B-1099 June 1970 Performance of Small Grains and Flax Varieties in Texas Texas A&M University Texas Agricultural Experiment Station H. O. Kunkel, Acting Director College Station, Texas - Summary Small grains are used extensively for grain and sup- plemental winter pasture in Texas. The combined acreage of wheat, oats, barley and rye was 6,749,600 acres in 1968. Only 4,255,900 acres were harvested for grain. Of the 2,493,700 acres not harvested, the majority was grazed to maturity as the value for forage uses often exceeds that for grain. Considerable acreages are abandoned each year because of drouth or winter killing. Small acreages are used for hay, grass silage or green manure. Small grains are grown from the 50-inch rainfall belt of south- east Texas to the 15-inch rainfall belt of northwest Texas. Many varieties and types are needed for this wide range of environmental conditions and the many uses made of the crop. Flax is grown from fall seeding as a cash grain crop ADAPTED VARIETIES FOR GROWING AREAS in South-central Texas. The first comm l, flax were grown in 1958, and the acre 529,000 acres in 1949. During recent y a has ranged from 15,000 in 1957 to 169,000 Performance trials of small grains ducted at from 10 to 14 locations each year» 68. These trials serve as a means of - range of adaptation of commercial vari experimental strains developed in the br For testing and easy reference, the state ~ Annual production, ' parable averages for grain yield and cc V; characteristics for commercial varieties areas are given in tables which follow. Ail, five best adapted varieties is given for each‘? cases other varieties may be equally good five research areas. Area I II III Extension districts 1, 2 3, 6, 7 4, 5 Oats FALL SEEDING Cimarron Cimarron New Nortex Wintok Norwin Ora Bronco Nora Moregrain Ora Alamo-X Alamo-X Nora SPRING SEEDING ' Co-ronado Cimarron Coronado Cortez Coronado Cortez Norwin Cortez Suregrain Cimarron Ora Barley FALL SEEDING Will Rogers Era Harrison Cordova Cordova Rogers Will Zora Chase Era Rogers Kearney Zora Will SPRING SEEDING Cordova Cordova Cordova Rogers Rogers Era Zora Era Zora Wheat FALL SEEDING , Tascosa Caddo Sturdy Caprock Scout 66 Caprock Sturdy Sturdy Caddo Caddo Caprock Knox 62 Scout 66 Improved Riley 67 Triumph Arthur SPRING SEEDING Not recommended Flax FALL SEEDING IV 8, 9, 11 New Nortex Coronado Cortez Ora Moregrain None recommended Cordova Zora Rogers Era None recommended Caddo Sturdy Caprock Knox 62 Riley 67 Arthur Dillman Mac Caldwell Performance of Small Grains and Flax Varieties in Texas I. M. ATKINS* Contents Introduction ............................................................ -. 2 Summary ................................................................. -- 3 Research Areas and Test Locations ................. -- 4 Performance Trials ............................................... -- 4 Wheat .............................................................. -. 5 Rye ................................................................... --14 Oats .................................................................. .-14 Fall-Sown Performance Trials ............. ..21 Spring-Sown Performance Trials ........ .-25 Barley .............................................................. .25 Flax .................................................................. -33 Acknowledgments ............................... -.-. ................ .44 SMALL GRAINS OCCUPY A UNIQUE PLACE among Texas crops because they are adapted to many uses and can be grown with some degree of success from the 50-inch rainfall belt of the Gulf Coast to the 15-inch rainfall belt of Northwest Texas. Spring-type varieties can be fall-sown in South Texas, while only very cold-tolerant varieties are adapted to fall seeding in Northwest Texas. Wheat is one of the important cash grain crops of the High and Rolling Plains and to a lesser extent of parts of the eastern half of theState. However, the forage value of wheat, as winter pasture for livestock, has in- creased greatly in recent years. Revenue from grazing small grains, in terms of grazing fees, beef production or milk production, is often equal to that received from the grain crop. Oats and barley are usually seeded in the fall, although small acreages may be spring-sown when the fall-sown crop has been winter-killed or when favorable spring moisture is available. The fall-sown crop is used as a combination winter forage and grain crop. When a grain crop is to be harvested, livestock are removed from the fields in February or March. As with wheat, large acreages are grazed to maturity. They are seeded exclu- sively for pasture with no intent to harvest a grain crop. Smaller acreages are seeded for hay, grass silage, green- chop feeding or as a green manure crop. Rye is seeded for winter pasture, as a green manure crop and for wind and water erosion control in sandy areas. Only a small part of the rye crop is harvested for grain production. Flax is grown only in South Texas where it is fall-sown as a cash grain crop. In some seasons, a very limited amount of the straw has been sold for the fiber. The seeded and harvested acreages of small grains and flax are given in Table 1. The differences between that seeded and harvested may be due to the acreage grazed to maturity and that lost because of drouth, winterkilling, diseases, storm damage or other hazards. tProfessor and small grains and flax section leader, formerly research agronomist, Crops Research Division, Agricultural Re- search Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station. 3 TABLE 1. TEXASflO-YEAR AVERAGE ACREAGES AND PRODUCTION OF SMALL GRAINS AND FLAX, 1959-68‘ lO-year average, 1959-68 Percent Pro- Yield Seeded Harvested har- duction, per acre, Crop acres acres vested bushels bushels Wheat 4,315,100 5,278,700 76.0 65,904,300 20.1 Oats 1,896,700 750,600 38.5 18,720,500 25.6 Barley 367,700 219,900 59.8 4,810,700 21.9 Rye 172,100 26,700 15.5 592,400 14.7 Flax 109,700 82,300 75.0 778.100 9.5 ‘Data furnished by the Texas Crop asd Livestock Reporting Serv- ice, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Austin, Texas. RESEARCH AREAS AND TEST LOCATIONS Small grains and flax performance trials are designed for two purposes: (1) To provide information on which to base varietal recommendations to growers and (2) to provide adequate tests of new experimental strains devel- oped in the breeding programs. Data on performance of commercial varieties are given in tables in the appropriate sections. Data on experimental strains, for which no com- mercial seed is available, are reported in mimeographed form to research workers, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Soil and Crop Sciences Department Technical Report 25, 1968. Because of the wide diversity of climatic conditions in the state, five experimental or research testing areas were established for reporting and easy reference, Figure 1. These represent general climatic and soil-type areas, and each includes certain Texas Extension Districts. There m, Research Extension I1 area districts "‘"“' T; -=- 1 1,2 Ln- mm wu- n mum II 3’6‘7 I3 L 111 4,5 _,,__ _____.. _,,:_ IV a,9,11 T 1"" v 10,12 & a 1. Perryton I14. Denton l_ 0 2. Etter 015. Sherman I 3. Bushland I16. Overton o 4. He11ington I17. McGv-egor 0 5. P1ainview I18. Temple I 6. Lubbock I19. College Station I 7. Chi11icothe I20. Prairie View I 8. Iowa Park I21. Beaunont I 9. Spur I22. Beevi11e I10. Abilene 023. Robstown I11. Pecos A I24. Crystal City I12. E1 Paso I25. Heslaco I13. San Ange1o I F1e1d Units Texas Agricu1tura1 Experiment Station o Cooperative Farm Research Sites Figure 1. Small grains and flax research areas and testing stations. 