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EEXAS EAGRICUEEURAE EXPERIMENT STATIONS.



BULLETIN NO. 15o. AUGUST, E1912.

Division of “Chemistry

TECHNICAL BULLETIN

Composition and Digestibility of the Ether
Extract of Hays and Fodders

By G. s. FRAPS and J. B RATHER

 

_ POSTQFFICE
College Station, Brazos County, Texas

0%“

AUSTIN PRINTING COMPANY
Ausrm. "mums

1912

'1‘ l*l.\'_»\S AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
GOVERNING BOARD.
(Board of Directors A. & M. College.)

WALTON PE'rEE'r, President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fort Worth

JOHN I. GUION, Vice-President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Ballinger

CHAS. DAVIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Steele’s Store

L. J. HART. .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..San Antonio

J. ALLEN KYLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H0ust0n

R. L. BENNETT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Paris

D. W. KEIVIPNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Galveston

En. R. KONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Austin .
I PRESIDENT OF COLLEGE.
R. T. MILNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .College Station
STATION STAFF.
B. YOUNGBLOOI), M. S..- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Director

M. FRANcIs, D. V. S . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Veterinarian

G. S. FRArs, P11. D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chemist

H. NEss, M. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Horticulturist

J. C. BURNS, B. S . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Animal Husbandman

WILMON NEWELL, M. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Entomo1ogist

A. B. CONNER, B. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Agronomist

F. H. BLoncET'r, P11. D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Plant Pathologist and Physiologist

J. M. JoHNsoN, M. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Farm Management Expert

W. L. BOYETT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..State Feed Inspector

HARPER DEAN, B. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Assistant Entomologist

J. B. RATHER, M. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Assistant Chemist

J. B. KELLY, A. B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Assistant Chemist

L. C. LUDLUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Assistant Chemist

F. B. PAnnooK, B. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Assistant Entomologist

H. H. JoRsoN, B. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Assistant Agronomist

CHAs. A. FELKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chief Clerk

A. S. WARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Secretary

J. M. SCIIAEDEL . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stenographer

R‘. L. SPILLER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mailing Clerk

STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS;
GOVERNING BOARD.

Hrs EXCELLENCY GOVERNOR O. B. COLQUITT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Austin
LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR A. B. DAVIDSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cuero
COBIHISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE HON. ED. R. KONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Austin
DIRECTOR OF STATIONS.
B. YOUNGBLOOD, M. S . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .College Station
SUPERINTENDENTS OF SUB-STATIONS.
E. E. BINFORD, Beeville Sub-Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Beeville, Bee County

W. S. HoTcHKIss, Troup Sub-Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Troup, Smith County

~E. M. JonNsToN, Cooperative-Rice Station . . . . . . . Beaumont, Jefferson County

I. S. YoRK, Spur Sub-Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spur, Dickens County

T. W. BUELL. Denton, Sub-Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Denton, Denton County

A. K. SHORT, Temple Sub-Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Temple, Bell County

A. L. PASCHALL, Lubbock Sub-Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lubbock, Lubbock County

P. D. PERKINS, Angleton Sub-Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Angleton, Brazoria County

H. C. STEWART, Pecos Sub-Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Pecos, Reeves County
G. T. McNEss, Nacogdoches Sub-Station. . . .Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County

H. C. HoLMEs, Feeding and Breeding Station. . .College Station, Brazos County

NoTE.—The main station is located on the grounds of the Agricultural and
Mechanical College, in Brazos County. The postoflice address is College
Station, Texas. Reports and bulletins are sent upon application to the
Director. A postal card will bring these publications.

(2)

mw-Jnn I"

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

_ Page
llisttlritr-al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
Preliminary Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5

Large Scale Method for Separating Unsaponifiable and Saponifittlile 7

Itesults of the Large Scale Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Properties of Saponifiable Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l3
Properties of Unsaponifiable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..15-
Method of Determination of Unsaponifiable and Saponifiable. . . . .17
(Jomposition of Ether Extract of Hays and Fodders . . . . . . . . . . . ..21
IDig-estibility of the Constituents. . .  . . . . . . . . . “i. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..23
Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . .29

BLANK PAGE IN ORIGINAL

Composition and Digestibility of the Ether Extract of
p Hays and Fodders

By Cr. S. FRAPS, Chemist.
J. B. RATHER, Assistant Chemist.

A few examinations by others have indicated that the ether extract
of hays and fodders may contain quantities of. substances other than
fat. So far as we know, no digestion experiments on the constituents of
the ether extract have been made. The digestibility of the usual feed
stuff groups of the feed referred to in this Bulletin, methods of carrying
out the digestion experiment, etc., are given in Bulletin 147.

HISTORICAL.

Koenig & Kiesow (Landw. Versuchs Stat, 16, 1873; ibid, 17, 1874)
claim to have found a hydrocarbon and waxes in hay and oat straw.
Rodzeszewski (J ahrbuch Agr. Chem., 1868, 205) prepared "a wax-like
substance from the straw of grains, melting point 42°, sublimed at 300°,
soluble in ether, alcohol and carbon bisulphide.

Stellwaag (Landw. Versuchs Stat, 37, 14.8) determined the unsaponi-
fiable material and constituents of ether extract of a number of con-
centrated feeds, and of one sample of hay. The latter contained 30.8
per cent unsaponifiable. The unsaponifiable was extracted by shaking
out the soap solution with ether. We have found that this method is
not applicable to hays and fodders, as the unsaponifiable matter is dif-
ficultly soluble in cold ether. Some of Stellwaag’s results are given in
table 1.

Von Knieriem (Landw. Jahrbuch, 29, 1900), found the ether ex-
tract of rye straw to contain 10.2 per cent unsaponifiable, of oat straw
8.6 per cent. The method of estimation was not given.

Ruempler (Chemisches Centralblatt 1903, I, 1016), claims that sugar
beets contain a wax CZGHMO. Another worker (Chemisches Central-
blatt, 1901, II, 395) found ether extract of tobacco to contain the hydro-
carbon hentricontan Call-I“ and heptakosan CNHM.

Kochs and Romm (Experiment Station Record 4, 599), state that
chlorophyll and wax-like substances are entirely undigested by cows.

PRELIMINARY WORK.

Preliminary work showed that the ordinary method of shaking out
the soap solution in a separatory funnel with ether was not sufficient
to remove the unsaponifiable matter, as the unsaponifiable is not easily
soluble in cold ether.

Kutscher and Steudels apparatus for continuous percolation (Eimer
and Amend catalog No. 3187) was first used to extract the unsaponifia-

_5_ i

-ble from the soap. This method apparently worked Well with the first

substance ( cowpea hay), although very slow. With sorghum hay, after

13 days of 7 hours each, extraction of the unsaponifiable from the ether _

extract of 100 grams hay, 0.11 gm. had been removed. The residue was
acidified and extracted with ether. The supposed fatty acids so secured
had a saponification value of 72.6. On account of the 10W saponification
number they were again saponified and the soap extracted with hot
petroleum ether, when 0.31 gm. unsaponifiable was secured. The
method of extracting the soap in a percolation apparatus was, therefore,
abandoned. The difficulty is due to the fact that the unsaponifiable
material is not easily soluble in cold ether. The formation of an emul-
sion above the aqueouslayer, which sometimes passed over with the
ether, was another difficulty with this method. A

In another experiment, purified sand was used to distribute the ma-
terial and give better access to the solvent, and the dried soap extracted,
but the use of sand was considered unnecessary. Extraction with
petroleum ether alone does not remove all the unsaponifiable. After ex-
traction with this solvent to completeness, ethyl ether removed addi~
tional quantities of material. The ethyl ether extract was always
washed with water to remove the soap. After various other preliminary
tests, the method described below was selected. The object of this
method is not only to determine the quantity of the constituents, but
also to secure enough for examination. We call this method the large
scale method, orthe “large method,” to distinguish it from methods
subsequently used on much smaller quantities of material.

TABLE NO. 1.—Pl<1RC1<IN'l‘AGl€'OOMPOSITION, ETHER EXTRACT, ACCORDING
TO STELLWAAG.

 

Total ' Free
Fatty Unsapon- Fatty Lecithin.
_ Acids. ifiable. Acids.

Hay ______________________________________________________ __ 60.1 30.8 37.3 i +
Rye Bran __________________________________________________ __ 93.8 7.6 16.4 1 3.3
Wheat Bran ______________________________________________ __ 80.7 7.5 14.4 7 2.1
Barley Seed _______________________________________________ -_ 86.7 6.1 14.0 i 4.3
Oat Seed _________________________________________________ __ 88.5 2.7 27.6 1 0.8
Corn Seed ________________________________________________ __ 91.5 3.7 6.7 _ 2.9
Pea Seed _________________________________________________ __ 87.6 7.4 11.2 _________ __
Vetch Seed _________________________________________________ __ 80.8 7.4 14.8 F 27.4
Horse Bean Seed _________________________________________ __ 79.9 5.9 9.8 i 22.9
Lupine Seed ________________________________________________ _- 89.6 6.8 8.1 1 21.3
Buckwheat Seed ____________________________________________ __ 85.7 7.2 12.5 1 4.5
S0121 Bean Seed ___________________________________________ __ 94.0 1.5 1.9 1.9
Malt Germ _________________________________________________ _i 56.3 34.5 30.1 1.3
Rape Cake ________________________________________________ __! 87.3 3.3 13.5 3.6
Linseed Cake _____________________________________________ __1 94.3 1.9 8.9 7.0
Palm Cake ______________________________________________ -1 93.9 2.5 13,4 +
Cocoanut Cake ___________________________________________ _-1 86.7 0.5 9.8 ________ --
Peanut Cake ___ ______________ -1 __________________________ __! 94.2 1.5 86.9 ________ _-
Sesame Cake _____________________________________________ __ 94.2 1.6 73.1 13.3
Sunflower Cake ____________________________________________ "i 90.4 1.8 29.8 _________ _-
Cottonseed Cake _________________________________________ _-‘ 95.1 1.1 3.2 i 4.4
Potatoes _________________________________________________ u‘ 76.5 10.9 i 56.9 3.1
Beets ..................................................... ——] 56.3 1_0.7 J 35.3 g ........ _-

LARGE SCALE METHOD FOR SEPARATING UNSAPONIFIA-
BLE AND SAPONIFIABLE MATERIAL FROM
ETHER EXTRACT.

Extraction 0f the Ether Extract.- The dried substance, 25 to 33
grams, was placed in a large S. & S. paper fat capsule, in a Soxhlet ap-
paratus with ground-in condenser ‘and Sy flask with mercury seal. The
ether used was always re-distilled, and was either ether pure by sodium,
or U. S. P. ether, purified by washing with water and treatment with
solid caustic soda. After four 0r five syphonings, the ether was re-
moved and replaced by fresh ether; otherwise, the ether was liable to
boil with explosive violence. The apparatus was sealed with calcium
chloride tubes to protect from atmospheric moisture. After 16 hours
extraction, a fresh charge of substance was put in and extracted. This
was continued until 100 grams had been extracted. The extracts were
combined, dried and weighed. Paper extraction capsules were used,
because when excrement was being extracted, the fine particles passed
through cotton, wool, or such other filter paper as we tried.

