TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

BULLETIN N90 1L8.

TI-IE GRAPE

POSTOFFIOE‘:
COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS 00., TEXAS.

AUSTIN:
BEN c. JONES s; co., STATE PRINTERS

1898 [1145]

TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

OFFICERS.

GOVERNING BOARD.
(BOARD OF DIRECTORS A. a M. COLLEGE.)

HON. F. A. REIOIIARDT, President.......  ............Houston.

HON. W. R. CAVITT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bryan.

HON. F. P. HOLLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Da11as.

HON. CHAS. ROGAN . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Brownwood.

HON. JEFF. JOHNSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   ....................Austin.

HON. MARION SANSOM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A1varado.

STATION STAFF.

TIIE PRESIDENT OF THE COLLEGE.

J. H. CONNELL, M. So . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Director.
1I.H;ILuuuNe¢oN,rI.sc ..................... H‘ .......... ..“...ChmmBt.
M. FRANCIS, D. V. M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Veterinarian .

R. H. PRICE, B. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horticulturist.

B. C. PITTUCK. B. S. A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Agricu1turist.

P. S. TILsON, M. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Associate Chemist.

H. NEss, B. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Assistant Horticulturist.

W. C. MARTIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Assistant Chemist.

H. C. KYLE, B. S.‘ A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foreman Of Farm.

L. L. MCGINNIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Treasurer.

J. G. HARRISON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bookkeeper.

SUPERINTENDENT OF BEEVILLE STATION.
S. A. MCHENRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Beevil1e, Bee Co.

NOTE.— The central station is located on the grounds of the Agricultural and
Mechanical College in Brazos County. The postoflice address is COLLEGE
STATION, TEXAS. Reports from this station. are sent free to farmers of the
State upon application to the Director.

Reports are issued from time to time stating the results of the experiments con-
ducted by the stations; at least four bulletins are issued annually.

[1146]

THE GRAPE.

R. H. PRICE.
H. NESS.

OUTLINE OF DISCUSSION.

PART I.—EXPERIMENTAL WORK.

Page.
1. DESCRIPTIVE NoTEs 0N VARIETIEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1152
2. WHAT VARIETIEs TO PLANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 1163
3. CLASSIFICATION OF GRAPEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164

PART II.—CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE GRAPE.

4. PROPAGATION OF THE GRAPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1165

5. SETTING A VINEYARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1167

6. CULTIVATING A VINEYARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1168

7. TRELLISING A VINEYARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1169

8. PRUNING AND TRAINING GRAPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1170

9. DISEASES OF TIIE GRAPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173

10. INSECT ENEMIEs OF TIIE GRAPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1174
11. PREvENTIvE MEASURES AGAINsT lNsEoTs AND DIsEAsEs. . . . . 1175

I. EXPERIMENTAL WORK.

Our experiments with grapes have covered a rather Wide field of
work. Two hundred and five varie-ties were planted in the experiment
station vineyard. This number includes also- many pure species. The
varieties in the vineyard were placed after their original species, so far
as po-ssible. In nearly all cases, four vines of each variety were planted.

‘The soil is a clay loam, of medium fertility, underlaid by a red clay.
It has gentle drainage lziowards the south. Rows are eight feet apart and
run east and west across the plat. Vines are set eight feet apart in the
row, making 680 vines to the acre. The varieties were set in December,
1893. Good cultivation has been given with several implements de-

[1147]

1148 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

scribed at another place. Xo fertilizer has been used on the varietal test
except a shovel full of common le-atchetl wood ashes scattered around each
vine soon after setting, and also three rows of ‘whippoorwill cowpieas were
grown between the rows the first year. These peas grew so rank that it
became necessary t0 mow them down early in J un-e. For three years a
careful set of notes has been taken each _yc-ar on fruit and vine. Notes
have been taken by It. H. Price, H. Ness, and A. M. Hilderbrandt, and a.
comparison of all three sets of notes has been made. A comparison with
Prof. i\li111so11’s notes taken during the past tiwenty years has also been
made. A complete set of herbariuni specimens has been collected and
mounted. Samples from nearly all the varieties and species of fruit
have been collected and preserved in jars containing 2 per cent. solution
of Formaldehyde. Sixty varieties of grape-s preserved in this way were
czxhibitcd at the annual meeting of the State Horticultural lSociety held
at College Station, July 14, 1898. These constituted a part of an ex-
hibit for which a State medal was awarded.

In the following table some of theileading notes taken are compiled
for ready reference. ‘Some points which can be learned from the table at
a glance, are: Prolificacy, flavor,
color, when ripe, date of bloom-
ing, and condition of stamens at
time of blooming. This later note
is quite important as an indication
as to whether the variety is likely
to be fertile When planted by itself
or not. If the stamens be erect
_ r the probabilities are it will be fer-
Fig. 1. Showing condition of stamens. _1. Sta- tflg;  recurved, the probabilities

mens erect, 2. Stamens reeurved, . .
s. Amale flower. are 1t Wlll not be a sure bearer
when planted by itself. In such
cases it would be advisable to plant a variety near by with erect stamens
of the same species, and which blooms at the same time. These facts can
be found out "from the table and the succeeding notes:

*The letters in the first column indicate from whom the grapes were
purchased. “M” stands for Prof. T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas; “B”
for Bush & Son 8: Meissner, Iiushberg, Mo. ; “Thom.” stands for J. T.
'.l‘hompson, Rio Vista, V a. ; “Bad.” stands for George Badart, Belton,
Texas.

Where blanks occur no notes were taken; in some instances the vines
died. -

The possessive cases some times given with the names of varieties,
have been stricken out in accordance with accepted rules of nomenclature
published in Bulletin No. 39.

While the yield looks small when the average yield per single vine is
given. still, this method seemed more intelligible. To find the yield per
acre, multiply the number of pounds given by 680, which is the number
of vines that stand on an acre when planted eight feet apart each way.

Campbell Early and rColumbian Imperial have been planted only one
year, consequently no report can be made on them nlow further than to
state they .have both done well the first year. HIo-wever, the presence of
Labrusca blood is strongly shown in both varieties, and wherever much of
this blood exists we do not expect staying qualities in this climate.

 

THE GRAPE.

TABLE N0. 1.— Varieties 0f Grapes.

1149

E .
‘at’ a) gin Ave
Name 01' variety.  E g Ogogggggs "fig. peiilélilfii.
5% s5 s?
Admirable . . . . . . . M* April 25 Recurved iJuly 3 4% lbs.

Agawam . . . . . . . .. M April 2O Erect lJuly 12 3% lbs.

Alvey . . . . . . . . . . . . B April 25 Recurved l-July 6 2 lbs.

Amber . . . . . . . . . . . B - April 20 Erect ‘July 13 % lb.

America . . . . . . . . . M April 28 Erect }July 23 8H; lbs.

Aminia . . . . . . . . .. B April 12 Erect iJuly 25 % lb.
August Giant. . .. B April 22 Erect lJuly 6 Dead.
Bacchus . . . . . ..-.. . B April 2O Erect July 6 % lb.

Bailey . . . . . . . . . .. M April 24 Erect July 3 6 lbs.

Barry . . . . . . . . . . . . B April 20 Recurved July 6 4 lbs.

Beacon . . . . . . . . . . . M April 24 Erect July 6 3% lbs.

Beauty. . . .. . . . . .. B April 20 Erect July 1O 3 lbs.

Bell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M April 18 Erect July 20 3 lbs.

Belvin . . . . . . . . . . . . M April 25 Erect July 23 2% lbs.

Berckmans . . . . . . . M April 14 Erect July 6 3 lbs.

Big Extra . . . . . . .. M April 25 Erect July 19 4% lbs.

Black Bear . . . . . . . B April 22 Recurved July 3 % lb.

Black Defiance. . B April 22 Erect July 22 12 lbs.
Black Eagle . . . . . B April 22 Recurved July 2 4% lbs.
Black Hamburg. . M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. June 28 3% lbs.
Black Hawk ..... B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Very Weak.

Black Herbemont. M May 1 Erect July 16 7% lbs.
Black July . . . . . . . M April 2O Erect July 13 2 lbs.

Brant . . . . . . . . . . . . B April 21 Erect June 23 % lb.

Brighton . . . . . . . . . M April 17 Recurved June 30 4% lbs.

Brilliant . . . . . . . .. M April 15 Erect June 28 17 lbs.

Calabrian . . . . . . .. M April 28 Erect June 25 3 lbs.

Cambridge . . . . . . . B April 20 Erect July 13 6% lbs.

Carman . . . . . . . . . . M April 25 Erect July 13 4% lbs.

Catawba . . . . . . . . . B April 20 Erect July 16 12 lbs.

Centennial . . . . . . . B April 25 Erect July 6 % lb.

Challenge . . . . . . . . B April 7 Erect July 25 % lb.

Champion . . . . . . . . M April 25 Erect June 25 10 lbs.

Clinton . . . . . . . . . . . B April 2O Erect July 3 4 lbs.

Concord . . . . . . . . .. M April 2O Erect July 13 6% lbs.

Conqueror . . . . . . .. B April 25 Erect July 6 1% lbs.

Conelva . . . . . . . . . . M April 25 Erect July 14 1 lb.

Columbia . . . . . . . . Thorn April 18 Erect July 28 4% lbs.

Cottage . . . . . . . . . . B April 2O Erect July 14 2 lbs.

Cornucopia . . . . . . . B April 20 Erect July 3 6 lbs.

Creveling . . . . . . . . B April 20 Recurved July 3 3 lbs.
Cunningham. . . . . B April 12 Erect July 22 5 lbs.
Delaware . . . . . . . . M April 24 Erect June 25 7% lbs.
Delicious . . . . . . . . . M April 29 Erect July 18 4 lbs.
Diana . . . . . . . . . . . . M April 23 Erect July 11 3% lbs.
Dr. Collier . . . . . . . M April 25 Erect July 15 5 lbs.
Dracut (Amber). . B April 2O Erect July 7 15% lbs.
Duchess . . . . . . . . . M April 2O Erect June 3O 17% lbs.
 i . . M April 1s Erect June 2s 4 lbs.
Eaton . . . . . . . . . . . . M April 20 Erect July 14 4 lbs.

Early Wine . . . . .. M April 25 Erect July 23 4% lbs.

-Eldorado . . . . . . . . . B April 22 Erect July 3 W'cak.

Elvira . . . . . . . . . .. B April 24 Erect July 16 2% lbs.

Elvicand . . . . . . . .. M April 26 Erect July 14 3 lbs.
Empire State. . . . M April 25 Erect June 30 4% lbs.
Etta . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B April 25 Erect July 22 2 lbs.

Black.

Color of fruit.

Reddish brown.
Black.

Light red.
Black.

Black.

Black.

Black.

Black.

Black.

Black.
Purplish red.
Greenish white.
Black.
Bright red.
Black.

Black.

Black.

Black.

Black.

Black.
Black.

Black.

Black.
Purple.
Purple.
White.
Black.

Black.
Purple.

Pale red.
Purple.
Black.

Black.

Black.

Black.

Black.

Black.

Black.

Black.

Black.

Black.
Purple.
Purplish black.
Pale red.
Light purple.
Purple.
White.

White.

Black.
Black.
White.
White.
Purple.
White.
White.

1150

TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TABLE N0. L-Varieties of Grapes-continued.

E .
F“. g1” - - ‘i’ Avera e
Name of variety. 2g “i? Opglggrlrtlgtilns“ ‘i?’ peyieéglje. Color of fruit.

3S g2 '55-

Cq O QQ Q 2-.

Eumedel . . . . . . . . . M April 25 Erect June 3O 65 lbs. Dark purple.

Eumelan . . . . . . . . . B April 24 Recurved July 3 4% lbs. Black.

Excelsior . . . . . . .. M April 22 Erect July 22 212 lbs. Purple.

Eva . . . _ _ , , _ , , , , ,. B April 25 Erect July 6 4 - lbs. White.

Faith . . . . . . . . . . . . B April 2O Erect July 7 2 lbs. Pale green.

F. B. Hayes . . . . . . B April 20 Erect June 3O 2 lbs. Greenish white.
Fern Munson. . . .. M April 25 Erect July 23 4%, lbs. Purplish black.
Flowers . . . . . . . . . . M April 18 Recurved July 3O 1 lb. Black.

Gazelle . . . . . . . . . . . B April 25 ‘Erect June 3O 2 lbs. Greenish white.

Goethe , , _ , , _ . , _ __ M |April15 Erect July 2 a lbs. Pink.

Golden Gem . . . . . . M [April 14 Erect June 2O 8‘; lbs. White.

Gold Coin . . . . . . . . M April 27 Erect July 18 7 lbs. White.

Gov. Ross . . . . . . . . M April 20iErect July 11 4 lbs. White.

Grein Golden, _ _ _ B April 24|Recurved July 2O % lb. White.

Grayson . . . . . . . . . M April 15Erect June 3O 3 lbs. Black.

Green Mountain.. M April 26 Erect June 3O 7 lbs. Greenish white.
Hartford . . . . . . . . . B April 2O Erect June 3O 2% lbs. Black.
Herbemont . . . . . . . M April 29 Erect July 25 18 lbs. Purple.
Hermann . . . . . . . .. M April 29 Erect July 25 8 lbs. Purplish black.
Hermann Jaeger. M April 25 Erect July 1 4% lbs. Black.

Herbert , _ _ _ _ , , _ _ _ B April 23 Recurved July 6 10% lbs. Black.

Highland , _ , , _ _ _ , M April 2O Erect July 27 11 lbs. Black.

Hopkins . . . . . . . . . . M April 29 . . . . . . . . .. July 13 3 lbs. Black.

Humbolt _ , , _ _ , _ , , B April 2O Erect July 6 5 lbs. White.

Iona . . . . . . . . . . . . . B April 24 Erect July 6 7% lbs. Purple.

Iona Excelsior. . . B April 26 Recurved July 3 1 lb. Light red.

Iron Clad . . . . . . .. B April 2O Recurved July 3 2% lbs. Black.

