THE LOS ANGELES WIREMANS HANDBOOK BY 1ROI.L1N M. SMITH 102$ EDITIONW. Holmes. Ei/ec+rical Engineer June 2o/a 1923.THE LOS ANGELES WIREMAN’S HANDBOOK BY ROLLIN M. SMITH So. Hi 11 1923 EDITION PRINTED FOR ROLLIN M. SMITH BY POST PRINTING AND BINDING CO PASADENA, CALIFORNIACopyright 1923 BY Rollin M. Smith Copies of this Handbook will be mailed postpaid to any address in the United States upon receipt of $3.00, P. 0. Money Order. Rollin M. Smith, 1170 W. 39th Street Los Angeles, Calif.As a contribution to their work in adding to the technical knowledge of electrical men, this Handbook is dedicated to THE SYNCHRONOUS CLUBFOREWORD From the original intention to put the Los Angeles Electrical Ordinances in book form with an index, so that a rule could be found, this Handbook has grown by the addition of tables from the National Electrical Code, California State Industrial Accident Commission’s Electrical Safety Orders, and data that have been supplied to supplement the author’s collection. Originality is not claimed for many of the tables and diagrams. The reader will meet many of his old friends, gathered together in one place to solve the problem of locating the information necessary to make a good, safe installation. Credit is due and thanks extended to Mr. F. A. Short, Electrical Engineer with the State Industrial Accident Commission; Mr. H. N. Beecher, Chief Electrical Inspector of the Los Angeles Department of Electricity; Mr. Otto Weimer, Mr. C. E. Chandler, and the co-workers of the Department, as well as others, too numerous to mention, who have helped to make possible this getting together in one Handbook of the things we use every day. Rollin M. Smith.8 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE SAFE CARRYING CAPACITY OF COPPER WIRES SIZE B.& S. CIRCULAR MILS RUBBER AMPERES VARNISHED CLOTH OTHER INSULATION 16 1624 5 5 16 258? 6 10 14 4107 15 16 20 12 6550 20 25 25 10 IO58O 25 50 50 8 16510 33 40 50 6 26250 50 60 70 4 41740 70 85 90 2 6657O 90 110 125 1 85690 100 120 150 0 IO55OO 125 150 200 00 155100 150 180 225 000 167800 175 210 275 0000 211600 225 270 525 250000 250 500 550 500000 275 550 400 55OOOO 5pO 560 450 400000 525 590 500 500000 400 480 600 600000 450 540 680 700000 500 600 760 600000 550 660 840 900000 600 720 920 1,000000 650 780 1000 1,100000 69O 85O 1080 1,200000 750 880 1150 1,500000 770 920 1220 1,400000 810 970 1290 1,500000 850 1020 1560 1,600000 890 1070 1450 1,700000 950 1120 1490 1,800000 979 1160 1550 1,900000 1010 1210 1610 2,000000 1050 1260 1670NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE 9 CARRYING CAPACITY OF STANDARD STRANDED CABLES CABLES TOTAL AREA IN CIRCULAR MILS STRANDS AMPERES NUMBER OF STRANDS B.4> S GAUGE OF STRANDS RUBBER COVERED WIRE VARNISHD CLOTH TIRE 4490 7 22 15 18 7150 7 20 20 25 11570 7 18 25 50 18080 7 16 55 40 28740 7 14 50 60 45710 7 12 70 85 58000 7 11 80 95 72680 7 10 90 • 110 78050 19 14 100 120 98560 19 15 125 150 124900 19 12 150 160 157500 19 11 175 210 217500 19 ♦. 225 270 248700 19 9 250 500 506400 57 11 275 550 547500 57 ♦ 500 560 561200 57 10 525 590 484500 57 ♦ 400 480 6555OO 61 10 475 565 698000 61 ♦ 500 600 7885OO 61 9 550 660 695100 61 ♦ 600 720 1,007000 61 8 65O 780 1,191000 91 9 725 870 1,502000 91 6 650 1020 1,660000 127 9 900 1100 2,097000 127 8 1100 1500 * These not listed individual strands in the B.4> S. Wire are odd Tables. sizes10 WIRING DATA WIRE SIZE CALCULATIONS t TABLE A At 110 volts # 14 -12 -10 -8 - 6 - 20? 552 529 841 1552 ampere fe ■ * ■ R and 1% drop ( lighting circuits ) be- To find the required wire size, make a plan of the wiring and find (1) the ampere load, and (2) the distance one way,in feet,to the center of the load. 2£Qw 200w 20£w O 201 O 201 25' 8 In the above store the distance one way D= 2 < a?yo + 2Q + a> ) = 90 feat . 200+ 200 + 200 _ _ t ampere 1 oad = I - --yyg------5.4 ampere feet - DI= 5*4 X 90= 486 wire size required for 486 ampere feet will The The The ____ __ #10 ( from the CO-box to the switch in front is ) <| Um 200w TcB-i 25’ O 200w 200w 200w 201 O? 201 O In the above store (X) will be the center of distribution and the ampere feet will be - DI = 5-4 X 45 = 24} Prom TABLE A , the wire 6ize will bo # 12 H9000 watt load Subfeeder 40' Service y io~ ~ To find the wire size for the above J-wire subfeed - The total ampere load »!■ Iiq?”3 61*8 The ampere load on the 220 volt wires , with a balanced load , j . 81.8 _ The total "feet one way" to tho center of the load-D= 10+40= 50 feet. The ampere feet= DI= 40.9 X 50= 2045 At 220 volts and 1}C , allowed on feeders and subfeeders , the ampere feet for a given wire size will be TWO TIMES the ampere feet given in TABLE A . Therefore the wire size for this subfeeder will be # 6 . The neutral wire must be the same size as the outside 220 volt wires.WIRING DATA 11 CEHTER OF DISTRIBUTION A(a+b+c+d+...) + B(b+c+d+...)+ (C|»Mtt..a>.) a+ b + o + d+- • • • • Vhara - A,B,0,D....= foot batwaan loads* a,b,o*d.•..= anpara loads, and (X) = cantor of distribution. Example- Lot A«10feet, B=20feot, C=1?faot* D=20faat as^ampo* bs^amps* c=6amps, d-8amps. 1O(5+54-6f8) + 20(5<-<$*8)+ (X)“ “ ------ 5 + 5+6 + 8 10(24)+ 20(1?)+ ?4. (X)= ------------feet Given- A aotor rated at 100 HP, 5 0, 80% PF, 90% efficiency and 200 volts. 100 X 7*6 =>7*600 watts ( 1/90 of 74600 ) 100 - 82690 watts I (,.r „...)= Given a 1800 R.P.M. 60 cyclo motor 60 X 60 X 2 _ t .... ------ffloo-----* Given the same motor on 50 cycles ?0 X ^0 X„2_ _ U50 R>p>M. A 5'0 cycle motor on 60 cyoles will overheat. A 60 cycle motor on 50 cycles will not deliver full H.P. and will tend to overheat.12 WIRING DATA AMPERE FOOT TABLE VOLTS PER CENT DROP 1 110 .5 1. 2. 5. 4. 8. 220 •25 • 5 1. 1.5 2. 4. 440 .125 .25 •5 .75 1. 2. B 4> s| AMPERES SINGLE DISTANCE ( DI ) 14 105 209 418 628 856 1672 12 | 166 552 664 998 1550 2660 10 265 529 1058 1587 2116 4252 8 421 841 1682 2524 5564 6728 6 666 1552 2664 4015 5528 10660 4 1065 2126 4252 6582 8504 17010 2 1690 5580 6760 10148 15520 27040 1 2151 4262 8524 12796 17048 54100 0 2688 5576 10752 16151 21504 45010 00 5589 6777 15554 20551 27108 54216 000 4272 8544 17088 25657 54176 68552 0000 5584 10768 21556 52554 45072 86144 250 M 6577 12755 25510 58226 51020 102040 500 7655 15506 50612 45871 61224 122448 550 8928 17857 55714 55516 71428 142856 400 10204 20408 40816 61162 8I652 165264 500 12755 25510 51020 76452 102040 204080 600 15789 51579 (A) 65158 (Bl 91745 (126516 252652 The above table applies to D.C. and A.C. wiring calculations for lighting and heating and may be used in D.C. motor work. It is based on-C.M.= 21.6 D It volts drop, where D=feet one way to the center of load ,and 1= amperes load. It is recommended that, in figuring circuits, the 1% at 110 volts column (A) be used. For 5“ wire feeds, or subfeeds, divide the total ampere load by 2 and, after multiplying by the feet one way to the center of the load, use the 1% at 220 volts (B) column, making the neutral wire the same size as the 220 volt outside wires. NOTE - The Los Angeles Rules in effect after 3*un» 1, 192J will permit a 5% voltage drop over all. This, will result in a 10% loss in candlepower and a Tf> increase in total cost of light or a proportional "slowing down of a motor" in speed. It is not good engineering to exceed a 2% drop,over all,since the energy los6 will soon pay for th? difference in the cost of the wiring. The wattage loss of an installation appears in the meter bill during the life of an installationWIRING DATA 13 5-VIRE FEEDERS 110-220 VOLTS AMPERE PERCENT OF VOLTAGE DROP .2 .4 .6 .8 1. 1.2| 1.41 1.6 1.8 2- MIRE SIZES 600 4 8 10 10 12 12 12 650 4 8 10 10 12 12 12 14 — — 720 4 6 8 10 10 12 12 12 14 — 840 4 6 8 10 10 10 12 12 12 14 900 2 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 12 12 960 2 6 8 8 10 10 10 12 12 12 1080 2 5 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 12 1200 2 4 6 8 8 10 10 10 12 12 1260 2 4 6 8 8 10 10 10 10 12 1440 1 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 10 10 1620 1 4 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 10 1680 1 4 4 6 8 8 8 10 10 10 1920 0 2 4 6 6 8 8 6 10 2100 0 2 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 10 2160 00 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 6 8 2250 00 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 8 8 2520 00 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 2700 00 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 8 5000 000 1 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 5240 000 1 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 5560 000 1 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 5600 0000 0 2 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 5840 0000 0 2 2 4 4 h 6 4 4200 000c 0 1 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4520 25011 00 1 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4800 250 00 1 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 5400 500 00 0 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 6000 500 000 0 1 2 2 2 -4 4 4 6500 550 000 0 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 7000 550 0000 00 0 1 2 2 2 4 4 8000 400 0000 00 0 1 2 2 2 2 4 9000 450 25OM 000 00 0 1 2 2 2 2 10000 500 250 000 00 0 1 2 2 2 15000 750 400 25OM 0000 000 00 c 0 1 1 20000 1000 500 550 25ON 0000 ooc ooc 00 00 0 25000 1500 650 450 550 250M 000c 000c 000 000 00 50000 1500 750 500 4oo 500 25 0M 0000 0000 000 000 EXAMPLE- 2d floor 2d floor, -2O» -*-s60A, at 220V, 20-6A. 2 circuits 60A(12')=720amp.ft., at ,2% dropx#4 ------T---- 1st floor, ??^A2_-io^A, at 220V. 12' 2 #4 Load on feeder AB=6O+1O5=165A. _____ 165A(6O')=9900amp.ft.,at .4% = 250M 1st floor J5-6A. Service wires, 16^A(5O')s49g0amp.ft. circuits at .4% drops #00 wire, which is under Safe Carrying Capacity. Hence #000 P -------- must be used. J0 MAIN J service g ff. ___AB - 60* - 2?0M_________14 WIRING DATA KILO-IATI FOOT TABLE VOXTS PER CENT DROP 1 10 .500 1.00 2.0 4.0 8.0 220 .250 .50 1.0 2.0 4.0 440 >125 -25 1.0 2.0 B i S KILO -WATTS X SINGLE'DISTANCE (feet) 14 11-55 22.99 46.09 91.97 165.96 12 18,54 36.67 73-55 146.70 295-59 10 29*06 58.11 116.25 252.45 464.90 8 46.22 92.44 184.88 569.76 759.52 6 75-48 146.97 295.94 587.88 1175-76 4 116.85 233.70 467.40 934.81 1869.61 2 185.60 371,61 745.21 1486.42 2972.84 1 254.29 468.58 937.16 1873.92 5747-85 0 295.34 590.69 1181.59 2562.78 4725.56 00 365.11 750.25 1460.47 2980.94 5961.89 000 469.75 959.51 1879.02 3758.05 75’6.10 0000 592.57 1184 r 74 2569.49 4736.99 9477.98 25OM 699.87 1399.75 2799.50 5599.00 11198.00 500 859.85 1679.70 3359.40 6718.80 15457.60 350 979.85 1959.70 3919.30 7858.60 15677.20 400 1119.80 2259.60 4479.20 8658.40 17916.80 450 1259.75 2519.50 5059.10 10078.20 20156.40 500 1399.75 2799.50 5599.00 11198.00 22596.00 r_ VOLTS X AMPERES *■ 1000 KI (D) - .00509 (CM)(V0LT DROP) 1/2 of 5 0 KW = equivalent 1 0 KI j 0 XW = -1.73 (E)(amperes per terminal)(PF) j 0 jj n * (E)(ampereaper phase)(PF) 1000 1 0 KI= 1 (I)(X)(PF) * 1000 5 0 t - -580 FF. « ______I_______- 15fl---1--- 3 ” 1 E 1.75(E)(PF) 3 E(PF) 2 0 I = -20-0-HP. = .5 - * - _ E E(PF) Biare I — amperes j 0 j = -1-200 HF, _ _I__ E= volts F E E(PF) I=watts , PF=» power factor D = feet one wayWIRE SIZES 15 OUTSIDE DIAMETERS OF RUBBER COVERED WIRES 600 VOLTS B.4 S. SOLID WIRE 3.B. 64th# SOLID TIRE D.B. 64ths STRANDED TIRE S.B. 64th a STRANDED TIRE D.B. 64th# 14 14 16 15 17 12 15 17 16 18 10 16 18 18 20 a 18 20 20 22 6 22 24 24 26 4 25 27 27 29 2 29 51 52 54 1 55 55 57 59 0 56 58 40 42 00 58 40 45 45 000 41 45 48 50 0000 45 47 52 54 OUTSIDE DIAMETERS OP RUBBER COVERED CABLES 600 VOLTS DIAMETER DIAMETER OVER OVER 0. M. D.B 0. M. D.B. 64th s 64ths 2J0M 59 7OOM 85 500 62 750 88 550 65 800 90 400 67 850 95 450 70 900 95 500 74 950 96 550 78 iooo 99 -600 81 1250 108 65O 85 1500 114 Th# above ar# approximate 64tha of an inch and vary with different wire manifacturers 16 CONDUITS NUMBER OF WIRES IN NOT OVER 20 ' OF STRAIGHT CONDUIT «l -e Cl Cl 00 2 3 3 4 7 1000 3 3 4 6 1250 3 3 5 1500 2 3 4 1600 3 4 1700 3 4 1750 3 4 1800 2 4 1900 2 3 2000 2 3CONDUITS 17 NUMBER OF WIRES IN CONDUIT WITH 2-90° FULL RADIUS ELLS ’ - 2 4 5 7 6 9 8 9 25OM 500 5 2 5 4 7 6 9 7 9 9 550 400 2 5 5 5 4 6 6 6 7 9 9 ox vn 0 0 0 0 5 2 4 5 5 4 6 5 8 6 9 9 700 600 5 2 5 5 4 4 5 5 8 8 900 1000 2 5 5 4 5 5 4 7 6 1250 1500 5 2 5 5 5 4 1600 1700 5 5 4 4 1750 1800 5 2 4 4 1900 2000 2 2 5 518 CONDUITS IN NUMBER OF WIRES CONDUIT WITH 4-90° FULL RADIUS ELLS 56 Delivery expense ,88 Insurance .62 Taxes .45 Bad debts and allowances >72 Association dues .15 Maintenance .68 Interest >56 Miscellaneous 1.97 Total —25.65 % The above is based on figures submitted by 2500 members and 1b an average, based on sales billed, that can be used by contractors. With a strictly retail merchandising store the over-head will average about 50 $>• TO FIGURE THE SELLING PRIOR OVER-HEAD PERCENTAGE PERCENT OF (COST OF OPERATING THE BUSINESS DIVIDED BY THE GROSS SALES) 10 12-1/2 15 17-1/2 20 22-1/2 25 27-1/2 50 PROPIT DESIREI PERCENTAGE TO AD AND D T( THE COST TRIALS OF LABOR 2-1/2 5 7-1/2 to 15 18 21 25 18 21 25 29 21 25 29 55 25 29 55 58 29 55 58 45 55 58 45 48 58 45 48 54 45 48 54 60 48 54 60 67 12-1/2 15 17-1/2 20 29 55 58 55 58 45 48 58 45 48 54 45 48 54 60 48 54 60 67 54 60 67 74 60 67 74 82 67 74 82 90 74 82 90 100 Example - If the over-head Is 20% and the desired profit le 10%, from the above table, add 4}% to the oOBt of the labor and materials. Cost of labor and materials ---- S100.00 ADD 4$% TO THI8 COST------------- 45.00 SELLING PRICE -----»14}.OO26 TESTING The test set used by the Inspection Department consists of a telephone, watch case receiver type, connected in series with a small flash light battery. When the test leads, A and B, are touched together, shorted, a click will be heard. TESTING WIRING See that wires for fixtures, switch, etc., connections are pulled out of outlet boxes and not in contact with each other or boxes or conduits. At the branch-blocks, test between wires for short-circuits, indicated by a click. Test between the conduit and each wire for a ground, indicated by a click. Install switches, convenience outlets, plates, service switch, branch-blocks, meterloops and fuses. Test across fuses to check for defective ones, a click indicates a good fuse that is making contact. With all the switches in the ON position, test across the buss-bars for shorts, and from the conduit to the buss-bars for grounds, indicated by clicks. It is necessary to back out the bell-transformer fuses to clear the transformer short-circuit. Be sure that the lighting companies* service wires are not connected to the house service wires before testing the service switch, or wires, for shorts, grounds or defective fuses. Push one of each 3-way set to the second position and test again, at the branch-blocks, for shorts and grounds. The 3-ways may be OFF on the first position. With switches ON, test between wires at outlets for short-circuits, indicated by a click. Put a jumper across the buss-bars and test between the outlet wires, a click indicates continuity. Shift switches to OFF position to check switch control of the outlet. Remove the jumper and ground the “color code” wire of the house side of the meter-loop to the conduit. Test between the “color code wire” at each outlet, and the conduit to get a click, indicating that the “color code wires” are correctly connected and there is a continuity of ground in the conduit. Remove the grounding of the meter loop and test from the conduit to a water pipe. A click indicates a good bond to the water pipe. FIXTURE TESTING It is necessary to back out the transformer fuses andTesting—(Concluded) 27 test the wiring for shorts and grounds before starting to hang the fixtures. As each fixture is hung, test between the outlet “color code” wire and the screw-shell contact of each socket for a click. After tapeing joints, put canopy in place and test from a grounded screw-head to the middle contact and to the screw-shell contact of a socket. A click indicates a ground in either the fixture wiring or sockets. Test from the middle contact to the screw-shell contact of a socket for a click indicating a short circuit. Many of the troubles in an installation can be eliminated if the wireman will take the time to inspect his work and check it “BY THE PROCESS OF ELIMINATION.” Unfinished installations or carelessness of the wireman makes a dissatisfied customer, causes unnecessary expense to the contractor, and necessitates criticism by the Inspector. Your friend, the Inspector, would much prefer to give his approval when making the first inspection, showing the work to be safe to life and property. A FEW WRINKLES A permanent magnet will make the filament of a lighted lamp vibrate if the source of supply is an alternating current. Twice as many hydrogen bubbles will rise from the positive wire, as from the negative, when two wires from a D. C. source are immersed in water. A “spark-plug tester” (glow-discharge type) on an insulated stick will indicate a live 2200 volt line. When a short bend is desired near the end of a piece of conduit, it will save the threads and shorten the bend if a couple of locknuts are put on the end of the conduit before the bend is made, then slip the hickey as far toward the end as possible before bending. If a short bend is desired along the conduit, allow 2% inches less than the length desired for %-inch conduit and 3% inches for %. Example: If the length is to be %-inch conduit 36 inches long set the heel of the hickey at 33% inches.28 A FEW WRINKLES When an offset is desired near a bend, throw the offset away from you and it will throw nearer to the bend. When pulling in a number of wires in a conduit, bore a hole for each wire in a board and thread the wires through the holes and into the conduit. When installing backing in an old house, nail cleats to the top side of the backing and drive nails through the sides of the cleats and into joists. Use a shallow pan set against the lath, cutting only enough plaster to recess the pan. Cut between the two laths for the conduit. A series wound A. C. motor, designed for 60 cycles, if operated on a 50-cycle current, will run at a speed that is higher than the name plate rating. When an alternating current is supplied to this type of motor, the armature reactance (x) will decrease with the number of alternations per minute, resulting in a decreased counter E.M.F. Since the armature and field are in series, there will be an increase in wattage input and consequently an increase in motor speed and horse-power output. Unless liberally designed, the temperature in the windings will also increase and the motor will over-heat. Before attempting to start a D. C. motor, disconnect one wire at the armature, and put the rheostat arm on the running position. If the connections have been correctly made the low-voltage coil will hold the rheostat arm in place. Now open the operating switch SLOWLY, so that the shunt field-discharge voltage will not become high enough to puncture the winding. Lastly reconnect the armature wire and start the motor by closing the operating switch DIRECTLY into the ON position. Do not open or close a switch slowly. Move rheostat arm over slowly as motor comes up to speed. If the rotation is wrong, for a shunt wound motor, interchange wires to the field coil, if a compound-wound motor, interchange the leads to the armature.A. C. AMMETER 29 Brown ond Pen^illy Load Testing Set;. Connections Tor Low Currents Do not place -transformer over cable carrying current until the leads have been connected to the ammeter. Do not disconnect any leads from ammeter until transformer has been removed from cable. It is well to place the leods on the high ampere point at first ond if necessary change to a lower scale, care being taken not to throw the poinier off the scale. For accurate readings at very low current values open the main circuit of some convenient point as shown in sketch ond connect a piece of flexible cord or cable as shown. Then clqmp the transformer over a sufficient number of turns to obtain an accurate reading. This reading must be divided by the number of turns passing through the center of the transformer to obtain the true amperes-30 BELLS31 COLOR CODE WIRING32 TYPICAL WIRING PLANS TYPICAL WIRING PLANS34 WIRING PLANSWIRING PLANS 3536 THEATER WIRINGTHEATER EQUIPMENT 37 Westinghouse Motion Picture Motor-Generator Equipment:. Ballast RheoNoS ballast Rheo.No l.38 SIGN WIRINGSIGN WIRING 3940 MOTOR TABLES In the motor tables that follow the question of drop has not been considered in the wire and conduit sizes shown. It will be found that wires and conduits larger than those given will be necessary where the distance to the center of the load is in excess of 50 feet for 110 volts, 125 feet for 220 volts, and 250 feet for 440 volts, where 2% drop is approved for motor circuits. Motors of the squirrel-cage induction type of over 5 HP require compensators to limit the starting current, or larger wires and conduits than those given in the tables must be provided. Many motors driving wood-working machinery, cranes, elevators, etc., require wires and conduits larger than those given, to provide for starting currents up to 500 % of the running currents. High resistance in the end rings of induction motors will increase the torque and decrease the starting current. The same results may be secured by the use of wound rotors and external resistance, which can be cut out as the motor comes up to synchronous speed. It is advisable to have the rotor circuits as short as possible, using the same wire as for the stator circuits, to prevent the introduction of resistance which can not be cut out by the controller and which would, if left in circuit, cut down the speed of the motor. Safety-type (externally-operated) switches are required for all service switches, except where mounted on standard switchboards installed in switchboard-rooms where the voltage does not exceed 300 volts between any two conductors. Operating switches must be of the externally operated type regardless of voltage or location. Where the voltage to ground is in excess of 150 volts, circuit switches must be of the externally operated type. An individual switch must be provided ahead of all cartridge fuses, ie. switched fuses must be used. A disconnect, or circuit, switch must be of the type that can be locked, sealed, or in some cases, blocked “open.” A compensator, or operating switch, must be located within sight of the motor, or of machinery driven by the motor. Disconnect switches must be installed ahead of oil switches where the voltage is in excess of 300 volts between the conductors or between conductors and ground. If the voltage is less than 300 the oil switch must have bolted or screwed lugs which can be safely disconnected. Oil switches are required where the amperage is in excess of 400 amperes at 0 to 250 volts and over 400 amperes at 251 to 600 volts. Knife-blade-type switches 0 to 1000 ampere at 0 to 300 volts may be installed on standard switchboards. A Kellman-type switch on the 2200-volt side of a transformer is not considered the equivalent of the serviceMOTOR TABLES—(Continued) 41 switch required on the low-voltage side where the installation is supplied from a low-voltage service. Where the transformers are installed on a pole, or pole structure, 12 feet or more above the ground the installation will be considered as being supplied through a low-voltage service. Induction Motors. The above curves indicate the amount of current taken by 10 HP 440-volt Century motors and illustrate the necessity of providing compensators and running protection for squirrel-cage induction motors of over 5 HP. It will be evident that where compensators are not provided for such motors, and depending on the frequency of starting, the additional bill for current used will pay for a compensator many times over. When motors are subject to overloads, relays should be used, as fuse renewals are expensive. The time element of the right sized enclosed fuse is too short to protect such motors. When the fuses are blown the temptation is strong to “put in a fuse that will not blow.” Three-phase motors, not subject to supervision at all times, such as those driving automatic refrigerating machinery, automatic air compressors, etc., should be protected by running fuses or relays so that the circuit will12 MOTOR TABLES—(Continued) be opened on at least two wires in case of trouble. Such motors if not protected may single-phase and burn up if the circuit switch is over fused, to provide for the starting current. A three-phase motor will operate, after started, on one phase, but requires 1.5 to 2.5 times normal current and delivers approximately 40% of its rated horsepower. A two-phase motor, run on one phase, will deliver about 50%. Unaltered as to the stator or rotor windings but run on one phase they will deliver approximately 75% of rated horsepower if the voltage is increased 30 % above name-plate rating. If rewound, for one phase, they will deliver about 75% of their former horsepower. The maximum output of a motor varies as the square of the voltage. For the same temperature rise of the windings the horsepower output will be raised or lowered as the voltage is raised or lowered. The starting current of a synchronous motor, started as an induction motor, will be up to 1000% of the normal running current. The power factor of induction motors is about 80% where the motors are carrying approximately full load. If under-loaded (over-motored) the power factor will be less than 80%. TO REVERSE— 3-phase motor, interchange any two wires. 2-phase-4 wire-motor, interchange the two wires of one phase. 2-phase-3 wire-motor, interchange the two outside wires. 1-phase split phase type, interchange leads to starting winding. l-pliase repulsion induction type, change the position of the brushes by moving them clockwise or counter-clockwise. l-pliase series wound type, A. C., interchange either the field coil leads or the armature leads. MOTOR TESTING WITH A STRAP TYPE PRONX-BRAKE watts'= 2^r(rpm)(P-P')7»6 5JOOO Efficiency= <>^put in yttgl input in Watts Where- r = radius of the pulley in feet. P= pounds indicated on the scales with the motor under load. P'= pounds indicated on the scales before the motor is started, watts'= watts output as calculated. Watts= watts indicated on a wattmeter while making the test.MOTOR TABLES—(Continued) 43 To find the wire size for a motor, 25HP, 5 0, 62*5 amperes per terminal, 80% power factor, 220 volts,squirrel cage induction type, 150 foot run from the motor to the service switch and 2% drop. " " = 19.05 The equivalent 1 0 KIL0-WATT3=1/2(5 0 KILO-WATTS) n n rt n 11 = j The KILO-WATT FEBT= 9.51 ( 150 ) = 1426 .5 From the KILO-WATT FOOT TABLE,x** will be found that 5-#.'2 wires are required for this motor. To find the wire size for A.C. motor feeders, or service, add the amperage per terminal of all the motors,(except the largest one), and then to this total add the starting current, of the largest motor. The required wire size will be found in the N.E Code Table of Safe Carrying Capacity of Copper Wire,under the"0ther Insulation"column. EXAMPLE- 2-5HP, 1-15HP, 1-20HP motors 220 volt 5 0 squirrel cage type. Prom the Motor Tables- 2- 5HP at 15-0 amperes = 50.0 — JO.O (run) 1-15 57-5 =57-5 57-5 (run) 1-20 50.0___________=50,0 ---- 120.0( start) ampere load=117*5 & 187-5 amps. From the Wire Table- starting current # 0 wire will be required. Current transformers must be installed in a metal box or be installed 7'6" above the floor and have live terminals insulated. STANDARD METAL BOX SIZE FOR CURRENT AND POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS 100 to 800 amperes at 0 to 440 volts, box to bo- 5 ft.6 in.high, 2 ft.wide, and 11 in.deep. 100 to 800 amperes at 441 to 2200 volts, box to be- J ft.6 in.high, 2 ft.6 in.wide, and 11 in. deep. NOTE- Make box of # 14 gauge sheet steel. The door must cover the entire front and be hung on demountable hinges. Leads must go thru the box parallel with the long dimension. Consult the Power Company for sizes larger than 800 amps44 WIRE SIZES FOR A. C. MOTORS 15 MINUTE CARRYING CAPACITY OF WIRES B.& S. GAUGE CIRCULAR MILS CURRENT IN AMPERES 14 12 4,107 8,550 22 26 10 8 10,580 16,510 55 50 4 4 26,250 41,740 75 97 2 1 66,570 85,690 150 154 00 0 105,500 155,100 182 220 000 0000 167,800 211,600 270 525 250,000 500,000 ?75 455 550,000 400,000 500 555 500,000 600,000 660 750 700,000 750,000 850 870 800,000 900,000 905 975 1,000,000 1040 The above table gives the approximate amperes wires will carry continuously for not over 15 minutes with a temperature rise- of 20 degrees 0. with 5 wires in a conduit. This table is for use in determining wire sizes for motors not requiring large starting currents for more than 15 minutes, and must not be used for heavy-duty type motors or motors requiring frequent starting and stopping. STATE SAFETY CODE45 STITCH SIZES FOR A.C. MOTORS 1 0 REPULSION INDUCTION TYPE HP VOLTAGE Tio | 220 AMPERE RATING OP STITCH REQUIRED 5/4 1 50 50(ISOOrpm) 60(1200rpm) 50 50 2 5 60 100 50 60 5 7-1/2 100(ISOOrpm) 200(1200rpm) 200 60 100 5 0 SQUIRREL CAGE TYPE 5 0 WOUND ROTOR TYPE HP VOLTAGE VOLTAGE 220 I 440 220 | 440 AMPERE RATING OF SNITCH REQUIRED 5 5 7-1/2 10 50 60 60 100 50 50 50 60 50 50 50 60 50 50 50 50 15 20 25 50 100 200 200 200 60 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 5o 60 6o 60 55 40 50 60 200 200 400 400 100 200 200 200 100 200 200 200 100 100 100 100 75 100 125 150 400 600 200 400 400 400 400 400 200 200 200 400 The Above switch sizes are ror the service switch on a single motor installation , and for circuit, or disconnect, switches where more tnan one motor is installed. Each motor must have a circuit switched-fuse,when in excess of 660 watts Controllers for wound rotor resistanceo should be • interlocked " with tne operating switcn, or compensator, to prevent starting with tbe rotor resistance " cut out ■ 46 A. C. MOTORS 110 VOLT SINGLE PHASE REPULSION-INDUCTION MOTORS(CONTINUOUS DUTY) H.P. SPEED FULL LOAD AMPERES STARTING FUSE RUNNING FUSE B i S GAUGE WIRE CONDUIT SIZE 1/4 1200 6*7 20 14 1/2 1/2 1200 10.0 50 12 1/2 5/4 1800 10.4 50 12 1/2 5/4 1200 12.8 50 -- 12 1/2 1 1800 12.8 50 12 1/2 1 1200 15.4 55 -- 10 1/2 1-1/2 1800 18.6 40 •• 8 5/4 1-1/2 1200 25.0 45 8 5/4 2 1800 2J.0 45 , 8 5/4 2 1200 26.6 55 •• 8 5/4 5 1800 55-0 65 40 6 1 5 1200 J8.0 75 50 6 1 5 1800 55-0 100 65 * 1-1/4 5 1200 58.0 110 70 2 1-1/4 7-1/2 1800 74.0 140 . 90 1 1-1/4 7-1/2 1200 86.0 160 100 0 1-1/2 220 VOLT SINGLE PHASE REPULSION-INDUCTION MOTORS(CONTINUOUS DUTY) H.P. SPEED FULL LOAD STARTING RUNNING B & S GAUGE CONDUIT - AMPERES FUSE FUSE WIRE SIZE 1/4 1200 5.5 10 14 1/2 1/2 1200 5-0 15 14 1/2 5/4 1800 5.2 15 •• 14 1/2 5/4 1200 6.4 20 — 14 1/2 1 1800 6.4 20 14 1/2 1 1200 7-7 20 -- 14 1/2 1-1/2 1800 9.5 25 -- 14 1/2 1-1/2 1200 11.5 50 — 12 1/2 2 1800 11.5 50 12 1/2 2 1200 15-5 50 — 12 1/2 5 1800 16.6 55 20 10 1/2 5 1200 19.0 40 25 8 5/4 5 1800 26.5 55 55 8 5/4 5 1200 29.0 60 55 6 1 7-1/2 1800 57.0 70 45 6 1 7-1/2 1200 45.O 80 50 4 1-1/4 10 1800 50.0 90 60 4 1-1/4 10 1200 57.0 100 70 4 1-1/4 Speeds are for 60 cycles. 50 cycle speeds will be IJOO and 1000 r.p.m. A. C. MOTORS 47 220 VOLT 5-PHASE SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION M0T0RS(CONTINUOUS DUTY) H.P. FULL LOAD AMPERES STARTING FUSE RUNNING FUSE B & S GAUGE WIRE CONDUIT SIZE 2 ELLS 4 ELLS 1/2 1.0 10 14 1/2 1/2 1 5.0 15 14 1/2 1/2 1-1/2 4.5 20 -- 14 1/2 1/2 2 6.0 25 12 1/2 1/2 5 9.0 JO 12 10 5/4 5/4 5 15.0 55 20 10 5/4 5/4 7-1/2 20.0 50 25 8 5/4 1 10 25.0 65 55 6 1-1/4 1-1/4 15 57.5 90 50 4 1-1/4 1-1/4 20 50.0 120 65 2 1-1/4 1-1/2 25 62.5 150 80 2 1-1/4 1-1/2 JO 75.0 150 100 1 1-1/2 1-1/2 55 88.0 180 110 0 2 2 40 100.0 200 125 00 2 2 50 125.0 250 150 000 2 2 60 75 100 145.0 187.5 245.0 500 575 500 180 225 JOO 0000 25OM 550M 2-1/2 2-1/2 5 2-1/2 2-1/2 5 440 VOLT 5-PHASE SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS(CONTINUOUS DUTY) H.P. FULL LOAD AMPERES STARTING FUSE RUNNING FUSE B 4 8 GAUGE WIRE CONDUIT SIZE 2 ELLS 4 ELLS 1 1.6 10 14 1/2 1/2 2 5.0 15 — 14 1/2 1/2 5 4.6 20 6 14 1/2 1/2 5 7.0 25 10 12 1/2 1/2 7-1/2 10.0 50 12 10 5/4 5/4 10 15.0 55 20 10 5/4 5/4 15 19.0 50 25 8 5/4 1 20 26.0 65 55 6 1-1/4 1-1/4 25 52.0 75 40 6 1-1/4 1-1/4 50 58.0 90 50 4 1-1/4 1-1/4 55 44.0 100 55 4 1-1/4 1-1/4 40 51.0 120 65 2 1-1/4 1-1/2 50 62.0 150 80 2 1-1/4 1-1/2 60 75.0 150 90 1 1-1/2 1-1/2 75 91.0 200 110 00 2 2 100 125.0 250 150 000 2 248 A. C. MOTORS 220 VOLT 5-PHASE WOUND-ROTOR INDUCTION MOTORS(CONTINUOUS DUTY) H.P. FULL LOAD OVERLOAD PROTECTION B 4 S GAUGE CONDUIT AMPERES FUSE SIZE WIRE SIZE t 4.4 10 14 1/2 1-1/2 5.6 10 14 1/2 2 6.6 10 14 1/2 5 9.8 15 14 1/2 5 15.0 20 12 1/2 7-1/2 22.0 50 8 1 10 28.0 55 6 1 15 40.0 50 6 1-1/4 20 54.0 70 4 1-1/4 25 68.0 85 2 1-1/2 50 80.0 100 1 1-1/2 40 106.0 140 00 2 50 128.0 175 000 2 60 150.0 200 0000 2-1/2 75 186.0 225 0000 2-1/2 100 250.0 500 550M 5 440 VOLT 5-PHASB WOUND-ROTOR INDUCTION MOTORS(CONTINUOUS DUTY) H.P. FULL LOAD OVERLOAD PROTECTION B 4 S GAUGE CONDUIT AMPERES FUSE SIZE WIRE 8IZE 5 7.5 10 14 1/2 7-1/2 11.0 15 14 1/2 10 14.0 20 12 1/2 15 20.0 25 10 5/4 20 27.0 55 8 1 25 J4.0 45 6 1-1/4 50 40,0 50 6 1-1/4 40 55.0 70 4 1-1/4 50 64.0 80 2 1-1/2 60 75.0 100 1 1-1/2 75 95-0 120 0 2 100 125.0 160 000 2 120 156.0 200 0000 2-1/2 150 184.0 225 0000 2-1/2 200 246.0 500 55OM 5 250 510.0 400 500 5A. C. MOTORS 49 2200 VOLT 5-PHA3K SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS(CONTINUOUS DUTY) H.P. FULL LOAD AMPERES STARTING FUSE RUNNING FUSE B S GAUGE WIRE CONDUIT SIZE 20 25 5.8 6.9 20 20 7.5 8.5 14 14 1-1/4 1-1/4 50 55 8.0 9.5 25 28 10.0 12.0 14 14 1-1/4 1-1/4 40 50 10.2 12.6 50 55 15.0 16.0 12 12 1-1/4 1-1/4 60 75 15.0 18.6 40 50 19*0 25.0 10 8 1-1/4 1-1/2 100 125 25.0 51.0 60 70 51.0 40.0 8 6 1-1/2 2 150 200 57.0 49.0 75 100 46.0 60.0 6 4 2 2 250 500 61.0 75.0 120 150 75*0 90.0 2 1 2 2-1/2 2200 VOLT 5-PHASE SOUND-ROTOR INDUCTION MOTORS(CONTINUOUS DUTY) H.P. FULL LOAD AMPERES OVERLOAD PROTECTION RUBBER YARNISRED CLOTH WIRE CONDUIT WIRE CONLJIT 20 25 6.0 7.2 7.5 9.0 14 14 1-1/4 1-1/4 14 14 1-1/4 1-1/4 50 55 8.2 9*6 11.0 12.0 14 14 1-1/4 1-1/4 14 14 1-1/4 1-1/4 40 50 10.7 15*0 14.0 17.0 14 12 1-1/4 1-1/4 14 14 1-1/4 1-1/4 60 75 15.7 19.0 20.0 24.0 12 10 1-1/4 1-1/4 12 12 1-1/4 1-1/4 100 125 26.0 52.0 55.0 40.0 8 6 1-1/2 2 8 8 1-1/2 1-1/2 150 200 57.0 50.0 46.0 65.O 6 4 2 2 6 4 2 a 250 JOO 62.0 75*0 78.0 90.0 2 2 2 a 4 2 2 2 Conduit sizes given are for standard J-oonductor lead-shoathed cables. 50 POWER WIRINGPOWER WIRING 5152 RUNNING PROTECTIONRUNNING PROTECTION 53 Relays. West i house Multiple Type, Accelerotm^ Relay. Connections oF Phose. Pro+ec+ive Ponel. Ttnis is used where there is no main magnetic contoc+or switch on control Ict?54 OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERMAGNETIC SWITCH 5556 STAR DELTA SWITCH Crocker-Whccicr Star Delta Starter with Relay Case57 CUTLER-HAM MER COMPENSATOR58 A. C. MOTOR STARTERSF. M. COMPENSATOR 59 Foirbonks-Morse 3 Phose Connection “To star! motor throw lever handle forward quick// and hold until motor reaches full speed. Then depress button on cod of lever handle and throw lever quick// to running position. To stop motor, raise trip lever and allow lever handle ‘to return -to oFT position, or press stop button.60 G. E. COMPENSATORSG. E. COMPENSATORS 61fi2 WESTINGHOUSE COMPENSATORSWESTINGHOUSE COMPENSATOR64 WESTINGHOUSE COMPENSATORS Westinghouse Auto-Starter Type A 3 Phase Contacts • are closed in starting. Contacts a are closed in running position. Motors up to 15 H.P. should come up to synchronous speed in not over- 15 seconds; IOO HP. motors in not- over 20 seconds. A relay set at 25% above motor terminal rating amperes will allow a 50 % overloading of a 5Oa molor Relays should never be set higher than IZt?% erf terminal amperes unless the motor has been designed to provide for a -temperature rise in excess of 50 decrees.2200-VOLT A. C. MOTOR 6566 WOUND ROTOR MOTORSWOUND ROTOR MOTORS 67 Westinghouse Motor Starting and Speed Regulating Resistors. TABLE I. SCHEME N9 I FOR DC. MOTORS TORQUE Resistors 'for starting with one phase open may be connected for three phase starting, and the starting torque increased from -forty to fifty per cent. This change in the method of connection also chonges the class number; os indicated in Table 2 The resistor name plate shows both class numbers and both scheme numbers for which the nesistor can be used. fi/wat/s connect os scheme. three or five un/ess more than tv// /oad storting torque /s req u/rec/ Resistor TABLE 2. Classification. Storting with one phase open- Scheme 3 or 5 Three phase stortineg. Scheme 2 or 4 34 52 54- 72 74 35 53 55 73 75 95 Sec Table -for' torque and current obtained.68 WOUND ROTOR MOTOR69 OIL-WELL MOTOR70 VARIABLE.SPEED MOTORVARIABLE.SPEED MOTOR 7172 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR Westinghouse Synchronous Motor? 