Separating Saponifiable and Unsaponijtable: The method is as
follows: -

Purification of "Alcohol: Dissolve 1.5 grams silver nitrate in 3 cc
water, add to 1000 cc alcohol and shake. Dissolve 3 grams caustic
potash in about 25 cc warm alcohol and add to the alcohol. Shake, allow
the precipitate to settle, pour oflf the alcohol and distil. Do not let stand
longer than three days before pouring off. _

Caustic Soda. Dissolve 40 grams caustic soda, pure by alcohol, in 500
cc purified alcohol, filter, and dilute to 1000 cc. Titrate 10 cc with
N/5 hydrochloric acid. 'l‘en cc should require 25 cc or more of the acid.

Sapoizification. Use 10 cc of the alcoholic soda for each 1 gram of

the ether extract, and saponify by boiling in a 500 cc erlenmeyer flask
with a reflux condenser, for at least an hour, shaking gently from time
to time, and being very careful to see that the caustic comes in contact
with all the fat which maybe present in the flask. Add 0.5 gram
sodium bicarbonate for every 10 cc of alcoholic sodaused, and stir well.
Evaporate off all alcohol in steam bath. Dry 30 minutes in a water
oven. »
Extraction of Unsaponified: Heat the soap prepared above with 100
cc petroleum ether, which distils below 80° (l, for 20 minutes on reflux
condenser, with shaking. Add 50 cc wnater and heat for 30 minutes
longer. Draw off the clear petroleum ether by means of a separatory
funnel, and filter through a. paper previously extracted with ether. If
it is not clear, wash, before filtering, with 50 cc 1 : 1 alcohol. Evapo-
rate off the alcohol in a small dish, and return the material in the
alcoholic wash to the original solution, using hot water. Make three
extractions in all with petroleum ether as directed, collect, dry and
weigh.

Heat the extracted soap with 1'00 cc ethyl ether as before, separate
the clear ether, and wash three times with 30 cc water. Allow any emul-
sion to go back into the flask with the soap. Return the first washing

_gc_

to the flask directly. Evaporate the others in a porcelain dish, and re-
turn before making the fourth extraction. Extract with ether in this
way, four times. If any emulsion is then present, heat till the ether is
all gone. Make a fifth extraction, and evaporate separately as a test of
the completeness of the extraction. If the extraction is not sufficiently
complete, continue it.

Extraction 0f Fatty Acids: Acidify with hydrochloric acid, remem-
bering that you added a quantity of sodium bicarbonate. Extract the
fatty acids With four extractions of ethyl ether, making a test on the
fourth extraction.

Residue: Evaporate the extracted material and determine phosphoric
acid therein. If any insoluble organic matter is present, and it contains
no filter paper fibres, filter oif the residue and wash with water, per-
forate the filter and Wash into a Weighed flask with alcohol, dry and
Weigh. If filter paper is present, extract the residue in the paper with
successive portions of hot alcohol until colorless, combine, evaporate,
dry and Weigh. Determine phosphoric acid in the filtrate.

Addition: The following procedure was found of advantage in later
stages of the work:

Put all extractions into 500 cc erlenmeyers, evaporate and transfer to
weighed flasks with hot chloroform. It may be necessary to add
alcohol to the petroleum ether extracts to facilitate the removal of the
petroleum ether. The above procedure will prevent the loss of part of
the products by retarded ebullition.

PURIFICATION OF THE PRODUCTS.

On account of the possibility of incomplete saponification, the pro-
ducts of the above process Were put through a purification, described
below. This purification Was not altogether satisfactory. On the one
hand, there Was a loss of material due perhaps to solubility, and
partly due to the production of insoluble substances during the puri-
fication. On the other hand, the change in the proportions of the
saponifiable and the unsaponifiable Was not as might be expected in
various instances. The difficulty with the process lies in the solu-
bility of the unsaponifiable matter in the soap solution so that it is

very hard to extract. Then, also, there Was danger of extraction of '

soaps in the ether, though the ether "extract was always washed with
water, per the method.

Purification 0f Uusapouifiable Material from Ether Extract (A):
Combine the ether and petroleum soluble in a 500 cc flask and heat with
alcoholic sodium hydroxide as in the saponification of fats. Add sodium
bicarbonate. Evaporate off the alcohol, and heat residue with
petroleum ether as in general method for separation. Add water as in
general method and make two extractions with petroleum ether and
four with ordinary ether as in general method. Make a test on the
fourth ethyl ether extraction, and proceed further as seems advis-
able. Combine the extracted liquid with the fatty acid liquid as noted
below.

Purification of FattyAcids from Ether Extract (B) : Heat-the fatty
acids with alcoholic sodium hydroxide, transfer to 500 cc erlenmeyer,

_9__.

add sodium bicarbonate, evaporate, and extract twice with petroleum
ether and five times with ethyl ether, proceeding as in the general
method, and make a test of the fifth ether extraction. Combine the
products with the Purified unsaponified material.

To the extracted fatty acid liquid, add the extracted liquid from tho
nnsaponified purification (A) above, which should also contain fatty
acids. Acidify, and extract the fatty acids as in the general method.

 

 

 

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___12_

RESULTS OF THE LARGE SCALE METHOD.

Results with the large scale method are given in Table 2. This table
shows the quantity of unsaponifiable extracted by the petroleum "ether
(3 extractions), the ethyl ether subsequent, and also the result of the
purification. We are inclined to believe that the purification did not,
in many cases, accomplish the purpose for which it was intended, and
that the results of the first treatment are, in many cases, more nearly
correct than the results of the purification. '

The results also show the necessity for the extraction with ethyl
ether following the petroleum ether. The ethyl ether always extracts
an additional quantity of unsaponifiable, and in some instances, large
quantities of it. For example, note the excrement from alfalfa hay,

3279 et seq., from Bermuda hay, 4254, and from kaffir fodder, 4548 et -

seq. The necessity for the extraction with ethyl ether is also shown by
experiments on one set of the materials. A fourth petroleum extrac-
tion was made in this case, and evaporated separately. Then followed
three successive extractions with ethyl ether, which were also evapo-
rated separately. The results are shown in Table 3. The fifth extrac-

_ tion with ethyl ether is larger than the fourth with petroleum ether.

TABLE NO. 3.—ETHYL ETHER, SUCOEEDING PETROLEUM ETHER.

Grams Uns aponifi able Extract.

 

Laboratory numbers 3224 3258 3259 3260
Petroleum Ether, 4th Extraction _______________________ _- .0188 .0186 .0420 .0445
Ethyl Ether, 5th Extraction ____________________________ __ .0440 .0537 .0622 .0920
Ethyl Eth-r, 7th Extraction ____________________________ __ .0315 .0216 .0416 .0424

.0276 .0138 .0260 .0185

Ethyl Ether, 8th Extraction _

TABLE NO. 4.-—TESTS ON THE EXTRACTION OF UNSAPONIFIABLE~GRAMS
UNSAPONIFIABLE DISSOL-VED BY 100 cc. ETHER.

I ' I
Laboratory Number ___________________ __ 3587 3595i 3597 3598i 3609i 3623i 8624

   

Fifth Extraction ....................... -_ .0232 .0334} .0126} .0107‘ .0226, ______ “E ______ --
- - n o , , .
ggggglpiggggfggln ------ --_ ------------ -- 1W “~36. @131 ‘ , -. -
Tentlfi Extraction _____________________ -_ .0166} .8215! .0140 .0080, .0251! ______  ______ -_
Twei th Extraction .................... __ .0202 . 153 ______________ _-! ...... _-i ______ __i ______ __
Thirteenth Extraction _________________________ _-l ______ -_§ .............. _-1 ...... _-i .0851} .1340
Sixteenth Extraction _________________________ m-‘i ______________________ _-;‘ .0356 0591‘! .0722
Twentieth Extraction .......................................... __, ...... __i .0173 ______ --, ______ _-
Twenty-third Extraction ...................... "i! .............. --; ......  ...... -- 0031i .0414

1 l

 

Insoluble material came out in certain of the extractions, notably
with rice straw. In the purification, insoluble material is noted more
often. With the exception of rice straw, the insoluble material (in-
soluble in water, petroleum ether and ethyl ether) was easily dissolved
by alcohol. The insoluble from rice straw was not dissolved by any of
the solvents tested, which included alcohol, ether, petroleum ether,
chloroform, carbon tetracloride, ethyl acetate and glacial acetic acid.
The insoluble substance was generallydark green in color and readily
soluble in alcohol. It is possibly chlorophyll decomposition products,
as it was greater in amount in those samples which were rich in chloro-
phyll (rice straw excepted).

_13__

The aqueous residues after extraction of saponified generally had a
greenish tinge, and the color was more pronounced in samples rich in
chlorophyll.

In a repetition of this experiment, products of burr clover and rice
straw were dried in hydrogen to see if the insoluble would be lessened,
but no difference was noted.

The residue from rice straw was straw-colored, elastic and spongy
before drying. On drying it decreased greatly in bulk, darkened, and
lost its elasticity and sponginess. ‘

The difficulty in separating the unsaponifiable from the saponifiable
is shown in the tests on some of the materials (see Table 4). » We be-
lieve this is due to the solubility of the unsaponifiable in the aqueous
soap solution. The Weights in the tables also represent percentages in
the materials, since 100 grams feed and excrement were used.

PROPERTIES OF THE SAPONIFIABLE MATERIAL.

The object of the large scale extraction was not only to ascertain the
quantity of saponified and non-saponified matter, but also to determine
the properties of each. The study of the saponified material has so far
been confined to a determination of the saponification number, the
melting point, and the iodine number. The saponified material always.
contained the green coloring matter extracted by the ether, the un-
saponified being usually yellow in color. The methods used were as
follows:

M ethod for Melting Point Determinations 0f Fatty Acids: Cover the
bulb of a thermometer with a thin film of the fatty acid by dipping into
the molten substance. Allow to stand 48 hours. Fix the instrument in
a round bottom flask with the bulb in the center of the flask. Warm the
flask slowly and read thermometer when the substance begins to assume
the globular form. Heat all samples at a uniform rate. (Pohl-Carr
Method; slightly modified as to standing 48 hours. See Wiley,
Principles of Agricultural Analysis, III, page 322.) '

Method for Determination of Saponification N amber 0f Fatty Acids .-
Add ten cubic centimeters of alcoholic potash (40 gm. to 1000) free
from carbonates, to each gram of fatty acids. Add alcohol if necessary
and boil under reflux condenser for one hour. Stopper with cork to
prevent access of air and titrate at once. Run a blank at the same time
and the same way, using the same amount of added alcohol and ten
cubic centimeters of alcoholic potash.