4 are some instances where the types of farming exactly coincide with research or extension -,_’ these line limitations should be taken only Area I (Extension Districts 1 and 2). Plains or Panhandle with elevation of 3000 ,_ and average rainfall of approximately 18 I?‘ temperatures are severe, and only hardy v i“ fall-sown successfully. Area II ,;(Districts the Rolling Plains, Trans-Pecos and no i Plateau land-use areas. Rainfall ranges from” the east to as low as 5 inches in the Trans- tion water is only available in certain small quantity frequently is limited. The elevation‘: but most small grains are grown at elevati 1750 feet. Winter temperatures are modera ~22‘ usually small grains remain dormant and damaged by low temperatures. Area III ( 5) is the northern part of the Blacklands, i", and East Texas Timberlands land-use areas.‘ ranges from 400 to 1500 feet with precipi to 45 inches. Winter temperatures are o-i ject to rapid change. A period of war i cause small grains to initiate active growth - ness. Cold fronts may then lower the tem and seriously damage the crop. Soft red the major type grown in this area; oats - i extensively. Area IV (Districts 8, 9 and 11. , part of the Blackland, Prairies, Cross TH» Southeast Texas Timberlands. Average preci n from 3O inches on the western edge to near“? _ the upper Gulf Coast. Winter temperaturesf and winterkilling of grain occurs only occ “f V (Districts 1O and 12) is the southern.- Blacklands and Prairies, plus the Coastal Grande Plain land-use areas. Precipitation _J~Y distributed and ranges from 15 to 25 in 3i water is available along some streams. wheat and other small grains used exclusive‘; has recently increased. Practically all the T i is grown in this area. '5 PERFORMANCE TRIALS All performance trials were conducted _ plots arranged in randomized blocks of three cations. These nursery plots were four 123i by 1O to 12 feet long. The two center rows i’ to determine yields. Larger drill plots wet for demonstration to provide seed or to pr i samples for quality tests of wheat varieties. The varieties included in trials were A quently as new ones became available and L’, came obsolete. A set of standard checkij maintained throughout the period of testing, ard varieties vary with research areas. In -I:v, directly the varieties grown at a single l several years with check and other varieties 3' period of years, comparable averages were comparable averages of grain yields and -;;! were based on a selected set of check vari "A Aperiod of years. The data for a variety grown a ‘ er period is adjusted on the basis of its performance lation to the check varieties for the years when both ' grown. Actual yields and averages for shorter periods lso given. Varieties tested for short periods may not ccurately evaluated. 1 Recommendations are based on performance in grain uction, but performance may be altered by such char- istics as cold tolerance, disease reaction or insect resist- ‘i adaptation for winter grazing or quality of the wheat i for milling purposes. Growers should consider all - characteristics in selecting a variety to grow. 1A brief description of the growing seasons for the '_ of testing herein reported is given: : A favorable fall season; extremely dry winter and 1g season; heavy abandonment in western part of the because of drouth; little winterkilling. : A favorable fall season; cool, cloudy, damp winter i above normal December rain and snow; January and ary temperatures 4 to 10 degrees below normal, but i, loss from winterkilling. : Fall and winter very favorable; heavy snows from on westward in January; December and January tem- j res much below normal, but little winterkilling; very pring with little disease losses. : A favorable fall season; temperatures below nor- {in fall followed by very severe January temperatures a period of warm weather; serious low temperature ted loss 14 percent of oat crop; forage of oats lost a ghout State; total loss of grain and forage estimated 14 million; spring