Irving . . . . . . . . . . .. B April 27 . . . . . . . . . . Dead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Isabella . . . . . . . . .. B April 2O Erect July 14 1% lbs. Black.

Israella . . . . . . . . . . B April 20 Erect July 14 6 lbs. Purplish black.
Ives Seedling . . . . M April 18 Erect June 3O 2 lbs. Black.
Janesville . . . . . . . . B April 2O Erect June 28 3% lbs. Black.

Jeiferson . . . . . . . . . M April 25 Erect July 14 3 lbs. Purplish red.

Jessica . . . . . . . . . .. B April 2O Erect June 26 Dead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Jewell . . . . . . . . . . . B April 2O Erect June 26 2 lbs Black

Lady . . . . . . . . . . . . M April 2O Erect June 3O 2% lbs White.

Lady Washington M April 2O Erect June 3O 8 lbs. Pale amber.
Laussel . . . . . . . . .. M April 29 . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 2 3 lbs. Dark purple.
Lenoir (Jacques). M April 25 Erect July 13 16 lbs. Black.
Linherde _ _ _ _ _ _ __ M April 25 . . . . . . . . . . July 15 2 lbs. Clear red.

Lind ey . . . . . . . . . M April 2O Recurved July 15 6% lbs. Bright red.

Lutie . . . . . . . . . . . . B April 7 Recurved June 25 2 lbs. Reddish brown.

Marion . . . . . . . . .. B April 15 . . . . . . . . . . June 29 I2 lb. Black.

Mary Ann . . . . . . . B April 2O Erect June 28 1 lb. Black.

Marguerite . . . . . . B April 29 Erect Aug. 4 2 lbs. Purple.

Massasoit . . . . . . .. B April 2O Erect July 3 9% lbs. Purplish.
Mason Seedling. . B April 24 Erect July 8 1O lbs. Pale green.
Martha . . . . . . . . . . M April 24 Erect June 3O 2 lbs. Pale green.
Merimac . . . . . . . . . B April 24 Recurved June 28 1% lbs. Black.

Mrs. Munson . . . . M April 29 Erect July 16 7% lbs. Purplish.
Mission (El Paso) M April 28 Erect July 13 Dead. Dark purple.
Moore Diamond. . M April 2O Erect June 26 2 lbs. White. '
Montefi re . . . . . . . B April 21 Erect July 14 4% lbs. Black.
Moore'Early. .. .. M April 19 Erect June 3 1% lbs. Black.

Mo. Reisling. . . . . M April 2O Erect July 26 1% lbs. Green.
Morocco . . . . . . . . . . Bad. April 18 Erect July 27 Z2 lb. Dark purple.
Moyer . . . . . . . . . . . . M April 18 Recurved July 1 2% lbs. Purplish.

THE GRAPE.

1151

TABLE No. L-Varietics 0f Grapcs—continued.

E
2?; gm - - g? Average
Name of Variety‘  ‘gig oijgligiiiiciill. 3% pelyieillpne‘ Color of fruit.
g8 5E g:
Muench . . . . . . . . . . M- April 29 Erect July 14 5% lbs. Purple.
Muscat of Alex’r.. M April 28 Erect July 6 5 lbs. YVhite.
Naomi . . . . . . . . . . . M April 28 Erect June 28 4% lbs. White.

Niagara . . . . . . . . . M April 2O Erect June 3O 8% lbs. White.

Neosho . . . . . . . . . . . B April 29 Recurved July 24 2 lbs. Black.

Neva Munson . . . . M April 29 . . . . . . . . .. Aug. 4 2% lbs. Dark purple.

Newman . . . . . . .. M April 26 Erect July 15 3% lbs. Black.

New Haven . . . . . . B April 25 Erect July 26 4 lbs. Black.

Noah . . . . . . . . . . . . . B April 12 Erect July 14 1 lb. Yellowish.

Norfolk . . . . . . . . . . M April 20 Erect June 28 6% lbs. Purplish red.

Norton . . . . . . . . . . . B April 2O Recurved July 13 1% lbs. Black.

North Carolina . . B April 25 Erect July 8 1% lbs. Purplish black.
N’th’n Muscadine B April2O Erect July 8 8% lbs. Dark purple.
Olita . . . . . . . . . . . . . M April 24 Erect June 14 3 lbs. White.

Onderdonk . . . . . .. M May 1 . . . . . . . . . . July 25 3% lbs. White.

Opal . . . . . . . . . . . . M April 25 Erect July 18 7 lbs. White.

Oriole . . . . . . . . . . . . M April 26 Erect July 13 2% lbs. Black.

Othello . . . . . . . . . . . B April 22 Erect July 3 4 lbs. Black.

Peabody . . . . . . . . . B April 2O Erect . . . . . . . . Weak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pearl . . . . . . . . . . . .' B April 2O Erect July 2O . . . . . . . . White

Perkins . . . . . . . . . . M April 19 Erect July 3O 1% lbs. Dull red

Perry . . . . . . . . . . .. M April 29 Erect July 15 5% lbs. Blackish purple.
Peter Wylie .. . . . M April 22 Erect June 30 8% lbs. Dull white.
Pocklington . . . . . . B April 2O Erect July 3O Weak. Yellowish red.
Poughkeepsie. . .. B April 20 Erect June 28 8 lbs.‘ Purple.

Presly (Lyon) . . M April 2O Erect July 3 1 lb. Dark purple.
Prentiss . . . . . . . . . B April 2O Erect June 28 8% lbs. White.

Ragan . . . . . . . . . . . M April 25 Erect July 14 4% lbs. Dark purple.

Rentz . . . . . . . . . . . . B April 20 Erect July 3 2 lbs. Black.

Requa . . . . . . . . . . . M April 2O Erect . . . . . . . . Dead. Purple.

Roanoke . . . . . . . . . B April 2O Erect July 28 2 lbs. Clear red.
Rogers No. 2. . . .. B April 2O Recurved July 25 1% lbs. Black.
Rochester . , , , , _ _ _ B April 2O Erect July 14 3 lbs. Purple.
Rommel . . . . . . . . . . M April 20 Erect June 3O 3% lbs. Greenish white.
R. W. Munson. . . M April 25 Erect July 8 2% lbs. Black.

Salem . . . . . . . . . . . . B April 2O Recurved July 11 3% lbs. Dark purple.
Scuppernong. . . .. M April 25 Recurved Aug. 29 2 lbs. Rusty yellow.
Secretary . . . . . . . . B April 2O Erect June 28 2 lbs. Dark red.

Taylor Bullet. . . . B April 7 Recurved . . . . . . . . . . . . .  White.

Telegraph . . . . . . . B April 2O Erect July 3 12 lbs. Black.

Thomas . . . . . . . . .. M April 18 Erect Aug. 26 2 lbs. Black.

Triumph . . . . . .  . M April 25 Erect July 13 6% lbs. Greenish white.

Transparent. . . . . B April 28 . . . . . . . . . . July 11 212 lbs. Greenish white.

Uhland . . . . . . . . .. B April 2O Erect June 28 5 lbs. White.
Ulster Prolific... B April 20 Erect July 11 1% lbs. Reddish.
Van Demann . . M April 29 Erect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Venango . . . . . . . . . B April 2 Erect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vineta . . . . . . . . . . . M April 29 . . . . . . . . .. July 23 2 lbs. Purple.

Verjennes... . . . . . B April 2O Erect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dark purple.

Walter . . . . . . . . . . . M April 25 Erect July 11 4% lbs. Purple.

Whitehall . . . . . . . . B April 2O Recurved June 28 3 lbs. White.

Wilder . . . . . . . . . . . B April 22 Recurved July 11 3 lbs. Black.

Woodruif . . . . . . . . . M April 18 Erect June 28 1 lb. Purplish red.

Worden . . . . . . . . . . M April 19 Erect July 14 6 lbs. Black.

W. B. Munson . . . M April 25 Erect July 15 6 lbs. Black.
Wyoming . . . . . . . . B April 20 Recurved July 13 1% lbs. Red.

Zinfandel . . . . . . . . M April 25 Erect June 26 3 lbs. Purplish black.

1  TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

NOTES ON VARIETIES.

In the following notes, we have sought "to convey an intelligent idea as
to the more prominent features of varieties without becoming to-o tech-
nical and tedious in our descriptions. Considerable care has been taken
to give the specific blood of each variety—-so far as could be determined.
l n the selection of varieties for certain localitiec, scarcely too much stress
can be placed upon the specific blood which goes to make up a variety.

The selection of many of our varieties of fruits, Which are most likely to

be adaptetl to cmtaiii localities, is coming; to be based upon scientific prin-
ciples, and is no longer confined to blind guess work and uncertainty.
Certain racial types and certain species are being found to be b-est adapted
to certain isothermal line.s. This we have clearly and unmistakably
shown in our peach loulletin No. 39. It is also strikingly shown, in the
following grape notes, that no variety with any great amount of Labrusca
blood has stood our climate successfully. On the- other hand, t-hose
varieties possessing L/incecumi and Bourquinvlana blood have stood the
climate remarkably well. Nearly all varieties with much Vinifera blood
are about dead. Here is a clew to future suocessful grape planting in
Texas, as well as in many other extreme ‘Southern Sit-ates. When a test
of varieties is studie-d alongthese lines it becomes of great importance,
even when conduoted in one locality alone. Our location being somewhat
central, varieties, which fail here, are most likely to fail south of us, and
those, which are promising here, are likely to prove more so north of us.
These predictions are borne out by our observations made in the coast
country and in North Texas. ‘Owing to the peculiar atmospheric condi-
tions of the extreme (Southwest Texas, some V/invlfera varieties have been
grown there profitably. This serves to show that local conditions may
so modify surroundings as to enable a variety to grow successfully in
some instances out of its natural isotherm.

IXDMIRABLE (Linc. 50 Acsty-Originated by Munson. Growth vigorous, pur-
plish shoots; leaves large, smooth, 3-lo-bed; ‘bunches medium size, olbl-o-ng, shoul-
dered, moderately compact; berries small, black, sprightly, sweet, and pleasant. 
very fair grape Ibut not a heavy bearer here. On 3rd of October, 1896, after severe
drouth, foliage was only partially affected. '

A.GAWA.M (Lab. 1? l"i-n.).—--Gi"owth rather iveak, shoots green, smooth; leaves
large, 3-lobed, scanty tom-entose ‘beneath; bunches ralteher large, oblong, {mo-der-
altely loose; berries large, round, dark brown; flavor sulb-acid to sweet, pleasant;
skin mod-erately tough. _ A ‘fai-r grape here. _

iALVEY (Asst. ac T7iro.).-—G~rowth weak, shoots glalbrous, leave-s medium size,
3-l-obed; bunches few, rather sma-ll, elongated and moderately compact; berries
black, sklin tough, sprightly sub-acid. On 10th of October, 1896, after severe
drouth, was nearly defoliat-ed. Not desirable ihere.

AMBER (Rip. m Lab.).—(3‘-rou-*th medium, shoots downy when young, leaves
rather large, more or less 3-lobed, jagged margin, ashy gray underneath, bunches
small, oval to oblong, compact; berries light red, mildly sub-acid, pulp moderately
firm. On October 10, 1896, after severe dro-uth ‘was nearly (lefoliate-d. Not to be
recommended either for quality or quantity.

AMERICA (Seedling of Jaegers No. 70.).—~O-rigin»a‘ted by Muns-on. Growth very
strong, shoots smooth, glaucous; leaves mediim size, smooth, shallow, 3-lobed, "mar-
gins jagged; bunches conical, somewhat irregular in size, moderately loose, on long
peduneles; berries small to medium size, black, rather acid flavor, pulp juicy, melt-
ing‘, skin tender; ripe July 10th. On November 3rd, after severe drouth, the
foliage was healthy -and strong. This is a ‘wine grape of muclh promise. Also a
fair table grape when fully ripe.

Fig. 2. America.

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' Fig. 3. Bailey.

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Fig. 4. Beacon.

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THE GRAPE. 1153

AMINIA (Lab. a: Wln.).—Gl'o\vtli weak, shoots smooth; leaves medium size, fre-
quently 3-lo1bed, roun-dish; bunches few and small; berries l-arge, black, pleasant,
s\veet to slightly mulsky. On October l0, 1896, after severe (lrouith, was defoliated.
To-o weak here.

AUGUST GIANT (Lab. .11 l'in.).—Gro\vtl1 medium to weak, shoots smooth;
bunches small, moderately compact; b-eirries black, sweet to stub-acid, skin tough.
Dying‘ after living four years.

BAccLuJs (Rip. 5v 1lub.).~Gro\vtl1 rather weak, shoots smooth, slender; leaves
small, smooth underneath, 3-lobed; bunches small, fe\v, teompztc-t, tiblong-ovate; ber-
ries rather small, black, flavor rather Inn-sir and so-mchvhat musky, skin thin but
tough; ripened 1meveni_y' Jun-e 39th. Un (Jctolbei- 19th, atter severe drouth, defo-
liated. Not desirable here. ‘

BAILEY (Linc. .1; Lab.).—()riginated by Manson. ljlrowth strong, shoots slightly
tomentose; leaves largre, deeply 3 to sS-lobed; (lowny undernezttli; bunches numerous,
large, loose, mostly branched or simple and cylindrical; berries black, good size,
sprightly acid and of quite good table quality. llipe July 1st. Partly defoliatetl
on October 3, 1596, zift-ei" severe droul-h. Well suited here and will easily take the
place of Con-cord. hilore promising than Beacon with 11s. Recommended.

BARRY (1.411). .1? l’ill.).—~(lro\vtli medium, shoots smooth; leaves large, round,
slightly ll-lobezl; bunches merlium size, berries large, black and handsome, ripe July
6th, pleasant acid, allected some by leaf roller. Strongly resembles the Herbert
variety’. On October 6, 1896, after severe drouth nesirly defolia-ted. ividently a
good grape where it is adapted, but it has too much labrusca blood to stand the cli-
mate this far south.