'l‘ABL1;T NO. 5-PROPERTIES O1“ THE SAPONIFIABLE.

 

 

1 1
Melting Saponifi-i \
kaborla- ' goinh- Neation 1 Iodine i Color.
ory 1 0. . egrees. umbeln. Number
! 1
3220 Uowpea Hay _________________ _; ________________________ "1 _______ __ 
3222 Excrement Sheep No. 2 ____________ _-' ___________________________ fl} Brownish black.
3223 lixcrement Slueep No. 3 ____________ __ ' __ i
3224 Sorghum Iluy ________________________________ __ .l88 _______ __ 1
3258 lixerement Sheep No. 1 _______________________ __ 162 _______ __ ‘Brown, N0 green-
3259 lixeremerlt Sheep No. 2 _______________________ _- 163 ‘ _______ __ 1 ish tinge.
3260 lfixcrelnent Sheep No. 3 ______________________ __§ 164 , _______ __ I
3277 Ufalfa Hay __________________________________ __ 237 j_____-_-_l;
8279 Iixerement Sheep N0. ' 165 ; _______ __ ‘Greenish black.
3280 Exerement Sheep N0. 176 ________ __ 5
R281 Exerement Sheep No. 1S3 . _______ __ j
3587 Iohnson Grass Hay _________________ ._ 71.05 156 § 28.81;
3589 fixerement Sheep No. 1 ______________ _- 74.50 155 22.6 jDllTk brownish
3590 Rxcrement Sheep N0. 3 ______________ __ 75.50 149 _______ “J; green.
3591 Excrement Sheep No. 4 _____________ __ 75.00 _________________ -- 1
3595 Uat Hay ____________________________ __ 35.00 217 i 46.6 g ~
3597 Exerement Sheep No. 1 _____________ __ 55.00 186 g 34.2 Greenisl) blaek.
3598 Exeremene Sheep No. 4 _____________ -_ _ 63.00 166 1 _______ __ 1
3609 Burr Clover _________________________ __ 55.00 207 1 35.5 '
3623 Eixerement Sheep N0. 2 _____________ __ 85.00 167 1 42.8 ;Blaek green.
3824 Pixcrement Sheep No. 3 _____________ __ 84.00 .190 1 ________ _- |
3625 Rice Straw __________________________ -_ 100.00+ 166 1 50.4 1|
3877 Exerement Sheep N0. 2 ______________ __ 100.00+ 175 _______ _- jBrmvrl
387s Exerement Sheep No. 3 _____________ __ 100.00+ 170 1 38.2 i
3879 Rxcrement Sheep No. 4 _____________ __ 100.00— _________________ __ I
3649 Vetreh Hay __________________________ __ 45.00 192 ! 29.7 IDark brown.
3700 Blxerement Sheep No. 1 _____________ __ 63.00 180 1 36.4 1
3883 Buffalo Grass Hay ___________________ __ 58.00 168 i 28.7 .'
3885 Excrement Sheep No. 2 ______________ __ 95.00 ________ -1’ 38.2 lBlaek.
3886 Exerement Sheep N0. 3 ______________ __ 98.00 140 l" ....... -1;
3887 Exeremerlt Sheep No. 4 ______________ __ 94.00 136 f _______ -- 1
4238 Johnson Grass Hay _________________ __ 70.00 182  41.5 
4240 Excrement Sheep N0. 1 ______________ __ 73.00 140 1 33.3 Dark greenifih
4241 Pixcrement Sheep N0. 2 ______________ __ 71,00 148 1 _______ __ f brown OI‘ black.
4242 Excrement Sheep No. 3 ______________ __ 68.00 144 ‘ _______ _- i
4247 Millet ________________________________ __ 65.00 211 30.8 
4249 Exerernent Sheep No. 1 ______________ _. 67.00 173 1 33-9 1BPOWD.
4250 Exerement Sheep No. 3 ______________ __ 66.00 160 f _______ n1‘
4251 Exerement Sheep N0. 4 ______________ -_ 67.00 157 I ------- -- 1
4252 Bermuda Hay _______________________ _- 66.00 225 K ------- --
4254 Excrement Sheep N0, 1 ______________ __ 95.00 174 _______ __ Dark brown.
4255 Exerement Sheep N0. 3 ______________ -- 99.00 190 ------- “J
4256 Excrement Sheep No. 4 ______________ _- 90.00 195 ------- --
4259 Peanut Hay ________________________ __ Liq. ~ 317 33.4 I
4261 Exerement Sheep No. 1 ______________ __ 56.00 205 1.8.2 Green brown
4262 Excrement Sheep No. 2 ______________ __ 66.00 185 _______ -- p
4263 Excrement Sheep N0. 4 ______________ __ 66.00 189 _______ _- l
4277 Para Grass _________________________ __ 72.00 195 _______ __ 
4279 Exerement Sheep No. 1 ______________ -_ 61.00 130 _______ __].Br0wn_
4280 Exerernent Sheep N0. 3 ______________ __ 60.00 136 _______ _. g -
_ 4281 Exerement Sheep No. 4 ______________ __ 59.00 151 _______ __|=
4546 Kafir Fodder _______________________ _- 68.00 185 30,3 T}
4548 Excrement Sheep No. 4 ________________ __ 75.00 154 25.0 lYellow, dark
4594 Excrement Sheep No. 5 ______________ __ 74.00 161 _______ __[;1 br0wn_
4550 Excrement Sheep N0. 6 ______________ __ 75.00 161 _______ __I
4552 Guam Grass ________________________ __ 71.00 224 29.9 I
4554 Excrement Sheep No. 1 ________________________ _- 167 48.7 4131:1014.
4555 Exerement Sheep No. 3 ______________ __ 76.00 174 _______ __f
4556 Excrement Sheep No. 5 ______________ -_ 71.00 178 _______ __|\
4557 Corn Shucks ________________________ __ 59.00 213 36.2 l:
4559 Exerement Sheep No. 1 ______________ -_ 50.00 200 31.1 Brown
4560 Excrement Sheep No. 4 .............. _- 59.00 177 _______ __ [j
4561 Excrement Sheep N0. 5 ______________ __ 59.00 189 _______ __J;
4663 Rice Straw __________________________ __ 64.00 167 44.0 
4665 Exerement Sheep No. 1 ______________ _- 98.60+ 169 49.7 iBmwn yellow,
4666 Exerement; Sheep No. 4 ______________ _- 9800+ _________________ _1[|
4667 Excrement Sheep N0. 5 .............. __ 9800+ 158 _______ __Ji

_15- i

The presence of the green coloring matter interfered seriously with
the titration of certain of these samples, particularly excrement from
burr clover.

Results: The results of the examination are presented in Table 

The saponification number of the feed is usually greater than that of
the excrement. That is, the fatty "acids of the lower molecular weight
are more easily digested. For example, the average saponification
number of 1S saponified products from feed is 203, while from the cor-
responding excrement it is 167. That is to say, the average fatty acid
of the feed would correspond to daturic acid of the formula O17 I12, O2
(or a mixture of equal. proportions of palmitic and stearic acids), while
that of the excrement Would be erucic acid O22 H42 O2. Thus the fatty
acids of the lower molecular weight are more easily digested.

The melting points of the saponified products are also, as a rule,
higher for the excrement than for the feed. The comparatively high
melting point of the fatty acid corresponds to saturated acids of,com-
paratively high molecular weight. The low iodine number also con-
firms this. '

PROPERTIES OF THE UNSAPONIFIED.

The unsaponified matter was subjected to recrystalization from

a alcohol. Three products were secured:

(a) Very difficultly soluble in-alcohol, easily soluble in chloroform.

(b) Soluble in hot alcohol and crystallizing out on cooling, as a bulky
mass which shrinks greatly on drying. The mother liquors were com-
bined, and recrystallized, leaving a second crop of crystals, more granu-
lar than the first. _

(c) Easily soluble in alcohol, forming a semi-solid mass when the
alcohol is evaporated.

The first products, those difficultly soluble in alcohol, were generally .

present only in small quantity, and were not further studied, except
that an attempt was made to crystalize them from chloroform.

The second products, which separated from hot alcohol on cooling,
were recrystallized a number of times from alcohol, usually until the
melting point was not changed by the crystallization. In many cases.
the quantity of the first product was so small that little could be done
with it. However, several of the products were larger in quantity and
were studied further.

The third product, soluble in alcohol, was undoubtedly a mixture.

All these" materials will be subjected to further study.

The Crystalline Products: The product from burr clover. after four
crystallizations (O 2) melted at 7 7-8°, and was converted into an acetyl
compound, melting at 67.5°-68.5° (l. with an acetyl value of 116.4. This
would correspond to myricyl alcohol, 6301122 O, the acetate of which
has a value of 116.7. ' Analysis of the pPOdllCl gives the following
results: ‘

Calculated for
Om H62 O
Found
H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1420 14.01%
O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8280 81.12%

__16__

When a portion of this substance was dissolved in chloroform and al-
lowed to set some time, a granular crystalline substance separated out,
which melted at 85°. Its acetyl compound melted at 71-72°.

The quantity of this product obtained from the other feeding-stufis
was not sufficient for a determination of the acetyl number, but esti-
mations of carbon and hydrogen were made with the following results:

TABLE NO. 6—PEROENTAGE COMPOSITION OF CRYSTALLIZED PRODUCTS.

Melting
Labora- Origin. Point- Carbon. Hydro-
tory No. Degrees. l gen.
________ __ Sorghum Hay O4 79 79.84 ' 13.80
________ __ Johnson Grass Os“-----______-------__-__-_-__---___--_-__ 78-9 81.04 l 14.53
________ __ Rice Straw C; 81-2 75.15 l 12.69
4552 Guam Grass o. 80-1 79.69 l 13.58
4063 Rice Straw o. __ 54-5 75.89 I 12.29
4259 Peanut Hay 82-3 77.01 | 13.23

The recrystallized substances were also acetylated, recrystallized
from alcohol, and the melting point of the acetyl product determined.
In every case (save one, cowpea hay), the acetyl product melted at a
l.ower temperature than the original compound. (See Table 7). The
acetyl compound ‘vas also more granular when recrystallized from
alcohol. We take this to be evidence of the formation of an acetyl com-
pound, and that the crystallized compound-consists of wax alcohols.
Further, these wax alcohols approximate the composition of myricyl
alcohol C30 H62 O for burr clover.

The second crop of crystals from the mother liquor were less pure
than the first crop, and in some cases, larger in quantity. Analyses
were made of two of these products, with the following results:

Carbon Hydrogen

per cent per cent
3277 Alfalfa hay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8047 12.40
4241 Millet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..80.20 13.00

TABLE NO. 7—MELTING POINTS OF OR-YSTALLIZED UNSAPONIFIABLE PRODUCTS
AND OF THEIR AOETATES.

