TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN NO. 173 FEBRUARY, 1915 DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY The Composition of the Soils of the Texas Panhandle POSTOFFICE: COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS VON BOECKMANN-JONTE 00., PRINTERS, AUSTIN, TEXAS 1915 BLANK PAGE IN ORIGINAL A115-715-l5m TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN NO. 173. FEBRUARY, 1915. DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY The Composition of the Soils of the Texas Panhandle BY G. S. FRAPS, Ph. D., CHEMIST IN CHARGE; STATE CHEMIST POSTOFFICE: COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS CQUNTY, TEXAS vow BOECKMANN-JONES co., PRINTERS, AUSTIN, TEXAS 1915 AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE 0F TEXAS W. B. BIZZELL, A. M., D. C. L., President TEXAS AGRICULTLRAL EXPERIMENT STATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS E. B. Cigsriinc. Przsiifmt, Houston.._ ........... .. . JonN I. Cut N, Vlt(’1‘I(SI(.(liI, Ea]l1n_gcr.....1. E. H. AST1N,BI‘§'8I1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L L. J. HART, San Antoni0....... B. L. Bmnrrr, Paris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. T. E. BATTLE, Marlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. S. WiLLiAMs, Paris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. J. ALLEN KYLE, Houston .................................... .. WALTON PETEET, Waco ........................................... .. ..................................................... ..Term expires 1915 ................. .. .. Term expires 1915 . .. Term expires 1919 .. ..f'.'fI If If fIf..'ff..'.'f,.'ff._f.'f.ff ......... .. Term expires 1919 ................... .. Term expires 1919 .................... .. Term expires 1917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Term expires 1917 ...................... .. Term expires 1917 ......................... .. Term expires 1915 GOVERNING BOARD, STATE SUBSTATIONS P. L. DOWNS, President, Ternple ........ . ._ ................ .. CEAnLEs RooAN, Vice President, Austin .............. .. W. A. TYNES, Cooper .............................................. .. W. P. HoEBY, Beaumont .......................................... .. .................................................... . Term expires 1917 .................................................. .. Term expires 1919 ............... .. Term expires 1917 ..................................... .. Term expires 1915 STATION STAFFT ADMINISTRATION B. YOUNGBLOOD, M. S., Director A. B. CoNNEn, B. S., Assistant Director CHAS. A. FELKEn, Chief Cler/c A. S. WARE, Secretary ' DIVISION OF VETERINARY SCIENCE M. FRANCIS, D. V. S., Veterinarian in Charge _ H. SCHMIDT, D. V. M., Assistant Veter- inarian DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY ' G. S. FRAPS, Ph. D., Chemist in Charge; State Chemist J. W. CHEWNING, B. S., Assistant Chemist R. H. RmoELL, B. S., Assistant C emist FRANK HODGES, B. S., Assistant emist DIVISION OF HORTICULTURE H. NEss, M. S., Horticulturist in Charge W. S. Horcrnuss, Horticulturist DIVISION OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY J. C. BURNS, B._S.,_Animal Husbandman, Feeding Investigations _ J. M. JONES, M. S., _ nimal Husbandman, Breeding Investigations DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY WILMON NEWELL, M. S.,_ Entomologist in Charge; State Entomologist F. B. PADDOCK, B. S. E., Entomologist DIVISION OF AGRONOMY A. B. CONNER, B. S., Agronomist in Charge A. H. LEIDIGH, B. S., Agronomist in Charge of Soil Improvement H. H. JOBSON, B. S., Assistant Agronomist -——————, Assistant Agronomist DIVISION OF PLANT PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY - F. H._ BLODGETT, P_h. D., Plant Pathologist and Physiologist in Charge *DIVISION OF FARM MANAGEMENT REx E. W1LLARD, M. S., Farm Management ‘Expert in Charge DIVISION OF POULTRY I-IUSBANDRY T. J. CONWAY, B. S., Poultryman in Charge DIVISION OF FEED CONTROL SERVICE W. L. BOYETI‘, Supervisor CnAs. A. FELKER, Chief Clerk JAMES SULLIVAN, Secretary J. H. RooERs, Feed Inspector . I-I. Woon, Feed Inspector T. H. WOLTERS, Feed Inspector S. D. PEARCE, Feed Inspector J. M. SCHAEDEL, Feed Inspectorl \V. M. WICKLES, Feed Inspector SUBSTATION NO. 1: Beeville, Bee County E. E. BINFORD, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 2: Troup, Smith County W. S. HOTCI-IKISS, Superintendent SUBSTATION No. 3: Brazoria County N. E. WINTERS, B. S., Superintendent *SUBSTATION NO. 4: County H. H. LAUDE, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 5: Temple, Bell County A. K. SHORT, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 6: County T. W. BUELL, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 7: Spur, Dickens County R. E. DICKSON, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. S: Lubbock, Lubbock County V. L. CORY, B.'S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 9: Pecos, Reeves County v J. W. JACKSON, B. S., Acting Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 10: (Feeding and Breed- ing Substation) College Station, Brazos County T. M. REDDELL, Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 11: Nacogdoches, Nacog- doches County G. T. McNEss, Su erintendent D. T. KILLOUGH, cientific Assistant Angleton, Beaumont, Jefferson Denton, Denton CLERICAL ASSISTANTS STATION C. A. CAsE, Stenographer MATTIE THOMAS, Stenographer C. L. DURST, lltailing Clerk TAs of February 1, 1915. FEED CONTROL SERVICE DAISY LEE, Registration Clerl: C. L. DURST, Tag and Shipping Clerlc *In Cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Soil Series in the Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 Soil Types by Counties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6 Armstrong County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6 Briscoe County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Carson County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6 Castro County . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Childress County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 "Collingsworth County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Dallam County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ' Deaf Smith County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6 Donley County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '7 Gray County . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '7 Hall County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '7 Hansford County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 Hartley County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 Heniphill County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. '7 Hutchinson County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. '7’ Lipscomb County .; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 Moore County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Ochiltree County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 Oldliam County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Parmer County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 Potter County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 Randall County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Roberts County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 Sherman County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 Swisher County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Wheeler County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Description of the Soil Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 Description of Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15 Composition of Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19 Interpretation of Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24 Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 BLANK PAGE IN ORIGINAL THE COMPOSITION OF THE SOILS OF THE TEXAS PANHANDLE BY G. S. FRAPS, PH. D., CHEMIST IN CHARGE; STATE OHEMIST. This bulletin is the fourth of a series dealing with the chemical com- position of typical Texas soils. The other bulletins are No. 99, No. 125, and N o. 161. This bulletin deals with the chemical composition of samples of soils from twenty-six counties in the Texas Panhandle. The samples were sent us by Agents of the Bureau of Soils of the United States Department of Agriculture, co-operating with this di- vision of the Texas Experiment Station. A description of the. soils and maps of this area has been published by the Bureau of Soils under the title of “Beconnoisance Soil Survey of the Panhandle Region of Texas,” by William T. Carter and party. The Reconnoissance Survey maps are on a. scale of six miles to one inch. The more detailed surveys are made on a scale of one mile to the inch. It is, of course, not possible to show as many types of soils or differences in a Reconnoissance Survey as in a detailed survey. SOIL SERIES IN THE AREA. The following is a brief description of the soil series found in this area: Amarillo iSleries-Jfhese soils are formed from unconsolidated de- posits of Tertiary and Quarternary age. The surface soil consists of chocolate brown to slightly reddish-brown soils with brown to reddish- brown subsoils, which grade into white or purplish white calcareous ma- terial Within three feet- of the surface. This is the most extensive series in the Panhandle area. (Yottoamvoocl Loa-nz-.—~This soil is derived from gypsum and is of low productiveness on account of the gypsum content. Only one or two small areas were found. The surface soil is 8 to 12 inches deep and of a dark brown loam to silty loam, which grades into a QTEIY orwhite soft impure gypsum ata depth of 12 to 30 inches. lfirlr-Zand i9eries.—This soil is derived from the Permian deposits, but is not as red as the other soils of the Permian derivation. Randell Series.—'l‘he soil in this series is a black heavy clay, found in only small areas and not shown on the map of the area. Ricltfield i9eries..—The tyrpe of this series is a dark grayish black loam with no tinge of red in soil andsubsoil. and in this respect is quite different from the Amarillo series. Vernon, S'e¢"ies.—-’.I.‘hese soils are derived from the Permian red beds. They range in color from dark brown to red, while the subsoils are reddish brown to red. 6 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIoN. SOIL TYPES BY COUNTIES. The following is a list of the types of soils found in the various counties according to maps published by the Bureau of Soils. A rm strong County. Amarillo silty clay loam. Amarillo loam. Amarillo sands. Rough broken land. Brtscoe County. Vernon loam. Amarillo sands. Amarillo loam. Amarillo silty clay loam. Riehfield silty clay loam. Rough broken land. Canson County. Amarillo silty clay loam. Rough broken land. _ Amarillo sandy loams and loam (undifferentiated). Castro County. Amarillo silty clay loam. Childress County. Amarillo sandy loam. Amarillo sand. Amarillo loam. Vernon loam. Vernon fine sandy loam. Collingszoorth County. Amarillo loam. Amarillo sands. Amarillo sandy loams. Vernon loam. Rough broken land. Dallam County. Amarillo loam. Amarillo silty clay loam. Amarillo sandy loams. Amarillo sandy loam and loams (undifferentiated). Deaf Smith County. Amarillo silty clay loam. Rough broken land. Amarillo sandy loams and loam (undifferentiated). COMPOSITION OF SoILs OF THE TEXAS PANHANDLE. Donley County. Amarillo loam. _ Amarillo sands. Amarillo sandy loams. Amarillo silty clay loam. Bough broken lands. Vernon loam. Gray County. Amarillo sands. Amarillo sandy loams. Amarillo silty clay loams. Amarillo loam. ‘ Bough broken land. Hall County. Amarillo sandy loams. Amarillo loam. Amarillo sands. Alluvial soils (undifferentiated). Vernon loam. ' Vernon fine sandy loams. Hansford County. Amarillo silty clay loam. Amarillo loam. Bichfield silty clay loam. Bough broken land. Alluvial soils (unditterentiaterl). Hartley County. Amarillo loam. Amarillo silty clay loam. Amarillo sandy loams. Amarillo sandy loams and loam (undifferentiated). Bough broken land. H em p72 ill Uomzty. Amarillo sands. Amarillo sandy loams. Amarillo loam. Amarillo sandy loams and loam (undiltereiitiated). Amarillo silty clay loam. Bough broken land. Ilutclzivzson. Counzfy. Amarillo silty clay loam. Amarillo sandy loams and loam (undifferentiated). Bichfield silty clay loam. Bough broken land. ~2 lacxas AGRICULTURAL EXPLRLHEXT STATION. LtPSCOWZb County, loam. silty clay loam. zkinarillo sandy loams. Amarillo sands. Alluvial soils (undifferentiated). Rough broken land. Amarillo ihllflPlllO il/oore ClOu/nfj]. Amarillo loam. Amarillo silty clay loam. Amarillo sandy loams and loam (undifferentiated). Rough broken land. liliehfield silty clay loam. Ociziliree Clo-unity]. Amarillo silty clay loam. zlrlllflTlllO loam. Alluvial soils (undifferentiated). Rough broken land. llliehfiekl silty clay loam, Olcllzmn (loiunig/. Amarillo sandy loams and loam (undifferentiated). Amarillo silty and clay loams. Alluvial soils” (Imdifiorentiated). ilough broken lands. Farmer (lnu-nzfy. Amarillo Amarillo silty clay loam. saintly’ loams. Potter County. .