214 130 103 137
Standard deviation, Cal. . .. . . . . . . . 22 24 19 18 32 26
Standard error, Cal . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l0 12 8 8 12 12
Standard error, per cent . . . . . . . . .. 21 8 4 6 12 8
Effective organic constituents
Prod. energy per 100 gm., Cal . . . . . . 64 153 243 152 127 163
Standard deviation, Cal . . . . . . . . . . . 33 26 20 19 41 31
Standard error, Cal . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15 13 9 8 15 14
Standard error, per cent . . . . . . . . . . . 24 9 4 5 12 8
In percentage of metabolizable
energy
Prod. energy per 100 gm., Cal . . . . . . 57 58 71 67 57 64
Standard deviation, Cal . . . . . . . . . . . 26 12 11 4 19 15
Standard error, Cal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5 2 7 6
Standard error, per cent . . . . . . . . . . . 21 l0 7 3 11 10

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY BY GROWING CHICKENS 35
Effect of High Protein Content

In some of the experiments, a high protein feed replaced corn meal,
with a resulting high protein content of the ration. In most of the ex-
periments in which high protein feeds were used, these feeds replaced
corn meal and casein in such a way that the protein content of the rations
remained around 30 per cent. A high protein content of the rations did
not, however, appear to decrease the utilization of the energy of the
ration. When casein replaced 50% corn meal (Table 16) it had a higher
productive energy than when only 3O to 38% of corn meal was replaced.
Cottonseed meal and tankage replacing 50% corn meal had higher pro-
ductive energy values than when the protein was lower. The evidence
indicates that a high protein content of the ration does not interfere
with the utilization of the energy of the ration. It has other effects,
however, since high protein in the ration produces chickens with a low
fat content, as can be seen from the data in Table 7.

Productive Energy of Other Feeds

The productive energy of some other feeds was determined in the ex-
periments here reported, in addition to those discussed in the preceding
pages, and the results are given in Table 19. The data for corn meal are
based on the value of 3.05 calories per gram of effective digestible con-
stituents and not on the comparisons, since corn meal is itself the standard.

Additional experiments are being made on other samples of the same
kinds of feeds as are listed in Table 19 and their productive energy will
be discussed more fully when the additional data are reported.

Delinted cottonseed hulls and oat hulls had no productive energy. The
productive energy of cottonseed oil was lower than could be expected.
The digestible constituents of corn bran, corn gluten meal, and cotton-
seed flour had a productive energy equal to that of corn meal.

Utilization of Protein in the Rations

Analyses of the chicks, of the rations, and the digestion experiments
furnished data as to the retention of digestible protein by the chicks.
These data are summarized in Table 20.

The highest retention of the digestible protein is usually with the corn
meal ration containing about 20 per cent protein, in which retention was
50 to 56 per cent. With corn meal rations containing above 30 per cent
protein, the retention was about 40 per cent. The lowest retention of
digestible protein was with the high-protein rations containing casein,
in Exp. 11, 12, 21, 22, and 36, in which the retention was 21 to 26 per
cent. In spite of this low retention of protein, however, the casein had a
high productive energy, as shown in Table 15. The next lowest retention,

36 BULLETIN NO. 600, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

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A: ~35.

37

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY BY GROWING CHICKENS

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w wcefiioexm
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fi?        fi . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .......-..-.W~%N%u x§»§O@QNHA:@E

mm 3.9 flea: 3 .2 2w mm 8.: N  . . . . . . . . . . I293. mm 508w» 3.5% 52m 22:5

m». mmimw awi 2.. mm 3 wm Mzwfi m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . éhaw mm éefiwe 35am 53m emva?

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6N 2.15.

 

38 BULLETIN NO. 600, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

ww dwwn 55d wwwm owBw mdw w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dofimimofl. 553m E00

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5N 011i.

