TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION A B. CONNER, DIRECTOR, College Station, Texas BULLETIN NO. 625 DECEMBER 1942 PRODUCTIVE ENERGY OF SOME FEEDS AND FOODS AS MEASURED BY GAINS OF ENERGY BY GROWING CHICKENS G. S. FRAPS AND E. C. CARLYLE . Division of Chemistry _ M LIBRA RY lfiflfllllfllllllhififilffinifiaiEifiilegaafigxm- 6°"'@2@Siafii@.;zas I A AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS T. O. WALTON, President B-28-1242—6M-L180 The value of 62 feeds and foods for furnishing energy for growing chickens was measured by feeding the feeds in balanced rations to growing chickens and ascertaining the efiect by Weighing and analyzing the chickens. Individual chickens differ in their capacity to utilize feed and the results gven are usually averages of several tests, each on 6 or more chickens. When the different feeds are compared, wide differences between their energy values are found. “However, when the energy val- ues of the digestible nutrients of the various feeds are compared, those of most of the feeds do not differ widely from those of corn meal. The differences in the energy of the feeds are therefore due chiefly to differ- ences in digestibility, for with most feeds, the ability of‘ chickens to utilize the digested feed is quite uniform. There are several exceptions, however; for example, the digested nutrients of lima beans have a low value and those of dried beef a high value compared with the value of the digested nutrients of corn meal. The productive energy values of 62 feeds ex- pressed in different ways are shown in the tables. Other data secured in the work are also given. ‘ CONTENTS Page Introduction __-- 5 Definitions of terms .............................. __ 6 Experimental procedure ____ -_ 6 Details and data of the Work“- 7 Calculations of maintenance requirements of the chicks and produc- tive energy of the rations: 12 Calculation of the productive energy of the feed 31 Productive energy of the feeds used- V 31 Productive energy of the efiective digestible constituents and the metabolizable energy 4 7 Acknowledgment 50 Summary --_ 5 0 References -_ a 50 PRODUCTIVE ENERGY OF SOME FEEDS AND FOODS AS MEASURED BY GAINS OF ENERGY OF GROWING CHICKENS G. S. Fraps and E. C. Carlyle* The work here presented is a part of a comprehensive investigation of the value of the energy of feeds and foods as measured by the pro- duction of fat and flesh on growing chickens. Previous publications have discussed the digestibility of some chicken feeds (4), the utilization of energy of feeds by growing chickens (8), the utilization of the energy of wheat products by chickens (9), the energy values of corn bran, rice bran, and rye flour (10), the relation of gain in weight to gain in energy content of growing chickens (11), the metabolizable energy of chicken feeds (13), and the productive energy of alfalfa leaf meal and some other chicken feeds (12). The object of the work was to measure the energy value of feeds in terms of the use made of it by chickens. Values of feeds have been com- pared in terms of digestible nutrients and of metabolizable energy on the assumption that these measure the utilization of the feed by the animal. Previous" Work (1,3,5,9,12) has shown that, measured in terms of gains of fat and flesh, neither digestible nutrients nor metabolizable energy are always correct measures for the energy value of feeds eaten by rum- inants (9). Extensive work on the utilization of the energy of feed by ruminants has been done by Kellner, Armsby, Forbes, and others. As the literature has already been summarized in previous publications (7,8), it will not again be summarized here. A deficiency of protein (5) or of calcium (14) or other elements or compounds necessary for growth may decrease the utilization of the energy of feed by animals. When productive energy is measured, the feed should be fed in a ration which is not deficient in any substance needed for the assimilation or utilization of the digested feed or which contains any substance which interferes with the utilization of the energy. The work here presented compares the energy values of a number of chicken and human foods with that of corn meal. A complete ration was fed one group of chickens, and corresponding groups were fed simi- lar rations in which the feed to be tested replaced part of the corn meal in the complete ration. Chemical analyses were made of one group of the chickens at the beginning, and others at the end of the experiments, so that the increase in the protein and fat content of the chickens was measured. The data so secured were used to compare the energy values of the feeds tested with that of corn meal. In previous work (8) the value of a. mixed ration for the production of fat and flesh in growing ‘Deceased Aug. 16, 1942. 6 BULLETIN NO. 625, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION chicks was found to be 2.78 Calories per gram of total digestible nutrients. By subsequent work (12), the productive energy of the total digestible nutrients of corn meal was found to be 3.00 Calories per gram. These values‘ were used in calculating the work here reported. Definition of Terms Productive energy is the energy stored up as fat and protein by the chicken from that portion of the ration eaten which exceeds the quantity used for all maint-enance purposes. The difference between metabolizable energy and productive energy is chiefly the cost of utilization of the energy. Effective organic constituents of a feed is the sum of the percentages of the protein, the fat or ether extract multiplied by 2.25, and the nitro- gen-free extract. Crude fiber is disregarded since it is digested only to a very small extent by chickens, while ash and water have no energy values. Effective digestible nutrients of a feed is the sum of the percentages of digestible protein, the digestible ether extract multiplied by 2.25, and the digestible nitrogen-free extract. In other words, the effective di- gestible nutrients is‘ that portion of the eifective organic constituents which can be digested by the animal. ‘Metabolizable energy is the energy of the food less the energy in the excrement, both fecal and urinal and, in case of ruminants, in gases pro- duced by fermentation. It includes all the energy of the food which can be used by the animal. The metabolizable energy of chicken feeds can be calculated by methods previously developed (13). For the purpose of this work, metabolizable energy values for maintenance were obtained in Calories per 100 grams" by multiplying grams of effective digestible nutri- ents by 4.2. When part of the protein is retained, as in growing chick- ens, the metabolizable energy is higher than for maintenance. Maintenance requirement is that portion of the energy of the feed used in the life processes of the animal, for keeping the body warm, and for movements of the body. The bodily activities consume energy, which in this work is included in the energy of maintenance. The productive energy used for maintenance is the difference between the productive energy of the quantity of food eaten and the energy stored up in fat and flesh. For the work here presented it is calculated from the data secured with the corn meal ration. Experimental Procedure The procedure has already been described in detail (8, 12), and will here be given only in outline. The feeds to be tested were usually com- pared with corn meal as a standard. Sixty or more baby chicks‘, usually white Leghorns, were fed a corn meal ration for a preliminary period of approximately one week. From these, usually five equal groups of 6 chicks each were selected, although in some of the earlier work only two groups PRODUCTIVE ENERGY OF FEEDS AND FOODS FOR; GROWING OHIGKENS 7 were ‘used. The remaining chickens were used for digestion experiments. One group was killed and analyzed. One of the four experimental groups received a balanced ration containing 50% of corn meal or corn meal and casein, while the other three groups received a ration in which the corn meal or casein, or both, were partly replaced by the feed to be tested. The chickens were fed individually in battery brooders and weighed at the end of each week. At the end of 2 weeks they were killed, the intestinal contents removed, and the chick ground for analysis. Begin- ning with Experiment 26 the chickens‘ were heated in an autoclave at 15 pounds pressure for 3 hours, cooled and ground in a food chopper with 3% ground filter paper to take up the liquids. In the earlier ex- periments, the chickens were of both sexes, but in most of the later work, they were hatchery sexed cockerels. Up to the age of 4 weeks, little difference between the two sexes could be expected. Protein (N x 6.25) was determined on 3.5 gram samples by the Kjel- dahl-Gunning method. Fat was determined on 4 gram portions by ex- traction with ether after drying under reduced pressure at 100°C and grinding in a mortar. The energy content was calculated by the use of the figures 5.66 Calories per gram of protein and 9.35 Calories per gram of fat. These figures were found in previous work (8) to give results agreeing with the heats of combustion of dried chicks as determined in a bomb colorimeter. Two digestion tests were usually made on each ration. The digestible nutrients were calculated from the average of these two experiments and the analysis of the feeds used, each experiment being treated separately. Details and Data of the Work The work was done from Dec. 1, 1930 to July, 1942. The ingredients of the standard corn meal rations used in the various experiments" are given in Table 1. The dried buttermilk used in earlier experiments was replaced by dried skim milk in later experiments. In nine of the ex- periments, casein was used in place of the dried skim milk, and in other experiments, it was added to increase the protein content of the basal ration. The cottonseed meal and tankage in the earlier experiments were discontinued in laterexperiments in order to mak-e the ration less com- plex. Yeast was added to supply the vitamin B complex, and the amount was increased from 2% to 6%, beginning with Experiment 19. Manga- nese sulphate was included beginning with Experiment 47. Analyses were made of all the rations; representative analyses of the standard corn meal ration are given in Table 2. The higher protein content in Experiments A.