r ETIN s99 APRIL 1958 Performance e1‘ Small Grain Varieties in Texas I949 - 57 hIRARY 04am i; m: yvscoua unrnniv noon: uncan- meats menu “MAI POTTER CARSON GRAYI EELEII our sumo K "‘“' %ev °°*L'"°5' , u ' IPA s vlronru‘ names cAsTIO . swsnza an: mt; {gig-J W L!!! "er" "_l cuv ' I t5 xme uuox aavwn Anoncn I mum‘ cocmm nomzv tuaaocx cnosev ' - - I - srouc- voime rear ms: u ' mums mm LYNN qu‘ “an wnu. “l3 uoaron _ Q‘ c»? ._... I ' i‘ ' ‘I L“ - "" wooo Jrsnun. mm __A__ FOARO I BAILEY LAM‘ nut: 15W IOTLEY GOTTI-i MONTAGUE I. LAMAR ‘I. MU: . ¢ manor- . 05mm - mun -.. I mo -r mum wuus - muss oAvsonI 0E" 5°”""' "Sm “glhiirigi animus‘ vmro M" i u VAN ' ' - “w” , . - n uuor “ow l ‘Lu; ..-__- SIITII P. 'A~G-l Anon“! ww-I "A "y" m ‘MC M" “Ir #1:; - . /' “m” ' “iii. ‘s: . . ' f. , . " on: - i - NAVARRO . » \ ' "M ‘ - seem I 6L‘ss_ Co“ ' u ' A - OERSON m- m‘ "ma". u?“ ' “bu” 000K LING NNELS ‘COLEMAN . / 905W‘ I L Mt \ 5 N: 000K! . ~ u - - W092?! . OULIERSON mun - I i’ I "M's .X\CORYELL\*L ‘smut i LIEON M1570" ‘ cam: unou Rcnsm ‘Rm. . 1. COMO.” . . . "us - -/. magma ./ i‘ pgco$ - onocncrr ' nerves , _ $1" - .- .L /~ L "W , ~~'~ é / m» _ w‘- ' ' ' saxzrcnsn It o Nfl/ » '\.~j\ m . nu I . . ousou mu . - A1 ' munlsoll . W, “*3.” __s_- PIT‘ _ ' 3911000 KrMXj-Gtuspé-KMCAA T: \Luunr.c&_ Z‘ I ‘\ I ‘IIIILL I ‘ken; a” P» gnu g - uwnv _, . KERR _ ‘ 9""! ' _ . mum I nmmn YM "i"! ‘Wm’ -—-\ . com‘ ' t‘ ' "E/ .. d. a": _~ nun. i museum /- >__('{u_°“°°_ roar ' _ e ' . woo u / I / \ . 1 - gum saunas/Kn , f» ' - . , mum»: _ mlom w “mi! o: uewu j mug$_ ‘éwrgx /\_\ ' ‘ _ mncolbA Armsoosavflmis “w” A "G nutter: m . . I KEY TO LOCATIONS ON MAP j,“ . Abilene 17. College Station . Spearman l0. . Bushland ll. . Hereford l2. Floydada 13. _ . McGregor 22. Beaumont _; l . Chillicothe 15. ‘m’ . Iowa Park 16. wfjafi l ooqgngnta-oorop- Stephenville 18. Lockhart ‘m. ML Sherman 19. Prairie View _ _ St . Greenville 20. Beeville m, Yams ‘Em, ' anon Tests Denton 21. Winter Haven w“ I ' AQff- sfqflqn 1351's Ill-LBW Temple 23. Mount Pleasant Comfort CIIEIOI Figure 1. Small grains growing areas and test locations. f" l“ TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION R. D. LEWIS. DIRECTOR, COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS, IN COOPERATION WITH» THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE s Small grains are used extensively as grain and iorage crops in Texas. The combined acreage oi wh It is estimated that more than 1.000.000 acres are sown i clusively ior iorage purposes. Small grains are grown from the 50-inch rainiall belt along the Gull Many types are needed for this wide range of gro oats and barley generally exceeds 6;000.000. to the 15-inch rainfall area oi Northwest Texas. conditions. Small grain tests were conducted at 23 locations in the State during 1949-57. This bulletin re DIGEST " the results with commercial varieties tested during this period. Many experimental strains also tested. The State has been divided into seven areas for testing purposes. Comparable yields and A ronomic data for each area are given. On the basis of results obtained in these tests, the following varietal recommendations are made growing areas: WHEAT OATS BARLEY Recommended Acceptable Recommended Acceptable Recommended Acceptable AREA 1 Fall seeding‘ Fall seeding‘ Concho Wichita i i Mustang Kearney Pueblo Crockett Triumph Wintok Reno Cordovas Westar Bison Cimarron Ward Harbine’ Comanche Apache Bronco Rogers“ Ponca’ Cheyenne Spring seeding Spring seeding Alamo New Nortex‘ Cordova Wintex Mustang Texan AREA 2 Fall seeding Fall seeding Crockett Comanche Mustang New Nortex‘ Cordova Wintex Concho Wichita Bronco Cimarron Harbine Kearney Ponca Triumph Rogers Reno Vlestar Quanah“ Ward Texan Spring seeding Spring seeding Alamo Mustang Cordova ' New Nortex‘ AREA 3 Fall seeding Fall seeding Quanah Comanche Mustang Bronco Cordova Texan Ponca Triumph New Nortex‘ Harbine Wintex Crockett Knox Rogers Concho Frisco Spring seeding Spring seeding Alamo Mustang Not recommended New Nortex‘ AREA 4 Fall seeding Fall seeding Quanah Crockett New Nortex‘ Bronco Cordova Texan Comanche Mustang Victorgrain Harbine‘ Triumph Spring seeding Not recommended Spring seeding Not recommended None recommended AREA 5 Fall seeding Alamo Mustang Victorgrain New Nortex‘ Alber Camellia Spring seeding Not recommended Fall seeding Goliad Cordova Texan Spring seeding Not recommended Quanah Knox Ponca Frisco AREA 6 Fall seeding New Nortex‘ Bronco Mustang Arkwin Spring seeding Cordova Texan Harbine ' Rogers Spring seeding Alamo Mustang Not recommended New Nortex‘ AREA 7 Fall seeding .Fall seeding None recommended Bronco New Nortex‘ Cordova Texan ‘Fall seeding hazardous. zOnly under irrigation. “Less winter-hardy than other varieties listed. *Representative of Red Rustproot types, other strains acceptable w “Southern hali of area. f “Edwards Plateau area only. MALL GRAINS OCCUPY a unique place in Texas agriculture because they are suited to so j many uses and are grown from the 50-inch rain- ’ fall belt and mild climate of Southeast Texas t0 § the 15-inch railfall belt of Northwest Texas where __ Winter temperatures often are very severe. In South Texas, tender semi-winter types or even I spring types can be grown from fall seeding, whereas in Northwest Texas only very cold- resistant, true winter-types are satisfactory. Wheat is a major cash crop on the High Plains, but all three small grains are used as com- bination grain and forage crops over much of the State. In East and South Texas, a considerable por- » tion of the small grain acreage is used exclusively for forage purposes. Large acreages are sown in the fall for livestock pasture and are grazed con- I tinuously, or as weather permits, until the crop is i killed out in the spring and livestock can be 1 transferred to permanent pastures. Some acre- ages, particularly of oats, are used for hay, grass silage or as soiling crops. The average annual seeded acreage devoted to wheat during the 10-year period 1947-56 was I 3,634,000, that to oats 1,130,900 and that to barley 120,200, for a total of 4,885,100 acres. Official agricultural statistics do not record the acreage of small grains seeded for winter pasture. As this was estimated in 1957 as exceeding 1,200,- 000 acres, the total area seeded to small grains probably exceeds 6,000,000 acres. This is ex- ceeded only by cotton and, in recent years, by grain sorghum. GROWING AREAS AND TEST LOCATIONS State-wide small grain tests are designed to provide information on the best varieties for growing in the several areas, and they provide a means for final testing of experimental strains before they are named as new varieties and dis- tributed to growers. Yields of these experimental strains are not included in this report. Only yields of commercial varieties are included. *Respectively, agronomist in charge of small grain re- search, Texas Agricul ural Experiment Station and Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas; ag- ronomist. Substation No. 6. Denton, Texas; research agronomist, Crops Research Division, ARS, USDA, Denton, Texas; agronomist, Southwestern Great Plains Field Station, Bushland, Texas; and agronomist, Sub- station No. 12, Chillicothe, Texas. Perlermanee m‘ Small Brain Varieties in lexas, l949 - 57 l. lll. Atkins, l. ll. Gerdenhire, D. IE, Weibel, K. B. Porter and K. A. lahr* Because of the wide diversity of climate under which the crops are grown and tests con- ducted, the State is divided into seven areas.- In most areas, there are three test locations. Only limited tests have been conducted in Northeast Texas and none in Southwest Texas which is devotedlargely to cattle and sheep ranches. Most areas tend to follow a named soil type, but others include several types. The growing areas and experimental test locations are shown in Figure 1 on the cover. CONTENTS Digest . . . . . . . . . . . .0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 Growing Areas and Test Locations . . . . . 3 Climatic Conditions and Soil Types . . . . . 4 Field Design of Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 Experimental Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 Barley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Area 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Area 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Area 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Area 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Area 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Area 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Area 7 . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Nursery Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 Spring-sown Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Area 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Area 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Area 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Area 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Area 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Area 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Area 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Nursery Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Spring-sown Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Wheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Area 1 . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Area 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Area 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Area 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Area 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Nursery Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 , used in some instances. CLIMATIC“ CONDITIONS AND SOIL TYPES Information 0n climatic conditions prevailing normally and during the test period at each of the test locations is given in Table 1. Severe drouth prevailed over much of the State during the period. This caused the loss of many tests and increased the variability of yields in many others. FIELD DESIGN OF TESTS Most yield tests were conducted in nursery size plots arranged in randomized blocks of four replications. These nursery plots were four rows by 10 feet in length, from which the center rows were harvested. At Amarillo, larger plots of eight rows 9 feet long or five rows 25 feet long were Under some conditions, as many as eight replications were used. All varieties were not grown in all seasons nor at all locations even in a testing area. To be able to compare directly varieties at a single location or in an area, it was necessary to com- pute comparable yields and agronomic data. These comparable yield data are based on a set of standards made up of varieties grown at all locations or during all years and computing a correction factor for each year and location. By this means, a comparable figure can be computed for any variety, regardless of the number of observations. Detailed annual data on yield and agronomic characters by stations are omitted and TABLE 1. AVERAGE TEMPERATURE. RAINFALL. LENGTH OF GROWING SEASON AND SOIL TYPE AT TEST LOCATIO’ only comparable data by areas are given. Detail data may be obtained from annual summaries a by contacting the local station. EXPERIMENTAL DATA Data and discussion thereof are presented ~ crop sections and within this by growing w,‘ Tests have been conducted gfoi." periods of 1 t0 years, hence, the data presented represent formance of varieties in a few to as many as tests. For this reason, they are considered ., curate and indicate what may be expected varieties when grown on farms. Data on ronomic characters also usually represent .1 ages of many tests. .» Recommendations at the end of each secti are based on average yield in the area, but a] take into consideration agronomic characteristi which are important for that area. These inclu such things as disease or insect resistanc winter-hardiness and tolerance to sudd temperature changes; the characteristics of t: variety for forage purposes and, in the case s wheat, milling and baking quality. Growe should consider all these characteristics in cho ing a variety. To select a variety which is 1_ winter-hardy for growing in Northwest Tex is to gamble with losing the crop from t hazard. Likewise, for South Texas, a varie susceptible to rust or which produced little fora, is undesirable. ‘ a cf Rainfall Temperature Average date Num- Length El - b r L t'm a . _ Location vatiaon years Aver- are: fiver‘ five: grow- 1:11:51 14151 Soil type feet of Am Qrow- a e 9 Qe_ f3 _ ing killing killing record mm} 582% 1949-56 nqunél season 15°51 5°51 Area 1 Stratiord 3699 30 17.5 9.9 14.4 55.4 71.0 40.2 177 Oct. 16 Apr. 22 g Spearman 3100 45 21.3 16.7 19.7 57.0 70.7 42.1 185 Oct. 22 A . 20 Bushland 3590 18 17.7 12.7 17.0 57.7 72.9 42.2 193 Oct. 27 16 Pullman silty clay loan! Hereford 3806 26 19.6 14.1 15.5 57.5 72.6 42.4 187 Oct. 22 Apr. 18 . Plainview 3250 30 21.3 12.6 15.8 59.8 73.7 45.7 206 Nov. 2 Apr. 10 Area 2 Spur 2274 46 20.4 13.6 18.2 62.2 77.3 47.0 216 Nov. 4 Apr. 3 Abilene cldY 1°51" Chillicothe 1406 51 24.3 17.2 23.5 63.4 76.6 50.3 231 Nov. 10 Mar. 24 Abilene clay loam Iowa Park 978 31 29.0 28.5 65.0 78.2 51.9 221 Nov. 4 Apr. 1 Miller sandy loam Abilene 1759 71 22.6 19.4 18.9 64.1 76.1 52.1 241 Nov. 19 Mar. 23 . Area 3 . Stephenville 1283 15 26.9 ~ 23.8 25.2 65.2 77.1 53.3 239 Nov. 13 Mar. 21 Denton clay Greenville 550 36 40.0 32.9 37.3 64.1 75.1 53.2 235 Nov. 11 Mar. 15 Hunt cldY ADentczn 621 44 32.0 24.6 27.2 i 65.7 77.3 54.2 233 Nov. 12 Mar. 22 San Saba clay rea McGregor 713 34 31.6 25.6 23.3 254 Nov. 24 Mar. 24 San Saba clay Temple 675 44 33.7 27.3 27.2 67.4 79.3 55.4 251 Nov. 24 Mar. 18 Houston Black clay AComtgrt 1412 71 30.5 26.5 25. 64.5 78.2 50.7 216 Nov. 1 Mar. 30 rea ' ' College Station 314 50 38.9 30.0 33.7 68.4 79.5 57.2 263 Nov. 25 Mar. 6 Luikin fine sandy loa Lockhart 518 60 31.6 27.9 24.6 68.5 79.1 57.8 268 Dec. 1 Mar. 4 Houston Black clay Prairie View 251 42 40.5 25.1 32.8 68.0 90.0 45.0 275 Nov. 28 Feb. 18 Hockley fine sandyl :2 in er aven . . . . ec. an. i acy saii y oam “ Beaumont 18 43 54.2 39.4 49.9 68.6 80.3 57.4 271 Nov. 25 Feb. 27 Beaumont clay ‘No tests were conducted in areas 6 and 7. zSeptember 1 to Iune 1. 4 {it 2. COMPARABLE YIELDS AND AGRONOMIC DATA FOR FALL-SOWN BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN AT STATIONS l. IN AREA 1. 1949-57 a. A Yield of grain. bushels per acre Number Test Date Done Plant sub Estimate a ariety Amarillo Amarillo Floydada For are“ Ranka of weight, first full height. vival. iota e g dryl an d1 irrigated irrigated irrigated tests“ pounds head ripe inches percent valuge. f ~ va 29.3 32.0 22.9 28.1 10 7 46.1 5-10 6-13 26.2 61.0 135 f? ~ ine 26.6 26.7 22.7 25.0 11 7 46.5 5-11 6-13 24.4 62.0 125 l... 26.6 37.4 32.9 3 2 44.9 5-11 6-16 26.6 50.4 f Y <- 26.3 38.4 33.9 1 2 45.2 5-15 6-15 27.8 60.6 130 I tax 23.2 37.1 20.9 30.2 5 7 45.6 5-15 6-16 27.2 52.3 135 l rs 22.9 41.7 26.2 31.2 4 6 47.9 5-13 6-16 25.5 67.6 125 A -400 22.8 22.5 23.0 12 2 44.9 5-7 6-14 25.9 90.1 ey 22.4 39.2 15.3 29.0 7 7 46.4 5-14 6-17 29.5 95.2 85 lo 20.6 37.1 19.6 29.6 6 7 45.9 5-11 6-14 26.2 77.9 105 l, '-- essee Winter 20.5 28.8 15.0 22.9 13 7 45.2 5-10 6-14 27.0 68.3 100 - o 19.7 38.6 14.7 28.3 8 7 45.7 5-13 6-16 29.2 81.3, 85 d 19.5 34.5 19.3 28.0 9 7 45.8 5-9 6-14 29.0 83.3 90 16.8 38.0 33.5 2 2 46.0 _5-9 6-14 26.1 92.1 5E2 Bearclless 16.7 13.9 15.8 14.7 14 7 41.4 5-7 6-12 26.6 4 69.2 115 er irrigation. ,- Barley The Texas acreage devoted to barley is small g pared with that of wheat or oats. The average ed acreage during 1945-54 was 185,000. An ivrage of 129,000 acres were harvested for grain ‘ 'ng this period, producing an average of f= 6,000 bushels. However, this does not include l- acreage sown exclusively for winter pasture livestock. N0 official figures on this are eilable, but based on estimates made for each nty by county agricultural agents, it probably eeds 75,000 acres. The acreage is Widely dis- fbuted throughout the State and that in area iaries greatly from» season to season, depending , spring moisture conditions. The distribution "barley in Texas is shown in Figure 2. Three types of barley are grown in Texas. area 1, true winter-type varieties are the safest fall seeding, since other types may be winter- ed. These are obligate winters in growth habit w often will not head from spring seeding. rmediate winter-types, such as Cordova and 'ntex, will head from fall or spring seeding and adapted over a wide area throughout areas 2, * d 4 and southward into area 5. This type also used to some extent for spring seeding in -: 1. In area 5, the crop is used primarily for ter pasture for livestock and even true spring- j¢ varieties may be fall-sown. Most of the barley grown in Texas is used produce Winter pasture for livestock and to I est a grain crop if conditions warrant. A Le acreage is sown exclusively for winter pas- e. Barley is a valuable crop for winter pasture ce it grows rapidly in the fall, producing forage Tonly a few Weeks. While less palatable than s, it produces i; ‘high protein forage which is isfactory for livestock. A small percentage of - crop is grown for grain alone. Yield tests are summarized by areas. All are -sown, since it is estimated that more than 90 cent of the commercial crop is fall-sown. ar dryland tests were destroyed by drouth in 1950. 1951. 1953, 1955 and 1956. Aual estimate of forage value-Tennessee Winter 100 percent. Area 1 Barley tests were conducted at Amarillo on dryland since 1949 and under irrigation since 1953. Owing to severe drouth, the tests at Amarillo were lost in 1955 and 1956, and the tests of 1950 and 1951 were destroyed by greenbugs and drouth. Tests at Floydada were grown under” irrigation in 1955, 1956 and 1957. Comparable yield and agronomic data are summarized in Table 2 with grain yields divided into dryland and irrigated tests. In dryland tests, Cordova, Harbine and Texan produced the highest average yields for this period of testing. These strains are less hardy than Kearney, Ward and Reno, hence are somewhat more hazardous to grow. In irrigated tests at both locations, Tenkow, Reno, Texan and Rogers produced the highest comparable yields. sure TOTAL - 29.809 ACRES | oor = |ooo ACRES Figure 2.‘ Distribution oi barley in Texas in 1954. TABLE 3. COMPARABEE YIELDS AND AGRONOMIC DATA FOR FALL-SOWN BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN AT STATlO IN AREA 2, 1949-57 Yield of grain, bushels per acre Test Date Date Plant Estima q vafi j _ Number . I . h i h I “Y Abilene {.253 323;‘; sp... tjregfg; mess X51552 £35.21 55$‘. 5.1.‘. m; Harbine 31.9 50.4 26.7 12.8 23.1 13 45.8 4-13 5-19 18.9 102 i Rogers 25.9 56.5 25.7 12.7 21.9 8 46.3 4-16 5-20 20.7 106 - Cordova 27.1 40.7 25.0 10.7 21.1 14 43.8 4-10 5-21 18.6 112 ‘Q Texan 37.5 24.9 8.5 20.4 8 42.4 4-8 .i.5_-22 19.2 117 { Tenkow 43.6 22.8 6.9 18.4 8 42.9 4-17 5-23 19.2 121 1 Ward 18.6 43.8 23.3 6.3 18.1 14 44.4 4-19 5-23 19.5 99 Wintex 19.9 42.2 19.5 8.5 16.4 14 42.8 4-17 5-24 18.4 100 5 Pueblo 17.8 ' 40.8 22.0 4.9 16.1 10 43.8 4-17 5-24 19.4 100 h Reno 43.5 20.5 4.8 16.1 8 42.6 4-19 5-24 18.2 100, Tennessee Winter 20.0 37.2 18.1 6.7 15.0 14 42.0 4-15 5-20 18.5 10 Mo. E. Beardless 20.2 28.3 17.3 8.0 14.8 14 39.5 4-10 5-18 20.1 109., Kearney 16.8 45.5 19.3 4.2 14.7 12 45.6 4-19 5-25 19.7 96 Dicktoo 15.1 41.6 19.5 4.6 14.5 10 45.6 4-20 5-27 19.1 90 ‘One year only. ilrrigated test. not included in area yield averages. ' “Visual estimate of forage value—Wintex 100 percent. Kearney and Reno were the most winter- hardy. The intermediate winter-types are con- siderably less cold tolerant and were completely killed in 1950. The intermediate winter-types produce the best yields when not damaged by cold weather and also produce more forage, as indicated by the percentage rating of 135 for Cordova as compared with 85 for Kearney. There were no great differences in agronomic characters under these conditions. Rogers, Har- bine and Kearney produced the highest test Weight grain; Harbine and Rogers were the short- est in plant height, while Missouri Early Beard- lees and Missouri B-400 were the earliest in ma- turity. Laboratory tests and field observations have shown that Kearney has greater field tolerance to the greenbug than any other commercial variety. It also is the most winter-hardy. Therefore, it is .. recommended as the safest variety for fall seed- ing. Other varieties recommended or acceptable are Reno, Ward, Cordova, Harbine and Rogers, the last three being good- producers, but more subject to cold injury. Area 2 Barley tests were conducted at Iowa Park and Chillicothe in each year of the test period. TABLE 4. COMPARABLE YIELDS AND AGRONOMICNDATA FOR FALL-SOWN BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN AT STATI » I AREA 3. 