HEM-on: (Linc w ClOIICIHVI).—-O1‘lg'l11€l.l1(3(l by Munson. Growth medium, shoots
slender; green smooth leaves, 3-lobed; bunches 1fo\v, medium size, oblong‘, moder-
ately compact: berries about size of Concord, black, sprightly’ acid, a little ‘foxy,
‘but quite good flazvoa‘; ripe July (itlh. In the fiall of 1896 the gronvtli was strong,
but has shown decided weakness ever since. Evidentlly a. good grape where it is
adapted.

BEAUTY Llcst. Lah.).—G1'o\vth weak; leaves medium to large, 3-lobed; bunches
few, eonrpa-ct, irregular in sin-ape; berries small, punp-lish red, tough skin, sweet
vinous flavor. Not adapted there.

BELL (Ell/‘ifll .r DcIaie/zre).—0riginated by Munson. Growth moderate; shoots
green, short jointed, leaves rather large, glaibrous on top, smooth underneath, fre~
quently 3-lobed, sometimes 5-loibed; bunches small, oblong, moderately compact;
berries medium size, greenish, ripe July 2t), flavor pleas-amt acid. A good table
grape but a little weak here.

BELVIN (Linc. a1 Elvira) a‘ Rip.).——Originated by Munson. Growth very strong;
leftves very large, shallow’, S-lobed, lobes angular and divergent, smooth underneath;
ibune-hes oblong, loose and branched; berries black, Witlh Ibeautiiful blue bloom,
pulp melting, a little vinous acid; a very fair ta-ble g-rape; ripe July l9; well
adapted to this climate. ~

BEI:(]\"1\l/\NS (Dcluzrrtrc .1; (Ni-ntrm).——Growtl1 medium; foliage smooth on both
sides; margin uneven; bunches oblong, rather loose, medium size; berries ratlher
small, bright red, resenrbles Delawvare, flavor ralther sweet and pleasant, ripened
June 25th; shows signs of weakness here. A good table grape.

BIG EXTRA (Ilinc. rar. (Iluum a: Trium-pl:).—Orig-inated by Manson. Growth
strong, shoo-ts smooth; leaves large, deeply lobed; ‘bunches oblong and ratiher loose,
berries nearly as large as Concord; black with blue bloom; flavor sprightly sweet
and pleasant; would ship well. Ripe .1111)’ 19th.

l3LAcI< B15AR.~—Gro\\'t-l1 weak, shoots surooth; leaves medium size. smooth on
both sides: 111111011 oblong", loose; berries size of Lenoir. black, with blue bloom;
pulp melting, acid but rather pleasant, ripe July 7th, hardly desiraiblc. On Octo-ber
l0, 1896, after severe drouth, was (lefoliztteil.

BLACK DEFTANCE (LI/b. 1- l’*i1I.).——-(}1'o\vtl1 medium, shoots smooth; leaves large,
more or less 3-lobed. with uneven margin; bunches large, oblong with large base,
frequently branched; ~be~rries black. (let-idedly acid, pulp ratthei‘ firm. ripe July 22;
defoliated on ()('|t01l)(‘1l‘ (i, 18M. Not good for tarhle use.

BLACK EAGLE (L-(lb. 1' l’iH.).—G-ro\vth medium, shoots smooth, purplish: leaves
‘medium size, mostly 5-lobed, smootih underneath; huncheis elongated. moderately
compact: berries large, vinous sweet, skin tough, bluish black. Foliage weakens
early in the fall.

1 15 i]; TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

‘BLACK HAMBURG ('Vilz».).—l\lva~de strong growth for five years, at pre-sent only
one weak vine left; leaves medium size, 3 to 5-l-obed, smooth; bunch-e-s very large,
oblong shouldered and com-pact; berries -large, slightly oval, lblack, sulb-acid to
sweet llavor, pulp firm, skin a little tough, ripens a little unevenly. A beautiful
and m-ost excellent "table grape, but is not adapted here.

BLACK HAWK (L(l/b.).——G1'OW*t»l1 very weak; leaves ovate, cordate, rusty under-
neztth. The vines yet living‘, but have not been strong enough to be-ar. Shows
characteristic weakness of labrtlsca types here.

BLACK HERBEMONT (Herbconorzt w Norton).-—Originated by Munson. Growth
very strong, shoots smooth and green; ‘leaves 3 to 5 more or less deeply lobed;
bunches large, berries small, black——in nearly all respects, similar to Lenoir.

BLACK JULY (Dc-vcrcuw a" B0urq.)_—Growth very strong; leaves large, shallow-
3-lobed, smooth on both sides; bunches medium size, cylindrical, compact, ire--
que-ntly branched at base; berries small, black, sprighltly acid, tough ski-n; foliage
green and vigorous on 3rd of November, 1896, lalfter severe droutlh. A win-e grape
which grows well here.

BRANT (Rip. a" Lab.).——Growtl1 very Weak, shoots smooth, purplish striped;

leaves deeply 3-lobed, jagged margined; bunches medium size, oblong, moderately
compact; berries medium size, black, musky sweet flavor; seed-s large; foliage green
and vigorous November 6, 1896, but the vines are showing much sign of weakness
now.
BmerrroN (Lab. 4v l’ir1/.).—G1'oxvth medium, shoots green and smooth; leaves
large, more or less deeply 3-lolbed, slightly tomentose underneath; bunches large,
pyramidal, moderately compact, some-times branched at base; (berries medium size,
dark purple when "the heavy blue bloom is removed; sweet, pleasant flavor; ripe
J un-e 30th; moderately well adapted ‘here.

"BRILLIANT (Lindlcy a2 Delctware).—0riginated by lMunson. Growth strong,
shoots dark purple; leaves large, more or less 3-'l~olbe~d, slightly silvery to a little
rusty tomentose underneath; bunches large, cylindrical t-o [somewhat pyramidal,
more or less compact: =berries large, purplish red; flavor sprightly sweet, pulp ’ten~
der and juicy. One of the most handsome wrarrieti-es of grapes. Its table quality
seems unsurpassed. Foliage vigorous to late in the fall.

CALABRIAN (Vtn.).—G-rowth strong, shoots smooth, striped with purple;
bunches very large, shouldered, compact; berries large, white and translucent, skin
adheres to pulp; sweet, but acid flavor; ripe June 25th. At ‘the present wri-ting it
shows much sign of weak-ness; 3 vines dead, -and the other one very weak.

CAMBRIDGE (Lab.).——Gro\vth medium to strong, shoots nearly smooth; leaves
shallow, 3-lobed, cinereous underneath; bunches large, pyramidal to oblong, mod-
erately" comp-act; berries black, large, sweet to somewhart musky; thin, tough skin;
ripening somewhat unevenly, resembles Cloneord. Olne of the strongest growing o-f
the labrusca species here, but defoliated October 6, 1896.

CARMAN (Linc. w Tr/iztmph)—()rilginated by Munson. Growth ‘medium, slhoots
slightly downy; leaves large, more or less deeply lobed; Ibun-ches large, conical,
simple or branched at base, very comp-act; ‘berries medium t-o small, black, sweet
to somewhat insipid flavor, pulp firm, seeds large; shows signs of decline, only one
vine being strong, three weak.

CA'rAwBA (Lab. a‘ T’1Tr2..).-—Growth strong, shoots smooth; leaves very large,
slightly 3-lob-ed; bunches medium to large, moderately compact; berries size of

Concord, purple, pleasant sub-acid to srweet; good wine and table grape; hardy-

and a heavy bearer; one of the few lobruscea hybrids adapted to our conditions.

CENTENNIAL (Lab. a" T/'t'n.).——GrouYtl1 weak; leaves rounded, slightly 3-lobed,
smooth; bunches small, moderately compact, small; berries pale red, size of Dela-
ware, sweet and pleasant; has given only one meager crop; n-o‘t adapted to this
climate. .

CHALLENGE (Lab. H g/b.).—-Two very weak vines yielded a few bunches of small,
sweet berries; not adapt-ed there.

CHAMPION (Iiab.).—Groyvtl1 strong", shoots green, with white to rusty felt;
leaves large, with 3 to 5 lobes, which are deep and widely spreading, smooth on top,
silver tomentose underneath; bunches moderately compact, ovate to oblong;
berries medium size, black, and rather musky-sweet flavor; skin thin and tough;
.~s€?48(lS large; a very heavy bearer, but now shows strong signs of decline, two vines
being dead and the other two weak.

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Fig. 6. Brilliant.

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THE GRAPE. 1 1 

CLINTON (La-b. a‘ RiIIJ.).-—GI'OWth medium, shoots smooth and purplish; leaves
medium size, 3-_-lobed; bunches obl-ong, moderately compact, small to medium size;
berries small, very large seed, flavor rather acid, pulp tender, juicy; a wine grape
of moderate vigor; defoliated October 6, 1896.

CONCORD (_Lab.).—T~his Well known old grape has borne two fair crops here, but
is now very weak; not well adapted to this climate.

OONQIIEROR (Lab. H g/b.).—Growth very weak; only one vine living at present,
has borne no fruit for the la-st two years, but gave in 1896 a few loose bunches;
"berries black, size of Concord, blue bloom, sprightly acid; not a table grape.

~CoNELvA (Concord 0c ElviraL-Groxvth medium; leaves la.rge, slightly 3-lobed,
silvery; tomentose when y-o-ung; bunches medium size, compact; berries purplish
black, fall off easy, tough skin, flavor a little insipid; shows signs of decline; two
vines dead.

COLUMBIA (R/ipJr-Growth very strong and vigorous, glabrous; bunch small,
compact; berries small, -black, very fine flavor; not productive, but very persistent
and strong here; undesirable.

COTTAGE (Lab.).——Growth Weak, shoots smooth; leaves large, smooth, 3-lobed,
rusty tomentose underneath, like all l-abrusoas; bunches small, ovate to oblong,
compact; berries moderately large, black, pleasant, sweet flavor; one vine dead;
three living, but weak.

CORNUCOPIA (Rip. Hyb.).—Growtli strong, s-hoofts smooth; leaves roundish,
3-lobed, smooth underneath; bunches elongated ‘to pyramidal, moderately com-
pact; berries medium; (pleasant, vinous flavor; ‘fruit so affected ‘with brown rot
that the crop was worthless; foliage fresh and vigorous on October 6, 1896.

CREVELING (Lab. Hyb.).—Growth medium, shoots slightly downy and slender;
leaves medium size, deeply 3 to 5-lobed; bunches medium ‘to large, oblong, moder-
ately loose; berries medium size, black, sweet to sub-acid and pleasant; shows signs
of weakness; ‘foliage fall-s off early; def-oltiated 6th of October, 1896.

CUNNINGHAM (BourqJr-Growth very strong; leaves large, barely 3-lob-ed,
nearly smooth underneath; bunches medium ‘to large, cylindrical or pyramidal,
with basal branches, moderately comipact; berries small, Iblack, sprightly ‘sweet to
sub-acid, seeds large; not to be recommended as a "table grape; foliage shows some
signs of decline.

DELAWARE (Bourq. a: Lab. [‘?]).—Growth medium to strong; leaves medium
size, m-ore or less deeply 3-lobed; bunches medium size, oblong, compact, generally
with a large basal branch; berries light red, sprightly sweet, pleasant flavor, skin
tough andthin; an excellent table grape; vines remain strong; well known old
variety, whi-ch is frequently reg-arded a standard for go-od table quality.

DELICIOUS (Linc. oar. glauca m B0'a1‘q.).——Originated by Munson. Growth
strong; shoots profuse; leaves medium size, deeply 5-lobed, smooth; bunches pyra-
midal, branched at base, medium size; berries s-mall to medium, black; sprightly
sweet flavor; rather large seeds, skin tough; not‘ very desirable ‘for table use; fol-
iage fresh and unaffected on N-oVemiberS, 1896; a wine grape.

DIANA (Lab. a‘ V/mJr-Grovsrth medium, shoots downy; leaves very large, shal-
“l-ow-3-l-obed, silvery surface ‘underneath; bunch-es oblong, (compact, medium size;
berries rather small, color pale red; sprightly sweet and pleasant; skin tough; seeds
rather large; m-oderately hardy so fear; a very fair grape for table use.

DR. COLLIER. (Lino. oar. glauoa an Lab.).-()riginated by Munson. Growth

strong; shoots glaucous, somewhat streaked with purple; leaves medium to small,
deeply 3 to 5-lob-ed, smooth, decidedly gl-auc-ous underneath; bunches medium to.

large size, oval to oblong, moderately compact; berries dark purple, covered with
wlfrte bloom, fall oil bunch some; flavor sweet to sub-acid, somewhat musky after-
taste; seeds rather large; a hardy variety ‘here; a very fair table grape.

DRACUT (Amber) (Lab). Growth medium to strong, shoots slightly downy;
leaves very large, more or less deeply 3-lobed, pubescent underneath; bunch moder-
ately compact, large; large purplish striped berries; mild, sweet flavor, somewhat
musky; prolific, good table grape; juicy, tender pul-p; small seeds. It shows some
signs of decline now; partly defo-liated October 6, 1896.

Exrnnr GOLDEN (Campbell, firedliwg of Triivntiflt).——Origin~ated by Munson.
Growth medium; shoots smooth, striped with purple; leaves medium size, sh-al-
lo-w-3-lobed, silvery to rusty felted underneath; bunches large, oblong, simple,
often with basal branch, compact; berries medium size, greenish to yellowish white,

]_  TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

translureent; mild, sweet, pleasant flavor,- ‘has good talble quality; declining in
vigor; one vine (lead; two very weak; one moderately strong; evidently would
do well further north.

l<l.l\'|‘o.\‘ (l.¢1b.).——Uro\\‘tl1 medium, shoots green and smooth; leaves very large,
shallo\\‘-.'§-lob~ed, dark green and smooth on top, grayish to rusty Itomentum under-
neath; bunches mostly simple, medium to large, s-omewhat loose; slightly ov-al to
largi: berries. black when fully ripe; mild, sub-acid flavor; 1‘ipens rather irregu-
larly‘; shows some signs of decline in vigor of foliage, like nearly all labrusca do
here.