season dry and unfavorable for ery; approximately 90 percent of the flax crop oyed. : Favorable fall season; early establishment and rlant forage produced over entire state; severe winter- gin January, estimated at 45 percent of the oats, 30 nt of the barley, 17 percent of the wheat and 30 nt of the flax; dry spring season unfavorable for . “Y- A: Fall season unfavorable; no rain until November, winter over much of the state; much abandonment of ges; little winterkilling; some stem rust damage to t; damage to barley by Helminthosporium species. :?Favorable fall; mild winter, no winter killing; 1mm spring; very wet May and June; moderate dam- i- leaf rust on oats and wheat in Central Texas; severe Vge to barley by Helminthosporium species. Favorable fall season; High Plains area very dry J ghout fall and winter; other areas had favorable sea- ; flax diseases serious — rust, pasmo and boll rot. ' : One of the driest seasons on record; abandonment ; lowest acreage of oats harvested since 1881; March ~ caused much sterility of wheat in some areas. -ge to stands and forage production of all small grains; _ 1968: Excessive rains and flooding in South Texas due to Hurricane Beulah; winter rains favorable; temperatures uniform; little or no winterkilling; leaf rust of wheat important in Central Texas and Rolling Plains. Data on performance of varieties are arranged by crops. The average grain yields are reported for the 5- year period 1959-63. Annual yields are given for the period 1964-68 and actual and comparable averages for the 10-year period 1959-68. WHEAT The 10-year seeded average of wheat, 4,313,000 acres, ranks third among cultivated crops in Texas. The seeded acreage has been under government control for many years. However, much of the wheat is grown in areas of limited rainfall, so the seeded acreage fluctuates greatly, depending upon moisture conditions at seeding time. The largest acreages and production in Texas were in 1947 when 7,587,000 acres were seeded; 7,130,000 acres were har- vested, and 116,960,000 bushels of grain were produced. The lowest seeded acreage since 1925 was in 1955 when 1,508,000 acres were seeded, and production was 14,326,000 bushels. Wheat acreage is widely distributed in Texas, Figure 2. Approximately 53 percent was grown in Research Area I and 32 percent in Research Area II in 1968. Due to the release of Milam and other adapted varieties, the acreage in Research Area V has increased from only a few thou- sand acres in 1950 to more than 160,000 acres in 1968. The wheat acreages by extension districts and research areas are given in Table 2. Nearly all Texas wheat is fall-sown. However, in favorable spring seasons or in irrigated areas, a small acre- age of true spring-type varieties may be spring-sown in Northwest Texas. Spring-type varieties may be fall-sown WHEAT ACRES PIANTED 1968 l Dot = 1,000 Acres Figure 2. Distribution of 1968 Texas wheat acreage. TABLE 2. ACREAGES AND PRODUCTION OF 1968‘ WHEAT BY EXTENSION DISTRICTS AND RESEARCH "g1 Exten- Research Percent of each district of state sion testing Average Average district area Land use area seeded harvested Seeded Harvested 1 I Northern High Plains 2,139,650 1,660,690 43.6 43.3 2 I Southern High Plains 520,950 368,000 10.6 9.6 3 II Northern Low Rolling Plains 1,101,300 956,230 22.4 25.0 6 II Trans-Pecos 33,550 24,340 0.7 0.6 7 II Southern Low Rolling Plains 319,350 261,200 6.5 6.8 and upper Edwards Plateau 4 III North Central Blacklands, 401,200 328,100 8.2 8.6 Prairies and Cross Timbers 5 III Northeast Timberlands 16,000 7,850 0.3 0.2 8 IV Central Blacklands, Prairies 192,800 126,900 3.9 3.3 and Cross Timbers 9 IV Central East Timberlands 1,800 0 11 IV Southeast Texas and upper Coast 21,270 2,290 0.4 0.1 10 V South Central Blacklands 124,640 69,500 2.5 1.8 Prairies and Coastal Bend 12 V Rio Grande Plain, South Texas 36,490 19,900 0.7 0.5 ‘Texas Small Grain