1949-57 _ Yield oi grain, bushels per acre _ g Number Test D_ate Date Plant Perce v Variety Greerh Stephen- Average oi tests Welght. first helghl. 19d -: Denwn vine ville for are“ pounds head ripe inches rust- Cordova 31.9 38.4 36.5 35.5 25 44.8 4-17 5-22 22.5 33 ' Rogers 31.4 37.2 32.1 33.5 11 46.5 4-25 5-23 25.1 4 Texan 31.6 36.5 32.4 33.4 25 44.8 ' 4-16 5-22 23.1 25 r Harbine i 29.1 33.5 28.6 30.5 20 44.4 4-22 5-23 23.5 23 i Tenkow 26.2 40.0 26.4 30.5 17 41.4 4-22 5-23 23.5 24 "I Mo-B-400 31.9 31.7 28.6 30.4 7 43.5 4-16 5-21 24.6 » Wintex 22.5 33.9 28.2 28.0 25 44.3 4-22 5-24 21.9 27 , Tennessee Winter 22.5 29.5 22.6 24.8 25 42.9 4-20 ~ 5-22 22.2 38 1 Ward 21.2 30.1 23.4 24.7 25 43.6 4-23 5-23 23.7 48 e Kearney 21.6 28.2 22.0 23.8 16 43.6 4-22 5-23 23.9 39 Reno 19.7 28.2 22.1 23.2 16 43.7 4-24 5-24 22.6 43 7’ Mo. E. Beardless 20.0 22.3 19.2 20.4 25 40.0 4-16 5-19 24.3 28 5 Since the test at Iowa Park is irrigated and yiel much higher than the others, the data from t I station are reported separately. Compara-a agronomic data include all stations. Tests ha“ been sown at Abilene since 1953, but the sev drouth in that area destroyed all except the 19 test. Yields at Spur were extremely low beca v of drouth. Comparable yields and agronomic are summarized in Table 3 for each station a, for the area. l Harbine produced the highest average yiel - both under irrigation at Iowa Park and in d. land tests at other stations; Rogers ranked =7 ond, Cordova third and Texan fourth. For so l unknown reason, the relative yields of Cord; have been unusually low at Iowa Park. The t j winter-type barley varieties have been less p A ductive at this lower elevation. . Rogers, Harbine and Kearney produced t highest test weight grain, and Missouri Ea Beardless the lowest. Texan and Missouri Ea .1; Beardless are the earliest in maturity, W Rogers and Missouri Early Beardless are _ tallest. Tenkow, Texan and Cordova were ra _ as the best forage producers. l Yield data at all stations in this area indi ' that the intermediate winter-types, such Harbine, Rogers and Cordova, are the most p t 6 TABLE 5. COMPARABLE YIELDS AND AGRONOMIC DATA FOR FALL-SOWN BARLEY GROWN AT STATIONS IN AREA 4. 1949-57 Yield of gram, bushels per acre Number Test Date Date Plant Estimate Variet ' . ' hei ht, of fora e Y TemPle c°ml°rl M°Gre9°r 2:31:91: of tests lloetlllltl; lflarzlzl filial: incges valueg Cordova 33.7 ' 37.4 34.2 34.9 18 42.3 4-10 5-16 23.8 107 Texan 30.0 35.9 29.8 31.6 18 41.9 4-8 5-17 25.2 100 Harbine 25.5 38.6 26.5 29.3 16 42.6 4-17 5-19 24.4 94 Wintex 27.3 33.3 28.7 4 39.9 4-17 5-18 24.8 101 Tennessee Winter 20.2 33.2 25.3 25.1 17 40.5 4-13 5-17 24.7 92 Tunis 17.0 33.2 _ 24.8 3 39.9 4-6 5-15 21.3 Mo. E. Beardless 22.4 31.0 21.5 24.5 17 37.9 4-9 5-15 27.9 90 Calhoun 4 21.2 23.6 2 37.8 4-19 5-18 17.0 105 Calhoun 3 20.3 23.6 3 38.4 4-19 5-18 20.0 92 Goliad 17.9 32.7 19.6 22.5 18 41.9 4-2 5-17 25.6 119 Kearney 14.0 21.6 24.8 19.7 9 g 40.6 4-13 5-21 26.0 86 ‘Tests sown at Comfort in 1954. 1955 and 1956 were destroyed by drouth. zVisual estimate of forage value—Texan 100 percent. ductive. While the true winter-type varieties, such as Kearney, Reno and Ward, are more cold resistant, they yield less and produce less winter pasture. Area 3 Barley yield tests were conducted throughout the test period at Denton, Greenville and Stephen- ville. Barley is well adapted to this growing area since it fits well into rotations with other crops and is useful as a feed and Winter pasture crop. Late spring freezes or Winterkilling occasionally damage the crop, but this does not occur often enough to justify growing the more hardy winter- type varieties. The intermediate winter-type varieties are well adapted in this area. Diseases, especially mildew, are of some importance, al- though often the crop escapes injury because of its early maturity. Comparable yields and agronomic data are given in Table 4. Cordova has been outstanding in this area and is grown extensively. Its average yield of 35.5 bushels, or 1,704 pounds of grain per acre, compares favorably with corn and grain sorghum and, in addition, it is valuable for Win- ter pasture. Rogers, tested less extensively in 11 tests, ranks second, Texan third and Harbine fourth. The highest test weight grain was produced by Rogers, Cordova and Texan. Texan, Missouri Early Beardless and Cordova were the earliest in maturity, while Rogers, Ward and Reno were the latest. Cordova, Tennessee Winter and Reno were the shortest varieties, while Rogers was the '9 tallest. No Winterkilling occurred during this testing period. Based on results of these tests, only the inter- t. mediate winter-type varieties should be grown in j. this area; Cordova, Rogers, Texan and Harbine it are recommended. Wintex was grown extensively A for a time, but mildew has damaged this variety ' in recent years. a Area 4 Barley yield trials were conducted at I McGregor and Temple on the Grand and Black- land Prairies and at Comfort on the Edwards Plateau. The elevation at this latter location is approximately 1,800 feet, as compared with an- proximately 600 feet at the other locations. Tests were conducted at Temple and Comfort through- out the period, but were not initiated at McGregor until 1958. Tests at Comfort were lost because of drouth in 1951, 1954, 1955 and 1956. Compar- able yields and agronomic data fer the area are given in Table 5. Results obtained at Temple and McGregor are in good agreement and prove that Cordova is outstanding for central Blackland and Grand Prairie soils. At the higher elevation at Comfort, Harbine ranked first in yield, but it did poorly at the other locations. This variety requires some cold weather to head normally and may not en- counter it except on the Edwards Plateau. The true winter-type variety, Kearney, ranks last, while the spring-type variety, Goliad, is too early and susceptible to cold injury to be satisfactory. The intermediate winter-type varieties are superior in grain and forage yields and are the only ones recommended for this area. Diseases are of greater importance in this area than in areas 1, 2 and 3, and only those varieties resistant TABLE 6. YIELDS OF GOLIAD AND CORDOVA BARLEY GROWN AT STATIONS IN SOUTH TEXAS. 1955-57 Grain yield. Lccation bushels per acre Year Goliad Cordova College Station 1955 21.8 35.0 College Station 1956 31.1 38.6 College Station 1957 39.5 39.5 Lockhart 1955 14.9 14.6 Lockhart 1957 26.8 20.2 Prairie View 1956 f 12.6 14.7 Average 20.9 17.4 Test weight. pounds 45.5 45.2 Forage value, estimate 100.0 92.5 Reaction to leaf rust R’ S2 Reaction to stem rust R S Reaction to spot blotch R S Reaction to net blotch S MR3 ‘Hz-resistant. 2S=susceptible. _ “MR=moderately resistant. TABLE 7. COMPARABLE YIELDS OF FALL-SOWN BARLEY GROWN IN REPLICATED NURSERY TESTS AT DENTON AND COLLEGE STATION, 1949-57 Yields of grain. bushels per acre Denton College Station Variety Com- N b Cour able um er parable Number par oi tests oi tests average average Cordova 33.6 7 31.0 5 Rogers 33.3 4 Mo-B-400 33.3 5 Kenbar 32.7 5 32.3 4 Texan 32.6 7 34.3 5 Harbine 30.5 7 24.8 5 Kentucky 1 28.4 3 18.5 4 Colonial 2 28.4 4 26.3 4 Piedmont 27.8 6 16.3 2 Fayette 26.8 6 17.1 5 Pueblo 26.8 2 Wong 25.7 5 34.8 7 a Hudson 25.6 2 10.9 4 Iackson 1 25.4 3 23.9 4 Calhoun 24.5 3 33.3 3 Davie 24.5 4 24.7 3 Ward 24.2 7 Omugi 24.1 3 Kearney 23.7 5 Tenkow 23.6 7 Tennessee Winter 23.5 7 Dicktoo 23.0 4 Wintex 22.7 7 Reno 22.0 7 Mo. E. Beardless 20.8 7 Sunrise 30.9 4 Goliad 29.6 6 to mildew should be grown. Cordova, Harbine and Texan are resistant to present prevalent races of mildew. Area 5 Barley is grown in this area principally as a winter pasture crop for livestock. Only one variety, Goliad, is grown for forage and grain. Small acreages of Cordova and Texan are grown ' ‘TABLE 8. COMPARABLE YIELDS OF SPRING-SOWN BARLEY GROWN AT DENTON AND AMARILLO. 1949-57 Yields of grain. bushels per acre Amarillo Denton variety Corn Com ' Number ' Number gsgg:gl,z oi tests ggéggég of tests Arivat 40.9 2 13.8 5 Harlan 37.8 2 14.2 5 Gem 36.9 4 17.6 5 Custer 36.4 4 18.5 5 Otis 36.2 2 14.8 5 Cordova 34.5 2 ' 17.3 5 Munsing 34.4 2 Vaughn 33.7 4 Flynn 33.5 5 11.6 5 Atlas 31.9 5 16.3 5 Beecher 31.1 5 Plains 29.6 l Sportan 27.9 2 Stavropol ‘ 27.3 5 Feebar 26.2 4 Mariout 25.8 5 Texan 25.7 5 16.5 5 illlvVintex 25.2 5 10.8 5 regal 25.1 2 Montcalm 12.0 5 Titan 14.7 5 Kindred 12.6 5 8 for forage. Goliad is a true spring-type, A because of the mild climate, is seldom inj even from fall-seeding. Diseases are ma factors in the use of the crop and usually prev‘ varieties other than Goliad from maturing a c of grain. The major diseases are mildew, s blotch, net blotch and leaf rust. Occasion stem rust may damage the crop and increas amounts of virus diseases, such’, as yellow dw have been observed in recent years. i Because the commercial varieties grown, other parts of Texas are not adapted to this a f tests have been limited to Goliad and Cordovai comparison with new experimental strains. Si these strains are not available commercially, Q two varieties are reported. During recent v seasons, diseases have not been as important may be expected and Cordova has out-yiel Goliad in many instances. A Goliad is the only variety recommended this area, although Cordova may be used forage if desired. Area 6 I No yield trials were conducted in this a since little barley is grown commercially. Rec expansion of dairying and livestock product has caused greater interest in the small grains supplementary grazing. Based on tests in area. a Cordova, Rogers, Texan and Harbine are s gested as the best now available. i Area 7 y. This area is devoted largely to livestock p duction, although there has been an increase the acreage of irrigated farms. N0 yield tri were conducted, but, based on adjoining Cordova, Texan, Rogers and Harbine are s gested. ~ Nursery Tests , In addition to the intra-state variety replicated nursery tests of many new experimi tal strains and commercial varieties are made’ the main breeding stations. Although tested ’ only one location in the area, data on these stral are given in Table 7. » A large group of varieties was tested at t__ Denton station. Yields in this nursery W similar to those in the intra-state test. Cordo and Rogers led in yield. Kenbar did well in 4th tests and may be found of value with furt testing. 