-65, 6, 13, 29 and 40 is due to the larger quan- tities of casein in the rations. The quantities of single feeds which re- placed the corn meal in the experimental rations are given in Table 10. Table 3 gives the experiments in which two or more feeds replaced the corn meal or corn meal and casein. The percentage composition of the Table 1. Constituents of the Standard Corn Meal Rations, in Per Cent. Cot- Oyster Tri- 010d Corn Wheat Dried Dried ton Tank- Alfalfa shell or Bone calcium liver oil Experiment Numbers meal gray butter- skim Casein seed age leaf Yeast calcium meal phos- Salt concen- shorts milk milk meal meal carbon- phate trate ate i A31, A32, A33, A34 ________________ __ 57.0 20.0 ____ ____ ____ 13.0 ____ 5.0 ____ 2.0 1.0 _--- 1.0 1.0 A38, A39, A41, A42 ________________ _- 50.0 19.0 10.0 ____ ____ 6.0. 4 0 5.0 -___ 2.0 2.0 ____ 1.0 1.0 A62, A63, A64 _____________________ __ 51.0 19.0 10.0 ____ ____ 6~ 0 4 0 5 0 ____ 2.0 2.0 ___- 1.0 .0 A65 _________________________________ __ 58.9’ 25.0 ____ ____ 12.0 ____ ____ ____ 1 0 ____ ___- 1.0 1.0 .1 1, 2! ________________________________ __ 50.0 19.0 10.0 ____ __1_ 6.0 4 0 5.0 ____ 2.0 2.0 ____ 1.0 1.0 3, 4- _______________________________ __ 50.5 19.0 10.0 ____ ____ 6.0 4.0 5.0 -___ 2.0 2.0 ___- 1.0 0.5 5 ___________________________________ -_ 64.3 10.0 5.0 ____ ____ ____ 10.2 5.0 ____ 2.0 2.0 ___- 1.0 0.5 6, 7, 10 ____________________________ __ 56.0 20.0 ____ ____ 12.0 ____ ____ 6.0 2.0 | 1.0 __-_ 1.0 1.0 1.0 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 __________________ __ 56.8 20.0 ____ ____ 12.0 ____ ____ 6.0 2.0 1.0 ____ ____ 1.0 0.2 19, 25- _____________________________ __ 50.0 16.3 ____ 10.0 ___- 10.0 ____ 4.0 6.0‘ 1.5 _-__ 1.0 1.0 0.2 29‘ __________________________________ __ 30.0 16.3 ____ 10.0 20.0 -_-_ -_-_ 4.0 6.0 1.5 ____ 1.0 1.0 0.2 3Y7, 38, 42., 48, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60', 62, 6' 66 ____________________ __: 60.0 1633* ____ 10.0 ____ ____ ____ 4.0 6.0 1.5 ____ 1.0 1.0 0.2 40, 41, 43, 44, 46‘, 47, 52, 55, 61, 63% 50.0 103* ____ 10.0 10.0 ____ ____ 4.0 6.0 y 1.5 ___- 1.0 1.0 [ 0.2 *.20% manganese sulphate included from Exp. 47 on. 8 NOLLVLS LNEIWIHEIJXEI TVHfLI/IIIOIHBV SVXELL ‘E39 ‘ON NLLEVYIHH PRODUCTIVE ENERGY OE FEEDS AND FOODS FOR GROWENG OHIOKENS 9 Table 2. Percentage Chemical Composition of Representative Corn Meal Rmtions Ether Crude Nitrogen Protein extract flber free Water Ash extract Exp. 17.10 5.48 5.65 59.85 6.39 5.53 Exp. 19.73 5.64 3.59‘ 55.46 8.05 7.53 Exp. 18.80 4.88 3.78 54.64 8.93 8.97 Exp. 22.13 4.20 2.58 56.20 9.93 4.96 Exp. 19.15 5.21 3.63 54.09 9.92 8.00 Exp. 19.50 5.11 3.49 54.38 8.53 8.96 Exp. 17.38 5.01 2.59 57.10 9.75 8.17 Exp. 21.80 3.6V? 3.59 56.33 9.19 5.42 Exp. 20.40 2.73 2.86 57.81 9.79 5.41 Exp. 19.89 3.10 2.97 57.83 9.42 6.79 Exp. 30.77 2.66 2.41 49.30 8.60 6.26 Exp. 16.76 3.19 2.70 61.69 9.69 5.97 Exp. 23.55 2.59 2.14 55.13 10.38 6.21 Table 3. Experiments in which two or more feeds replaced corn meal. Experiment 1 Patent flour, 50.0: graham flour, 41.3, star.ch, 8.7: wheat bran, 41.3, starch, 3.9, cottonseed oil 3.9 per cent. Experiment 2 Patent flour, 50.0: graham flour, 41.3, starch, 8.7; wheat bran, 41.3 starch, 3.9, cottonseed oil, 4.8‘per cent. Experiment 3 Oat meal, 35.2, starch, 15.3: dried sweet potatoes, 40.0, casein, 4.4, cotton- seed oil 6.1; rice, 49.5, casein, 1.0 per cent. Experiment 4 Rice, 49.5, casein, 1.0; dried sweet potatoes, 40.0, casein, 4.4, cottonseed oil 6.1' oat meal, 35.2, starch, 15.3 per cent. Experiment 5 Raw lima beans, 60.0, cottonseed oil, 5.0; raw navy beans, 47.7, cottonseed oil 5.0; raw black eye peas, 46.6 per cent. Experiment 18 Starch, 50.0: starch, 46.0, yeast, 4.0: starch, 44.0, yeast 4.0, corn oil 2.0 per cent. Experiment 19 Starch, 44.0, casein, 4.0: wheat bran, 50.0: cottonseed oil 15.0 per cent. Experiment 29 80y bean oil meal, 37.0% replaced 20.0% casein and 17.0% corn meal: peanut meal, 40.0% replaced 20.0% casein and 20.0% corn meal; fish meal, 25% replaced 20.0% casein and 5.0% corn meal. Experiment 56 Casein, 50.0%, yeast, 35.0%; alfalfa leaf meal, 30.0%, casein, 20.0%. feeds tested an'd of the corn meal used as a standard are given in Table 4 and their effective organicpconstituents in Table 10. Digestion experiments were made with all of the rations, usually two being made on each ration. The results will be presented in a subse- quent publication. The digestion coefficients of the rations were aver- aged separately for each experiment and, together with the analysis of each ration, were used to calculate the effective digestible nutrients of 10 BULLETIN NO. 625, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Table 4. Percentage Composition of reeds > 1 Labora- Ether Crude Nitro tory Name of feed Protein extract fiber gen tree Water number extract 58348 Barley seed, whole ............. -- 9.40 1.59 5.37 71.34 9.64 2.66 63805 Barley seed, whole ............. -- 13.97 1.58 5.92 65.69 10.27 2.57 46140 Lima beans .................... _- 22.88 .91 4.70 56.65 9.85 5.01 65051 Lima beans, Baby _____________ -- 20.48 .95 4.32 56.16 14.01 4.08 46141 Navy beans .................. _- 22.08 1.14 5.58 57.30 9.78 4.12 65048 Navy beans --_- 21.70 1.13 4.08 56.94 11.86 4.29 65049 Pinto beans .................... -- 21.64 1.04- 3.74 56.53 12.27 4.78 63796 Chipped beet, dried ............. -- 61.11 9.67 0 1.19 3.09 24.94 58591 Beet pulp - ..................... _- 6.65 .36 13.98 62.99 9.86 6.16 62736 Beet pulp, dried ................ _- 8.20 .18 19.87 57.49 11.35 2.91 62923 Broom- corn seed ............... -_ 9.15 3.59 5.34 69.07 10.18 2.67 63807 Broom corn seed ............... -_ 9.19 3.70 4.99 69.27 10.38 2.47 62888 Casein .......................... -- 81.92 .09 .18 3.25 10.62 3.94 58434 Citrus pulp, ' 5.93 1.95 10.81 65.48 7.96 7.8T 62765 Citrus pulp, 5.50 1.71 10.21 63.48 13.23 5.87 64059 Citrus pulp, 5.15 4.44 12.83 61.74 7.88 7.96 64098 Cocoanut oil meal .............. -_ 21.21 10.33 10.51 44.49 6.46 6.50 65030 Cocoanut oil meal .............. .._ 20.31 6.37 10.71 47.70 8.50 6.41 48810 Corn bran _____________________ -- 10.40 10.22 10.88 57.41. 7.96 3.13 50740 Corn bran ______________________ __ 9.40 6.57 12.54 62.06 7.21 2.22 50742 Corn bran ...................... -_ 10.49 8.16 10.20 61.70 6.92 2.53 50786 Corn bran ______________________ __ 6.34 3.95 14.79 65.70 , 7.73 1.49 58432 Corn gluten ieed ............... -- 24.01 2.10 7.84 51.29 l 9.35 5.41 62767 Corn gluten feed _______________ -- 25.57 1.34 7.82 48.02 10.19 71B 584K; Corn gluten meal _________ -- -- 42.91 1.78 5.55 37.08 x 8.39 4.29 62768 Corn gluten meal ............... -- 43.74 1.83 4.61 36.46 f 9.40 8.96 33300 Yellow corn meal, Exp. A31--__- 9.97 4.37 2.72 71.38 9.96 1.60 33918 Corn feed meal, Exp. A41 ..... -_‘ 10.20 4.40 2.64 72.07 ‘ 9.43 1.26 40966 Yellow corn meal, Exp. A62"--- 9.85 4.80 2.01 72.42 9.42 1.50 41442 Yellow corn meal, Exp. A64"--- 9.45 3.09 1.68 73.70 ! 10.00 1.10 41603 Yellow corn meal, Exp. A65"--- 10.95 4.52 2.16 70.15 | 10.67 1.55 45005 Cream corn 4.56 1.32 72.74 5 9.80 1.30 45803 Corn meal, 5.30 1.42 71.16 l 9.91 1.53 46079 Corn meal, 4.03 1.09 73.19 i 10.03 1.45 47955 Corn meal, 3.00 1.39 73.15 i 9.93 I 1.48 48260 Corn meal, 4.11 1.36 72.78 10.84 I 1.05 48986 Corn meal, 4.84 1.45 69.74 = 10.31 1.68 5000s Corn meal, 2.07 1.01 74.35 1 10.04 l 1.41 51556 Corn meal, 3.23 1.12 73.97 1» 9.74 l 1.25 51824 Corn meal, 2.85 1.04 73.87 ‘ 10.32 ' 1.24 51960 Corn meal, 2.81 1.06 74.35 9.79 1.29 54823 Corn meal, 2.21 1.13 73.95 10.85 1.30 55321 Corn meal, 3.31 1.30 74.60 9.89 1.11 58600 Corn meal, 3.64 1.45 71.71 10.51 1.42 58715 Corn meal, . 3.19 1.09 72.56 10.78 1.29 58934 Corn meal, Exp. 39 ........... -.. 11.11 3.37 . 1.15 72.67 10.45 1.25 59229 Corn meal, Exp. 41 ........... -- 9.97’ 4.27 1.37 71.83 10.98 1.58 50490 Corn meal, Exp. 4.2. ........... -_ 10.07 4.2.0 1.20 71.25 P 11.21 1.41 59713 Corn meal, Exp. 43. ........... -- 9.82 3.32 1.17 73.26 11.20 1.23 59969 Corn meal, Exp. 46. ........... _.. 9.84 4.46 1.35 70.50 12.55 1.30 60219 Corn meal, Exp. 47 ............ __ 9.76 4.66 1.44 71.34 11.45 1.35 60321 Corn meal, Exp. 48. ........... -_ 9.88 4.59 1.35 70.70 12.15 1.33 62891 Corn meal, Exp. 52. ........... -- 9.60 4.42 1.12 70.71 12.99 1.16 62977 Corn meal, Exp. 53 ____________ _.. 10.20 4.34 1.44 70.52 12.21 1.29 63077 Corn meal, Exp. 54 ____________ __ 10.05 4.29 1.54 70.51 12.39 1.22 63683 Corn meal, Exp. 56 ............ _- 9.54 4.08 1.23 71.90 I 12.00 1.25 63913 Corn meal, Exp. 57 ............ __ 10.01 4.44 1.37 72.70. 10.28 1.20 64267 Corn meal, Exp. 59 ............ -- 10.15 4.23 1.38 73.04 9.90 1.3) 64291 Corn meal, Exp. 60 ............ -- 8.71 3.89 1.55 74.35 10.28 1.22 64523 Corn meal, Exp. 61 ............ -_ 9.10 4.04 1.57 74.62 | 9.45 1.22 64878 Corn meal, Exp. 63. ........... -_ 10.36 3.66 J 1.38 73.74 9.59 1.27 65056 Corn meal, Exp. 65--. ......... _. 8.91 3.76 1.64 73.21 11.08 1.40 65172 Corn meal, Exp. 66 ____________ -- 9.02 3.52 1.55 73.89 1 10.84 1.18 59165 Cottonseed flour .............. _- 58.13 5.99 1.83 22.08 5.49 6.48 63621 Cottonseed flour .............. -- 55.40 8.64 2.23 21.32 5.80 6.61 54898 Sudan grass ................... -_ 14.15 2.37 25.38 38.40 7.58 12.12 59524 Tabo (enzyme concentrate) ____ -_ 13.66 1.00 7.74 18.53 4.85 54.22 54666 Fish meal ...................... -_ 64.28 4.39 .35 7.72 6.37 16.89, 58346 Fish meal ...................... -- 65.34 3.73 .40 7.30 6.24 ‘l 16.99 PRODUOTIVE ENERGY OF‘ FEEDS AND FOODS FOR. GROWING OHIOKENS 11 Table 4. Percentage Composition of 1‘eeds—0ontinued Labora- t Ether Orude Nitro- tory Name of feed Protein extract fiber gen free Water Ash number . extract 62738 Fish meal ______________________ -_ 69.25 2.54 .40 5.03 9.40 13.38 48898 Clear flour _____________________ __ 16.25 1.27 .32 64.90 16-62 .64 44486 Wheat flour, whole. ___________ _- 12.59 1.90 2.28 69.50 12.01 1.72 45372 Graham flour .................. -- 12.13 1.74 1.35 , 71.03 12.54 1-21 47762 Low grade flour ________________ __ 13.20 2.24 .43 / 71.67 11.52 .94 48244 Low grade flour ________________ _.. 15.07 1.94 .50 70.18 11.46 .85 . 1.00 .43! 72.00 11.72. .59 . 1 .91 .33 76.25 11.32 .77 . .91 .25 73.25 12.55 .47 . .84 .24 73.43 12.17 .49 . .96 .21 71.64 12.81 .42 . .05 .15 0 14.32 1.89 40968 Hegari __________________________ _- 10.33 2.65 1.93 73.55 10.19 1.35 51581 Kafir, Black Hull ______________ __ 11.95 3.45 2.33 70.96 9.81 1.50 51582 Kafir, Waxy Endosperm _______ __ 11.98 4.06 2.43 70.52 9.16 1.85 51568 Lactose _ _______________________ __ .24 O0 .17 98.58 .97 .04 _ 55287 Linseed oil meal ________________ __ 38.49 7.78 7.39 31.35 8.78 6.21 63622 Linseed oil meal ________________ __ 36.12 5.29 8.21 35.48 9.29 5.61 Liver meal, dried _______________ __ 64.04 17.80 1.20 2.23 9.22 5.5-1 34.15 1.02 .23 48.84 8.62 7.14 9.78 3.52 8.64 64.63 10.12 3.31 Kafir chops -4 ___________________ __ 10.81 2.57 2.09 73.28 9.93 1.37 34077 Milo‘, yellow ____________________ __ 10.87 2.90 2.02 71.92 10.86 1.43 58615 Oat hulls _______________________ __ 3.35 .82 32.08 48.90 7.15 7.70 51609 Oat hulls _______________________ __ 6.60 1.92 26.10 52.48 7.08 5.82 33829 Oat flakes ...................... -_ 15.98 6.05 1.49 66.05 8.76 1.67 44487 Oat flakes ______________________ __ 14.87 5.69 1.56 65.93 10.06 1.89 45805 Oat meal _______________________ __ 16.51 5.94 1.42 64.64 9.72 1.77 54798 Peanut meal ___________________ _- 44.23 6.74 8.89 25.54 7.12 7.48 58431 Peanut meal ___________________ __ 40.60 7.44 7.39 29.78 5.80 8.99 59226 Peanut meal ___________________ _- 44.12 6.96 14.53 23.01 5.97 5.41 63540 Peanut meal ___________________ -_ 45.27 7.93 9.45 24.79 7.02 5.54 46142 Blackeye peas .................. -_ 20.40 1.01 3.35 62.15 9.15 3.94 65050 Blackeye peas __________________ __ 22.38 1.09 2.82 57.59 12.51 3.61 44984 Sweet potatoes, dried __________ __ .1. .20 .84 33.34 631.08 1.04 63909 Sweet potato meal _____________ -_ 4.17 1.331. 3.75 77.12 7.85 5.78 59177 Sweet potatoes, dehydrated ____ __ 1.52 .39 2.37 75.86 15.83 4.03 59506 Sweet potato meal ______________ _- 5.76 .62 3.55 77.98 9.12 2.9T 45544 Rice __ 7.78 .32 .33 77.16 13.18 1.23 45806 Rice 7.78 .32 . 42 79.43 11 .21 .84 51682 Rice bran _______________________ _- 13.10 11.17 6.78 50.77 8.98 9.20 59166 Rice bran _______________________ _- 12.18 12.44 11.65 41.28 9.03 13.42 62751 Rice bran _______________________ __ 12.44 11.41 12.46 41.84 10.03 11.82 59320 Rice hulls _______________________ __ 2.29 .84 40.40 2.6.90 9.30 20.27 51681 Rice polishings ................. __ 13.17 15.31 2.10 52.11 9.53 7.78 59167 Rice polishings _________________ -_ 11.58 11.44 1.91 55.89 10.27 8.91 62750 Rice polishings ................. _- 14.33 13.42 3.41 49.70 10.71 8.43 51683 Rye flour .. _____________________ __ 12.61. 1.90 2.16 69.77 11.75 1.81 59649’ Rye seed _______________________ -- 14.85 1.54 2.37 68.80 10.58 1.86 62925 Rye seed _______________________ __ 12.94 1.75 2.99 69.43" 10.70 2.19 63804 Rye seed _______________________ -_ 12.75 1.47 2.67 71.15 10.18 1.78 62922 Cane seed, Red Top ____________ -_ 7.80 4.25 2.52 72.23 11.60 1.60 63806 Cane seed ______________________ -_ 9.32 3.21 2.02 73.59 10.63 1.23 59650 Sunflower seed _________________ __ 19.88 25.79 30.97 14.58 5.87 2.91 63802 Sunflower seed ................. __ 18.35 30.27 32.05 10.28 5.84 3.21 60014 Shrimp meal ................... -_ 43.83 3.43 9.06 1.90 12.22 29.56 64190 Shrimp meal ___________________ -_ 43.06 2.25 ' 9.20 3 2.05 12.80 30.64 64058 Shrimp meal ___________________ __ 53.45 2.72 14.78 0 4.08 24.917 54665 Soybean oil meal _______________ __ 47.34 .33 5.37 31.79 9.13 6.04 55-286 Soybean oil meal ............... -- 45.86 4.73 5.36 29.31 9.21 5.53 58839 Soybean oil meal ............... _- 47.57 .51 5.19 3 32.33 8.44 5.96 63623 Soybean __ 22.69 .78 10.50 i 55.32 9.02 1.69 58838 Soybean _- 46.12 .50 6.56. l 32.51 8.63 5.68 51567 Starch .......................... -_ .64 .07 .16 1 87.90 11.15 .08 51955 Starch, corn ................... -- .63 0 .15 87.83 11.27 .12 52123 Starch __________________________ __ .58 .23 .17 \ 88.46 10.45 ,11 63908 60% Digester tankage __________ -_ 61.62 8.16 1.59 1 .51 7.21 20.91 33824 Wheat __________________________ _- 14.25 1.56 2.70 l 69.47 10.28 1.74 33917 Wheat __________________________ __ 13.91 1.73 2.55 70.54 9.36 1.91 12 BULLETIN NO. 625, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Table 4. Percentage Composition of Peeds—-Continued Labora-f Ether \ Crude Nitro- J I tory Name of feed Protein extract fiber gen free; Water ; Ash znumber extract l i 1 54070 Wheat __________________________ -_ 15.40 2.00 2.54 07.85 l 9.10 l 2.04 40967 Wheat bran ____________________ -_ 17.03 4.26 8.10 54.65 Q 10.43 1 5.53 4770a Wheat bran ____________________ __ 17.87 4.18 10.13 52.47 4 8.93 I 6.42 48264 Wheat bran ____________________ __ 19.24 4.05 9.41 50.64 =‘ 10.33 , 6.33 52122 Wheat bran .................... -_ 18.48 4.05 9.98 52.04 l 8.80 I 0.70 44488 Wheat bran, breakfast food____ 12.59 2.03 9.16 62.13 6.14 7.95 45373 Wheat bran, breakfast food_-_- 13.20 1.94 9.04 61.26 "I 6.63 1 7.93 58601 Wheat gray shorts _____________ _- 17.61. 4.23 6.26 57.24 ! 10.40 t 4.26 50251 Wheat gray shorts ............. -_ 20.02 3.75 5.57 50.51 i 10.15 l 4.20 59770 Brewers yeast .................. -- 52.98 .54 4.08 i 29.10 4.35 1 8.89 60221 Brewers yeast, dried ____________ -_ 53.56 .64 4.53 1 2104 ‘ 7.06 § 9.18 63368 Brewers yeast, dried ............ __ 51.12 .88 2.91 33.96 [ 3.86 1 7.32 each ration. The effective digestible nutrients‘ of each ration are given in Table 7. They were used to calculate the effective digestible nutrients of the feed for the experiment in question, and these are given in Table A 10. The average live weights, percentages of protein and fat, and Calories per 100 grams of chicken, as well as other data, are given in Table 5. The data from each individual chicken were calculated separately and then averaged. As already pointed out (8,12), in the same experiment on the same rations there are variations in the quantities of foods‘ eaten by individual chickens, in gains in weights‘, and in fat and protein con- tent. Since these variations have already been discussed from other data in Bulletin 571 (8) similar calculations were not made with the data here presented. Variations between the different experiments will be discussed later. Calculation of’ Maintenance Requirements of the Chicks and Productive Energy of the Rations ' The work is a comparison of the productive energy of the feed tested with that of corn meal, but it is necessary to make allowance for the dif- ferences in the quantities of energy used for maintenance by the groups compared. The maintenance requirements are calculated from the data secured with the standard corn meal ration, and these in turn are used to cal- culate the productive energy of the other rations used at the same time in the same experiment. The productive energy of the corn meal ration was taken to be 2.78 Calories per gram of effective digestible nutrients, as found to be the average in Bulletin 571, although it may deviate slightly from this on account of changes in the constituents. For each experiment the productive energy was ascertained by multiplying by 2.78 the effective digestible nutrients of the corn meal ration, as found from the digestion experiments for that experiment and the analysis of the ration. The maintenance requirements with a few exceptions are cal- Table 5. Average Composition, Weights and Calories Per 100 Grams for Chickens Live Live Empty Per cent Protein Fat Calories Number oi Experiment and No. weight at weight at weight at empty empty empty per 100 8111- Name of Ration averaged beginning, end, gm. end, gm. weight of weight, weight, empty gm. live weight 0 % weight Experiment A81 Preliminary chicks- ___________________________________ __ 3 ___- 42.9 39.4 _ 92. 