Statistics, Bulletin No. 50, May, 1969, USDA, Statistical Reporting Service, Austin, Texas, 1968. TABLE 3. BUSHLAND, 1958-68‘ GRAIN YIELDS AND AGRONOMIC DATA FOR WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN WITHOUT Yield of grain, bushels per acre 1963-682 1958-68 Average Average Number Com- Date for years for years years para.ble Variety 1964 1966 1968 grown grown grown average“ Comanche‘ 14.6 10.6 22.4 15.9 18.5 7 18.5 Early Blackhull‘ 12.0 15.1 22.0 16.4 20.0 7 20.0 Kharkof‘ 16.8 10.6 21.2 16.2 18.5 7 18.5 Average 14.5 12.1 21.9 19.0 7 19.0 Agent 10.2 1 10.1 Aztec 21.2 3 19.0 Bison 16.5 8.8 12.7 19.1 6 19.6 Caddo 15.2 14.6 23.7 17.8 20.5 7 20.5 Caprock 11.3 24.0 17.7 17.7 2 19.7 Concho 22.8 3 20.7 Crockett 15.4 23.5 19.5 19.9 6 18.8 Gage 13.7 13.7 15.3 3 19.2 Gaines 8.5 9.7 9.1 9.1 2 14.8 Guide 17.0 16.7 23.8 19.2 19.2 3 22.0 Kaw 16.2 16.2 19.9 4 20.8 Lancer 14.4 14.4 14.4 1 18.9 Ottawa 15.3 10.8 13.1 14.8 4 19.4 Parker 13.8 24.5 19.2 19.4 3 19.9 Ponca 26.6 3 21.4 5-11 Red Chief 23.7 3 18.5 5-12 Scout 16.8 14.0 23.3 18.0 17.2 4 21.0 5-7 Scout 66 13.6 22.3 18.0 18.0 2 20.0 5-6 Shawnee 10.8 21.6 16.2 16.2 2 18.2 Sturdy 12.5 11.3 22.2 15.3 15.3 3 18.2 5-6 Tascosa , 12.8 14.7 21.7 16.4 20.9 7 20.9 52s Triumph 17.8 10.1 19.9 15.9 17.2 6 18.5 5-5 Triumph, Improved 15.3 14.3 20.9 16.8 17.9 6 19.2 5-4 Triumph "'64 16.4 1.3.9 22.7 17.7 17.7 3 20.5 5-3 Warrior 14.2 14.2 12.3 2 18.1 5-11 Westar 25.3 3 20.1 5-11 Wichita 21.2 4 19.0 5-6 LSD— 5 percent 3.6 4.2 6.1 ‘Hailed out in 1961. ’Hailed out in 1963 and 1965. ‘Calculated comparable yields based on years grown. ‘Check varieties used for calculating comparable needs. 6 » IRRIGATION AT WELLINGTON, 1959-68‘ 4. ANNUAL, AVERAGE AND COMPARABLE GRAIN YIELDS OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN WITH- Yield of grain, bushels per acre 1959-63 1964-68 1959-68 Average Number Average Number Average Number Com- for years years for years years for years years parable grown grown 1 964 1965 1966 1 967 grown grown grown grown average’ 1' Blackhull“ 22.0 5 11.7 14.6 10.9 15.2 13.1 4 18.1 9 18.1 . . the” 26.0 5 9.8 17.0 13.4 15.0 13.8 4 20.6 9 20.6 of“ 26.8 5 6.1 13.5 11.3 15.0 11.5 4 20.0 9 20.0 verage 25.0 5 9.2 15.0 11.9 15.1 12.8 4 19.6 9 19.6 i.’ 30.5 5 12.3 13.0 12.7 12.7 3 23.8 8 23.2 do 24.9 5 11.4 14.5 13.1 13.8 13.2 4 19.7 9 19.7 ock 10.6 11.4 11.0 2 11.0 2 17.1 .- ett 27.2 5 14.1 14.1 ~ 1 25.0 6 22.3 36.2 3 15.1 14.6 14.8 14.8 3 25.5 ‘ 6 22.4 15.6 2 11 1 11.1 1 14.1 3 20.4 13.6 1 13.1. 13.1 1 13.4 2 19.7 25.9 5 11.5 14.3 12.9 2 22.2 7 20.4 15.8 16.1 16.0 2 16.0 2 23.4 24.4 3 8.7 8.7 1 20.5 4 21.5 31.9 3 31.9 3 20.1 , 24.0 3 24.0 3 21.1 ,' 12.7 13.1 14.2 15.5 13.9 4 13.9 4 20.6 vy 13.3 9.1 12.7 9.1 10.4 10.3 4 13.7 5 17.3 n a 27.4 5 15.7 12.6 13.0 11.0 13.1 4 21.0 9 21.0 fpl‘! 24.3 5 15.3 15.3 1 22.5 5 19.9 "l ph, Improved 25.4 4 13 4 17.4 12.8 14.9 14.6 4 20.0 8 20.5 a = ph '64 13.2 12.6 12.9 2 12.9 2 18.9 j ior 16.0 2 13.5 15.6 14.6 2 15.3 4 21.1 "ta 30.6 3 30.6 3 18.8 V! — 5 percent 2.8 2.1 I data for 1968. culated yield based on years grown. k varieties used for calculating comparable yields. gSouth Texas where winters are mild. Some spring eties have no critical photoperiodic requirement to “te heading. These varieties, called day-length neutral 'eties, will initiate heading when favorable temperatures reached. Such varieties may head in mid-winter in th Texas if planted too early. Other varieties are sensi- ~ to day length and will not head until days become ‘er in the spring. Thus, photoperiodic response is an rtant factor to consider in choosing a variety for plant- _ and the proper time to plant. True winter-type varieties vary greatly in cold toler- - even though most have narrow leaves and prostrate wing seedlings. Most require a period of vernalization w growth under cool temperatures) to head normally. few varieties are somewhat intermediate in growth habit, l they are not