TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION A. B. CONNER, DIRECTOR, College Station, Texas BULLETIN NO. 634 JULY 1943 COTTON SEED-TREATMENT STUDIES AT THE BLACKLAND EXPERIMENT STATION C. H. ROGERS Division 0f Plant Pathology and Physiology AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS T. O. WALTON, President B38#——743—4M——L180 Figure 1. Plants from acid-delinted seed, left, and Ceresan were approximately twice as large as plants fr center, planted at the same time. measure earl Plants from -treated seed, right, 0m nontreated Seed, Seed treatment prohibits to a large y stunting of plants by disease-producing‘ Organisms. treated seed can also be cultivated earlier. Experiments over a period 0f six years have shown increased emer- gence, decreased seedling infection, and improved yields by treating '1?-1o(rtt0n seed with fungicides, or delinting, or a combination of both. Fungicidal materials were found more effective on fuzzy seed than 0n seed. Delinting alone compared favorably with other treat- 5 ments; however, in some experiments the results from. delinting were jpimproved by the addition of a protective fungicide. I1; No one fungicide was consistently superior to- another, nor was the ' feamount used differentially efiective. In addition to the commonly-used iXQtIIIGPCIIPiHI compounds, certain copper materials, a Cyanamid mercurial compound, an iodine mixture and a nonmetallic fungicide gave good Southeastern-grown seed developed much less» angular leaf spot in the s 1, seedling stage than Texas-grown seed. “Fractionation of seed by differ- in weight or specific gravity had little or no effect in field per- formance. ‘ Seed treatment was most important for obtaining good stands of plants i- (Where low rates of seeding were used. Conversely smaller quantities. of seed would be required when treated seed is used. The cost of‘ the ‘ treatment is only fiv*e to ten cents per bushel of seed and any yield increase obtained would justify the slight expense. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction _-‘ _ __ ____ 5 Diseases controlled by seed treatment ' __ 5 Methods of study Q 8 Comparison of different treatments Effects on emergence 10 Seedling infection 11 Yield 12 Effects of treatments on two eastern-grown varieties __________________________ _- 13 Efiects of rate of dust application __________________ -- 14 Effect of copper dust compounds on fuzzy and acid-delinted seed ...... __ 14 Seed treatment supplemented with indolebutyric acid .......................... -- 16 Field performance of different fractions of cotton seed separated by weight 17 Comparison of delinting methods 18 Effect of varying the planting rate of cotton seed treated with differ- ent materials 19 Summary Literature cited - p.21 22 nwi COTTON SEED-TREATMENT STUDIES AT THE BLACKLAND EXPERIMENT STATION‘ C. H. Rogers,“ Plant Pathologist Division of Plant Pathology and Physiology Treatment of cotton seed with fungicidal materials has" two main purposes: (a) disinfection of the exterior parts of the seed against any disease germs that may be carried on the seed, and (b) protection of the seed and young seedlings against attack by fungi in the soil. Ob- viously, the need for seed treatment‘ and the benefits derived therefrom depend much upon the condition of the seed and upon the soil and wea-ther conditions‘ immediately following planting. Seed from a field badly in- fested with angular leaf spot, for example, Would require treatment" to reduce losses from this disease in a new field. Also, seed planted early in the season, when the soil is likely to be Wet and cold, would produce a better stand if the seed were treated. Although the beneficial effects of cotton seed treatment are partially obscured by the usual practice of thick