17.81 7.99 175.8 Calories per 100 gm _________________________________ __ __ ___ 161.8 _____ _-__- ---__ ___. - - - - - -- Yellow corn meal, 14 days ____________________________ __ 5 40 4 80.9 78.0 96.76 19.68 8.76 193.2 Milo ration, 14 days __________________________________ __ 6 4,0,9 64,2 62.3 96.92 2.0.55 8.44 195.2 Experiment A32 Preliminary chicks ____________________________________ __ 3 ____ 52.1 46,7 89.58 17.47 8.01 173.8 Calories per 100 gm _________________________________ __ __ ____ 155.7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ . . _ _ _ -- Yellow corn meal ______________________________________ __ 3 551 143,1 136,3 92.03 20.25 11.11 218.0 Milo ____________________________________________________ __ 3 56.6 112.7 101,9 90.42 20.90 8.92 201.7 Wheat- ________________________________________________ __ 3 55,4 150,4 152,2 914,89 210.95 10.16 213.6 Oat meal- ___________________________________________ ____ 3 54,2 15.9.2 143,6 93.34 21.38 8.03 196.1 Experiment A33 Preliminary chicks- ___________________________________ __ 3 ____ 52.1 46.7 89.59 17.47 8.01 173.8 Calories per 100 gm __________________ _-_ _____________ __ __ ___- 155.7 -__-- -____ - - _ - - - - - - - - - - ~- Yellow corn meal ______________________________________ __ 2 48.9 147.8 135.0 91.37 20.44 8.10 191-4 Milo _____________________________________________________ ,_ 2 47.3 130.4 119.7 91.83 20.55- 11-03 219.4 Wheat- ________________________________________________ __ 2 47.3 164.9 151.4 91.81 21.28 7.00 1811-9 Oat meaL ____________________ __'_ ______________ ______ __ 2 47,3 158.0 145.1 91.86 23.12 9.11 216.0 Experiment A34 Prelminary chicks ____________________________________ -- 1 ___- 62.5 56.0 89.60 17.63 10.56 198.5 Calories per 100 gm _________________________________ -- __ ___- 177.9 _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ . _ _ _ _ _- Yellow corn m-e-al ______________________________________ __ 3 52.1 139.0 129.5 93.19 19.43 14.19 245.7 Milo ____________________________________________________ __ 3 53.0 108.2 101.3 93.59 20.22 10.07 208.6 Wheat _________________________________________________ __ 3 52.1 119.1 107.4 90.23 21.39 6.65 183.3 Oat meal- _____________________________________________ __ 3 55.0 135.7 125.9 92.78 21.52 5.92 177.2 Experiment A38 ' Prelminary chicks ____________________________________ -_ 3 ___- 55.2 47.9 86.72 17.78 9.19 186.6 Calories per 100 gm _________________________________ __ __ ___- 161.8 _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ . _ . . _ _ _ _ . _ _ . _ _- Yellow corn mieal ______________________________________ __ 3 55.4 284.3 260.4 91.59 20.15 12.23 228.4 Kfifil‘ ___________________________________________________ _- 3 54.8 318.8 293.4 92.04 18.94 12.34 292.6 Wheat __________________________________________________ __ 3 54.7 3216.4 307.8 94.29 20.70 9.55 206.5 Milo ____________________________________________________ __ 3 54.3 320.9 296.4 92.37 20.03 12.51 230.3 Experiment A39 Preliminary chicks- ___________________________________ -_ 2 ___- 63,0 57.6 _ 91.41 19.17 8.70 189.9 .81 SNEDLOIHO BNIAAOHF.) iH-OJ SCIYOOEI GNV ‘SGEHJ {[0 LETHEINEI EIAILOIIGOHéI Table 5. Average Composition, Weights and Calories Per 100 Grams for Ohickens—Gontinued Live Live Empty Per cent Protein Fat Calories Number of Experiment and No. weight at weight at weight at empty empty empty per 100 gin. Name of Ration averaged beginning, end, gm. end, gm. weight of weight, weight, empty gm. live weight % % weight Calories per 100 gm _________________________________ -- _- _--- 173.5 _ _ . _ . _ . _ . _ _ . _ _- ____- --_-- Yellow corn meal ______________________________________ -- 3 66.1 368.3 3146.0 94.06 21.09 12.49 2316.2 Kafir ___________________________________________________ -- 3 65.6 231.6 217.3 95.78 23.25 8.88 214.7 Experiment A41 Preliminary chicks___; ________________________________ _- 3 ____ 53.9 48.1 89.231 17.5.; 6.85 163.4 Calories per 100 gm _________________________________ -_ __ ___- 145.8 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ . _ . . . _ _ _ _ . . . -- Yello-w corn meal ______________________________________ __ 3 48 3 276.7 257.3 92.99 20.611 14.65 253.6 Kafil‘ ___________________________________________________ __ 3 50.7 276.8 259.3 93.67 20.01 11.02 216.3 Wheat_ ________________________________________________ __ 3 50.6 315.6 299.7 914.94 21.54 7.46 191.7 M110 _____________________________________________________ __ 3 51.0 284.0 271.8 95.72 20.08 13.13 236.4 Experiment A42 - Preliminary chicks- ___________________________________ __ 1 ___- 90.6 79.4 87-674 17-79‘ 9.00 184-8 Calories per 100 gm _______________________________ __-- __ _-_- 162.0 _ _ _ _ _ - - _ - - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - -- Yellow corn meal ______________________________________ _- 3 913.4 407.7 381.4 93.54 20.76 13.12 240.2 Kafir ___________________________________________________ -- 2 91.0 364.8 342.1 93-73 N159 12.10 230-1 Experiment A62 Preliminary chicks_ ___________________________________ _- 4 _-__ 36.4 31.8 87.36 16.81 4.46 136.8 Calories per 100 gm __________________________________ __ __ --__ 119.5~ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Corn meal _____________________________________________ _- 9 37.9 138.4 127.6 92.18 20.14 8.69 195.3 Wheat bran ___________________________________________ _- 10 37.4 178.0 165.0 92.69 20.73 7.41 186.7 Experiment A63 Preliminary chicks_ ___________________________________ -- 4 ---- 64-9 59-5 91.54 18.42 8. 184.6 Calories per 100 gm --------------------------------- -- -- ---- 169-0 - - - - - - - _ - - . _ . _ _ _ _ . _ . _ . . -- Corn meal _____________________________________________ -. 10 69 9 205-4 192.6 93.76 20.62 9.12 202.0 Wheat bran- __________________________________________ __ 10 70-4 238-3 223-2 93.68 20.93 6.08 175.3 Experiment A64 Preliminary chicks ____________________________________ __ 4 __-- 48.2 43.2 89.53 16.96 7.19 163.2 Calories per 100 gm _________________________________ __ __ _-_- 146-1 _ . _ . _ . _ . _ _ . . . _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ , __ Corn meal ____________________________________________ ____ 10 48.1 2015.3 189.1 92.17 19.91 7.24 180.4 Hegari _________________________________________________ -- 10 48.5 183.9 168.2 91.52 19.85 7.41 181.6 Experiment A65 Preliminary chicks- ___________________________________ __ 4 --__ 45-4 41.1 90.57 15.95 6.46 164.1 Calories per 100 gm __________________________________ -- __ --__ 148.6 . _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ . _ _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Ycllo-w corn meal ______________________________________ __ 10 46.2 274.8 262-3 95.68 21.39 6.50 181.8 VI NOLLVLIS LNSIWIHEIJXEI TVHIIII/IIIOIHBV SVXELL ‘S89 ‘ON NILHTIOH Yellow corn meal Experiment 1 Preliminary chicks- ___- __ _ Calories per 100 gm _________________________________ __ Corn meal ______ __ __ ___ Patent flour_____ Graham flour_ ________________________________________ __ Bran ____ __ Expe-riment 2 Preliminary chicks--- Calories per 100 gm._ Corn meal _____________________________________________ __ Patent flour __________ __ Graham flour ______ __ Bran ______________ __ Experiment 31 Preliminary chicks- ___- Calories per 100' gm.___ Corn meal- Rice _______ _- Sweet potato _________ __ Oat meal_____ Experiment 4 Preliminary chicks_ ___- Calories per 100 gm _________________________________ __ Corn meal__ ___________ __ Rice ____________________________________________________ __ Sweet potato __________________________________________ __ .Oat meal Experiment 5 Preliminary chicks- ___________________________________ __ Calories per 100 gm _________________________________ __ Corn meal _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Lima bean _____________________________________________ __ Navy bean _____________________________________________ __ Blackeye pea __________________________________________ __ Experiment 6 Preliminary chicks- ___________________________________ __ Calories per 100 gm _________________________________ __ Corn meal ______________________________________________ __ Patent flour ___________________________________________ __ Low grade flour » Wheat bran“ QQQGS: IF 279.6 49.2 146.6 §§EE§a aaéi éaiaieiobb Lwbnl-lb §§§§§a WQQNHDM ragga w@..w$ QQIIU\@QI§ lice GHQ: @r5e$fl ________________ __ Peanut me-al ___________________________________________ __ Tankage__..___ Sunflower seed- ________________________________________ __ Experiment 61 Preliminary chicks» ____________________________________ __ Calories per 100 gm ___________________________ __ Corn meal _______________________________________ __ Rye ____________________________________________________ __ Broom corn seed ______________________________________ __ Red Top sorghum _____________________________________ __ Experiment 62 Preliminary chicks- .................................... __ Calories per 100 gm.