ICARLY \\'1l\‘1~: (Lil/C. rm‘. f/Iuuctz. w rupestris).—Originated by Munson. Growth
very strong‘; shoots slightly (lowny; ‘leaves very large, deeply 3-lobed and some-
what downy on uzitlei‘sul'lliee; bunches medium to small, ovate to oblong‘, com-
paet: berries small to medium, black, with (heavy bloom; slightly acid, pleasant
flavor: seed large; moderate bearer, free from disease, not unpromising‘; better for
wine than t-a-ble use. _

l<Il.1>o1:.\1>o (Lab. ]-[_1/b.).——Gro\vtl1 weak and slender, foliage not dense; leaves
medium size. rounded and entire, sometimes 3-lobed; bunches large and loose; ‘ber-
ries hirge, white; sweet to sub-acid, pleasant flavor; a good table grape; shows
strong" signs of weakness here; only two very weak vines left; did not fruit ‘this
year.
l‘ll.\'lR.\ (Ifi/t-Ilub.).—Growtl1 medium, shoots smooth; leaves very large, sl1al-
lo\v-.‘3-lobed, jagged margins, nearly smooth underneath; bunches small, oval, com-
pact, medium to small, greenish white; mild sweet to sirb-zllcid tlavoi‘: affected
somewhat by broxvn rot; vigorous, but was defoliatetl on October 6, 1896; a Wine
grape of good quality. -

ELvIeANp (Elziira m lllinstang)Q-Originatled by Munson. Growth very strong,
shoots and underside of leaves white woolly; leaves "very large; shallow‘, 3-lobed;
bunches small. moderately loose; berries medium size ‘to sin-all, dark purplish:
flavor sweetish to sub-acid, with slight hlustang" flavor; seed large; shy bearer,
vigorous and hardy; not to be recommended for talble use in View of many better
varieties; evidently well adapted over a large area of the State.

EMPIRE STATE (Lab. .70 T"il1.).——Gro\vtl1 medium; shoots smooth; leaves medium
size, 3 to 5-lolbed, slightly tomentose underneath; bunches medium size, oval, ob-
long, eormpacit; berries medium size, mildly sweet to sub-aoid flavor; shows some
signs of decline now, being injured by (heat and dry weather ‘here.

]fi'|"r.\ (Lab. 1' Rip.).—Growtl1 medium; shoots smooth; leaves very large, shal-
lo\\'-3-lobed, Jagged margin, smootih undersurfalee; bunches small, compact; too
weak for good observations on fruit.

EIrMEoEL (Lab. a- Deluzcare).—Originated by Munson. Growth medium to
weak; leaves medium to small, deeply 3 to 5-lobed, slightly tomentose underneath;
bunches medium size. oblong. moderately (compact; berries medium size, dark pur-
ple color: delicate sweet to slightly musky flavor; shows signs of decline, one vine
dead and the other three living have the foliage scorched i-n midsummer.

EUMELAN (Lab. .rr T’z'n.).—Gro\vth medium; shoots smooth and purplish; leaves
more or less deeply 3-lobed. smooth underneath; bunehes medium to small, oblong,
moderately compact, often with a. large basal branelh; berries small, black;
sprightly sweet flavor; seeds lather ‘large for the fruit; shows signs of decline ‘by
foliage being weak in midsummer‘; defoliated October 6. 1896, after severe drouth.

EXFPJLSIOR (Lab. .r iI'i//.).—Gro\vtl1 medium; shoots green, glabrous; leaves
medium size. shallow. 3-lobed: slightly dovrn)‘ underneath: bunches large, shoul-
dered. moderately eompatnt; berries medium to large, punplislh red; sweet, vin-ous,
pleasant ‘flavor. but sounmvihiat tough pulp; shows very little sign of weakness;
rather strong" for a variety having labrusca blood.

EVA (I,ub.).—Gro\vtI1 weak: shoots slightly downy; leaves shallow-3-lobed,
grayish to rusty tomentosr- 1ll1(l(3‘l‘I1811t-l1; bunches small, ova-l, modelwrtely’ compact;
berries medium size. white: flavor rather sweet. a little foxy; sh-ows signs oif weak-
ness; was deloliated on (3th of October. 1894i.

FAITH (ltip. -I‘ Lab.).—Gro\vth medium; shoots smooth; leaves la1‘ge, more or
less deeply 3-lolberl, with jagged margins; bum-hes elongated, compact; berries
small. white: sprigbtly sweet; tough skin; many afleeted by brown rot; vines re-
main rather strong‘. but are somewhat injured durin-g summer" by heat.

l". ll. HAYS (I.(rI).).-G‘ro\vtl1 very weak: leaves medium to large, 3-lobed, IIIIClGT-

"rim omrris. 1 157

surface canscent; bunches small, ovate, moderately compact; berries medium size,
greenish. white; sprightly’ sweet, a. little musky; skin lilllll, but tough; weak; de-
foliated 6th of October, 1890.

FERN MUNsoN (Linc. var. ylaucu a: (latawbai)r-Originated by Muuson. Growth
very strong; shoots slightly downy; leaves very large, slrallo\v-3-lolherl, smoohli on
undersurface; bunches elongated, loose, medium size, often shouldered; berries
purplish black, medium size; sprightly sweet; pulp firm; hardly rcommemlerl for
table use; t-Wo vines strong, tlhe other twoniearly defoliated in July; a rat-her shy
bearer.

FLOWERS (Rotundifolia).——Bunc'h small, loose; berry smaller than 'l‘honras,
round, black; a little more acid than that of Thomas, and not as (lesir-aihle to eat.

GAZELLE (Hyb.).—Gromvtil1 medium to weak; shoots smooth, oliten tinged with
purple; leaves medium size, t! to fj-lobed, smooth on both sides; bunches small, ob-
long, moderately compact; berries small, greenish w/hite; sprighttv sweet, pleasant
flavor; sh-ows signs of Weakness in midsummer; defoliated on October (i, 1896.

GOETHE (Lab. :0 Vin.).—Growtl1 medium; shoots smooth; leaves very large,
shallow-fii-lobed, slightly caneseent underneath; bunches large, oblong, loose; ber-
ries very large, pink, somewhat oval; pleasant, sweet flavor; excellent table grape
and good for shipping; shows considerable signs of weakness in midsummer; two
vines dead.

GOLDEN -GEM (Delaicarc a: Clinton).—Groxv‘th medium; shoots smooth; leaves
small to medium, more or less 3-lobed, nearly smooth underneath; bunches small.
oval, conrpact; berries small to medium size, white; pulp melting, juicy; skin brit-
tle; sprightly sweet and pleasant honey-flavor; moderately hardy, quite prolific;
the earliest grape in our vineyard; quite good for table use.

GOLD.COIN (Norton (v Zllartha).—Originated by Munson. Growth (medium;
leaves very l-arge, barely 3-lobed, smooth underneath; bunches medium to large,
moderately loose, ovate, frequently shouldered; berries ratiher large, yellowish
White; musky, sweet, pleasant flavor; prolific; a promising talble grape; appar-
ently well adapted to our conditions; only paitiailly defoliated in November, 1896.

Gov. Ross (Lab. a0 VM.).——Originated by Munson. Grmvth medium to strong;
shoots green, glabrous; leaves very large, slralloW-3-lobed, jagged margin, slightly
canscent underneath; bunches medium to large, oblong, and moderately compact;
berries large. S(.\!]1€‘.\'l1tlt oval; sprigl1tly' sweet and of good tl-avor; a good table
grape; well adapted to the soil and climate here; not so promising at Denison.

GREINS GOLDEN (13.11). w LO/().).——G1‘0\\"~tl1 somewhat weak; shoots slightly
downy; leaves 3elobed, large, nearly smooth underneatlh; ‘bunches small, white.
medium size; mild acid flavor; shoiws weakness in foliage during midsummer.

GRAYSON (Lr1I).).—Originated by Uunsou. }rowtl1 weak; shoots green,- slightly
tomentose; leaves medium size, barely 3-lobed, covered with grayish-rusty tomen-
tu-m underneath; ‘bunches small and moderately loose. round; berries black, me-
dium size; slhy bearer; shows signs off weakness under our conditions; can not
reccommend it.

GREEN MOUNTAIN (Lab. .r T'irl.).—Gro\vtl1 medium to weak; shoots glabrous;
leaves medium size, deeply 3-loberl. rusty tomentose underneath; bunches large
generally with one large basal branch, appearing doulble, moderately compact; ber-
ries medium size, greenish white; delicate, sweet to slightly musky flavor; pulp
juicy, melting; an excellent table grape: moderately hardy here, but defoliated in
October, 1896.

HARTFORD (I,(II).).—Gro\vtli medium: shoots reddish, woolly; leaves large,
3-lobed, grayish tomentose lllldfildleiltlll bunches cylindrical, medium size. moder-
ately compact; berries medium size. dark blue: {ileasant sub-acid flavor: a good
table grape, but only moderatetv hardy here; shows weakness in midsummer.

HERBEMONT (Buurrp, .l[un.).—-’l‘his well lUIOIWII old variety is one of the strong-
est growing and heaviest bearing varieties in our vineyard; produced 1S pounds per
vine during last season. "Elmo-ugh the (berries are small, still it is a good table grape,
owing to its good flavor when fully ripe. It is sometimes sold in the market be-
fore fully ripe, which does (tlhe variety a great injustice. It is also a good wine
grape. For general purposes there are few varieties better adapted to the uses
orf tlhe general -gro|\vei' in Texas.

HERMANN (B0u1'q., ]l[1l7l90)l).-—‘(:irTO\\'tll very strong; shoots smooth; leaves very
l-arge, more or less deeply 3-lobed; ‘bunches long, rarely shouldered, moderately
compact; berries ‘medium to small, dark ipurple; vinous. sweet flavor; a hardy
variety, similar to Herbemont; foliage fresh October 6, 1896.

 TEXAS AGRICULTURAE EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

HERMANN Jacesn (L-inc. qnar. glrrucrr m Bourq.).-—Originated by Munson
Growth very strong, very slightly downy; leaves very large, deeply 3 to 5-lobed,
nearly smooth on undersurface; bunches very large, shouldered, pyramidal to ob-
long, compact; berries small, black; sprightly’ sweet to sub-acid flavor; pulp very
juicy; seeds a little large for berry; very showy, on account of large, handsome
branches". not a first-class table grape, but good; Well adapted to our conditions;
foliage green and fresh as late as November in 1896.

HERBERT (Lab. ar: Viral-Growth strong; leaves large, scarcely lobed; bunches
large, pyramidal, moderately loose; berries very large, (black; mild sweet to sub-
acid, very pleasant flavor; pulp firm; skin moderately tough; a vigorous grovver,
quite hardy, and a prolific variety; good table quality; defoliated in October, 1896.

HIGHLAND (Lab.-Vin.).-—Growth medium; shoots smooth; leaves barely 3-lobed,
jagged margin; bunches very large, pyramidal, moderately compact; rberries very
large, black; flavor sub-acid: pulp very tender; moderately hardy, with dense,
strong foliage; hunches vcry handsome; shows a little weakness in midsummer.

HoPKIxs (Lino. tar. y/lnuca .1: Acst.).—~Originated by Munson. Bunch broad
base, conical, compact; berry a little ‘larger than Lenoir; a little a-cid; a ‘wine
grape; all dead at present writing except one vine.

HIJMBoLT (Elvira a: Herbcmont).—-Growth moderately strong; shoots nearly
smooth; leaves very large, barely 3-lobed, nearly smooth on undersurface; berries
dull greenish. white, not atttraetive, medium size; flavor sweetish to sub-acid; much
affected by brown rot ; defoliated in October, 1896.

IONA (Lab. a7 Vin.).-—Growth medium; shoots slightly woolly; leaves large,
R-lobed ; downy underneath; bunches large to medium; berries purple; sweet to sub-
acid and of good fl-avor; pul-p quite juicy; would ship well; attractive; only mod-
erately hardy here; defoliated in October, 1896.

ISABELLA (Lab. m Vimy-Growth strong; shoots smooth; leaves very large,
more or less deeply 3-lobed, slightly tomentose underneath; bunches small, oval to
oblong, moderately compact; berries large, purplish black; mild sweet to sub»-
acid flavor; pulp (tender; seeds, only one or two; skin thin rand tough; ripens un-
evenly; shows signs of weakness now; partly defoliated in October, 1896.

ISRAELLA (Lab. m Vin.).—Growth weak; in characteristics of vine, foliage, and
fruit it resembles Isabella, but more prolific.

IvEs SEEDLING (Lab.).—Growth somewhat weak; shoots slightly rusty, tomen-
cose; leaves medium, barely 3-lobed, silvery to slightly rusty underneath; bunches
small to medium, cylindrical, and moderately compact; berries medium size, black,
very pulpy; sub-acid to slightljy musky; three vines which are living are moder-
ately hardy; not a good table grape; owing (to coloring early, long before ripe, it
is thrown upon the market, which it quickly demoralizes and gives little profit.

JANESVILLE (Lab.).—GroWth weak; shoots smooth; leaves medium size, shal-
low-3-lcbed, tomentose underneath; bunches small to medium size, oval, and com-
pact; berries medium size, black; sweet, musky flavor; tough skin and rather
large seed; moderately good table quality; not (hardy here; three vines living are
week; defoliated in October, 1896.

JEFFERSON (Lab. a" Vin.).—G1'owth medium; shoots short jointed and slightly
downy; foliage medium size, barely 3-lobed, silvery down underneath; ‘bunches
large, broadly pyramidal, somewhat irregular, and branched; berries large, pur-
rplish red; sprightly sweet, pulp melting; excellent for table use; has medium
hardiness here; nearly defoliated in October, 1896.

JESSICA (‘Vim ?).—Died before fruiting.

JEWELL ( H ybrrid).—Gro\vth very weak; leaves medium to large, shalloW-IB-lobed;
bunches medium size, pyramidal and moderately compact; berries medium to
small, black, flavor pleasant, sweet; pulp soft and juicy; thin but tough skin.
Only three "weak vines living.

LADY (LUI}.).-"—GI'OWth very weak; foliage has the characteristics of the labrusca
types; bunches compact; berries white, sprightly sweet. Only one weak vine living
at time of writing.