39

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY BY GROWING CHICKENS

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_ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4535 555 3W2 5524
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4535 135 553m
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5035 545a 55595350
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5035 185 3o cmonzom

~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  

. .. . . . . ....:o3m.4 n03 532m :50

 . . . . . . . . . ..:o3m.4_435c._o0
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40 BULLETIN NO. 600, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

28 to 3O per cent, was with the rations containing cottonseed hulls and
oat hulls, rations of low energy value. Low retention of protein also
occurred with the alfalfa leaf meal rations.

The utilization of protein will be discussed more fully in a subsequent
publication.

Acknowledgment

Chemical analyses and other work were done by S. E. Asbury, J. W.
May, G. L. Smith, Velma Graham, and other members of the staff.

Summary

The gains of fat and flesh by young growing chickens during a period
of 3' weeks on a standard ration containing corn meal were compared
with the gains made by similar chickens at the same time and under the
same conditions fed on similar rations in which other feeds were sub-
stituted for corn meal or corn meal and casein.

The gains were ascertained by chemical analyses of representative
chickens at the beginning of the experiment, and of those on experiment
at the end. The values of the feeds tested for producing gains of flesh
and fat were expressed in. Calories and termed the productive energy. A
preliminary calculation of the productive energy of the feeds tested rela-
tive to that of corn meal enabled the productive energy of the corn meal
to be calculated from the results of a preceding set of experiments in
which the productive energy of a mixed ration was determined.

The productive energy of corn meal finally decided upon was 3.00 Calories
per gram of effective digestible constituents, 2.40 Calories per gram of
corn meal and 2.63 Calories per gram of effective organic constituents.

The average productive energy of the feeds studied was alfalfa leaf

‘meal 241 Calories per 100 grams of effective digestible nutrients, dried

buttermilk 243 Calories, casein 298 Calories, corn meal 300 Calories, cot-
tonseed meal 280 Calories, tankage 240 Calories and wheat gray shorts
270 Calories.

The productive energy of the effective organic constituents and of the
metabolizable energy are also given.

The productive energy values of a few other feeds are given.

A high protein content of the ration does not seem to affect the
utilization of the energy of the ration by the chick.

The utilization of protein in the ration by chicks is discussed briefly.

10.

11.

12.

 

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY BY GROWING CHICKENS 41

REFERENCES

Armsby, H. P. 1917. The Nutrition of Farm Animals. The Macmillan Company,
New York.

Fraps, G. S. 1913. Principles of Agricultural Chemistry. Chemical Publishing Com-
pany, Easton, Pennsylvania.

Fraps, G. S. 1928. Digestion and production coefiicients of poultry feeds. Tex. Agr.
Exp. Sta. Bul. 372. 24 pages.

Fraps, G. S. 1931. Productive energy of feeds calculated from feeding experiments
with sheep. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 436. 56 pages.

Fraps, G. S. 1937. Practical applications of productive energy values to problems con-

cerning feeds and feeding. Proc. Am. Soc. An. Production. 1937. 20-26.

Fraps, G. S. and Carlyle, E. C. 1939. The utilization of the energy of feed by growing
chicks. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 571. 44 pages.

Fraps, G. S. and Carlyle, E. C. 1939. Utilization of the energy of wheat products by
chickens. Jour. Nutr. 18:385-398.

Fraps, G. S. and Carlyle, E. C. 1939.
rye flour as measured by experiments on baby chicks.
duction. 1939. 396-399.

Fraps, G. S. and Carlyle, E. C. 1939. Relation of gain in weight to gain in energy
content of growing chicks. Jour. Agr. Res. 59:777-781.

Fraps, G. S., Carlyle, E. C., and Fudge, J. F. 1940. Metabolizable energy of some
chicken feeds. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 589. 23 pages.

Jones, J. M. and Stangel, W. L. 1938. Effect of calcium supplements on lambs fed
sorghum fodder or sorghum silage as the roughage portion of the fattening ration.
Tex. “Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 563. 47 pages.

Kellner, O.

Energy values of corn bran, rice polish, and
Proc. Amer. Soc. Animal Pro-

1905. Die ernahrung der landwirthschaftlichen nutztiere.