5 At College Station, tests in most years t sisted of only one or two replications and, the fore, yields are higher than may be expec _ under commercial conditions. Texan, Kenbar Cordova also did well here. it Spring-sown Tests _ 5, Tests from spring-seeding were conducted Amarillo and Denton. Data on comparable yield are given in Table 8. Tests at Amarillo indicate the true spring- ~ type varieties may be superior t0 the intermediate _ winter-types. Arivat and Harlan averaged 40.9 v and 37.8 bushels, respectively, compared with 34.5 for Cordova. However, seed of these varieties ‘_ normally are not available‘ and further tests are § needed to prove their superiority over Cordova for ; spring-seeding. Tests at Denton show that spring-seeding of I. barley normally is not profitable. If spring-seed- 1 ing is necessary because of winter injury or A delay in seeding, then Cordova or Texan are ‘ equal to any spring-type variety. Oats Oats are one of the most widely grown crops j in Texas, being used as a feed, grain and pasture I crop in most areas. Only in the more concentrated areas of production in North Central Texas, and ‘ less often in other areas, does it become an im- j portant cash crop. The average annual acreage ‘ devoted to grain and forage during the 10-year , period, 1947-57, was 1,130,900. This produced an average of 24,097,400 bushels. A large acreage, which does not show in official statistics of the 3 harvested acreage, also is sown for winter pasture " and the entire crop is grazed off. In 1957, this was unofficially estimated at almost 1,000,000 facres. Parts of this acreage are used as hay, ' sllage or SOIlIIIg‘ crops. Owing to the wide range in climatic condi- tions, a number of varieties and types are used in § Texas. In the Panhandle and Rolling Plains areas of West Texas, true cold resistance is needed and v survival data usually reflect this characteristic. ; Fall-seeding is hazardous in area 1 and it not rec- I ommended unless the grower wishes to take this c calculated risk. In North Central Texas, winter- , hardiness is just as important as in the other two areas, but survival and yields often do not reflect true hardiness because the crop may grow rapidly i during periods of warm weather and then be ydamaged by sudden drops f Damage to the crop by cold temperatures occurs j. approximately 1 year in 4, and may range from - minor leaf injury to widespread killing of the crop. Farther south in Central and South Texas, : injury from cold occurs only occasionally and more erect growing types may be fall-sown. in temperature. Comparable yield and agronomic data are summarized by areas. All varieties were not {grown at all stations nor in all seasons. Most data reported were from fall-seeding, but a small uniform spring-sown test was grown in recent fyears at the more northern stations. ’ 7 1.. Area 1 Usually only about 2 percent of the State oat acreage is grown in this area. Occasionally, when spring weather conditions are favorable, large acreages may be seeded. Fall-seeding is hazardous and winterkilling occurs often. The Amarillo yield tests were killed by low tempera- tures in 1949, 1950 and 1951. Differential winter- killing occurred in some other seasons. All tests except 1954 were given supplemental irrigation water. Comparable yields and agronomic data for oat variety tests grown at Amarillo and Floydada are given in Table 9. As an average of eight tests, Mustang produced the highest average yield, 40.8 bushels per acre. Frazier, Wintok and Cimarron ranked next. Alamo, New Nortex and Ferguson 922 were damaged by low temperatures. Fulwin, although among the most winter-hardy, did not yield well. Cimarron, Wintok and Frazier had the highest test Weight. These varieties also were the earliest maturing. Fultex and Cimarron were the shortest varieties and Bronco the tallest. Bronco, Wintok and Fulwin were the most winter- hardy, with Mustang and Cimarron only slightly less hardy. Fultex was slightly more hardy than the Red Rustproof strains. Recognizing that fall seeding is hazardous, varieties best adapted for fall seeding in this area __ _ are Mustang, Cimarron, Wintok and Bronco be- cause of their cold resistance. Area 2 Oats are grown extensively in this area, both as a cash crop and a combined winter pasture and grain crop. Considerable acreages are used primarily for Winter pasture and, unless condi- tions are very favorable for grain production, are pastured to maturity. Yield tests were conducted at Iowa Park, Chillicothe and Spur throughout the period, but were seeded at Abilene only since 1953. Since sun: TOTAL- 1.403.602 A0RE$ I DOTEOUALS 5.000 "R55 Figure 3. Distribution of oats in Texas in 1954. TABLE 9. COMPARABLE YIELDS AND AGRONOMIC DATA FOR FALL-SOWN OATS GROWN AT STATIONS IN AREA 1, 194 ‘ Yield oi grain. bushels per acre N b Test Date Date Plant Pena Variety Amarillo playaada Average 01325;: weight, first iull height. wint 194957 1955_57 fa, area pounds head _ ripe mches survi A Mustang 43.2 34.5 40.8 11 31.3 5-15 6-23 23.6 87 g Frazier 42.6 29.7 38.9 11 33.0 5-10 6-21 23.0 55 a. Wintok 41.8 28.8 38.2 11 34.1 5-12 6-21 25.0 93 1 Cimarron 45.6 24.6 37.8 7 34.5 5-7 6-18 21.6 86 ' Fultex 40.7 29.5 37.6 11 32.1 5-13 6-21 “r. 20.4 68 Bronco 35.2 33.9 35.0 11 31.4 5-21 6-25 27.0 99 New Nortex 34.6 32.5 34.0 11 32.2 5-11 6-21 23.8 53 a Ferguson 922 34.3 ' 32.2 3 32.8 5-16 6-21 26.8 58 i Fulwin 31.7 27.7 30.6 11 32.1 5-15 6-22 28.6 92 I Alamo 30.0 33.3 29.7 10 32.4 5-17 6-23 24.7 59.- severe drouth prevailed much of the past 8 years, failures and low yields were common. The tests at Iowa Park were irrigated as necessary to main- tain normal growth and yields are, therefore, much higher than at any other locations. Com- parable yields and agronomic data for the area are given in Table 10. Eighteen comparisons are available for varieties grown in all dryland tests at all stations. Many varieties were grown in fewer tests. Agronomic data, in most instances, are based on fewer observations than yield data, since complete notes were impossible to take under some condi- tions. Alamo, Bronco, Victorgrain, Mustang and New Nortex led in comparable yield. Alamo pro- duced high yields because there was no winter- killing and diseases were important in 1957. Victorgrain was not tested adequately, but ap- pears satisfactory. Frazier, Cimarron and Wintok produced the lowest comparable yields. Under irrigation at Iowa Park, the highest comparable yields were produced by Nortex 107, Mustang, New Nortex and Bronco. Victorgrain _ yielded well, but was under test only 2 years. At Spur, Victorgrain, Alamo and Mustang led in yield, while the lowest yields were produced by New Nortex and Frazier.‘ Alamo produced well at Abilene and Spur, but is the most tender variety included in the tests, and is not recom- mended for fall-seeding in this area. TABLE 10. COMPARABLE YIELDS AND AGRONOMIC DATA FOR FALL-SOWN OATS GROWN AT STATIONS IN AREA 2. 1949 '1 Yield oi grain, bushels per acre Comparable data for the area show t Wintok, Victorgrain, Alamo and Frazier had if highest test weight, while the Red Rustpr strains were 2 to 3 pounds lighter. Frazier a Cimarron were the earliest varieties, followed L Victorgrain and Alamo. Bronco was the latest i maturity. Fultex, Cimarron and Alamo were ij shortest, while Fulwin and Bronco were l; tallest. I Winter-hardiness is an important characte istic in this area. Survival usually is a fair. true measure of cold resistance, since the plan usually remain in a hardened condition in c0 trast with the greater fluctuation in conditio found in area 3. Differential winterkilling experienced in 9 station years out of 23. T' greatest contrast was in 1951 when New No - and others of this hardiness class were almo destroyed at Iowa Park, yielding less than bushels per acre, while Mustang and Bron produced 44.1 and 59.7 bushels per acre, _ spectively. Average survival data ranged fro 80 percent for Fulwin, 74 percent for Bronco o, 74 percent for Mustang, down to 38 percent o5 Alamo. * No wide differences in forage ratings we obtained for this area, although Frazier, Victo grain and Alamo were rated slightly above Ne Nortex and Bronco below New Nortex. Varieti_ recommended are Mustang, Bronco and Ne a Nortex. i‘ Estimate Perce _ _ _ Number Test Date Date Plant vane“! kg: 3251113; Abilene spur Average t ott weiglcilt. lfirsg full height, of tolrage win_t' i 195357 195g_57 for area es s poun s ea ripe 111C es va ue sumv 1949-57‘ 1945-57 . Alamo 67.6 46.1 15.2 17.2 31.4 13 32.4 4-15 5-23 22.3 108 38 Bronco 74.8 50.6 9.0 13.9 31.3 15 31.3 4-24 5-30 27.0 98 74 ._ Victorgrain 79.8 48.5 6.3 18.5 31.0 5 32.6 4-13 5-21 24.7 109 . Mustang 78.7 47.1 10.5 16.6 30.9 18 31.0 4-18 5-25 23.8 103 71 5 New Nortex 76.1 47.4 17.8 12.3 30.8 18 30.1 4-17 5-24 23.0 100 53 L Fultex 67.6 42.9 9.1 15.5 28.1 18 31.7 4-15 5-21 20.6 100 44 ' Fulwin 65.9 43.4 6.5 14.7 27.7 18 31.4 4-20 5-27 29.2 107 80 a Ferguson 922 71.8 45.6 10.1 10.6 27.1 9 29.1 4-17 5-23 22.4 100 49 Nortex 107 82.2 45.6 7.2 26.7 5 28.9 4-19 5-27 20.3 104 51 , Wintok 37.0 40.6 8.9 13.2 26.2 17 32.9 4-18 5-22 23.9 107 68 Cimarron 71.8 40.6 8.8 12.6 26.0 9 31.9 4-9 5‘-17 22.2 106 75 i Frazier 63.1 34.8 9.5 13 5 23.5 18 32.4 4-9 5-19 24.9 112 43 ” ‘Irrigated tests not included in averages. ’Visual estimate o1 iorage va1ue—New Nortex 100 percent. 