planting and removal of many weak or diseased plants at chopping time, our experiments in the Texas Blacklands have shown that profit- . able increases in yield of cotton can usually be obtained by treating the seed regardless of the method and time of planting. Diseases Controlled by Seed Treatment Under Texas conditions, the two most important seedling diseases are angular leaf spot (Bacterium malvacearum) and sore shin (usually asso- ciated with Rhizoctonia solani although other organisms may be present). Sore shin is detected by brown, diseased areas on the stern either above or below the ground line. Seedlings affected with sore shin are shown in Figure 2. The young plants may recover from sore shin but they are often delayed in development. Angular leaf spot usually appears first on the cotyledons (seed leaves) as" small, green, water-soaked spots which look somewhat like bruises. The spots later may occur over the entire affected part of the plant. If the Weather is damp following emergence 0f seedlings, this disease may kill many of the plants, especially Where infection is severe as is often the case with nontrea-ted seed. Angular leaf spot is next to Phymatotri- chum root rot in severity of damage to cotton in the Blackland area. In some years the losses are estimated to exceed those cause-d by root rot. An example of angular leaf spot infection on young plants is shown lThese investigations were aided by the Work Projects Administration, Fed- eral Works Agency, under projects operating almost continuously from 1936 through February 1942. Certain experiments were conducted in cooperation iévith the Cotton Seedling Disease Committee of the American Phytopathological ociety. 2Dr. Rogers resigned June 1, 1942 to accept a position with the Coker Pedi- greed Seed Company, Hartsville, S. C. His successor, Dr. E. W. Lyle, completed the 1942 data and was assigned the duty of completing the manuscript for publication. 6 BULLETIN N0. a->;4, TFXAs AGRICU].'l‘l‘Rl-\ll EXPERIMPIIVI‘ swxvnox ,,.,,AM-,;-.-,~_ ~ \_ Figure. 3 Angular leaf spot which has spread from the cotyledons or seed leaves to the stem, causing a blighted condition and falling over of the top. Cotton seedlings affected with sore shin. Figure, 2. in Figure 3, where the young cotyledons were destroyed and the dis- ease spread to the stem, killing and shriveling the tissues so that th-e entire top of the plant later collapsed. This disease also destroys young buds in the early stages of development of the plant and reduces the yield considerably by preventing formation of the first fruiting branches that ordinarily would bear an early crop of bolls. Such a condition is shown in Figure 4. Angular leaf spot infections on leaves of a full grown plant are shown inFigure 5 and on cotton bolls in Figure 6. Proper treatment of cotton seed insures a more vigorous plant” during the early stages of deve-lopment, which permits earlier and more thor- ough cultivation. The relative stand and size of plants from untreated seed, from acid delinted seed, and from seed treated with 5% (New Improved) Ceresan are shown in Figure 1. In these experiments‘, seed- lings from treated seed were often about twice as large during the early stages of growth as seedlings from seed not treated. l i .1 a i i 1 i (‘,()'I"J‘()N SI*II 10 BULLETIN NO. 634, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION in some cases the manufacturers advised they could not be produced commercially. In order to obtain information as to the effect of treatment on earli- ness of emergence, the seedlings that had come up were counted in some years approximately ten days after planting. The usual final emer- gence counts, however, were made thirty days after planting or as near this’ time as the weather would allow. At this