LADY ‘VASIIINGTON (Lab. m Vin.).——Growth medium; shoots slightly downy;
leaves large, rotund to slightly 3-lobed, silvery downy underneath; bunches large,
pyramidal, moderatel y compact; berries medium size, pale amber, pleasant sprightly
sweet flavor; skin only moderately ‘tough; seeds small. Prolific. A good table
variety. Only one moderately strong vine living at time of writing.

‘lnuissEL (Linc. mu". y/Irumrr m (I-olrl (I01T2r).-—Originated by Munson. Growth
strong; shoots smooth, often streaked with purple; leaves very large, shallow-

TI-llil GRAPE. I 

3--lobed, jagged margin; bunches oblong, compact, medium size; berries medium
size, purplish black, sprightly sweet to sub-acid; skin tough; seeds, three to four,
and large for a table grape; ripens a little unevenly. A hardy variety. kph-age
was fresh in October, 1896.

LLNolu (Liourq, .Ll.L"'!lll-‘;Oll).—Gl'O\\'l}l1 strong. This well known old variety is
strong and vigorous here. Bears well. Strictly a wine grape. Not quite as pro-
ductive as Herbemont n-or near so good for table use.

LINHERBE (Linidley w Hcrbenl-ont).—Originated by Munson. Growth strong;
shoots slender, smooth and purplish; leaves medium to small, deeply 3 to 5-lobed,
smooth; bunches small, oblong; berries small, reddish, translucent; flavor sweet;
seeds rather large for size of grape; pulp a little firm. A hardyvariety here.
Foliage fresh in October, 1896.

LINDLEY (Lab. a; Viiny-Growth strong; shoots green and smooth; leaves
large, barely 3-lobed, smoothish underneath; bunches large, ovate to oblong,
moderately loose; berries large, clear red; pleasant, sprightly sweet flavor. Pro-
lific and of good table quality. Lacks some in hardiness here; nearly defoliated
in July. Was about defo-liated in October, 1896.

LUTIE (Lab.).—Growth medium to weak; shoots downy when young; leaves
medium size, barely 3-lobed, grayish downy underneath; bunches large, oblong,
pyramidal, moderately compact; ‘berries large, round, reddish brown; sprightly
sweet ‘to very musky flavor; skin tough and pulp tend-er. An excellent table grape,
but a shy bearer. Moderately hardy. Defoliated in October, 1896.

MARION (Lab. cc Ripl-Growth weak; shoots downy; leaves medium size,.

deeply 3-lobed, grayish downy underneath; bunches medium size, oval t-o oblong,
moderately compac-t; berries size of Concord; black, musky sweetish flavor; skin

tough. One vine dead, the three living rather weak. Nearly defoliated in Octo-
ber, 1896.

MARGUERITE (Linc. w Bourq.).—-Originated by Munson. Growth strong; shoots-

smooth, glaucous, oiften streaked with purple; leaves large, deeply 3 to 5-lobed;
smoth and slightly glauc-ous on undersurface; bunches small, oval to oblong, and
compact; berries small, ‘black; pleasant and sprightly sweet flavor; pulp tender,
but seeds raither too large (for table grape; resembles Herbemomt in berries and
vine. Rather shy bearer on short canes. Very strong and vigorous here.

MASSASOIT (Lab. 4v Vin.).—Growth medium; shoots glabrous; leaves medium
size, shallow-3-lobed, nearly smooth underneath; bunches oblong, moderately loose;
berries large, purplish red; pulp melting; flavor pleasant, sprightly sweet; skin
tough. Prolific. An excellent table grape. Only moderately ‘hardy, foliage being
sun-scorched in August. Defoliated in October, 1896.

MASON SEEDLING (Lab.).—Gro\vtl1 weak; shoots smooth, leaves barely 3-lobed;
bunches medium size, oblong to pyramidal, somewhat loose; berries pale green;
sweet and somewhat musky flavor; not hardy here. Only two weak vines living.

MARTHA (L(lb.).——G-ro\vtl1 rather weak; shoots with slightly rusty tomentum
when young; leaves large, barely 3-lobed; bunches medium size, oblong, loose;

berries dark green, nearly as large as Concord; rather musky, pleasant, sweet

flavor. A very fair table grape. Shows signs of weakness during midsummer.

MERRIMAC (Lab. a: Viiuy-Growth medium to weak; shoots smooth, leaves very
large, B-loibed, nearly smooth underneath; bunches medium to small, oval, mod-
erately compact berries, very large, black; pulp melting; sweet to somewhat sub-
acid flavor. A showy grape on account of large size. Rather shy bearer. Only
moderately hardy here. Three living vines sun-scorched in August. Defoliated
in October, 1896.

Mus. MUNSON (Linc. m B0urq.).—Originated by Munson. Growth medium to
strong; shoots smooth and glaucous; leaves medium to large, barely 3-lobed,
smooth and sonxewhat glaucous underneath; bunches oblong, pyramidal, very com-
pact, medium to small size; berries small, dark purplish; sprightly sweet, pleasant
flavor; berries rather small, otherwise a very good table grape and would ship well.
The three living vines very hardy. Foliage fresh in October, 1896.

MIssIoN (syn. E1 Paso. Vin. m Girdiancu?)).—Growth medium to weak; shoots
purplish; leaves smooth, 5-lobed, and with characteristics of vinifera type; bunches
large, loose: flavor mildly sweet. All vines dead at the present writing.
treme sovuthxtrost Texas. ‘along lthe Rio Grande River, it seems to do well. Large
vineyards of it are planted there. Frequently found in the markets of the State
until laate in the winter. Ships well. Poor appearance on market stands.

In ex-

 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Alooiuc l)1.\.\|o.\'i> (IA/l). .1‘ l'l//.).—~(£ro\vtl1 weak; bunch oblong", sometimes
shouldered; berries white, medium size; sweet ‘to sonunvlrat musky, with firm pulp.
Not adapted to our conditions. Only t-w.) very weak vines left.

i\l<>.\"ri~:i=i()iuc (Rip. .1: 1.r.1b.).—(jro\vth medium to weak; shoots smooth; leaves
medium size, barely ll-lobed, slightly canescent underneath; bunches medium to
small, tiblong‘ lpy'1'aiviidal, ‘('I)}l11)2l(fl;; berries black, sprigvhtIyY sweet, small; mud-
ciu-itcly l1ard_y' here. Defoliated in October‘, 1896.

Moomc EARLY (Imb.).-—(jro\\r'tl1 and foliage rather weak; shoots smooth, barely
B-lobed, rusty down underneath; bunches small, rather compact; berries l-arge,
black, sprightly’ sweet, musky flavor. A g-ood table grape. Earlyi; not hardy here.
Defoliarted in October. 1890.

Mo. RiusLiNo (ltip. 41: liub.).—Growtl1 medium; shoots green; leaves medium
size, 5ll&lll()\\'-3~l0l)0tl, glabrous on top; close, silvery tomentum underneath; bunches
oblong to oval, compact, small; 'berries small, pale green; sweet to slightly mu-slcy’,
pleasant llavor; motlerately hardy. Shy bearer here.

Monooco (l"iII.).—VlI1=eS short jointed, somewhat weak; ‘bunches small; onlly
a lew very’ large, dark purple berries; mildly sweet to sub-acid flavor. Not adapted
to our conditions, only one weak vine being left.

NAOMI (Rip. a; Lab.) .1: Vini.).—Gro\vtl1 medium to strong; shoots smooth; leaves
shallo\v-3-lol.)erl, Jagged margin; bunches medium size, elongated, moderat-ely com-
pact; berries small, whi-te to aanlber; pulp rather hand; skin tough; pleasant acid
flavor. Good table grape. Not lhardy here, only ‘tllrree weak vines living n-ow.
Sun-scorched in August. .

NIAGARA (Lab. .1: l’1?/r.).—G~1'0\vtl1 medium to strong; shoots green and smooth;

leaves large, shallow-Il-lobcd, silvery down underneath when young; bunches large,

ovate to oblong, 1noderately_ conrpazdt; berries ‘large, White; pulp melting; vinous
sweet flavor; skin thin and tough. A good table gnape and would ship well. _Nolt
hardy here. Gradually shown Weakness until only one weak vine is alive. A good
grape where it is adapted. Too far south here to live long.

Nice-silo (Irina. "lY/j‘. gIn*/1c'r.l).~—VViltl, from woods of Southwest Missouri; growth
medium; shoots glaucous, purplish tinged; leaves large, shallow-3-lobed, glaucous

"lll1(lCl‘)1G;1lill; bunches oblong, moderately loose and mostly small; berries medium to

small, black, sprigihtly’ sweet flavor, firm pulp with rather large seed; vigorous.

NEVA M LrivsoN (N eosho .1‘ H (FFDCIII/IJI/f).—-—O1'ig'll1flt6(l by Munson. Giowth strong‘;
shoots and learmes much like those of BI-arguerite; bunches oblong", pvralnidal; ber-
ries dark purple, small, pleasant, sprightlyr sweet flavor; pulp tender and juicy;
resembles l\fla1j<_-;1uu'ite. but berries a little smaller. A hardy variety here, but not
a lltHlV)’ bearer. Foliage fresh i11 October, 1896. '

NEWMAN (Linc. mu‘. y/Znuca a- ’I’/riun1p71).—-Orig'inated by Munson. Growth
strong; shoots slightly downy, streaked with purple; leaves large to very large,
shallo\v-3-lobcd, coarse serratures on the margin; bunches medium to large, loose;
berries large. black, sub acid to sweet, pulp rather firm, pleasant flavor. A hardy

variety. Promising late grape, was a little (lefoliatetl in ‘October, 1896.

'NEw I-TAvEN (Ilab.).—Gro\vth weak; leaves deeply 3-lobed; bunches small, ob--

long, oval, moderately compact; berries medium to small, pale green, sweet to
slightly musky flavor; skin tough. Not hardy here. Defoliaterl October, 189G.

NOAH (EIr/irrt Seedling.)—-Growtl1 medium to weak; shoots smooth, leaves shal-
lmv-ii-lobed, rusty, downy underneath: bunches small, rather irregular in shape;
yellowish, large, plealszlnt, sweet to sub-zicid flavor. Vines (lying at the present
writing.

NORFOLK (Lab. a? T’4TIl.).—-G1‘o\\'tl| medium; shoots smooth; leaves medium size,
3-lobetl, grayish, downy underneath; bimches large oblong, moderately’ compact;
berries large, purplish red, flavor sweet. pulp tender and _iuicv. Vines weal; here,
foliage scorched in July. Nearly defoliated in October, 1896.

bloIFroN (Aesf.).—---~Gro\vtl1 strong: shoots smooth and glaucous; leaves medium
size, 3~-lobe.d, somewhat glaucous underneath; bunches elongated, compact: berries
black. rather small, llavor rather acid. A wine gi-ape. Hardy here. shy bearer.

NORTH CAROLINA (In/b.).—Gro\rtl1 medium; shoots rusty, downy; leaves
medium size deeply il-lobed. grayish downy underneath: bilnches small, oval to ob-
long and moderately (‘fllllpilUtl berries hirge. light reddish, sweet but a little musky.
Nloderately hardy. but nearly defoliatcrl in October, 1896.

NORTHERN RTrsoAmNr". (IZab.).——Gro\vtl1 medium: shoots rusty-downy; leaves
medium sire. barely Sl-Iobed. giayish to rusty downy underneath: bunches small,
roundish. mostly ctnnru-u-t: berries large, dull. reddish color; flavor a little musky,

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BLANK PAGE IN ORIGINAL

THE GRAPE. . 1 15 1

/

sweet; pulp firm; skin tough. A heavy bearer; strongly resembles Dracut Amber.
Moderately well adapted here. lnjui-ed some by hot weather during mid-simimer.

01.1171; (Delaware 1v I1'ving).—Gro\vtl1 medium; shoots smooth; leaves medium
size, 3 to 5-lobed; bunches large and shouldered; berries medium size, while;
llavor sprightly sweet. Excellent table quality. Good for shipping. Moderately
hardy. Nearly defoliated in October, 1896.

ONDERDONK 090011117119 of Herbemont).—Originated by Munson. (lrowth very
vigorous; shoots smooth; leaves large, more or less deeply 3 to 5-lobed; bunches
medium to large, oblong to pyramidal, compact; berries small, white, translucent,
with minute dots, sprightly sweet to sub-acid flavor; pulp rather scant. Afifected
some by soft rot. Very hardy here. Foliage vigorous in October, 1896. A good
small grape.

OPAL (Lab. a? Vin.).-—Growth strong; leaves medium size, barely 3-lobed, silvery
downy underneath ; bunches large, oblong‘, compact, sometimes shouldered; berries
medium size, white, fiavor sweet, somewhat firm pulp; moderately good for table
use. Shows signs of Weakness during midsummer. Nearly defoliated in October,
1896.

ORIoLE (Li-no. var. glauca a: Brmrq.).—Originated by Munson. Growth strong;
shoots slightly downy, smooth and purplish streaked; leaves very large, shallow,
S-lobed, smooth underneath; bunches oblong, medium size, often shouldered, mod-
erately compact; berries black, small, sweet; skin tough; seeds large for berry. A
hardy variety. Foliage fresh in October, 1896. Shy bearer.

' UTHELLO (Rip. a Lab.) a: Vin.).—Growth moderate; leaves medium size, gla-
brous; bunches oblong, moderately compact, medium size, berries black, sprightly,
sweet, sub-acid, pulp firm. Too weak for bearing during last year.

PEABODY (Iii-p. a3).—'l‘oo weak for notes.

PEARL (Rip. w Iiab.).—Growth medium, leaves large, 3-lobed, ‘and smooth;
bunches small, compact; berries pale yellow, pulp soft, sweet. Moderately hardy,
but unproductive here.

PERKINS (Lab.).—Growth weak; shoots slightly downy when young; leaves me-
dium size, shallow-3-lobed; silvery downy underneath; bunches small, compact;
berries dull red, about size of Concord; flavor a little musky, sweet. Not hardy
here-all dead but one weak vine. .