-\1narillo sandy’ loams and loam (undifferentiated). iilniarillo silty clay loam. Rough broken land. Randall County. Alluvial soils (undiflieifentiated). Amarillo silty 0la_v loams. Amarillo sandy’ loams. Riohfielrl silty clay loam. Rough broken land. ' Roberts: (lozmfgj. --'\1narillo silty elayloam. Amarillo Frlndy loams and loam (undiiterentiated). Alluvial soils (undifferentiatwl). Rough broken land. COMPOSITION or SorLs or THE Texas PANHANDLE. 9 - 1g7l€’l"l')Z(l'I'I. Uolanty. Amarillo sandy loams. Amarillo loams. ' Amarillo silty clay loam. Rough laroken land. Richfield silty clay loam. Suyislzer County. Amarillo sandy loams. Amarillo silty clzity loam. Richfield silty clay loams. . W71eeZ0-r' Cozzniy. Amarillo sands. Amarillo sandy loams. Amarillo loam. Alluvial soils (undifferentiated). DESCRIPTTON OF THE SOIL TYPES. We give below a detailed description of the soil types, analyses of which are given in this bulletin. The descriptions are condensed from the report of the Bureau of Soils already referred to. Anzarillo ‘Filly Clay L0am.—Tlie surface soil consists of a. light brown or chocolate brown silty loam averaging in depth from 3 to 5 inches. Below this to a. depth of 18 to 24L inches the soil is redder and heavier in texture. Calcareous material is found at a depth of from 18 to 24 inches. The surface soil is friable a.nd easily tilled after the first plowing, hut when not cultivated it is quite firm and compact. This type occupies a large proportion of the entire area and is the most extensive as ivell as the most uniform type of the area, existing in large connected bodies containing thousands of square miles. The largest area is found. on the High Plains. It occupies nearly all of this region south of the Clanadian river and also a large part of the territory north of this stream. The surface is gently undulating to gently rolling and in many places has the appearance of a perfectly level. plain. The Amarillo» silty clay loam was formed by the weathering of the heavier 'l‘ertiar'_v (leposits, and it is probable that the WlDCl has played an important part in the formation of the silty layer which covers the surface. The type well covered with short prairie grasses and is largely devoted to stock raising. Buffalo grass and mesquite grass are the principal grasses. ‘llhe turpentine weed, blue weed and Russian thistle are sometimes very troublesome in cultivated fields. This type of soil has not been farmed to any great extent until recently. The soil is very PTOClUCiIlVQ when there is sufficient moisture. Sorghum, kafir, and milo are the surest crops, but wheat, oats, millet, and emmer are also grown. Sorghum yields from 5 to 10 tons of cured fodder and 1O TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. from 15 to 25 bushels of seed per acre, kafir, from 2O to e10 bushels of grain, and milo maize slightly" more than kafir, when grown under the same conditions. .l.n favorable seasons, wheat yields 10 to 25 to 4Z0 bushels. Fruit tre-es do well and small fruits also when the moisture conditions are suitable. For analyses, see soils of Armstrong, Deaf Smith, Parmer and Swisher counties. Amarillo Sturdy L0a2ns.-—The surface consists of 12 to 14 inches of brown or reddish brown medium to fine sandy loam, loose and friable and low in organic matter. The subsoil consists of a. sandy loam to a sandy clay, ranging in color from brown to red. White calcareous material is often found at a depth of 20 to 30 inches. '.l‘he most extensive areas of the Amarillo sandy loams are found in the eastern part of the Panhandle, although a large body’ occurs in the northwestern portion, and a smaller area in the southwestern corner. The soil was formed from sandy deposits of the Tertiary or Quar- ternary age. The red loam is due to the weathering of the red beds. The areas of the Amarillo sandy loams are gently rolling to rolling, and the greater part could be cultivated. Scrub oak attains consider- able size on this type. Bear grass and sedge grass are plentiful and make good grazing. Sorghum, kafir, milo, Indian corn, and cotton are grown, but most of this type is used for grazing. Small grains do not do well on this type. Sorghum yields from 5 to 15 tons green forage or 2 to 8 tons cured fodder. Kafir yields, in years of average rainfall, from 20 to 30 bushels per acre. Corn yields from 2O to 30 bushels in good. seasons; cotton yields one~third bale per acre. The type is suited to vines, fruit and truck crops. The winds are damag- ing in the spring, and considerable skill is required to farm the type. The plowing under of legumes, and manure, is recommended. For analyses see Donley, Dallam, Lipscomb and Randall counties. Amarillo L0~anz.—'.l‘he surface soil consists of a dark brown, brown, sometimes reddish brown loam to heavy sandy loam, ranging in depth from 8 to- 14 inches. The subsoil is usually a brown or reddish brown heavy loam to sandy; loam. At a. depth of 18 to 30 inches a white calcareous clay is found. The soil is friable in texture when culti-_ vated, but in the uncultivated state packs hard on drying. The Amarillo loam is gently rolli.ng to rolling, but is sometimes very rolling and sometimes broken. The many streams tributary to- the Canadian river have produced the very rough or hilly topography to be found in that locality. The Amarillo loam is covered with a growth of native prairie grasses, including mesquite, buffalo, and beard grass, the two first mentioned being the most valuable. This is one of the most productive soils of the area and is very easy to manage. It has been used for grazing a great many years and a great deal of it is still used for that purpose. There are many fine farms in the eastern part of the area, and there are some areas in cultivation on the High Plains. The crops grown are sorghum, kafir, milo, corn, wheat, oats, millet, COMPOSITION or SoILs or rm; TEXAS lliximxnrn. 11 and alfalfa. Truck crops also do well. Sorghum yields from 3 to 8 tons of cured fodder per acre, kafir 720 to 40 bushels, and milo maize a little more than kafir. Wheat yields from 1O to 25 bushels in favor- able seasons, and oats from .20 to 5O bushels. Corn does well, ‘yield- ing from 25 to 40 bushels per acre. Cotton averages one-half bale per acre in favorable seasons. The Amarillo loam is ivell suited to dry-farming methods, and some very successful farmers are located on this type. For analyses, see Armstrong and Donley counties. Amairillo Sands.