2200 Volt- 3 Phase. Excited -from a D C StiaroeMERCURY ARC RECTIFIER 7374 LAUNDRY EQUIPMENTLAUNDRY EQUIPMENT 75 American Loundry Machine Co. 3‘Washer A C. Aato Control Panel-2-Phase 3 W(re or 3-Phase.76 PRINTING-PRESS MOTORSPRINTING-PRESS MOTOR 7778 PRINTING-PRESS MOTORELECTRIC WELDING 79 Westinghouse Portable a Arc Wefc^irxj* Equipment;. Diagram of Connections. Amperes Arc Currcrrt Approximate Values of Arc Current and Electrode Diameter for Various Plate Thickness.80 A. C. STATOR WINDINGS The connection diagrams, Fig. 1 to 8, show some of the many possible methods of re-connecting, or cutting over, a three-phase induction motor from 110 volts to 220 volts, or vice-versa, for both Star and Delta connection of phase groups. These particular diagrams apply to a thirty-six coil (36-slot) stator with three coils per phase per pole, but they will apply equally well for any number of coils per phase group as far as the inter-connection of phase and pole groups are concerned. The squares indicate the extreme ends of the form wound “diamond” shaped coils where they overlap and where they are usually marked with colored chalk to identify the different pole-phase groups. The “pitch” or “throw” of the coils is not shown, but this can be found by inspection, or by dividing the total slots by the number of poles as figured from the speed and cycles of themotor* cycles x2x6081 A. C. STATOR WINDINGS nected to the terminal, the middle group must have the inside ends connected to the terminal, or vice-versa. Second—When connecting pole phase groups of adjacent poles in series, inside ends are always connected to inside ends, and outside ends to outside ends. For instance, if we mark the poles North and South alternately, any connection between a North and a South pole must be “inside to inside and outside to outside ends.” Sometimes it is desirable to connect in series two pole-phase groups which are on opposite sides of the winding. This is to make certain that the current will divide evenly and the magnetic pull, with worn bearings, will be equally divided, In this case it is necessary to connect two North poles in series, or multiple, and “inside ends go to outside ends.” Third—A convenient check on these connections is as follows: In tracing any phase circuit through a phase group, it will be noted that the current progresses alternately clock-wise and counter-clockwise. This is always true in any scheme of connection for this type of winding. In order to figure out a new connection diagram, (1) divide the total coils into as many equal groups as there are poles, (2) then divide the poles into equal phase groups, and (3) connect the coils in each pole-phase group in series, with inside ends connected to outside ends, then (4) connect corresponding phase groups in all poles in multiple, or series groups, as the case may require, in such a way that the current will progress alternately clock-wise and counter-clock-wise in adjacent poles; finally (5) connect the phases in Star, or Delta, as the case may require', observing that the terminal and Star ends come out in such a way as to give proper phase-relation, as explained above. Do not split a phase-group for parallel connections ot connect coils in different slots in multiple when they are in the same phase group, or there will be a magnetic field created between such separated coils and an effect produced similar to a short-circuited coil. In Star connected three-phase motors, the voltage across each phase group is: The voltage from terminal to Star, is .58 times the voltage from terminal to terminal (line voltage) and, conversely, the voltage from terminal to terminal (line voltage) is 1.73 times the voltage from terminal to Star. With a Delta connected motor, the voltage across each phase group is the same as tbe voltage across terminals (line voltage). It is evident that if a motor is connected with all coils in series, for the voltage stamped on the name plate, it is impossible to reconnect the motor for a higher voltage. Changes in stator windings to provide for different speeds or phases require a special knowledge of motor design and are beyond the scope of this Handbook,82 A. C. STATOR WINDINGSA. C. STATOR WINDINGS 8384 A. C. STATOR WINDINGS A. C. STATOR WINDINGS 8586 SO. CAL. EDISON STANDARDS 5in-4.2S L* belt length in feet 2 3 = feet between centers of shafts The nost economical belt speed of large motors is 4000 feet per minute. Leather belts should not be run at over 5000 feet per minute.88 D. C. MOTORS DIRBOT CURRENT MOTORS 11? VOLT H.P, PULL * LOAD AMPERES OVERLOAD PROTECTION BAS GAUGE WIRE OONDUIT SIZE 1/4 2.J 10 14 1/2 1/2 4.6 10 14 1/2 5/4 6.7 10 14 1/2 1 8.6 15 14 1/2 1-1/2 12.6 20 12 1/2 2 17.0 25 10 1/2 5 24.0 50 8 5/4 5 59.0 50 6 1 7-1/2 58.0 75 2 j-i# 10 76.0 100 1 1-1/4 250 VOLT 1/4 1.2 10 14 1/2 1/2 2.5 10 14 1/2 5/4 5-4 10 14 1/2 1 4.5 10 14 1/2 1-1/2 6.4 10 14 1/2 2 6-5 15 14 1/2 5 12.0 15 14 1/2 5 19.5 25 10 1/2 7-1/2 2^.0 40 6 1 to 58.0 50 6 1 15 56.0 70 4 1-1/4 20 74.0 too 1 1-1/4 25 95.0 125 0 1-1/2 50 111.0 150 00 2 55 150.0 175 000 2 40 149.0 200 0000 2 50 185.0 225 0000 2D. C. MOTORS 89 DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS 550 VOLT H.P. FULL LOAD AMPERES OVERLOAD PROTECTION B t S GAUGE HIRE CONDUIT 8IZE 1 1.9 4 14 1/2 1-1/2 2.6 5 14 1/2 2 5-5 5 14 1/2 5 5-0 10 14 1/2 5 6.2 12 14 1/2 7-1/2 12.0 15 14 1/2 10 16.0 20 12 1-2 15 24.0 50 8 5/4 20 51.0 40 6 1 25 59.0 50 6 1 >0 46.0 60 4 1-1/4 55 54.0 70 4 1-1/4 40 61.0 80 2 1-1/4 50 77.0 100 1 1-1/4 D.C. motor starting-resistance — R = E — - r Where- Restarting resistanc e in ohms. E— circuit voltage. I=initial ampere input, approximately 150% of the full-load amperes. r = internal resistanc e of the motor. volts E «between and 105& or(full load amps. R» j Where- Rs? Ohms resistance. E = voltage. I= amperage. Resistances in series =• R= r+r* 4- r" Parallel resistance- r1 X r2 X r? mai k — (rl X r2)+(r 1 X r5)+(r2 X r5) To find the resistance of copper wire with a R=r( l+f.00242 X F°rieeJ) 0 (F°-52)5 F 1 = r( 1-1.00242 X F’fallj ) v 90 D. C. RHEOSTATSD. C. RHEOSTATS 91 Direct. Current Motors Compound Motor Connected to o Speed R’e.c^u lator Compound Motor Connected to a Westinghouse Type H, Combination Starting and Field Regulating Rheostat with Low-Voltage Release,. For shunt-wound motors the series field is omitted.92 D. C. MOTORS Westinghouse Type- V‘5 Machine Toot Controllers -for Shan’t and Commutating Pole Direct-Current Motors- Controller (Front View.) Top- Forward--*- "*-Reverse Resis+or Base (Tube Side) Top Motor shown is shunt-wound with commutating and compensating -fields. For plain shunt-wound motor connect R3 and F2 -to minus line. To moke this controller reversing, remove the stop m the top castinc and replace with a machine screw.93 THE SKELETONS AT THE FEAST An OVERSIZED FUSE ora COPPERED -FUSE n equivalent to TYING DOWN a SAFETY VALVE on a (team boiler. A drop cord used for wiring can ADD YOUR SAVINGS to the grand total of losses by fire last year. Can YOU afford to be penny wife and pound foolish? KEEP your WIRING SAFE. Usd standard construction when adding to or changing your wiring. The only safety appliances which we cannot furnish for. your protection *** EYES THAT SEE AND BRAINS THAT THINK (they are the best safety devices known) USE THEM JdELP PREVENT ELECTRICAL FIRES AND ACCIDENTS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICITY, Los Angelas.94 EXCERPTS FROM THE WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION LAWS, STATE OF CALIFORNIA Chapter 586, Laws of 1917 Sec. 34. Every employer shall furnish employment which shall be safe for the employees therein, and shall furnish a place of employment which shall be safe for employees therein, and shall furnish and use such safety devices and safeguards, and shall adopt and use such practices, means, methods, operations and processes as are reasonably adequate to render such employment and place of employment safe, and shall do every other thing reasonably necessary to protect the life and safety of such employes. Sec. 35. No employer shall require, permit or suffer any employe to go or be in any employment or place of employment which is not safe, and no such employer shall fail to furnish, provide and use safety devices and safeguards or fail to adopt and use methods and processes reasonably adequate to render such employment and place of employment safe, and no such employer shall fail or neglect to do every other thing reasonably necessary to protect the life and safety of such employees, and no such employer shall occupy or maintain any place of employment that is not safe. Sec. 36. No employer, owner or lessee of any real property in this state shall construct or cause to be constructed any place of employment that is not safe. Sec. 37. No employe or other person shall remove, displace, damage, destroy or carry off any safety device, safeguard, notice of warning, furnished and provided for use in any employment or place of employment, or interfere in any way with the use thereof by any other person, or interfere with the use of any method or process adopted for the protection of any employe, including himself, in such employment, or place of employment, or fail or neglect to do every other thing reasonably necessary to protect the life and safety of such employees. Sec. 46. Nothing contained in this act shall be construed to deprive the board of supervisors of any county, or city and county, the board of trustees of any city, or any other public corporation or board or department, of any power or jurisdiction over or relative to any place of employment; provided, that whenever the commission shall, by order, fix a standard of safety for employments or places of employment, such order shall, upon the filing by the commission of a copy thereof with the clerk of the county, city and county, or city to which it may apply, establishing a minimum requirement concerning the matters covered by such order, and shall be construed in connection with any local order relative to the sameEXCERPTS FROM THE 95 WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION LAWS—(Con.) matter and to amend or modify any requirement in such local order not up to the standard of the order of the commission. Sec. 49. Every employer, employe or other person who, either individually or acting as an officer, agent or employe of a corporation, or other person, violates any safety provision contained in sections 34, 35, 36, 37 of this act, or any part of any such provision, or who shall fail or refuse to comply with any such provision or any part thereof, or who, directly or indirectly, knowingly induces another, to do so, is guilty of a misdemeanor. In any prosecution under this section it shall be deemed prima facie evidence of a violation of any such safety provision, that the accused has failed or refused to comply with any order, rule, regulation or requirement of the commission relative thereto, and the burden of proof shall thereupon rest upon the accused to show that he has complied with such safety provision. Sec. 50. Every violation of the provisions contained in sections 34, 35, 36, 37 of this act, or any part or portion thereof, by any person or corporation, is a separate and distinct offense, and, in the case of a continuing violation thereof, each day’s continuance thereof shall constitute a separate and distinct offense. Chapter 471, Laws of 1919 Sec. 46 1-2 (new). If the condition of any employment or place of employment or the operation of any machine, device or apparatus shall constitute a serious menace of the lives or safety of persons about it, the commission, or a commissioner, may apply to the superior court of the county in which such place of employment, machine, device or apparatus is situated, for an injunction restraining the use or operation thereof until such condition shall be corrected. The said application accompanied by affidavit showing that such place of employment, machine, device, or apparatus is being operated in violation of a general or special safety order of the commission, and that such use or operation constitutes a menace to the life or safety of any person or persons employed thereabout, accompanied by a copy of the order or orders applicable thereto, shall constitute a sufficient prima facie showing to warrant, in the discretion of the court, the immediate granting of a temporary restraining order. No bond shall be required from the commission as a prerequisite to the granting of any restraining order. When in the opinion of the industrial accident commission a machine or any part thereof is in a dangerous condition or is not properly guarded, or is dangerously placed, the96 EXCERPTS FROM THE WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION LAWS—(Con.) use thereof shall be prohibited by the commission, and a notice to that effect shall be attached thereto. Such notice shall not be removed except by an authorized representative of the commission, nor until the machinery is made safe and the required safeguards or safety appliances or devices are provided, and in the meantime such unsafe or dangerous machinery shall not be used. EXCERPTS FROM THE ELECTRICAL SAFETY ORDERS OF THE INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA The .... “Electrical Safety Orders” apply to all electrical utilization equipment which operates at more than 25 volts, or which generates, transmits, transforms or utilizes more than 50 watts, in all places of employment in the State of California, over which the Industrial accident Commission has jurisdiction;.. All new installations, actual construction of which is begun after the date on which these orders become effective, shall be made to conform to all of the applicable orders contained herein. When any additions, alterations, or renewals of existing installations are made after the date on which these orders become effective, that portion of the installation which is extended, altered, or renewed shall be made to conform to all of the applicable orders contained herein. When an installation made prior to the date on which these orders become effective, or any part of such installation, is found, by the department having jurisdiction, to be hazardous, such department may require that such portion of the installation as is found to be hazardous be reconstructed to conform to any or all of the requirements contained in these orders.97 RADIO INSTALLATION RULES To Supersede Rule 86 National Electrical Code (1920 Edition) In Setting Up Radio Equipment All Wiring Pertaining Thereto Must Conform To the General Requirements of the National Electrical Code for the Class of Work Installed and the Following Additional Specifications: FOR RECEIVING STATIONS ONLY. Antenna. (a) Antennas outside of buildings shall not cross over or under electric light or power wires of any circuit of more than six hundred (600) volts or railway trolley or feeder wires, nor shall they be so located that a failure of either antenna or of the above mentioned electric light or power wires can result in a contact between the antenna and such electric light or power wires. Antennas shall be constructed and installed in a strong and durable manner and shall be so located as to prevent accidental contact with light and power wires by sagging or swinging. Splices and joints in the antenna span, unless made with approved clamps and splicing devices, shall be soldered. Antennas installed inside of buildings are not covered by the above specifications. * Outdoor antennas should be of rugged construction, held securely in place and kept well away from electric light and power wires. It is advisable for the amateur not to make any connections to poles carrying light or power wires. Those unfamiliar with electric wiring will do well to have antennas and other apparatus installed by competent electricians. *The size of the antenna will depend on the span; for the ordinary receiving antenna about 100 ft. long, No. 14 gauge, soft drawn copper wire may be used, or other wire of equivalent strength. Where the span is long; or where the antenna crosses other wires, it should be larger. The requirement for soldering or using approved splicing devices is made to minimize the possibility of antennas falling on other wires. Lead-in Wires. (b) Lead-in wires shall be of copper, approved copper-clad steel or other approved metal which will not corrode excessively and in no case shall they be smaller than No. 14 B. & S. gauge except that approved copper-clad steel not less than No. 17 B. & S. gauge may be used. Lead-in wires on the outside of buildings shall not come nearer than four (4) inches to electric light and power wires unless separated therefrom by a continuous and firmly fixed non-conductor that will maintain per-98 N. E. CODE—(Continued) manent separation. The non-conductor shall be in addition to any insulation on the wire. Lead-in wires shall enter building through a noncombustible, non-absorptive insulating bushing. * Although desirable from a signaling viewpoint to prevent partial grounding in wet weather, these rules do not require the insulating of lead-in wires except where they pass through the building wall, where a bushing is specified. This is to protect against possible contact with wires, pipes, or other grounded metal which may be concealed in walls. Protective Device. (c) Each lead-in wire shall be provided with an approved protective device properly connected and located (inside or outside the building) as near as practicable to the point where the wire enters the building. The protector shall not be placed in the immediate vicinity of easily ignitable stuff, or where exposed to inflammable gasses or dust or flyings of combustible materials. The protective device shall be an approved lightning arrester which will operate at a potential of five hundred (500) volts or less. The use of an antenna grounding switch is desirable, but does not obviate the necessity for the approved protective device required in this section. The antenna grounding switch if installed shall, in its closed position, form a shunt around the protective device. *The protective device should be an approved lightning arrester; the use of cheap home-made devices should be discouraged. Fuses are not required, but if installed should be between the lead-in and the lightning arrester. Protective Ground Wire. (d) The ground wire may be bare or insulated and shall be of copper or approved copper-clad steel. If of copper the ground wire shall be not smaller than No. 14 B. & S. gauge and, if of approved copper-clad steel it shall be not smaller than No. 17 B. & S. gauge. The ground wire shall be run in as straight a line as possible to a good permanent ground. Preference shall be given to water piping. Gas piping shall not be used for grounding protective devices. Other permissible grounds are grounded steel frames of buildings or other grounded metallic work in the building and artificial grounds such as driven pipes, plates, cones, etc. The ground wire shall be protected against mechanical injury. An approved ground clamp shall be used wherever the ground wire is connected to pipes or piping. *The proper connections of the antenna to the ground minimizes the lightning hazard. A satisfactory ground and properly run ground wire are of primary importance. Wires Inside Buildings. (e) Wires inside buildings shall be securely fastenedN. E. CODE—(Continued) 99 in a workmanlike manner and shall not come nearer than two (2) inches to any electric light or power wire unless separated therefrom by some continuous and firmly fixed non-conductor making a permanent separation. This non-conductor shall be in addition to any regular insulation on the wire. Porcelain tubing or approved flexible tubing may be used for encasing wires to comply with this rule. Receiving Equipment Ground Wire. (f) The ground conductor may be bare or insulated and shall be of copper, approved copper-clad steel or other approved metal which will not corrode excessively under existing conditions and in no case shall the ground wire be less than No. 14 B. & S., gauge except that approved copper-clad steel not less than No. 17 B. & S. gauge may be used. The ground wire may be run inside or outside of building. When receiving equipment ground wire is run in full compliance with rules for Protective Ground Wire, in Section (d), it may be used as the ground conductor for the protective device. FOR TRANSMITTING STATIONS * Transmitting stations are regarded as involving more hazard than stations used only for receiving, and require additional safeguards. In addition to these requirements, all wiring and apparatus supplying power for sending, should be installed in accordance with the National Electrical Code. Antenna. (g) Antennas outside of buildings shall not cross over or under electric light or power wires of any circuit of more than six hundred (600) volts or railway trolley or feeder wires, nor shall it be so located that a failure of either the antenna or of the above mentioned electric light or power wires can result in a contact between the antenna and such electric light or power wires. Antennas shall be constructed and installed in a strong and durable manner and shall be so located as to prevent accidental contact with light and power wires by sagging or swinging. Splices and joints in the antenna span shall, unless made with approved clamps or splicing devices, be soldered. Lead-in Wires. (h) Lead-in wires shall be of copper, approved copper clad steel or other metal which will not corrode excessively and in no case shall they be smaller than No. 14 B. & S. gauge. Antenna and counterpoise conductors and wires leading therefrom to ground switch, where attached to build-100 N. E. CODE—(Continued) ings, must be firmly mounted five (5) inches clear of the surface of the building, on non-absorptive insulating supports such as treated wood pins or brackets equipped with insulators having not less than five (5) inch creepage and air gap distance to inflammable or conducting material. Where desired approved suspension type insulators may be used. (i) In passing the antenna or counterpoise lead-in into the building a tube or bushing of non-absorptive insulating material shall be used and shall be installed so as to have a creepage and air-gap distance of at least five (5) inches to any extraneous body. If porcelain or other fragile material is used it shall be installed so as to be protected from mechanical injury. A drilled window pane may be used in place of bushing provided five (5) inch creepage and air-gap distance is maintained. *Entrance tubes or bushings may be glazed porcelain or composition. *In making these installations, the peculiar characteristics of radio frequency current should be kept in mind, and all wires should have adequate clearance in order to make sure that the current will stay upon the wires until it has reached its intended destination. Protective Grounding Switch. (j) A double-throw knife switch having a break distance of four (4) inches and a blade not less than one-eight (%) inch by one-half (%) inch shall be used to join the antenna and counterpoise lead-ins to the ground conductor. The switch may be located inside or outside the building. The base of the switch shall be of non-absorptive insulating material. Slate base switches are not recommended. This switch must be so mounted that its current-carrying parts will be at least five (5) inches clear of the building wall or other conductors and located preferably in the most direct line between the lead-in conductors and the point where ground connection is made. The conductor from grounding switch to ground connection must be securely supported. * Ground switches are required because the ordinary transmitting antenna, of larger size than the receiving antenna, involves a greater lightning hazard, and because of the higher voltages used in transmitting. To comply with this rule a standard 100-ampere single-pole doublethrow switch, or a special antenna switch of proper design, may be used. Protective Ground Wire. (k) Antenna and counterpoise conductors must be effectively and permanently grounded at all times when station is not in actual operation (unattended) by a conductor at least as large as the lead-in conductor and in no case shall it be smaller than No. 14 B. & S. gaugeN. E. CODE—(Continued) 101 copper or approved copper-clad steel. This ground wire need not be insulated or mounted on insulating supports. The ground wire shall be run in as straight a line as possible to a good permanent ground. Preference shall be given to water piping. Gas piping shall not be used for the ground connection. Other permissible grounds are the grounded steel frames of buildings and other grounded metal work in buildings and artificial grounding devices such as driven pipes, plates, cones, etc. The ground wire shall be protected against mechanical injury. An approved ground clamp shall be used wherever the ground wire is connected to pipes or piping. Operating Ground Wire. (l) The radio operating ground conductor shall be of copper strip not less than three eighths (%) inch wide by one sixty-fourth (1-64) inch thick, or of copper or approved copper-clad steel having a periphery, or girth (around the outside) of at least three-quarters (%) inch (for example a No. 2 B. & S. gauge wire) and shall be firmly secured in place throughout its length. The radio operating ground conductor shall be protected and supported similarly to the lead-in conductors. *The rules should be very carefully followed in the installation and use of the operating ground wire, special precaution being taken to keep it at a respectful distance from pipes and other wires. Operating Ground. (m) The operating ground conductor shall be connected to a good permanent ground. Preference shall be given to water piping. Gas piping shall not be used for ground connections. Other permissible grounds are grounded steel frames of buildings or other grounded metal work in the building and artificial grounding devices such as driven pipes, plates, cones, etc. Power From Street Mains. (n) When the current supply is obtained directly from street mains, the circuit shall be installed in approved metal conduit, armored cable or metal raceways. If lead-covered wire is used it shall be protected throughout its length in approved metal conduit or metal raceways. Protection From Surges, Etc. (o) In order to protect the supply system from high-potential surges and kick-backs there must be installed in the supply line as near as possible to each radiotransformer, rotary spark gap, motor in generator sets, and other auxiliary apparatus one of the following: 1. Two condensers (each of not less than one-half (%) microfarad capacity and capable of withstanding a six-hundred (600) volt test) in series across the line and mid-point between condensers grounded; across102 N. E. CODE—(Concluded) (in parallel with) each of these condensers shall be connected a shunting fixed spark-gap capable of no more than one-thirty-second (1-32) inch separation. 2. Two vacuum tube type protectors in series across the line with the mid-point grounded. 3. Non-inductively wound resistors, connected across the line with mid-point grounded. 4. Electrolytic lighting arresters such as the aluminum cell type. In no case shall the ground wire of the surge and kick-back protective devices be run in parallel with the operating ground wire when within a distance of thirty (30) feet. The ground wire of the surge and kick-back protective devices shall not be connected to the operating ground or ground wire. *Many of the amateur installations have been placed without giving much thought as to what the effect of the radio power devices will have upon the balance of the system and many public service companies are requiring these stations to take current from a separate transformer, and in addition to place all of the wiring in conduit, also to have it protected at each radio-transformer, rotary spark-gap, motor in generator sets and other auxiliary apparatus. This precaution tends to preserve the quality of the light and power service in the neighborhood and obviates fire hazards. *Attention is called to the fact that the use of non-inductively wound resistors across the line to prevent kick-backs, etc., necessarily brings about a slight flow of power current and where used on a two-wire power system with one side grounded there is a circulation of power current between the ground on the power system and the ground at the mid-point of the wound resistors. The amount of current which circulates can be reduced to a minimum by increasing the ohmic resistance which does not in any way reduce the efficiency of the resistors to carry radio-frequency current to ground in case surges develop. Suitable Devices. (p) Transformers, voltage reducers, keys, and other devices employed shall be of types suitable for radio operation. *This explanatory note is not a part of the rules. Note: Do not use devices, on light or power circuits, that have not been approved by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. Radio devices that are safe will have the N E Code label. Do not attach aerials to light, power or telephone poles. It is unsafe to cross the wires of such utility companies.INDEX 103 LOS ANGELES ELECTRICAL ORDINANCE No. 35899 and SUPPLEMENTARY RULES of the DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICITY Ordinance. Page. Sections. Sup. Rules. Page. Sections. A. C. motor fuses _. 134 35q 174 82(8) 143 46h Acids, fuses subject to ...163 65a used as flux for soldering... ...131 34k(l) Aerial conductors, wireless, ground- 1T1 pr of ...167 70a Annrtmpnt meters. wirine?. ...141 45 175 84(2) Approval of material —115 7 construction ...116 10 Approved, definition of ...116 14 Apparatus, definition of - ...116 14 Arc lamps ...120 23 portable, for theaters ...155 60k for motion picture thea- ters ...160 61f Armored cables -.120 24 Asbestos covered wires, on switch- boards ...152 59f 175 85 Authority to enter buildings ...115 8 Auto-starters ...134 35q 174 82(7) 143 46j 148 53 Automatic control panels 173 82(5) cutouts (see fuses) ...134 35 Batteries, storage or primary ...122 25 Base plugs 170 78 171 79 Bell transformers ...162 63j 175 86 Borders ...152 59c Boxes ...121 24b 168 75 128 26 29j accessibility ....122 24f 128 29j cabinets ....122 26 169 76 125 27 catch-box ....166 68f construction of ....128 29n 146 49 covers for . .132 34m 169 77(3) fastening of —128 29,1,in 169 75(5) finish around ....121 24b 127 29g fittings for ....122 24e 169 75(8) junction (pull box) ....128 24f 169 75(6) 122 29j or plates ....121 24b 127 29g plastering around ....121 24b 169 75(5) 127 29g switch box — ....128 29n,o Branch blocks ....163 64k 174 84104 INDEX Ordinance. Page. Sections. Sup. Rules. Page. Sections. Bushings for box covers ....122 24e 128 30h 131 34d generator Inada —.138 38g motor leads ....144 46p for open wiring ....163 65b for sockets ....128 30f 150 56d through walls ....150 55h Bus-bars ~ -.163 64k B X ....121 24 bends, or ells ....122 24h fittings - .....122 24e grounding -.121 24c 172 81 127 29i Cabinets 122 26 169 76 weatherproof -125 27 174 83(3) 175 84(l)h Cables, armored (B X) 121 24 vertical supporting of -164 66c Canopy for cords 131 34d 146 49i insulation .. 131 34k Carrying capacity of wires —. 125 28 Ceiling outlets in residences 171 80(1) in stores 171 80(2) Certificate of final inspection 115 5 Chandelier, fusing of 134 35j Circuit breaker, used instead of fuses.135 35s on a motor ... 143 150 57i setting of 135 35q Circuit fuses 135 35r number of lights for fix- tures 120 22(6) 171 80(l)f number of lights for wir- ing rr- 171 80(l)b over 4-660 watt 130 33a 171 80(l)a temporary, decorative ... 130 32 2-wire required 163 12 sockets, or 660 watts 170 78. 80 16 sockets, or 660 watts 171 80(l)f 1320 watts 120 22(9) 171 80(l)b 1320 watts outline lighting..l46 50e 1320 watts on signs 150 55k Clamps for grounds 121 24c 172 81(1)(2) 128 29c 140 39h Closet lights 120 22(12) 131 34g Clusters 128 30c Color code wires 175 87 Collector wires (cranes) 129 31a Combination outlet box, construction..l46 49d cords near 129 30i fixture 131 34k grounding of.... 128 29i 172 81 Compensators 143 173 148 53 174 82(5)(7) Concealing electrical work 116 11 Condemning work 116 9 Conductors (see wires) 125 28 162 64 175 87INDEX 105 Conduits - Ordinance. Page. Sections. Sup. Rules. Page. Sections. 119 21 169 77 126 29 bends «... 128 29k boxes 127 29g 168 75 continuity of 126 29d grounding of 127 29i 172 81 140 39h number of wires in .... 126 29 168 75(1) 170 77(5) securing of » 129 29,1 169 75(8) service .. 165 68d 169 77(1) 174 83(3) service, grounding of.... 165 68d 172 81 service, height of 176 87(6) size - 126 29 169 77(4) 170 77(5) where required 119 21 Convenience outlets (plugs) 170 78, 79 Cords - _.128 30 canopies for 131 34d 146 49i fuse protection of 135 35r in closets 120 22(12) 131 30d 131 34g in garages 136 near gas fixtures ...-.129 30i porcelain sockets required on.. 150 56f Correcting defects, notification 116 10, 13 Crane wiring « «. 129 31 Cutouts 134 35 height off floor 169 76(2) Cutout boxes — -.134 35,d,f,g 169 76' 175 84(g) cabinets 122 26 169 76 175 84(g) cabinets, hingeing door of 126 26m Damp places, sockets in «... 150 56b,f Decorative lighting 130 32 171 80(1) (b) Definition of terms 116 14 Diagrams of electrical work....... 117 15 168 74(2) Drop cords ................... 128 30 Drop (in voltage) in feeders 130 33 171 79(3) 176 88' ' per circuit lighting 171 80(1) 176 88 per circuit heaters. 171 79(3) per circuit motors. 176 88(1) Emergency lighting 119 22(4) 172 80(3) 153 60a(3) 156 61a(3) Eyeloop and tape cord ends 129 30g Exit lighting - - 119 22(4) 172 80(3) 153 60a(3)(4) 157 61a(2)(3) Externally operated switches 150 57c 172 82 114 4 115 6 117 16 Feeders 130 33 171 79(3) 80(l)a 165 68 176 88106 INDEX Feeders Ordinance. Page. Sections. Sup. Rules. Page. Sections. vertical supporting 162 66c voltage drop in 130 33 171 79(3) 176 88 Fire escape lights................. ...... 119 22(4) 153 60a' ' 156 61a(l)(2)(3) 172 80(3) Fixtures ........... ..—131 34 171 80(l)f combination 131 34k grounding of 131 34k hanging of, approved 168 74(3) on wood 131 34c open arm type 132 34n polarizing of sockets 176 87(6) in show windows ... .131 34i number of sockets per circuit 171 80(l)f supports for 131 34j 168 75(3) studs 127 29g 169 75(4) testing of 133 34p wire 132 34m weather-proof type - .....132 34m Flashers (see SignR, page 177) 149 55b Flats, meters for - 175 84(2) Floor receptacles 148 52a 170 78, 79 Fn sea 134 35 for heaters . 140 41a 170 79 height off floor .... .... 169 76(2) for lighting circuits 135 35r for motors 174 82(8) 142 46g,h,i near gas meter .. .... ... 134 35f 142 45f nnen link tvne ... .134 35h.n required to protect different sized wires, same conduit. 126 29b Garage wiring 136 36 150 56c Gas-filled lamps 137 37 Gas and electric outlets .. .—.128 29i 146 49d Gas heater, near fuses 142 45f Gas pipes near cord .. . ..129 30i Gas meter near fuses ............ 142 45g Generators 137 38“ Grounding, A. C. work ....139 39d 172 81 a*erial conductors, wireless 167 70a B. X. 121 24c 172 81 127 29i clamps 121 24c 172 81(1)(2) 127 29i 140 39h conduits .—127 29i 172 81(3,6) with driven pipe 140 39h D. C. work 139 39a motors 142 46d 172 81 transformers in central and sub-stations ...139 39f 172 81 Ground wire on service conduit. 165 68d 172 81 Gutters 122 26a,c required with over 4 circuits 169 76(1) Hall lighting for exits .. .....119 22(4) 172 80(3) Heating devices 135 35m 170 79 140 41 INDEX 107 Ordinance. Page. Sections. Sup. Rules. Page. Sections. Heating devices feeders ..... 170 79 pilot lights for.. 171 79(4) receptacles and plugs 140 41d 148 52c,d stands for 140 41c switches for 140 41b High voltage lamps ...145 48c motors .. 142 46,a,b,c wiring 166 69 Inspection required before covering..!16 11 Inspection fees ....—114 4 115 6 117 16 insulation resistance 141 42 Insulating fixture canopies 131 34k Insulating joints - 131 34k Irons, electric, stands for ..—.140 41e Ironing receptacles (convenience outlets) 140 41a,d 148 52c,d,e 170 78, 79 Joints, soldering of 120 22(13) 163 64h Junction boxes (pull boxes) 122 24f 168 75(1) 128 29j 169 75(6) Knife switches 151 57c Knob and tube wiring — 164 67 Lamp guards 120 22(12), 30d 128 34g, 36f Lamps, number per circuit 120 22(6)(8) 171 80(l)b,c,d,e rnnm .. 171 80(l)c,d,e Lamps and power off 500 volt lines..141 43 Lighting circuits 171 80 halls and public buildings.,119 22(4) 172 80(3) outline, decorative 146 50 171 80(l)b temporary 130 32 171 80(l)b of switchboards 138 59g 153 381 Locknuts 169 75(8) Low-potential systems 162 64 Lugs - 141 44 Marker wire (color code) 175 87 Materials, approval of 115 7 Mercury vapor lamps 145 48 Meters — 141 45 175 84(2) in apartments —... 