___ Corn meal _____________________________________________ -_ Coconut oil meal ______________________________________ _- Shrimp bran ______ _- Millet seed _____________________________________________ __ Experiment 63 Preliminary chicks ____________________________________ __ Calories per 100 gm _________________________________ _- Corn me-al_--_ -___ _________ __ Barley _________________________________________________ __ Shrimp meal ___________________________________________ __ Citrus pulp ____________________________________________ __ Experiment 65 Preliminary chicks ____________________________________ __ Calories per 100 gm _________________________________ _- Corn meal _____________________________________________ -_ Coconut oil meal _____________________________________ __ Navy bean _____________________________________________ -- Pinto bean ____________________________________________ __ Exneriment 66 Prelminary chicks_ ___________________________________ -_ Calories per 100 gm ______ -_ Corn meal ............................................. __ Gelatin _________________________________________________ -_ Blackeye pea_ ......................................... -- Lima bean _____________________________________________ -- a§:-e 9.9$$w HKIFWPFNUJ wmamla mammlm ““$§“ EGGKG $$+@$§ raver? l-WFQDREKKO QQIBOIQOI-l Gamma: ¢7> Gamma: q; r-u-Izwm Han-wag Scomgfrgz‘: (DQQQNW Hhsktfllkflbw $ a $$§8 ease $ $8$$5* e e2ea:e $$$$ seas 8 $353 SQQE __,__ IZ SNEDLOIHO FJNIAAOHS HOJ SCIOOJ (INV SGHEIIJ JO LBHEINSI EIAILOIICIOELI 22 BULLETIN NO. 625, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION culated with use of the average weights by periods; this has been shown (8) to give more consistent results than the use of the average of the first and last weights and to give results more consistent and better in accord with the pre-vious work of others than the use of the surface area. Average data and results of the calculations of the maintenance require- ments are given in Table 6. The initial energy content of each chicken is calculated from the initial live weight and the initial energy per gram, as found by analysis (Table 5), and the final energy content from the final empty weight and final energy content of the chicks (Table 5). The productive energy consumed is the grams of the corn meal ration eaten multiplied by the productive energy per gram of the ration used in the experiment. The total pro- ductive energy for maintenance is‘ the productive energy of the feed eaten less the gain of energy of each chick, since, by definition, the pro- ductive energy is measured by the gain in energy. The total calories for maintenance are divided by the weight by periods and multiplied by 100 to find the calories of productive energy required to maintain 100 grams of chick-en for the period of each experiment. The latter results, divided by the number of days, gives the maintenance requirement per day per 100 grams, expressed as calories or productive energy. The average maintenance requirement per day per 100 grams for the 51 experiments shown in Table 5 is 14.12 Calories of productive energy. The maximum is 17.05, and the minimum is 9.72 Calories per day per 100 grams. It is pointed out in Bulletin 571 (6) that these variations from one experiment to another appear not materially to affect the pro- ductive energy which is compared by using the maintenance value. The causes of these variations will be studied later. Here the importance of placing the group on the standard corn meal ration at the same time as the other groups must be emphasized. The data from this group en- ables corrections to be made for variations in the maintenance require- 'ments, which might otherwise seriously impair the accuracy of the work. The average data and results of the calculation of the productive en- ergy of the rations which were compared with corn meal are given in Tabl-e 7. The energy used for maintenance is calculated by multiplying the average weight by periods of each chicken by the average calories required to maintain 1 gram of chicken as found with use of the corn meal ration for the same experiment as calculated in Table 6. The sum of the calories for maintenance and for gain of energy gives the total productive energy of the quantity of the feed eat-en. This sum divided by the quantity of feed eaten gives the calories of productive energy per gram of the ration. Th-e productive energy is given in the next to last column of Table 7. It is to be noted that there is a range from .762 to 2.319 calories per gram productive energy values of the rations used. ‘ In securing the values given in Table 6 and 7, the maintenance require- ments or the productive energy was first calculated from the data for Table 6. Average Data. and Calculation of Maintenanoaafiequirements for Chickens Fed. on the Standard Corn Meal on HWOUCAVHQH HZHQQN OH. MQHUm. >ZU wooem WOW. QWOQHZQ OEHQWHZm Mm For Maintenance Prod. 100 gm. Gal. emnnmwewmemewewwmwmwmwweeeemwmwmwwe 90637465524101001102536625 1111111111111111111111111 Prod. energy of Total Prod. feed eaten prod. energy per energy per Cal. period and day and energy Ga]. 100 gm. Gal. mmmmmnnwmmMmmwammmmwnmmmmmammmmwwmm JJ9fl0A0200000000Jfi20Aflfi5A0A36fi00597 mmmmmmwemamwwmwmmmmmwmwmewewwmwwmmm 6300 9.003 8~O68908355351557.571473r0178662993821 i~ 524. 300%., 7 .2 1 575002 71 40047 4. mmmemmeees ewwwwewewesemswemmmeemmn 5 M56 94 5555 456 Prod. energy of ration Gal Ration eaten gm 24202105..“fiflQWQNQAJBJDBAAJJQ0BH2EOABSO mmmeemmmmWWW2mmnmmm%mmwmmmmmmwmm%3% 324 300 p81‘ gl-Tl . waawmmmmmmwewwmmmwmewmwmmmmwa mmmmm 111111111 LLLLLILLLLLILLLLLLLLLLLLLL Final Gain of energy energy content Ca] Cal. emmmweeemmmeeeammmmmmwwmmmeemenemem 757 2411 2211a amine“ Mmsmmmmmwmwmmwawmmwmmmmmmmmm Initial energy content Cal. A811384331234201817514825006229.4479 ewwwwmwmem enmwwweueennuwmeuwewemwa Average periods gm. Mm%%%2wwWwu%W%%%%BWwwMmM%%B%%%3%3W3 1 1m12 111 1.1 .11111111 1 MTLEIH Number weight by averaged 532333339ww066665666666666666666566 1 Experiment number I A42‘_______________-___ A62____________-______ A63__________-___-____ A64_________---_____-_ A65_____-_____-__-____ 1- ______-___________.. 2_ ___________________ 3- ___-_________-_____ 4- ____ .______________ 5- __________-_-______ 6_ ______-____________ 10- _______-___________ 13- ___________________ 15_ ___________________ 16_ ___________________ 17- ___________________ Z8- ___________________ 19L ___________________ 25- ___________________ 29_ _-____________._____ 37- ______ __-__________ 38- _____-_____________ 40- ___________________ 41_ ___________-_______ 42- ______-____________ 43; ___________________ 44_ ___.._________-____- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 4 A A31___-______-_____-__ A32___________________ A33______--______-__-_ A34____-___-__-__-_-__ A38____-_____-________ A39'_______________-___ Table 6. Average Data. and Calculation of Maintenance Requirements for Chickens Pad on the Standard Corn Meal Rat1on—Oantinued For Maintenance Prod. Average Initial Final Gain of energy of Ration Prod. Experiment Number weight by energy energy energy ration eaten energy of Total Prod. Prod. number averaged periods content content Ca]. Cal. gm. feed eaten prod. energy per energy per - gm. (Jal. Cal. per gm. Cal. energy period and day and Cal. 100 gm. 100 gm. Cal. Cal. 46- _________________ __ 6 132.1 84.8 367.4 282.6 1.865 344.7 642.8 360.3 273.9 13.04 47_ _________________ _- 6 136.7 79.0 335.5 256.5 1.950 365.4 712.6 456.1 333.0 . 15.86 48- _________________ __ 6 136.6 82.1 427.6 345:5 1.909 421.6 804.7 459.3 337.9 16.09 52- _________________ _- 6 128.7 87.0 352.5 266-5 1.900 331.2 629.4 363.9’ 283.3 13.49 53- _________________ -- 6 95.8 85.7 248.1 162.4 1.937 253.7 491.5 307.1 323.4 15.40 54_ _________________ __ 6 141.1 96.2 458.7 302.5- 1.937 419.6 812.8 450.3 320.8 15,28 55_ _________________ __ 6 139.4 ' 88.4 3891.9 301.5 1.863 362.9 681.0 379.6 273.0 12,99 56- _________________ __ 6 102.0‘ 72-8 321.6 248.8 1.869 326.9 611.0 362.1 358.0 17.05 57- _________________ _- 6 110.6 65.5 328.7 263.1 1.894 343.4 650.3 387.2 353.8 16,35 59' __________________ __ 6 101.3 67.4 278.7 211.3 1.979 302.8 599.2 361.9 358,9 17.09 60- _________________ __ 6 105.5 69.5 305.9 236.4 1.952 308.9 602.9 366.6 319.6 16,65 61_ _________________ __ 6 117.4 74.0 281.0 190.3 1.888 312.4 589.8 383.0 324,9 15,47 62- _________________ __ 6 103.5 76.4 259.4 183.0 1.923 277.2 533.1 350.1 338.1 16,09 63- _________________ _- 5 139.3 71.9 364.4 292.6 1.875 391.5 734.1 ' 442.1 316,6 15,52 65_ ................. _- 6 116.4 73.6 334.1 260.6 1.866 323.0 602.8 342.2 294.2 14.01 66- _________________ __ 6 122.0 86.9 382.3 295.4 1.890 324.4 613.2 317.8 260,7 12,42 Average (51) _________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ _________________________________________ __ 14.12 *Average of first and last Weights of chicks. NOI-LVLS lNHWIHEIcIXE-I TVHILLTIIOIHOV SVXEIJ» ‘Q59 'ON NLLEITTIIH ‘table 7. Data and Calculation for Average Productive Energy of Rations and Efiective Digestive Nutrients Average Initial Final Used for For gain Prod. Effective Experiment Number and Number weight by energy energy Gain of Ration main- and main- energy digest. Name of Ration averaged periods content content energy eaten gm. tenanee tenance of ration nut. of gm. Cal. Cal. Oal. Cal. Cal. Cal. ration per 1 per gm. 100 gm. 1 Experiment A31 ‘ Milo- _________________________ -_ 5 I 526* 66.1 122.5 56.4 105.8 150.9 207.2 1.995 71.0 Experiment A32 . Milo- _________________________ __ a s4.7* 89.1 205.6 117.5 198.5 265.0 3825 1.927 71.0 Ground wheat ________________ __ s 1079* 856.3 325.1 238.9 317.9 337.9 576.6 1.814 70.7 0'85 H1631 _____________________ __ 3 1067* 84_3 291.3 207.0 278.7 333.9 540.9 1.94-1 69.4 Experiment A33 Milo- _________________________ __ 2 888* 73.6 262.7 189 1 291.5 376.5 565.6 1.9f0 71.0 Ground wheat ________________ __ 2 106.3* 74.4 281.4 207.0 342.0 450.7 667.7 1.923 70.7 Oat meal _____________________ __ 2 1026* 73.6 313.5 239.9 327.7 435.0 674.9 2.060 69.4 Experiment A34 9 Milo- _________________________ __ 3 806* 94.2 211.3 117.1 206 8 256.3 373.4 1.805 71.0 Ground Wheat ________________ -_ 3 85.6 92.’