time, data were also taken on the number of seedlings infected with angular leaf spot. Loss of seedlings due to the sore-shin disease and to pre-emergence damping- off was reflected in the final counts and no attempt was made to count q the seedlings that were affected but not killed by sore shin. During the past several years", angular leaf spot has been the most important seed- ling disease in the Blackland area of Texas. All plants in each replication were counted to obtain emergence rec- ords. The term “percentage emergence” represents the ratio of num- ber of plants emerged to the number of seed planted. The infection data show the percentage of infected or diseased plants based upon the total number of plants examined, consisting of the plants in ten hills‘ at two different locations within each replication. Yields per acre are based on the yield" from all replications in a given treatment. Comparison of Difierent Treatments Eifects on emergence. The effects of a number of different treat- ments on emergence and early stand of cotton seedlings are shown in the first part of Table 1. In this experiment, the seed were planted on two different dates, each year, approximately the first of April and the first of May. In 1941 and 1942 (see Table 2), seed were planted on only one date (April 1, 1941 and April 13, 1942) but two varieties were used each year. This included Texas-grown and southeastern-grown seed, the latter received through the cooperation of the Cotton Disease Council of the American Phytopathological Society. Texas-grown Rogers’ Acala 111 seed were planted in each of these two years, while southeastern-grown Deltapine 12 (D. & P. L.) and Stoneville 2B seed were planted in 1941 and 1942, respectively. In all of these experi- ments, the seed treatment increased the percentage emergence except in a very few cases, regardless of the materials used. Of the better materials one was not consistently superior to another. In some tests, acid delinting plus the organic mercury compound, Ceresan, appeared best. In others Cuprocide (copper oxide), an inorganic mercury com-» pound (calomel), Cyanamid 154-6-B, and even an iodine material ap- peared to improve emergence effectively. In certain experi1nents_Sper- gon, a nonmetallic fungicide, was advantageous. Over several years, the delinting treatment with sulphuric acid alone was very good-—and compared favorably with the dust treatments. The addition of indole- butyric acid (IBA) to the 5 percent Ceresan (Table 6) showed little benefit beyond that obtained with 5 percent Ceresan alone. No increase COTTON SEED-TREATMENT STUDIES AT BLAOKLAND EXPERIMENT STATION 11 efable 1. Ilfiects of seed treatment at two planting dates on emergence, angular leaf spot infection, and yield of cotton.‘ Average difference 3M0» from Treatment oz. 1932 _ 1938 1939 1940 checks for per same years bu. l E2 L“ l E L E L E . L E L Seedling emergence-percent of seeds planted . _ l ‘ treatment (check) _____ -_ 0 42.1 48.3 ‘ 37.3 31.4 33.4 40.1 56.2 57.6 _- __ 9188811 ................ -_ 3 70.8 75.3 l 66.6 l 64.5 69.7 07.5 73.7 i 75.3 28 0 26.2 115 .._ __ 70.7 l __ 71.8 79.3 67.9 78.2 27.5, 30.0 ............... -- 3 -- _- l __ l -_ 49.5 55.9 50.2 57.2 8.0 7.5 l0 61.8 l 71.7 42 0 l 48.7 66.8 66.8 64.2 77.7 16.5 21.8 7 a -- | -- l - f _- 74.0 72.0 04.8 81.1 24.0 30.5 _ _- 1g __ 1 __ __ l __ 76.7 75.9 72.3 l 79.6 29.7 29.0 1161. + Sanosecd ______ __ 3 __ l __ l __ l __ 62.8 70.5 1' 63.8‘ § 76.7 18.5 l 24.8 l . Percentage of seedlings with angular leaf spot treatment (check) _____ -_ 0 138.9‘ 1.0 l 59.5 57.9 52.0 72.8 . 51.9 20.0 - __ s I1 ---------------- -_ 3 3.9 1 0.7 l 13.6 16.9 4.0 19.3 l 2.51 6.7 —34.7 ‘—27.0 1g __ ~___ l 14.9 __ 4.4 14.0.1 3.4 5.4 -s5.7 l-30.7 .......... _- a -_ _- 1 __ _- 5.2 21.7l 7.7 as 50.5 F350 0 3.8 1 0.7 r 14.6 33.0 1.7 26.5 8.7 2.4 —33.5 '—22‘.3 3 _- l __ _- __ 1.5 13.8; 9.1 3.4 —36.9' -37.8 <1 del. + 5% Ceresan ____ _.. 