Original Melting
Labora- Melting Point After
tory No. Origin. Point- Acetylation

Degrees . —Degrees.
3277 Alfalfa Hay O4 ____________________________________________ -_ 80-2 68.0
3649 Vetch Hay O4_ ' 78-9 68-9
3883 Buffalo Grass Hay O1 80.5—1 ' 71-2
4552 Guam Grass O1 80-1 69-70
4557 Corn Shucks O4 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ __ 76-8 68-70
4663 Rice Straw O4 ______ -___ 84-5 71.3
4238 Johnson Grass Hay O4 _ ' 78-9 70-1
4247 Millet O: _____________________ _- 80-5-2 70-1
4252 Bermuda ____ __ _-.._ 79-80 69-70
4259 Peanut Hay 82-3 71-2
4277 Para Grass -- 79-80-5 69-70

The Product Easily Soluble in Alcohol: This was the mother liquor
from the previous recrystallization, evaporated down. It was evidently
not a single definite compoundbut evidently a mixture.

The saponification number of the acetyl compound of the product
was determined in a number of cases with the following results:

__17__

TABLE NO. 8.

Saponiflcation

Number of
Origin. Acetyl

Compound.
3224, Sorghum Hay 145.4
4552, Guam Grass __ 150.7
4557, Corn Shucks 144.0
4259, Peanut Hay 168.7
3625, Rice Straw _ 190.0
4238, Johnson Grass Hay ---_ 163.1
4252, Bermuda Hay __ 169.8

3595, Oat: Hay 167.2 -
Octodecyl Alcohol, C18 H37 OH _________ __ 180.0
Alcohol, 02o H41 OH -_-_ ......... -- 164.7
Alcohol, C2: H43 OPT i _- ___ 153.0
Alcohol, 02s H45 OH -- 147.3
Alcohol, C24 H47 OH .................................................... -- 142.1

The carbon and hydrogen in two of these mother liquors were:

Carbon, Hydrogen,
‘Per Cent. Per Cent.

3220 Cowpea Hay ' 75.67 11.03
3609 Burr (‘lover ___________________________ __ -_ 72-15 11-27
3625 Rice Straw -_ 57.21 8.60

It is thus very probable that the unsaponifiable matter of these feeds
consists largely of wax alcohols, and that these Wax alcohols have a
lower molecular Weight than myricyl alcohol. The matter is being
studied further. .

If we’ assume these mother liquors to be composed entirely .of wax
alcohols, they Would vary from C18 H3, OH to O24 H47 OH. If, which is
more probable, they consist of mixture of alcohols and other com-
pounds, then Wax alcohol must be present with a lower molecular weight
than above stated.

Method 0f Determining Acetyl N umber 0f Wax Alcohols: Boil about
2 grams (not necessary to Weigh exactly) of the alcohol for about 2
hours under reflux condenser with about 4 cc acetic anhydride. Add
about 100 cc Water and heat on steam bath for an hour. Draw off the
Water and repeat until acid is washed out (Litmus paper test), making
one more Washing than is apparently necessary. Five washings are

usually sufficient.

Dry and Weigh the product, add 10 cc alcoholic potash (40 : 1000)
for each gram of the acetylated product and boil under reflux con-
denser for 1 hour, running a blank on the potash solution at the same
time. Titrate immediately with N/5 hydrochloric acid and phenolph-
thalein. Report the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide
neutralized per gram of the acetylated product.

METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF SAPONIFIABLE AND
' UNSAPONIEIABLE MATTER.

Estimations of saponifiable and unsaponifiable in smaller amounts of
the feeds were undertaken by the method described below. The object
of this Work Was to secure a method which could be used for the esti-
mation of saponifiable and unsaponifiable in the ether extract of feeds.

__.18.__.

The methods for the purification of alcohol and preparation of
caustic soda are the same as described under the large-scale method.

Extraction: Use 10 grams substance if it contains less than 3 per
cent ether extract, and 5 grams if over 3 per cent. Extract for 16 hours,
evaporate ether and dry to constant Weight.

SaP07FtfiCdtt07t: Transfer to a 500 cc. Jena erlenmeyer with hot chlo-
roform and evaporate off the solvent on water bath. Use 5 cc. of the
alcoholic soda for each 1/2 gram of the ether extract, and 2O cc. alcohol.
Saponify by boiling with a reflux condenser for 5 hours, shaking gently
from time to time, and using great care that the caustic comes in con-
tact with all the fat which may be present in the flask. Add 0.25 gram
sodium bicarbonate for every 5 cc. of alcoholic soda used, and stir well.
Evaporate off all alcohol in steam bath. Dry 3O minutes in a water
oven.

Extraction 0f Unsapontfied: Heat the soap prepared above with 50
cc. petroleum ether, which distils below 80° C, for 2O minutes on water
bath under reflux condenser, with shaking. Add 25 cc. water and heat
for 3O minutes l.onger. Draw off the clear petroleum ether and filter
through a filter paper previously extracted with ether, if it contains
any suspended matter. If the solution is not clear, wash with 25 cc. of
1 to 1 alcohol. By the use of a pear shaped separatory funnel and al-
lowing‘ the extract to stand, the insoluble matter will usually separate
and fall to the bottom of the funnel, where it can be separated and re-
turned to the original mixture. In case it is necessary to filter and use
the alcohol wash, evaporate the alcohol washings in a porcelain dish
after adding the products of extraction of the filter with alcohol and
ether, and return to the soap solution by means of hot water and a steel
spatula, before extracting the soap solution with ether. Extract twice
with 50 cc. petroleum ether by heating 3O minutes as above. Place the
combined extracts in a 5OO cc. erlenmeyer and evaporate on water bath.

Heat the extracted soap with 5O cc. ethyl ether as before, separate
the clear ether, and wash three times with 15 cc. water. Allow any
emulsion to go back into the flask with the soap. Return the washings
to the flask also. Extract with ether in this way four times. If any
emulsion is then present, heat till the ether is all gone. Make a fifth
extraction, and evaporate separately as a. test of the completeness of
the extraction. If this extraction weighs more than 1 per cent of the
original ether extract, continue the extraction with ether until it is less
than that amount. Put the ethyl ether extracts in the flask with the
petroleum ether extracts and evaporate during the progress of the ex-
traction. After completion of the ether extraction, evaporate off the
rest of the petroleum ether and ethyl ether, adding alcohol to aid in the
removal of the petroleum ether if necessary. Transfer to a tared 100
cc. erlenmeyer by means of hot chloroform. Thesmall amount of
sodium carbonate removed by the petroleum ether will remain in the
large flask. Evaporate and dry to constant weight.

The following method of dealing with emulsions has proved satis-
factory: Evaporate the emulsion in a separate flask until the ether is
all gone. add 5O cc ether, and heat gently to redissolve unsaponiflable
material. The ether extract can then be washed with water without the
formation of an emulsion.

Extraction. 0f Sapoizifted Flatter.- Acidify with hydrochloric acid,
testing with litmus paper. Extract with 5O cc. ethyl ether three times

_19_

by shaking the slightly warmed mixture in a separatory funnel and
combine the extracts in a 500 cc. erlenmyer flask. Extract a fourth
time as described in the removal of the unsaponified, Wash with 2x15 cc
Water, dry and Weigh separately. This extraction should Weigh less
than 1 per cent of the original ether extract. Wash the combined ex-
tracts with 2x50 cc. of Water to remove sodium chloride. Return to
erlenmeyer and evaporate to dryness, transfer to a tared 100 cc. erlen-
myer With hot chloroform, evaporate and dry to constant Weight.

Residue: If any insoluble organic matter is present, filter and Wash
with wvater. Perforate the filter and Wash the residue into a tared ves-
sel With alcohol, evaporate, dry and Weigh.

Results: The results of a series of extractions by the method just
described are given in the following table:

TABLE NO. 9-—COMPOSITION_ OF ETHER EXTRAO'L‘——SMALL SCALE METHOD.

l l
Labora- Unsnpon-i Saponi- Insol-
tory N0. Total. , ified. f fied. nblv.

  ..  _ __ __-__._ ._n__...-_‘_1__.__._-. __ Z’ .
35s? Johnson Grass Hay ___________________________ _- 1.24 l .70 1  1 ........ _-
3589 Iéixcrement Sheep No. 1-; _____________________ _- 1.45 ‘ 1 1.14  .28 . ________ _-
3595 at Hay _______________________ __'_ ____________ __ 2.66 1.47 i .78 ________ __
3597 Excrement Sheep No. 1 ________________________ __ 2.12 1.26 .60 l 21
8600 Burr Clover _-_; _______________________________ __ 2.29 1.74 .52 ________ __
3623 Excremeni. Sheep No. '2 ________________________ -_ 7.32 5.75 1.54 --__ --__-
3625 Rice Straw ____________________________________ __ 1.47 i .88 .31 .29
3877 Excrement Sheep No. 2 _______________________ -_ 2.27 l .81 .71 .33
3649 Vetch Hay ____________________________________ -_ 1.78 I 1.15 ; .52 -------- __
3700 Excrement Sheep No. 1 _________________________ -_ 2.16 . 1.71 1 .40 ________ -_
3883 Buffalo Grass Hay ____________________________ -- 1.28.; .83 ; .33 ________ --
3885 Excrement Sheep No. 2 ________________________ __ 1.60 I 1.08 =38 -------- ~-
4663 Rice Straw ____________________________________ -- 1.17 . -74 44 -------- --
4665 " Excrement Sheep No. 1 ........................ __ 1.27 ~25 32 --------- --
4252 Bermuda, Hay _________________________________ __ 1.56 1 .98 i 47 ........ _-
4254 Excrement Sheep No. 1 _____________ -'. _________ -_ 1.59 \ 1.36 ; 21 --------- --
4259 Peanut Hay ------ -- 8.16 1 4.6}? g 2 79 l ........ __
4:26]. Excrement Sheep N0. 1 ________________________ “l 2.61 l 1.06 l ‘l9 , -------- --

On examination of the results, it was found that while many agreed
well with the estimation in the large scale, yet with some feeds there
were serious discrepancies. The unsaponifiable was in such case higher
in the small method than in the large. It was thought possible that the
larger proportion of petroleum ether and ethyl ether to the soap may
have extracted some of the fatty acids. Accordingly. a further series
of experiments Was made, as described below.

CORRECTION OF‘ FATTY ACIDS IN ITNSAPONIFIABIiE.

Proceed as described for the separation of the unsaponifiable. Then
heat unsaponifiable for 15 minutes With 2O cc. of N/ 5 hydrochloric acid
and 100 cc water; Let cool and pour olf the Water, through a filter if
necessary. Heat to boiling With 50 cc. water. let cool and pour off again.
The substance usually sticks to the flask, and the use of a filter is not
necessary. Wash four times with water. dissolve in alcohol, and titrate
withN/5 caustic soda and phenolphthalin. Calculate to palmitic acid.