PERRY (Linc. var. glauca a: B011.rq.).—Originated by Munson. Growth medium;
shoots slender, short jointed, smooth and glaucous; leaves medium size, 3-lobed,
jag'ged margin, glaucous underneath; bunches oblong, pyramidal, irregularly
shaped, loose; berries black, small, sweetish to sub-acid flavor; seed large for a
small table grape. Moderately prolific. Very hardy. Foliage fresh in October,
1896.

PETER WYLIE (Lab. a Vtn.).—Growth medium to strong; shoots smooth; leaves
medium to small, shallow-3-lobed, glabrous underneath; bunches medium to large,

oval, sometimes shouldered; berries medium size, greenish white, sweet, pleasant

flavor when fully ripe ,- skin thin, but tough ; pulp tender and juicy. One of the
most prolific table varieties here, and moderately hardy. Defoliated in October,
1896.

POCKLINGTON (Lab.).—Too weak for notes.

POUGHKEEPSIE (Delaware scedling).—Growth rather weak; shoots purplish,
smooth; leaves 3 to 5-lobed, smooth underneath; medium size, pyramidal, fre-
quently shouldered, moderately compact; berries about one-third larger than Dela-
ware, light red. sprightly, sweet and very pleasant flavor. An excellent table va-
riety. Quite prolific. Only moderately hardy. Defoliated in October, 1896.

PBESLY (Elvira m Champion).—-Originated by Munson. Growth medium; shoots
reddish; leaves large, deeply 3-lobed, glabrous on top, rusty tomentose underneath;
bunches, oblong, oval, moderately loose; berries small, dark purplish, musky sweet
flavor; pulp very tender and juicy. Moderately hardy.

PRENTISS (Lab. a: Vtn.).—Growth medium; leaves medium size, 3-lobed, smooth
underneath; bunches oblong, compact; berries medium size, white, sprightly, sweet,
table quality quite good. Not hardy here. Prolific. Defoliated in October, 1896.

RAGAN (Linc. var. glauca a: Triumph).—Originated by Munson. Growth strong;
shoots smooth, purplish; leaves large, 3-lobed, smooth; bunches medium to small,
oblong, berries small, black, mildly sub-acid to sweet, skin tough, thin, seeds too
large for a table grape. Hardy. Was partly defoliated in October, 1896.

*2—BUL. 48,

1162 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

RENTZ (Lab.).—Growth weak; leaves medium size, scarcely 3-lobed, silvery un-
derneath; bunches few, small, irregular in shape, smooth; flavor a little acid and
foxy. color black. Not adapted to our climate. Vines about dead.

REQUA (Lab. w Way-Growth long, slender; leaves medium size, deeply 3-lobed,
silvery downy underneath; bunches medium to large, loose; berries purple. Too
Weak for further notes. Dying at present.

ROANOKE (Cord. w Lab.) w Vtn.).—Growth medium; shoots smooth; leaves very
rotund, cordate, entire, with small serratures on margins. Not enough fruit to
take notes on. _

ROGERS N0. 2 (Lab. w Vtn.).—Growth moderately strong; bunches large and
loose; berries large, dark brown, rather acid. Moderately hardy. Defoliated Oc-
tober, 1896. A large, handsome grape.

ROCHESTER (Lab. w Vtn.).——Growth medium; shoots smooth; leaves very large,
shallow-3-lobed, slightly grayish downy underneath; ‘bunches large, elongated,
moderately compact; berries large, purple, sweet to sub-acid, pleasant flavor, thin
skin. Moderately hardy, but not very prolific. Defoliated October, 1896.

R. W. MUNsoN (Li/no. var. gla/zwa w Triumplb).—Originated by Munson. Growth
strong; shoots smooth’, leaves 3 to 5-lobed, smooth underneath; bunches oblong to
oval, moderately loose, small to medium size; berries small to medium size, black,

sweet to sub-acid; pulp ‘very’ juicy; bunches and berries similar to those of Beacon.

Quite hardy, but somewhat defoliated October, 1896. A

lomvnsL (EI/vira- w fl’?"tu11tph/).—Originated by Munson. Growth medium to
weak; shoots often purplish striped; leaves medium size, shallow-3-l-obed, smooth
on both sides; bunches medium. to small, oblong, moderately compact; berries
large, greenish white, sweet, sub-acid, pleasant flavor, sprightly. A good table
grape. Shows some signs of weakness in midsummer, especially if over-cropped.

SALEM (Lab. w Vtmy-Growth very weak; leaves medium size, scarcely 3-lobed,
silvery downy underneath; bunches large, compact, oval; berries large, dark purple,
laleasant, mild, sweet flavor; pulp rather firm. Not hardy here. Only one weak
vine alive. '

SCUPPERNONG (Rotu-rzdtfol/ia; synonyms, Yellow Muscadine, White Muscadine).
We have not known an insect nor a disease to attack this grape. Bunch very
small; berries large, round, light rusty yellow, flavor pleasant, sweet and quite
good table quality. “lVas discovered by the colony of Sir Walter Raleigh in 1554.,
on the Island of Roanoke, N. C. (in the Scuppernong River, hence the name), and
the original vine is said still to exist there, being over 300 years of age.”* Ripe
August 29th. Very hardy.

SECRETARY (Vulp. w V131z1.).--Grow'th medium; leaves small, rotund to 3-lobed,
glabrous; bunches medium to large; berries a little smaller than Concord, dark
red; pulp melting; skin tough; flavor pleasant, acid. Too weak for bearing during
the last two years.

TAYLOR BULLET (Rip. w Lab.).-—-Growth rather strong; leaves rather small,
rotund, smooth, scarcely- 3-lobed; bunches small. Too weak for fruiting during the
last two years.

TELEGRAPH (Lab.).—G~rowth medium; leaves medium size, broadly cord-ate,
barely 3-lobed, silvery downy underneath; bunches medium to large, compact;
berries size of Concord; pulp hard, skin tough, flavor a little acid. This variety
bore very heavily during the first year of its fruiting, but now all vines are about
dead, which is characteristic of most labrusca species here.

THOMAS (Rotunld/ifolta).—Growth strong; bunches small, round, loose; berries
very large, larger than Scuppernong, glossy, black, adheres to peduncle much more
firmly than Scuppernong, but is not so good.

TRANSPARENT (Rip. w Lab.).——Growth very weak; shoots short jointed and red-
dish; leaves smooth, 3-lobed, jagged margin; bunches small; berries small, greenish
white. YVeak and defoliated in July. _ Not adapted here.

UHLAND (Rip. w Lab.).—Growth medium; shoots smooth, reddish; leaves me-
dium size, barely 3-lobed, jagged margin, smooth; bunches oblong, compact; ber-
ries small, whitish green, pleasant, sweet flavor; seeds rather large for berries.
Shows signs of decline; one vine dead, three vines very weak.

ULsTER PRoLIEIc (Lab.-Hyb.).——Growth weak; leaves small, 3-lobed, reddish
tomentose underneath; bunches small; berries small, reddish brown, rather large
seed, pleasant, sweet flavor. The four vines are weak now.

* Bushberg Catalogue, p. 177.

BLANK PAGE IN ORIGINAL

3% w. zaaqamm o» Qemwmm fiemmazémm m: w v9. n33. fioifimammrwmm.

BLANK PAGE IN ORIGINAL

THE GRAPE. 1 163

VENANGO (Lab.).—.-Growth medium; leaves rotund, scarcely lobed, silvery downy
underneath. Bore a little fruit the third year; has been too weak to bear since
then.

VERGENNES (Lab.).—Gr0\vth slender; foliage rather scanty, medium size leaves,
silvery downy underneath. Too weak for bearing during the last two years.

WALTER (Bourq. w Lab.).—Gro\vtl1 medium; leaves large, deeply 3-lobed, smooth
on both sides; bunches medium size, oblong to pyramidal, compact; berries light
red, sprightly sweet. A hardy variety here, but Was somewhat defoliated on Oc-
tober, 1896. \

WHITEHALL (Lab.).——-Bunches oblong, medium size; berries large as Concord,
white, pulp melting, liavor pleasant, acid. A fine table grape. Very weak here,
not at all adapted to this climate.

WILDER (Lab. m Vi7b.).-'—GI'OWth medium; leaves large, deeply 3-lobed, silvery
dcwny_underneath; bunches large, elongated; berries large and black, closely re-
seinbling Herbert; moderately prolific; good table quality. The three vines now
living are very weak; not long lived here.

WOODRUFF (Lab.).—Growth weak; leaves medium size, shallow, 3-lobed, silvery
underneath; bunches pyramidal, oblong, compact; berries medium to large, pale
red; flavor sprightly, sweet, and somewhat musky; skin tough, but cracks; pulp
firm; good table quality. Prolific. Weak here. Only one weak vine alive at
time of writing.

WORDEN (Lab.).—Growth medium; shoots smooth; leaves very large, 3 to 5-
lobed, grayish to rusty tomentose underneath; bunches large, oblong, moderately
compact: berries large, black, mild, sweet to slightly musky flavor. One vine
moderately strong now; two very weak. Drops from bunch and cracks open.

W. B. MUNsoN (Linc. var. glauca zv Triumphy-Originated by Munson. Growth
strong; shoots glabrous; leaves large, 3-lobed, coarsely serrated margin, smooth on
both sides; bunches medium size, oblong, moderately compact; berries medium size,
black, quite pleasant, sweet flavor, seeds a little large. Moderately prolific. Prom-
ising as a table grape. lipe July 15th; foliage fresh in October, 1896. Mildews at
Denison. Promising for Southwest 'l‘exas.

WYOMING RED (LaILy-(Synonym, Wilmington Red)—Growth weak; leaves
scarcely S-lobed, rusty underneath; bunches medium size, pyramidal, moderately
loose, berries medium to small, purplish red, sprightly sweet flavor. Not hardy
here. ‘

ZINFANDEL (Viruy-Groxvth medium to weak; foliage as in Muscat of Alex-
ander, or characteristic of vinifera species; bunches very large and pyramidal,
compact, so much crowded on bunch that many berries burst; berries large, black,
roundish, mild and pleasant sub-acid flavor; skin a little tough, pulp somewhat
firm, ripens a little unevenly; very prolific. A good table grape; showy. Not
hardy here; only one weak-vine left at time of writing.

WHAT VARIETIES TO PLANT?

No one variety can scarcely be recommended for general planting in
the State. The purposes for which people want a grape may be quite
different, and the so-il, climate, and latitude affect varieties ‘very mate-

‘ rially. It would be best, therefore, for the grower to go over the notes

and select out from the varieties those most likely to succeed in a given
location, and which will bear fruit of the kind wanted. The following
varieties have done well for us as table grapes: Brilliant, Bailey, Dela-
ware, Dracut, Duchess, Golden Gem, Gold Coin, Green Mountain, and
Herbert. The following are wine grapes o-f much promise: America,
Catawba, Herbemonrt, Hermann, Le Noir, and Mrs. Munson.

CLASSIFICATION OF GRAPES.

=So much has been written upon the classification of grapes, and so
much doubt still exists in the minds of specialists upon this subject, that
it is not deemed advisable nor necessary to enter into a lengthy discussion

1164 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. -

of the subject here. At the same time, it must be admitted that to be
most successful in viticulture, some knowledge of the classification of
grapes is necessary. Perhaps T. V. Munson has done more than any other
man in giving accurate information on this difficult subject. We will,
therefore, give a short outline of Prof. Bailey’s recent classification of
Vitacea as published in Gra.y’s Syn. Flora, Vol. L, Fascicle, 2. LPhis
classification is the Munson classification ith a few modifications, and
perhaps is the best We have at the present time. The statement presented
consists of compiled extracts from Bailey, with some of our own alter-

ations. -

I. MUSCADINIA. Planch. Bark bearing prominent lenticels, never
shredding; -nodes ivithout diaphragms; tendrils simple; flower clusters
small and not much elongated; seeds oval or oblong, without a distinct
stripe like look.

Vrrrs ROTUNDIFOLIA, Mich. (Muscadine, Southern Fox grape, Bullace or
Bullet or Bull grape.)

VITIS lVIUNSONIANA, Simpson. (Mustang grape of Florida, Bird or
Everbearing grape.)

II. EUVITIS, Planch. Barkwithout distinct lenticels, on the old wood,
separating in long thin strips and fibers; nodes provided with diaphragms;
tendrils forked, flower clusters mostly large and elongated; seeds pyraforrn.

A. GREEN LEAVED GRAPES. At maturity mostly have white or
rusty or blue tomentum.

1. VULPINA-LIKE GRAPES. Thin glossy leaves, broader than long, with

truncate-oblique base.

Vrrrs Rorusrnrs, Scheele. (Sand, Sugar, Rock, Bush, or Mountain
grape)

VAR. DISSECTA, Eggert, in herbairiuim.

2. Leaves ovate, mostly with sinus. Diaphragms thin; young shoots
not red; leaves not deeply lobed.

Vrrrs BIONTICOLA, Buckley. (Sweet Mountain grape.)

VITIs VULPINA, L. (Riverbank or Frost grape.)

VAR. PRCECOX, Bailey, N. Comb. (June grape of Missouri.)

VITrs TRELEQsEI, Munson, in herbarium.

VITIS LoNGrr, Prince. V. Salonis, Munson.

VAR. DIICRQSPERMA, Bailey, 1V. Comb. (V. Solonis, Var. Micro-
sperma, Munson.)

VITIs CHAMPINI, Planch.

3. Diaphragms very thick and strong; young shoots bright red; leaves
often strongly lobed.

V1T1s PALMATA, Vahl. (Red or Cat grape.)

4. CORDIFOLIA-LIKE GRAPES. Plant strong and climbing. Shoots
terete, and glabrous or very soon becoming so.

VITIS CORDIFOLIA, lllich. (True Frost grape, Chicken, Raccoon or
Winter grape.) .

VAR. F(ETIDA, Engelm.

VAR. SEMPERVIRENS, Munson.

VAR. HELLERI, Bailey, 1V. Var.

5. Young shoots angled and covered the first year with. tomentum or

wool.
Vrrxs BAILEYANA, Munson. (Possum grape.)