comparable to intermediate-winter type leys because they do require some vernalization. These uce erect growing seedlings with broad leaves. Addi- al characteristics of varieties are available in Texas icultural Experiment Station Bulletin 1095, "Wheat uction in Texas." SEARCH AREA I; The High Plains is the major wheat in growing area with almost 44 percent of the State's eage in Extension District I alone. About half of this i irriagtedl. Only cold tolerant winter-type varieties igh Plains Irrigation Survey 1968. Texas Agricultural Exten- jn Service—mimeographed. Compiled by Leon New. area gation specialist. should be fall-sown. Drouth is a major hazard where irrigation is not available, and when drouth is combined with low temperature injury, major losses may occur. Hail also is an important hazard of production. Performance trials have been conducted without irriga- tion at Bushland and Wellington, Tables 3 and 4. At Wellington, the highest comparable yields were produced by Lancer, Bison, Concho, Crockett, Ottawa and Warrior. Some of these were not grown long enough to be properly evaluated. At Bushland, the leading varieties in yield were Guide, Ponca, Scout, Tascosa, and Kaw. Differences were small among these leading varieties at both locations. Performance trials under irrigation were conducted at Bushland, Hartley, Etter, Stratford, Perryton and Plain- view. Data for the full period are available only from Bushland, Table 5. The highest comparable yields at Bushland were produced by Shawnee, Caprock, Tascosa, Scout and Parker. Several of these have been tested for only short periods. At Etter, (3 years) Table 6, the highest yields were produced by Concho, Scout, Improved Triumph, Tascosa and Warrior. At Hartley in 1968, Table 6, Concho, Scout, Sturdy and Parker produced the best yields. At Stratford, (4 years) Table 7, Scout, War- rior, Tascosa, Concho and Improved Triumph produced the highest yields. At Perryton, (4 years) Table 8, the best comparable yields were produced by Scout, Kaw, Gage, Lancer and 7 TABLE 5. ANNUAL, AVERAGE AND COMPARABLE YIELDS OF IRRIGATED WINTER WHEAT AT BUSHL A Yield of grain, bushels per acre _ , 1965-68’ 1958-68 Average Number Average Number for years years for years years Variety 1964 1966 1967 1968 grown grown grown grown Comanche‘ 57.9 50.3 56.0 60.6 56.2 4 51,5 8 Early Blackhull‘ 50.7 37.8 49.0 58.1 48.9 4 4656 8 Kharkof‘ 59.0 58.4 40.7 46.4 46.1 4 4350 8 Average 55.9 42.2 48.6 55.0 50.4 4 47.1 8 Agent 26.1 1 Aztec A 44.3 4 Bison 62.3 57.8 52.1 57.4 3 51.9 7 Caddo 51.9 54.5 54.0 62.4 55.7 4 62.2 8 Caprock 65.2 59.2 71.7 70.6 66.7 4 66.7 4 Concho 49.2 4 Crockett 57.7 63.1 60.4 2 48.1 6 Gage 57.6 57.6 1 50.0 3 ’ Gaines 67.7 31.8 49.8 2 49.8 2 Guide 58.6 51.7 53.8 65.6 57.4 4 57.4 4 Kaw 54.4 53.7 54.1 2 53.5 5 Lancer 65.6 65.6 1 65.6 1 Ottawa 57.6 57.6 1 52.0 3 Parker 62.0 62.7 62.4 2 67.3 3 Pawnee 44.4 2 Ponca 48.8 3 Red Chief 44.0 3 Scout 69.8 57.7 55.4 68.7 62.9 4 59.4 5 Scout 66 56.0 62.4 60.0 59.5 3 59.5 3 Shawnee 55.0 70.6 69.3 65.0 3 65.0 3 Sturdy 61.4 47.9 62.6 65.8 59.4 4 59.4 4 Tascosa 73.4 68.3 63.6 65.9 67.8 4 59.8 8 Triumph 51.8 46.8 53.2 53.0 51.2 4 52.0 7 Triumph, Improved 62.4 48.9 55.8 57.0 56.0 4 55.9 7 Triumph '64 55.7 45.9 53.1 56.7 52.9 4 52.9 4 ‘ Trader 52.1 52.1 1 52.1 1 Trapper 58.8 58.8 1 58.8 1 Warrior 65.3 65.3 1 55.6 Westar ' 46.0 Wichita 33.2 47.0 40.1 2 37.4 LSD — 5 percent 8.2 10.4 7.8 12.9 ‘Destroyed by hail in 1961. ‘Destroyed by hail in 1963 and 1965. “Calculated comparable data based on years grown. ‘Check varieties used to calculate comparable yields. TABLE 6. ANNUAL, AVERAGE AND COMPARABLE YIELD} OF IRRIGATED WINTER WHEAT VARIETIIQ ETTER AND HARTLEY, 1965-68 - Etter, yield per acre, bushels Average Comparable‘ G f For Test Plant y' '_ years Com- weight, height, .1... ._ Variety 1965 1966 1967 grown parable‘ pounds inches pet f’, Early Blackhull’ 68.2 48.7 37.7 51.5 51.5 60.7 33.0 Comanche’ 68.9 42.9 43.6 51.8 51.8 59.1 38.0 Kharkof’ 61.4 35.5 33.6 43.5 43.5 57.5 38.3 Average . 