141 45 174 83,84(l)a,c backing for 142 45k 175 84(2)a boxes 141 45d 175 84(l)i in flats 174 83 175 84(1)(2) fusing of 142 45h height from floor, etc 141 45b locations 141 45a 174 83,84 loops ...163 64k marking of more than one...,141 45c protected by switch 152 58e in residences - 174 83,84108 INDEX Ordinance. Page. Sections. Sup. Rules. Page. Sections. Meters .. in stores 174 83,84 on switch-boards ...152 59c Motors .. —. ....... ...142 46 172 82 auto-starters for ...135 35q 173 82(5) 144 46j" 174 82(7) 148 53 boxed-in ...144 46-1 circuit-breakers for ...135 35q compensator for ...135 35q 174 82(5) 144 46j" 174 82(7) 148 53 feeders for ...131 33c 174 82(8) 176 88(1) fuses for 174 82(8) 143 46g,h, grounding of ...142 46d 172 81(5)(6] name-plate marking ...144 46r numbering or labeling of 168 74(2) on 110-volt circuits 142 46p on theater curtains ...154 60b on motion picture machines.. 158 61c,f plans of wiring for 168 74(2) rating of -.143 46h 172 82 relays for ...135 35q 172 (82(1) 174 82(8) running protection ...135 35q 172 82(1) 174 82(8) single pole switches on % H.-P ...151 57h small sizeB ...135 35m, 46e, 57h starting and running fuses. ...135 35q 172 82(1) 174 82(8) switches, externally oper- ated ...151 57c 173 82(2)(4 tables, of wires and con 170 77(5) ' duits for .. 174 82(8) voltage drop in wires for... 176 88(1) Moulding, metal ...144 47 Motion picture theaters ...153 60,61,62 Neutral, grounding of..._ ...139 39 172 81 wire size required ...163 64n Notice of 0. K ...116 10 defects fixed 117 15 installation ready for in spection ...117 15 Number of lights per circuit ...120 22(8) (9) 171 80(l),b room 171 80(l),c Open wiring, when allowed ...119 21 163 65 Operating-rooms, for motion picturesl57 61b Outlet box ..121 24 168 75 122 26 construction of ..._ ...146 49a,b,c,d convenience outlet 170 78,79 finish around same -.121 24b 169 75(5) 127 29g in floor .. ...146 49h pull-box, accessibility. 169 75(6) supporting of — 146 49g two lighting companies in ...126 29b 168 75(2)INDEX 109 Ordinance. Page. Sections. Sup. Rules. Page. Sections. Outlet box unused ....132 34m 3-inch box, use of .... 168 75(1) Outline lighting —.146 50 171 80(l),b fuses for ....135 35n Outside wiring „ _ —147 51 Pendant cords ...128 30 Permits — 114 1,2,3 117 16 Pits (see garages) ~ ...136 36 150 56c Plans of wiring, etc., ... ...114 4 168 74(2) 117 15 Plates to fit on flat surface 169 75(5) Plates at outlets _ ...127 29g Plugs, baseboard and wall ...120 22(11) 170 78 148 52 Plumbing to be completed -120 22(14) Polarizing of sockets .. 176 87(6) Porcelain sockets, where required. ...150 56f Portable cords -.128 30d, 136 36a,c Potential loss in wiring .... ...119 22 176 88 130 33 Power from 500 volt system -.141 43 Private plants, yard wires ...152 58e Public buildings, etc., lighting of ...119 22(4) 171 80(3) Pull boxes ...128 29j accessibility of 169 75(6) Pulling in of wires ...127 29f 169 77(3) Race-ways ...122 26a 169 76,77 146 50b 152 59c Receptacles ...148 52 170 78,79 in garages ...136 36f for irons and less than bracket height ...120 22(11) 170 78,79 148 52a’ ratine’ of 170 78 7Q switch control required.,148 52b Rectifier cables —136 36c,g in caraces .136 36ff'“ in motion picture theaters.,160 61f Refrigerator wiring -150 56b,f 57a Resistance devices ...148 53 173 82(51 174 82(7) for arc lamps ...120 23b ,c for theater arcs « —155 60k (7) Rheostats ...143 46j 173 82(5) 148 53' 174 82(7) Rosettes ...129 30g Roof signs (see sign Ordinance, page 177) -.149 55 176 87(51(6) Roofs, wires run over ...147 51c Sad irons ... 140 41 Series lamps ...166 69e Service ...134 35a 174 83,84 151 58 accessibility ...152 58e apartments ...152 58d 174 83(2),84(l)a110 INDEX Ordinance. Sup. Rules. Page. Sections. Page. Sections. Service box for ..152 58f 169 76 175 84(l)i capacity of ..151 58b 175 84(2)b conduit for, sizes 169 77 conduit grounding of ..165 68d 172 81 flats ..152 58d 174 83(2),84 fuses ..134 35 169 76 height of 174 83(3) ,84(1) d location of 151 58b 174 84 stores ..152 58d 171 80(2) 174 84 switches for ..134 35a 173 82(6) 151 58 174 84 wiring for ..165 68 169 77(1) 174 83, 84 75% of the load ..130 33a 176 88 Over 2640 watt loads ..130 33a Show windows ..120 22(9) 172 80(2)b 129 30e 131 34i Signal systems ..149 54 175 86 Signs (see Sign Ordinance, page 177) ..149 55 flashers for ..149 55b fuses for ..135 35n 150 55k switches for ...149 55d 176 87(5) Slow-burning wire, for rheostats, etc.149 53c on switch boards.,138 38i 175 85 152 59f Small motors, on lighting circuits.... ..142 46e 172 82(1) 174 82(8) Smoothing irons ...140 41 Soldering of cord ends 1 ...129 30g of joints ...120 22(13) 169 77(3) 163 64h of stranded wires ...163 64j Sockets, key type required ...148 52b key type not approved, ex- plosion hazard ...136 36f 150 56c per circuit ...134 35k 171 80 non-romovable bushings re quired ...129 30f 150 56d polarizing of 176 87(6) switch control required ... ...148 52b weather-proof and acid conditions ...150 56a,b 660 watt, where required... ...131 34e 150 56e Space, clear crawling, under build ings or in attics ... 169 75(6) Stage wiring ...153 60 Stores 171 80(2) separate service required ... ...152 58d Storage batteries .122 25 switch boards for..!49 53c 175 85 Stranded wires ...163 64j 164 66b Studs ...127 29g 169 75(4) Switch box construction ...146 49 168 75 Switch board wiring 152 59 175 85 in theaters ... ...153 60c INDEX 111 Ordinance. Page. Sections. Sup. Rules. Page. Sections. Switches (see service switches) ... .-..143 46i 173 82(6) 150 57 174 84 blades dead 151 57d control of keyless sockets.,148 52b damp places 150 57a,e to disconnect all wires 151 57i double pole required ... 149 55d 151 57e double throw required. 151 57d emergency lighting control-153 60a>(3) externally operated ~ 152 58f 173 82(4) finish, flat surface 121 24b 169 75(5) 127 29g flashers 149 55b for heaters 140 41b indicating type required. 140 41a 143 46i knife blade type - 151 57c,d ■ for motors 172 82 on cranes 129 31c on stage flues .. —154 60i for signs ... ..._.149 55d 176 87(5) single throw 151 57d service ... 151 58 173 82(6) 174 84' ' single Dole, approved 151 57e.h 176 87(5) not approved..l47 50d 176 87(5) 149 55d 151 57e time, and flashers 149 55b 151 57j Symbols, required on plans Table, of safe carrying capacity of wires 125 28 conduit sizes 170 77(5) ground wire and pipe sizes 172 81(4) motor wires and conduit sizes 174 82(8) Taping of joints 163 64h 169 77(3) Temporary work 119 21b 130 32 Terms, definition of 117 14 Testing fixtures 133 34p insulation resistance 141 42’ 3-wire feeders 130 33 169 77(4) 171 79(3) 174 84f Theaters 153 60 auditorium - -..153 60a borders and procenium . 154 60e bunches 155 601 control of stage flues 154 60i curtain motors 154 60h dimmers .....153 60c (2) dressing rooms 155 60j emergency lights ..-153 60a (3) exit lights .....153 60a (4) 172 80(3) foot lights 153 60d fuses 153 60b lights on scenery 156 60q pin plug connectors 156 60,o portable conductors 156 60p 112 INDEX Ordinance. Page. Sections. Sup. Rules. Page. Sections. Theaters portable equipment —.155 60k plugging boxes....l56 60n scene docks ... 154 60g 60s special electrical effects.... 156 stage and gallery pockets.,154 60f stage flues and control 154 60i strips ... 155 string or festoon lights 156 60r switch boards 153 175 85 Theaters, motion picture 156 61 arc lamps, rheostats, etc... 160 61f emergency lighting 153 60a(l),(3) exit lights 153 60a(4) 172 80(3) 156 61a(3) lighting systems, two re- quired 156 61a(1) machine room, construction and size....!57 metal lin- 61b ing of 158 asbestos lin- 61c ing of 159 wood, metal 61d covered 159 61e motor*generator — ... 160 61f 172 82 motor drive ... 160 61f(3) 61f rectifiers ........ — 160 rewind —160 61f(4) 61g wiring of machine room.... 160 Trolley c circuit, power from ... 141 43 vires — 148 51h 63 bell -162 63j 175 86 current and potential required for loads over 100 amperes 43 grounding of —.—.. ...161 63c,g grounding of in cen- tral and sub-stations..l39 heater control types.... 39f 175 86(3) 150 55h 68e 169 77(4) Unlawful to break seals _ 152 58g 11 conceal work 116 connect — —115 5 use current 115 5 use unapproved con- struction 116 13 Vapor proof globes 150 56a Vertical runs —164 Voltage drop 119 22 176 88 130 33 Wall plugs .....148 170 78,79 80 Watts Der circuit - —147 50e 171 150 55k 171 80(l)o 34m 163 65 Wireless (see pages 97 to 102) 166 70 INDEX 113 Ordinance. Page. Sections. Sup. Rules. Page. Sections. Wire-ways - 122 26a 169 76(1) 146 50b 152 59c Wires (general rules) .. 162 64 175 87 acids, conduit required 163 65b asbestos cover required on switch boards 138 38i 175 85 152 59f branch circuit - - 135 35,1 171 80 carrying capacity 125 28 174 82(8) damp places ~ 163 65 169 75(6) different sizes,, in same con- duit - ......126 29b double braid required 164 66b fished in 162 64b 169 77(3) in fixtures .....132 34n grounding of neutral 139 39a,b 172 81 high voltage ..._.166 69 in hot places 138 38i 164 66a joints in and soldering of 163 64h 169 77(3) knob and tube 119 21 164 67 low voltage 162 64 marker wire (color code).. 175 87 moulding ..144 47 number in conduit — 126 29a 169 77 164 66 open work 119 21 163 65 outside work 147 51 nlans of 168 74(2) pulled in on first inspection.. 169 77(3) 171 80(l)f over roofs (see Sign Ordi- nance, page 177) 147 51c service ...... 130 33 174 83,84 165 68 signal systems 149 54 175 86 size changed (fuses required)..134 35b spacing 164 67b,c splicing 163 64h stranded - ..... 163 64j supported in vertical runs 162 66c for transformers 162 63j 175 86 from trolley for light or power 141 43 underground service 165 68e,h 169 77(4) Yard wires, run from building to building 152 58e Yard wiring 147 51 LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 114 Sec. 1, 2, 3, 4 THE LOS ANGELES ELECTRICAL ORDINANCE Ordinance No. 35899 (N. S.) An Ordinance regulating the installation, arrangement, alteration, repair, use and operation of electric wiring connections, fixtures and other electrical appliances in buildings and other structures in the City of Los Angeles. The Mayor and Council of the City of Los Angeles do ordain as follows: Section 1. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation, except Central Station, Car Houses and Sub Stations belonging to the Electric Light and Street Railway Companies operating under franchise, to place or install, or to cause or permit to be placed or installed in or about or attached to any building, wharf, structure or tent, any wiring, apparatus or fixtures for the use of electricity for light, heat or power or to make or cause or permit to be made, any alteration or change in or addition to any wiring, apparatus or fixtures for such use without, first obtaining from the Board of Public Works of said City, a written permit so to do. Such permit shall state the kind of work to be done thereunder, and it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to do or perform, or to cause or permit to be done or performed, any work other than that designated in such permit. Such permit shall also state the location by street and number of the building where such work is to be done, and shall be valid only for the location so stated. Provided, however, this shall not require public utility corporations, or owners of private plants for the running of wires for supplying current to any installation, or making such changes as may be necessary for the maintenance of any service, but the requirements of this ordinance shall be complied with in any such construction; provided further that experimental electrical work in laboratories of educational institutions of College rating shall not necessitate a permit within the meaning of this ordinance. Section 2. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to make or to cause or permit to be made any alterations or changes in or additions to any existing wiring, fixtures or apparatus without first notifying the Board of Public Works in writing of such changes or additions, and procuring from the Board of Public Works a permit so to do. The Board of Public Works may in its discretion, issue to an owner, contractor, firm or corporation, a permit to install, temporarily, wiring for light or apparatus, in or about any building, wharf, structure or tent in progress of construction, alteration or repairs; such temporary wiring to be removed on completion of the building, or to be removed, when so required by the Board of Public Works. Section 3. If any work authorized by any permit issued as hereinbefore provided is not commenced within thirty days after the date thereof, such permit shall thereupon become, and therefore be void and of no effect. Section 4. Every person, firm or corporation making application for any permit to do electrical work under the provisions of this ordinance, may be required by the Board of Public Works to file a plan or statement of the entire amount of work contemplated showing the character of such work. Every person, firm or corporation making application for any such permit shall at the same time such application is made, deposit with said Board the amount of the fees for the permit and for the inspection of all work done under such permit.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 115 Sec. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 If any addition shall be made to such work, or any extra inspections of the work shall be necessary, the person, firm or corporation to whom the permit is issued shall pay to the Board of Public Works the inspection fees therefor, as fixed by this ordinance, within ten days after demand therefor by said Board; and if such person, firm or corporation shall fail, neglect or refuse to pay such fees within such period of ten days, the Board of Public Works shall not thereafter issue to such person, firm or corporation any permit for the doing of any electrical work until such fees are paid. Section 5. When any electric wiring, apparatus or fixtures covered by any permit, shall be found on inspection by the Board of Public Works to conform to the rules and regulations prescribed by this ordinance, the Board of Public Works shall issue a final certificate of inspection certifying that such wiring, apparatus or fixtures have been inspected and found to comply with the provisions of this ordinance, but no such certificate shall be issued until such equipment is made to conform to the rules and regulations herein. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to use, or to cause or permit to be used, or to connect, or cause or permit to be connected any electric current in or through or by means of any wiring apparatus or fixture in or about or attached to any building, wharf, structure or tent until the same shall have been inspected and approved by the Board of Public Works or the certificate hereinbefore provided for shall have been issued therefor. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation furnishing electric current for light, heat or power to connect, or to cause or permit to be connected, his or its distributing system with any installation of wiring, apparatus or fixtures in or about or attached to any building, wharf, structure or tent without having first received written permission from the Board of Public Works to furnish current for such wiring, apparatus or fixtures. Such permission shall be given by the Board of Public Works at any time after the certificate provided for in this section has been issued for the wiring, apparatus and fixtures so to be connected. The Board of Public Works may also, before such certificate is issued, give temporary permission to furnish or use electric current through any wiring, apparatus or fixtures if it appears to said Board that such wiring, apparatus or fixtures are in such condition that current may safely be used therein, and there exists an urgent necessity for such use. Section 6, The Board of Public Works shall not issue the certificate provided for in Section 5 of this ordinance, for any electric wiring, apparatus or fixtures, until all fees required by the provisions of this ordinance have been paid. Section 7. Ail materials and devices for electrical purposes, under provisions of this ordinance, must be the standard required by the Laboratories of the National Board of Fire Underwriters; provided, however, the Board of Public Works, shall have the power to approve any materials or devices which in their opinion are safe materials or devices for use in the City of Los Angeles; provided further, said Board shall have the power for good and sufficient reasons to disapprove the use of any materials or devices which in their opinion would prove unsafe for use in said City. Section 8. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to hinder or prevent the Board of Public Works, or any of its inspectors, deputies or employees or the City Electrician, or any of his deputies or em-116 LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE Sec. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 ployees, or any other authorized officer, from Inspecting any electrical wiring, apparatus or fixtures, or from entering any building for the purpose of fulfilling his duties and of making such inspection; provided that such inspectors, deputies or employees are not authorized to enter any dwelling house, while the same is occupied as a dwelling, without the consent of the occupant thereof. Section 9. Whenever the Board of Public Works shall find any part of any electric wiring, apparatus or fixtures in or about or attached to any building, wharf, structure or tent in the City of Los Angeles to have been installed without a permit, or not in accordance with the provisions of any ordinance, or to be dangerous to life or property, the Board of Public Works shall have the right and power to disconnect such defective work, or work installed without a permit, and place a seal upon such work, so disconnected, or disconnect service wires to premises, or require the person, firm or corporation supplying current to said defective work or work installed without permit, to discontinue his, their or its service. The Board of Public Works shall at the same time give notice of such disconnection to the owner or occupant of the building in which such disconnecting has been done, or to the person using current by means of such disconnected wiring, apparatus or fixtures, and shall within twenty-four (24) hours thereafter, in writing, notify the party using current of such disconnection. After such disconnected wiring, apparatus or fixtures have been put in the condition required by this ordinance, the seal or seals so placed shall be removed by the said Board. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to use any current in, through or by means of such disconnected wiring, apparatus or fixtures, or to attach other wires for the supply of current to such disconnected wiring, apparatus or fixtures, or to remove, break or deface any seal so placed. Section 10. Upon making any inspection of and accepting any electrical equipment the inspector will leave a notice at the service switch or other suitable place, stating that the electrical work has been inspected and accepted by the Board of Public Works. Section 11. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to conceal, or to cause or permit to be concealed, any wiring for which a permit has been issued or is required before such wiring is inspected and accepted as required by this ordinance. Section 12. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation, either as owner, architect, contractor, artisan or otherwise, to do or to cause or permit to be done, any electric wiring or any installing of electric apparatus or fixtures in such manner that the same shall not conform to all of the provisions of this ordinance. Section 13. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to use or permit, or cause to be used, any electrical apparatus or fixtures when said apparatus or fixtures, or the installation of same does not conform to all the requirements of this or any other ordinance governing electrical construction. Section 14. DEFINITION OF TERMS. For the purpose of this ordinance the following terms shall have the meanings attached to them by this section, unless it is apparent from the context that they are used with another meaning. The word “Approved” whenever used in this ordinance, shall be held and construed to mean and include the approval of the Board of Public Works, unless otherwise specified. The word "Apparatus” whenever used in this ordinance, shall be held and construed to mean any electricalLOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 117 Sec. 14, 15, 16 wiring appliances, apparatus, or electrical construction of any kind whatsoever, installed or used in or about any building, wharf, structure or tent in the City of Los Angeles. The word “Theatre” when used in this ordinance shall be held and construed to mean a room, hall or auditorium, having a stage, either with or without scenery, used or designed to be used for public entertainments of persons, and adapted to the presentation of plays, operas, concerts, spectacles, or similar forms of entertainment. The term “Show Window” as used in this ordinance shall be construed to mean that space or enclosure of a shop window, which space or enclosure is used for the display of merchandise. Section 15. When any electrical installation is ready for inspection, as hereinafter provided, a written application for inspection thereof must be made on a blank furnished by the Board of Public Works and must be filed in the office of the said Board. All application blanks must be filed in full, giving permit number, name of the owner and electrical contractor, and location by street number of work to be inspected. A diagram of wiring must be drawn on such application, and such diagram must have the number of lights marked at each outlet, and must show wire sizes and distances, location of every switch, tablet board or switchboards, and as nearly as possible the manner in which all wires are installed. Every person, firm or corporation owning, constructing or having control of the installation of any electrical wiring or apparatus under the provisions of this ordinance must correct any and all defects therein within a reasonable time after the receipt of a notice thereof from the Board of Public Works. After such defects have been removed the person, firm or corporation who shall have removed such defects shall notify the Board of Public Works in writing within twenty-four (24) hours of the removal of such defects. FEES. Section 16. That the City Electrician shall charge and collect from the person, firm or corporation to whom any permit for doing any electrical work is issued under the terms of this ordinance, the following fees, to-wit: For issuing permits, each..........................$ 1.00 FOR INSPECTION OF WORK. For fixtures or outlets at which current is used or controlled which are installed a distance not exceeding 18 inches from each other, each............02 For fixtures or outlets at which current is used or controlled which are installed a distance exceeding 18 inches from each other, each................05 For the installation of motors or generators: For each motor of not more than one-half horse power .............................................25 For each motor of more than one-half horse power and not more than 1 horse power....................50 For each motor of more than 1 horse power and not more than 3 horse power......................... 1.00 For each motor of more than 3, and not more than 8 horse power................................... 1.50 For each motor of more than 8, and not more than 15 horse power.................................. 2.00 For each motor of more than 15, and not more than 50 horse power.................................. 2.50 For each motor of more than 50 horse power...... 5.00 For each generator of not more than 1 kilowatt.. .50 For each generator of more than 1 kilowatt and not more than 3 kilowatts....................... 1.00118 LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE Sec. 16, 17, 18 For each generator of more than 3 kilowatts and not more than 8 kilowatts........................ 1-50 For each generator of more than 8 kilowatts and not more than 15 kilowatts....................... 2.00 For each generator of more than 15 kilowatts and not more than 50 kilowatts..................... 2.50 For each generator of more than 50 kilowatts........ 5.00LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 119 Sec. 19, 20, 21, 22 Section 19. If any person, firm or corporation shall place or install or cause or permit to be placed or installed in any building, wharf, structure or tent, any wiring, apparatus or fixtures for the use of electricity, or shall make or cause or permit to be made any alterations or change in or addition to any wiring, apparatus or fixtures for such use, without a permit first having been obtained for the same as required by this ordinance, no permit shall be subsequently issued for the same and no inspection of the same shall be made until double the amount of fees otherwise provided by ordinance are paid for such permit and inspection. Section 20. Every person, firm or corporation violating any of the provisions of this ordinance shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be punishable by a fine of not less than five dollars ($5.00) nor more than one hundred dollars ($100.00), or by imprisonment in the City Jail for a period of not less than five (5) nor more than one hundred (100) days, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Every person, firm or corporation, violating any of the provisions of this ordinance shall be deemed guilty of a separate offense for each day during which, or any portion of which such violation continues, and shall be punishable therefor as herein provided. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Section 21. All wires installed in or on all buildings or other structures in the City of Los Angeles, which wires are used for the purpose of conducting electricity for light, heat or power, shall be enclosed in approved metal conduits, armoured cables as provided in Section 24 of this ordinance, or metal moulding, as hereinafter set forth with the following exceptions: (a) for installations in locations where excessive moisture, fumes or corrosive vapors exist, or where construction in metal conduit, armored cable or metal moulding is impracticable, in which case permission in writing must first be obtained from the Board of Public Works; (b) for installations of open wiring in buildings in process of construction, or installations of open wiring used in the lighting of exhibitions, fairs, celebrations, and similar displays of a temporary nature; (c) for the installation of all wires in Central and Sub-stations for conducting electricity, light, heat or power when such wires carry a voltage that renders their installation in conduit impracticable. Section 22. (1) No new or additional work shall be atached to any existing installation without previously obtaining written permission from the Board of Public Works so to do. (2) Where alterations or additions are made in old installations, approval for the use of any old material must be obtained from the Board of Public Works before the same is used. (3) No insulated copper wire other than in the original factory coils, or parts of coils, shall be used on any installations without written permission from the Board of Public Works. (4) All hotels, factories, work-shops, schools, detention buildings, assembly halls, theatres, and all other buildings requiring fire escapes, which are occupied at night, shall have all public halls, stairways and passage-ways properly lighted and at the head and foot of each flight of stairs and at the intersection of halls with main corridors, and at the point of egress to each fire escape, shall be kept during the night a red light. These lights must be on a separate circuit or circuits connected on the service side of main line fuses with only one set of fuses between the light and service main.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 120 Sec. 22, 23 (5) All switches, cutouts, first installation fuses, complete mains and meter loops and all connections in wiring necessary for placing of any meter must be installed by the person, firm or corporation to whom the permit for such installation has been issued. (6) The wiring in any residence, flat or apartment must be so installed that no set of incandescent lamps whether grouped on one fixture or several fixtures or pendants shall have more than—see Sup. Rules—Sec. 78, 79 and 80. (7) [See Sup. Rules—Sec. 78, 79 and 80.] (8) [See Sup. Rules—Sec. 78, 79 and 80.] The number of lights per circuit must be as nearly equal as possible. (9) By special permission of the Board of Public Works, in cases where wiring equal in size and insulation to No. 14 B. & S. gage approved rubber-covered wire is carried direct into keyless sockets or receptacles, and where the location of sockets and receptacles is such as to render unlikely the attachment of flexible cords thereto, the circuits may be so arranged that not more than 1.320 watts (or thirty-two sockets or receptacles) will be dependant upon the final cut-out. (10) [See Sup Rules—Sec. 79 (3) and Sec. 88.] (11) Receptacles located less than ordinary bracket height to be used for heating or similar devices must be of a type which have no current carrying parts exposed when plug is removed. (12) Bracket lights in clothes closets must be protected by lamp guards, and drop lights that can be placed on shelving must also be protected by lamp guards and be suspended by reinforced cord. (13) Upon inspection, where taped joints are found unsoldered, the Board of Public Works may require all joints untaped and left untaped until an inspection of all joints has been made. (14) All plumbing and other piping, tube, or metal work in any building shall be in place on concealed work before the electric wiring is reported for inspection; no wiring will be considered as completed until such piping is in place. ARCS: Section 23. (a) Each arc requiring five amperes or more for normal running current must be on a separate circuit. The branch conductors must have a carrying capacity about fifty per cent in excess of the normal current required by the lamps. (b) Must only be furnished with such resistances or regulators as are enclosed in non-combustible materials, such resistances being treated as sources of heat. Incandescent lamps must not be used for this purpose. (c) Economy and compensator coils for arc lamps must be mounted as required by this ordinance for Resistance Devices. (d) Arc lamps when used in places where they are exposed to flyings of easily inflammable material, must have the carbons enclosed completely in a tight globe in such a manner as to avoid the necessity for spark arresters. (e) Where hanger-boards are not used, lamps must be hung from insulated supports other than their conductors. (f) Lamps when arranged to be raised and lowered either for carboning or other purposes, shall be connected up with stranded conductors from the last point of support to the lamp, when such conductor is larger than No. 14 B. & S. gage. (g) Outside arc lamps must be suspended at least eight feet above sidewalks.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 121 Sec. 24 ARMORED CABLES: Section 24. The use of armored cable shall only be approved where it is impracticable to install rigid conduit or metal mouldings, and when written permission has first been secured from the Board of Public Works. (a) Armored cables must be continuous from outlet to outlet or junction boxes, and the armor of the cable must properly enter and be secured to all fitting, and the entire system must be mechanically secured in position. (b) Must be equipped at every outlet with an approved outlet box or plate, as required in conduit work. Outlet plates must not be used where it is practicable to install outlet boxes. For concealed work in walls and ceilings composed of plaster on wooden joist or stud construction, outlet boxes or plates and also cut-out cabinets must be so installed that the front edge will be flush with the finished surface of the plaster, and if this surface is broken or incomplete it shall be repaired so that it will not show any gaps or open spaces around the edges of the outlet box or plate or of the cut-out cabinet. This will not apply to concealed work in walls or ceilings composed of concrete, tile or other non-combustible material. In buildings already constructed where the conditions are such that neither outlet box nor plate can be installed, these appliances may be omitted by special permission of the Board of Public Works, provided the armored cable is firmly and rigidly secured in place. (c) Must have the metal armor of cables permanently and effectually grounded to water piping, gas piping or suitable ground plate, provided that when connections are made to gas piping, they must be on the street side of the meter. If the armored cable system consists of several separate sections, the sections must be bonded to each other, and the system grounded, or each section may be separately grounded as required above. The armor or cables and gas pipes must be securely fastened in outlet boxes, junction boxes and cabinets, so as to secure good electrical connection. If armor of cables and metal of couplings, outlet boxes, junction boxes, cabinets or fittings having protective coating of non-conductive material, such as enamel, are used such coating must be thoroughly removed from threads of both couplings and the armor of cables, and from surfaces of the boxes, cabinets and fittings where the armor of cables or ground clamp is secured in order to obtain the requisite good connection. Grounded pipes must be cleaned of rust, scale, etc., at place of attachment of ground clamp. Connections to ground pipes and to armor of cables must be exposed to view or accessible, and must be made by means of approved ground clamps.—[See Sup. Rules— Sec. 81.] The exposed wire at the ground connection must be kept as short as possible and ground clamp must be protected from mechanical injury. Where it is necessary to establish a ground, one or more rods of one inch galvanized pipes driven at least six feet into ground will be approved. The ground for the armored cable system is not to be considered as a ground for a secondary system. (d) When installed in so-called fireproof buildings in course of construction or afterwards if exposed to moisture, or where it is exposed to the weather, or in damp places, such as breweries, stables, etc., the cable must have a lead covering at least one thirty-second inch in thickness placed between the outer braid of the conductors and the steel armor. The lead covering is not required when the cable is122 LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE Sec. 24, 25, 26 run against brick walls or laid in ordinary plaster walls unless same are continuously damp. (e) Where entering junction boxes, and at all other outlets, etc., must be provided with approved terminal fittings which will protect the insulation of the conductors from abrasion, unless such junction or outlet boxes are specifically designed and approved for use with (f) Junction boxes must always be installed in such manner as to be accessible. Such boxes shall be considered accessible when installed in an attic that has sufficient head room but which is reached only by a portable ladder and hatch. (g) Must have two or more conductors of the circuit enclosed in one metal armor. (h) All bends must be so made that the armor of the cables will not be injured. The radius of the curve of the inner edge of any bend not to be less than IV2 inches. BATTERIES, STORAGE OR PRIMARY. Section 25. (a) When current for light and power is taken from primary or secondary batteries, the same general regulations must be observed as apply to similar apparatus fed from generators developing the same difference of potential. (b) Storage battery rooms must be thoroughly ventilated. (c) Special attention is directed to the rules for wiring in rooms where acid fumes exist. (d) All secondary batteries must be mounted on non-absorptive, non-combustible insulators, such as glass or thoroughly vitrified and glazed porcelain. (e) The use of any metal liable to corrosion must be avoided in cell connections of secondary batteries. CABINETS. Section 26. Cabinets for enclosing cut-outs, switches, circuit breakers, distributing boards, panel-boards and similar devices shall comply with the following construction: Design: (a) When for the enclosure of apparatus connected within the cabinet to the wires of more than four circuits, not including the supply circuit or a continuation thereof, they shall have a back wiring space, or one or more side wiring spaces, side gutters or side wiring compartments unless the wires leave the cabinet directly opposite their terminal connections. See Sup Rules— (b) The design and construction of cabinets must be such as to insure ample strength, rigidity and interior spacings. The following general and special requirements including those for hinges, latches, etc., will usually provide for these conditions. Other construction and details as well as special designs on hinges, latches, etc., must be submitted for special approval before being used. (c) The spacing within cabinets must be sufficient to provide ample room for the distribution of wires and cables placed in them and for a separation between metal parts of the cabinet and current carrying parts of devices and apparatus mounted within them, as follows: 1.) There must be an air space of at least 1-16 inch except at points of support, between the base of the device and the wall of the cabinet on which the device is mounted. (2.) There must be an air space of at least one inch between current carrying parts of any fuse or other device and the door unless the door is lined with an approved insulating material or is of a thickness at least that of No. 12 U. S. gage when the air space must be not less than % inch.