1% f __ 1 __ 1 -- -- 2.1 1 10.2 l 6.91 2.4 -37.7 —40.l w: del. + Sanoseed ______ __ 3 l __ __ l -_ - __ 3.2‘ l 221.7 l 7.7 l 3.8 $6.8 —33.6 ; 7 I 1 Yield of seed cotton~pounds per acre ' treatment (check) _____ -_ 0 l 425 420 739 711 605 616 i 522 475 __ I _- . Gbresan ________________ __ 3 " 584 5 431 807 759 748 7151' 675 536 130.7 54.7 Oeresan ________________ _- 1i __ l __ 874 __ 759 7481’ 605 407 124.0 32.0 " ___________________ -_ 3‘ __ l __ __ . __ 759 847 524 504 78.0 130.0 001111100 _______________ _- 0 000 1 570. 70s 770 759 s25 I 041 500 155.7‘ 125.7 1151. +2% Ceresan ____ -- 2 l -_ 1 -_ __ -_ 759 r 095 524 103.5 129.0 1 del. + 5% Geresan ____ -._ 1% < __ _: __ __ 715 737 630 544 109.0 95.0 del. + Sanoseed ______ _- 3 l -_ _ __ __ __ 8-36 781 578 472' 143.5 81.0 . ' l A alla variety was planted in 1932 and liogers’ Acala 111 in the other years. - ‘Early planting, about April 1. ' ~ Late planting, about May 1. ' the growth of seedlings or plants was observed withthe addition "this growth-promoting substance to the Ceresan dust, or when used _queous solutions for soaking the seed before planting. Seedling infection. As shown in the seéond part7 of Table 1, some trol of angular leaf spot was always obtained regardless of the treat- nt involved. Acid delinting alone reduced angular leaf spotlinfection gseedlings to a marked degree, as compared to infection on seed- s from untreated seed. .Al1 the chemicals" tried except Spergonex e marked reduction in seedling infection. Rains following emergence e noted apparently to increase the amount of infection by‘ the angular »no angular leaf spot on the Deltapine seedlings. Very few lots of =1 ings from southeastern-grown seed planted at the Temple substa- ii have shown much infection by the angular/leaf spot organism, in- _f spot organism. In Table 2, it will\be noted that there was little, 12 BULLETIN NO. 634, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERlMENT STATION Yield. Inasmuch as 1O seed per hill were planted in most of these tests and the stand was thinned to 2 plants after emergence and infec~ tion counts were obtained, the yields were not in proportion to the efiects of treatment on emergence and seedling disease. In keeping with farm practices, the best plants were left at thinning regardless of the treat- ment. On this account‘, another experiment (given later in this bulle- tin) was made to obtain a more direct comparison of treatment to yield by varying the rates of planting. Also, the cotton root-rot disease was another factor that contributed to wide fluctuation in yield from year to year. Usually, the plants that developed earliest were the first to be infected or killed by cotton root rot. However, differences in infec- tion by the cotton root-rot disease were not consistent from year to year for any given treatment. As shown in the last part of Table 1, all seed treatments gave some increase in seed-cotton yield. Over the period of years represented in this table, seed delinted with sulphuric acid alone produced 125 pounds more seed cotton per acre than untreated seed. However, in 1941, one of the wettest seasons on record, acid delinting did not result in in- creased yields (see Table 2) as in previous years. During the 1941 season, seed that‘ were delinted with sulphuric acid and then dusted with Table 2. Ilfiects of various seed treatments on Texas-grown seed (R0gers’ Acala. 