—'l_‘his term is applied to widely distributed areas of loose and more or less sandy lo-ams scattered over various parts of the Panhandle. Considerable of this sand is fine and medium in text- ure, and sometimes suflicient coarse material is found to give a typical sand. The soil of the Amarillo sands consists of about 12 inches of a brown or reddish brown fine or medium fine sand, loose and incoher- ent and containing very little organic matter. The subsoil to a depth of several feet is composed of a brown or reddish brown loamy sand of a similar texture to the surface so-il. In some areas the subsoil. is quite red and a whitish calcareous substance is often found at. a depth of 18 to 36 inches. . The Amarillo sands are located in the Western part of the survey. Some areas-also occur in the Great Plains, in the northwest corner. This soil is principally of ivind-blorv origin, is rolling and is often marked by hills or chines. The area is Well drained throughout. The greater part of this type is covered With a growth of coarse grasses, consisting principally’ of bear grass, broom sage, and sage brush. Small. oak is also plentiful. The soil is not a strong or productive soil; it is easily blown by the wind. In Ctollingsyvorth county, some areas are cultivated, but here the soil approaches the sandyr loam in texture. Crops grow well and rapidly once they get started, and the land is well adapted to truck and vine crops. The usual forage crops do well in favorable seasons. Corn and cotton do fairly well in the more roll- ing eastern portion. The soil retains moisture well in Collingsyvorth county, where-it is not in the form of tlunes or sand hills. For analyses. see soils of Childress and Lipscomb counties. Kirlulctozd Siltg/ (‘lay Lomiz.-The surface of this type consists to an average depth of 10 inches. of a heavy silty loam or silty clay loam, dark brown or reddish brown in color. The subsoil to» a. depth of 36 inches consists of a brown or yellowish brown heavy silty clay loam or silty clay, sometimes containing small fragments of gypsum. The soil has a rather close structure and heavy texture, but is not difficult to cultivate when worked at the right time. Only one area of any considerable extent has been mapped, and this _ was found in the southeast corner of (Thildress county. The soil in this area is not very uniform, and the boundaries are only approxi- 12 Texas AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sriirron. mate. “Phe soil originated from the weathering of the Permian f0r—. rnation. The type in its natural condition supports a scattering growth of mesquite trees; and an abundance of buffalo, mesquite, and other grasses are found. Considerable areas are cultivated at present, the leading crops being cotton, Indian corn, kafir, milo, sorghum, and millet. Wheat and oats are grmvn only to a limited extent, cotton be- ing the principal crop. Cfotton yiields about one-third bale per acre, Indian. corn from 2O to 4L0 bushels, kafir yields about the same, milo from 25 to 4O bushels per acre, Wheat 10 to 25 bushels, and oats 25 to 1L0 bushels in favorable seasons. The soil is naturally productive, but the (Ellmilte is such as to make the forage crops the surest crops. Tllhe land dries out rapidly’ if not cultivated, and should be stirred after each rain. - For analyses, see soils of (Jhildress, Ochiltree and Swisher counties. Cottonvuootl .L0(mi1..——'l"lie surface soil of this type consists of 8 to 12 inches of dark brown loam to silty loam, containing enough sand to make it friable. At a depth of l2 to 30 inches the soil grades into a gray white soft impure gjvpsu1ii. The topographyr is nearly’ level and the (lrainage is good. The soil has been formed from the gypsum rocks on which it rests, and is locally known as “gyp rock” land.. A rather heavy growth of grass and Weeds occur wherethe gyrpsum has not come too close tothe surface, the principal grass being the common poverty grass, and the weed, the golden aster. This soil is of very low productiveness, owing to the large amount of gypsum in the subsoil. The lorincipal area was found in the east- ern part of Clhildress county, and is used principally for pasture. For analyses, see soils of Childress county’. ' A4ZZVZtlY/VIL.HZ R0ils.—'l.‘he alluvial soils of the Panhandle are of small ex- tent. Theyj occur along the streams as narrow bottom lands and usually so narrow that only the wider strips could be shoxvn on the map. The widest areas are found along the Canadian river and the largest along forks of the Red River. though almost every little stream in the area has some alluvial soil along it. As indicated by the names, the alluvial soils have been formed through deposition of materials of the streams. This has been washed from the uplands, and the character varies with that of the formation from which it has been ‘derived. The texture is most often a fine sandy loam, although areas of fine sand, loam, clay loam, and even clay occur. ’.l‘he soils have a reddish tinge which is quite red in places. In some. localities the soil is quite dark. The most important areas of the darker-colored alluvial soils are found along the Terra. Blanca. Palolluro, Goldwater, and Wolf Creeks . and Pale Duro, Tule, and Rita Blanca. canyons. . The surface is generally level but thc_=re are some variations. These alluvial soils are among the most prorluctive of the area. They are COMPOSITION OF Sorts OF THE Tums Rininixiirn. 13 well supplied with moistureainl eonsiderzibli: areas are cultivated. Corn yields 30 to 50 bushels per acre in favorable seasons, and alinlta gives three and sometimes four cuttings. lf-‘ruits and all kinds of vegetables do well. Although this type comprises many thousands of acres, it is not found in large enough areas to make good farms, and is usuallyfi sold in connection with other land. For analyses, see soils of l-Iall, Ochiltree and Randall counties. RichfieZd Silty Clay L0a=m.—-This soil consists of a dark grayish larovvn or nearly black silty’ clay loam, varhviing i11 depth from 8 to 16 inches. "llhe soil bakes veiy hard where not cultivated, often cracking‘ during dry weather. It is compact and difficult to break, but, after being‘ brought in a. good state of tilth, it is easily kept in a mellow condition. The subsoil is a light grayish-brown silty clay loam or clay, rather hcaviy and compact. Spots of white calcareous matter occur at a depth of 724- inches or more. The Richtield silt__v clay loam is found on the High Plains north of the Canadian river, principally in Ochiltree, I-Iansford, Sherman and Moore counties. On the High Plains south of the Canadian river, in Sivisher, Briscoe and Randall counties, there are several smaller areas. The surface of this tyipe is nearly level, and to the eye the land ap- pears as flat as a. floor. In spite of this, there is not enough rainfall to classify this type as being poorly drained. tllhis type was Formed by tihe weathering of the Tertiary material in the same Way in which the rklnarillo silty clay loam was formed. The soil supports a heavy growth of short prairie grasses, the pre- dominant. and most valuable varieties being buffalo and mesquite grasses. The type has been used for grazing for many years, but now a good number 0t’ farms are located upon it. The soil, which is very productive, ls adapted to the growing of sorghum, kafir, milo, millet. wheat, oats, alfalfa and emmer. The type is especially good "for wheat and oats, yields of wheat in favorable seasons being from 15_ to 3O bushels. ' For analysis, see soil of Ochiltree county. DEFINITION OF TERMS. Pizosgilior-ir: i4cirJ.