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 123 Sec. 26 (3.) There must be a space of at least two inches between open link fuses and metal or metal lined walls; or, metal, metal-lined or glass-paneled doors. (4.) Except as noted above there must be an air space of at least % inch between the walls, back, gutter, partition, of metal, or door and the nearest exposed currentcarrying part of devices mounted within the cabinet where the potentials do not exceed 250 volts. This spacing must be increased to at least one inch where the potentials exceed 250 volts. (5.) Cabinets must be deep enough to allow the door to be closed when 30 ampere branch-circuit panel-board switches having spool or composition handles or when switches or combination cut-outs are in any position, and when other single throw switches are thrown open as far as their construction and installation will permit. (6.) Cabinets having one or more side wiring spaces, side gutters or side wiring compartments must be furnished with covers, barriers or partitions extending around, or from the side or sides of all bases or groups of bases of the switches, cut-outs, circuit breakers or feeder and circuit branch panel-boards within the cabinet and providing a close fit with the door, frame or sides of the cabinet so as to enclose these spaces, gutters or compartments and the wires stowed within them. At sides where wires or cables are led from the cabinet at points directly opposite their terminal connections to devices or apparatus within the cabinet and other wires or cables are not placed, these covers, barriers or partitions may be omitted. When cabinets have back wiring spaces which are not entirely enclosed, covers must be furnished to provide equivalent enclosures. Construction. (d) Cabinets shall be made of cast or sheet metal, except that wood may be used for doors and trims as covered in (j) of this section. Cast metal shall be at least % inch in thickness. Sheet metal (except for “Weatherproof” Cabinet) must be of not less than No. 16 U. S. gage. In cabinets having an area of more than three hundred sixty (360) square inches for any surface, or having a single dimension greater than twenty-four (24) inches, metal must be used at least No. 14 U. S. gage in thickness; in cabinets having an area of more than twelve hundred (1200) square inches for any surface, or having a single dimension greater than four and one-half (4%) feet, metal must be at least No. 12 U. S. gage. (e) Cast metal cabinets must conform as far as practicable to the following requirements for sheet metal construction. (f) Sheet metal cabinets must be so constructed as to insure ample strength and rigidity in order that they shall keep their shape, and that doors shall close tightly. Completed cabinets must either be of galvanized metal or must be painted or enameled to prevent corrosion. Seams at corners, back edges and splices in sheet must be flanged or lapped over unless made with a continuous weld, or they may be butt-jointed if reinforced by angle or flat strips of a thickness not more than one gage less than the thickness of the sheet. Flanged or lapped seams and splicing strips must be riveted at points located not over 1% inches from the ends of seams and not over six inches between rivets. Seams must not show open cracks when finished and before they are painted or enameled. (g) When the box proper is made of one piece not less than two rivets must be used at each corner and an additional rivet shall be used for each three inches or124 LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE Sec. 26 fraction in depth in excess of six Inches. When the box proper exceeds six inches in depth or twenty-four (24) inches in length or width it must have all four edges reinforced for their full length by turning them at least ninety (90) degrees or by angle iron strips. Fittings. (h) When door frames (fronts, trims, matts, etc.) are used, whether for flush or surface-mounted cabinets, and the doors are hung to the frame and not to the side wall of the box proper the frame must be fastened to the box. There must be at least one fastening located not more than six Inches from each of the four corners of the box, and fastenings shall not be placed more than twenty-four (24) inches apart along the sides of the frame. Fastening screws or screws of clamps securing frames in position must not be less than 5.32 inch in diameter (No. 8 size) for frames not exceeding three hundred sixty (360) square Inches in area and not less than 3-16 inch in diameter for large frames. (i) Metal frames (fronts, trims, matts, etc.) and doors for sheet metal cabinets must be of a thickness at least that of the box proper. (j) Wooden frames (fronts, trims, matts, etc.) and doors must be made of well seasoned material at least 3-4 inch thick, thoroughly filled, painted or varnished, and shall be put together with mortised joints or their equivalent. Wherever exposed to the interior of the cabinet the wood frame or door must be lined with sheet metal at least No. 16 U. S. gage. (k) Double doors must be provided where the door opening exceeds twenty-four (24) inches in width. Meeting edges of double doors must be rabbeted at least one-quarter (%) inch. Doors hung in frames must shut closely against a rabbet providing a lap of at least one-quarter (%) inch and formed as a permanent part of either the box proper, the frame or the door itself. Doors hung directly to the sides of the box proper must shut closely against a rabbet providing a lap of at least one-quarter (^) inch or must have either turned flanges for the full length of all four edges or angles riveted to them. These flanges or angle strips must fit closely to the outside of the walls of the box proper and must overlap the edges of the box at least one-half (%) inch. Strips used to provide rabbets or angle strips of the door must be riveted at points not more than one and one-half (1^) inches from the end of strips and at points not more than six (6) inches between rivets in the length of the strips. Glass panels in doors must be at least one-quarter (%) inch in thickness, must fit tightly in the door and must be firmly supported for the full length of all sides. (l) Barriers in cabinets having side wiring spaces, side gutters or side wiring compartments must be firmly secured in position and must fit closely with the bases of devices and with the frame or door. If the wire spaces are exposed when doors are open, covers must be provided to entirely enclose them. Barriers of sheet metal must be of at least No. 14 U. S. gage and when more than twenty-four (24) inches in length must be either reinforced or flanged at both top and inner edges or must be of at least No. 12 U. S. gage. Holes in metal barriers for wires and cables must be bushed. Slate and marble barriers must be at least one-half (%) inch thick. Composition barriers must be submitted for special approval. (m) Hinges for doors must be of strong and durableLOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 125 Sec 26, 27, 28 design, and of metal not less than 3-64 inch in thickness for doors not over twelve (12) inches in either dimension, and not less than 1-16 inch for all larger doors. At least two hinges must be provided on each door. Hinges must be spaced not to exceed four (4) inches from the ends of doors and not more than 24 inches apart, distances to be measured from centers of hinges. Each leaf of detachable hinges must be securely fastened to the doors and to the side walls or the frames of cabinets by not less than two screws, rivets or the equivalent. (n) Latches must be of substantial design and construction, and must be provided for all doors. They must have their parts securely fastened to the doors, side walls or frames by not less than two screws, rivets or the equivalent, and must have a substantial knob or vault door handle or other means for readily opening doors. Single doors not over forty-eight (48) inches long must be provided with not less than one latch placed near the center of the side of the door. Single doors over fortyeight (48) inches long and all double doors, regardless of their length, must have a three-point latch operated by a single knob or handle and holding the doors closed at points near the center, top and bottom of the sides of the doors. All latches must engage edges of doors, side walls or frame at least 1-8 inch. A lock may be used if desired, but if used shall be an addition to the latch or in combination with the latch. (o) Rivets, screws, bolts and similar fastenings in sheet metal cabinets shall be of a diameter at least fifty per cent (50%) greater than the thickness of the sheet metal with which they are used. Spot welds, screws and bolts will be considered the equivalent of rivets. Metal into which screws are threaded should always provide for the engagement of at least two full threads. Where possible ends of screws or bolts shall be headed over. (p) Holes for metal conduit, armored cable or flexible tubing in cabinets intended for stock, and not made for a particular location, must be provided with knockouts, covers or plugs of metal not less than No. 16 U. S. gage, which must be so secured in place that they may be removed readily but will not drop out with ordinary handling. (q) Lamp receptacles and similar fittings placed on barriers, or elsewhere within cabinets must be of approved patterns and must be securely mounted. (r) Cabinets must be marked with the manufacturer’s name or trade mark so that the marking can be plainly seen when the cabinet is installed. WEATHERPROOF CABINETS: Section 27. (a) For wet location and outdoor service, cabinets must be at least % inch in thickness, if of cast metal, and of No. 10 U. S. gage if of sheet metal and must be so designed and constructed that a beating rain or moisture running down conduits or wall will not allow water to enter. They must be provided with external fittings for mounting. Hinges must be of cast metal or sheet bronze. Threaded holes for conduits must be reinforced to provide metal at least one-quarter (^4) inch in thickness. Bushed holes for open wiring must not be located either in the top or back except when special hood fittings are provided, and when located in the sides must be formed to provide a downward direction for wires leaving the cabinet. When of sheet iron or steel the completed cabinets after forming shall be well galvanized. Cabinets of other materials shall be treated to give protection from corrosion. CARRYING CAPACITY OF WIRES. Section 28. The following table, showing the allowableLOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 126 Sec. 28, 29 carrying capacity of copper wires and cables of ninetyeight per cent conductivity, according to the standard adopted by the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, must be followed in placing interior conductors. For insulated aluminum wire the safe carrying capacity is eighty-four per cent of that given in the following tables for copper v.irc „hh the hir.d cf insulation. wire with the same kind of Table A. Rubber Insulation Table B. Other Insulation Circular B. & S. G. Amperes. Amperes. Mils. 18 ... 3 5 1,624 1C ... 6 10 2,583 14 ... 15 20 4,107 12 ... 20 25 6,530 10 ... 25 30 10,380 8 ... 35 50 16,510 6 ... 50 70 26,250 5 ... 55 80 33,100 4 ... 70 90 41,740 3 ... 80 100 52,630 2 ... 90 125 66,370 1 ...100 150 83,690 0 ...125 200 105,500 00 ...150 225 133,100 000 ...175 275 167,800 0000 ...225 325 211,600 Circular Mils. 200,000 . 200 300 300,000 . 275 400 400,000 . 325 500 500,000 . 400 600 600,000 . 450 680 700,000 . 500 760 800,000 . 550 840 900,000 . 600 920 1,000,000 . 650 1,000 1,100,000 . 690 1,080 1,200,000 . 730 1,150 1,300,000 . 770 1,220 1,400,000 . 810 1,290 1,500,000 . 850 1,360 1,600,000 . 890 1,430 1,700,000 . 930 1,490 1,800,000 . 970 1,550 1,900,000 . 1,010 1,610 2,000,000 . 1,050 1,670 CONDUIT: Sec. 29. Conduits are to be considered as ducts or race-ways and must be of a sufficient size to permit of the easy insertion and withdrawal of wires. (a) For the installation of wires in conduits the sizes of such conduits must comply with sizes shown in the following table, unless permission has been obtained from the Board of Public Works otherwise so to do. [See Sup. Rules—Sec. 77 and Pages 16, 17, 18, 19.] (b) The same conduit must never contain circuits of different systems, but with the exception of service wires, may contain two or more circuits of the same system if the fuse of the largest wire in any conduit will protect the smallest wire, specified in table of Carrying Capacity of Wires. (c) No conduit tube having an internal diameter of less than five-eights of an inch shall be used. Measurements to be taken inside of metal conduits. (d) Must be continuous from outlet to outlet or toLOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 127 Sec. 29 junction boxes, and the conduit must properly enter, and be secured to all fittings and the entire system must be mechanically secured in position. (e) Where service wires are brought into any building in conduit the inner end must extend to service cutout, properly enter the cabinet and the conduit shall be grounded as required by the provisions of this ordinance; the conduit to be equipped with an approved service head. (f) Must be first installed as a complete conduit system, without the conductors. (g) Must be equipped at every outlet with an approved outlet box or plate. At exposed ends of conduit (but not at fixture outlets) where wires pass from the conduit system without splice, joint or tap, an approved fitting having separately bushed holes for each conductor must be used. Departure from this rule may be authorized by special permission from the Board of Public Works. Any straight electric light outlet box installed in concrete or similar construction must be provided with a fixture stem or stud secured to outlet box by at least four bolts and be installed with the conduit or other approved device provided for supporting the fixture. Boxes for such construction must have a depth of at least one and one-half (1%) inches where structural conditions will not allow boxes of such depth, and permission has been granted by the Board of Public Works for the use of shallow boxes. For concealed work in walls and ceilings composed of plaster on wooden joist or stud construction, outlet boxes or plates and also cut-out cabinets must be so installed that the front edge will be flush with the finished surface of the plaster and if this surface is broken or incomplete it shall be repaired so that it will not show any gaps or open spaces around the edges of the outlet box or plate or of the cut-out cabinet. This will not apply to concealed work in walls or ceilings composed of concrete, tile or other non-combustible material. In buildings already constructed where the conditions are such that neither outlet box nor plate can be installed, these appliances may be omitted by special permission of the Board of Public Works providing the conduit ends are bushed and secured. (h) Metal conduits where they enter junction boxes, and at all other outlets, etc., must be provided with approved bushings or fastening plates fitted so as to protect wire from abrasion, except when such protection is obtained by the use of approved nipples, properly fitted in boxes or devices. (i) Must have the conduit permanently and effectually grounded to water piping or gas piping system or suitable ground plate, and when connections are made to water or gas piping, such ground connections must be on the street side of the meter when so required by the Board of Public Works. If the conduit system consists of several separate sections, the sections must be bonded to each other, and the system grounded, or each section may be separately grounded, as required above. Where short sections of conduit are used and not in proximity to grounds, namely: pipes, metal buildings, cement or earth floors, etc., the grounding of conduit may not be required by the Board of Public Works, provided such conduit does not exceed ten (10) feet in length. Conduits must be securely fastened in outlet, junction boxes and cabinets, and at combination outlets, gas pipes must be secured to box.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 128 Sec. 29, 30 If conduit, couplings, outlet boxes, junction boxes, cabinets or fittings, having protective coating of nonconducting material such as enamel, are used, such coating must be thoroughly removed from threads of both couplings and conduit, and such surfaces of boxes, cabinets and fittings where the conduit or ground clamp is secured. Grounded pipe must be cleaned of rust, scale, etc., at place of attachment of ground clamp. Connections to grounded pipe and to conduit must be accessible for inspection, and must be made by means of approved ground clamps. [See Sup. Rules—Sec. 81.] The exposed wire at the ground connection must be kept as short as possible and ground clamp must be protected from mechanical injury. Where it is necessary to establish a ground, one or more rods of one inch galvanized pipes driven at least six feet into ground will be approved. The ground in the conduit system is not to be considered as a ground for a secondary system. (j) Junction boxes must be installed in such a manner as to be accessible. Such boxes are considered to be accessible when in an attic that has sufficient head room but which is reached by a portable ladder and hatch. See Sup. Rules—Sec. 75 (6). (k) All elbows or bends must be so made that the conduit will not be Injured. The radius of the curve of the inner edge of any elbow must not be less than three and one-half inches and must have not more than the equivalent of four quarter bends from outlet to outlet. (l) All switch and outlet boxes must be fastened independently of the support afforded by the conduit piping. A standard device must be used for this purpose. When entirely exposed, approved boxes which are threaded so as to be firmly supported by screwing on to the conduit may be used. (m) Conduits installed on concrete, brick or tile walls or ceilings must be attached to same by means of toggle bolts, expansion bolts or some equally good method. Nails or screws driven into wooden plugs shall not be approved for this purpose. (n) Switch boxes must completely enclose the switch on sides and back, and must provide a thoroughly substantial support for it. The retaining screws for the box must not be used to secure the switch in position. (o) Must be so installed that all openings not in use will be effectively closed by metal which will afford protection substantially equivalent to the walls of the box. Fittings which are designed for bringing conductors from metal conduits to exposed wiring must be provided with non-absorptive, non-combustible insulating bushings which, except with flexible cord, must separately insulate each conductor. CORD, FLEXIBLE: Sec. 30. (a) Flexible cord must have an approved insulation and covering. (b) Must not be used where the difference of potential between the two wires is over 300 volts. (c) Must not be used as a support for clusters. (d) Must not be used except for pendants, wiring of fixtures, portable lamps or motors, portable heating apparatus, or other portable devices. For all portable work, including those pendants which are liable to be moved about sufficiently to come in contact with surrounding objects, flexible wires and cables especially designed to withstand this severe service must be used. When necessary to prevent portable lamps from com-LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 129 Sec. 30, 31 ing in contact with inflammable materials, or to protect them from breakage, they must be surrounded with a substantial guard. (e) Must not be used in show windows, in windows that may be used as show windows, or in show cases, excepting when designed for portable use and in which case all such portable cords must be of a type provided with a rubber jacket surrounding the conductors. In the case of chain fixtures, departure from this rule may be authorized only under special permission by the Board of Public Works. (f) Must be protected by insulating bushings where the cord enters the socket. Sockets with non-removable bushings shall be approved only for cord drops. (g) Cord drops must be so suspended that the weight of the socket and lamp will be borne by some approved device where cord comes through socket and above point where cord comes through rosette and similar devices in order that the strain may be taken from the binding screws. Stranded ends of cord must be soldered together or formed into an “eye” with stranded ends firmly taped. (h) Must when passing through covers of outlet boxes be protected by approved bushings specially designed for this purpose. So-called hard rubber or composition bushings threaded into box covers must not be used. (i) When cords can be hung on gas fixtures, insulating joints must be put on gas fixtures at ceiling. Cord drops must not hang nearer than five feet from floor without permission from the Board of Public Works. CRANES: Sec. 31. Rules governing all wiring, apparatus, etc., for the installing of cranes not specifically covered by special rules herein given must conform to the Standard Rules and Requirements of this ordinance. WIRING: (a) [1] All wires except bare collector wires, those between resistances and contact plates of rheostat and those subjected to severe external heat, must be approved, rubber-covered and not smaller in size than No. 12 B. & S. gage. Insulation on wires between resistances and contact plates of rheostat must conform to rule (d) of this section, and wires subjected to severe external heat must have approved slow-burning insulation. [2] All wires excepting collector wires and those run-in metal conduit or approved flexible cable must be supported by knobs or cleats, which separate them at least one inch from the surface wired over, but in dry places where space is limited and the distance between wires as required for open work cannot be obtained, each wire must be separately encased in approved flexible tubing securely fastened in place. Collector wires must be supported by approved insulators so mounted that the wires will be separated at all times at least 1% inches from the surface wired over. Collector wires must be held at the ends by approved strain insulators. [3] Main collector wires carried along the runways must be rigidly and securely attached to their insulating supports at least every twenty (20) feet and separated at least six (6) inches when run in a horizontal plane. If not run in a horizontal plane, they must be separated at least eight (8) inches. If spans longer than twenty (20) feet are necessary the distance between wires must be increased proportionately but in no case shall the span exceed forty (40) feet. [4] Where bridge collector wires are over eighty (80)130 LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE Sec. 31, 32, 33 feet long, insulating supports on which the wires may loosely lie must be provided at least every fifty (50) feet. Bridge collector wires must be kept at least 2% inches apart, but a greater spacing should be used whenever it may be obtained. [5] Collector wires must not be smaller in size than specified in the following table for the various spans: Distance between rigid supports. Feet. 0 to 30 31 to 60 over 60 Size wire required B. & S. Gage. 6 4 2 COLLECTORS: (b) Collectors must be so designed that sparking between them and collector wires will be reduced to a minimum. SWITCHES AND CUT-OUTS: (c) [1] The main collector wires must be protected by a cut-out and the circuit controlled by a switch. Cut-out and switch to be so located as to be easy of access from the floor. [2] Cranes operated from cabs must have cut-out and switch connected into the leads from the main collector wires and so located in the cab as to be readily accessible to the operator. [3] Where there is more than one motor on a single crane, each motor lead must be protected by a cut-out located in the cab if there is one. CONTROLLERS: (d) Controllers must be installed according to Sec. 53 except that if the crane is located outdoors the Insulation on wires between resistance and contact plates of rheostat must be rubber where insulation is necessary and also where they are grouped. If the crane operates over readily combustible material, the resistances must be placed in an enclosure made of non-combustible material, thoroughly ventilated and so constructed that it will not permit any flame or molten metal to escape in the event of burning out of the resistances. If the resistances are located in the cab, this result may be obtained by constructing the cab of non-combustible material and providing sides which enclose the cab from its floor to a height at least six (6) inches above the top of the resistances. GROUNDING OF IRON WORK: (e) The motor frames, the entire frame of the crane and the tracks must be permanently and effectually grounded. DECORATIVE LIGHTING SYSTEMS: Sec. 32. Special permission may be given in writing by the Board of Public Works for the temporary installation of approved systems of decorative lighting provided the difference of potential between the wires of any circuit shall not be over 150 volts and also provided that no group of lamps requiring more than 1320 watts shall be dependent on one cut-out. FEEDERS: Sec. 33. All feeders must comply with the following requirements: (a) Feeders for lights must be of sufficient size to carry the full connected load. [See Sup. Rules—Sec. 79 (3) and 88.] In the calculation of feeder sizes for volts loss, this load may be figured on a basis of 75 per cent connected load, providing the safe carrying capacity of the feeder so calculated is not less than the full connected load. Where service wires or sub-feeders supply more thanLOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 131 Sec, 33, 34 four circuits of 660 watts, each such feeder must be a three-wire feeder. (b) Feeders for domestic or individual heating devices shall be provided with a capacity for full connected load unless permission has been obtained from the Board of Public Works otherwise so to do. (c) Motor feeds shall be of a sufficient size to provide for starting current. Where two or more motors are on one feeder, the wire shall be of a size to care for the starting condition of the largest motor when all other motors are running. FIXTURES: Sec. 34. (a) Fixtures must not be hung in any in- stallation until the final inspection of the wiring has been made and approved for the hanging of the fixtures. [See Sup. Rules—Sec. 7 •/(.•?/.] (b) Such fixtures as are made up on the outlet or have canopies or plates which cannot be readily removed, must be inspected when same are installed. (c) At outlets on woodwork where canopies or pans extend beyond outlet box, metal plates having a thickness of not less than No. 28 U. S. gage, or a plate of approved insulating material at least one-sixteenth (1-16) of an inch in thickness must be Installed. Such plate shall be the full size of the canopy or pan and be secured in place. (d) Outlet box covers designed for cord drops must be provided with approved bushings especially designed for this purpose, or have smooth, well rounded surfaces for cord to bear upon. So-called hard rubber or composition bushings threaded into box covers must not be used. (e) Sockets with a carrying capacity of six hundred and sixty (660) watts will be required on all fixtures in any dining-room, kitchen or rear porch. (f) Fixture canopies must fit tight to walls or ceilings. (g) Bracket light in clothes closet must be protected by a lamp guard. Drop lights that can be placed on shelving must also be protected by a lamp guard and suspended by a reinforced cord. (h) Fixtures having so-called “flat” canopies, tops or backs, will not be approved for installation, except where approved outlet boxes are used. (i) Fixtures which are wired on the outside must not be used in show windows or in the immediate vicinity of especially inflammable material. (j) At straight electric outlets, all fixtures must be secured to box; excepting where fixtures of special design are to be installed and permission has been obtained from the Board of Public Works otherwise so to do. (k) Straight electric fixtures must be metallically connected in a permanent manner to the metal conduit, armoured cable or metal moulding system to which they are attached. When fixtures are not supported by fixture stem or its equivalent, fixture must be effectively grounded by a separate ground wire not smaller than No. 14 B. & S. gage. Combination gas and electric fixtures must be supported from gas piping by approved insulating joints placed as close as possible to ceiling or wall. In knob and tube construction the grounded part of pipe must be protected by approved tubing or tape of an equivalent thickness. Canopies of combination fixtures must be insulated when installed on walls or ceilings of metal, metal lath or walls or ceilings in fireproof buildings. Straight electric fixtures connected to knob and tube construction must be insulated from walls or ceilings of metal, or metal lathing. (l) The use of muriatic or “cut acid” for the solder-132 LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE Sec. 34 ing of joints shall not be approved. (m) At all outlets where no fixtures are installed wire end must be taped, and each outlet provided with a box having an approved cover. MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION: All arms must be reliably secured to prevent turning, by threading and soldering, brazing, threading locked by set screw, or an equivalent method. With screw joints or arms and stems there must be not less than five threads all engaging at fixture supports, fixture bodies, etc. All methods of fastening arms or making joints between metals parts by threading, brazing or otherwise, must be such as to secure in every case ample strength and reliability. Sockets must, except on pendant cords, be attached to the metal of the fixtures and must be secured in a reliable and permanent manner by threading, locked by set screws, or brazing or an equivalent method. Fixtures must be of metal or wood, except that other materials to be used must be submitted for special examination before being used. Materials other than metal must be reinforced by metal, or the fixtures otherwise constructed to secure requisite mechanical strength. In all fixtures not made entirely of metal, mechanical strength must be secured practically equivalent to an all-metal fixture of similar size and form. In all fixtures not made entirely of metal or non-combustible materials, wireways must be metal lined unless approved armoured conductors with suitable fittings are used. All burrs and fins in wireways must be removed and all sharp edges at points where wires emerge from arms, stems, chains, etc., must, when practicable, be removed or rounded, but in every case, it must be possible to pull in and also to withdraw the wires without injuring them. Where supply wires enter casings of fixture stems there must be suitable fittings having smooth, rounded edges to prevent injury to the wire coverings and to prevent the wires from coming into contact with the edges of the ends of the casings. Fixtures for installation outdoors or where exposed to moisture must be so constructed that water cannot enter the wireways, sockets, or other electrical parts. ELECTRICAL CONSTRUCTION: (n) Conductors must be not smaller than No. 18 B. & S. gage. Conductors used in wiring fixtures must be of approved fixture wire, approved flexible cord or approved rubber-covered wire, excepting that approved slow-burning wire or other wire especially approved for the purpose, must be used in wiring fixtures in which the wiring is exposed, from the heat of lamps, to temperatures in excess of 120 degrees Fahr. All such forms of fixtures must be submitted for examination, test and approved before being introduced for use. On chains or similar parts where conductors are not completely enclosed in metal, the conductors must be stranded and must have rubber insulation not less than 1-32 inch in thickness. Wires and flexible cords must, when fixtures are wired outside, be so secured as not to be cut or abraded by the pressure of the fastenings or motion of the fixtures, and must be bushed where they pass through sheet metal pans, canopies, etc. Wires run across bars or arms of fixtures must be enclosed in metal tubing or equivalent. Conductors must be so spliced or joined as to be both mechanically and electrically secure without solder. The joints must then be soldered (unless made with some form of approved splicing device) and covered with anLOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 133 Sec. 34 insulation equal to that on the conductors, i. e., with both rubber and friction tape. Wires must, within the arms and stems, be without splices and tapes, 1. e., it should not be necessary to withdraw the wires to inspect splices and taps. Receptacles must be so installed as to afford permanent and reliable means to prevent possible turning relative to the surfaces on which they are mounted. Receptacles having exposed terminals must not be used in canopies unless completely enclosed in metal. Wires of different systems must never be contained in or attached to the same fixtures, and under no circumstances must there be a difference of potential of more than 300 volts between wires contained in, or attached to the same fixture. MATERIALS: (o) Tubing used in threaded arms and stems must not be lighter than N'o. 18 B. & S. gage. The thickness of unthreaded arms will depend largely upon the method used. Such methods must be submitted for examination, test and approval before being used. Tubing should not be kinked, flattened or cracked. Casings for combination stems to be not lighter than No. 22 B. & S. gage in thickness. Canopies must be made sufficiently large, except where outlet boxes are used to permit the storing away of splices to fixture leads and to allow supply conductors, and especially the splices to wires to be kept clear of the grounded part of gas pipes. Supply conductors, and especially the splices to fixture wires, must be kept clear of the grounded part of gas pipe, and where shell or outlet boxes are used they must be made sufficiently large to allow the fulfillment of this requirement. Fixture supports must be made of steel, malleable iron, brass or bronze. All methods of fastening arms or stems to fixture supports must be such as to secure in every case strength equivalent to that of a threaded connection. All fixtures must where possible be sufficiently ventilated to avoid exposing the wiring to high temperatures, and the wiring of fixtures must be so exposed as to be kept as free as possible from excessive temperatures. All electrical fittings (including insulating joints, sockets, receptacles, switches, attachment plugs, etc.) must be of approved types. Canopy insulators, where required, must be of approved types. They must be securely fastened in place, so as to separate the canopies thoroughly and permanently from the surface and outlet boxes from which they are designed to be insulated. A strip of a good grade of hard fibre 1-16 inch thick, permanently attached to the canopy at the ends, and at intermediate points in such a manner that the strip will permanently extend at least 3-16 inch beyond the entire upper edge of the canopy rim will be approved. Where the above construction is impracticable a sheet of good grade of hard fibre 1-16 inch thick, permanently attached to the canopy and cut to conform to the general outline of the canopy with the edges of the sheet at least flush with the edges of the canopy, will be approved. The insulation strip or sheet must be secured by rivets or screws, and the rivets or screws must be located or so countersunk that the desired effective insulation distance is obtained. TESTS: (p) Each fixture (after wiring and assembling) must be tested with a magneto which will ring through a resistance of at least 50,000 ohms and show no short cir-134 LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE Sec. 35 cuit between conductors, or contacts between conductors and metal parts of fixtures. FUSES. Automatic Cut-Outs (Fuses and Circuit-Breakers). Sec. 35. (a) Cut-outs must be placed on all service wires, either overhead or underground, in the nearest accessible place to the point where the wires enter the building and arranged to cut off the entire current from the building. All service fuses protecting circuits supplying current for light, heat or power must be so arranged that the fuse will protect the switch, unless the switch is of an enclosed type, under which conditions the switch may be placed between the source of supply and the cut-out. In risks having private plants, the yard wires running from building to building are not considered as service wires, so that cut-outs would not be required where the wires enter buildings, provided that the next fuse back is small enough to properly protect the wires inside the building in question. (b) Must be placed at every point where a change is made in the size of wire unless the cut-out in the larger wire will protect the smaller. This will not, however, prohibit the tapping of a smaller to a larger wire when such tap is for the supply of current to a circuit, and where such tap does not exceed eighteen (18) inches in length. (c) Must not be placed in any permanently grounded wire, except as called for in “1” of this section. (d) All cut-outs must be installed in approved metal cabinets excepting when on switchboards and meterboards, in approved locations. In existing installations cut-outs must also be installed in cabinets when deemed necessary by the Board of Public Works. (e) Cut-outs must not be placed in the canopies or shells of fixtures. (f) Any cut-out cabinet located in the immediate vicinity of easily ignitable stuff, dust or to flying or combustible material or where exposed to inflammable gasses, must be dust-proof with self-closing doors, except oil switches and circuit breakers with dust-tight casings. (g) Must, when subject to dampness, be enclosed in a moist-proof box, the cover of which must be so made that moisture cannot enter it. (h) Link fuses may be used only when mounted on approved slate, or marble bases and must be enclosed in dust-tight cabinets. A space of at least two inches must be provided between the open-link fuses and metal or metal-lined walls or metal-lined or glass panelled doors of cabinets or cut-out boxes. (i) The wiring in any residence, flat or apartment must be so installed that no set of incandescent lamps, whether grouped on one fixture or several fixtures or pendants, shall have more than ............... [See Sup. Rules—Secs. 78, 79 and 80.1 (j) The wiring in any building other than a residence, fiat or apartment must be so installed that no set of incandescent lamps whether grouped on one fixture or several fixtures or pendants, shall have more than ....... [See Sup. Rules—Secs. 78, 79 and 80.] (k) By special permission of the Board of Public Works in cases where wiring equal in size and insulation to No. 14 B. & S. gage approved rubber covered wire is carried direct into keyless sockets or receptacles, and where the location of sockets or receptacles is such as to render unlikely the attachment of flexible cords thereto, the circuits may be so placed that not more than 1320 watts or 32 sockets or receptacles will be dependent upon the final cut-out.