Iicszzlts: The results of a number of tests are given in Table 10.

.__2()_.

TABLE NO. 10—OOMPOSI'J.‘ION‘ OF ETHER EXTRACT, CORRECTED FOR ACIDS IN

UNSAPONIFIABLE .
" Palmitic
Labora- Total Unsapon- Saponi- Acid in
tory No. Ether ified. fied. Unsapon-
Extract . a ified .
3595 Oat Hay 2.12 1.08 .98 .32
3609 Pure Clover Hay 2.72 1.99 .72 .35
3623 Plxcrement Sheep No. 2, D. E. VI ____________ -- 7.46 6.43 1.11 1.27
3624 ‘ixcrcment Sheep N0. 3, D. E. VI ____________ __ 7.60 6.50 1.15 1.5g
3649 Vetch Hay 1.59 1.35 .31 .
3878 Excrement Sheep No. 3, D. E. VII __________ -- 1.85 .94 .71" .07
4259 ‘eanut Hay 8.17 5.23 2.28 1.42
4261 r-Ixcrement Sheep No. 1, D. E. XIII, Fed Pea- 2 .
nut Hay 2.5
4262 Pixcrement Sheep No. 3, D. E. XIII, Fed Pea- 6 86 1
nut Hay 2.65 1. 1 . - 3
4263 Cxcremfint Sheep No. 4, D. E. XIII, Fed Pea- 2 66 22 57 25
nut ay . 2. . .
4663 Honduras Rice Straw 1.17 .44 .51 .13
4665 Iixcrement Sheep No. 1, Fed Honduras Rice 2 6 62 09
st "w, D. E. XVIII 1.4 . 2 . .
4247 Balerdd Millet . 1.89 .98 .69 .29
3277 Xlfalfa Hay 1.26 1.05 .28 .16
3279 hlxcrement Sheep No. 2, D. E. No. 3 ........ __ 3.56 5.19 .40 .39
4557 Corn Shucks .61 .51 .07 -11
4559 fixcrement Sheep No. 1, Fed Corn Shucks, D.
E. XVII .89 .88 .05 .09

The unsaponifiable material contains some fatty acids, in a few in-
stances quite large amounts. On the other hand, it is possible that the
soap may still contain some unsaponifiable, for the separation is a diffi-
cult one.

PETROLEUM AND ETHYL ETHER EXTRACTION.

The method calls for extraction first with petroleum ether, then with
ethyl ether. This Was adopted because, in the large method, the ethyl
ether always dissolved considerable quantities of substance after the
solution had apparently been extracted With petroleum ether. It was
considered possible that the "ethyl ether had a greater solvent "action on
the soap than the petroleum ether, and experiments Were made to test
this point. The petroleum ether extract and the ethyl ether extract
were Weighed and tested for fatty acids separately, with the results
shown in Table 11.

TABLE NO. 11—SEPARATION OF ETHER EXTRACT BY PETROLEUM ETHER AND
ETHYL ETHER.

Sample Number- 4238 4240 4546 4548

Total ether extract _- 1.36 1.74 2.27 2.63
Unsaponified—Petroleum Ether .94 1.33 1.15 2.15
Acids in Above-Palznitin .10 .03 .15 .10
Net Unsaponifled-Petroleum Ether .84 , , 1.30 1.00 2.05
Unsaponified-Ethyl Ether .24 .38 .64 .50
Acids in Above—Palmitic ' - .05 .07 .19 .08
Net Unsaponified Ethyl Ether .19 ' .31 .45 .42
Total Unsaponified (net) 1.03 1.61 1.45 2.47
~ Saponilled by Extraction - .20 .13 .47 .14
Total Saponifled .35 .23 .81 .32

Both solvents take up some of the soap. From one-third to one-fifth
of the ethyl ether extract consists of fatty acids. The omission of the
ethyl ether would not increase the accuracy of the method, and would
leave a larger quantity of unsaponifiable matter with the fatty acids.

__21._

FINAL METHOD.

The method finally adopted consists of that described above, with a
correction for the fatty acids in the unsaponifiable, as found by the test
just referred to, assuming that the fatty acids are palmitic acid. The
petroleum ether extract should also be Washed With Water to remove
soaps which may have been extracted.

COMPOSITION OF THE ETHER EXTRACT OF HAYS
’ AND FODDERS.

The composition of the ether extracts of the hays and fodders as cal-
culated from the estimations most reliable is given in Table 12.

TABLE NO. 12—COMPOSITION OF ETHER EXTRACT OF HAYS AND FODDERS

(PERCENTAGE).

Period Ether Unsapon- Saponi- uble Nitro- phoric
Number- Extract ifiable. fiable. Residue. gen. Acid.
- Total Inso1- Phos-

3 Alfalfa Hay _____________ __ 1.26 67 33 . ________ __ .23‘ ,00
12 Bermuda Hay ........... -- 1.55 65 27 .38 .08
9 Buffalo Grass Hay ______ _- 1.28 59 39 ________ __ _ .33 .06
6 Burr Clover ............. -- 2.72 60 39 ________ __ .44 .10
17 Corn Shucks _____________ -- .61 71 29 ________ __ .20 .19
1 Gowpea Hay ____________ _- 3.15 54 42 .13
16 Guam Grass _____________ _- 1.78 69 29 ________ __ .56 .14
4 Johnson Grass Hay ____ __ 1.29 60 38 ________ -_ .26 .09
10 Johnson Grass Hay ..... _- 1.38 75 25 ........ _- .34 .15
15 Knfir Fodder ............ -- 1.99 48 39 .39 .10
11 Zviillet 1.53 39 52 .19 - .09
6 Oat Hay ________________ _- 2.12 36 61 ________ _- .33 .05
14 Para Grass Hay ________ _- .86 73 26 ________ __ .23 .25
13 Peanut Hay ____________ _- 8.17 ~47 45 ________ ..- .07 .18
7 Rice Straw, Japan ..... _- 1.47 58 22 20 .26 :02
18 Rice Straw, Honduras ___- 1.24 . 45 33 6 .18 .06
2 Sorghum Hay ___________ _- 1.47 56 35 ________ _- .23 .09
8 Vetch Hay ........ _. _____ __ 1.59 70 3O ________ __ .42 .06
Average _____________ __ 1 . 91 58 36 .13 . 30 . 11

The unsaponifiable, consisting, as We have seen, largely of Wax
alcohols, varies from 36 to 73 per cent of the ether extract, With an
average of 58 per cent. The saponifiable, Which includes chlorophyll
as Well as fatty acids, varies from 23 to 61 per cent of the ether extract,
with an average of 36 per cent. The percentage of nitrogen varies
from .07 to .56 per cent, average 0.30, and the percentage of phosphoric

' acid from .02 to 0.18 per cent, average 0.11. '

If We assume that the phosphoric acid present is in the form of leci-
thin, an assumption generally made, then the" ether extract Would con-
tain 0.22 to 2.84 per cent lecithin, with average of 1.25 per cent, using
the factor 11.38 to convert phosphoric acid to lecithin. Since lecithin
contains 1.80 per cent nitrogen, the average amount lecithin-nitrogen in
the ether extract would be .025 per cent, or one-tWelfth of the nitrogen
present. , i

The chlorophyll in the saponifiable is probably in the form of
phyllotaonin O40 H40 N6 O6, containing 12.0 per cent nitrogen.

We can assume that all the nitrogen present is either in lecithin or
this chlorophyll product. The average for phyllantaonin-nitrogen

__gg__

-would then be 0.30—-.O25=O.275 per cent, equivalent to 2.3 per cent
phyllotaonin in the total ether extract. This, however, is found in -the
saponifiable material of Which it Would constitute approximately 6.4

per cent.

It is quite possible that other nitrogenous compounds are

present, for rice straw ether extract, Which contains little chlorophyll,
contains almost as much nitrogen as the others.

The sum of the unsaponifiable and saponifiable is not 100 per cent.
The loss may be due partly-to formation of substances soluble in Water
during the saponification, such as ‘glycerol, and partly to errors of
analysis.  

It is evident that the ether extract of hays, straws and fodders con-

sists largely of substances which are not fats.
(4 7
fats

The use of the term
’ as synonomous with “ether extract” is, therefore, not justified,

so far as these feeds are concerned. i
TABLE NO. 1.3—PER.O,EN1‘AGE COMPOSITION, OF ETHER EXTRACT OF FEEDS AND
EXOREMENT.
Free,
Fatty Phos-
Labora- Unsapon- Saponi- Insol- Acids Nitro- phoric
tory No. ified. fled. uble. (as Pal- gen. Acid.
mitic).
e220 Oowpea Hay ............ _- 54 _ 42 I .13
3222 Excrement, Sheep No. 2__ 90 90' .05
3223 Excrement, Sheep N0. 3__ 89 9 2 __________________ __ .06
3224 Sorghum Hay __________ __ 56 35 ________ __ 29 .23 .09
3258 Excrement, Sheep No. 1__ 79 20 10 .17 .06
3259 Etcrement, Sheep No. 2__ 81 19 .05
3260 Excrement, Sheep No. 3-- 82 18- .04
3277 Alfalfa Hay ____________ __ 67 33 ________ __ 33 .23 .06
3279 Excrement, Sheep N0 2__ 82 14 ________ __ ~14 .30 .03
3280 Pixerernent, Sheep No 3-- 81 16 1 .03
3281 Excrement, Sheep No. 4__ 83 13 2 .04_
3587 Johnson Grass Hay _____ __ 60 38 ________ __ 26 .26 .09
3589 Exerement, Sheep No 1-- 68 30 ________ __ 12 .17 .03
3590 Exerement, Sheep No. 3__ 65 31 .02
3591 Excrement, Sheep No 4__ 66 . 34 .02
3595 Oat Hay -_____ ___________ __ 36 61 ________ __ 44 .33 .05
3597 Excrement, Sheep No. 1-- 63  ________ __ 11 .27 .03
3598 Exerement, Sheep N0.. 4__ 6S .29 .02
3609 Burr Glover _____________ _- 60 30 ________ __ 27 .44 .10
3623 Excrement, Sheep N0. 2__ 69 32 .56 .03
3624 Iixcrement, Sheep N0. 3.- 66 35 .05
3625 Rice Straw ______________ __ 58 22' 2O 16 .26 .02
3877 Excitement, Sheep No. 2-- 34 30 23 7 .14 .01
3878 Excrement, Sheep No. 3__ 47 42 .02
3879 Exerement, Sheep No. 4-- 69 15 6 .03
3649 Vetch Hay ______________ __ 70 30 ________ __ 26 .42 .06
3700 Fxcrement, Sheep No. 1_- 79 19 __, _____ __ 10 .27 .06
3883 Buffalo Grass Hay ______ _- 59 39 ________ __ 29 .33 .06
3885 Excrement, Sheep No. 2__ 74 26 ________ __ 14 .28 .03
3886 Excrement, Sheep N0. 3__ 83 14 .03
3887 Excrement, Sheep No. 4-- 78 17 .03
4238 Johnson Grass Hay _____ __ 75 25 ________ __ 25 .34 .15-
4240 Excrement, Sheep No. _- 77 23 15 .26 .03
4241 Excrement, Sheep No 3_- 71 18 _ ..__ .03
4242 Excrernent, Sheep N0. 4__‘ 79 1.7 .03
4247 Millet ____________________ __ 39 5'2 ________ -_ 22 .19 .09
4249 Excrement, Sheep No. 1-- 80 20 ________ __ 18 .17 .05
4250 Excrement, Sheep No. 3__ 79 19 _ .04
4251 Exerement, Sheep No. 4__ 66 28 ___ ‘ _! .07
4252 Bermuda Hay __________ __ 65 27 ________ __ 25 .38 i .08
4254 Excrement, Sheep No. 1-- 85 . 15 g ________ __ 11 .33 I .01
4255 Excrement, Sheep No 3__ 80 20 i _; .01
4256 Exerement, Sheep No. 4-- 88 12 ________ __ ; .01
4259 Peanut Hay ............ _- 47 45 ________ _- 29 .‘7 i .18
4261 Excrement, Sheep No. 1__ 60 38 ________ __ 26 .18  .10
4262 Exerement, Sheep No 3..- 58- 37 ____ ________ __} .08