10 i LE 11. COMPARABLE YIELDS AND AGRONOMIC DATA FOR FALL-SOWN OATS GROWN AT STATIONS IN AREA 3, 1949-57 Yield of grain, bushels per acre =: t Test Date Date Percent Plant Percent a VdrietY Denton cirl-ltateen- Sfifififn- Average lgfutrzgzr weight, first full Crown Stem Peighb winter] » 1950-56 194957 194957 for area pounds head r1pe rust rust m‘? e5 SUWW“ ustang 52.2 67.0 54.6 58.3 23 30.3 4-17 5-23 4 8 25.6 96 j‘ ortex 107 53.2 63.2 53.0 56.6 9 29.5 4-23 5-‘27 12 7 27.4 82 ew Nortex 52.1 61.5 52.0 55.3 23 29.5 4-23 5-27 9 11 27.3 81 lctorgrain 44.6 58.3 54.0 52.8 14 31.8 4-18 5-21 18 13 24.4 76 ; onco 48.0 57.9 48.6 51.6 18 30.2 4-24 5-26 11 8 28.0 93 perguson 922 46.8 59.7 44.7 51.0 15 29.1 4-24 5-28 8 7 27.0 i 73 amo 46.4 47.7 49.7 48.2 17 31.5 4-18 5-24 16 1 24.3 46 imarron 46.4 51.0 51.7 44.4 9 30.5 4-16 5-20 1 24.6 a‘ lwin 46.5 43.9 41.6 43.7 23 29.2 4-22 5-23 71 9 29.4 100 tex 37.7 43.9 46.4 42.2 15 31.3 4-17 5-20 13 11 22.7 70 ' azier 38.0 43.3 38.7 40.1 23 31.5 4-13 5-20 37 8 25.2 71 Area 3 Oats are grown extensively in this area as ta cash crop and as a source of winter pasture for livestock. When oats are pastured, the livestock usually are taken off about March 1 and the crop is allowed to produce grain. More than one-third of the State acreage is seeded in this area. _ Yield tests were conducted at Denton, Green- ville and Stephenville. The data for each of the three stations are given and they also are com- bined into comparable yields and agronomic data "for the area in Table 11. A total of 23 comparisons l: are available for stations grown the full period. A For the area, Mustang led in comparable yield of grain, averaging 3.0 bushels more than New Nortex, the other important commercial variety. Mustang also led in yield at Greenville i and Stephenville, but was second at Denton. » Frazier, Fultex and Fulwin were the lowest i i producers. a Victorgrain, Alamo and Frazier produced . the highest test weights and the Red Rustproof -. strains the lowest. Frazier, Cimarron, Alamo and : Victorgrain were 6 to 10 days earlier in heading t, than the Red Rustproof strains, but ripened only about a week earlier. Bronco also is a 1ate-matur- = ing variety. Bronco was the tallest variety and " Fultex the shortest. Winter-hardiness is a major consideration in this area, and differences in resistance to cold were observed in 4 seasons. Fulwin, Mustang and Bronco were damaged very little, while Alamo was damaged severely 2 seasons. In 1954, even the Red Rustproof strains were severely damaged in commercial fields, while Mustang survived to a full stand. Recommended varieties are Mustang, New Nortex and Bronco. Area 4 Approximately one-third of the State oat acreage is grown in this area. Most of this acreage is grown as a combination winter pasture and feed crop. Considerable acreages are sown ex- clusively for winter pasture, while a smaller pro- portion is grown exclusively as a cash grain crop. Tests were conducted at Temple and Com- fort since 1949 and at McGregor since 1953. Severe drouth caused the loss of the tests at Com- fort in 1954, 1955 and 1956, and influenced the yields materially at other locations. Comparable data for yield and agronomic characters for the area are given in Table 12. Varieties are arrang- ed in order of average yield. New Nortex, Alamo, Ferguson 922 and Bronco were the highest in grain yields, Mustang ranked sixth. These are the principal commercial varieties of this area. Fulwin and Frazier, be- cause of high susceptibility to rust, produced the TABLE 12. COMPARABLE YIELDS AND AGRONOMIC DATA FOR FALL-SOWN OATS GROWN AT STATIONS 1N AREA 4. 1949-57 Yield of grain, bushels per acre Number Test Date Date Percent a plant Estimate Variety Comfort Temple McGregor Average at tests weight. first full Crown Stem height. of forage 1949-57 1949-57 1953-57 for area pounds head ripe rust rust inches value‘ ' Nev‘ Nortex 47.8 53.1 55.6 52.1 20 26.7 4-20 5-22 25 21 28.7 100 - Alcfmo 55.1 48.2 47.9 52.1 17 31.6 4-12 5-21 9 Tr 29.7 138 A Ferguson 922 52.9 52.0 50.5 51.6 7 26.1 4-22 5-23 21 25 29.2 105 A Bronco 54.2 49.3 52.1 51.3 16 29.7 4-22 5-26 5 . 34 31.4 94 Camellia 46.5 51.2 5 27.7 4-22 5-23 14 32 31.4 95 Mustang 52.6 49.3 50.3 50.5 20 29.4 4-16 5-19 6 21 29.3 102 Nortex 107 51.3 v 56.3 49.9 49.9 6 27.5 4-21 5-23 26 19 28.0 104 Victorgrain 54.8 *1 47.5 47.9 48.9 15 31.7 4-12 5-18 8 16 29.4 120 Ranger 47.8 44.8 56.2 48.5 20 28.7 4-19 5-22 6 34 29.5 98 Fulgrain 53.6 46.2 47.9 48.3 13 32.5 4-9 5-13 6 16 26.8 134 Alber 53.2 44.0 46.9 47.6 19 27.4 4-15 5-23 9 32 31.7 123 Frazier 44.7 45.9 40.6 44.2 20 31.1 4-4 5-10 45 13 31.1 131 Fulwin 31.7 27.3 43.5 33.3 16 25.7 4-21 5-21 53 21 33.2 94 ‘Visual estimate of forage value-New Nortex 100 percent. 11 TABLE 13. COMPARABLE YIELDS FOR FALL-SOWN OATS GROWN AT STATIONS IN AREA 5, 1950-57 Yield oi grain. bushels per acre Number. Variety Winter Haven Beeville College StationPrairie View Lockhart Beaumont Comparable of tests 1952 1952 ' 1950-57 1952-56 1952-57 1955-56 average for area e Alamo 51.6 31.2 67.5 44.1 31.5 51.4 52.1 17 Victorgrain 61.3 44.7 30.8 55.6 49.4 ll Mustang 42.2 33.2 63.9 41.1 28.9 51.4 49.1 17 Fulgrain 47.2 30.7 56.1 48.9 30.4 56.9 49.3 15 Alber 26.2 29.0 60.2 37.3 37.1 54.2 __ f‘ 47.6 17 Floriland 49.1 38.4 34.9 61.6 " ‘ ‘i 45.5 9 Bronco 35.6 30.0 55.5 40.5 27.3 49.5 45.0 12 Ranger 25.6 27.3 57.8 35.1 29.2 53.5 44.6 17 New Nortex 22.8 » 23.1 58.5 31.3 32.3 51.1 44.0 17 Camellia 28.0 26.4 55.6 32.1 27.2 38.9 41.2 17 Frazier 31.2 22.8 48.2 31.7 34.7 43.2 39.8 17 a Seminole 41.0 52.6 37.5 39.6 7g. ‘ l-‘ultex 36.3 30.1 42.9 40.2 34.7 38.2 9 Southland 48.2 51.6 26.4 10.1 37.5 7 Sunland 44.3 36.5 30.6 42.6 37.4 6 lowest average yields. The rank of varieties Area 5 varies greatly by location. At McGregor, Ranger and New Nortex ranked first and second, followed by Bronco, Ferguson and Mustang. At Comfort, Alamo, Bronco, Alber and Mustang were the lead- ing varieties, while at Temple, Nortex 107 was first although it was tested only a short time. New Nortex, Ferguson, Bronco and Mustang were next in yield. » The summary of agronomic data for the area shows that Frazier, Fulgrain, Alamo and Victor- grain are the earliest and Bronco the latest- maturing variety. Alamo, Fulgrain, Victorgrain, Ranger, Mustang, Bronco and Alber showed high resistance to leaf rust during this period, but only Alamo was resistant to stem rust. Bronco and Camellia were the tallest varieties and Fulgrain the shortest. The visual estimate of forage value ranked Alamo, Fulgrain and Alber as the most productive. Fulgrain, Alamo, Victor- grain and Frazier were superior in test weight. Varieties recommended for grain production in this area include Mustang, New Nortex, Bronco and Alamo. Other Red Rustproof strains, such as Nortex 107 and Ferguson 922, also are satis- factory. TABLE 14. COMPARABLE AGRONOMIC DATA FOR FALL-SOWN OATS GROWN AT STATIONS IN AREA 5. 1950-57 Oats are grown in this area primarily f0 winter pasture for livestock. When conditions ar favorable, the crop may be harvested for hay, silage or grain. Winters are mild except for sho é cold periods which may damage the crop.- Humidity is high, showers are frequent and con- ditions generally are favorable for the spread o plant diseases. Only in recent years have an varieties had sufficient disease resistance r} produce a grain crop. l Tests were conducted at six locations. A Winter Haven, tests were discontinued after 1952:» Although tests were seeded‘ each year at Beevill and Lockhart, only the 1952 test was harvested a p. Beeville and only the 1952, 1956 and 1957 tests a Lockhart were harvested. Drouth destroyed al, others. Tests were harvested at Prairie View inf 1952, 1955 and 1956. The 1951 test at College Sta- tion was destroyed by a storm. Yields are summarized into comparable data. for each location and for the area. Varieties in’ Table 13 are arranged in order of average com-j parable yield. Alamo ranked first in yield; averaging 52.1 bushels per acre. Victorgrain,. Mustang and Fulgrain were next. Alamo ranked Test Date Date P91’ “n1 Plant Estimate Variety weight. first full Crown Stem height, of forage pounds head ripe rust rust inches value‘ Alamo 35.3 3-24 4-26 11 1 30.9 1 l1 Mustang 31.9 4-1 A 5-3 12 22 31.6 99 Victorgrain 33.2 3-27 5-1 10 36 33.2 103 Fulgrain 35.5 3-20 4-20 6 28 31.4 121 Alber 29.0 3-26 4-30 4 27 32.7 115 Ranger 30.7 4-2 5-3 5 29 32.7 100 Floriland 32.8 3-18 4-22 2 . 46 35.6 108 Bronco 29.2 4-11 5-4 19 22 32.2 87 New Nortex 29.5 4-4 5-4 25 27 30.1 96 Camellia 29.8 4-2 5-4 12 28 33.7 104 Seminole 31.8 3-13 4-19 11 34 33.5 109 Frazier 33.5 3-16 4-18 53 24 32.1 106 Fultex 33.5 3-23 4-24 3 24 ~ 30.7 105 Sunland 32.1 3-16 4-22 9 31 34.1 108 Southland 31.9 3-25 4-23 13 34 33.5 110 ‘Visual etimate of lorage value—Ranger 100 percent. 12 first at all stations except Beaumont and Lock- hart where Floriland ranked first. — Agronomic data for the area are summarized in Table 14. Alamo and Fulgrain were superior in test Weight. Seminole, Frazier and Sunland 7 were the earliest-maturing "varieties and Bronco the latest. All varieties except Frazier and New Nortex had considerable resistance to crown rust = races present during this period, but only Alamo t I was resistant to stem rust. Alamo, Fultex and Fulgrain were the shortest varieties, while Sun- land and Floriland were tallest. Judging the forage value with Ranger as the standard, it was estimated that Fulgrain, Alber, Alamo and South- land were best in this respect, with Bronco rated a as least productive. Varieties recommended for this area are Alamo, Camellia, Mustang, Victorgrain and Alber. a Seed of neither Fulgrain nor Ranger are available i commercially. The Red Rustproof strains, such y as New Nortex and Nortex 107, may be used for t pasture, but usually will not produce grain. The ' Florida varieties are so extremely susceptible to f stem rust that their use is not advisable. Area 6 Most of the oats grown in this area are sown for forage purposes. Forage tests were conducted, but only limited observations on yield of oats were made. Based on these observations and perform- ance in adjoining areas, New Nortex, Mustang a and Bronco are suggested as the best available. Area 7 No oat yield tests were conducted in this area. Most of the area is devoted to ranching, but, with increased irrigation facilities available, an in- crease in the use of small grain for winter pasture may be expected. For fall seeding in the area, % Mustang, Bronco and New Nortex are suggested as the best available. Nursery Tests In addition to the intra-state tests, a larger group of experimental strains and commerical varieties were grown at the main breeding sta- tions at College Station and Denton. Data on yields at these two stations are given in Table 15. The rank of varieties was similar to that in the intra-state tests of the Denton area with Bronco, Mustang and New Nortex ranked in that order. Several new varieties such as Midsouth, TABLE 15. COMPARABLE YIELDS OF F ALL-SOWN OATS GROWN AT DENTON AND COLLEGE STATION. 