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 135 Sec. 35 Except for sign and outline lighting, sockets and receptacles will be considered as requiring not less than forty (40) watts each. [See Sup. Rules—Sec. 80.] (l) All branches or taps from any three-wire system which are directly connected to lamp sockets or other translating devices, must be run as two-wire circuits, and both wires of such branch or tap circuits must be protected by proper fuses. (m) Must be so placed that no set of small motors, or small heating devices requiring more than six hundred sixty (660) watts will be dependent upon one cutout provided the rated capacity of the fuses does not exceed ten (10) amperes. (n) When 1320 watts are dependent upon one fusible cut-out, as is allowed in theatre wiring, outline lighting, signs and large chandeliers the fuses may be in accordance with the following table: 125 volts or less...................20 amps. 125 to 250 volts....................10 amps. (o) Cut-outs must be placed not more than............ [See Sup. Rules—Secs. 76 (2) and 82 (6).] (p) On open work in large mills approved link fused rosettes may be used at a voltage of not over 125, and approved enclosed fused rosettes at a voltage of not over 250, the fuse in the rosettes not to exceed three amperes; and a fuse of over 25 amperes must not be used in the branch circuit. (q) The rated capacity of fuses must not exceed the allowable carrying capacity of wires. Circuit-breakers must not be set more than 30 per cent above allowable carrying capacity of the wire, unless a fusible cut-out is also installed on the circuit. Where rubber-covered wire carries the current of only one A. C. motor of a type requiring large starting current, it may be protected by fuses or an automatic cir- [See Sup. Rules—Secs. 82 and 88.] The rated continuous current capacity of a time limit circuit breaker protecting a motor of the above type need not be greater than 125 per cent of the motor current rating, provided the time limit device is capable of preventing the breaker opening during the starting period. In the great majority of cases, where A. C. motors of the above type are started by means of autostarters, the current capacity of wires meeting the rule will not exceed the following percentages of the full load currents of the motors: Rated full load current. Percentage. 0-30 amperes ............................ 250 31-100 amperes .......................... 200 Above 100 amperes........................ 150 (r) Fixture wire or flexible cord of No. 18 B .& S. gage will be considered as properly protected by 10 ampere fuses. (s) Each wire of motor circuits, except on main switchboard or when otherwise subject to competent supervision, must be protected by an approved fuse whether automatic overload circuit breakers are installed or not. Single phase motors may have one side protected by an approved automatic overload circuit breaker only if the other side is protected by an approved fuse. Circuit-breakers will be approved for circuits having a maximum capacity greater than that for which approved enclosed fuses are rated. For circuits having a maximum capacity greater than that for which enclosed fuses are approved, fuses in136 LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE Sec. 35, 36, 37 multiple will be approved provided as few fuses as possible are used and the fuses are of equal capacity and the cut-out terminals are mounted on a single continuous pair of substantial bus-bars. The total capacity of the fuses must not exceed the safe carrying capacity of wires. This does not apply to motor circuits. GARAGES: Sec. 36. (a) In garages, all conductors except those required for pendant lamps or portable connections must be installed in rigid conduit, except that metal moulding may only be used in offices and showrooms. (b) Flexible cords for pendant lights must be approved reinforced cord. (c) Flexible cords for portable lamps, motors or other apparatus must be approved cord designed for rough usage. The portable cord must carry the male end of an approved pin plug connector or equivalent, the female end being of such design or so hung that the connector will break apart readily at any position of the cable. The conductor must be kept at least four (4) feet above the floor. (d) Flexible cable for charging must be of approved theatre stage type, this cable carrying parts of approved connectors of at least fifty (50) amperes capacity. The connectors must be of such design, or so hung that at least one will break apart readily at any position of the cable. Current carrying parts of connectors must be shielded to prevent accidental contact. The fixed or wall connector, must be kept at least four (4) feet above the floor and if not located on switchboard, or charging panel, must be protected against accidental contact. (e) Cut-outs, switches, receptacles and sockets, which are permanently located must be placed at least four (4) feet above the floor. (f) Sockets must be located at least four (4) feet above the floor unless approved vapor-proof sockets are used. Exception will be made in the .case of portable lamps, which must be equipped with approved keyless sockets of molded composition or of protected type. These sockets must be equipped with a guard specially approved for this purpose. (g) Switchboards and charging panels must be placed at least four (4) feet above the floor or must be located in a room or enclosure provided for this purpose. (h) Motors or dynamos not actually a part of a vehicle, must be located at least four (4) feet above the floor.. (i) Garages containing electrical vehicles only, must conform to the requirements of this section as far as they apply except that vapor-proof receptacles will not be required and electrical apparatus may be located any desired distance from the floor. GAS-FILLED LAMPS: Sec. 37. (a) The wiring of any circuit must be so installed that not more than..... [See Sup. Rules—Sgc. §0....] dependent on one cut-out, except that in cases where wiring equal in size to No. 14 B. & S. gage is carried directly into keyless sockets or receptacles, the location of which is such as to render unlikely the attachment of flexible cords thereto, the circuits may be so arranged that not more than 1320 watts or thirty-two (32) sockets or receptacles) will be dependent on the final cut-out. Where a single socket or receptacle is used on a circuit the limitation of watts permissible on the final cut-out shall be the maximum capacity for which such socket or receptacle is approved.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 137 Sec. 37, 38 (b) Must not be used in show windows or in other locations where inflammable material is liable to come in contact with lamp equipment except where used in connection with approved fixtures where temperatures of any exposed portion of same does not exceed 200 degrees F. (93 degrees C.) (c) Must not be used in connection with medium-base sockets or receptacles if above 200 watts nominal capacity nor with Mogul base sockets or receptacles if above 1500 watts capacity. If of above 400 watts must not, if provided with a shade reflector, fixture or other enclosure above the socket, be used in either medium or Mogul base types of sockets or receptacles having fibre or paper lining. (d) Fixtures within buildings must be wired with conductors of approved slow burning insulation or asbestos covering where the temperature to which wire is subjected at any point exceeds 120 degrees F. (49 degrees C.). Where fixtures are placed outside of buildings, approved rubber-insulated wire must be used. GENERATORS: Sec. 38. (a). All generators must be located in dry places. (b) Must never be placed in a room where any hazardous process is carried on, nor in places where they would be exposed to inflammable gases, or flying of combustible materials. (c) Must when operating at a potential in excess of 550 volts, have their base frames permanently and effectively grounded. Must, when operating at a potential of 550 volts or less, have their base frames permanently and effectively grounded wherever feasible. Where grounding of the frame is impracticable, special permission for its omission may be given in writing, in which case the frame must be permanently and effectively insulated. Wooden base frames used for this purpose and wooden floors which are depended upon for insulation where for any reason it is necessary to omit the base frames must be kept filled to prevent absorption of moisture and must be kept clean and dry. (d) Constant potential generators, excepting alternating current machines and their exciters, must be protected from excessive current by safety fuses or equivalent devices of approved design. For two-wire D. C. generators, single pole protection will be considered as satisfying the above rule, provided the safety device is so located and connected that the means for opening same is actuated by the entire generator current and the action thereof will completely open the generator circuit. For two-wire D. C. generators used in conjunction with balancer sets to obtain a neutral for three-wire systems, a potential device must be installed, which in case of the excessive unbalancing of voltage will operate to disconnect the three-wire system. If a generator not electrically driven, in a two-wire system has one terminal grounded, the safety device above mentioned must be placed in the grounded lead. For three-wire direct current generators, compounded, or shunt wound, a safety device must be placed in each armature lead, and so connected as to receive the entire current from the armature. Fuses will not be acceptable. The safety device must consist of either: (1) a double pole, double coil overload circuit breaker, or (2) a four-pole circuit breaker connected in the main and equalizer leads, and tripped by means of two overload devices, one in each armature lead.138 LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE Sec. 38 The safety devices above required must be so interlocked that no one pole can be opened without simul-taneouly disconnecting both sides of the armature from the system. (e) Must each be provided with a name-plate giving the maker’s name, the capacity in volts and amperes, and the normal speed in revolutions per minute. (f) Terminal blocks, when used on generators must be made of approved non-combustible, non-absorptive, insulating material, such as slate, marble or porcelain. (g) The use of soft rubber bushings to protect the lead wires coming through the frames of generators is permitted except when installed where oils, grease, oily vapors or other substances known to have rapid, deleterious effect on rubber, are present in such quantities and in such proximity to motor or dynamo as may cause such bushings to be liable to rapid destruction. In such case hardwood properly filled, or preferably porcelain or micanite bushings must be used. CONDUCTORS FOR GENERATORS. From generators to switchboards, rheostat or other instruments and thence to outside lines. (h) Must be in plain sight or readily accessible. Wires from generator to switchboard may, however, be placed in a run-way in the brick or cement pier on which the generator stands. When protection against moisture is necessary, lead covered cable or iron conduit must be used. (i) Must have an approved insulating covering as called for by the requirements of this ordinance for similar work except that in central stations, on exposed circuits, the wire which is used must have a heavy braided, non-combustible outer covering. Bus-bars may be made of bare metal. Wires with inflammable outer braiding when brought close together, as in the rear of switch-board, must, when required, be each surrounded with a tight, non-combustible outer cover. Flame proofing must be stripped back on all cables a sufficient amount to give the necessary insulation distances for the voltage of the circuit on which the cable is used. (j) Must, where not in a conduit, be kept so rigidly in place that they cannot come in contact. (k) Must in all other respects be installed with the same precautions as required by this ordinance for wires carrying a current of the same volume and potential. (l) In wiring switchboards, the ground detector voltmeter, pilot lights and potential transformers must be connected to a circuit of not less than N'o. 14 B. & S. gage wire that is protected by an approved fuse, this circuit not to carry over 660 watts. For the protection of instruments and pilot lights on switchboards, approved National Electrical Code Standard Enclosed Fuses are preferred but approved enclosed fuses of other designs of not over two (2) amperes capacity, may be used. (m) A competent man must be kept on duty where generators are operating. (n) Oily waste must be kept in approved waste cans and removed daily. TESTING OF INSULATION RESISTANCES. (o) All circuits except such as are permanently grounded in accordance with Sec. 39 must be provided with reliable ground detectors. Ground wires from detectors must not be attached to gas pipes within the building. Where continuously indicating detectors are not feas-LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 139 Sec. 39 ible the circuits should be tested at least once every day. GROUNDS AND GROUNDING LOW-POTENTIAL CIRCUITS. Sec. 39. The grounding of low-potential circuits under the following regulations is only allowed when such circuits are so arranged that under normal conditions of service there will be no passage of current over the ground wire. DIRECT-CURRENT THREE-WIRE SYSTEMS. (a) [1] Neutral wire must (except where supplied from private industrial power or lighting plants where the primary voltage does not exceed 500 volts) be grounded, and the following rules must be complied with: [2] Must be permanently and effectively grounded at the Central Station. The ground connection must include all available underground water and gas pipe systems. [3] In underground systems the neutral wire must also be grounded at each distributing box through the box, or on the individual service as provided in rules “c” to “g” inclusive, of this Section. [4] In overhead systems the neutral wire must be grounded every 500 feet, as provided in rules “c” to “g” of this Section. ALTERNATING-CURRENT SECONDARY SYSTEMS. (b) [1] Transformer secondaries of distributing systems (except where supplied frm private industrial power or lighting plants where the primary voltage does not exceed 550 volts) must be grounded, provided the maximum difference of potential between the grounded point and any other point in the circuit does not exceed 150 volts and may be grounded when the maximum difference of potential between the grounded points and any other point in the circuit exceeds 150 volts. In either case the following rules must be complied with: [2] The grounding must be made at the neutral point or wire, whenever a neutral point or wire is accessible. [3] When no neutral point or wire is accessible, one side of the secondary circuits must be grounded. [4] The ground connection must be at the transformers or on the individual service as provided in rules “c” to “g” of this section, and when transformers feed systems with a neutral wire, the neutral wire must also be grounded at least every 500 feet. GROUND CONNECTIONS. (c) When the ground connection is inside of any building, or the ground wire is inside of or attached to any building (except Central or Substations), the ground wire must be of copper and have an approved rubber insulating covering, National Electrical Code Standard, for from 0 to 600 volts. (d) The ground wire in direct and alternating current 3-wlre systems must not be smaller than No. 6 B. & S. gage, and at Central Station must not be smaller than the neutral wire. On three-phase system, the ground wire must have a carrying capacity equal to that of any one of the three mains. (e) The ground wire should, except for Central Stations and transformer sub-stations, be kept outside of buildings as far as practicable but may be directly attached to the building or pole by cleats or straps or on porcelain knobs. Staples must never be used. The wire must be carried in as nearly a straight line as practicable, avoiding kinks, coils and sharp bends, and must be protected when exposed to mechanical injury. (f) The ground connection for Central Station transformer sub-stations and banks of transformers must be permanent and effective and must include all available140 LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE Sec. 39, 40, 41 underground piping systems including the lead sheath of underground cables. (g) Where the ground wire is run through any building or part of a building, such wire must be installed in conduit. (h) For individual transformer and building services the ground connection may be made as required in rule "f” of this section. When possible ground wire must be connected to water piping systems and when connected to either water or gas piping such ground must be connected to street side of any meter when required by the Board of Public Works. When water or gas piping systems are not available one or more ground rods of one inch galvanized pipe driven at least six feet into ground will be approved. In connecting ground wire to any piping system the wire must be attached to an approved clamp, either by sweating wire into a lug or by a bolt connection as required by the Board of Public Works, and the clamp firmly bolted to the pipe after all rust and scale has been removed, or be soldered into a brass plug and the plug forcibly screwed into a pipe fitting, or where the pipes are cast iron, into a hole tapped into the pipe itself. For large stations, where connecting to underground pipes with bell and spigot joints, owing to high resistance, connections must be made to several lengths. Where ground plates are used, a No. 16 Stubbs gage copper plate about three by six feet (3'x6') in size, with about two feet (2') of crushed coke or charcoal about pea size, both under and over it, will make a ground of sufficient capactiy for a moderate sized station. The ground wire must be riveted to a plate in a number of places and soldered its whole length. In all cases the joint between the plate and the ground wire must be thoroughly protected against corrosion by painting it with waterproof paint or equivalent. GUARD STRIPS. Sec. 40. Guard strips must be used for the protection of wires where wires cross timbers, joists, or where they may be exposed to injury. These strips must be not less tha %" in thickness and as high as the insulators. HEATERS, ELECTRIC. Sec. 41. (a) Each heater of more than six, (6) amperes or 660 watts capacity must be protected by a cut-out and controlled by a switch or plug connector plainly indicating whether “on” or “off” and located within sight of the heater. Heaters of six (6) amperes or 660 watts capacity, or less, may be grouped under the protection of a single set of fuses, provided the rated capacity of the fuses does not exceed ten (10) amperes or may be connected individually to lighting circuits. (b) Switches controlling circuits supplying current to heating devices, and all fuses, must be so arranged that the opening of the switch will disconnect all fuses and wires. (c) Flexible conductors for smoothing irons and sad irons and for all devices requiring over 250 watts, must have approved insulation and covering for such use. (d) With portable heating devices, approved plug connectors must be used, so arranged that the plug may be pulled out to open the circuit without leaving any live parts so exposed as to render likely accidental contact therewith. The connector may be located at either end of the flexible conductor or inserted in the conductor itself. (e) Smoothing irons, sad irons and other heating devices that are intended to be applied to combustible articles, must be provided with approved stands.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 141 Sec. 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 (f) Stationary heaters, such as radiators, ranges, plate warmers, etc., must be so located as to furnish ample protection between the device and surrounding combustible material. (g) Any circuit for heating devices .................. [See Sup Rules—Sec. 79 (3).] (h) Must each be provided with name plate, giving the maker’s name and the normal capacity in volts andLOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 142 Sec. 45, 46 [see Sup Rules—Sec. 84.] (f) Where provision is made for the locating of any gas or oil heater, permission must first be obtained from the Board of Public Works before any electric meter shall be installed within the same room or enclosure with any such gas or oil heater. (g) When necessary to locate meters under conditions not contemplated in the foregoing rules, permission for such locations must be first obtained from the Board of Public Works. (h) Each meter shall be provided with ................ [See Sup. Rules—Sec. 84.] (i) Each suite or apartment to be metered shall be so wired that said suite or apartment shall have an independent circuit or circuits. (j) Mains and meter loops and all connections necessary for placing meter must be installed by the person, firm or corporation to whom the permit for such installation has been issued. (k) On any plastered wall provision must be made for supporting meter, which support must have a dimension of not less than 12"xl6" and ............................ [See Sup. Rules—Sec. 84 (2).] MOTORS. Sec. 46. When motors operating at a potential in excess of 500 volts are to be installed, plans for such installations should be submitted to the Board of Public Works before work is commenced. (a) Motors operating at potential between 550 and 3500 volts must, except in central or substations be wired with approved multiple-conductor metal sheathed cable in approved metal conduit. All apparatus and wiring connected to the high tension circuit must be completely enclosed in substantial grounded metal shields or casings and the conduit must enter and be properly secured to such casings or to suitable terminal boxes screwed or bolted to the casing. (b) Motors must, when operating at a potential in excess of 550 volts have no exposed live metal parts, and have their base frames permanently and effectively grounded. (c) The insulation of the several conductors for high potential motors where leaving the metal sheath of cables, must be thoroughly protected from moisture and mechanical injury. The conduit must be substantially bonded to the metal casings of all fittings and apparatus connected to the inside high tension circuit. (d) Where service conduit, or conduit for motor is grounded, or where motor is less than eight feet from cement or earth floor, or within five feet of other grounds, as pipes, metal of buildings, etc., frame of motor must be grounded. (e) Motors of one-quarter horse power or more, operating at a potential of 110 volts must not be connected to any A. C. lighting service. Motors in excess of 5 H. P. shall not be connected to any lighting service. (f) Motors operating at a potential of 550 volts or less must be wired with the same precaution as required by rules for wires carrying a current of the same volume. (g) Each wire of motor circuits, except on main switchboard, or when otherwise subject to competent supervision, must be protected by an approved fuse whether automatic overload circuit breakers are installed or not. Single phase motors may have one side protected by an approved automatic overload circuit breaker only if the other side is protected by an approved fuse. For circuits having a maximum capacity greater than that for which enclosed fuses are approved, circuit breakers alone will be approved.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 143 Sec. 46 (h) The rated capacity of fuses must not exceed the allowable carrying capacity of the wire as given in “Carrying Capacity of Wires.” Circuit breakers must not be set more than 30 per cent above allowable carrying capacity of the wire unless a fusible cut-out is also installed on the circuit. Where rubber covered wire is used for the leads or branches of A. C. Motors of the types requiring large starting currents, the wire may be protected in accordance with Table B. of Carrying Capacity of Wires, except when circuit breakers are installed which are equipped with time element devices. Conductors carrying the current of only one motor must be designed to carry a current at least 25 per cent greater than that for which the motor is rated. Where the wires under this rule would be overfused in order to provide for the starting current, as in the case of many of the alternating current motors, the wires must be of such size as to be properly protected by these larger fuses. Any A. C. motor in excess of ........................ [See Sup. Rules—Secs. 82 and 88 and Motor Tables, Pages 44 to 49 inclusive.] The current used in determining the size of varying (or variable) speed motor leads or branch circuits must be the percentage of the 30 minute current rating of the motor as given for the several classifications of service in the following table: CLASSIFICATION OF SERVICE. Percentage of Current rating of motor. Operating valves raising or lowering rolls, tool heads,144 LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE Sec. 46, 47 all the requirements of Sec. 53. Auto starters must comply with requirements of Sec. 53 (c). Auto starters, unless equipped with tight casings enclosing all current-carrying parts in all wet, dusty or linty places, must be enclosed in dust-tight fireproof cabinets. Where there is any liability of short circuits across their exposed live parts being caused by accidental contacts, a railing must be erected around them. The casing of auto starters must be grounded. (k) Must not be put in a series-multiple or multipleseries, except on constant-potential systems and then only by permission of the Board of Public Works. (l) Must, if deemed necessary by the Board of Public Works, be enclosed in an approved case. Such enclosures must be readily accessible, dust proof and sufficiently ventilated to prevent an excessive rise of temperature. Where practicable the sides should be made largely of glass, so that the motor may be always plainly visible. The use of enclosed type motor is recommended in dust places, being preferable to wooden boxes. Where necessary motors permanently located on wooden floors must be provided with suitable drip pans. (m) All varying (or variable) speed motors except those used for railway service must be marked with the maximum current which they can safely carry for 30 minutes, starting cold. (n) Terminal blocks when used on motors must be made of approved non-combustible, non-absorbtive, insulating material such as slate, marble or porcelain. (o) Adjustable speed motors, unless of special and appropriate design, if controlled by means of field regulation, must be so arranged and connected that they cannot be started under weakened field. (p) The use of soft rubber bushings to protect the lead wires coming through the frames of motors is permitted, except when installed where oil, grease, oily vapors or other substances known to have rapid deleterious effect on rubber are present in such quantities and in such proximity to motors as may cause such bushings, to be liable to rapid destruction. In such cases hardwood filled or preferably porcelain or micanite bushings must be used. (q) Where flexible tubing is used at motors such tubing must extend from last porcelain support to terminal on motor where porcelain support is more than six inches from motor terminal, or approved conduit and fittings used. (r) Must each be provided with a name-plate, giving the maker’s name, the capacity in volts and amperes, and the normal speed in revolutions per minute. MOULDING. Sec. 47. (The use of wooden Moulding is prohibited). (a) Wires in moulding must have an approved rubber insulating covering, and must be in continuous length from outlet to outlet, or from fitting to fitting, no joints or taps to be made in moulding. Where branch taps are necessary approved fittings for this purpose must be used. (b) Mouldings must never be placed in concealed or damp places, or where the difference of potential between any two wires in the same systems is over 300 volts. Permission will be given by the Board of Public Works to extend these mouldings through walls and partitions if the moulding and capping are in continuous lengths where passing through the walls and partitions. (c) Metal moulding must not be used for circuits requiring more than 1,320 watts of energy.