_._g3__

TABLE NO.‘ 13.—-PERCENTAGE COMPOSlTlONl OF‘ ETHER EXTRACT OF FEEDS AND
l EXCREMENT—continued.

l
Free,
~ , Fatty l Phos-
LflblJrfi- - Unsapon- Saponi- Insol- Acids  Nitro- phoric
150W N0. ified. fied. uble. (as Pal- i gen. Acid.
mitic). 

4263 TXcrement, Sheep No. 4__ 70 30 __________________ "l ________ __ .12
4277 9am Grass ______________ __ 73 26 ________ __ 15 t .23 .25
4279 ixcrement, Sheep No. 1-- 91 09 ________ __ 9 l .18 .08
4280 ixcrement, Sheep No, 3__ 89 11 __________________ __' ______ __‘__ ,0"?
4281 Excrement, Sheep No. 4__ 88 12 ~ I .07
4546 (afir Fodder _..-__. _______ __ 48 39 ________ __ 27 .39 .10
4548 Lixcrement, Sheep N0. 4__ 91 09 ________ __ 10 .38 ' .04
4594 liixcrement, Sheep No. 5__ 90 1O .04
4550 Excrement, Sheep No. 6__ 78 15 .09
4552 "hiam Grass ____________ __ 69 29 ________ __ 28 .56 _14
4554 Excrement, Sheep No. 1-- 82 18' ___". ____ __ 10 .66 ..06
4555 lixcrcment, Sheep No. 3__ 81 10 _- _______ ___ __________________ __ .06
4556 Excrernent, Sheep No. 5__ . 83 17 l .04
4557 Corn. Shucks ____________ __ 71 29 ________ __ 25 .20 .19
4559 Excrement, Sheep No. 1__ 84 16 ___ ___ ________ __ .18

4560 Iilxcrement, Sheep N0. 4__ 83 17
4561 Excrement,‘ Sheep No. 5__ 83 17 ________ __ 1.3 .12 .08
4663 Rice Straw _______________ __ 45 33 .06 19 .18 .06
4665 Excrement, Sheep No. 1-- 56 15 .24 16 .11 .02
4666 Excrement, Sheep No. 4__ 57 13 .22 ' .03
4667 Excrement, Sheep No. 5-, 52 10 .20 .04

l

Table 13 shows the free fatty acids present, calculated as palmitic
acid, and also the comparative composition of feed and excrement. It
will be noted that a considerable proportion of the fatty acids are pres
ent in the free state. As already pointed out, this determination is sub-
ject to some error on account of thecolor of the solution.

The following is a summary of the average composition of ether ex-
tract of. the feeds studied:

Unsaponifiable (largely wax alcohols) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58. 7,}

Saponified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36. %

Phosphoric acid .  . .7 . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . i. 0.11 %

Equivalent to lecithin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.25 %

Total iiittogeii.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.30 <7.»

Nitrogen in lecithin . . . . . . f; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.025%

Nitrogen remaining . . .p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.27 5%

Equivalent to phyllotaonin in unsaponified . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 2.3 %

DIG-ESTIBILITY OF THE GONSTITUENTS.

The digestibility of the constituents of the ether extract was deter- '
mined in 18 experiments on hays and fodders. In calculating the

digestibility, the quantity of ether extract fed and excreted Was taken
from Bulletin 147, this Experiment Station, and the constituents
thereof calculated from the percentage composition of the ether extract
in the feed and in the excrement as shown in Table 13.

_24,__

TABLE NO. 14—AVERAGE DIGESTIBILITY OF CONSTITUENTS OF ETHER EXTRACT!
OF HAYS AND FODDERS.

Total Phos-

Period Ether Unsapon- Saponi- Nitro- phoric
Number. Extract. ifiable. fiable. gen. Acid
3 Alfalfa Hay 4.9 59.1 46.9
12 Bermuda Hay 46.9 31.2 69.0 57.9 93.5
9 Buffalo Grass Hay _________________ ..- 35.5 14.3 68.9 48.7 67.8

6 Burr Clover 5.4 8.6 ________ __ 57.7
17 Uorn Shucks 38.6 28.0 64.4 59.1 59.2
1 Oowpea Hay 28.6 10.9 84.7 69.8
16 Guam Grass 57.2 49.1 73.9 49.0 83-.8
4 Johnson Grass 52.2 47.0 60.1 .65.8 87.5
10 Johnson Grass 49.3 48.9 61.0 62.7 90.1
15 YCafir Fodder 53.1 15.9 86.3 62.0 73.1
11 millet 56.4 15.9 81.4 39.4 74.7
5 Oat Hay 68.9 43.4 84.2 74.8 83.-7
14 Para Grass Hay ___________________ _. 45.0 32.8 77.4 58.2 83.9
13 Peanut Hay 90.0 86.6 92.3 75.8 94.5
7 Rice Straw, Japan .7 23.4 9.4 47.4 18.5
18 Rice Straw, Honduras ____________ _. 36.4 _ 8.8 76.0 63.6 67.3
. 2 \‘orghum Hay 53.5 32.9 74.7 64.5 73.8
8 Vetch Hay 42.4 34.8 63.7 63.0 42.1
Average (18) 41.9 29.1 66.4 70.4

(17) 52.5 ....... .._

It was assumed that the insoluble belongs to the unsaponifiable. It
may possibly consist of products of the decomposition of chlorophyll,
and hence properly belongs with the saponifiable. The assumption does
not affect the results greatly, except with rice straw. Whether or not
the assumption is justified in the case of rice straw is a matter for
further consideration. ~

The average digestibility of the constituents of the ether "extract is
given in Table 14. Table 15 contains the calculations on which Table 14
is based. The digestibility of the unsaponifiable varies from O to 86.6,
with an average of 29.1. In every case except one (Japan rice straw),
the unsaponifiable is digested to a less extent than the saponifiable, and

  -in this one case We have added a large amount of insoluble to the sapon-

ifiable. i The digestibility of the saponifiable varies from 8.6 to 92.3,
with an average of 66.4. The unsaponifiable is digested less than the
total ether extract, and the saponifiable much more. -

The saponifiable fatty acids may begin part, combined with wax
alcohols, in the form of Waxes. If so, this would account for a lower
digestibility for thesaponifiable fatty acids than for the fatty acids of
concentrated feeding stuffs, which are present combined with glycerol,
that is as fats and oils. ~ a -

The digestibility of the nitrogen varies but is usually less than the
unsaponifiable. On the average, it is 52.5. The phosphoric acid
averages 70.4.

If we assume that the digestibility of the phosphoric acid represents

the digestibility of lecithin, we find that lecithin is digested, on an -

average, more than the saponifiable. If we assume that the digestibility
of the nitrogen represents that of chlorophyll product, then chlorophyll
is digested less than the saponifiable and more than the unsaponifiable.
Since the chlorophyll product is 2.3 per cent of the total ether extract,
or 6.4 per cent of the saponifiable, deduction of chlorophyll from the
saponifiable would raise the coefficient of digestibility for the remainder
of the saponifiable. Hence the fatty acids in the saponifable are prob-
ably digested to a greater extent than the saponifiable itself.

__.g5___ .

We therefore conclude that the 10W digestibility of the ether extract
of hays and fodders is due t0 the presence of Wax alcohols, Waxes,
chlorophyll, and other substances not as easily digested as the fatty acids
or fats and oils. '

TABLE NO. 15—-DIGESTIBILITY OF GONSTITUENTS OF ETHER EXTRACT OF
HAYS AND FODDER-S.