! 196.9 104.2 253.1 272.2 376.4 1.487 70.7 Oat meal _____________________ __ 3 1 95.31‘ ‘ 97.8 2213.0 12.3.2 248.5 308.2 428.4 1.724 69.4 Experiment A38 Milo- __________________________ .. 3 133.4 85,7 653.0 564.4 520.0 439.0 1003.4 1.93 69.5 Wheat _________________________ _;_ 3 191.3 891.5 635.4 546.9 558.9 446.8 993.7 1.778 66.6 M110 _________________________ __ 3 193.0 88.6 682.7 594 1 583.2 449.7 1043.8 1.790 69.3 Experiment A39 Milo- _________________________ __ 3 180.5 113.8 485.2 371 4 478.2 543.2 914.6 1.867 69-5 Experiment A41 M 1o __________________________ _- 3 171.1 73.9 560.8 486.9 522.5 386.8 873.6 1.672 69.5 Wheat ________________________ __ 3 186.5 73.8 574.4 500.6 564.1 421.5 92.2.1 1.635 66.6 Milo- _________________________ __ 3 175.3 74.4 642.7 568.8 569.7 396.1 964.4 1.693 69.3 Experiment A42 Milo __________________________ __ 2 206.1 147.5 792.7 645- 2 784.1 632.6 1277.8 1.623 69.5 I Experiment A62 Wheat bran _________________ ____ 10 94.1 44.7 308.6 263.8 449.9 433.7 697.5 1.553 .0 n. *._Average of first and last Weights o1 chicks. SNCPIFIOIHO SNTIAAOHE) ‘HOJ SQOOJ (HIV. SGEIELEI -.E[O LBHEINH EIAILOIICIOELI QZ Table 7. Data. and Calculation for Average Productive Energy of Rations and Effective Digestible Nutrientw-Gontinued 93 Average Initial Final Used for For gain Prod. Effective Experiment Number and Number Weight by energy energy Gain of Ratio-n main- and main- energy digest. Name of Ration averaged periods content content energy eaten gm. tenance tenance of ration nut. of gm. Cal. Cal. Gal. Cal. Gal. Cal. ration per per gm. 100 gm. i Experiment A63 Wheat bran __________________ __ 10' 144.0 119.0 392.4 273.4 461.2 403.1 676.5 1.465 51.5 Experiment A64. Hegari ________________________ __ 10 101.7 70.8 306.7 235.9 400.7 504.2 740.1 1.849 65.3 Experiment A65 Corn meal, yellow ___________ __ 10 146.2 69.1 520.4 451.3 511.7 574.4 1025.7 2.003 71.6 Experiment 1 White flour- _________________ __ 6‘ 70.7 67.6 179.7 112.1 260.9 3295 441.7 1.693 63.9 Graham flour ________________ __ 6 67.6 69.6 152.4 82.9 260.9 313.2 396.1 1.520 61.1 Wheat bran __________________ __ e 68.0 69.9 146.4 76.6 241.8 316.7 393.2 1.528 53.5 Experiment 2 White H0111‘ ___________________ __ 6 549.6 75.1 235 7 _ 160.7 229 1 293.9 454 5 1.979‘ 63 9 Graham flour ________________ __ 6 94.7 63.3 268 4 205.2 321 4 316.4 515 6 1.653. 61 1 Wheat bran __________________ __ 6 110.6 79.9 297 1 2117.2 35' 362.8 580 0 1.644 58 5 Experiment 3 Rice ___________________________ __ 6 149.8 82.2 456.9 374 7 512.1 637.9 1012.6 1.978 68.1 Sweet potatoes _______________ __ 6 139.5 82.1 435.2 353 1 493.3 594.3 947.4 1.923 72.0 Oat meal ______________________ __ 0 136.7 82.4 416.6 334 2 483.1 582.4 916.7 1.894 68.5 Experiment 4. a Rice ___________________________ __ 6 9 79 6 503 0 423.4 518 544.1 967 5 1.868 66 5 Srweet potatoes _______________ -- 6 112 5 79 3 346 2 267.0 355 2 409.5 676 4 1.906 74 1 Oat meal _____________________ -_' 6 140.9 80 4 1 42.5 3 344 9 458 2 513.0 857 9 1.867 ‘i 66 4 i Experiment 5 Lima beans- _________________ __ 3' 72.4 79.4 118.6 39.2 251 1 217.8 257.0 1.025 i 47.8 Navy beans __________________ -- 2 72.1 79.2 93.3 14.1 172 1 216.9 231.0 1.372 . 52.7 Blackeye peas _______________ _. 5 90.8 78.3 237.2 159.0 251 6 273.4 432.4 1.725 62.1 Experiment 6 ' Patent flour ----------------- -- 6 111 6 92 6 316.2 223.6 271 9 262.2 485.8 1.792 68.5 Low grade flour ______________ -- 6 115 4 93 1 302.1 209.1 2'77 2 271.1 480.2 1. 7 ‘ 66.5 Wheat bran __________________ _- 6 114 6 ea o 244.8 151.8 356 5 268.8 420.6 1.17s I 47.4, NOLLVLIS LNEIWIHH>i>l> I$%$% 57 42 11 l$%E$§§§E {$55555 'se 55? onoom 55$ F6501 :s&s§§s :ss2s :seeeeges :::asess ww mm sssaass eeass seaaaaeea eeaaeasg h6b®&&b Lbbkb b&&&Lb&%h &&&m&§<4 3§3$$$$ 53353 5§$3$5F$$ $$$$$¥3$ bkhaakm mkL~L bmmhnmmwo -wwmw©< I ubhk I i-lb-l RYKYKT ~P@@ F-‘®OO U! gee Q-JQ 102 73 217 210 203 225 223 Z17 D-l %$6 sgs8§§m ssase eéaaséesfi eéeseaae ea eeseaae 22; 9 SNHXOIHO DNIAAOHD ‘HOJ SCDOOJ (INV SGEIEIJ JO LSHEINEI EIALLOQGOHJ 87 Table 10. Productive energy in terms of feed, efiective organic constituents, eifective digestible nutrients, and metabo- lizable energy—Continued. Productive energy Effective Effective Metabo- Rank w1th Name and Laboratory Experi- Per cent organic digestible lizable Effective Effective effective In per- Number of Feed rnent of constit- nutrients energy Total organic digestible digestible centage of number ration uents per cent Gal. per feed eonstit- nutrients nutrients metabo- per cent 100 gm. Cal. per uents Gal. Cal. per of corn lizable 100 gm. per 100* gm. meal energy 100 gm. as 100 Wheat flour, clear 48898 ___________________________________ __ 10 50 S4 .0 80.7 339 221 263 2'74 91 66 Wheat flour, lo-w grade 48436* ___________________________________ _ - 8 50 88 .4 69. 2 291 197 223* 284 93 6s 7 47762 ____________________________________ __ 6 5O 89.9 71.9 302 195 217 271 90 65 48244 ____________________________________ _ - 7 b0’ 89. 6 81 .4 342 225 251 276 9Q 66 Average (3) ___________________________ .;- __ _ 89.3 74.2 3121 200 277 92 66 Wheat flour, patent 484.35* __________________________________ __ 8 50 87.1 78.7 331 2015 2'35 260 85 62 45217 _____________________________________ _ _ 1 50 88 .6 72 . 5 3115 203 229 280 93 617 45371 ____________________________________ _ _ 2 b0 F8 .7 72 .5 305 i611 293 359 120 85 47761 ____________________________________ __ 6 54) 87.9 75.9 319 206 234 271 90 65 48-%8 _____________________________________ _ . 7 50 88 .2 83 . 6 3'51 208 236 Z49 83 59 48897 ____________________________________ _. 10 5U 8'7 .8 71 .8 302 202 230 281 94 67 Average (6) ____________________________ -_ _- -- 88.1 75.8 319 214 243 2&3 94 68 Wheat flour, graham 4449.6 _____ __ 1 41 .3 86.4 63.7 268 160 185 251 84 60 45379 __ ._ .4‘ 41 .3 87 . 1 63 .7 268 192 220 301 100 72 Average (2) ____________________________ __< -4 __ 86.8 63.7 268 176 203 276 9'2 66 Wheat gray shorts l 4389811‘ ___________________________________ _ - A66 40 83 .5 65 . 4 5 131 157 200 66 48 4776M ___________________________________ _- 8 50 83.4 45.9 193 102 122 222 73 53 47 764* ___________________________________ _ -1 9 50 83 .4 48. 3 203 169 203 350 115 83 5546?‘ ___________________________________ __‘ 33 b0 84.4 48.8 206 154 182 316 104 75 560w ___________________________________ _-§ s6 s11 9.6.7 49.9 210 1:11 1m 262 as (r2 58601 ____________________________________ --* 40 50 84.4 54.2 228 141 167 260 87 62‘ 59231 .................................... 41 so 8.5.0 49.2 207 18:1 215 e12 124 8s Average (7) _____________________________ -- -_ -- 84.3 51.7 217 144 171 283 94 67 W XOI-LVJS \LI~I.E[WI‘HE[&XE[ TVHELIXIQOIHSV SVXEL ‘Q39 ‘ON NILEFITHH 59770 _____________________________________ n, 46 y 50 60224 ____________________________________ __ 48 35 63368 ____________________________________ __; 56 ' 35 Average (3) _____________________________ -_F -- _- Average (2) ____________________________ __\ __ -- $$$$$ N3U1@@>b 533$? (OKIQWP-l 2215 1.4.2 100 195 373 180 2/19 188 *F0r details see Bulletin No. 600. Table 11. the effective digestible nutrients and the metabolizable energy Standard deviation and standard error of the productive energy o1’ the feed, the eifective organic constituents, Dried Oot- Soy- Wheat citrus Corn ton Peanut bean Starch Wheat Wheat flour pulp bran seed meal oil (grain) bran (pat- oil meal ent) Number of tests _____________________________________________ -_ 4 5 6 11 5 4 7 4 6 6i Total feed _______________________________________________ -- Prodnctive energy per 100i gm. , Oal ________________________ __ 84 12.0 467 213 165 154 2-‘17 206 100 2'14 Standard deviation, Gal ____________________________________ __ 19 25 78 23 331 32 16 22 34 23 Standard error, Cal ________________________________________ __ 9.5 11 2 31.8: 6.9 13-3 16-0 6.0‘ 11.0 13.9 9.4 Standard error, per cent ___________________________________ __ 11.3 9.3 6.81 3.2 8.3 10-4 2.8 5.3 13.9 4.4 Effective organic constituents __________________________ _- ‘= Productive energy per 100 gm. , Cal ________________________ __ 111 138 208 239' 193 187 245i 234 125 243 Standard deviation, Cal ____________________________________ __ 24 24 35 1 26 33 3'? 