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 145 Sec. 47, 48 (d) Must have the two or more wires of a circuit installed in the same moulding. (e) Mouldings must be continuous from outlet to outlet or to junction boxes, or approved fittings, designed especially for use with mouldings, and must at all outlets be provided with approved terminal fittings which will protect the insulation of conductors from abrasion, unless such protection is afforded by the construction of the boxes or fittings. (f) Where subject to injury, such moulding where passing through a floor must be carried through an iron pipe extending from the ceiling below to a point five feet above the floor, which will serve as an additional mechanical protection. (g) Backing must be secured in position by screws or bolts, the heads of which must be flush with the metal. (h) Must have the metal of moulding permanently and effectually grounded to water piping, gas piping or suitable ground plate, provided that when connections are made to water or gas piping such ground must be connected to street side of any meter when required by the Board of Public Works. If the moulding system contains several separate sections, the sections must be bounded to each other and the system grounded, or each section may be separately grounded as hereinbefore mentioned. [See Sup. Rules—Sec. 81.] Where short sections of mouldings are used and not in proximity to grounds, if molding does not exceed ten (10) feet in length, grounding will not be required. (1) Mouldings and gas pipes must be securely fastened to outlet boxes, junction boxes and cabinets, so as to secure a good electrical connection. Moulding must be so installed that adjacent lengths of moulding will be mechanically and electrically secured at all points. Connection to ground pipes and to mouldings must be exposed to view, or accessible, and must be made by means of approved ground clamps. Any pipe to which a ground wire is attached must be cleaned of rust, scale, etc., at the place of attachment of the ground clamp. Any ground wire must be of copper, at least No. 10 B. & S. gage, and must be protected from mechanical injury. (j) Moulding shall not be approved in elevator or light shafts. (k) Moulding shall not be approved for service wires. MERCURY VAPOR LAMPS. Sec. 48. (a) Enclosed mercury vapor lamps must have cut-out for each lamp or series of lamps except when contained in single frame and lighted by a single operation in which case not more than five lamps should be dependent upon a single cut-out. (b) Must only be furnished with such resistances or regulators as are enclosed in non-combustible cases, such resistances to be treated as sources of heat. In locations where these resistances or regulators are subject to flying of lint or combustible material, all openings through cases must be protected by fine wire gauze. HIGH-POTENTIAL VACUUM TUBE SYSTEMS. (c) The tube of such vacuum tube system must be so installed as to be free from mechanical injury or liability to contact with inflammable material. (d) High-potential coils and regulating apparatus must be installed in approved steel cabinet not less than one-tenth (1-10) inch in thickness, same to be well ventilated in such a manner as to prevent the escape of any flame or sparks, in case of burnout in the various coils. All apparatus in this box must be mounted on slate base and the enclosing case positively grounded.146 LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE Sec. 48, 49, 50 Supply conductors leading into this high-potential case to be installed in accordance with the standard requirements governing low-potential systems where such wires do not carry a potential of over 300 volts. OUTLET BOXES. (JUNCTION AND FLUSH SWITCH BOXES). Sec. 49. (a) All outlet or junction boxes must be of pressed steel having wall thickness not less than .078 inch (No. 14 U. S. metal gage), or of cast metal having wall thickness not less than one-eighth inch. Junction boxes, terminal boxes and wire-ways shall be made of metal as specified in Sec. 26 of this ordinance. (b) Must be well galvanized, enameled or otherwise properly coated, inside and out, to prevent oxidation. Outlet, junction or switch boxes must be galvanized or sheraldized; excepting such boxes which are designed to take threaded ends of conduit and boxes designed for non-metallic tubing. (c) Must be so made that all openings not in use will be effectively closed by metal which will afford protection substantially equivalent to the walls of the box. Fittings which are designed for bringing conductors from metal conduits to exposed wiring must be provided with non-absorptive, non-combustible, insulating bushings, which except with flexible cord, must separately insulate each conductor. (d) Must, in case of combination of gas and electric outlets where boxes are used be so arranged that connection with gas pipe at outlet may be made by means of an approved device. (e) Each light outlet box must be the standard four inch box, one and one-half inches deep, provided with an open cover with lugs, both of which shall be of an approved type. All outlet plates must be provided with holes the same spacing as box of its respective size. (f) Must be arranged to secure in position the conduit or armored cable protecting the wire. The device for securing the conduit or armored cable may, or may not be, part of the box. (g) All switch and outlet boxes must be fastened independently of the support afforded by the conduit piping. A standard device must be used for this purpose. When entirely exposed, approved boxes, which are threaded so as to be firmly supported by screwing on to the conduit may be used. (h) Switch boxes must completely enclose the switch, on sides and back, and must provide a thoroughly substantial support for it. The retaining screws for the box must not be used to secure the switch in position. Boxes for floor outlets shall be designed to completely enclose the receptacle and attachments plug if any, to protect them from mechanical injury, and to exclude moisture. (i) Outlet box covers designed for cord drops must be provided with approved bushings especially designed for this purpose. So called hard rubber or composition bushings threaded into box covers must not be used. (j) Must be plainly marked where it may readily be seen when installed, with the name or trade mark of the manufacturer. OUTLINE LIGHTING, (WIRING OTHER THAN SIGNS ON EXTERIOR OF BUILDINGS). Sec. 50. (a) Outline Lighting must be connected only to low-potential systems. (b) Must be installed in conduit or metal trough construction. (c) Wires must be approved rubber covered not smaller than No. 14 B. & S. gage. Where armored cable is used, the conductors must be protected from moistureLOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 147 Sec. 50, 51 by lead sheath between armor and insulation. (d) Must be protected by its own cut-out and controlled by its own switch; single pole switches must not be used. Cut-outs, switches, flashers and similar appliances must be of approved types and be installed as required by the provisions of this ordinance for such appliances, and if outside the building must, with the exception of transformer of weatherproof type, be installed in approved weatherproof cabinets. (e) Circuits must be so arranged that not more than 1,320 watts will be dependent upon one cut-out. (f) Sockets and receptacles must be of the keyless porcelain type and wires must be soldered to lugs on same. Minature receptacle will not be approved for outdoor work. (g) For metal trough construction the troughs and other details must comply with the requirements of Sec. 55 of this ordinance and be permanently grounded. OUTSIDE WORK. ALL SYSTEMS AND VOLTAGES. Sec 51. (a) Line wires must have an approved weather proof or rubber insulating covering. That portion of the service wires between the main cut-out and switch and the first support from the cut-out or switch on outside of the building must have an approved rubber insulating covering, but from the above mentioned support to the line, except when run in conduit, may have an approved weather-proof insulating covering if kept free from awnings, swinging signs, shutters, etc. (b) Line wires must be so placed that moisture cannot form a cross connection between them; must be not less than one foot apart except when' in conduit or in the form of multiple-conductor cable, must not be in contact with any substance other than the insulating support. Multiple-conductor cables must be secured to strain insulators spaced not less than one foot from any adjacent woodwork and in turn secured to petticoat or strain insulators by strain wires. For conduit work wires must be placed so as to conform to rules for unlined conduit except that the conduit system must be waterproof. (c) Must be at least eight feet above the highest point of roofs over which they pass or to which they are attached, and roof structures must be substantially constructed. Whenever feasible, wires crossing buildings should be supported on poles independent of the building. Roof lines will be permitted only under special authorization of the Board of Public Works. (d) Must, where exposed to the weather, be provided with petticoat insulators of glass or porcelain; porcelain knobs or cleats and rubber hooks will not be approved. Wires on the exterior walls of buildings must be supported at least every fifteen feet, the distance between supports to be shortened if wires are liable to be disturbed. Where not exposed to the weather low-potential wires may be supported on glass or porcelain knobs which will separate the wires at least one inch from the surface wired over, supports to be placed at least every four and one-half feet. (e) Must be so spliced or jointed as to be both mechanically and electrically secure without solder. The joints must then be soldered, to insure preservation, and covered with an insulation equal to that on the conductors. All joints must be soldered, unless made with some form of approved splicing device. (f) Electric light and power wires must not be placed on the same cross-arm with telegraph, telephone or148 LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE Sec. 51, 52, 53 similar wires, and when placed on the same pole with such wires the distance between the two inside pins of each cross-arm must not be less than twenty-six inches. (g) The metallic sheaths to cables must be permanently and effectively connected to “earth” approximately every five hundred (500) feet. TROLLEY WIRES'. (h) Trolley wires must not be smaller than No. 0 B. & S. gage copper or No. 4 B. & S. gage silicon bronze, and must readily stand the strain put upon them when in use. (i) Must have a double insulation from the ground. In wooden pole construction the pole will be considered as one insulation. (j) Must be capable of being disconnected at the power plant, or of being divided into sections, so that in case of fire on the railway route, the current may be shut off from the particular section and not interfere with the work of the firemen. This rule also applies to feeders. (k) Must be safely protected against accidental contact where crossed by other conductors. Where guard wires are used they must be insulated from the ground and electrically disconnected in sections of not more than 300 feet in length. RECEPTACLES. Sec. 52. (a) Where flush receptacles are used, they must be enclosed in an approved box constructed of iron or steel, in addition to the porcelain enclosure of the receptacle. Receptacles for floor work must be enclosed in approved water tight boxes; excepting in residences or where not subject to moisture may be enclosed in an approved box which may not be water tight. When possible such receptacles should be placed in walls and baseboards. (b) Receptacles located on ceiling or other places not readily accessible from floor, must be controlled by some switching device. Excepting for heating devices, keyless receptacles will not be approved without switch control. (c) Receptacles for attachment plug................. [See Sup. Rules—Sec. 78.] A cut-out must be provided for each receptacle rated above 660 watts. (d) Open lug cleat type receptacle must not be used for outlets located on walls or in show-windows. (e) Receptacles located less than ordinary bracket height to be used for heating or similar devices must be a type which has no current carrying parts exposed when plug is removed. RESISTANCE DEVICES. Sec. 53. (a) Resistance boxes and equalizers must be placed on a switchboard, (or enclosed in a metal box, see State Safety Orders.) If resistance devices are installed in rooms where dust or combustible flyings would be liable to accumulate on them, they must be equipped with dust-proof face plates. A suitable metal pan must be placed under resistance device when required by the Board of Public Works. (b) Where protective resistances are necessary in connection with automatic rheostats, incandescent lamps may be used, provided that they do not carry or control the main current nor constitute the regulating resistance of the device. When so used, lamps must be mounted in porcelain receptacles upon non-combustible supports, and must be so arranged that they cannot have impressed upon them a voltage greater than that for which they are rated. They must in all cases be provided with a name plate,LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 149 Sec. 53, 54, 55 which shall be permanently attached beside the porcelain receptacle or receptacles and stamped with the wattage and voltage of the lamp or lamps to be used in each receptacle. Under special authorization by the Board of Public Works, given in advance, incandescent lamps may be used for the purpose of resistance in series with other devices when mounted in porcelain receptacles upon non-combustible supports and so arranged that they cannot have impressed upon them a voltage greater than that for which they were rated. (c) Whenever insulated wire is used for connections between resistance elements and the contact device of a rheostat, the insulation must be non-combustible or “slow-burning.” For large rheostats and similar resistances, where the contact devices are not mounted upon them, the connecting wires having “slow-burning” insulation may be so arranged in groups that the maximum difference of potential between any two wires in any group shall not exceed seventy-five volts. SIGNALING SYSTEMS. Sec. 54. All wiring for telephone, telegraph, district messenger, or call bell systems, fire and burglar alarm, and all similar systems which are or may become hazardous by their liability to become crossed with electric light, heat or power wires in, upon or about any building or other structure in the City of Los Angeles must have an insulation and be placed, separated and protected in accordance with the requirements of and following the general regulations of this ordinance to meet the conditions which may arise for such installation. SIGNS, (FOR LOW-POTENTIAL SYSTEMS ONLY). CONSTRUCTION. Sec. 55. (a) Any electrically lighted sign must be constructed entirely of non-combustible material. (b) Sheet metal used in the construction of signs must be not less than No. 28 U. S. gage and must be galvanized or enameled or treated with anti-corrosive paint or compound. Must be so constructed as to secure ample strength and rigidity. Each compartment must have suitable provision for drainage through one or more holes each not less than one-quarter inch in diameter. Must be so constructed as to be weather-proof and so as to enclose all terminals and wiring other than the supply leads. Cut-outs, flashers, time-switches, and other similar devices, on or within the sign structure, must be in a separate, completely enclosed accessible and weather proof compartment; in a substantial weather-proof box or cabinet of metal having a thickness not less than that of the metal of the sign itself. Any flasher, time-switch or other similar device not on or within the sign structure shall be in a metal box or cabinet meeting the requirements of Section 26 of this ordinance. (c) The wires for any sign shall not have a difference of potential greater than 220 volts. (d) Switches controlling signs on outside of any building must be double pole. (e) All metal signs must be permanently grounded. (f) Must have the maker’s name or trade mark permanently attached to the exterior. RECEPTACLES. (g) Must be so designed as to afford permanent and reliable means to prevent possible turning; must be so designed and placed that terminals will be at least one-half inch from other terminals and metal of the sign.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 159 Sec. 55, 56, 57 WIRING. (h) Must be approved rubber covered. Must be neatly run and so disposed and fastened as to be mechanically secure. Must be soldered to terminals, and exposed parts of wires and terminals must be treated to prevent corrosion. Must where they pass through walls or partitions of the sign, be protected by approved bushings. (i) Cableing of wires will only be permitted on metal frames and signs where such wires will not be subject to injury; for such construction double braided wire must be used. On outside of sign structure, except where cableing of wires is permitted, wires must be in approved metal conduit or approved armored cable. (j) Leads from sign must pass through the walls of sign either through approved metal conduit or armored cable, or must be neatly cabled and passed through one or more approved non-combustible, non-absorbtive bushings. Where several circuits pass from sign to inside of building, wires must be in approved metal conduit or approved armored cable, the conduit and armored cable to be installed as required by the provisions of this ordinance. (k) Not over 1320 watts shall be dependent upon final cut-out. [Also see Sign Ordinance No. 26595, Page 103.] SOCKETS. Sec. 56. (a) In rooms where inflammable gases may exist the incandescent lamp and socket must be enclosed in a vapor-tight globe, and supported on a pipehanger, wired with approved rubber-covered wire soldered directly to the circuit. (b) In damp or wet places or where exposed to corrosive vapors, weather-proof sockets especially approved for the location must be used. Unless made up on fixtures they must be hung by separate stranded rubber-covered wires not smaller than No. 14 B. & S. gage, which must be twisted together when the pendant is over three feet long. These wires must be soldered direct to the circuit wires but supported independently of them. (cl Key sockets will not be approved if Installed over specially inflammable stuff or where exposed to flying of combustible materials. (d) Sockets with non-removable socket bushings shall be required for cord drops. (e) Sockets with a carrying capacity of 660 watts will be required on all fixtures in any dining-room, kitchen or rear porch. (f) Cord drops located in damp places or when within reach of grounds as pipes, metal of buildings, gas stoves, laundry trays, etc., such cord drops must be provided with porcelain sockets. SWITCHES. Sec. 57. (a) Switches must always be placed in ac- cessible places and be grouped as far as possible; installed in dry places when practicable or when subject to dampness either be enclosed in a moisture-proof box or mounted on porcelain knobs. The cover of the box must be so made that no moisture can enter the switch. (b) Must when placed where exposed to mechanical injury or in the immediate vicinity of easily ignitable stuff or where exposed to inflammable gases or dust, or flyings of combustible material be mounted in approved cut-out boxes or cabinets, except oil switches, circuit breakers and similar devices which have approved casings. Where the occupancy of a building is such thatLOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 151 Sec. 57, 58 switches cannot be located so as not to be exposed as mentioned in this section, they must be enclosed in approved dust-proof cabinets with self-closing doors, except oil switches and circuit breakers which have dust-tight cstsing's* (c) All knife switches not mounted on panel boards in approved locations, must be enclosed in approved b Any knife switch installed as an operating switch must plainly indicate whether it is open or closed and be of a type which will not require the opening of the door of the box for the operation of such switch. (d) Single throw knife switches must be so placed that gravity will not tend to close them. Double-throw knife switches may be mounted so that the throw will either be vertical or horizontal, but if the throw be vertical a locking device must be provided, so constructed as to insure the blades remaining in the open position when so set. When practicable, switches must be so wired that blades will be "dead” when switch is open. Up to 250 volts and thirty amperes approved indicating snap switches may be required. (e) Single pole switches must never be used as service switches nor for the control of outdoor signs nor circuits located in wet places nor for branch lighting circuits except when the circuits which they control supply not more than 660 watts. (f) Where flush switches are used, they must be enclosed in an approved box constructed of iron or steel in addition to the porcelain enclosures of the switch. No push button for bells, gas lighting circuits or the like shall be placed in the same wall plate with switches controlling electric light or power wiring. (g) Switch boxes must completely enclose the switch on sides and back, and must provide a throughly substantial support for it. The retaining screws for the box must not be used to secure the switch in position. (h) With motors of one-half horse power or less on circuits where the voltage does not exceed 300, single pole switches may be used. (1) All switches controlling circuits supplying current to motors or heating devices, and all fuses, unless otherwise provided, must be so arranged that the fuses will protect and the opening of the switch will disconnect all of the wires; that is in the two-wire system the two wires must be protected by the fuses and disconnected by the operation of the switch. When installed without other automatic overload protective devices automatic overload circuit breakers must have the poles and trip coils so arranged as to afford complete protection against overloads and short circuits. In two or three phase three-wire circuits and two-phase four-wire circuits there must be a trip coil in each of two phases, and in four-wire three-phase circuits there must be a trip-coil in each phase. If a circuit breaker is also used in place of the switch it must be so arranged that no one pole can be opened manually without disconnecting all the wires. (j) Time switches, sign flashers and similar appliances must be of approved design and enclosed in an approved cabinet, except sign flashers mounted as described in Sec. 55 (b) of this ordinance. SERVICE SWITCHES: Sec. 58. (a) The location of any service switch shall be determined by the Board of Public Works. (b) Every service switch must have a carrying capacity of at least twenty-five (25) amperes.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 152 Sec. 58, 59 (c) Any service switch must not be placed more than ......................[See Sup. Rules—Secs. 83 and 84.] (d) A separate service switch must be provided for each store, flat or dwelling. (e) Must be placed on all service wires in the nearest readily accessible place to the point where the wires enter the building and so arranged that the opening of the switch will disconnect all of the wires, and also the entire current supplied to all devices including meter. In private plants the yard wires running from building to building are not considered as service wires, so that switches would not be required in each building if there are other switches conveniently located on the mains or if the generators are near at hand. (f) For low potential systems the service switch must be enclosed in an approved box plainly indicating whether it is open or closed, and so constructed as to allow the operation of the switch from the outside of the box without opening the box or exposing any current carrying parts, and so made that the switch in itself serves for load controlling, switching or meter testing purposes, and when used for testing purposes, there shall be at least one protecting fuse in circuit at all times. This box or cabinet must be constructed so that it may be sealed by the company supplying current or by the Board of Public Works. (g) It shall be a misdemeanor to break, hamper or interfere in any manner with the seal or seals placed upon such box or cabinet. (h) Permission must be obtained from the Board of Public Works for the locating or installing of any switch in a manner other than as provided for in this ordinance. SWITCHBOARDS: Sec. 59. (a) Switchboards must be so placed as. to reduce to a minimum the danger of communicating fire to adjacent combustible material and permission must be procured from the Board of Public Works to place switchboards in locations other than engine rooms. Switchboards must not be built up to the ceiling, a space of three feet being left, if possible, between the ceiling and the board unless ceiling is concrete or other fire-proof construction. The space back of the board must be kept clear of rubbish and not used for storage purposes. (c) Must be made of non-combustible material except switchboards for apartment houses, hotels and other similar buildings which may be made of wood when designed for meters or cut-outs, and switchboard is covered with asbestos board one-eighth (%) inch in thickness. Any wireway or duct used as a substitute for conduit, or any terminal box must be of metal having a thickness as required in Section 26; be of a size to take wires installed therein without crowding wires; be provided with a tight cover secured to trough, duct or terminal box in an approved manner, and the trough, duct or terminal box must be grounded as provided in Section 39 of this ordinance. (d) Must be accessible from all sides when the connections are on the back, but may be placed against a brick or stone wall when the wiring is entirely on the face. If the wiring is on the back, there must be a clear space of at least eighteen inches between the wall and the apparatus. , (e) Must be kept free from moisture. (f) Wires with inflammable outer braiding, when brought close together, as in the rear of switchboards, must each be surrounded with a tight, non-combustible outer covering.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 153 Sec. 59, 60 Flame proofing must be stripped back on all cables a sufficient amount to give the necessary insulation distances for the voltage of the circuit on which the cable is used. (g) On all main switch, fuse and meter boards including theatre and other such boards, at least one permanent light must be installed on the face of any such board. THEATERS AND MOVING PICTURE HOUSES: Sec. 60. Within six months from the date of the passage of this ordinance all wiring in theaters for light, heat or power on the stage side of proscenium arch, and in all theaters using movable scenery, shall be so installed as to comply with the requirements of this ordinance. AUDITORIUM: (a) [1] Every portion of the building devoted to the use or accommodation of the public, also all passages leading to the street, and including all open courts, corridors, stairways, extra and emergency exit stairways, shall be well and thoroughly lighted during every performance and shall remain lighted until the audience has left the building. [2] There must be provided to the main auditorium, in addition to the general lighting system, a sufficient number of emergency lights to well and thoroughly light the auditorium with not less than one sixteen candle power lamp to every four hundred square feet of floor space, and to the satisfaction of the Board of Public Works. [3] The emergency lights in the auditorium, and the emergency lights in all outlets leading to the streets, including all open courts, corridors, stairways, exits and emergency exit stairways, or any other parts of the building used by the audience, must be supplied with a supplementary lighting system of electricity or gas, which system shall be independent of all other lights in such building and must be controlled only from the lobby or other convenient place in front of the building. [4] Exit lights must not have more than one set of fuses between same and service fuses. FUSES: (b) All fuses used with lights for stage or under stage, where it is frequently necessary to operate switches, such switches must not be placed in the same enclosure with the fuses. SWITCHBOARDS: (c) [1] Switchboards must comply with the requirements of Sec. 59 of this ordinance, and where accessible from stage level must be protected by a suitable guard rail to prevent accidental contact with live parts of board. When circuits which are run between switchboards and cut-outs or panel are not in conduit, wires must have a slow-burning insulation and be cabled in an approved manner. [2] Dimmers must be of standard design and must not be located in close proximity to combustible material. They must be so protected that nothing of a combustible nature can come in contact with them. FOOTLIGHTS: (d) Footlights must be wired in approved conduit or armored cable, each lamp receptacle being enclosed within an approved outlet box; or the lamp receptacle may be mounted in an iron or steel box, metal to be of a thickness not less than No. 20 U. S. Sheet Metal gage treated to prevent oxidation, so constructed as to enclose all the wires. Wires must be soldered to lugs of receptacles, and providing at least one-half inch separation between metal of the box and receptacle terminals.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 154 Sec. 60 Must be so wired that no set of lamps requiring more than 1320 watts nor more than 32 receptables shall be dependent upon one cut-out. For wiring of the footlights, wire with approved slow-burning insulation must be used. BORDER AND PROSCENIUM SIDELIGHTS: (e) [1] Border and proscenium side-lighting construction must be of iron or steel of a thickness not less than No. 20 U. S. Sheet Metal gage, treated to prevent oxidation, be suitably stayed and supported, and so designed that flanges of reflectors will protect lamps. [2] Must be so wired that no set of lamps requiring more than 1,320 watts nor more than 32 receptacles shall be dependent upon one cut-out. [3] Must be wired in approved conduit or armored cable, each lamp receptacle to be enclosed within an ap proved outlet box or the lamp receptacles may be mounted in an iron or steel box, metal to be of a thickness not less than No. 20 U. S. Sheet Metal gage treated to pre-cent oxidation, so constructed as to enclose all wires: wires to be soldered to lugs of receptacles. [4] Must be provided with suitable guards to prevent scenery or other combustible material coming in contact with lamps. [5] Cables for borders must be of approved type and suitably supported; conduit construction must be used from switchboards to point where cables must be flexible to permit of the raising and lowering of border. [6] For the wiring of the border proper wire with approved slow-burning insulation must be used. [7] Borders must be suitably suspended by a wire rope and such rope must be insulated by at least one strain insulator inserted at the border. STAGE AND GALLERY POCKETS: (f) Stage and gallery pockets must be of approved type, controlled from switchboard, each receptacle to be of not less than 35 ampere rating for arc lamps or 15 amperes for incandescent lamps, and each receptacle to be wired to its full capacity. Arc pockets to be wired with wire not smaller than No. 6 B. & S. gage and incandescent pockets with not less than No. 12 B. & S. gage. Plugs for arc and incandescent pockets must not be interchangeable. SCENE DOCKS: (g) Where lamps are installed in scene docks, they must be so located and installed that they will not be liable to mechanical injury. CURTAIN MOTORS: (h) Curtain motors must be of enclosed type and installed so as to conform to the requirements of this ordinance. CONTROL FOR STAGE FLUES: (i) In .cases of control for stage flues where dampers are released by an electric device, the electric circuit operating same must be normally closed. Magnet operating damper must be wound to take full voltage of circuit by which it is supplied, using no resistance device, and must not heat more than normal for apparatus of similar construction. It must be located in loft above scenery, and be installed in a suitable iron box with a tight, self-closing door. Dampers must be controlled by at least two standard single pole switches mounted within approved iron boxes provided with self-closing doors without lock or latch. These boxes must be marked to show the use of the switch and located, one at the electrician’s station and the others as designated by the Board of Public Works.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 155 Sec. 60 The circuit supplying current for dampers must be supplied from the emergency service. DRESSING-ROOMS. (J) All dressing-room pendent lights must be equipped with approved reinforced cord, armored cable, or steel armored flexible cord. All lamps in such rooms must be provided with approved guards which are sealed or locked in place. PORTABLE EQUIPMENT: Arc lamps used for stage effects must conform to the following requirements: (k) [1] Must be constructed entirely of metal except where the use of approved insulating materials is necessary. Sheet metal used in the construction of any such arc lamps must have a thickness of at least No. 20, U. S. gage. [2] Must be substantially constructed, and so designed as to provide for proper ventilation and to prevent sparks being emitted from lamp when same is in operation and mica must be used for frame insulation. [3] Front opening must be provided with self-closing hinged door frame, in which wire gauze or glass must be inserted, except in the case of lens lamps, where the front may be stationary, and a solid door be provided on the back or side. [4] Must be so constructed that neither carbons nor live parts will be brought into contact with metal of hood during operation, and arc lamp frames and standards must be so installed and protected as to prevent the liability of their being grounded. [5] Switch on standard must be so constructed that accidental contact with any live portion of same will be impossible. [6] All stranded connections in lamps and at switch and rheostat must be provided with approved lugs. [7] Rheostats must be plainly marked with their rated capacity in volts and amperes, and if mounted on standard, must be raised to height of at least three inches above floor. Resistants must be enclosed in a substantial and properly ventilated metal case which affords a clearance of at least one inch between case and resistance element. [8] A competent operator must be in charge of each arc lamp, except that the operator may have charge of two lamps when they are not more than ten feet apart, and are so located that he can properly watch and care for both lamps. BUNCHES: (l) Bunches must be substantially constructed of metal and must not contain any exposed wiring. The cable feeding the same must be bushed in an approved manner where passing through the metal, and must be properly secured to prevent any mechanical strain from coming on the connection. STRIPS: (m) Strips must be constructed of steel of a thickness not less than No. 20 U. S. Sheet Metal gage, treated to prevent oxidation and suitably stayed and supported and so designed that flanges will protect lamps. Cable must be bushed in a suitable manner where passing through the metal and must be properly secured to prevent serious mechanical strain from coming on the connections. Strips must be wired in approved conduit or armored cable, each lamp receptacle being enclosed within an approved outlet box, or the lamp receptacles may be mounted in an iron or steel box, metal to be of a thickness not less than No. 20 U. S. Sheet Metal gage, treated to prevent oxidation, so constructed as to enclose allLOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 156 Sec. 60, 61 wires: wires to be soldered to lugs of receptacles. PORTABLE PLUGGING BOXES: (n) Portable plugging boxes must be constructed so that no current-carrying part will be exposed, and each receptacle must be protected by approved fuses mounted on slate or marble bases, and enclosed in a fireproof cabinet equipped with self-closing doors. Each receptacle must be constructed to carry thirty amperes without undue heating, and the bus-bars must have a carrying capacity equivalent to the current required for the total number of receptacles, and approved lugs must be provided for the connection of the master cable. PIN-PLUG CONNECTORS: (o) Pin-plug connectors must be of an approved type, so installed that the “female” part of the plug will be on live end of cable, and must be so constructed that tension on the cable will not cause serious mechanical strain on the connections. PORTABLE CONDUCTORS: (p) Flexible conductors used from receptacles to arclamp bunches and other portable equipments must be approved stage cable except that for the purpose of feeding a stand lamp, an approved reinforced cord may be used, provided cutout designed to protect same is not fused over ten amperes capacity. LIGHTS ON SCENERY: (q) Where brackets are used on scenery they must be wired entirely on the inside, fixture stem must come through to the back of the scenery and end of stem be properly bushed, and fixtures must be securely fastened in position. STRING OR FESTOONED LIGHTS: (r) Wiring of string and festoon lights must be of approved type, joints to be properly made, soldered and taped, and staggered when practicable. Where lamps are used in lanterns or similar devices, approved guards must be employed. SPECIAL ELECTRICAL EFFECTS: (s) Where devices are used to produce special electrical effects such as lightning, waterfalls, etc., the apparatus must be so constructed and located that flames, sparks, etc., resulting from the operation cannot come in contact with combustible material. MOTION-PICTURE THEATRES: Sec. 61. (a) It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to use or operate or cause or permit to be used or operated any moving- picture machine or device unless the wiring and lighting of every room, hall, corridor, exit and lobby of any building used or intended to be used in connection with any movingpicture exhibition or entertainment at which moving pictures are exhibited shall conform to the following requirements: [1] In every such room, hall, corridor, exit or lobby there shall be at least two lighting systems supplied from separate street mains; one system to be of sufficient capacity to supply light for every such room, hall, corridor, exit or lobby, and the other system shall be of sufficient capacity to supply emergency light therefor. Such emergency lights shall be sufficient to illuminate the rooms, exits, halls, corridors and lobbies to the satisfaction of the Board of Public Works. The point from which such lighting shall be controlled shall in each instance be determined by the Board of Public Works, but in no case shall the emergency service be controlled from within the moving-picture-machine room or enclosure. Either gas or electricity, or both may be used for lighting any such room, corridor, exit or lobby1.