THE GRAPE. ' 1165

VITIS BERLANDIERI, Planch. (Mountain, Spanish, Fall or l/Vizzter
grape.)

VITIS CINEREA, Engelm. (Sweet Winter grape.)

VAR. FLORIDIANA, Munson.

VAR. CANEsoENs, Bailey, 1V. Comb.

6. Plant scarcely cliiubing, tendrils perishing if failing to find support.

VITIS ARIZONICA, Engelm. (Canon grape.)

VAR. GLABRA, Munson.

7. Orbicular-scalloped-leaved species 0f the Pacific Coast.

VITIs CALIFQRNICA, Beuth.

B. COLORED LEAVED GRAPEQ. Marked by thick or at least firm
foliage, leaves prominently rusty or white. Tomentose or glaucous, blue
below.

1. White-tipped grapes, comprising species with the ends of the growing
shoots, and the under surfaces of the leaves whitish or gray.

VITIs GIRDIANA, Munson. (Valley grape.)

Vlrls DOANIANA, Munson.

2. Rusty-tipped grapes, comprising the Estivalian group, the unfold-
ing leaves and the young shoots distinctly ferrugineous, and the mature
leaves either rusty or bluish below, or sometimes becoming green in v. bi-
color.

VITIS ZEsTIVALIs, Mich. (Summer, Bunch or Pigeon grape.)

VAR. GLAUcA, Bailey, N. Comb.

VAR. LINCECUMII, Munson. (Post-oak, Pine-wood or Turkey grape.)

VAR. BOURQUINIANA, Bailey, N. Comb. This is an ofi‘ shoot from v.
Estivalis, which Munson characterizes as a distinct species, and from our
investigations of the subject we are inclined toagree with Munson. This class
of grapes stands our climate much better than the iEstivalis types. (R. H. P.)

V1T1s B1-CoLoR, LeConte. (Blue grape, or summer grape of the North.)

VITIs CARIBJEA, D. C.

3. Leaves densely tomentose or felt-like throughout the season, covering
white, or rusty white. Tendrils intermittent.

VITIS CANDICANs, Engelm. (Mustang grape.) _

VAR. ComcEA, Bailey, N. Comb. (Leather-leaf or Callose grape.)

VITIS SIMPSONI, Munson.

VITIs LABRUscA, L. (Fox grape, Skunk grape.)

II. PROPAGATING AND OULTIVATING THE GRAPE.
l (1.) PROPAGATION or THE GRAPE.

(-a.) By seeds. (b.) By layers. (c) By grafting. (d.) By cuttings.

In the follo-wing notes it has been thought best to give some informa»
tion on general vineyard work to answer such questions as frequently
come to us from people who are just beginning to cultivate the grape.

(a.) FROM SEEns:—Gro~wing grapes from seed is seldom practiced ex-
cept by one who wishes to originate new varieties. Gather the grapes
when fully ripe from good varieties. Let them dry like raisins and then
put them away carefully where mice will not injure the seed. Select some
light, Well drained soil and plant the seed early in the spring, YVhQFQ they
will not be scratched up by the fowls, nor injured by stock. Kleep the
weeds Iout and give good cultivation. The seeds may also be sown in

1 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

boxes, hot beds, and green houses, where it is easier to care for them.
The first year vines are frequently grown two 0r three feet in length.
Frequently it is best to discard all vines which make weak growth or are
much diseased. The second year the vines are taken up and transplanted
in rows wider apart.

(b.) BY LAYERING is meant a vine which comes from the main stock
and is bent over on the ground and dirt placed on it. The vine takes
root at the nodes, which enables it to draw food from the soil, while at the

same time it draws some food from the parent stock. While this method’

is almost a sure one, it is a rather slo-w one. There are some species and
varieties of grapes which are difficult ‘to propagate any other way. Her-
bemont and Lenoir varieties are two of them.

Select a strong and vigorous cane. After the buds “begin to swell in
the spring, dig a trench a few inches deep and as long as the cane. Fasten
the cane down in the trench by forked sticks and place the dirt back on
it. When the shoots come up select from them the strongest and most
vigorous and pull up the other ones.

    

 

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Fig. 11. Vine Layered. (Fr-om Georgia Station.)

Sometimes immature vines are lay-ed down in this way during sum-
mer, but success is not so sure in this way.

(c.) GRAFTINe:-~Propagation of the vine by grafting is not near so
common as it is with many larger fruits, but itis frequently used where it
is desired to place a tender growing variety onto the roots of a strong grow-
ing variety. In this way many valuable tender varietie-s may be grown in
a climate where they are not otherwise adapted. The" mustang and post-
oak grapes of Texas, which stand this climate well, are valuable for graft-
ing stock and are frequently used. ‘This method comes in well where
these varieties are frequently found growing wild around the farm homes
of the State and it is desired to grow grapes quickly for family use. The
method may also be used to bring a variety into bearing quickly.

The time at which grafting is usually done in this latitude is in Feb-
ruary or early in spring. r

‘One of the main things to observe in grafting the grape, as well as
many other fruits, is that the young tender growing wood, found just be-
neath the outer bark of both the graft and the stock, should fit up together
evenly. Some loose fibred material, like raffia or soft twine, should be
used to tie the graft to hold it firmly in place. Grafting wax has some-
times proved injurious when used on the grape. There are two methods
of covering the graft. One is to cut the stock off beneath the surface of

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BLANK PAGE IN ORIGINAL

THE GRAPE. 1167

the soil and, after the graft is put in, dirt is placed back around the graft
and up togthe first bud. The other is to cut the stock oif at the top of the
ground and heap dirt up around the graft to the t-op bud. Another
method reported by some in this State is to bury the vine and split it at

different places with a chisel, then insert the grafts at the split places;

afterwards place dirt around the grafts and over the vine.
Sometimes grafts are inserted in cuttings before they are placed out.
(d.) BY lCUTTINGSI——'Tl1€ grape is most commonly propagated by cut-
tings. There are several Ways of making cuttings. Where wood is scarce
and the conditions good for getting cuttings to grow the “one eye” cut-
ting is sometimes used to save wood. This cutting contains only

  one bud. When this is placed out to grow it is put about one-

fourth inch beneath the soil, angling downwards. It is often
best to put these “one eye” cuttings in pots where they can be watered
and cared for more easily, as they are more difficult to make grow.

We have obtained the best results with a “three eye” cutting. Two of
the eyes, or buds, on the cutting are placed under ground to obtain root.s
from their nodes, while the other bud is left above the soil to grow the

. vine. t

Cuttings are often made early in the winter and tied in bunches of
about fifty cuttings each and buried top downwards in the ground till
planting time early in the spring. Select well ripened canes for marking
cuttings, and the bottom end which goes into the ground should be cut
smooth and slantingly.

Plant them _in good loamy soil and give them cood cultivation. If they
be placed where they can be watered when needed, the chances for
success will be much better.

(2.) SETTING A VINEYARD.

Select a well-drained location for a vineyard. Low heavy land is con-

ducive to disease. iA loose, loamy soil is among the best. Prepare the
land carefully and harrow it level. Make the rows straight across the
field. For this purpose, a long line with colored strings tied at the inter-
vals which the grapes are to be set is a very good thing to use. For ordi-
nary growing varieties, we plant them eight feet apart each way. For
more vigorous growing varieties like Herbemont and Lenoir. a greater
distance is better. After the line is stretched across the field mark the
plaice where each vine is to go, the-n remove the line and dig the holes
about twelve inches deep. We ‘have found it best in this latitude to set
the vines in November or December. Well grown, one year vines have
given us good results. Trim off all the roots to within about six inches of
the young vine before beginning to set out, because it will prevent the ex-
posing of the roots to the sun and atmosphere while setting out. Spread
the roots out, -and the first soil thro-wn on them should be loose, top soil.
When the hole is about half filled, press the dirt (lown rather firmly with
the foot around the roots, then fill the hole upabove the level so that
water will not stand around the young vine. The top of the young vine
should now be cut back to three lbuds, and the vineyard has been set and is
now ready for the sunshine and the rain to begin work.

1  TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

(3.) VINEYARD CULTIVATION.

Good, shallow cultivation should be given all through the growing
season till fall, when some crab grass may be let grow to- keep the soil -
from washing and also to add a little humus to the soil. On land which
is inclined not to be so Well drained, We prefer to keep the dirt a little

Fig. l3. Grape Hoe.

   
   

  

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Fig. 14. PleurimCultiva-tor.

 

higher around the vines than elsewhere, so that the surplus water will
settle in themiddle of the rows. In the spring when the ground is a
lit;tle settled and packed by winter rains, we use a small one-horse turn-
ing plow first. The soil is turned very shallow, especially near the vines.
When the vines are large we use a special turning plow made for the
purpose of running next to the vines. This plow has a special chain run»
nin g alongside of the beacm so that the plow can be made to go very close
to the vines while the horse can walk along further away.

After the ground is once cultivated in this way, we use the sp-ading
disk harrow to keep it in fine tilth. We have also- used the Morgan Horse

  THE GRAPE. 1169

Hloe to run next to the vines. ‘This implement does good work on rather
loose soil ‘when grass and weeds are small, but when grass and weeds get
a few inches high and the ground is a little hard this implement has
hardly proved satisfactory with us. .

The Planet J r. cultivator is quite a good implement for general culti-
vation. ~

(4.) TRELLISING THE VINEYARD.

In the fall season (after the first ye~ar’s growth) is a good time to set the
posts for holding up the wires on which the vines must rest. We have
our posts set sixteen feet apart in the grape ro-ws, leaving space for two
vines between each two posts. It pays to get p-osts which will last well,
such as bois d’arc or locust. The end posts should be set at least three
fee-t deep and be well braced. iWe are using No. 11 smooth wire, which
takes twenty-six feet to weigh a pound. When the posts are set 8 by 16
feet apart it will take 333 posts to the acre, besides the braces at the end.
It can easily be calculated how much wire it will take for an acre when
it is known how many strands of xvire are to be used to the row. We use
only three wires to each row of posts.

‘Tllhere is some difficulty in tightening the wires if they b-e not pro-p-
erly fastened ‘at the end posts. The method we are using satisfactorily
consists in boring 2-inch holes
through the end posts and using
large pins made of hard wood to
fit in these holes and project
some ten inches out from the
posts. These pins are square on
the ends which project out. The
end wires are wrapped around
these and afterwards the pins are
turned till the wires become tight
l , enough and then a few taps with
  p I a hammer drive the pins in tight
“f ':-  enough to keep the wires from

 

 turning them. . To turn the pins,
F3145- The Wire-HOOK we make them square on the

(From Georgia Station.)
' outer ends and use a strong plank

' with a square hole in it which fits over the pins. The pins are inserted

on the outside of the posts. When it is desired to tighten or loosen the
wires the pins are simply knocked loose and turned and tightened again.
Three-quarter inch staples are used to hold the wires to the center posts.
We place the first wire about eighteen inches from the ground; the second
twelve inches from this one 5 and the third about fifteen inches above the
second wire. Of course this does not apply to the Munson or overhead
systems of training, which will be described further on.

1 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

(5.) GRAPE PRUNING AND TRAINING.
(a.) GRAPE PRUNING. (b.) GRAPE TRAINING.

Pruning the grape is quite a different thing from training the grape.
Pruning is the operation of cutting off certain undesirable parts. Train-
ing is the operation of arranging the vines in the desired form. Pruning
necessarily comes before and underlies successful training. Different
species of grapes have different habits of growth, consequently, n-o one
system of pruning nor no one system -of training is suitable to all species
and all varieties. But there are certain fundamental principles which
have wide application, and it is our purpose to mention here only these,
leaving the grower to exercise his own judgment in individual cases.

(a) Pruning:—ln pruning it is very important to remember that the
fruit is borne in a few clusters near the base of the growing shoots, and
which come from wood of last season’s growth. It will thus be readily
seen that one can easily control the amount of fruit the vine will bear by
intelligent pruning. Before discussing the function of the different parts
of the vine it is important to have a clear understanding as to what
constitute the different parts. A growing leafy branch is called a shoot;
a ripened shoot is called a cane; and a cane two or more yee-ars old, is
called an arm. Each shoot will average from two to four clusters of
fruit, and these shoots nearly always come from buds on the canes.
Therefore, to control the number of bunches which a vine will bear one
must leave a definite number of buds on the cane. Sometimes a few
shoots will bear no bunches. The point from which new canes grow out
each year we ‘will call a spur. I

The arrangement of these spurs varies with the system of training.
Sometimes they are kept cl-ose to the trunks, and at other times they are
kept close to the arms.

Objects 0f Pruning:-—There are six well-defined objects of pruning:

1. To produce larger and be-tter fruit.

2. To maintain or increase the vigor of the vine.

3. To keep the vine in manageable limits.

4. ‘To make cultivation easier.

5. To make spraying more easy.

6. To facilitate gathering the fruit.

After the first yearfs growth, the young vines are again cut back to
three or four buds. To the novice "this m-ay seem extremely severe, but
it must be remembered that the main object the first year is to get root
growth and development. At the beginning of the second year’s growth
training proper begins according to the method decided upon. Vines
during the first year were allowed to grow free upon the ground. Some-
times small stakes are placed by them so as to prevent a careless person
doing them injury with the cultivator. -

We prefer to prune our vines in this climate in December and January.
What activity the sap may manifest from that time on will not be
wasted upon surplus w-ood but will go to make the remaining buds
stronger. If pruning be delayed till growth starts in the spring the
vines will bleed very much, which, to say the least, is not beneficial.

THE GRAPE. 1171

Pruning in the Summer is frequently practiced Iby some growers, but
we doubt its utility, as a rule. The shoots which have the fruit on are
pinched ofi, leaving the sap, is it is claimed, to go to the fruit. Undesira-
ble shoots are also pinched to check their growth and to throw the
sap into more desirable ones. We believe the vine needs about all the

    

Fig. 16. AAAA wGrapevine before Pruning.

leaf surface it can get to mature its fruit properly. Shoots which are
pinched will often throw ‘out undesirable side shoots and thus summer
pruning will have to- be kept up ad infinitunt. Summer pruning, 1f
done heavily, is very likely to weaken the vine. Of course 1t 1s desirablle
to pull off the side shoo-ts near the ground as they come out during t e
growing season.