17 28 40’ 25 Standard error, Cal ________________________________________ _- 12.0 10.7 14.3 7.8 14-7 15-0 6.4 14.0 16.3‘ 10.2 Standard error, per cent __________ __‘ _______________________ __ 10.8 7.9 6.9 3.3 7-6 8-6 226' 6.0 13.0 4.2 Effective digestible nutrients _____________________________ _. Productive energy per 100 gm., Cal ________________________ __ 336» 349' 237 269 309' 373 262 271 273 283 Standard deviation, Gal __________________________________ _;__ 81 2/0 39 28 65 50 20' 21 55 39 Standard error, Gal ________________________________________ __ 401.5 8.9‘ 15.9 8.4 29.0 25.0 7.5 10.5 22.4 15.9 Standard error, per cent ___________________________________ -_ 12.1 2.6 6.7 3.1 9.4 6.7 2.9 * 3.9 8.2 5.6 In percentage of metabolizable energy _________________ _- Productive energy per 100 gm. , Cal ________________________ _- 80 83 57 64 73‘ 89 62 65 65 68 Standard deviation, Oal _____________________________________ __ 19 5 9 7 16 . 12 5 5 13 9 Standard error, Gal ________________________________________ __ 9:5 2.2 3. 2.1 7.11 6.0 1.9 2.5. 51.3 3. Standard error, per cent ___________________________________ __ 11.9 2.7 6. 3.3 9.7 6.7 3.1 3.8,! 8.2 5. E1‘? SNEDIOIHO BNIAAOHS ‘HOE SCIOOJ (INV SGHELJ d0 LEYHEINEI EIALLOQGOHJ 46 BULLETIN N0. 625, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Table 12. Average productive energy oi’ certain feeds for chickens Rank Effec- with Eiiec- tive eftec- In Num- Total‘ tive digest- tive per cent- ber feed organic ible digesti- age oi Name oi ieed aver- Cal. per c0nstit- nutri- ble metabo- aged 100 gm. uents ents nutri- lizable Cal. per Cal. per ents energy 100 gm. 100 gm. of corn meal as 100 Alfalfa leaf meal ___________________________ -- 5 43 64 241 79 57 Barley, Whole _ 2 204 243 330 110 79 Beans, lima, raw ........................... __ 2 68 85 178 59 43 Beans, navy, raw __________________________ -- 2 8) 98 318 106 76 Beans, pinto- 1 28 35 113 38 27 Beef, dried _ 1 339 40s 49s 16s 119 Beet pulp, dried 2 69 98 547 123 88 Broom corn seed ........................... __ 2 217 251 327 109 78 Buttermilk, dried ........................... -- 4- 139 153 243 80 58 Casein 6 224 256 317 105 76 Citrus pulp, dried 4 84 111 m 112 80 Coconut oil meal ___________________________ _- 2 145 173 327 109 80 Corn bran __________________________ _-_ ...... __ 5 120 138 349 116 83 Corn gluten 174311-, ........................ _- 3 114 147 s47 115 i s2 Corn gluten meal- _________________________ -_ 3 187 223 341 124 89 Corn meal, (standard)- ___________________ _- -- 241 204 300 100 72 Cottonseed flour .......................... -- 3 172 181 303 100 72 Cottonseed meal 5 130 152 280 92 67 Cottonseed hulls, delinted _________________ __ 1 1 2 0 100 0 Cottonseed oil (Wesson) .................. __ 6 467 208 237 79 57 Enzyme concentrate ________________________ -- 1 240 265 297 99 71 Fish meal 3 197 243 403 134 96 Gelatine 1 127 135 190 63 45 Hegari, grain 1 244 272 309 103 73 Kafir, grain _________________________________ __ 2 231 254 306 102 73 Lactose (milk sugar) ______________________ -_ 1 14 14 39 13 9 Linseed oil meal 2 121 136 377 126 90 Liver meal- 1 298 fifl 412 137 98 Meat and bone scraps ...................... __ 3 121 168 301 98 71 Meat meal ................................. __ 3 123 168 292 96 70 Milk, dried skim ............................ -- 2 114 132 188 62 45 Millet seed ................................... __ 2 226 289 316 106 76 Milo 11 213 239 269 90 64 Oat hulls ____ __ 2 13 24 0 1(1) O Oat mill teed- 1 64 101 474 158 112 Oat meal 6 235 248 297 99 71 Peanut meal 5 166 193 309 103 73 Peas, blackeye, raw _______________________ __ 2 172 206 294 98 70 Potato, sweet, dried or dehydrated _______ -_\ 6 1% 212 267 89 64 Rice, polished 2 253 291 311 104 75 Rice bran" ' _-- 3 186 222 343 114 82 Rice polish ____ __ -1 3 237 248 290 97 69 Rice hul1s-_ ___ i 1 31 100 0 100 0 Rye flour- -___- 1 146 168 250 83 G) Rye seed- ___ 3 167 192 28B 94 68 Shrimp meal _| 3 133 243 352 117 84 Sorghum (sweet) seed (Red Top cane) .... -- 2 228 253 303 101 72 Sunflower seed _ 2 245 258 365 122 87 Soybean oil meal ........................... -- 4 154 187 373 124 s9 Soybean oil meal-special __________________ __ 2 73 92 265 8s 63 Starch . 7 217 245 262 87 62 Tankage_ _ -___- 8 114 141 258 85 62 Wheat (grain) _ 4 206 234 271 90 65 Wheat bran ___‘ 6 100 125 273 91 65 Wheat bran (breakfast iood) _____________ __‘ 2 145 184 270 90 54 Wheat flour, clear _________________________ J 1 221 263 274 91 65 Wheat flour, low grade ___________________ __ 3 206 230 277 92 55 Wheat flour, patent _______________________ __ 7 6 214 243 233 94 6s Wheat flour, Graham ..................... -- 2 176 203 276 92 3 66 Wheat gray shorts _________________________ _- 7 144 171 283 94 1 67 Yeast 3 117 142 249 83 59 Yeast ___- 2 86 100 188 63 45 PRODUCTIVE ENERGY OF FEEDS AND FOODS FOR GROWING OHIOKENS 47 rations, the average results from different tests of the same feed may be expected to differ, thus the average productive energy of different feeds can be calculated only from the results of several experiments, each of which is the average of several individual tests. In Experiment 17, waxy kafir furnished by Mr. R. E. Karper was com- pared with ordinary kafir. The difference in the productive energy is" within the limits of error. One experiment was made with a commercial enzyme preparation “TABO” (No. 59524) which was claimed to produce better digestion and assimilation of the feed by chickens, resulting in faster growth, and said to be used in the western states for several years. This preparation did not increase digestibility of the feed or afiect the productive energy of the ration to which it was added. Soy bean oil meal No. 58838 was cooked at a low temperature, and especially prepared by the Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, Minneapo- lis, Minnesota. As expected, it had a low digestibility, and the digestible constituents had a low productive energy. - Productive Energy of the Efiective Digestible Constituents and of the Metabolizable Energy It is naturally to be expected that the chicken cannot utilize the energy of feed which is not digested. The productive energy calculated for 100 grams‘ of effective digestible nutrients in the feeds studied and the pro- ductive energy of the effective digestible nutrients compared with that of corn meal as 100 are given in Tables 10 and 12. The differences between different kinds of feed are not as great as when values in terms of the total feed or the affective organic constituents are considered. The average productive energy of the digestible constituents of most of the feeds comes within 10% of those of corn meal. There are definite differences between feeds, but the difierences are small with most of the feeds. This means that the chicken can use effectively what it digests from most feeds. The differences between the energy value of different feeds is due to a much greater extent to differences" in digstibility than to differences in the utilization of the energy of the materials which have been digested. Some feeds have a low digestibility, but the digested material is utilized as well as that from feeds which have a high di- gestibility. The digested material consists, for the most part, of sugars’, starches, and protein; although the pentosans and residual nitrogen- free extracts are digested to some extent, the amounts digested are rela- tively low. (6). The average productive energy values of wheat and wheat by-products, while not far from that of corn meal, are low. Why this‘ is so remains to be decided. Of the feeds whose effective digestible nutrients have low energy val- ues compared with those of corn meal, one group include buttermilk, which has a value of 80 compared with 100 for corn meal, 62 for dried skim milk, and 13 for milk sugar (lactose). These feeds tend to produce 4-8 BULLETIN NO. 625, TEXAS! AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION loos-eness of the bowels; this was especially pronounced with the milk sugar, with which only 2 of the 6 chickens survived. Since the digested part of casein, the chief protein of milk, had practically the same pro- ductive energy as the digested part of corn meal, the low value of dried skim milk and buttermilk is probably due to the lactose present. It is possible that the lactose is lost by fermentation within the chicken and not really digested. Lactose no doubt has a high energy value for young mammals, if not for chickens. A second group whose effective digestible nutrients had a low value compared with 100 for those of corn meal contains raw lima beans with a value of 79, raw pinto beans, 38, and the sample of soy bean meal cooked at a low temperature, 57, referred to above. It is Well known that the proteins of these beans are defective in amino acids. This defect is probably the cause of the low energy values of the digestible nutrients found in these experiments. It should be added that the digestibility was also low. Gelatine», which is also known to be a protein deficient in some amino acids, also has a 10w value. The comparative value of the effective digestible nutrients of cotton- seed oil averaged 79 compared with