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 157 Sec. 61 [2] All such exit and emergency lights shall be lighted previously to a performance and before the opening of the doors to any such room, and shall be kept continu ously lighted until the audience shall have departed from the premises. [3] Over every door opening from any such room in which a moving-picture exhibition or entertainment in which moving pictures are exhibited is held or conducted which opens to the outside of the building or into any corridor or hall used or designed to be used as an exit there shall be maintained over every such door or opening in any such corridor or hall, on the inside thereof, the word “EXIT” in legibile letters, not less than ...... [5 inches in height, see Sup. Rules—Sec. 80 (3).] and the stroke of such letters shall be of not less than one-half an inch in width. Each such exit sign shall be placed not more than one foot above the top of any such door or opening, and shall be on a glass panel or globe. Such glass panel or globe shall be of red with white lettering; black with red letters; or letters may be cut out of metal with red glass back. When electricity is used for lighting any such exit sign, the box used therewith shall be constructed to comply with the requirements of Sec. 26 of this ordinance and there shall be placed back of every such exit sign two lamps of not less than eight candle power each, and such exit lights shall not have more than one set of fuses between any such lights and the service fuses. In the event that electricity is used for emergency lighting, such electric lights shall be on circuits independent of all other lights in said building. All lights used for lighting exit doors or exit passageways shall be on independent circuits. (b) It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to use or operate or to cause or permit to be used or operated, any moving-picture machine unless the same and the enclosure or room in which the same is operated conforms to the following requirements: [1] Every moving picture machine shall be placed in an enclosure or room properly lighted and rendered proof against fire in a manner to be approved by the Board of Public Works. Every such room shall be properly ventilated so as to carry smoke and products of combustion outside the walls of the building, and so constructed as to allow the operator to walk freely on either side or the back of the machine; provided, however, that when any such picture machine is used or intended for use for a period not exceeding two weeks the Board of Public Works may grant permission to use or operate any such machine without the necessity of complying with the provisions of this section regulating the ventilation of any such room or enclosure. [2] Every room or enclosure in which a moving-picture machine is operated shall be at least six feet six inches high, with a floor space varying in accordance with the number of machines operated therein as follows: For one picture machine such floor space shall be not less than 7x8 feet; For one picture machine and one stereopticon such floor space shall be not less than 8x9 feet; For two picture machines such floor space shall be not less than 8x10 feet; For two picture machines and one stereopticon such floor space shall be not less than 8x12 feet. Every such room or enclosure shall be increased three feet in length for each additional picture machine operated therein and two feet for each additional stereopticon operated therein.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 158 Sec. 61 [3] All openings into such enclosure or room shall be arranged so as to be closed entirely by doors or shutters constructed of the same or equally good fire-resisting material as the walls of the enclosure or room itself, and arranged to be normally closed. [4] There shall be not more than two openings for any machine in any such operating-room. Shutters shall be held open by the use of a fine combustible cord or otherwise so arranged that the shutters may easily be closed by hand or automatically by the burning of the film while in the machine. Every door in any such room or enclosure shall be constructed and maintained to close automatically by means of a heavy spring or by a metal chain or weight or other device constructed and maintained to the satisfaction of the Board of Public Works. [5] Every such enclosure or room shall be kept clean and free from all inflammable material of any kind whatsoever, except as herein otherwise provided. Any shelf or bench used or intended for use in connection with any such room or enclosure shall be covered with metal. [6] Any opening in any such room or enclosure used or intended for use for an operator’s view or for the projection of the picture shall be provided with a sheet-iron shutter which shall slide freely in metal grooves. Every such shutter shall be made of metal of a thickness of not less than No. 16, U. S. gage and shall overlap for opening on every side not less than one inch. Any such opening shall not exceed an area of more than 144 square inches. The grooves in which any such shutter operates shall have a length at least twice as long as such shutter, and shall be constructed of metal having a thickness of not less than No. 16 U. S. gage. [7] Every door of any such enclosure or room shall open outward and shall close against a jamb, and every such door shall be provided with springs or weights and chains so arranged as to keep such door normally closed. The opening or door space, in any such enclosure or room shall be not less than two (2) feet by six (6) feet. No trap door for entering any such room or enclosure shall be constructed or maintained. Any such room or enclosure in which a moving-picture machine is operated shall be provided with a vent pipe leading to the outside of the building, and every such vent pipe shall be made of metal of a thickness of not less than No. 26 U. S. gage and shall have a cross section of not less than 78 square inches. When any such vent pipe extends through a concealed space or between floor joists every such vent pipe shall be constructed and maintained of two such pipes, one maintained within the other with an air space of one inch between the said pipes, or separated from any combustible material by means of non-combustible heat-insulating material not less than one-half inch in thickness, and’ all joints in any such pipes must be lock seamed. When any such vent pipe shall be constructed or maintained in a horizontal position and shall exceed five feet in length, there shall be maintained in connection with any such vent pipe a forced draft of sufficient volume to properly ventilate such room. (c) When any such enclosure or room in which a moving-picture machine is used of intended to be used, shall be constructed of metal, the following construction is hereby deemed to be fireproof under the provisions of this ordinance: [1] The frame of any such room or enclosure shall be constructed as follows: Outside horizontal members at top and bottom and frame doors shall be lxlx% inch steel angle bars;159 Sec. 61 LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE Iron uprights shall be lxlx% steel bars; Intermediate uprights and roof supports shall be lxlx% inch steel angle bars or lxlxl inch steel tee bars, spaced not more than four feet apart; [2] The sheathing of any such metal room or enclosure shall be of a thickness of not less than No. 22 U. & gage metal. All vertical joints in any such sheathing shall be attached by rivets or bolts to an angle and a tee bar. All horizontal joints in any such sheathing shall be fastened with a riveted lap joint, with a lap of one inch. All such metal sheathing shall be fastened to the frame of any such metal room or enclosure by bolts and nuts or rivets of not less than % inch in diameter, and such bolts or rivets shall be spaced not more than four inches apart. [3] The floor of any such metal room or enclosure shall be constructed of not less than No. 20 U. S. gage metal, which floor shall be securely riveted or bolted to the frame thereof, and all seams in any such floor shall be lapped joints of not less than one inch. (d) When any such enclosure or room in which a moving picture machine is used or intended to be used, shall be protected by asbestos, the following construction is hereby deemed to be Are proof under the provisions of this ordinance. [1] The frame of any such room or enclosure protected by asbestos, shall be constructed to conform to the provisions of the section of this ordinance regulating metal construction. [2] The sheathing of any such room or enclosure shall be constructed of hard asbestos board of not less than one-quarter of an inch in thickness. All vertical joints of any such asbestos sheathing shall be attached by wires or bolts to an angle and tee bar. All such asbestos sheathing shall be fastened to the frame of any such room or enclosure by nuts and bolts or rivets of not less than one-quarter of an inch in diameter, and such bolts or rivets shall be spaced not more than four inches apart. All horizontal joints in any such asbestos sheathing shall be covered by strips of such asbestos board of not less than three inches in width and shall be secured to both sides of said sheathing by bolts and nuts or rivets, and such bolts or rivets shall be spaced not more than six inches apart. [3] The floor of any such enclosure or room shall be protected by asbestos sheathing of not less than one-half inch in thickness, or of metal of not less than No. 20 U. S. gage. (e) When any such enclosure or room in which a moving picture machine is used or intended to be used, shall be constructed of wood, the following construction is hereby deemed to be Are proof under the provisions of this ordinance. [1] The sheathing of any such room or enclosure shall be of well seasoned wood, not less than % of an inch in thickness. All joints in any such sheathing shall be close fitting. The inside surface of any such room or enclosure shall be flat. All studding and braces in any such room or enclosure shall be constructed and maintained on the outside thereof. [2] All such wood sheathing shall be covered with metal not less than No. 30 U. S. gage, such metal not to exceed thirty inches in longest dimension and surface area of any sheet of metal shall not exceed 600 square inches. All joints in any such metal sheathing shall be constructed with locked joints of not less than % inch in width, and shall be securely nailed under the seams to160 LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE Sec. 61 such wood sheathing, nails to be spaced not more than four inches apart. [3] Every floor in any such room or enclosure shall be covered with metal of not less than No. 20 U. S. gage. (f) Arc lamps, rheostats, transforming devices, or substitutes therefor, and all other devices or apparatus used or intended for use as a part of, or in the operation of any moving picture machine or device shall be of a type expressly designed and approved for that purpose by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. Rectifiers, motor-generators and their resistances or other similar devices must not be located in the operating room. The installation and location of any such apparatus shall be subject to the approval of the Board of Public Works. [1] Every reel used in the operation of any such moving picture machine shall be enclosed in a hteel magazine. Any such magazine shall have not more than one opening therein for the reception or passage of the film used in connection therewith, and every such opening shall be constructed to exclude the passage of flames into any magazine. The opening in every magazine used for the purpose of installing or removing films shall be provided with a steel door, which door during the operation of any such picture machine shall completely close such opening and every such door shall be provided with a substantial latch. [2] Every such moving picture machine shall be provided with a shutter which shall automatically close whenever any such moving picture machine is running at less than operating speed, and such shutters shall be permanently attached to the gate frame of any such moving picture machine. [3] Every moving picture machine or device to be operated by a motor and apparatus, must be of a type expressly designed therefor and such moving picture machine or device must be approved as hereinbefore provided. [4] Any film under examination or in process of rewinding in any such room or enclosure shall be enclosed in a magazine or box, as provided herein, and not more than two feet of any such film shall be exposed at any one time during such examination or re-winding. The rewind must not be mounted within reach of the operator while operating the picture machine. [5] Every film in any such room or enclosure which is not in actual use must be kept either in a metal box, with a tight fitting cover, or metal box with self-closing door, and only those films used or intended for use during any single exhibition or performance shall be kept In any such room or enclosure. (g) All wiring in any such room or enclosure shall be enclosed within metal conduits, excepting as herein otherwise provided, to-wit: [1] Wires connecting switches to rheostat and rheostat to lamp, and switch to lamp shall be asbestos covered stranded wire. All such wire shall be not less than No. 6 B. & S. gage and all connections therewith shall be made with lugs. [2] Portable cord only shall be used in connection with any drop light in any such room or enclosure and every such drop light shall be provided with a lamp guard. [3] Each arc lamp used for any moving picture machine or device must be provided with a double pole fuse block and switch which shall have a capacity of not less than fifty amperes. When more than one switch is provided for the control of any arc lamp, the last switch on the circuit must be so installed that the opening of said switch will entirelyLOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 161 Sec. 61, 62, 63 disconnect all apparatus from the circuit used in connection with the arc lamp. [4] No fuse block shall be maintained in any operating room or enclosure excepting as required in “c” of this section. [5] There shall be provided and maintained in any operating room or enclosure an extra set of enclosed fuses. No open link fuse shall be used in any such room or enclosure. MOVING PICTURE EQUIPMENT OF MINIATURE TYPE FOR HOME, LECTURE AND SIMILAR PURPOSES. Sec. 62. (a) All equipment must be expressly ap- proved, and such approval must cover the entire machine including all attachments, current-controlling devices and other parts employed, including also the film. (b) The entire equipment must consume not more than 660 watts. (c) Arc lamps must be constructed so far as practicable in accordance with the requirements of Section 60, (k) and incandescent lamps must be suitably enclosed. In either case the enclosure must be so ventilated or guarded that no outside exposed surfaces will attain a temperature exceeding 250 degrees F. under conditions of continuous service. (d) Rheostats, transformers, switches and other similar current-controlling devices must be attached to and form a part of the machine, must have no live parts exposed. (e) Films must be of an approved slow-burning type having a permanent distinctive marker. (f) Machines must be so constructed that they cannot be used with films employed on the full-sized commercial moving picture machine. This may be accomplished by using a film of special width or with special perforations or by any other approved means. The regular film which is not allowed on miniature machines is 1% inches wide and has on each edge 5.4 perforations per inch. (g) Machines must be marked with the name or trademark of the maker, and with the voltage and current rating for which they are designed, and be plainly marked, “For use with slow-burning films only.” TRANSFORMERS. Sec. 63. (a) Transformers must not be attached to any building when the potential exceeds 550 volts, except by permission of the Board of Public Works and when attached to buildings must be separated therefrom by substantial supports. (b) In central or sub-stations the transformers must be so placed that smoke from the burning out of the coils or the boiling over of the oil, (where oil filled cases are used) could do no. harm. (c) In central or sub-stations casings of all transformers must be permanently and effectively grounded. Transformer cases or frames used exclusively to supply current to switchboard instruments must be grounded unless they are installed and guarded in all respects as required for the higher voltage circuit connected to them. (d) Must not be attached to frame buildings when any other location is practicable. WHEN PERMITTED INSIDE BUILDINGS: (e) Must be located as near as possible to the point at which the primary wires enter the building. (f) Must be placed in an enclosure constructed of fire-resisting material; the enclosure to be used only for this purpose, and to be kept securely locked, and access to the same allowed only to responsible parties.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 162 Sec. 63, 64 (g) The transformer case must be permanently and effectually grounded, and the enclosure in which they are placed must be practically air-tight, except that it must be thoroughly ventilated to the outdoor air, if possible, through a chimney or flue. There should be at least six inches air space on all sides of the transformer. AIR COOLED TRANSFORMERS: The following sections do not apply to apparatus or fittings, the operation of which depends either wholly or In part upon special transformers embodied in the devices, but all such apparatus or fittings must be submitted for special examination and approved before being used. (h) Must not be placed inside of any building excepting central stations and sub-stations, if the highest voltage of either primary or secondary exceeds 550 volts. (i) Must with the exception of bell ringing and other signaling transformers, be so mounted that the case shall be at a distance of at least one foot from combustible material or separated therefrom by non-combustible, non-absorptive, insulating material, such as slate, marble or soapstone. LOW VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS. (j) Transformers designed to be used for the operation of devices requiring low voltage, such as bells and apparatus of a similar nature, must be attached to circuits supplying current to such transformers only. In residences such transformers must be located within sight of main switch, meter, or tablet board, and the location of same in closets, attics, cellars or concealed places will not be approved. [Also see Sup Rules—Sec. 86.] WIRING FOR LOW-POTENTIAL SYSTEMS. Any circuit attached to any transforming device, machine or combination of machines, which develops a difference of potential between any two wires or between any wire and the ground of not over 550 volts, shall be considered as a low-potential circuit, and as coming under this class. The primary circuit not to exceed a potential of 3,500 volts, unless the primary wires are underground. For 550 volt motor equipments a margin of ten per cent above the 550 volt limit will be allowed at the generator or transformer. WIRES. GENERAL RULES. Sec. 64. (a) Wires must not be laid in plaster, cement or similar finish, and must never be fastened with staples. (b) Must not be fished for any great distance, and only in places where the inspector can satisfy himself that the rules have been complied with. (c) Twin wires must never be used, except in conduits or where flexible metal conductors are necessary. (d) Must be so placed in wet places that the air space will be left between conductors and pipes in crossing, and the former must be run in such a way that they cannot come in contact with the pipe accidentally. Wires should be run over, rather than under pipes, upon which moisture is likely to gather or which, by leaking, might cause trouble on a circuit. (e) When entering cabinets or junction boxes from knob and tube to conduit construction, wires must be separately encased in approved flexible tubing from last porcelain support into box, and tubing must completely fill hole in box, tape being used if necessary, and tubing must be well secured in place. (f) Must not be of smaller size than No. 14 B. & S. gage, except as allowed for fixture work, pendant cord, and signs.Joints must not be covered by FOR OPEN WORK In damp places, or buildings especially subject to moisture or to acid or other fumes liable to Injure the wires or their Insulation. Sec. 65. (a) In places where subject to moisture, acid or other fumes, must have an approved insulating covering. For protection against water, rubber insulation must be used. For protection against corrosive vapors, either waterproof or rubber insulation must be used. (b) Must be rigidly supported on non-combustible, non-absorptive insulators, which separate the wires at least one inch from the surface wired over, and must be kept apart at least two and one-half inches for voltages up to 300, and four inches for higher voltages. Rigid supporting requires under ordinary conditions, where wiring over flat surfaces, supports at least every four and one-half feet. If the wires are liable to be disturbed, the distance between supports must be shortened. In buildings of mill construction, mains of not less than N'o. 8 B. & S. gage, where not liable to be disturbed may be separated about six inches and run from timber to timber, not breaking around, and may be supported at each timber only. Approved bushings or tubes will be required in all places where passing through obstructions. Porcelain tubes will be accepted for protecting wires through walls, etc., if of sufficient length to pass through and extend at least one-half inch beyond obstructions. WIRING FOR CONDUIT WORK. Sec. 66. (a) Wiring in conduit must have an approved rubber insulating covering and must within the conduit tubing be without splices or taps. Slow burning insulation may, however, be used in per-LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 164 Sec. 66, 67 manently dry locations where excessive temperatures are present, provided permission has been granted by the Board of Public Works. (b) Must be double braided for twin, twisted-pair or multiple-conductor cable and all single conductors of No. 6 B. & S. gage and larger. (c) Must not be drawn in until all mechanical work on the building has been, as far as possible, completed. Conductors in vertical conduit risers must be supported within the conduit system in accordance with the following table: [1] No. 14 to 0 every 100 feet; No. 00 to 0000 every 80 feet; 0000 to 350,000 C. M. every 60 feet; 350,000 C. M. to 500,000 C. M. every 50 feet; 500,000 C. M. to 750,000 C. M. every 40 feet; 750,000 C. M. and over, every 35 feet. The following methods of supporting cables will be approved: [2] Approved clamping devices constructed of or employing insulating wedges inserted in the ends of conduit. [3] Junction boxes may be inserted in the conduit system at the required intervals, in which insulating supports of approved type must be installed and secured in a satisfactory manner so as to withstand the weight of the conductors attached thereto, the boxes to be provided with proper covers. [4] Cables may be supported in approved junction boxes on two or more insulating supports so placed that the conductors will be deflected at an angle of not less than 90 degrees, and carried a distance of not less than twice the diameter of the cable from its vertical position. Cables so suspended may be additionally secured to these insulators by tie wires. Methods for supporting the cable must be approved by the Board of Public Works. (d) The same conduit must never contain circuits of different systems, but with the exception of service wires, said conduit may contain two or more wires of the same system if the fuses for the largest wire of any circuit will protect the smallest wire as specified in table of Carrying Capacity of wires. When installing wires in conduit the use of oil or grease or compound detrimental to the insulation is prohibited. Wireman must solder and tape all joints at all outlets, bringing out only such wires as are necessary to connect fixtures and the splicing of wires must be so made and placed to allow the connecting of fixtures to stem in box. WIRING FOR CONCEALED “KNOB AND TUBE" WORK. Sec. 67. Concealed knob and tube wiring will only be permitted for minor changes or alterations in existing installations when deemed advisable by the Board ot Public Works. (a) Must have an approved rubber insulating covering. (b) Must be rigidly supported on non-combustible, non-absorptive insulators which separate the wire at least one inch from the surface wired over. Should preferably be run singly on separate timbers, or studding, and must be kept at least five inches apart. At distributing centers, outlets or switches where space is limited, and the five-inch separation cannot be maintained, each wire must be separately encased in a continuous length of approved flexible tubing.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 165 Sec, 67, 68 (c) Wires must not come nearer than two and one-half inches to any other wires, pipes, or paralleling other conducting materials, as metal lath, or metal ceiling unless wires are protected by bushings or flexible tubing. (d) Must be separated from contact with the walls, floors, timbers and partitions through which they may pass by non-combustible, non-absorptive, insulating tubes, such as glass or porcelain, and tubes must be of sufficient length to pass through and extend at least one-half inch beyond obstruction. Wires passing through cross timbers in plastered partitions must be protected by an additional tube extending at least three inches above the timber. (e) Rigid supporting requires under ordinary conditions, where wiring along flat surfaces, supports at least every four and one-half feet. If wires are liable to be disturbed the distance between supports must be shortened. (f) In partitions, wires must be knobbed at least every two feet, and within eight inches of headers, plates, flrestops or other obstructions. In partitions with studs less than two and one-half inches in width, wires must be encased in non-metallic tubing, conduits or armored (g) In unfinished attics wires shall be considered as exposed to mechanical injury, and must be suitably pro-tected. (h) Wires must be drawn tight, but no strain must be placed on joints of wires around the end of tubes, or on outlet tubing, and a sufficient number of knobs must be used to prevent such strain. WIRING FOR SERVICE. Sec. 68. (a) All service wires must not be smaller than No. 10 B. & S. gage. (b) All service wires must be run out of any building as nearly as possible to one point. The location of all service wires shall be determined by the Board of Public Works. [Also see Sup. Rules—Secs. 83 and 84.] (c) All service wires must be at least 15 inches in length measured outward from service head on conduit, or equivalent. (d) For low-potential systems all service wires must be installed in conduit from the point where such wires enter the structure to an approved service switch-box or cabinet; such conduit must be grounded as required by Sec. 39 and this ground wire must be of copper of at least No. 6 B. & S. gage (where largest wire contained in conduit is not greater than No. 0 B. & S. gage) and need not be greater than No. 4 B. & S. gage (where largest wire contained in conduit is greater than No. 0 B. & S. gage); such ground connection must be made before conduit enters main switch box or cabinet and must be protected from mechanical injury. [Also see Sup Rules— Sec. 81.] Where transformers are used which have a capacity in excess of thirty kilowatts the service wires (excepting where service conduits are covered by brick, concrete or otherwise suitable fire-proofed) must be protected by fuses placed in an approved weatherproof box at the point of entrance of service conduits to the building, these fuses to be in addition to the service fuses and switch as required by this ordinance. UNDERGROUND SERVICE. (e) Underground conductors must be protected against moisture and mechanical injury where brought into a building and all combustible materials must be kept from the immediate vicinity.LOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 166 Sec. 68, 69, 70 (f) Must not be so arranged as to shunt the current through a building around any catch-box. (g) Where underground service enters building through tubes, the tubes must be tightly closed at outlets with asphaltum or other non-conductor, to prevent gases from entering the building through such channels. (h) No underground service from a sub-way to a building, and no service from a private generating plant shall supply more than one building except by special permission of the Board of Public Works, unless the conductors are properly protected by fuses and are carried outside all buildings but the one served. Conductors in conduit or duct burled under a building, or buried back of concrete or brick within a wall, are considered as lying outside of the building. These requirements do not apply to factory yards and factory buildings under single occupancy or management. WIRING FOR HIGH-POTENTIAL SYSTEMS. 550 to 3,500 Volts. Sec. 69. Any circuit attached to any machine or combination of machines which develops a difference of potential between any two wires of over 550 volts and less than 3,500 volts, shall be considered as high-potential circuit, and as coming under that class, unless an approved transforming device is used, which cuts the difference of potential down to 550 volts or less. For 550-volt motor equipment a margin of ten per cent above the 550-volt limit will be allowed at the generator or transformer without coming under high-potential systems. WIRES. (a) Wires must have an approved rubber-insulating covering. (b) Must be always in plain sight and never encased, except where required by the Board of Public Works. (c) Must, except as provided for in Sec. 46 (a), be rigidly supported on glass or porcelain insulators, which raise the wire at least one inch from the surface wired over, and must be kept eight inches apart. Rigid supporting requires under ordinary conditions, where wiring along flat surfaces, supports at least every four and one-half feet. If the wires are liable to be disturbed, the distance between supports must be shortened. In buildings of mill construction, mains of not less than No. 8 B. & S. gage, where not liable to be disturbed, must be separated ten inches and run from timber to timber, not breaking around, and may be supported at each timber only. (d) Must be protected on side walls from mechanical injury by a substantial boxing, retaining an air space of one inch around the conductors, closed at the top (the wires passing through bushed holes) and extending not less than seven feet from the floor. When crossing floor timbers in cellars or in rooms where they might be exposed to injury, wires must be attached by their insulating supports to the under side of a wooden strip not less than one-half an inch in thickness. SERIES LAMPS. (e) No multiple series or series multiple system of lighting will be approved. (f) Must not under any circumstances, be attached to gas fixtures. WIRELESS TELEGRAPH APPARATUS. Sec. 70. In setting up Wireless Telegraph apparatus (so-called) all wiring within the building must conform to the Rules and Requirements of this ordinance for theLOS ANGELES ORDINANCE 167 Sec. 70, 71, 72, 73 class of work installed, and the following additional specifications: , , (a) Aerial conductors to be permanently and effectively grounded at all times when station is not in operation by a conductor not smaller than No. 4 B. & S. gage copper wire, run in a direct line as possible to water pipe at a point on the street side of all connections to said water pipe within the premises, or to some other equally satisfactory earth connection. (b) Aerial conductors when grounded as specified In "a” of this section must be effectually cut off from all apparatus within the building. (c) Or the aerial to be permanently connected at all times to earth in the manner specified above, through a short-gap lightning arrester; said arrester to have a gap of not over .015 inch between brass or copper plates not less than 2% inches in length parallel to the gap and 1% inches the other way with a thickness of not less than one-eighth inch, mounted upon non-combustible, non-absorptive, insulating material of such dimensions as to give ample strength. Other improved arresters of equally low resistance and equally substantial construction may be used. (d) In cases where the aerial is grounded as specified in “a” of this section, the switch employed to join the aerial to the ground connection must not be smaller than a standard 100-ampere knife switch. (e) Where supply is obtained direct from the street service the circuit must be installed in approved metal conduits. , , , In order to protect the supply system from high potential surges, there must be inserted in circuit either a transformer having a ratio which will have a potential on the secondary leads not to exceed 550 volts, or two condensers in series across the line, the connection between said condensers to be permanently and effectively grounded. These condensers should have capacity of not less than one-half m. f. Sec. 71. That Ordinance No. 17320 (New Series), entitled ‘‘An Ordinance regulating the installation, arrangement, alteration, repair, use and operation of electric wiring, connections, fixtures and other electrical appliances in all buildings and other structures in the City of Los Angeles,” approved October 26th, 1908, and all Ordinances and parts of Ordinances in conflict with this Ordinance, be and the same are hereby repealed. Sec. 72. This Ordinance shall take effect and be in force on and after the first day of April, 1917. Sec. 73. The City Clerk shall certify to the passage of this ordinance by a unanimous vote and cause the same to be published once in the Los Angeles Daily Journal. I hereby certify that the foregoing ordinance was passed by the Council of the City of Los Angeles by the unanimous vote of all the members of said Council present, there being not less than seven members present, at its meeting of January 3, 1917. CHAS. L. WILDE, City Clerk. Approved this 18th day of January, 1917. F. T. WOODMAN, Mayor.168 Sec. 74-75 SUPPPLEMENTARY RULES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICITY The following interpretations of Ordinance 35899 (N.S.) governing electrical installations in the City of Los Angeles will be enforced by the Department of Electricity on installations for which permits are issued on and after July 1, 1923. R. H. Manahan, City Electrician. Sec. 74. (1) Parties failing to obtain permits required by Ordinance No. 35899 (N.S.) within 48 hours (holidays and Sundays not included) from the time of starting work, will be subject to the penalties of Sec. 9, which requires double fees, or a complaint may be issued for the violation, as deemed necessary. (2) When submitting plans or diagrams of wiring installations, as required in Sec. 15 of Ordinance No. 35899 (N.S.), blue prints must be filed with the Department of Electricity for a record of the original installation of the wiring, etc., installed in buildings of three stories and more in height and having over ten circuits per floor. On such plans and on those drawn on sheets furnished by the Department, all outlets and pull boxes must be designated by Standard Symbols, with the wattage or the equivalent number of forty-watt lamps marked at each outlet. The sizes of wires and conduits, the number of wires in each conduit and circuit to which each outlet is connected must also be shown (using the letters A, B, C, D, etc., to indicate the circuits connected to). For power installations the type of service, A. C. or D. C., voltage, amperage, phase and horsepower must be indicated. If more than one motor is installed, the motor and control equipment must be numbered to comply with the State Safety Orders. All plans shall show street numbers, the location between the nearest cross streets and the number of meters. Plans turned in without a permit number on each plan will not be sent out for inspection. (3) In modifying Sec. 34 (a), approval for the hanging of the fixtures by a contractor, who has installed the wiring, will not be given when the wires were not pulled-in on rough-in. Sec. 75. BOXES. (1) In modifying Sec. 49 (e), the use of three-inch outlet boxes will be approved for open surface work, decorative lighting, and in locations where space is limited and the use of a four-inch box is impracticable. A three-inch box will not be approved (designed for a receptacle which requires space in a box) and having more than eight No. 14 or eight No. 12 B. & S. gage wires. Not more than twelve wires entering a standard 4-lnch by 1%-lnch deep outlet or pull-box will be approved. (2) The use of one outlet box designed for one fixture for two or more apartments, as on front porches, will be approved by the Department of Electricity if construction allows the separation of wires of different services in the outlet box. (3) For the supporting of fixtures, at least three seven-eights-inch No. 8 screws must be used in each box. Where heavy fixtures will be installed suitable