—I’hosphoric acid is an important plillilifgliOOfl. Be- ing essential to plants, plants cannot grow without phosphoric acid. If there is a deficiency of phosphoric acid in the soil, the size of the crop will depend upon the extent of the (leficiencyi. Phosphoric acid is particularly needed for the formation ot fruit. It otten happens thatplants which do not fruit well, but make a large stalk, are bene- fited by applications oi‘ phosphates. Sometimes, though the quantity of phosphoric acid in a soil. is large, onlv a small percentage of it can be taken up by the plant. An acre 0t soil weighs approximately’ two million pounds to the depth of seven inches. One hundredth of one DCI‘ cent" would l=c equivalent to two hundred pounds per acre on this basis. Two hundred pounds ot phosphoric acid is suflicient for a number of average crops ot corn, etc. Texas soils are very often de- 14 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ficient in phosphoric acid. The deficiencies of the soils under discus- sion will be discussed. below. The phosphoric acid given in the table is that soluble in strong hydrochloric acid. Nit1'ogen.-—Nitrogen, like phosphoric acid, is essential to plants and, when deficient, the growth of the plants is conditioned upon the quan- tity present. Nitrogen is very often deficient in Texas soils. Phos- phoric acid and nitrogen are the two forms of plant food commonly deficient. Nitrogen is found in large quantities in the air, but in forms that ordinary plants cannot take up. Legumes, however,“ such as peas, peanuts, and alfalfa, have the power of taking up the free nitrogen of the air. In this" way, nitrogen may be secured from the air for the use of crops, such as corn or cotton. This is done either by turning under the legume ‘crops, or by feeding them and saving the manure. The stems, leaves and roots left from harvesting a cro-p of hay, of course, leave some nitrogen in the soil, but unless the land has been in legume which was pastured for several years, there is no great actual gain of nitrogen to the soil from“ the roots and plant residues. Po-tash.——Potash is essential to plant growth, but i.t is the least de- ficient of the elements of plant food in Texas soils. While some Texas soils will contain only sufficient phosphoric acid and nitrogen for 12 to 18 bushels of corn, based on average pot experiments, the same soils will furnish enough potash for 50 to 80 bushels of co-rn. The defi- ciency, therefore, lies in the p-hosphoric acid andinitrogen rather than the potash. Furthermore, soils usually contain large quantities of total potash, which by appropriate methods of cultivation may be ren- dered to some extent available to plants. Furthermore, the losses of potash in the parts of the crop harvested are not as large as the losses of phosphoric acid and nitrogen, provided that the bv-products of the crops are properly saved and made into manure. There are, of course, some soils deficient in potash, but most of the Texas soils need nitrogen and phosphoric acid rather than potash. The potash given in the table is not the total potash, but is- that soluble in strong acids. Lime.—Lime is found in the soil as carbonate of lime and also com- bined with silicates and other constituents. Only small quantities of lime are needed by plants. ]'t has, however, other beneficial functions. The carbonate of lime prevents clay from becoming too sticky, and it also is needed by crops such as alfalfa; but there are a number of crops grown in the South, such as watermelons and cowpeas, which need only small quantities of lime. Lime may be supplied as lime- stone, slacked lime, or as quicklime. The cheapest form at present is in the form of ground limestone rock. ~ fllagnesiar-hlagnesia is related to lime and accompanies it. It is essential to plants, but only small amounts are required. Alumina. and Orvide 0f I/ronr-These ingredients of the soil are O COMPOSITION or SolLs or THE TEXAS PANHAIQDLE. 15 present in various combinations. They ha.ve very little value to the plant. Iron is indeed essential to plants, but in very small quantity, and all soils contain sufficient iron to supply the needs of plants. The iron and alumina hold the phosphoric acid in combination, to some extent. They also make up the inert portion of the soil, which serves to hold the plant in place. Soluble iSVZica and I-ns0Zz¢bZe.—Silica is believed to be useful to plants and is taken up in large quantity by certain plants, such as oats, but practically all soils supply a sufiicient quantity. The silica is also in combination, and helps to make up the soil material which holds the plant in place. Active Phosphoric Acid.—’l‘his consists largely of phosphates of lime, which appear to be taken up more readily by plants than the more insoluble phosphates. The bulk of the soil phosphates is present in the more insoluble forms, but a portion of this insoluble phosphoric acid may be taken up by plants. Active P0tash.-Active potash consists of the potash soluble in dilute acids. It is much more easily taken up than most of the other potash of the soil. Some of the total potash is, however, given slowly up to plants, and suffices for a crop, the size depending on the total potash and its form of combination. The active potash is so loosely held that a part of it may he taken up in excess of the needs of the plant. Acid'itg/.-—Acid soils contain free mineral or organic acids, and should receive an application of lime to correct the acidity, which is injurious to some plants. There are no acid soils among those whose analyses are reported in-this bulletin. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLES. The samples subjected to analysis are described as follows: Potter County. 2471 Amarillo loam, depth 0-6 inches; reddish brown loam to clay loam; 5 miles northwest of Goodnight. 