those of corn meal as 100. It is evident that this oil, in the quantities in which it was‘ fed, furnished energy to the extent of only 1.8 times that of corn meal, instead of 2.25 times as it is generally considered to have. Since the metabolizable energy not used for fat is probably evolved as heat, the oil would be more of a heating food than starches, producing heat which might be useful in cold weather but might be a burden in warm weather. It is possible that oil has the energy value usually given it when fed to chickens‘ in smaller amounts than in these experiments. The feeds whose efi-ective digestible nutrients had high productive energy values compared with those of corn meal include the corn products, corn bran 116, corn gluten feed 115, and corn gluten meal 124. These moderately high values would seem to indicate that corn contains com- pounds which increase the energy value of the nutrients in the rations used, and this is in accord with the data that the digestible nutrients of corn starch and wheat products have a value of only about 90 compared with corn as 100. The other group of feeds Whose productive energy for their effective digestible nutrients is greater than that for corn meal includes feeds high in protein such as shrimp meal, soy bean oil meal, linseed oil meal, fish meal, liver meal and dried beef. These high values are not due to their high protein content, since casein, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, and m-eat meal are also high in protein but do not have such high values for productive energy. Some of these high values may be due to varia- tions or errors in the work so that they will average out when the work is repeated, but others‘ are consistently high. It may be that these feeds contain proteins of exceptionally high value for productive energy which improve the ration in which they are fed. PRODUCTIVE ENERGY OF‘ FEEDS AND FOODS FOR GROWING CHICKENS 49 The metabolizable energy for maintenance of the feeds studied was calculated from the effective digestible nutrients by multiplying by 4.2, (13) so that the utilization of the metabolizable energy for productive energy is similar to the utilization of the effective digestible nutrients." With most of the feeds, the percentage of metabolizable energy utilized is not far fram the 72% utilized from corn meal. The same exceptions noted above for digestible nutrients apply to metabolizable energy. Only 9% of the metabolizable energy of lactose was utilized, but the calcu- lated metabolizable energy is a little high (13). Of the metabolizable energy, 43% was used from raw lima beans, 27% from pinto beans and 57% from cottonseed oil. The group with high utilization of the meta- bolizable energy for productive energy was 96% for fish meal, 119% for dried beef and 90% for linseed oil meal, so that possibly these addi- tions increased the value of the entire ration. According to Kellner (15), 56.4% of the metabolizable energy of starch, 64.4% of that of fat, 45.2% of that of cane sugar and 48% of that of protein can be converted into fat by ruminants. According to Forbes and Kriss (2), the percentage utilization by cattle of the meta- bolizable energy of mixed hay is 49.37. The utilization of the meta- bolizable en-ergy of corn meal by chickens, 72%, is much higher than by cattle. Since feeds eaten by cattle are subject to the action of micro- organism, the difference between the utilization of digested nutrients of corn meal by chickens and by ruminants may be due in part to losses in this fermentation, rather than to difierences in the ability of the ani- mal body to utilize the nutrients which have been digested. The micro- organisms‘ in the digestive organs of cattle no doubt convert compounds in the nitrogen-free extracts and crude fiber which cannot be digested and utilized by chickens into compounds which can be digested and util- ized by cattle, but the micro-organisms may also use a portion of the more easily digested compounds and reduce their value. The standard deviation, standard error, and the per cent the standard error is of the productive energy for 11 of the feeds is given in Table 11. These calculations were made from the productive energy values secured for the particular feed in different experiments. Similar values for 7 other feeds, alfalfa leaf meal, dried buttermilk, casein, cottonseed meal, tankage and wheat gray shorts are given in Tables 16 and 18 of Bulletin 600 (12). The standard error of the mean productive energy of the digestible nutrients is 21 per cent for alfalfa leaf meal, 10 to 13 per cent for dried buttermilk, tankage, wheat gray shorts, wheat bran and dried citrus pulp, 6 to 9 per cent for corn bran, cottonseed oil, peanut meal, soybean oil meal, wheat (grain), wheat flour, and casein, and 2.6 to 5 per cent for milo, oat meal, starch, and cottonseed meal. The determination ofthe productive energy of feed is concerned only with measuring the utilization of the energy of the feed eaten by the chicken for the storage of energy in the form of fat and protein and does not deal with the effect of differences in the rations upon the quan- 5O BULLETIN NO. 625, TEXAS‘ AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT S\'l‘AT'IO'N tity of feed, eaten, the amount of growth made and the degree of fatness obtained by the chickens. As can be seen by examining the results of the experiments, there were wide variations in these respects, but they did not affect the final results of the determination of the productive en- ergy of the feeds studied. In spite of these variations the average pro- ductive energy of the effective digestible nutrients for most of the feeds did not deviate widely from that of the standard corn meal. The utiliza- tion of the digested nutrients was remarkably uniform. Acknowledgement Analyses and other work on this project were done by Mr. S. E. Asbury, Elmer Simpson, Geo. Smith, E. E. Brown, J. W. May, Mrs. Velma Gra- ham, and other members of the staff SUMMARY The energy values‘ of various feeds were measured by the production of flesh and fat in growing chickens in 51 experiments on 138 samples of feed. Results on 62 kinds of feeds and 192 tests are summarized. Chickens difier individually in their efficiency in the utilization 0f feed so that for accurate averages several tests must be made with an num- ber of chickens". When the different feeds are compared, there are wide differences in f productive energy ranging from one Calorie per 100 grams for cotton- seed hulls to 467 Calories for cottonseed oil. When the productive energies of the effective digestible nutrients of the difierent feeds are compared, most of the feeds do not differ widely but have value within 10% of that of corn meal. Differences in the energy values of different feeds for chickens are due chiefly t0 difierences in digestibility. The ability of the chickens to uti- lize the digested material is on the average usually quite uniform. Low productive energy values found for the digestible nutrients of milk sugar (lactose) and milk products may be due to the destruction by micro-organisms in the chickens. Low values of the digested nutrients of raw lima beans, raw pinto beans, partly cooked soy beans and gelatin may be due to deficiency of needed amino acids in th-e proteins. Oil had a lower energy value than would be expected, about 1.8 instead of the 2.25 times the nitrogen-free extract which is generally believed to be correct. Wheat products had a slightly lower productive energy for their digested nutrients than corn products‘. The digestible nutrients of corn bran, corn gluten feed and corn gluten meal had slightly higher energy values than those of corn meal. The digestible nutrients of some feeds high in protein, including fish meal, soy bean oil meal and dried beef, had higher productive energy values than those of most of the feeds. PBODUOTIVE ENERGY OF FEEDS AND FOODS FOR GROWING GHIOKENS 51 Usually about 72% of the metabolizable energy of the feed can be used for storage of energy in fat and protein. Waxy kafir seed had the same productive en-ergy as ordinary kafir. A commercial enzyme preparation claimed to produce better digestion and assimilation of feed did not affect either the digestibility or the productive energy of the ration. REFERENCES 1. Armsby, H. P. 1917. The Nutrition of Farm Animals. The Macmillan Company, New York. 2. Forbes, E. B. and Kriss, Max. 19.25. Revised net energy values for cattle. Jour. Agr. Res. 3121083-1099. 3. Fraps, G. S. 1913. Principles of Agricultural Chemistry. Chemical Pub- lishing Company, Easton, Pennsylvania. 4. Fraps, G. S. 1928. Digestion and production coefficients of poultry feeds. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 372. 24 pages. 5. Fraps, G. S. 1931. Productive energy of feeeds calculated from feeding experiments with sheep Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 436. 56 pages. 6. Fraps, G. S‘. 1931. Digestibility by chickens of the constituent of the nitrogen-free extract of feeds Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 437. 7. Fraps, G. S. 1937. Practical application of productive energy values to lggoblegszgoncerning feeds and feeding. 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