66.2 42.4 38.3 48.9 59.1 36.4 Bison 50.2 44.3 47.3 55.8 60.5 34.6 Caddo 65.7 48.7 42.8 52.4 52.4 62.0 32.7 Concho 54.5 54.5 65.1 57.9 35.7 Caprock 58.8 59.2 38.1 52.0 52.0 59.0 27.0 Gaines 47.2 47.1 53.7 53.6 23.4 Lancer 64.6 64.6 47.3 60.9 37.7 Parkier Scout 81.3 49.1 50.2 60.2 60.2 60.7 36.6 Sturdy 76.1 47.7 55.0 52.9 52.9 59.1 28.5 Tascosa 81.8 42.1 47.5 57.1 57.1 63.2 33.3 Triumph, Improved 78.1 57.5 35.9 57.2 57.2 60.7 30.3 Triumph 64 51.2 40.5 45.9 54.4 61.1 32.1 Warrior 74.2 74.2 56.9 59.2 36.7 LSD———- 5 percent 8.3 14.2 ‘Calculated comparable average based on years grown. ‘Check varieties usecl for computing comparable data. 8 I LE 7. .» TFORD, 1958-68 ANNUAL, AVERAGE AND COMPARABLE GRAIN YIELDS OF IRRIGATED WINTER WHEAT GROWN AT Yield of grain, bushels per acre 1958-62 1963-66 1958-66 Average Number Average Number Average Number Com- for years years for years years for years years parable iety grown grown 1963 1964 1965 1966 grown grown grown grown average‘ ly Blackhull’ 38.0 4 30.5 60.2 41.5 32.8 41.3 4 59.6 8 59.6 ,1 nche’ 55.8 4 51.5 55.5 56.7 52.5 58.5 4 57.4 8 57.4 mkof’ 36.5 4 31.8 42.0 36.6 30.4 35.2 4 35.9 8 35.9 . verage 36.8 4 31.2 51.9 38.3 31.9 38.3 4 37.6 8 37.6 6C 55.4 5 55.4 5 57.2 n 41.0 4 40.0 57.0 51.3 42.8 5 41.7 7 41.8 do 57.8 3 29.8 66.4 59.9 51.8 42.0 4 43.1 7 40.7 rock 32.6 32.6 1 32.6 -1 38.3 cho 42.7 3 42.7 3 44.5 5 ett 37.9 4 34.9 34.4 34.7 2 36.8 6 36.0 C 44.0 1 54.6 52.5 45.5 2 45.6 5 40.0 ‘1- 16.4 34.4 25.4 2 25.4 2 51.5 35.2 3 34.9 48.8 47.6 43.8 3 40.3 5 40.2 er 48.6 40.1 44.4 2 44.4 2 36.9 wa 42.3 1 33.6 51.4 42.5 2 42.4 3 38.8 ’ a 40.1 2 40.1 2 37.4 - Chief 34.5 3 34.5 3 36.3 ; t 70.8 44.9 41.5 52.4 5 52.4 5 49.5 dy 23.0 58.8 46.4 32.6 41.5 4 41.5 4 40.7 I sa 44.7 4 31.1 63.4 42.8 41.6 44.7 4 44.7 8 44.7 ' ph 57.8 2 24.8 65.5 45.1 2 41.4 4 41.5 i ph, Improved 36.9 2 34.5 69.3 42.8 37.7 46.1 4 43.0 6 43.8 a ph, Super 32.7 2 32.7 2 36.5 - ph 64 26.2 26.2 1 26.2 1 51.9 I101‘ 51.2 1 40.5 58.2 45.0 47.9 5 48.7 4 45.9 ita 36.4 3 36.4 3 38.1 -— 5 percent 6.3 9.0 8.1 5.3 i. lated comparable average based on years grown. ' k varieties used to calculate comparable data. A ldy. Concho was grown for only 1 year. At Plainview, ' _ years) Table 8, Scout, Comanche, Concho, Bison and p.osa produced the best yields. i iAgronomic data at Bushland, Table 3, show Red f, Kaw, Aztec, Caprock, Caddo and Tascosa had the test weight. The Triumph strains and Early Blackhull " the earliest in maturity, although Sturdy and several =. were only slightly later. No lodging was recorded 31g the period, but Gaines, Sturdy, Caprock and Lancer p the shortest strains. ARCH AREA II: Extension District 3 of this area s approximately 22 percent of the State's acreage. In 1: 87 percent of the planted acreage was harvested, in seasons of drouth, which are frequent, a smaller i tage is harvested. Most of the Trans-Pecos area is e51 to ranching. Performance trials were conducted at Park until 1965, Table 9, and for the full period at 'cothe, Table 10. The highest comparable yields at ‘ Park were produced by Gage, Kaw, Concho, Improved i. ph, Ottawa, Crockett and Tascosa. Comparable data at {Chillicothe for the full period : Scout 66, Scout, Caprock, Newest Improved Triumph Sturdy as the five leading varieties, although differ- '1. among them are small. Several Triumph strains tested, but as only foundation seed of Improved ph and Triumph 64 are now available, data for the others are not included. The new short stature wheats, Caprock and Sturdy, have produced well at Chillicothe. Comparable agronomic data, Table 10, show that Kaw, Ponca, Kaw 61, Aztec and Triumph (Metcalf) have the best test weight. Sturdy and Caprock are approximately as early as the Triumph strains with Guide, Caddo and Crockett emerging slightly later. Sturdy and Caprock were