2472 Subsoil to 2471, depth 6-30 inches; reddish brown clay loam to clav. 2477 Amarillo silty clay loam, depth O-6 inches; dark drab to black clay; 5 miles northwest of Claude. 2478 Subsoil to 2477, depth 6-30 inches; dark drab to black clay. (‘ihilclress Ummty. 2426 Kirkland. silty clay, depth 0-12 inches; reddish brown heavy silt loam; 5 miles northwest of Kirlcland, 2427 Subsoil to 2426. (lepth 12-36 inches; reddish brown heavy silt loam 16 2428 2429 2430 2432 2575 2576 3641 3642 3643 3644 3645 3646 3647 3648 2473 2474 2475 2476 3915 2460 2470 ‘Pnxas AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Amarillo sand, depth 0-20 inches; loamy sand, formed in small. dunes by wind action; 10 miles northeast of Childress. Subsoil to 2428, depth 20-36 inches; gray to light brown loam. Cottonwood loam, depth 0-1.2 inches; dark brown silt loam; 8 miles east of Childress. Subsoil to 2430, depth 12-30 inches; silt, mostly rotted lime- stone. “(lypsunr land.” , Probably iamarillo sand, depth 0-12 inches; gray, fine sand; 12 miles northeast of Childress. Subsoil to 2575, depth 12-36 inches; gray, loamy fine sand, red at 24-30 inches. Dallam County. Amarillo sandy loam, (lepth 0-12 inches; reddish brown fine sandy loam; miles northeast of Dalhart. - Subsoil to 3641, depth 12-22 inches; reddish brown heavy fine" sanrly loam. Amarillo sandy loam, depth 0-10 inches; reddish brown loamy fine sand; 13 miles northeast of Dalhart. Subsoil to 3643, depth 10-36 inches; reddish brmvn, and sticky; depth 30-36 inches. _ Amarillo sandy loam, depth. 0-12 inches; brown compact heavy fine sandy loam; 6 miles southeast of Dalhart. Subsoil to 3645, depth 13-26 inches; contains considerable fine sand. Deep subsoil. to 3645. depth 26-36 inches; light and compact loam; broxvn; contains considerable white material. Deep subsoil to 3641, depth 22-36 inches; brown fine sandy loam; contains considerable chalky material. Do-nleg/ Oovr-nty. Amarillo sandy loam, depth 0-12 inches; reddish brown sandy loam; 1.‘; miles east of Clarendon. Subsoil to 2472, dep-th 12-36 inches; red sandy clay. Amarillo loam, depth 0-12 inches; brown loam; 6 miles West 0t Clarendon. Subsoil to .2475, depth 12-24 inches: whitelanrrl chalky. H ansfo/rd (lomzzty. Richfield silty clay loam. depth 16-36 inches; chocolate; silty clay loam, light and loanry after 20 inches: 10 miles north- west of Hansford. Hall County. Alluvial soil, depth 0-15 inches: reddish soil in Permian beds region: 2 miles southwest of Memphis. iSubsoil. to 2469, depth 14-36 inches: reddish brown heavy silti loam. 3444 3911 3912 3913. 3914 2407 2408 93¢ 988 989 3906 3907 3908 3909 3910 2116 2418 24-14 Conrosirlox or 8011s OF THE Texas PANHANDLE. 17 11011111711111 County. Probably Amarillo sandy 1oa111, depth 0-12 inches; chocolate sandy’ loam; produces 30 bushels corn, 30 1311811615 kafir and 35 bushels oats per acre; 62 miles southeast of Glazier; J. I. Payton. ~ Subsoil to 3444, depth 12-24 inches, bro\vn sandy soil. Lipscomb County. Amarillo sandy 10am, depth 0-10 inches; loam; 3 miles West of I1iggins. Subsoil t0 3911, depth 10-36 inches; reddish brown fine sandy 10am. 1-1111ari1lo sand, depth 0-10 inches; grayish fine sand; 2 miles West of Higgins. Subsoil t0 3913, depth 10-36 inches; grayish l1ro1vn fine sand. dark brown field sandy Deaf 18'1n'ith County. Amarillo silty clay l0a111, depth 0-7 inches; brown loam; 1 mile southeast of Hereford. Subsoil to 2406, depth 7-20 inches; brown clay 10am. Deep subsoil to 2-406, depth 20-30 inches; yellowish loam. Ochiltree Cozznty. .41luvial soil, 0-10 inches; fine sand; produces 40 bushels corn, 16 to 25 bushels wheat; Wolf Creel; Valley; J. T. Frye. "Alluvial soil, 0-10 inches; J. T. Frye, 11110111‘ Creek Valley. Probably Amarillo silty clay 1oa111; level plain soil; suffers from dr0utl1 V; fine clay loam; 10 miles east of Ochiltree. 111111111110 silty clay 10am, 0-7 inches; light brown silty loam. Subsoil to 3906, depth 7-14 inches ; heavy brown silty’ clay 10am. Deep subsoil to 3906, depth 14-36 inches; yellowish brown, mottled with 1vhite silty clay loam. Richfield silty clay loam, depth 0-8 clay 10am. Subsoil to 3909, depth 8-36 inches; white nodules. inches; dark brown silty light brown clay loam; Parm er Coll/n ty. l-Xniarillo silty clay 1011111, depth 0-8 inches; brown loam; 15 miles northeast 0t Farwell. Subsoil to 2416, (lcpth 8-20 inches; reddish brown heavy loam 0r clay. Deep subsoil to 24-16, depth 20-36 inches; "reddish brown loam. Ronda]! County. shnarillo sandy 10am. depth 0-8 inches: reddish l1rown fine sandy loam; 5-1- miles south of Canyon City. 2441 2442 2443 2446 2447 2448 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Alluvial soil, depth 0-8 inches; gray brown loam; 1 mile West of Canyon City. Subsoil to depth 8-36 inches; reddish brown to brown "fine sandy loam. Subsoil to 2445, depth 8-36 inches; light brown loam. Szuishe/r" County. Amarillo silty clay loam, dep-th 0-6 inches; brown and reddish brown loams. - s. Amarillo silty clay loam; depth 0-6 inches; brown silt 10am. Richfield silty clay loam, depth 0-10 inches; dark brown to black. reddish brown t0 Subsoil to 2441, depth 6-36 inches; reddish brown heavy loam; A friable calcareous material at 20 inches. Subsoil to 2442; depth 6-36 inches; reddish brown clay loam; loose and friable a.t 26 inches. Subsoil to .2443, depth 10-36 inches: black clay loam, 6-16 inches; friable and reddish brown, 16-36 inches. 19 COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF THE TEXAS PANI-IANDLE. S2500 wmvivmnU qficsoU mcobmzhfi» §@. mfie- @%. 3%. mo. @3- §$. %o. émo. ma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .» . . . . . . . . . . . - ..Q%v@vnQTmH IJQGOOMOQ Q o O o o c .>i-.- o o ...o .6 . . . . - . . - | . . . . Q . - . - - - . - . . - . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . o . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . . - . . - . . . . . .. x. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UTMOZQWOZQ Q>..~HO< {E0522 5Q 3.5% . £i- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . - . . . - - . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QQ WWQJ Res» 3.8 8.3 m9? 2:5 2%; mw. E 3Q oqmmw wmaw mmfi mww» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 032$. Ea @3383 NAN 2i $4 mm.» 8.». mwfi 5.: 2; 8.2 $5.2 Ewfi mbAZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:92 kc oExC P; miiflfiw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . ...flwm®qwflg €€. §.%» i?. §~.?- §¢. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . ~ . . . . - . .-.@ErQ £%- QN. xx. $%e. fim- $0’ ¢$. Ox. O§- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . . . -¢-#w.m.