      

_. A .__ .-

Fig. 171 "(Grapevine after Pruning.

GRAPE TRAINING2——Wl'lil€ there are many so-called systems of grape
training, neary all of them can be reduced down to three: the upright,
the drooping, and the horizontal systems, the terms referring to
the direction of the bearing shoots. It must be understood that no one
system is best suited for all varieties. The climate and so-il also make a
great difference. There are vineyards in Southwest Texas, grown on a
sandy loam s-oil where the rainfall is light, without any posts or wire
trellising. The top is formed close to the ground on a short heavy trunk.
While this method is very inexpensive and does well in the locality men-

 

117 2 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

tioned, it is not at all suited to more moist climates. It is not our obj ect
to enter here into an exhaustive discussion of grape training, but only
to give notes upon systems we have used.

lfovvlzonial Arm Spur System-:—This system has also been called the
“Fuller System.” It consists in having two  run in opposite direc~
tions on the first wire, and which remain somewhat definitely. The canes
are cut back each year to spurs on these arms. One or two» shoots may be
allowed to grow from e-ach spur. While this method has advantages,
still, the arms and spurs become old, overgrown, and weakened.

The H igh Renewal System :——This is one of the systems we are using
extensively in our test vineyard. Instead of the arms used in the hori-
zontal arm-spur system we use a new cane each year. The arm is cut off
close to the trunk, and t;wo or four new canes, which have come out near
the trunk, are bent down and tied to the first wire. The other weaker
canes near the trunk are -cut off to one or two buds from which new
shoots will grow out for bearing canes next year. Forty to fifty buds
are enough for a strong vine, and frequently where it is desired to leave
this many bearing buds, we usually leave four canes instead of two.
Weaker varieties must, of course, have- much less bearing wood. The
fruit will usually be borne lbetween the first and second wires, and fre-
quently will be shaded enough to prevent injury from the sun. It may
be well to state that in eselieeting the bearing canes it will usually be
found that canes of hard, smooth woo-d, and of medium size, will be
better than large overgrown ones. Shoots which come out from the arm
and do not catch on readily to the second wire with their tendrils should
be tied in place with some loose material.

 

Fig. 18. Munson System of Training.

The llluetson System:——This system was devised by T. V. Munson,
Denison, Texas, and has been under test here for five years. lWe have
also investigated this system in Mr. Munson’s own vineyard. It is the
best system we know of for such vigorous growing varieties as Herber-
mont and Lenoir. Some of the advantages which seem evident to us are:
1. A good leafy canopy to shade the fruit; 2. The fruit is borne well up
from the soil, where it i-s not injured lby dust; 3. It facilitates cultivation,
spraying and gathering the fruit; 4. For many varieties it enables the
vine to grow more nearly like its natural habit, which is quite i1npor-
tant with many of Munson’s new varieties in particular. The system em-
bodies many of the principles of the well-known “Kniffin System.” In~

P» i? mmiamwgobw ow @5525 mwmffid F. o5. Albmwwpi.

BLANK PAGE IN ORIGINAL

THE GRAPE. 1 17 3

stead of one post being set at a place, two small ones are set, spreading out
at the top some three feet in the form of a V. About two- feet down
from the top of the posts a wire is tied. across from earch post. On this
cross wire the first wire of the trellis nests. The other two» wires are
stretched along on the tops of the posts.

The arms are stretched along on the first wire and the shoots which
come out from the buds on the arms grow up and hang over the two
upper wires. ‘These arms are cut ofi at pruning time and others are

~ bent down in their places, thus renewing all the bearing wood each year.
If the variety be strong, two arms are left on each xvire: instead of one.

Canes which come -out at the point of division of the arms are cut off to
short spurs to grow arms for next year. The system is a simple one and
easily understood. It requires but little work to keep the- vine in shape.

The following figure shows the Herbemonit bearing in our testing
vineyard when trained according to the Munson system:

(6.) DISEASES or THE GRAPE.

Some 200 diseases have been found in the grape, but space will forbid
us mentioning those only which we have had to contend with here in our
vineyard. For an exhaustive treatise on black rot of the grape the reader
is referred to our Illustrated Bulletin No. 23, on black rot, from this Sta-
tion, issued in 1892.

BLACK R01‘. (Pizysalosgiora Bidwellii, Ellis; Lcestada Bidwellii
Sacc).——The cause of this disease is due to a well-known fungus. It
usually makes its appearance upon the foliage some two days before it
does upon the fruit. Upon the leaves it appears in the form of well-de-
fined reddish brown circular spots. Small, dark brown pimples (pus-
tules) can be seen by close observation by the unaided eye, and quite
-clearly with a common hand-glass; appearing thickly over the area of
thediseased spot. It makes its appearance upon the fruit first in the
form of a light brown spot, which rapidly increases in size till the whole
berry is involved. Soon the berry shrivels up, leaving the skin drawn
tightly in ridges over the seeds. In this condition the berries may ad-
here to the vine till spring. Frequently two or three outbreaks of the
disease appear upon the crop before it is entirely destroyed. When it
first appears, frequently only two or three berries will be affected on
the bunch, and the grower is frequently deceived by thinking the dis-
ease will not spread further. In about ten days another outbreak will
occur, affecting a much larger per cent. of the crop, and so on, until
frequently the entire crop is destroyed. From this short description
the ordinary grower may easily distinguish the black rot from most
other diseases.

BROWN RoT. (Peronospora Vitic0Za).-—1This disease ‘has not been» near
so bad with us as the black rot.~ Upon the foliage it ‘presents the ap-
pearance of a downy, white substance on the underside, with greenish
yellow spots on the upper side. ‘The affected fruit has a dull brownish
appearance and gradu-ally shrinks up and drops off.

ANTHRACNOSE. (rSirv-lzaceloma A mpeZinum.)—-This disease is sometimes
called “Birds-eye Rot,” from the peculiar resemblance to the eye of a
bird which the diseased fruit presents. Upon some varieties this disease
has been quite serious with us, and is one of the most difficult we have

1174 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

had to treat. Upon the leaves it appears in the form of ‘blackish-brown
spots, with raised, dark colored margin. Sometimes the diseased spots
turn dull gray in ‘the center and frequently fall out, leaving many irreg-
ular holes in the leave-s. ‘The shoots are also afiiected.

The first attack on the fruit appears in -the form of a brorwnish cir-
cular spot, sunken in the center and surrounded ion the border, fre-
quently, by a bright red colored area. The diseased area gradually
spreads over the entire b-erry. The tissues do not soften in this case like
they do in the case of brown rot, but become tough.

RooT RoT.——By the name -of root rot several diseases are included,
such as root rot of cotton, Oozontum mmlconium, Dematophora atecatria:
and Agaricus melleus. It is difficult for the ordinary grower to distin-
guish them apart. These diseases are frequently found on lo-w, heavy,
damp soils of Texas, and a vineyard sh-ould never be set on such soils.

GRAPE LEAF BLIGHT. (Oladosporvlum V'qltilcol~um.)—This disease has
been quite com-mon with us on many varieties late in the season. It can
usually be distinguished by the great number of small dark brown dis-
eased spots which appear thickly over the upper surface of the foliage.
Where we have not sprayed, it has utterly defoliated some varieties. This
disease should always be looked for, and whenever it begins to appear one
or two sprayings should be given with bordeauX after the crop is gath-
ered. This subject will be further discussed, together with spraying
machinery, following the notes upon injurious insects.

(7.) SoME INSECT ENEMIES OF THE GRAPE.

While there are many insects injurious to the grape, fortunately not a
large number are very injurious in one locality. Only those will be
considered here which we have met with.

‘THE GRAPE LEAE FOLDER. (Desmia macuZaZis).-—During mid-sum-
mer this insect appears on some varieties in large numlbers =and folds up
the leaves and eats out the interiors, which afterwards present to the eye
a skeletonized appearance. If the folded leaf be opened, an active, wrig-
gling, greenish larva will often fall out, or sometimes hang suspended by
a thread. The larva hatches out into a. black mo-th with a few white
spots on the wings. It is seldom seen. ‘There seem to be about three
broods in this latitude. It is the most injurious insect found on the
grape here.

THE GRAPE LEAE HOPPER. (Typhlocyba Vitifeaz).—-This insect ap-
pears here early in summer and frequently in-creases in numbers during
the later part of the summer. It is found on the underside of the leaves
or on the sides of the small shoots. There are several species of this in-
sect closely resembling each other. >The one which occurs here is about
one-eighth o-f an inch in length. It has the peculiar habit. of running

sidewise wh-en disturbed. It can both jump ‘and fly. The prevailing '

color is light yellowish green with reddish yellow spots on the wing
covers. It injures the vine by sucking the sap out. Kerosene emulsion
diluted ten times should be used for this insect.

‘THE GRAPE-BERRY MOTH. (Eudemis b0tmna).—Durin@g some years
we have found this insect quite injurious here on some varieties. It
does its injury to the grapes when they are about full grown. ' The in-
jured grape is frequently discolored at the point where the insect has

rnr; GRAPE. 1175

eaten its way into th-e grape. If the injured grape be cut open and ex-
amined a whitish larva will be fund on the inside. When the insect is
abundant many of the berries will often be found held together by silken
threads. The larva not only injures the pulp but frequently bores into
the seeds also. When full grown it has an olive green, dark brown color;
it then pupates and hatches out into a slate colored moth. The last
brood of this insect, like that of the leaf ‘folder, live over winter in the
pupa state among the dried up leaves.

There are some other insects quite serious in other "States, but we have
not found them here. Among them may be mentioned Phyloxera, Grape-
vine Fidia, Grape Cane-Borer, Flea Beetle, and Rose Ohafer. A few hawk
moths have ‘been found here, but as their larvae are so» large and conspic-
uous they can be easily seen and can be readily destroyed.

It should be stated, however, that phyloX-era does occur in the State,
but we have not known itto do much damage.

(8.) REMEDIEs on PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR DISEASES AND»
INsEoTs.

It is best to use general preventive measures rather than to depend
upon spraying. All dead leaves and pieces of vines pruned off had best
be gathered up and "burned. Much loss from insects and fungus diseases
may be avoided in this way. Plow the vineyard early so as to turn under
all dead grass and other vegetable matter in order that it will partially ro i;

before the growing season commences and thus help to destroy spores.

of disease which remain on pieces of leaves scattered over the ground.
Good cultivation will help very much to keep the vines strong and vig-
orous. When in this condition they are much more able to successfully
resist the attacks of diseases and insects.

During each season of the past four years we have sprayed our vine-
yard regularly and we have met with but very little loss from insects and
diseases. ‘It must be stated, however, that b-ordeaux has not been so» sat-
isfactory against anthracnose as it has been when used for black rot and
several other diseases. Full directions for making bordeaux are given in
our Bulletin No. 23, consequently, short directions only will be given
here. -Di-s-solve two pounds copper sulphate, “blue stone,” in twelve
gallons of water; dissolve two and a half pounds of unslaked lime in
twelve more gallons of water. Pour the two quantities together, and this
makes bordeaux mixture according to» the plan we have followed for a
number of years. ‘This makes a preparation which is neutral and will
not burn the foliage. ‘The use of the potassium ferrocyanide test to see
whether the mixture is neutral or not does not appear to be at all neces-
sary, and to the ordinary grower, it frequently complicates the subject
and makeshim less desirous of spraying. An excess of lime does not
appear to be undesirable, and the formula we have used has been satisfac-
tory in all cases for which it has =been reported to give good results ‘and
for which we have had occasion to use it. The material should be
strained through some coarse cloth before using it in spraying, as this
will save much time in uncl-ogging the spraying machinery. We usually
make four sprayings, beginning when the buds commence opening; re-
peating it about every twelve or fifteen days afterwards, according to the
weather. If the weather remains dry, a longer period between the spray-

1176 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ings may elapse; if Wet, a shorter period. If spraying ibe done while the
grapes are blooming it is liable to prevent the fruit from setting well.
We use a common barrel pump hauled by one mule between the- rows on
a plank sled or drag. One man drives and does the pumping While an-
other sprays the sides of two rows While going through once. A fine
mist-like spray is used to thoroughly coat all parts of the vine.

‘For all biting insects, we put into every twenty-four gallons of bor-

deaux three ounces of paris green. The mixture is kept well stirred while

spraying. In this way We fight both diseases and biting insects at once.
For the sucking insect-s, We Lise kerosene emulsion diluted ten times.

"The formula for making this preparation has been published so often in
-our bulletins that it is not thought necessary to repeat it here.

Spraying machinery can be bought o-f the Deming Co, Salem, O. 3 The

Goulds Manufacturing 00., Seneca Falls, N. Y., and William Stahl,
Quincy, Ill.

SAOKING GRAPEs:-—This is one of the surest ways of protecting

grapes from injury done by diseases, insects, and birds. The method is a

little costly, being about one-third =of a cent per bunch. Very light pap-er
sacks, two to three pounds capacity, should be used. They can be bought

in most grocery store-s at $1.00 per 1000. Before usi-ng cut a small hole

in the bottom to allow water to “pass out When necessary. Fasten them
around the bunches When the grapes are about the size of ‘duck shot.

"The tops rrray eith-er be pinned over around the bunches or a common

twine string may be used to tie them. When twine is used a small hole

should be made near the top of the sack and a piece of twine run through

it and tied before using the sac-k. In this way We have saved fine speci-
mens of grapes during the season of 1898 from nearly all the varieties.
Whenever diseases or insects are bad and grapes are Worth considerable
money this method is likely to pay Well. It is claimed that mocking
birds are held in check -.some by the sacks.

Those tender-skinned varieties like Brilliant will often be most bene-
fited by sacking. It is often thought by the inexperienced that the ordi-
nary paper sacks Will not stand the effects of the Weather. This year We
have had paper sacks to sitand well through a rath-er wet season. The

grapes came out of the sacks clean and nice, Without any dust -on them.