1947-56 Denton College Station vafiet Bushels Number Bushels Number Rank Y per years per years 1n acre tested acre tested yield Bronco 51.8 6 50.5 6 13 Mustang 51.4 8 65.5 8 3 New Nortex 50.3 8 56.6 7 4 Nortex 107 49.1 7 52.8 5 12 Ferguson 922 48.8 8 DeSoto 47.4 8 55.4 6 6 Cimarron 47.0 2 F ulwin 45.5 8 Victorgrain 44.3 8 66.4 8 2 Arkwin 44.2 5 42.4 1 17 Midsouth 40.1 2 Alamo 40.1 7 66.8 8 1 Taggert 39.3. 4 15.3 2 18 Fultex 38.5 8 53.5 7 8 Frazier 38.1 8 43.8 6 16 Delair 35.3 8 46.1 5 15 Southland 34.7 5 52.9 6 10 Sunland 34.3 2 53.3 4 9 Floriland 24.4 3 54.3 4 7 Seminole 14.1 2 46.4 3 14 Camellia 52.7 7 11 Alber 56.0 7 5 have not yet been tested adequately. At Col- lege Station, Alamo, Victorgrain and Mustang were the leading varieties in grain yield. Spring-sown Tests Most of the oats are fall-sown, but, in seasons of favorable spring rainfall, considerable acreages may be spring-sown in the Texas Panhandle where fall-seeding is hazardous. Also, when the fall-sown crop is damaged or destroyed by low temperatures, the crop may be reseeded. This may occur principally in areas 2 and 3. With the recent distribution of the more hardy varieties, Mustang and Bronco, the percentage of spring-seeded oats has decreased. Diseases, particularly the rusts and Helmin- thosporium blight, are more important in spring- sown than in fall-sown oats because of their later maturity. Hot weather during the fruiting period also may be a factor in yield. The earlier- maturing varieties generally give the best yields in spring-sown tests. A small intra-state test of spring-sown oats was conducted at the more northern stations since 1952. Comparable data for each station and for all stations are given in Table 16. Alamo, be- cause of rust resistance and early maturity, pro- duced the highest average yields for the State and TABLE 16. COMPARABLE YIELDS FOR SPRING-SOWN OATS GROWN AT TEXAS STATIONS. 1952-57 Yield of grain, bushels per acre Number Variety ' Amarillo Chillicothe Iowa Park Denton Greenville Temple McGregor ' Comfort State ot y 1952-57 $ 1952-57 1952-57 1952-57 1952-56 1953-56 1953 1953 average tests Alamo 34.6 i2“. 30.3 47.0 44.4 68.3 36.3 63.6 33.1 43.7 31 Frazier 27.8 29.2 44.6 41.7 60.1 29.7 44.8 38.0 39.2 31 Mustang 30.5 27.7 41.0 42.5 57.7 31.4 62.3 25.1 38.9 31 Fulgrain 36.9 29.7 41.7 40.5 57.7 29.5 61.8 25.7 38.8 20 Fultex 31.7 26.6 A 39.3 42.0 57.7 27.7 60.3 21.5 37.0 24 Bronco 24.9 18.5 33.6 37.4 29.9 6 New Nortex 28.1 17.0 30.5 37.2 36.3 26.0 - 45.1 6.1 29.1 31 13 TABLE 17. COMPARABLE YIELDS OF SPRING-SOWN OATS GROWN IN NURSERY PLOTS AT DENTON AND AMARILLO. 1949-57 Yields oi grain, bushels per acre Denton Amarillo vmletY Com- Com- parable Nugget parable Nxgtger Rank average average Alamo 50.4 9 41.1 4 1 Mustang 50.4 9 37.8 3 3 Clintland 49.7 4 Missouri 0-200 48.5 6 26.9 2 13 Bronco 48.2 -8 36.2 2 5 Victorgrain 47.8 7 Cimarron 47.6 3 Missouri 0-205 46.9 2 Andrew 46.9 8 27.7 2 12 F ultex 45.4 9 36.5 5 4 New Nortex 45.2 9 35.2 5 6 Frazier 44.3 9 33.7 4 8 Nortex 107 44.2 9 Ferguson 922 43.5 9 Cherokee 39.9 8 29.3 4 11 Nemaha 39.0 8 31.2 4 l0 Fulwin 38.3 9 Clinton 36.7 6 24.6 3 14 Shelby 34.2 2 23.8 2 15 Neosho 39.0 5 2 Osage 34.9 2 7 Bonda 31.4 2 9 at most stations. Mustang yielded well, but both of these varieties are very susceptible t0 blight and may be damaged some seasons. New Nortex, because of its late maturity and susceptibility to the rusts, produced the lowest average yields at most stations. A larger group of experimental strains and commercial varieties are grown from spring-seed- ing at the Amarillo and Denton stations. Data from the replicated nursery tests are given in Table 17. Alamo and Mustang were among the leading varieties in yield at both locations, and, STATE TOTAL- 3,l79,778 ACRES I nor EOUALS 5,000 ACRES Figure 4. Distribution oi wheat in Texas in 1954. 14 ‘proximately 64 percent in area 1, 24 percent for practical purposes, are considered equal to a‘ of the true spring-type varieties from the spri p sown area for spring-seeding in Texas. ” ' Wheat Before 1950, wheat ranked second only to ton as a cash crop in Texas. Owing to seve drouth conditions since 1950,”.%.the harvested ac age has declined rapidly so that wheat now ran below both cotton and grain sorghum. Part this decrease was due to acreage restrictions. r 10-year annual average harvested acreage _; 3,634,000, which produced an average of 44,4; a O00 bushels annually. The maximum acreage I production was in 1947, when 7,310,000 ac l produced 124,270,000 bushels. The lowest vested acreage in recent years was in 1955, wh only 1,508,000 were harvested, and this product only 14,326,000 bushels. The distribution of wh in Texas in 1954 is shown in Figure 4. _ The acreage devoted to wheat is principal in the northwestern part of the State, with a area 2 and the remaining 12 percent scatter throughout Central and South Texas with most it in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Sherman triangle. ‘ A wide range of types is grown. More t 1; 95 percent of the acreage is sown to hard rf winter varieties, but, in the North Central ar part of the acreage is sown to varieties of s red winter wheat. The former is utilized f bakery flour and the latter is used for the ma facture of family flours. A- small acreage f durum wheat is scattered from near Waco sou A ward onto the Edwards Plateau. Traditional durum has been grown because of its rust l, sistance. For the same reason, there also is; small acreage of emmer, locally called “spelt on the Edwards Plateau. Damage by disea' makes wheat growing in South Texas impractil except for livestock pasture. 1 Area 1 Wheat is a major cash crop in this area a , in recent years, especially under irrigation, t revenue from wheat pasture also is an impor source of income. Wheat variety yield tests W conducted at the U. S. GreatsPlains Field Stati at Bushland and at off-station locations" in operation with farm cooperators. Part was j der dryland conditions and part under irrigati‘ Where irrigation was used, it was for crop ins _ ance rather than to produce maximum yiel Tests at Bushland were sown on dryland - under irrigation. Table 18 gives yield results obtained in ! land tests and Table 19 results from irrigaa g tests. Comparable agronomic data for all tests included with Table 18. Varieties are listed ; order of comparable yield for the area. The o l» at a given station may vary from this listing. F TABLE 18. COMPARABLE YIELDS AND AGRONOMIC DATA FOR WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN DRYLAND TESTS AT STATIONS IN AREA 1, 1949-57 Yield o1 grain. bushels per acre N b Test Date page plant winger Variety Amarillo Dumas Spearman Stratlord Average ter weight, first full height. survival, 1949-57 1949-52 1954 1955 m area ° es s pounds‘ head‘ ripe‘ inches‘ percent‘ Concho 19.2 ~ 17.9 19.4 6.0 17.0 11 57.7 5-14 6-21 25.7 86 Apache 18.3 17.7 23.4 5.9 16.8 8 59.8 5-10 6-19 24.4 91 Pawnee 18.7 16.5 7 57.7 5-14 6-22 24.5 86 RedChiet 19.1 16.8 13.5 6.6 16.5 13 59.6 5-16 6-23 28.9 90 Crockett 19.0 17.6 16.3 5.6 16.4 13 58.9 5-12 6-20 25.8 90 Kiowa 17.7 15.2 24.7 5.5 15.9 11 58.3 5-13 6-21 26.0 88 Westar 17.4 17.3 20.0 5.1 15.6 13 57.1 5-15 6-22 26.9 85 Bison 17.2 15.3 4 58.0 5-14 6-21 26.6 91 Comanche 16.8 18.0 18.6 5.9 15.2 13 57.1 5-15 6-22 26.1 84 Early Blackhull 16.5 17.4 17.7 6.2 14.9 13 59.4 5-7 6-18 25.3 85 Wichita 16.3 16.8 16.0 7.1 14.8 13 58.8 5-9 6-18 24.7 93 Kharkot (Turkey) 15.7 14.7 24.3 5.6 14.5 13 I 56.8 5-21 6-25 28.3 89 Blackhull 16.3 14.4 6 58.0 5-18 6-22 27.8 92 Triumph » 16.2 16.4 15.8 14.2 11 58.9 ' 5-7 6-16 .23.2 88 Ponca 16.7 14.2 15.5 4.3 14.2 9 57.3 5-15 6-21 25.9 87 Tenmarq 15.8 13.1 20.8 6.3 14.1 13 55.8 5-18 6-24 27.0 83 Quanah 15.7 13.3 13.4 9 56.6 5-17 6-23 25.7 52 ‘Average o1 both dryland and irrigated tests. value for commercial bread baking purposes. Varieties differ widely in quality characteristics and are grouped as strong gluten, mellow gluten and weak gluten Wheats. Fortunately, some of Concho produced outstanding yields in this area, leading in both dryland and irrigated tests. Apache ranked second in both tests, but was tested less extensively. In the dryland tests, Pawnee, RedChief and Crockett ranked next, while, under irrigation, Crockett, Ponca and Kiowa were next. RedChief, Early Blackhull, Apache, Crockett and Wichita excelled in test Weight, with Kharkof, Tenmarq and Quanah ranking lowest. Early Blackhull and Triumph were the earliest in maturity, while Kharkof and Tenmarq were the latest. Under these conditions, both very early and very late-maturing varieties yielded less as a group than midseason varieties. RedChief and Tenmarq were the tallest and Triumph the shortest in height. Quanah was the only variety injured by low temperatures in these tests. Quality is an important consideration in the choice of a wheat variety since the attractiveness and final market value are determined by the the best quality varieties also have good produc- tion records. On the basis of yield and quality, Concho, Crockett, Westar and Comanche are re- commended. Ponca and Cheyenne are recom- mended under irrigation, but not on dryland. Many additional varieties are grown at the main breeding stations at Amarillo, Chillicothe and Denton. Results from these tests are shown later in the nursery section and in Table 24. Area 2 Wheat yield tests were conducted at Iowa Park, Chillicothe and Spur. Tests were started in 1953 at Abilene in cooperation with Abilene Christian College. The tests at Iowa Park were grown under irrigation. Since severe drouth prevailed during most of this period, only limited TABLE 19. COMPARABLE YIELD DATA FOR WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN UNDER IRRIGATION AT STATIONS IN AREA 1. 