Total Phos-
Digestion Labora- Ether Unsapon- Saponi- Nitro- phorie
Period. tory No. Extract. ifiable. fiable. gen. Acid.
1 3220 Gowpea Hay Eaten _____ _- 120.8 65.2 50.7 ________ __ .157
3222 Sheep No. 2 Excreted___'__- 85.9 77.3 7.7 .043
Sheep No. 2 Digested ____ _.. 34.9 7.9 43.0 ........ __ .114
Sheep No. 2 Digested, Per- _
eentage ______________ -_ 28.88 12.1 84.8 72.6
1 3220 Oowpea Hay Eaten ______ _- 120.8 65.2 50.7 ........ __ .157
822:! Sheep No. 3 Excreted ----_ 86.7 78.9 7.8 .052
Sheep N0. 3 Digested ____ -- 34.1 6.3 42.9 ....... -- .105
Sheep No. 3 Digested, Per-
centage ______________ _- 28.23 9.7 84.6 ________ __ 66.9
I 3224 Sorghum Hay Eaten _-__- 79.7 44.6 27.9 .183 .072
33258 Sheep No. 1 Excreted ____ -- 38.5 30.4 7.7 .065 .023
Sheep No. 1, Digested“--- 41.2 14.2 20.2 .118 .049
Sheep N0. 1 Digested, Per- -
centage ______________ __ 51.69 31.8 72.4 64.5 68.0
2 3224 Sorghum Hay Eaten ____ _- 66.4 37.2 23.3 .060
3259 Sheep No. 2 Excreted .... -- 31.2 25.3 5.9 _______ -_ .016
Sheep No. 2 Digested .... -- 35.2 11.9 17.3 ........ ..- .044
Sheep No. 2 Digested, Per-
centage _______________ -. 53.01 32.0 74.6 73.3
I 3224 Sorghum Hay Eaten _____ _. 66.3 37.1 23.2 ________ -- .060
3260 Sheep No. 3 Excreted .... _- 29.4 24.1 5.3 ________ _- .012
Sheep No. 3 Digested ____ -- 36.9 13.0 17.9 .048
Sheep No. 3 Digested, Per
centage .............. -_ 55.66 35.0 77.1 80.0
I 3277 Alfalfa Hay Eaten___-.'_- 62.0 41.5 20.5 .143 .037
3279 Sheep No. 2 Excreted ____ -- 60.3 49.4 8.4 .181 .018
Sheep No. 2 Digested .... -- 1.7 -7.9 12.1 —.038 .019
Sheep No. 2 Digested, Per
centage .............. _- 27.4 Negative 59 .1 Negative 51 .4
l! 3277 Alfalfa Hay Eaten ______ _- 62.0 41.5 20.5 ________ -- .037
8280 Sheep No. 3 Excreted ____- 54.1 44.4 8.7 ........ -- .016
Sheep N0. 3 Digested .... -- 7.9 —-2.9 11.8 .021
Sheep No. 3 Digested, Per
eentage _______________ _. 12.74 Negative 57.6 ..-..-_.._-- 56.8
n 3277 Alfalfa Hay Eaten ______ _- 61.4 41.1 20.3 .037
3281 Sheep No. 4 Excreted ____ -_ 61.8 52.5 8.0 .025
Sheep No. 4 Digested ____ -- —0.4 —11.4 12.3 .012
Sheep No. 4 Digested, Per-
centage ............... -- Negative Negative 60.6 _-_--_---- 82.4
4 3587 Johnson Grass Hay Eaten 59.5 35.7 22.6 .155 .054
3589 Sheep N0. 1 Excreted__..-_- ' 31.0 21.1 9.3 .053 .009
Sheep No. 1 Digested ____ __ 28.5 14.6 13.3 .102 .045
Sheep No. 1 Digested, Per-
centage ______________ __ 47.9 40.9 58.8 65.8 83.3
4 3587 Johnson Grass Hay Eaten 57.8 34.7 22.0 .052
3590 Sheep No. 3 Excreted ____ __ 26.1 17.0 8.1 ________ __ .005
Sheep No. 3 Digested ___-_ 31.7 17.7 13.9 .047
Sheep N0. 3 Digested, Per-
centaga ______________ __ 54.83 51.0 63.2 ...... ...- 90.4
4 3587 Johnson Grass, Hay Eaten 59.6 35.8 22.6 .054
3591 Sheep N0. 4 Excreted ____ -- 27.5 18.2 9.4 .006
Sheep No. 4 Digested ____ __ 32.1 17.6 13.2 .048
Sheep No. 4 Digested, Per-
eentage ______________ __ 53.86 49.2 58.4 88.9
l5 3595 Oat Hay Eaten __________ __ 92.7 33.4 56.5 .806 .046 .
3597 Sheep No. 1 Excreted ____ __ 28.4 17.9 9.4 .077 .009
Sheep No. 1 Digested ____ ..- 64.3 15.5 47.1 .229 .037
Sheep No. 1 Digested, Per-
centage ______________ -_ 69.36 46.4 83.4 74.8 80.4

.__g5__

TABLE NO. 15——DIGESTIBILITY OF GONSTITUENTS OF. ETHER EXTRACT OF
HAYS AND FODDERS-continued.

   

 
 

 

I j Total  Phos-
Digestion; Labora< Ether Unsapon- Saponi- Nitro- t phoric
Period. itory N0..‘ Extract. ifiable. ’ fiable. gen. Acid.

1 ' g .._.._’_i__i
5 I 3595 iOat Hay Eaten __________ -_ 91.6 33.0 55.9 ________ _- .046

F 3598 Sheep N0. 4 Evccreted ____ __ 28.9 19.7 8.4 ________ __ .006

i Esheep N0. 4 Digested ____ __ 52.7 13.3 47.5 ........ _- .040

i iSheep N0. 4 Digested, Per- .

§ centage ______________ -- 68.45 40.3 85.0 ________ -_ 87.0

i .-

6 : 3609 iBurr Clover Eaten _______ __ 84.7 50.8 33.0 .373- .085

i 3523 {Sheep No. 2 Excreted .... _- 39.2 51.5 23.5 .500 .027

' ‘Sheep N0. 2 Digested-.-_--- ——4.5 —-10.7 4.5 -—.127 .058

Sheep No. 2 Digested, Per- '
’ ,centa.ge ___________ __ Negative Negative 13.7 Negative 68.2
6 3609 Burr Clover Eaten _______ __ 84.5 50.07 33.0 ________ __ .085
3624 Sheep N0. 3 Excreted ____ __ 89.2 58.9 31.2 ________ _. .045
Sheep No. 3 Digested ____ -_. —4.7 —8.2 1.8 ________ __ .040
Sheep No. 3 Digested, Per-
’ centage ______________ __ Negative Negative. 5.5 -------- -- 47-1
7 3625 Rice Straw Eaten ________ __ 44.0 34.3 9.7 .114 ._009
3877 Sheep N0. 2 Excreted ____ __ 43.1 . 24.6 12.9 _ .060 .004
Sheep No. 2 Digested ____ __ 0.9 9 7 --3 2 .054" .005
Sheep N0. 2 Digested, Per- .
centage ______________ __ 2.05 28.3 Negative 47.4 55.6
7 3625 Rice Straw Eaten _______ __ 42.2 32.9 9.3 ________ __ .008
3878 Sheep No. 3 Excreted ____ __ ' 40.6 19.1 17.1 ________ __ .008
Sheep No. 3 Digested ____ __ 1.6 13.8 —7 8
I Sheep No. 3 Digested, Per-
; centage ______________ __ 3.79 42.0 Negative
7 f 3625 ‘Rice Straw Eaten ________ __ 42.7 33.3 9.4 ____--___. .009

l 3879 ‘Sheep No. 4 Excreted ____ __ 44.9 33.7 6.7 f ________ __ .013

_' {Sheep N0. 4 Digested ____ -_ —2.2 —0.4 2.7 ——.004

’ jSheep No. 4 Digested, Per- -

;' g centage ______________ __ Negative Negative 28.7 ________ _- Negative

8 ’ 3649 IVetch Hay Eaten ________ __ 63.2 I 44.2 19.0 .265 .038
j 3700 isheep No. 1 Excreted ____ _-. . 35.4 23.3 5.9 .093 g .022
Sheep No. 1 Digested ____ -_ 26.8 15.4 12.1 .167 ; .016

i Sheep No. 1 Digested, Per- I

centage ______________ __ . 42.41 34.8 63.7 63.0 f 42.1
9 f 3333 Buffalo Grass Hay Eaten 43.0 I 23.3 13.7 .153 a . .029
I 3885 Sheep No. 2 Excreted ____ _.. 28.8 21 3 7.5 .081 .009
Sheep N0. 2 Digested ____ __ 19.2 7.0 11.2 .077 .020

Sheep No. 2 Digested, Per-
icentage ______________ .._ 40.0 24.7 59.9 48.7 ' 69.0
I 1 3883 Buffalo Grass Hay Eaten_ 47.9 28.3 18.7 ________ __ .029

i 3886 Sheep N0. 3 Excreted ____ __ . 32.0 26.6 4.5 ________ _- .010

, Sheep No. 3 Digested .... -- 15.9 1.7 14.2 . ________ -- .019

' Sheep No. 3 Digested, Per- I

’ centage _____________ __ 33.19‘ 0.0 75.9 .---__---__ 05.5

9 3883 Buffalo Grass Hay Eaten_ 47.6 I 28.1 18.6 _--; .... -_I .029
3887 Sheep N0. 4 Excreted ____ __ 31.7 l 24.7 5.4 ________ __| .009
Sheep No. 4 Digested____i_ 15.9 3.4 13.2 ........ n] .020
Sheep No. 4 Digested, Per- ! .
centage ______________ __| 33.4 . 12.1 71,0 i _____ __,__; 59,0
w ~ I
10 4233 Iohnson Grass Hay Eaten_; 55.9 41.9 14.0 ' .190 ; .034
4240 Sheep No. 1 Excreted ____ __; 27.2 20.9  6 3  .071 2 .008
Sheep No. 1 Digested _____ n] 28.7 21.0 7 7 j .119 I .076
Sheep- No. 1 Digested, Per-' : 
centage .............. __ 51.35 50.1" 55.0  62 7 l. 90,5
. I 1 f
10 4233 Tohnson Grass Hay Eaten_ 55.9 41.9 ' 14.0 f ........ -_' .034
4241 311891) No. 3 Ilxcreted 27.8 . 19.7 l 5.0 i ________ "I .008
w‘heep No. 3 Digested ____ __ 28.1 22.2 I 9.0 ;-___.-_____, .076
sheep No. 3 Digested, Per- g ; 
centage 50.27 53.0  64.3 I ________ -_; 90.5
10 4233 Tohnson Grass Hay Eaten_ 55.9 41.9 I 14.0 J____»____-_i .034
4242 4heep No. 4 Excreted ____ -- 29.9 23.6‘ | 5.1 I ________ _- .009
fiheep N0. 4 Digested ____ _-. 26.0 18.3 I 8.9 ......... _.. .075
$heep N0. 4 Digested, Per- i I
eentage ____________ __ v 46.51 F 43.7 i 63.6 _________ _. 89.3

__g7__.

TABLE NO. 15—DIGESTIBILITY OF OONS'l‘I'1‘Ul<3N'1‘S OF ETHER EXTRACT OF
HAYS AND FODDERS-continued.