111) as compared with southeastern-grown seed (Deltapizie 12 and Stoneville 2B). Southeastern-grown Rate, Texas~grown oz. Rogers’ Acala 111 Delta- Stone- Treatment per l pine 12 ville 203 Ave. bu. 1941 194-2 Ave. 1941 1942 Seedling emergence—percent of seeds planted No treatment- _____________ __ 0 52.3 47.0 49.6 55.0 49.0 52.0 5% Geresan _________________ __ 1% 62.7 69.0 65.8 62.8 76.0 69.4 Acid delinted _______________ __ 0 52.5 62.5 57.5 56.5 73.6 65.0 Acid del. + 5% Ceresan ____ __ 1% 55.4 70.3 62.8 64.2 74.6 69.4 Spergon- ___________________ __ 1% 63.2 71.0 67.1 60.4 71.2 65.8 Spergonex __________________ __ 3 58.9 74.0 66.4 56.9 68.6 63.8 Cyanamid 154—-6-B _________ __ 1% 61. 66.0 63.5 54.4 72.2 63.3 Seedling infection-percentage of seexQings with angular leaf spot No treatment ______________ _- 0 89.3 92.3 90.8 0.4 3.7 2.0 5% Ccresan _________________ __ 1% 3.1 8.0 5.6 1.5 0.0 0.8 Acid delinted. ______________ __ 0 0.( 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.6 1.0 Acid del. + 5% Ceresan ____ __ 1% 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.9 0.0 0.4 Spergon ____________________ -_ 1% 4.8 3.7 4.2 1.3 2.8 2.0 Spergonex ___________________ __ 3 50.8 64.4 57.6 1.2 2.7 2.0 Cyanamid 154—6-B __________ -_ 1% 1.9 9.6 5.8 1.0 6.8 3.9 Yield of seed cotton-pounds per acre No‘ treatment; _____________ __ 0 748 405 5/76 5S1 651 _616 5% CGITIHSEIIIE _______________ __ 1% 645 625 635 587 8114 700 Acid deintc ____' ___________ _- 0 691 _-_ _-_ 609* _-_ --- Acid del. + 5% Ocresan ____ -_ 1% 1008 ___ ___ 887 ___ ___ Spergon ____________________ _- 1% $45 519 682 75-7 Z39 748 Spergonex __________________ __ 3 7 528 ' 6122 550 13 632 Cyanamid 154~—6-B _________ _; 1% 702 682 692 845- 770 808 COTTON SEED-TREATMENT STUDIES AT BLAGKLAND EXPERIMENT STATION . 13 5 percent Ceresan gave yields that were much higher than those ob- tained with delinting or dusting alone. In most years early plantings outyielded late plantings. This was true in about three-fourths of the trials. Efiects of Various Seed Treatments on Two Eastern-Grown Varieties of Cotton Seed (Supplemental test-—-1940) In the 1940 experiments, seed of Stoneville 2B and Deltapine _12 were treated with different materials at the South Carolina Experiment Station and planted at the Te-mple station. Emergence, seedling infec- tion from angular leaf spot, and seed-cotton yields are shown in Table 3. With the exception of the copper-lime dust on the Stoneville 2B seed, all of these treatments gave some increase in seedling emergence. The calomel treatment and the iodine ground in kaolin were somewhat more effective than other treatments in increasing emergence for the Stoneville 2B variety, whereas the Cuprocide plus 5 percent Ceresan was the most effective treatment in this case for the Deltapine 12 va- riety. In keeping with results obtained in past years with seed grown in I pthe Southeastern part of the United States, it was found that there was little or no angular leaf spot infection on these seedlings, regardless of whether the seed were or were not treated. It seems apparent, there- fore, that most of the seedling infection caused by the angular leaf spot bacteria is carried on the seed. No infection whatever was found on seedlings in these plots where the seed had been treated with Cyanamid 154-6-B dust". Table 3. Effects of various seed treatments on emergence, seedling infection, and yield from southeastern-grown seed of Stoneville 22B and Deltapine 12 varieties. (Supplemental test—l940.) Emergence Infection Yield of seed cot- percent percent ton, lbs. per acre Treatment e Stone Delta- Stone- Delta- Sto-ne- Delta- ville 2B pine 12 ville 2B pine 12 ville 2B pine 12 No treatment _______________________ -_ 53.0 49.9 1.5 1.5 l 589 747 Ouprocide ___________________________ _ _ 64 .3 57 .6 0. 7 3 . 1 i 968 631 Cuprocide + iodine- ________________ -- 64.5 58.7 0.0 1.3 i 9'57 579 Ouprocide + 5% Crresan- __________ __ 67.7 69.6 0.5 2.2 % 889 74-7 U. S. Rubber Co. No‘. 98L __________ -_ 61.9 67.0 1.2 1.7 ‘ 889 805 ‘ U. S. Rubber Co. N0‘. 