1949-57 Yield of grain. bushels per acre Variety Amarillo Dumas Hereiord Floyclada Average Number 1949-56 1955 1951 1952-57 for area of tests Concho 28.2 21.2 12.0 26.4 27.8 16 Apache 26.3 25.5 24.0 26.4 l1 Crockett 25.4 22.3 11.4 23.3 25.4 16 Ponca 26.4 20.4 22.5 25.3 14 ; Kiowa 25.9 22.2 25.0 13 Comanche 25.4 22.6 11.5 21.5 24.8 16 lledChiet 23.6 25.7 12.0 22.9 " 24.5 16 Westar , 23.9 17.8 12.5 23.9 24.4 16 Bison 25.7 20.5 24.0 8 Blackhull a- 23.8 23.8 7 Triumph I {_ 24.5 7.5 21.4 23.7 11 Pawnee 23.5 7.4 23.7 8 Kharkoi (Turkey) 23.9 18.2 11.4 22.8 23.3 16 Tenmarq 22.9 17.9 11.1 21.8 23.0 16 Wichita 23.0 20.4 8.3 21.2 22.9 16 Early Blackhull 21.2 I 17.2 10 9 21.6 22.4 16 h Quanah 20.8 9 8 16.4 21.6 8 15 TABLE 20. COMPARABLE YIELDS AND AGRONOMIC DATA FOR HWHEAT VARIETIES GROWN AT STATIONS IN AREA‘ 1949-57 Iowa Yleéifflf. 9mm’ bushels per acre Number Test Date Date Plant Percent Fora - Variety Park cosh: Abilene Spur Average of weight. first _ full height. leat esti - 1949571 194957 1953-57 1949-57 for area tests pounds head ripe inches rust mat s? Crockett 33.5 25.6 6.8 12.3 18.7 17 61.0 4-21 5-26 24.5 11 ll Ponca 31.4 24.1 7.1 13.1 18.2 15 60.6 4-23 5-27 24.7 20 1' Concho 33.6 23.8 8.6 13.1 18.1 12 61.1 4-24 5-28 t_ ‘,5’ - 25.3 25 1'-‘ Apache 29.9 23.6 6.4 12.3 17.6 9 60.3 4-22 5-26 " - '1 24.8 52 1 * Kiowa 30.7 22.9 6.0 12.3 17.2 13 60.5 4-22 5-27 23.9 53 i ’ Kanred 22.8 12.1 17.1 11 59.5 4-27 6-2 25.9 31 f _ Westar 31.4 24.5 5.1 9.7 17.0 15 60.1 4-24 5-29 26.8 24 1 if BlueIacket 28.7 22.4 4.9 12.9 17.0 6 61.7 4-26 5-29 29.2 60 1' Comanche 30.6 22.0 5.3 12.1 16.5 17 59.8 4-23 5-28 25.4 37 t; Wichita 30.1 22.2 7.8 10.7 16.4 17 60.9 4-17 5-24 24.5 61 Y'- RedChief 29.1 21.3 4.3 11.7 15.9 17 61.7 4-25 5-30 26.1 59 10 Tenmarq 30.5 21.4 7.3 10.4 15.8 17 59.6 4-24 5-29 25.9 52 I Quanah 30.2 21.9 4.1 10.1 15.7 9 60.1 4-21 5-27 24.8 Tr 1 '-. Early Blackhull 29.4 20.9 6.0 10.9 15.6 17 60.8 4-15 5-22 25.4 50 1 I , Kharkof 29.3 20.8 3.2 11.6 15.5 17 59.1 4-28 6-1 26.8 44 1 Blackhull 20.9 10.9 15.4 11 60.1 4-24 6-1 26.1 47 1' Triumph 27.0 19.4 6.9 9.9 14.6 16 60.7 4-15 5-21 24.6 63 l‘; ‘Irrigated test, not included in averages for area. “Visual estimate of forage va1ue—Comanche 100 percent. results were obtained at Spur and Abilene. Con- ditions Were more favorable at Chillicothe. Comparable yield and agronomic data are summarized for the area in Table 20. Data on agronomic characters are summarized for all four locations, but yield data include only the three dryland tests. Crockett, Ponca and Concho produced the highest average yields, 18.7, 18.2 and 18.1 bushels, respectively, in dryland tests, while under irri- gation at Iowa Park, Concho averaged 33.6 TABLE 21. COMPARABLE YIELDS AND AGRONOMIC DATA FOR WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN AT SUBSTATIONS 1N AREA; bushels and Crockett 33.5 bushels. Apache, Kio and Westar also produced high yields in this ar The early-maturing varieties, such as Trium; and Early Blackhull, did not yield as well as mil season varieties. Likewise, the _Blackhull gro of varieties, although high in test weight, did n produce yields equal to the better quality vari’ ties. Concho, Crockett, Ponca and Westar we among the highest in test weight, being exceed only by RedChief and BlueJacket. Early Blackh § 1949-57 t Yield of grain, bushels per acre Numb r Test Date Date Percent pte Variety D t Green- Stephen- Average it te weight. first lull Leat Stem heig en on ville ville for area o es S pounds head ripe rust rust inch HARD RED WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES ,. Crockett 25.1 28.7 22.2 24.8 23 59.9 4-26 5-28 6 2 32.3 f Concho 26.0 27.9 19.8 23.8 18 59.2 4-28 5-29 10 15 30.1 1‘ Ponca 24.0 26.7 20.5 23.2 19 58.3 4-28 5-29 19 12 30.8 » Quanah 22.1 26.1 21.2 23.0 23 59.1 4-26 5-29 5 2 30.0 ' .. 12* 2%: .2 2%: s. :2 *2 2%: Ea ly Bla kh l1 23.5 5. .7 . . - - . J Wdstar c u 19.5 21.6 3 58.4 4-28 5-31 20 17 32.0 ‘ Comanche 23.2 24.0 19.3 21.4 23 57.9 4-27 5-30 37 9 31.0 3 Triumph 23.8 23.9 17.6 21.3 23 59.1 4-21 5-25 59 6 29.0 Kiowa ' 23.8 19.7 12.3 21.1 6 59.0 4-27 5-28 66 7 30.6 t. Wichita 24.7 21.8 17.4 20.6 l: g-g4 g-g5 g f Kanred 21.7 e 20.4 . - - . Tenmarq 22.7 22.5 17.8 20.3 2g £4110 g-gl 1g 19o I - I RedChief 21.4 14.3 19.5 9 60.2 4-30 6-1 55 20 32.6 SOFT RED WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES Knox _ 25.0 29.4 17.9 23.5 11 57.4 ‘4-18 5-21 4 5 30.5 Vermillion 20.9 27.3 18.9 22.0 5 56.0 4-18 5-22 5 11 31 Frisco 20.9 25.7 19.5 21.8 19 57.7 4-24 5-27 2 5 33 "- Austin 25.6 23.3 15.3 20.4 16 4-25 5-27 43 Tr 33 I» Red May 19.9 25.5 15.6 19.9 9 5 . 4- 7 5-28 20 18 33 , Denton 20.5 23.8 13.7 19.3 21 56.9 5-1 6-1 14 26 39.1 Mediterranean 81 19.7 20.0 18.4 4 58.5 f Thorne 20.5 22.1 15.7 4 55.6 5-1 5-30 68 36 3 Blackhawk 15.5 11.7 14.4 14.0 3 55.9 5-3 6-2 5 25 40. Vigo 15.4 14.5 10.6 12.8 9 56.2 5-2 5-29 25 33 35 16 TABLE 22. COMPARABLE YIELDS AND AGRONOMIC DATA FOR WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN AT SUBSTATIONS IN AREA 4. lowed by Wichita about 2 days later and then by Crockett. Blackhull and Kharkof were the latest maturing. The varieties did not differ greatly in height, although Kiowa, Crockett and Wichita were the shortest, While RedChief and BlueJacket were somewhat taller than other varieties. Leaf rust notes were obtained during 5 sea- sons. Quanah was the most resistant to this disease. Crockett, Ponca and Concho were moderately resistant and all others highly susceptible. Quanah and Crockett showed the most spring forage growth. Apache, Westar and Tenmarq showed the least growth. Based on these tests, and considering also milling and baking characteristics, Crockett, Concho, Ponca, Westar and Comanche are recom- mended for this growing area. 1949-57 Yield of grain. bushels per acre Number Test Date Date Percent plant pmq-ge We" Meamee’ Temple Cemb" 1.131535 were 3.5.1111’; 1.11531 i551 13L’: 111T 1.511121‘ .311‘; HARD RED WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES Quanah 19.7 20.6 22.8 21.0 19 58.1 4-19 5-27 3 3 30.8 99 Crockett 21.5 19.2 17.4 19.4 19 58.5 5-21 5-27 17 2 30.0 84 Early Blackhull 19.7 17.0 18.4 18.1 19 59.9 4-17 5-24 49 Tr 31.5 89 Comanche 18.5 17.9 17.1 17.6 8 56.2 4-25 5-28 45 6 29.4 81 Tenmarq 16.4 14.4 14.1 14.9 19 56.2 4-26 5-31 53 15 31.3 87 Triumph 9.7 10.9 - 13.7 3 58.3 4-19 5-27 70 28.1 84 Wichita 9.8 10.4 10.3 4 60.3 4-22 5-22 60 4 30.5 72 SOFT RED WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES Frisco 18.3 24.3 26.0 23.6 14 57.0 - 5-25 12 4 30.6 91 Vermillion 23.0 19.9 21.9 4 56.6 4-10 5-24 Tr Tr 31.3 102 Knox 21.0 19.8 12.3 19.6 9 57.6 4-10 5-20 19 Tr 31.0 92 ~ Coker 47-27 14.9 18.8 27.5 19.1 11 56.4 4-12 5-19_ 26 9 34.4 157 Atlas 66 18.2 16.5 18.8 9 51.8 4-14 5-23 12 4 i 32.5 118 Austin 19.1 15.9 21.3 18.2. 19 55.1 4-20 5-27 53 2 31.8 100 Denton 16.0 15.4 17.5 16.1 18 56.6 4-28 5-31 40 21 32.1 92 Red May 15.4 16.7 16.1 14.8 10 55.7 4-22 5-25 50 37 28.1 92 Vigo 11.0 9.9 14.2 3 50.9 5-3 6-1 82 69 30.3 102 DURUM VARIETIES Stewart 18.2 19.9 24.7 20.7 19 59.6 4-14 5-23 10 6 38.5 121 Nugget 17.3 19.0 25.5 19.7 15 58.7 4-5 5-19 6 4 33.1 115 Sentry 20.4 17.2 18.5 6 60.4 4-7 5-21 Tr Tr 31.0 113 Langdon 22.0 19.7 15.9 5 58.0 4-19 5-23 33.1 Ramsey 13.8 16.9 14.3 5 59.5 4-21 6-2 35.1 ‘Visual estimate of forage va1ue—Austin 100 percent. and Triumph were the earliest in maturity, fol- Area 3 Wheat yield tests in this area were conducted each year at Greenville, Stephenville and Denton. Only about 8 percent of the State acreage is grown in this area, but wheat is important as a cash crop in certain local communities, such as near Sher- man, and it offers diversification in all parts of the area. This is the only part of the State Where the soft winter wheats are grown. Their produc- tion centers around Sherman, where one mill produces annually more than 1,000,000 hundred- weights of family flour. Comparable yields and agronomic data are summarized for the area in Table 21. Varieties are listed in the order of comparable yield for the area and are grouped into hard red winter and soft red winter classes. TABLE 23. COMPARABLE YIELDS AND AGRONOMIC DATA FOR WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN AT SUBSTATIONS IN AREA 5. 1949-57 Yield of grain. bushels per acre . Lock- Prairie Bee- College Number T?“ DP“ Dale Percent Plfmt POM?’ Variety ha“ View Vi“, Shaka. Average of ‘est, weight. first full Leaf Stem height. esti- 195567 195356 195%” 194$” r area’ pounds head ripe rust rust inches mate“ Supreme 17.0 12.5 10.7 29.0 20.3 15 58.8 3-25 4-30 6 15 33 118 Lee 17.0 14.2 11.3 27.3 19.9 13 60.3 3-23 5-3 10 24 30 128 Coker 47-27 13.4 16.5 7.0 27.3 18.1 8 59.0 3-25 5-1 14 20 34 129 Seabreeze 12.1 15.4 9.9 23.7 17.0 13 57.0 2-25 4-15 21 7 31 118 Atlas 66 14.1 8.0 6.4 25.5 16.7 9 57.3 3-28 5-3 6 16 33 124 Quanah 13.4 e,»- :1 3.9 6.7 23.8 16.5 15 58.0 4-7 5-9 8 10 34 86 Bowie 15.4 Q 5.6 7.6 23.2 15.9 12 57.3 3-27 5-4 4 59 31 116 Selkirk 13.7 17.4 6.9 21.0 15.9 7 57.3 3-20 4-27 12 1 31 120 Austin 10.2 9.9 2.7 19.0 12.2 15 53.8 4-4 5-7 40 13 31 100 ‘Tests at College Station were irrigated as necessary to produce normal growth during 1954-56. ge Station in 1951. at Beeville in 1955 and 1956. at Prairie View in “Similar tests were lost from drouth or severe storms at Colle 1954 and 1955 and at Lockhart in 1954 and 1956. “Visual estimate o! forage value-Austin 100 percent. 