from 7 to 8 inches shorter than older varieties and have shown advantages in resistance to lodging. RESEARCH AREA III: Approximately 8 percent of the State's acreage is grown in Extension District 4 and only a small acreage in District 5. The commercial acreages of this area are predominantly of the Knox or Knox 62 varieties. Caddo, Improved Triumph, Sturdy and Crockett are the other important varieties grown. Performance trials were grown at Denton throughout the period and in a few seasons at Mt. Pleasant or Overton. Data at these latter locations are extremely variable but indicate the yields that might be expected. Performance data at Denton, Table 11, show that the soft winter wheat varieties have the best comparable yields, although the leading ones have not been tested extensively. Arthur, Benhur, Riley 67 and Stadler have the highest comparable yields. Knox and Knox 62, which were grown for longer periods, have averaged about the same yields as Caddo and Gage. 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Noo Noo Nw.e N Nw.o wo.o A-NQ wo.N 6 HmUI w v2.8a» A.N A; o.A Aw Aw .n»_8§& <35 83w on <95 mags. “Oronw .5125“ =8» 8 95:20 noBAxfiwv-m own». TABLE 12. YIELDS OF FALL-SOWN WHEAT VARIETIES AT MT. PLEASANT ‘AND OVERTON, 1955-68 Mt. Pleasant Overton Variety 1955 1963 1968 Frisco 8.1 Knox 7.7 Atlas 9.7 Quanah 2.8 16.3 17.1 Caddo 34.7 Milam I7. l 28.1 Sturdy 26.5 Comparable yields at Beeville, Table 16, show the highest yields produced by Penjamo 62, Rio Bravo, Lerma Rojo and Nadadores. However, these were tested only 1 to 3 years. The durum varieties have yielded well. Rust is important at this location, and the durum varieties have been highly resistant. However, races which can attack most durum varieties are now present. Milam has produced as well as the spring wheat varieties and better than the winter-type varieties Quanah, Caddo and Sturdy. RYE The rye acreage is rather widely distributed over Texas, Figure 3, but it is grown more extensively on the sandy-textured soils of each area. On such soils it usually produces more forage and grain than do the other small grains. It frequently is grown with vetch or winter peas as a soil building, wind and water erosion control crop and for winter pasture or other forage uses. The relatively new, erect growing forage rye varieties, such as Elbon, Bonel, Gator, etc., are now widely grown on many types of soils for winter pasture. Only 15 percent of the seeded crop is harvested for grain, Table 1. RYE ACRES PLANrED 1968 l Dot = 1,000 Acres Figure 3. Distribution of 1968 Texas rye acreage. 14 OATS ACRES PLANTED 1968 ‘l Dot = 1,000 Acres Figure 4. Distribution of 1968 Texas seeded acreage of. Performance trials have been grown at M from 1961-68 but only in occasional years at other‘ Data at Chillicothe, Table 17, shows relatively i ferences in yield among the strains tested. Ca _ in nearby tests at Chillicothe averaged 22.2 b i, acre for the same 8-year period. J At Denton, Table 18, the yield of Elbon rye bushels per acre for the 2 years 1960-61. Cad, in nearby tests averaged 40.0 bushels per acre. P. lege Station on sandy land, Elbon rye yielded 31.3, compared to 20.9 bushels for Milam wheat. In j on sandy soils at Overton and Mt. Pleasant rye wheat in most seasons i.e., Elbon rye 43.2 A wheat 28.1 bushels in 1968 at Overton. OATS The oat acreage in Texas is widely distribut if 4, and because it is used so extensively for livest the seeded acreage fluctuates widely in accordan conditions for fall seeding. During the past 10.}? than 4O percent of the seeded acreage has beenifi Table 1. Oat acreages have declined to some recent years. After the severe spring drouth: only 315,000 acres were harvested from the i seeded. This was the lowest-harvested acreage f‘ The greatest acreage of oats ever grown in T l 1957 when 2,670,000 acres were seeded. 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