120' __________ __ 64.3 59.8 0.0 0.6 905 673 Iodine in kaolin_ ___________________ __ 70.9 61.1 1.0 2.5 S68 92:6 Sanoseed No. 1—S3w _______________ __ 58.9 2.4 1.7 8105 757 Sanoseed No. 1—11C00- _____________ -_ 61.9‘ 64.0 1.2 4.5 -, . 857!‘ 5-79 Copper-lime dust ___________________ __ 48.3 58.7 3.5 0.7 810 605 Gyanamid 154—6-B _________________ __ 67.4 614.1 0.0 0.0 884 805' Galomel _____________________________ __ 71.0 60.9’ 2P.6 0.0 852 799 All of the treatments gave good increases" in yield with the Stoneville 2B variety, but these effects on yield were inconsistent for the Deltapine 12 variety. There was practically no root rot in the area occupied by » this experiment that might result in variations in yield among the plots‘. 14 BULLETIN NO. 634, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Effects of Different Rates 0f Dust Application In some preliminary greenhouse vvork, it was found that the rate of application of seed-treatment materials could be varied Within fairly wide limits without seriously affecting the effectiveness of the treat- ment‘. Consequently, certain materials were used at different amounts per bushel to» treat seed for experimental plantings in 1940, 1941, and 1942. Both fuzzy and delinted seed were used in these tests. The results given in Table 4 indicate that 5 percent Ceresan had similar effects at rates between %» and 11/2 ounces per bushel. In 1941, slightly better results Were obtained as the rate of application of this material was increased, probably because of the unusually wet season. Seedling infection Was effectively controlled regardless of the amount of this dust used. Similar results were obtained with the nonmercury dust, Spergon. Finally, the yields of seed cotton were approximately the same with the comparatively low rates of 5 percent Ceresan and Spergon as with the higher rates. Table 4. Eflfect of different rate of application of seed-treatment dusts on emergence, seedling infection, and yield of cotton, variety Rogers’ Acala. 111. l Rate, Emergence lSeedling infec- Yield, seed cot- Type of seed l l‘ Treagcment oz. percent l‘ tion, percent lton, lbs. per A. ma eria per l —’ ‘ y bu. 1940' l 1941 l 1940 l 1941 1940 1941 l - l l l l l l l l . Fuzzy- ______________ __ No treatment 0 l --_- l 52.5 l 49.6 l l cs0 l - §EZZ§"":"II::""IZ" ZZZ 3553225 l 51a l ‘m’ l "i? l l "as; l 86° Fuzzy _______________ __ 5% Ceresan l 1 l 86.9 l 63.1 l 4.5 l 0 l 6L6 l 99s Fuzzy ____ ___ _________ __ 5% Ceresan 1% l 81a l 64.9 a0 0.5 s32 l em Kemgas delinted ____ __ 5% Ceresan 2 --_- l 66.8 ____ 0 ____ s56 Kemgas delinted ____ __ 5% Ceresan 1 l ____ l 69,9 I ____ 0 ____ l 977 Kemgas delinted ____ -_ 5% Ceresan 1% l ____ l 56.5 ____ l 0 ____ I s58 Acid delinted ________ __ 5% Ceresan ,1. l 86.5 ____ l 4.8 ____ 657 ____ Acid delinted ........ _- 5% Ceresan 1 l 84.2 70.9 l 2.2 0 cs4 l 900 ilcid delinted ________ __ 23/4, geresan 1i l $8.6 68.2 5.1 1.8 64s . 9w ‘uzzy _______________ __ eresan 1 82.1 ___- 2.9 ~ ____ ~ 612 l ____ Fuzzy _______________ _- Ceresan 3 l 85.9 _--_ l‘ 2.8 l ____ l 616 l ____ Fuzzy _______________ __ anoseed 11 69.7 ____ 8.6 ,___ 585 I ‘____ Fuzzy _______________ __ Sanoseeld 82 77.5 l ___- l 6.7 l ____ l 616 l ____ Fuzzy_ ______________ __ Spergon 1 -___ 55.0 l _-__ 0.7 l ____ l s56 ‘uzzy- ______________ __ Spergon 1% ____ l 58.4 ____ 0 l ____ s21 Fuzzy _______________ __ S-pergon 3 ____ ' 56.4 ____ 0,7 ____ s47 l The Effect of Copper Dust Compounds on Fuzzy and Acid-Delinted Cotton Seed Greenhouse tests" have indicated that copper dusts, especially when used on acid-delinted seed might be equally as effective as the organic mercury or other dusts in increasing emergence and reducing seedling infection. 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