#om No. fio- @Q- ON. mo. §o. x0. ¢%. $0. £.%- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . -.- -.cmv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..“ . . . . ... . . . . nzrmmvgamogm Izbcoohom 3mm m»? mmuvw Qmfi amwm wmfi “fin 8% wtvm Rfi flaw EX ZOmQDW oowfsm zownsm QOGwMUW mownsm .®Oflwh5@ mownsw QOQQQDW mownsm. UONwMDW mowmsm oowfism .UGQ@ 550A AVGNW HCWOWM ACGOQ QCGOQ 22.554 ©oo>>mo3oU ¢=cwE< hi0 wém 52D 3mm 2=$E< “Vivian 2=$E< .m~=Ow HO ZAZHHWOASOOIA HAMZQ. 20 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION’. N,?- won o0. ~ - - - Q . - ¢ ¢ ¢ - - - - - - . . . - - . ¢ - . - - - - ¢ » - ¢ - - “o. - - . - . - - - ¢ - - - - - . - - . . . - . . - - - . . - . - . . - - . - - - - - - - . - - - - - ¢ - ~ - . - . IIJcmQEA - . . . - .. o O o o o O Q o O Q ........-.-...-............-......-.-..>>o->¢....-..%#@©.m.v< . . . . . .. womv miméo oobw Nflwom 000w 9m: 000M mgmm mrvom . cwmoomofiouw» - - - - - -. -.~.-. '--.-.-...-......-.........-....-i.@io< [E0222 5L 3.5m 00.». moo mmtm w“; mud. omA mm; mo. 21m 0H. EA . . . . . ..9~:._w€§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. COWWCTQ 00.0w QwR mm. flw moon 3% 00.0w mvoo 5.2.. mifi. 3% om. E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . £22m snzEm 02w QE=Bw=~ mfii: ~00 moo E20 owo Sh. moé v0.0 00S uwo morv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:9; MowEH/C. 0.2m @5534 2. s. s. z. a. 2. e. a. ma. a. 2. ....:.........1g@mnnmuwnnHmuHmHw-.Hwr...mm@._&£z m2 a; 3 m; fi. S. m... 2. m2 Q2 a. ................................................. .. as: on. mu. mm. ow. mo. wm. mm. om. om. ow. 0m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Awmwom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CUWOMQSLN 8s moo 8d woo woo woo “v0.0 v0.0 00.0 8s moo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .fi_i5m 0G4 Qceogwfim wovm BE . oovm $3 mg». $9M v33 $3 ma?“ fiwm $3 zownsm zomnsm 335m momnsm zowssw wombflsw zownsm oomfsw zownswzcwnsw 33.5w 03D QooQ QdoO .EmoA >20 kfimm .EwoA mocmm .Ewc..~ zocwm dzwod 335m o_=.aE< o:€mE< 2=LaE< ¢=EE< Q3550 £35m 23D. qfcsoU Emzwfi ..5==z=¢ol.mfiow HO zoiamomficol; mqmfiw 21 GOMPOSITION OF SOILS OF THE TEXAS PANHANDLE. \\.\|! | m$. @@. m$. @@. . . - . . - . - . - . . . . @o- ma. fio. mo. . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . .@Tz...vmo@vmr%n @ @ . . . . . . . Aw Aw Aw Aw @ Aw @ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mh: Qmm. . . . . . .. main mdum vdwm Yaw mémm . . . . . .. when . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153cm @334 wdfi mhv mfiam wéw 3N3 uél wfia . . . . . .. o.o.m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....Eu< Bhosnfvsm o>So< 1150222 5m wtfi mm; mm; wmA mmflm mwA mwh. 3.. EMA S; mu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zoiflmmoz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QC WWOQ 5% 2.8 2.5 M5? m9? 32cm 24% magma 3Z5 M32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aufim Qzzom 1cm @5335 mmh? Qflv cad ma.» iiv. om.m om.w wmrv vwim cmtm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IcoS we owfinO wan amiss?» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N@w®~\~m1~w2 mm. mm. on; 33v mzv. vm. H53 and. wm. mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125d mm. wm. m“. Hm. mv. mm. wfi. vm. mm. mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OTmOQQvNOZQ Ilficoopofl 3% $2 fifi awfi 8E 8R wwfi. vim “Elva mQN zownsm oumfsw mownsm @0355 zownsm ouflfisw zomnsw oowfsm zownsw oumisw dbwoQ 35am ACmOQ 335w HGGOQ .EmcA 35mm QEEE< a8 _E>s:< o=cme< QESE< oEbwE< Enwaoum hiiwnogm 5U 213253 sficsoU zmfi . gficsoU kflxqofl ..:.==:==o|mq~ow hO ZOMHEwQMEOUIA HAQFH 22 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................Q@@NO@HP hfignzmwm Ilficouhom c c o o o c O . . - . . . . o Q o c . . . - - - - - . - . - - . . - . . . - ¢ - - - - - . - . . - - - - - - Nimvn m NANA N63 NAvm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. odmh Nfiwvm méwm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........nmm0.0m0>$0< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ilmmoflmz 00m 00.5% an? wwé amd. Sim wvém an; mmtm mo. . mm. ow. mhé woA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............0.§5mm0§ . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . ¢ .--.-..-.-¢go@5mrg%% a 4R $04K 3% mmfi w“? 00.0w Eflmw mmJR 2am wwad vhéw 3i 2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aoéw 032$ Ea 03335 2 N; Ba. $0 mm.» 8s 5s mm.» 2.0 2.0. 0m; wwb. SAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1200.5 “o 03x0 0cm mEEE< mm. ax. w%- wN. .N.?. ow. 7w. §~?. Ni. iN- €N- ..-.--..-.-.¢-..-..--...-..i-=¢m%i@mm“2 mmA ow. 2.3 mml: wwfi mm. mu. mmé wfi. mm. mm. mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0E5 ma. 0m. mo. om. om. wv. mm. on. 2 3. um. mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nwwwom @@. ¢%. @@. fiaw. @@. RAQ- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -HHQ@OHP@Z 2.0 2.0 8.0 2.0 $0 mos so 3.0 so .85 8.0 H30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0004 Qcoiwogm llbnoohom 05m momm we? S? 08m 28 £3 5m +25 .2?” fimm 3mm. 203cm 0030mm fownnm mownzm 0030mm ouflfism 202mm oowfsm mownsm 0000025 mownsm vomifim 00D 080A .5004 DBU 03mm 050A >20 mow 00mm 580A fivcmm >20 3% 0E$E< 3% 05354 E25,» o=zmE< o=waE< 000E010 M30095 gficsoU 0003500 imwfiflOu 050035 ew==m=aulmmfiom HO zoiamomfiool; mama. 23 COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF THE TEXAS PANHANDLE. - - - . . | . - - ¢ . - n. ma. woo wo- “o0 we. woo “on “o. “on mo» annual: mo. wc- .--.-.-¢ru-@UOK%PF ||b50c5m N 50 5.5m . .. . N555 0.50 0.05“ . . . . . .. 5.5m c555 v5. 0.05m 5.5.5 m N55 0.055 0.0.“? . . . . . ..........fificm 0354 0.05 @805 ... . 5.55 . d5 545A . . . . . .. Nd“. 540.3 5.3m w. Am 0.05 05h N. 5. 0 .5 .......504 ccqiwcam c.3004 h...» _. [5252 5m 355A ....“ . . . 2.3155 5d 55.0 55 2.5 005 5.5 05m 5d S. Ed 5.5 05m ....................25Ec2 . . . . . ... . 100.0 S5 5:2 5a. N05 00.5 00.0 Es N50 3.». 55m 00.5 51. . . . . .........50@55m~ 50 50A 55w $5 5.3 $5 5.5. 5.5 N045 .55 00.5. 55k. 55.5w @050 Al .00 m». R. 5. Aw . . 350:5 533cm 05m c550w5~ 004m £5 00.0 00R $.55 50.0 000A 5s 050 090 33h 000 55.2 5cm; 5.0 1159i 50 @550 55 555E524 5. m? “NA 00. AOA Am. 5. 0m. 0m. fi. A 00. mm. Nu. 2. mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2mc5wo§ NNMA Rm mufi 0w. 0AA 3i NA. mm. mu.“ A05 Ev. mw. A0. mm. 0v. . . . . . 1655A 5.5 mm. 3H 00A 5.. 5. 5. 5. mm. m0. 5. 5. m0. w: ma. . . . . . . . . . . . .....%m0cm N.@. $3. ©@. .m%. fifi. %@. @@- age. @@. fiaw. %@. mwQ. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . ..cmvwoh\.zz 5c 50.0 00.0 v0.0 00.0 5c 3c 00.0 05.0 05.0 no.0 No.0 3c no.0 5.0 . . . . ......J.5.%%c%.wc€c55wc2m ||. .5 $50 05.0 $5 53m $5 N35 035 35m 35 2.5 2.5 $5 05m Z5 05m mcwnum ocflfism 505cm 0055mm mcwnsm ocmfsm mcmnsw o05h€5m 50555 0051mm mcwnsm ocflfism Awcwbsm mcwnsm 0.55am 5Q 550A 550A 550A 550A >55m 550A 5cm 555:4 >20 >5m >20 >5m >20 >5m 5cm 555554 c5554 >20 >5w 5.555525 05,5554 c5554 . 05.554 ._>c~5:0U ucnmmBm c3550 550555 .>c.5500 555.5% 55==€~c0|m50m HO 20555550520015 HAM4H. 24 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. INTERPRETATION OF ANALYSES. The chemical arialyfsis shows chiefly the relation of the soil to its content of plant food. The interpretation of the analyses is given in Table 2. The standards used in this interpretation have been pub- lished in Bulletin N o. 161 of this Station, and will not here be re- peated. r We must, however, call attention to the fact that the corn possi- bility in bushels per acre for the active phosphoric acid, the active potash, and the total nitrogen, is based upon the average quantity of plant food which was removed by crops from soils containing corre- sponding quantities of plant food. The figures do not represent the actual field production which may be expected of the soil, since this depends upon other factors in addition to the plant food, and for the further reason that the active plant food presented to plant roots de- pends upon the depth occupied by the roots. 1n this particular local- ity, moisture conditions are highly; important. The figures given show the reZaii/uc deficiencies of the soils, and not their absolute deficiencies. Further, we must point out the fact that soils may vary quite widely from the average on which these figures are based. Phosphoric Acicl.—Acid-soluble phosphoric acid is good in most of the soil samples. It is low in 2 samples of Amarillo sand, 1 sample of Amarillo clay, 4 samples of Amarillo sandy loam, 1 sample of alluvial soil and 1 sample of- Amarillo silty clay loam. Active phos- phoric acid is also present in good quantities in most of these soils. Some of the samples of Amarillo sandy loam are low in active phos- phoric acid and may respond. to ‘fertilizers containing pho-sphoric acid. TABLE 2.—-INTERPRETATION OF ANALYSIS. Corn Possibility in Bu. Per Acre For Phos- _ 4 Type and County. phoric Potash. Lime. Active _ Total Acid. Pho s- Active Nitro- ' phoric Potash. gen. Acid. Armstrong County—- Amarillo loam. . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . good good good 3O 182 43 Amarillo silty clay loam . . . . . . . . . good good high 74 207 43 Childress County—- s Kirkland silty clay loam. . .. . . . . . high good high 74 182 13 Amarillo sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . low, fair good 45 80 13 ‘ Cotton wood loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . good good good 74 207 48 Probably Amarillo sand . . . . . . . . . low good good 35 3'7 13 Deaf Smith County——— Amarillo clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . low good good 5O 207 - 38 Dallam County- Amarillo sandyloam . . . . . . . . . . . . good good good 24 157 23 Amarillo sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . fair good fair 12 80 18 Amarillo sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . good good good 45 157 23 Donley C0unty—— ' Amarillo sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . ~low good good 24 120 18 Amarillo loam. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . good good high 4O 120 33 Probably Amarillo sandy loam. . . . . . . . . . . good good 45 157 28 CoMPosITIoN or SoILs or THE TEXAS PANHANDLE. 25 TABLE 2.—-INTERPRETATION OF ANALYSIS. Corn Possibility in Bu. Per Acre For yx.-\_<~¢9l Phos- Type and County. pho_r1c Potash. Lime. Active _ Total Acid. Phos- Active Nitro- phoric Potash. gen. Acid. Hall County—- l Alluvial soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . low good high 5O 120 23 ‘Hemphill County— Probably Amarillo sandy loam. . . low good good 3O 157 18 Lipscomb County—- Amarillo sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . low good good 24 120 23 Amarillo sand. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . low good good 50 207 18 Ochiltree County—- _ » Alluvial soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . good good high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Probably Amarillo silty clay loam low good good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Amarillo silty clay loam . . . . . . . . . good good high 3O 120 48 Richfield silty clay loam . . . . . . . . . good good good 50 207 33 Parmer County——- » ‘ Amarillo silty clay loam . . . . . . . . . good good good 30 182 28 Randall County—- Amarillo sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . low good good 24 157 23 Alluvial soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . good good high 50 182 28 Swisher County— Amarillo silty clay loam . . . . . . . . . good good good 35 157 38 Amarillo silty clay loam . . . . . . . . . good good good 45 182 38 Richfield silty clay loam. . . . . . . . . good good good 50 182 ' 38 Alluvial soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . good good ‘ good 74 182 28 Lime.—Lime is good or high in all samples, except one sample of Amarillo sandy loam, in which it is fair. Alitro-Qqenr-Nitrogen appears to be the element most liable- to be- come deficient in these soils. Considering the fact that these soils are deep, and plants root deeply in them, most of them are well supplied with nitrogen, and, with some of them, the nitrogen content is excel- lent. The table shows, however, that the nitrogen is in many instances much the lowest of the relative deficiencies and is, therefore, the con- trolling element. . A ‘ Nitrogen is also more easily lost from the soil than the phosphoric acid or potash. It is-also easily secured from the air by growing legumes, such as clover, alfalfa, peanuts, etc. By turning these legumes under, or grazing them off, or feeding them and applying the manure, the nitrogen secured from the air is returned to the soil for the use of other crops, such as milo, kafir, cotton, sorghum, etc. A Nitrogen is most likely to be the deficient element in the Panhandle soils, in case any one is deficient. Phosphoric acid comes next. EX- cept on the Amarillo sand, potash is not likely to be deficient at all, at least for some time. " ACKNOWLEDGMENT. Analyses and other work relating to the preparation of the bulletin have been done by Messrs. C. Carlyle, T. L.'Ogier, J. B. Rather, L. R. Gilmore, and other members of the Staif.