17 Crockett, Concho, Ponca and Quanah Were the leading varieties in average yield for this growing area. Average yields of the best soft wheat varieties, Vermillion, Knox and Frisco, were approximately the same as the best hard winter wheats. Blackhull, Early Blackhull and RedChief pro- duced grain of highest test weight, although the test weights of Crockett, Quanah and Concho also were good. The soft wheats usually averaged less in test weight. Knox and Vermillion, a sister strain, were the earliest maturing and were in- jured by late freezes in some seasons. Early Blackhull and Triumph were the earliest hard wheats, followed by Wichita, Crockett and Quanah. There are no great differences in height among the hard wheats, but among the soft wheat varieties, Knox and Vermillion are short, while Denton and Blackhawk are very tall. Leaf rust and stem rust reaction are im- portant considerations in this area. Knox and Frisco have considerable resistance and also may escape damage because of earliness. Crockett, Quanah, Ponca and Concho showed good re- sistance during the period of testing, while most others are very susceptible to both rusts. Late maturity increases the opportunity for damage by diseases. Varieties recommended for this area are Crockett, Concho, Ponca and Quanah. The first two produced the best yields in recent dry seasons, but the last two are better adapted to wet seasons. Where there is a local market for soft wheat, Knox and Frisco may be grown. TABLE 24. COMPARABLE YIELDS OF COMMERCIAL VARIETIES OF WHEAT TESTED IN REPLICATED NURSERY PLO AT AMARILLO, CHILLICOTHE AND DENTON. 1949-56 . Area 4 - Wheat yield tests were conducted at Templ McGregor and Comfort in this growing ar Comfort is on the Edwards Plateau at an elevati of 1,800 feet, the growing season is shorter t ._ other stations and late spring frosts are a hazar Average rainfall in Area 4 is more than 30 inch‘ per year and plant diseases asre a major proble Although wheat is a minbr crop in this v. small acreages of hard winter, soft winter a, durums are grown. All three types were test Comparable yields and agronomic data are giv. by market classes in Table 22. in; Quanah and Crockett gave the best avera yields in 16 comparisons of hard winter whea The soft wheat varieties, Frisco, Vermillion a Knox, produced good yields in recent dry seaso y but are very susceptible to some races of st‘ rust. There is no local market for soft win _ wheat. The yield of durum varieties was not I good as Quanah or Crockett. There is no lo market for durum wheat other than as feed wh p Diseases are major factors in this area, evident when varieties such as Quanah a Crockett are compared with Comanche, Wichi and Triumph. Leaf rust alone may complet destroy such varieties if conditions are favora’. for the disease. ~ Quanah and Crockett are the only varieti’ recommended for this area. a Area 5 Wheat grown in area 5 is used principallyf winter pasture. Only 0.1 percent of the Sty Amarillo _ _ Dryland tests Irrigated tests Chllhcothe Denton Variety Com- Number Com- Number Rank Sfangle Number Hi1: k Sfanllale Number RTEki parable tests parable tests pyields tests yield pyield tests yield yields yields yield . Concho 20.4 7 28.2 7 1 25.0 8 2 24.8 6 1 Kanking 20.3 2 23.5 3 14 22.0 4 14 24.7 4 2 ' RedChiei 20.1 7 23.6 7 13 20.5 8 20 21.2 6 18 ‘, Redlacket 20.0 3 22.5 2 20 23.7 3 8 17.2 2 21 ' Crockett 19.9 7 25.4 7 6 25.5 8 1 24.2 6 3 * Pawnee 19.8 6 23.5 6 15 24.4 8 4 21.2 6 17 L Staitord 19.5 5 19.2 3 25 21.4 2 16 12.2 1 23 P KanQueen , 19.5 2 21.6 1 22 22.0 2 13 22.0 1 15 ‘ NewChiet 19.4 ,3 22.8 2 19 19.7 3 23 16.2 2 22 Apache 19.4 5 26.3 6 3 23.9 5 7 22.6 4 10 ~ Bluelacket 18.9 7 23.6 6 12 23.0 6 9 21.5 4 16 . Kiowa 18.8 7 25.9 7 4 22.7 8 10 23.3 6 8 ' Westar 18.8 7 23.9 7 9 24.7 8 3 24.1 6 5 A Comanche 17.8 7 25.4 7 7 21.3 8 17 22.4 6 12 Bison 17.8 3 25.7 4 5 22.4 5 11 22.3 3 13 . Blackhull 17.7 7 23.8 6 11 20.1 8 21 24.1 6 4 Ponca ~ 17.7 5 26.4 7 2 24.3 8 5 23.9 6 6 Wichita 17.3 7 22.8 7 18 22.2 8 12 22.9 6 9‘ 5 Triumph 17.3 7 24.5 7 8 19.4 8 24 23.4 6 7 ; Early Blackhull 17.2 7 21.2 7 23 19.9 22 22.4 6 11 . Tenmarq 17.1 7 22.9 7 17 21.0 8 18 22.1 6 14 l Kharkot 17.0 7 g g . 20.3 6 20 _ Turkey 16.9 6 1. . Quanah 16.8 6 20.8 5 24 21.0 6 19 21.1 6 194 Kanred 16.6 5 23.0 6 16 24.1 7 6 ¢ 18 acreage is grown in this area. Few commercial varieties are adapted and only a few were tested. 5 Yields were 10W except at College Station, where the tests were irrigated since 1953. Diseases are major hazards of production and discourage any expansion of the crop with present varieties. Since winters usually are mild, spring types were included among the hard and soft winter varieties tested. Tests were conducted at Lock- hart and Prairie View since 1953, while tests were seeded at Beeville and College Station each year. There were frequent failures because of drouth, diseases or severe wind storms. Comparable yield and agronomic data are given by location and for the area in Table 23. The highest yield in 12 station tests in the area was produced by Supremo. This variety was released in Mexico but not in Texas and it is not available commercially. Lee, a hard red spring wheat variety, produced the highest yield of the commercial varieties tested. Coker 47-27, Sea- breeze, Atlas 66 and Quanah ranked next. These varieties have considerable resistance to leaf rust I and are moderately resistant or tolerant to other leaf diseases. Test weight of grain produced in this area was generally below standard, and in some sea- sons was very low. Lee and Coker 47-27 produced the highest test weight. Forage estimates, based on visual evaluations of the amount of growth present, indicate that Quanah and Austin, which approach true winter wheats, are the poorest in this area. Lee, a spring type, and the intermedi- ate winter types, such as Coker 47-27, Atlas 66 and Supremo, produce more forage. Nursery Tests Many additional varieties were grown at the main breeding stations at Amarillo, Chillicothe and Denton. Data on the performance of these varieties in dryland and irrigated tests at Amarillo and in dryland tests at Chillicothe and Denton are given in Table 24. These tests were grown in replicated nursery tests of four replica- tions, while the intra-state tests were grown in eight replications. Varieties are arranged in order of yield in dryland tests at Amarillo. The rank of each variety in the other tests and number of years tested are given. At Amarillo, Concho ranked first in both dry- land and irrigated tests. Kanking RedChief and RedJacket ranked next in dryland tests, but drop- ped to 14th, 13th and 20th in irrigated tests. As in the intra-state tests. Ponca produced excellent yields under irrigation, but ranked 17th in dryland tests. Crockett ranked 5th in dryland tests and 7th under irrigation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS These investigations were conducted coopera- tively by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion and the Crops Research Division, Agricul- tural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1 Acknowledgment is made of the cooperation of the many people and agencies taking part in these state-wide small grain variety tests: Lucas Reyes and R. A. Hall, Substation No. 1, Beeville; Ralph Weihing and John Atkins, Substation No. 4, Beaumont; J. W. Collier, Richard Bates and ‘R. M. Smith, Substation No. 5, Temple; D. I. Dudley, Substation No. 6, Denton; Earl Burnett and C. E. Fisher, Substation No. 7, Spur; J. R. Quinby, Substation No. 12, Chillicothe; L. E. Brooks, Substation No. 16, Iowa Park; O. E. Smith, Substation No. 18, Prairie View; Bruce A. Perry, Substation No. 19, Winter Haven; B. C. Langley and W. E. McCullough, Substation No. 20, Stephenville; M. J. Norris and H. O. Hill, Sub- station No. 23, McGregor; Mark Buckingham, Dairy Investigations Laboratory, Mount Plea- sant; Dow D. Porter, U. S. Cotton Field Station, Greenville; C. E. Van Doren, U. S. Southwestern Great Plains Field Station, Bushland; and M. C. Futrell, G. W. Rivers and J. E. Roberts, Main Station, College Station. Off-station tests were conducted at Abilene in cooperation with F. M. Churchill and Keith Justice, Abilene Christian College; at Stratford through the cooperation of the Sherman County Wheat Producers Association, James Craig, Charles Lamb and Earnest Goule; at Floydada through the cooperation of Roy Hale and William Rogers; and at Dumas through the cooperation of Ed Stallwitz and Martin Gossett. 19 n.»- i um smm Q nrs summon I us: mu: Lawton: A eoovuurm Stlhous Location oi field research units oi the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station and cooperating agencies QRGANIZATION OPERATION Research results are carried to Texas farmers, ranchmen and homemakers by county agents and specialists of the Texas Agricultural Ex- tension Service joclay ,5 kedearc/t ~96 yOITLOPPOLl/B program/S State-wide Research i,» v" ‘k The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station i is the public agricultural research agency oi the State oi Texas. and is one oi ten parts oi the Texas AcStM College System IN THE MAIN STATION, with headquarters at College Station, are 16 sub' matter departments, 2 service departments, 3 regulatory services and", administrative staff. Located out in the major agricultural areas of Texas, 21 substations and 9 field laboratories. In addition, there are I4 cooper stations owned by other agencies. Cooperating agencies include the _, Forest Service, Game and Fish Commission of Texas, Texas Prison U. S. Department of Agriculture, University of Texas, Texas Technol v College, Texas College oi Arts and Industries and the King Ranch. i’ experiments are conducted on farms and ranches and in rural homes."- THE TEXAS STATION is conducting about 400 active research projects, grol in 25 programs, which include all phases of agriculture in Texas. ‘ u; these are: Conservation and improvement of soil Beef cattle Conservation and use of water Dairy cattle Grasses and legumes Sheep and goats Grain crops Swine Cotton and other fiber crops Chickens and turkeys Animal diseases and parasites Fish and game . Farm and ranch engineering , Farm and ranch business , t, Marketing agricultural produ r Rural home economics Rural agricultural economics Plant diseases Vegetable crops Citrus and other subtropical fruits Fruits and nuts Oil seed crops Ornamental plants Brush and weeds Insects Two additional programs are maintenance and upkeep, and central se ' A AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH seeks the WHATS. the WHYS, the WHENS, the WHERES and the HOWS oi hundreds oi problems which coniront operators oi iarms and ranches. and the many industries depending on or serving agriculture. Workers oi the Main Station and the field units oi the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station seek diligently to iind solutions to these problems.