1
, Total 1 Phos-
Digestion Lab0ra- Ether Unsapon-i Sap0ni- Nitro- phqrlc
Pgrigd, tory N0, Extract. ifiable. i fiable. a gen. Acid.
11 14247 Millet Eaten _____________ -_ 64.2 25-0  33-4 I ~12? I153
i 4249 Sheep No. 1 Excreted ____ __ 30.5 24.4 : 6.1 1 .052. .015
l Sheep N0. 1 Digested ____ __ 33. 0.6  27.3 z .070 .043
1 Sheep N0. 1 Digested, Per- g l
i centage ______________ ___ 52.49 2.8 g 81.7 E 57.4 74.2
11  4247 Millet Eaten _____________ _- 54.5 25.2 1 33.5 1 ........ -- I158
a 4250 FSheep N0. 8 Excreted .... -_ 27.5 21.7 i 5.2 1 ________ __ 4111
I . iSheep N0. 3 Digested ____ __i 37. 3.5 j 28.3 1 ________ _- .047
= lSheep N0. 3 Digested, Per; l ;
 l centage _______________ -_' 57.36 A 13.9  84-5 -------- -- 31-0
11 f 4247 Millet Eaten _____________ -_, 54.8 1 25.1 88.4 ________ __ .058
4 ; 425] Sheep N0. 4 Excreted ____ __l 26.2 j 17.3 7.3 ________ __ .018
1 Sheep N0. 4 Digested ____ __1 38.1 5 7.8 26.1 ________ __ .040
l Sheep N0. 4 Digested, Per- g
. centage ______________ _- 59.29  31.] 78.1 ________ __ 69.0
} ‘ 7
12 g 425». Bermuda Hay Eaten _____ __ 58.8  41.5 1 17.2 .242 .051
.  4251 Sheep N0. 1 Exereted ____ __ 30.9 g 26.3  4.6 .102 .003
i Sheep N0. 1 Digested ____ __ 32.9 j 15.2 12.6 .140 .048
1 Sheep N0. 1 Digested, Per- }
5 centage ______________ -_ 51.57 g 36.6 73.3 57.9 94.1
1
12  4252 Bermuda Hay Eaten ____ __ 63.8 41.5 17.2 ________ __ .051
3 4255 Sheep N0. 3 Excreted .... -- 36.7 29.4 7.3 ________ __ .004
§ Sheep N0. 3 Digested ____ __ 27.1 12.1 9.9 ________ __ .047
‘ Sheep No. 3 Digested, Per-
; centage ______________ __ 42.48 29.2 57.6 ________ -- W2
l2 E 4252 Bermuda Hay Eaten-____- 53.8 41.5 17.2 ________ _- .051
i 4256 Sheep No. 4 Excreted ____ __ 34.1 30.0 4.1 ________ __ .002
3 Sheep N0. 4 Digested ____ __ 29.7 11.5 13.1 ________ __ .048
i Sheep N0. 4 Digested, Per-
P centage ______________ __ 46.55 27.7 76.2 ________ _- 94.1
13  4559 Peanut Hay Eaten ______ __ 342.4 160.9 154.1 .240 .616
f ~ 4561 Sheep N0. 1 Excreted ____ -_ 32.4 1.94 12.3 .058 .032
lSheep N0. 1 Digested______ 31.0.0 141.5 141.8 i .182 .584
1Sheep No. 1 Digested, Per- '
centage ______________ __ _90.53 87.9 92.0 75.8 94.9
13 4559 "Peanut Hay Faten _______ __ 342.4 160,9 154.1 ________ __ .616
4562 Sheep N0. 3 Fxcreted ____ __ 34.3 19.9 12.7 ________ __ .027
Sheep No. 3 Digested ____ __ 308.1 141.0 141.4 ________ __ .589
Sheep N0. 3 Digested, Per-
centage ______________ __ 90.0 87.6 9.1.8 _________ __ 95.6
1.3 4559 Peanut Hay Eaten_________ 34-2.4 160.9 154.1 ________ __ .616
4563 Sheer) N0. 4 Fxcreted ____ __ 36.0 25.2 10.8 ________ __ .043
$11681) N0. 4 DiQested ____ _. 306.4 135.7 143.3 ........ _- .573
Sheep No. 4 Digested, Per-
centage ______________ __ 39,49 84 3 93,0 ________ __ 93.0
14 4277 Para Grass Eaten ______ _- 34.3 25.0 8.9 .079 .086
4219 Sheep No. 1 Excreted ____ __ 18.6 16.9 1.7 .033 .015
. Sheep N0. 1 Digested ____ __ 15.7 8.1 7.2 .046 .071
i Sheep N0. 1. Digested, Per- 1
‘ centagc .............. _- 45.77 82.4 80.9 58.2 82.5
14 4277 Para Grass Eaten _______ __ 36.0 26.3 9.4 ________ -_ .090
4280 Sheep No. 3 Excreted ____ __ 20.0 17.8 2.2 ________ __ .014
Sheep N0. 3 Digested ____ __ 16.0 8.5 7.2 ________ __ .076
Sheep N0.‘ 3 Digested, Per-
centage ______________ -_ 44.44 32° 76.6 84.4
14 4277 Para Grass Eaten_-__._____ 28.9 21.1 7.5 ________ __ .072
4281 Sheep N0. 4 Excreted ____ __ ' 15.9 14.0 1.9 ________ __ .011
7 Sheep No. 4 Digested ____ __ 13.0 7.1 5.6 ________ _- .061
Sheep No. 4 Digested, Per- 1
. centage ______________ __ 45.0 33.6 74.7 ________ __ 84.7
15  4546 Kaflr Fodder Eaten ______ __ 85.2 40.9 33.2 .332 .085
. 4548 Sheep N0. 4 Excreted ____ -_ 33.3 30.3 3.0 .126 .013
l Sheep N0. 4 Digested ____ __ 51.9 10.6 30.2 .206 .072
_ Sheep N0. 4 Digested, Per-
= - eentage ______________ __ 60.92 25.9 91.0 62.0 84.7

__g3_

TABLE NO. 15-—DIGESTIBILITY OF GONSTITUENTS OF ETHER EXTRACT OP
HAYS AND FODDERS-continued.

Digestion Labora-
Period. tory No.
15 4546
4549.
15 4546
4550
16 4552
4554
16 4552
4555
16 4552
4556
17 4557
4559
17 4557
4560
17 4557
4561
18 4663
4665
18 4663
4666
18 4663
4667

Total Phos-
Ether Unsap0n- Saponi- Nitro- phoric
Extract. ifi able . fiabie . gen . Acid .
Kafir Fodder Eaten _____ __ 85.2 40.9 33.2 --__..,_-_.. .085
Sheep No. 5 Excreted ____ _- 44.4 40.0 4.4 .018
Sheep No. 5 Digested ____ _- 40.8 0.9 28.8 .067
Sheep No. 5 Digested, Per-
centage - ______________ __ 47.89 2.2 86.8 78.8
Kafir Fodder Eaten_-_-_-__ 87.7 42.1 34.2 ________ -_ .088
Sheep No. 6 Excreted ____ __ 43.4 33.9 6.5 ........ -_ .039
Sheep N0. 6 Digested .... .._ 44.3 8.2 27.7 .049
Sheep No. 6 Digested, Per-
centage ______________ -_ ‘£50.51 19.5 81.0 65.7 A
“mam Grass Eaten________ 69.2 47.7 20.1 .388 .097
Sheep No. 1 Excreted .... -_ ' 30.0 24.6 5.4 .198 .018
Sheep No. 1 Digested .... __ 39.2 23.1 14.7 .190 .079
Sheep No. 1 Digested, Per-
centage ______________ _- 56.65 48.4 73.1 49.0 81.4
Guam Grass Eaten ______ .._ 69.2 47.7 20.1 .097
Sheep No. 3 Excreted ____ -_ 27.0 21.9 4.9 .016
Sheep No. 3 Digested ____ __ 42.2 25.8 15.2 .081
Sheep No. 3 Digested, Per-
centage ______________ -_ 60.98 54.1 75.6 83.5
Guam- Grass Eaten ______ __ 69.2 47.7 20.1 .097
Sheep No. 5 Excreted ____ __ 31.8 26.4 5.4 .013
Sheep No. 5 Digested ____ _- 37.4 21.3 14.7 ...... -- .084
Sheep No. 5 Digested, Per-
centagg ______________ __ 54.05 44.7 73.1 86.6
Oorn Shucks Eaten _____ __ 22.1 15.7 6.4 .042
Sheep No. 1 Excreted____-_ 12.4 10.4 2.0 .022
Sheep No. 1 Digested .... __ 97.0 5.3 4.4 .020
Sheep No. 1 Digested, Per- -
centage ______________ _- 43.89 33.8 68.8 47.6
Gorn Shucks Eaten _____ -- 21.9 15.5 6.4
Sheep No. 4 Excreted ____ __ 13.4 11.1 2.3
Sheep No. 4 Digested ____ -- 8.5 4.4 4.1
Sheep No. 4 Digested, Per-
centage ______________ _- 38.82 28.4 64.1
Corn Shucks Eaten ______ __ 21.8 15.5 6.3 .044 .041
Sheep No. 5 Excreted .... -- 14.6 12.1 2.5 .018 .012
Sheep No. 5 Digested ____ __ 7.2 3.4 3.8 .026 .029
Sheep No. 5 Digested, Per- ~
centage ______________ __ 33.03 21.9 60.3 59.1 70.7
Rice Straw Eaten ________ __ 36.8 18.8 12.1 .066 .022
Sheep No. 1 Excreted ____ _- 22.2 17.8 3.3 .024 .004
Sheep No. 1 Digested ____ __ 14.6 1.0 8.8 .042 .018
Sheep No. 1 Digested, Per-
centage _____________ .._- 39.67 5.3 72.7 63.6 81.8
Rice Straw Eaten ________ -- 37.3 19.0 12.3 .022
Sheep No. 4 Excreted ____ __ 19.0 15.0 2.5 ........ -_ .006
Sheep No. 4 Digested ____ __ _ 18.3 4.0 9.8 .016
Sheep No. 4 Digested, Per-
centage .............. _- 49.05 21.1 79.7 72.7
Rice Straw Eaten _______ .._ 32.3 16.5 10.7 .019
Sheep No. 5, Excreted ____ __ 25.7 18.5 2.6 _______ -- .010
Sheep No. 5 Digested ____ -_ 6.6 —2.0 8.1 .009
Sheep No. 5 Digested, Per-
' centage ______________ -_ 20.43 Negative 75.7 47.4

___29_._.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.

(1) The ordinary method of shaking out the unsaponifiable from
the soap solution with ether is not applicable to the ether extract of
hays and fodders. i »

(2) Methods were devised for the separation of the saponifiable
from the unsaponifiable. a

(3) The saponified material contains fatty acids, chlorophyll prod-
ucts, and perhaps other substances.

(4) The average saponification number of 18 feed extracts is 203,
and of the corresponding excrement extracts it is 167.

(5) i The unsaponifiable material is composed largely of wax alcohols.
A crystallized alcohol approximating myricyl alcohol was separated
out, and alcohols of lower molecular weight are present in the mother
liquor. '

(6) The unsaponifiable matter of the hays and fodders extract-

varies from 36 to 72 per cent, with an (average of 58 per cent.

(7) The average amount of lecithin would be 1.25 per cent, if all
phosphoric acid is so present. The average amount of chlorophyll deri-
vative, based on the nitrogen present after correction for lecithin, is
6.4 per cent of the saponifiable.

(8) The digestibility of the unsaponifiable varies from '0 to 86.6,
with an average of 29.1. The digestibility of the saponifiable varies
from 8.6 to 92.3, with an average of 66.4.

(9) The low digestibility of the ether extract of hays and fodders
is due to the presence of wax alcohols, waxes, chlorophyll, and other
substances not as easily digested as the free fatty acids, or fats. _

(10) It is not correct to use the term “fats or oils” to designate the
ether extract of hays and fodders.