means must be provided for supporting same.169 Sec. 75-76-77 (4) Fixture stems may be omitted when receptacles only are to be installed in closets, kitchen centers, bath centers, front and rear porch centers, garages and basements (when not rooms). To standardize it is recommended that lugs on open covers, or plaster rings be provided with eight-thirty-two-size screwholes. (5) When possible, all outlet boxes should be installed in such manner that casings will not interfere with switch plate and fixture canopies. When this is not possible, boxes must be extended with metal having a thickness of not less than No. 20 gage, and woodwork built out on all sides of box to form an even surface. (6) Junction or pull boxes must be installed in such a manner as to be accessible. Such boxes shall have not less than two feet of space above or below any box, and a clear crawling space of not less than two feet must be provided. Junction or pull boxes installed underground shall be of water-proof construction and made of cast metal or so designed that the conduit will be screwed into the box. (7) Where conduits are to be brought into the sides of switch boxes a four-inch box will be required. (8) Locknuts will be required on conduit on the inside and on the outside of outlet, junction or pull boxes and cabinets and where running threads in conduits are necessary. Sec. 76. CABINETS. (1) Cabinets containing switches or switched cutouts must be provided with gutters where there are more than four circuits in the cabinet, except where wires leave the cabinet directly opposite their terminal connections. Cabinets containing fused cutouts only, with more than four circuits, shall have the wires cabled. When possible cabinets must be installed with the hinges on the side of the box. Service wires must clear other wires or be incased in non-metallic tubing. (2) Cutout cabinets must be so installed that the highest fuse that can be installed in said cabinet will not exceed six feet from the floor, nor the lowest fuse that can be installed in said cabinet be less than one foot from the floor. Sec. 77. CONDUITS. (1) Every service conduit must be provided with an approved service fitting which must separate the wires and be so designed and installed as to be weather-proof, whether installed on the exterior walls or beneath the eaves of the roof. Conduits must enter the sides or bottom of meter boxes. (2) Conduits must be supported and held in place by pipe straps. Such straps to be placed within three feet of outlet or pull boxes with support for conduit every ten feet. In buildings with beam construction as in garage, etc., support shall be provided at least every ten feet. (3) Wires may be inserted in conduits in all buildings, except Class A, in the course of construction before the conduits are concealed. All joints must be soldered and taped and pull-box covers put on when the wires are pulled in. Before final inspection is requested, all wires for fixture connections must be brought out of outlet boxes and at least four inches of wire left out of the box for fixture connections. The Department of Electricity may require the removal of wires for inspection when deemed necessary. (4) Underground service conduits to manholes and170 Sec. 77-78-79 lighting company poles must be not less than 1% inches in size (5) More than nine wires shall not be installed in a single conduit without special permission secured in advance in writing from the Department of Electricity. For the installation of wires in conduit, the size of such conduits must comply with the sizes shown in the tables, see pages 16, 17 and 18. Sec. 78. CONVENIENCE OUTLETS. (1) The conductors of convenience outlet circuits shall not be less than No. 12 B. & S. gage, which size wire shall be carried direct into receptacles. (2) Convenience outlet receptacles shall be not greater than ten ampere capacity and shall be of the concealed contact type so designed and constructed that the cap may be removed without exposing any live parts to accidental contact. This cap shall be provided with either tandem or parallel flat blades. On all installations where additional convenience outlets are required, these receptacles may be of the same type as previously installed on the particular installation in question. (3) FLATS, DWELLINGS and APARTMENTS. (a) Not more than eight single or four duplex convenience outlets shall be installed on any one convenience outlet circuit in buildings of this type. (b) Convenience outlets located in a dining room, kitchen, breakfast-room or nook, bathroom, screen porch or laundry must not be installed on lighting circuits. When a convenience outlet is provided in the kitchen, or breakfast-nook, the convenience outlet in a combination living-dining room may be put on any lighting circuit. (c) Not more than four convenience outlets shall be installed on any lighting circuit. (d) A single convenience outlet Installed on any lighting circuit shall be rated at 100 watts or two sockets and a duplex as 200 watts or four sockets. (e) Any fixture in a kitchen, breakfast-room or nook, screen porch or laundry, not provided with a convenience outlet, shall be wired with not smaller than No. 14 B. & S. gage wire. (f) When a built-in ironing board is roughed-in, a convenience outlet shall be installed within four feet of said ironing board. A convenience outlet will not be approved in an ironing board cabinet. (4) HOTELS and OFFICE BUILDINGS. (a) Not more than twelve single or six duplex convenience outlets shall be installed on any one convenience outlet circuit in hotel bedrooms. (b) Not more than twelve single convenience outlets shall be installed on any one convenience outlet circuit in any building used for office purposes where two or more such outlets are installed in any one office. Not more than six single convenience outlet receptacles shall be installed on any convenience outlet circuit where but one such outlet is installed in each office. (5) Any building or rooms not mentioned in Sec. 78, (1), (2), (3) and (4) shall have not to exceed eight single or four duplex outlets installed on any one convenience outlet circuit. Sec. 79. HEATER CIRCUITS. (1) Any heater shall be rated at not less than 1500 watts and shall be installed on a separate circuit with not less than No. 10 B. & S. gage wire. Any receptacle for such heater shall have a capacity of not less than twenty amperes.171 Sec. 79-80 (2) Any heater of 2000 watts or less may be wired for 110 or 220 volts. Any heater in excess of 2000 watts shall be wired for 220 volts, and shall be installed on a circuit with a receptacle designed for the capacity required. (3) Voltage drop from main service switch to each heater shall not exceed 2% without written permission to exceed this amount from the Department of Electricity. (4) Heater or iron outlets in industrial establishments must be provided with pilot light, or "other approved protection device” (1920 Code Rule 25-B). When pilot lights are used, they shall be the miniature or candelabra type. Sec. 80. LIGHTING. (1) (a) In calculating lighting feeds, sub-feeds and service switches, capacity shall be based on wattage rating of outlets shown on the wiring plans. Three-wire feeds, sub-feeds and service switches shall be installed where the load exceeds 2640 watts. (b) No circuit supplying current for lighting shall be wired for more than twelve sockets per circuit nor more than 660 watts, provided, however, that this rule shall not prohibit more than 660 watts per circuit as provided for in Section 23-D. of the N. E. Code. (Section 23-D permits the installation of 1320 watts on standard sockets or 4000 watts on Mogul sockets on a circuit of not less than No. 14 B. & S. gage wire where permission is obtained in advance in writing and where the location of the sockets or receptacles is such as to render unlikely the attachment of flexible cords or less than No. 14 B. & S. gage wire in the circuit.) (c) In arranging circuits in dwellings, flats or apartments, hotels or office portions of buildings, each ceiling outlet shall be wired for not less than the number of lights shown in the following table: Reception Hall...... 3-40-watt lamps Living-room ........ 4- “ " Library ............ 4- " " Dining-room ........4- “ “ Den ................ 3- " Breakfast-room .... 2- " " Kitchen.............2- " Bathroom ........... 2- " " Bedroom ............ 2- “ “ All others ......... 1- “ " Hotel Bedrooms......2- " " Offices ............ 1 watt per square foot of floor area Markets ............ 1 “ “ “ " “ “ ' Loft buildings......% " " “ “ “ ” " (d) In rooms provided with bracket outlets only, such outlets shall be wired for the equivalent wattage as required in the above table. (e) Kitchen or bath ceiling outlets may be rated at one socket each when a bracket or two ceiling outlets are provided in such kitchen or bathroom. (f) No circuit supplying current for lighting shall have fixtures installed thereon having more than sixteen sockets nor more than 660 watts. This will not apply to sign or decorative lighting. (2) —STORE LIGHTING. Each outlet installed on concealed wiring shall have not less than the following wattage rating: (a) Main ceiling outlets in that portion of stores devoted to the sale or display of merchandise shall be rated at 200 watts.172 Sec. 80-81-82 (b) Each show window shall have a capacity of not less than 300 watts irrespective of the number of outlets placed in the show window, provided however, that any convenience outlet located in a show window and on a lighting circuit, shall not be on a 1320 watt circuit. (c) Outlets located above or below mezzanine floors shall be rated at not less than 60 watts each. (d) Store entrance and outside outlets other than those designed for outline lighting, shall be rated at not less than 100 watts each. (e) Ceiling outlets in markets shall be rated at one watt per square foot of floor area. (3)—EXITS To conform to the requirements of the State Safety Orders, EXIT letters must be not less than five inches in height. Sec. 81. GROUNDING. (1) DESIGN: Clamps, when in the form of flat bands or having clamped surfaces, must be of such design as to make contact around at least three-fourths of the circumference of the pipe or conduit to which they may be attached. Clamps must be designed to withstand without injury or loosening such stresses as are liable to be applied in making an installation and to make effective and permanent electrical connection with pipe or conduit to which they are attached. (2) MATERIAL: Clamps must be made of copper or cast brass. Sheet copper must have a thickness of not less than No. 16 B. & S. gage (.051 in.). The minimum width of clamp shall be not less than three-fourths of an inch. Nuts, bolts, washers and screws used for holding clamps together or parts of clamps in position, must not be smaller than No. 12-24 screw gage size and be of brass. When wires are to be connected under bolts, a washer must be used between head of bolt and wire. (3) In modifying the requirements of grounding as given in Secs. 29-i and 68-d, Ordinance No. 35899 (N.S.), the 1918 Code Rule 15-A (i) requirements will be approved. This allows the use of one ground, but it must be on the service conduit, and all interior conduits, armored cables or metal raceways bonded thereto. This does not apply to State Safety Orders. (4) The service conduit ground wire must be not less than No. 8 B. & S. gage copper wire or its equivalent. The following table shall apply in determining ground wires and pipe sizes for the grounding of equipment: Amperes. Wire Size. Pipe Size. 0 to 60.........No. 10...........% inch 61 to 100.........No. 8...........% inch 101 to 200.........No. 6...........% inch 201 to 600.........No. 4...........% inch 601 to 1000.........No. 2.......... 1 inch (5) Where a saddle and U-bolt, “Safety Ground Clamp,” water pipe tee, or other approved grounding device is used to connect the galvanized conduit grounding conductor to a water pipe system (hot water system not approved) such grounding may be used as a bus ground for light and power service and circuit conduit systems. (6) Grounding to the water pipe system must be employed where the water pipe is within 75 feet of the equipment and in the same building. Sec. 82. MOTORS. fl) Conforming with the State Electrical Safety Order173 Sec. 82 No. 147, this department will not require the use of undervoltage protection (low voltage release switch), or running protection, for 2-H.P. motors or less operating the following type of apparatus: Grinding and buffing machines Cake, candy and cream beaters Direct driven motor-generators, etc. Ice cream freezers Labeling machines Self-contained vacuum cleaners Shoe repairing machines Portable pipe threaders Meat grinders Linotypes and monotypes Air compressors Sewing machines Job presses Sanders Jointers Saws Lathes Drill presses Automatic ice machines Exhaust fans Milling machines Under-voltage protection will be required for a motor of 2-H.P. or less, driving shafting for more than one machine, but will not be required for one motor driving one machine of the above type. The omission of low-voltage protection is not to be construed in any case as authorizing the omission of the low-voltage release required with starting rheostats for direct-current motors, in order to protect the motor against danger of having line voltage thrown on it while at rest. (2) Externally operated switches for motors (or deadfront switchboards) are required on all 220-volt and 440-volt installations where the voltage to ground exceeds 150 volts for all service, subfeeder, branch circuit and operating switches. No exceptions to this rule will be granted on 440-volt installations. Exception to this rule in cases of installations of less than 300 volts must be in writing, secured in advance from the Department of Electricity and will only be granted on installations where the voltage does not exceed 300 volts between any two conductors when the switchboard is located in a special switchboard room or isolated by elevation. (3) Where the voltage to ground is not in excess of 150 volts on grounded neutral installations, a switch need not be provided ahead of Edison plug fuses of 30 amperes or less. An individual switch must be provided ahead of each cartridge type cutout. (4) All operating switches for motors must be externally operated. Operating switches must be in sight of the driven machinery or motor controlled. All service switches must be externally operated. Any exception to this rule must be in writing secured in advance from the Department of Electricity and such permission will be granted only where the voltage does not exceed 300 volts between the conductors, where the switch is installed on a standard switchboard in a switchboard room or is isolated by elevation. (5) Automatic control panels used in connection with laundry machinery will not be considered as being readily and safely accessible when installed above the laundry machines. (6) All service, circuit and operating switches must174 f Sec. 82, 83, 84 be located not to exceed six feet six inches from the floor or platform under them to the top of the handle when in its highest position, nor less than one foot from the floor when the handle is in its lowest position. The service-entrance fitting shall be located not less than ten feet from the ground or platform under it and be so located and installed that water cannot run into the conduit or service switch. (7) Compensators must be provided for squirrel-cage induction motors of over 5-H.P. (8) The tables on pages 46 and 47 are for use in determining the wiring sizes for motors requiring large starting currents, for not more than fifteen minutes, and must not be used for heavy duty type motors and motors requiring frequent starting and stopping, such as elevator motors and cranes. See pages 46, 47. [The tables shown are based on those given in the Sup. Rules and State Safety Orders.] Sec. 83. SERVICES. (1) Buildings requiring two or more meters may be provided with one service. (See SERVICE SWITCHES AND METERS.) (2) Flats or apartments requiring three or more meters shall be provided with one service. The service outlet shall be brought out of building at the nearest point to the lighting company’s pole, or existing service. (3) The service-conduit fitting shall be located not less than ten feet from the ground or platform under it and be so located and installed that water cannot run into the conduit or service switch. Sec. 84. SERVICE SWITCHES AND METERS. (1) (a) Each store, flat or apartment must have an individual externally operated service switch and fuses. This switch shall be placed as close as possible to the point where the service enters the building, and the service conduit shall not be over thirty feet in length, excepting where the conduit is buried back of brick or concrete walls, or is underground. (b) Where each store is not provided with an individual service, two or more stores supplied with one service shall have a main service switch in addition to the switch required for each store. (c) Buildings of three or more flats or apartments shall have a main service switch in addition to the switch required for each flat or apartment. Where outside stairs are not provided this main service switch shall be located on the first floor. For flats, all meters may be located at the same point as the main service switch or in their respective flats. A duplex or two-family house may be provided with one service, with individual service switches only. (Where the service conduit does not exceed 30 feet in length.) (d) Service, circuit and operating switches must be located not to exceed six feet six inches from the floor or platform under them to the top of the handle when in its highest position, nor less than one foot from the floor when the handle is in its lowest position. (e) Where there is insufficient room in service switch boxes to permit separation of service wires and meter wires, service wires shall be insulated by flexible non-metallic tubing. (f) In existing Installations where an open two-wire service is used and it is desired to change service to three-wire, this department will require the use of an externally operated service switch. The third wire may, however, be installed in knob and tube when such con-175 Sec. 84-85-86-87 struction was previously employed on the original service. (g) When cutouts and service switches are materially changed as to location, for example, from one side of the wall to another wall, or to another room in the building, cutouts and switches must comply to present construction rules, namely, cutouts to be installed in a cabinet and an externally operated switch provided. (h) Service switch boxes will not be approved on outside walls of buildings when other approved housing is available. (i) When necessary to locate service switches and meters on the outside wall of buildings a suitable weatherproof box shall enclose the service switches and meters. Service wires shall be brought out of this box through a conduit. (2) (a) A meter board made of surfaced material at least three-quarter inch thick by twelve inches by sixteen inches shall be installed above the service switch box, flush with the finish line. Meter loops shall be brought out of the top of the service switch box. When not practical to use the above construction, the meter board may be located at the side of the service switch box and the meter loop brought out of a condulet or similar fitting located below the meter board. (b) To provide for meter installations a space of at least twelve inches must be allowed between the top of the service switch box and the ceiling or fifteen inches from the sides of the switch box and the wall. Sec. 85. SWITCHBOARD WIRING The flame-proofing of wires in the rear of switchboards as required in Sec. 38 of Ordinance No. 35899 (N.S.), will not be required when written permission is first obtained from the Department of Electricity and such switchboards are installed in fire-proof rooms or other equivalent construction. Sec. 86. LOW-VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS. (1) Low-voltage transformers must be provided with a separate cutout. Such low-voltage transformers must not be placed in attics, closets or concealed places. On original installations they must be placed in cabinets with cutouts. On existing installations low-voltage transformers may be installed outside of cabinets by special permission in writing secured in advance from the Department of Electricity. (2) Low-voltage wires must not contact other wires. Non-metallic tubing must be used where necessary to maintain clearance. (3) Furnace control transformers requiring 100 watts and over, unless mounted on a fire-proof wall, must be so mounted as to provide an air space of at least one inch between the transformer and the wall or ceiling. Such a transformer may be supplied from the same cutout as the bell transformer. The primary leads from this furnace control transformer to the outlet box or similar fitting must be not over one foot long and inclosed in non-metallic tubing. The secondary circuit must be protected by suitable plug type fuses placed close to the transformer. This secondary cutout need not be placed in a metal box. Sec. 87. WIRES. (Color code.) (1) On all lighting installations permits for which are issued after January 1, 1922, one conductor of all 110 volt or 110-220 volt systems with grounded neutrals shall have a continuous identifying marker readily distinguishing it from the other conductors of the circuit.176 Sec. 87-88 This marked conductor must in all cases be connected to the grounded wire of the system. (2) The identifying marker must be obtained by the use of an outer braid of some color which will be readily distinguished from the black finish ordinarily used on rubber-covered wires. (3) This continuous marker shall be used on wires of B. & S. gage No. 14 to No. 8 inclusive. On wires, No. 6 or larger, a continuous marker may be used, or each end of the neutral or grounded wire shall be identified at all switches, pull boxes, or cabinets, or other locations where connections or splices may be required. (4) This identification shall be made by a stripe of white paint on black conductors, and black paint on white conductors, as in case of the use of slow-burning insulation. (5) Single-pole switches shall not be installed in the grounded neutral wires of the circuit. Single-pole switches may be used for a sign which does not require more than 660 watts. (6) The screw shell of all sockets of drop cords, fixtures and receptacles shall be connected to the marked or grounded wire of the circuit. Sec. 88. VOLTAGE DROP. (1) Every system of wiring for light and motor installations shall be so installed as not to exceed 3% drop over all. (2) For calculating the drop on lighting feeders the following demand factors will be permitted: Classification— Apartment houses and Demand number of apartments: Factor. 1 to 5 ..................................100% 6 to 10 ................................... 90 11 to 15 ................................... 80 16 to 25 ................................... 70 26 to 35 ................................... 60 above 35 .................................. 50 Clothing manufacturing plants............... 90 Department stores .......................... 90 Foundries .................................. 75 Garages (Public) ........................... 75 Hospitals .................................. 60 Hotels ..................................... 75 Machine shops .............................. 75 Manufacturing plants (General) ............. 75 Office buildings ........................... 80 Packing houses ............................. 80 Printing establishments .................... 80 Tanneries .................................. 75 Theaters and Schools .......................100 (3) For calculating voltage drop on feeders for ranges or other heating appliances the demand factor will be established by the Department of Electricity based on the particular conditions affecting each case.177 ORDINANCE No. 26595 AS AMENDED SECTION 89—SIGNS Signs must not extend across or in front of any window, unless it be at a height of not less than 10 feet above the street. Signs must not be erected on pent houses except on Class “A” buildings, and in such cases must not exceed 15 feet in height above the roof of the pent house or other roof structure, and shall not exceed the width of said roof structure or pent house. Roof signs must be constructed of incombustible material and not exceed 26 feet in height above the fire wall, upon any building other than Class “A,” and not exceed 50 feet above fire wall upon a Class “A”. Roof signs must set back 3 feet from the interior face of the fire wall and 3 feet distant from any other building. Roof signs must be 6 feet above fire walls or other structures maintained in lieu thereof. Such signs must be controlled by a combination switch and cutout, or a remote control switch, located upon the face of the outer wall of the building at the right of the main entrance and at a height not to exceed 5 feet from the sidewalk. This switch to have the raised letters “R S F D” not less than 3 inches in height. The “face of the building” shall be construed to mean the general outer surface of the main wall of the building facing the street, at the point of erection and installation of the sign. “R S F D” switches are not required on class “A” buildings. Signs may project the distance from the face of the building, given in the above table, plus the set-back distance from the property line of the building. All wires must clear the roof of a building at least 8 feet. Conduits must not be installed on the roof, providing a clear working space for firemen.178 EXCERPTS FROM THE STATE TENEMENT HOUSE ACT STATE HOTEL AND LODGING HOUSE ACT 310. Sec. 68. ARTIFICIAL ILLUMINATION. In every tenement house (or hotel) there shall be installed and kept burning from sunrise to sunset throughout the year artificial light sufficient in volume to properly illuminate every public hallway, stairway, fire escape egress, elevator, passageway, public water-closet compartment, or toilet room, whenever there is insufficient natural light to permit a person to read in any part thereof. 311. In every tenement house (or hotel) there shall be installed and kept burning from sunset to sunrise throughout the year artificial light sufficient in volume to properly illuminate every public hallway, stairway, fire escape egress, elevator, public water-closet compartment or toilet room and exterior passageway on the lot. EXCERPTS FROM THE BUILDING ORDINANCE OF LOS ANGELES Ordinance No. 28700—N. S. Section 61. Exit signs and lights shall be provided at each exit from such balcony and over such stairways, indicating the way to the street, and all such signs and lights shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with the ordinances of said city and to the satisfaction of the Chief Engineer of the Fire Department. Section 74. Theaters—Lights Over Exits. Over every exit from a theater and not more than one foot above such exit and on the inside thereof, there shall be placed and maintained a metal box, the front of which shall be of colored glass upon which shall be inscribed or outlined in visible letters not less than five inches in height the word “EXIT.” There shall be placed and maintained within each such metal box a lamp in which only mineral, sperm or other non-explosive oil is burned, or not less than two incandescent electric lamps of not less than eight179 EXCERPTS FROM THE BUILDING ORDINANCE OF LOS ANGELES candlepower each. If such incandescent lamps are used each of such lamps in such box shall be connected to a circuit independent of the other such lamp and one of such circuits shall be supplied from a source of energy other than that from which the remainder of the lights in such theater are supplied. All such lamps shall be lighted previous to a performance and before the opening of the doors to such theater, and shall be kept continuously lighted until the audience shall have departed from the premises. Section 77. All lights in the halls, corridors, lobbies or any other part of such building used by the audience, except the auditorium, shall be controlled by a separate shutoff located in the lobby and controlled only from that particular place. Section 162. Passageways to Fire Escapes. In buildings already erected, where the only means of reaching the fire escape is through a room, the door of such room shall be a sash door, and over said door there shall be suspended a light of not less than eight candle-power, enclosed in a colored globe, which said light shall be kept continuously lighted from sunset to sunrise of each succeeding day. There shall also be painted upon said wall or contiguous thereto, or upon a sign suspended not more than twelve inches (12") below such light, the words, “To Fire Escape,” the letters of such words to be not less than three inches in height.180 ADDITIONAL DATA182 ADDITIONAL DATAADDITIONAL DATA 183GENERAL INDEX 185 Page Accelerating relays .................................53 Accident Commission Laws, California .........94, 95, 96 prevention ...............................93 Additional data ..............................180 to 184 Adding machine, wattage of........................24 Air compressor motor, relays for ....................41 A. C. Formulas ......................................14 motor, stator windings ..................80 to 85 motor tables ........................... 46 to 49 wire sizes ...................................44 testing for A. C. or D. C......................27 Ammeter, test set ...................................29 Ampere foot tables ...........................10, 12, 13 Amperes per terminal of motor, calculations ....11 per square inch of bus-bars..............20, 21 Apartments, panel switches and meters for ........34 Arc welding .........................................79 Auto starters, diagrams of ....................57 to 64 location of .........................40 need of .............................41 Automatic ice machine, wiring of ....................58 piano, wattage ...........................24 starting, motors .........................41 Backing in old houses .................................28 Bath cabinets, wattage ................................24 Bell wiring plans .....................................30 Belts and pulleys .....................................87 Bending conduits, methods of ..........................27 Bends, number of wires in conduit with 2 bends..........17 number of wires in conduit with 4 bends.........18 Box for current and potential transformers _____________43 Brake, Prony type, for testing motors .................42 Branch blocks, dimensions of ..........................24 Breakers, oil circuit type ............................54 Bus bars, sizes ....................................20, 21 spacings of ..........................21, 22, 23 Cabinets for current and potential transformers .......43 Cables, carrying capacity of .........................9 outside diameter of ............................15 Carrying capacity, bus-bars ........................20, 21 capacity, cables ........................... 9 capacity, motor wires ......................44 . capacity, wires ...............................8 Cartridge fuse sizes ..................................24 fuse spacings ............................21, 22 Cartridge fuse, time element of........................22 Ceiling fans, wattage ................................24 Center of distribution, calculation of ................11 Color code wire, plans of ...........................31 testing of ...........................26 Combination of wires in a conduit, table ..............19 Compensators, diagrams of........................57 to 64 location of...........................40 need of ..............................41 Compound wound motor, wiring for ......................91 Conduits, methods of bending ..........................27 sizes required ........................16 to 19 Contracting cost and overhead data ....................25 Control panels in laundry...........................74, 75 Copper bus-bars, sizes, weights, amperage...........20. 21 spacings .....................21, 22, 23 Costs of contracting ...................................25 Curling irons, wattage..................................24186 GENERAL INDEX Page Current, testing for A. C. or D. C....................27 testing of motors .............................29 transformers, box for .....................43 Cutouts, dimensions of ...............................24 Data, additional rules, etc....................180 to 184 Dead-front switchboards for power ....................51 Delta windings of A. C. motors .................80 to 85 Delta Star switch, wiring of .........................56 Desk fails ...........................................24 Diameter of wires over the braid .....................15 Dimensions of fuse blocks ............................24 D. C. rheostats, wiring diagrams of.............90 to 92 D. C. motors, wiring diagrams of................90 to 92 tables ..............................88, 89 testing out of wiring for.............40 Disconnector switches ..............................40 Door opener, wiring for ............................30 Drop calculations for lighting wiring .........10, 12, 13 for motor wiring ................14, 43 Edison, So. Cal., pumping plant panels ...............86 Electric welding .....................................79 Electrodes, for welding ..............................79 Elevation, Isolated by ...............................23 Emergency lighting, wiring for.....................35, 178 stop button for compensators..........57 to 64 Exit lighting, wiring for...........................35, 178 Externally operated switches, where required .........40 Extractor motor wiring in laundry ....................74 Fairbanks-Morse compensators .......................58, 59 Fans, wattage of......................................24 Feeder drop calculations ......................12, 13, 14 wire size...................................8, 9 Fire prevention ......................................93 Fixture testing ....................................26, 27 Flashers for signs, wiring of .....................38, 39 Flats, plans of ....................................33, 34 Formulas, A. C......................................14 ampere feet ...............................12 belts and pulleys .........................87 center of distribution ....................11 circular mils of wires ....................12 D. C. resistances .........................89 kilowatt foot .............................14 pulleys and belts .........................87 motor amperage........................... 11 wire sizes .........................12, 13, 14 Four-way switches .................................31 Fuse blocks, dimensions of ........................■•■24 Fuses, cartridge spacings ..........................21, 22 cartridge time element of ...................22 sizes for motors ............................• -44 sizes for wires and cables ....................8, 9 switched .......................................40 testing of .....................................26 G. E. compensators .................................60, 61 G. E. motors, wiring for .......................68 to 71 Grounds, testing for ...............................••••26 Gutters, bus-bars in ...............................20, 21 Hair dryers, wattage of ..............................24 Hair waving machines, wattage of......................24GENERAL INDEX 187 Page Heaters, 3-phase calculations .......................14 plans of irons .............................35 wattage of .................................24 High voltage motor tables ............................49 motor, wiring for .....................65 testing for, live .....................27 Houses, old, backing for ............................28 Ice machine motor ................................58 Ice machine motor, relays for ....................41 Index to Los Angeles Electrical Ordinance.....103 to 113 Induction motors, curves of starting and running currents ..........................................41 Induction motors, reversing of ..................... 42 tables ........................44 to 49 wiring plans of .................50, 51 Industrial Accident Commission rules .................96 heaters and irons ......................... 35 Irons, electric, wiring plans of .....................35 wattage of ....................................24 Kellman switches, high voltage, oil type .............40 Kilowatt foot table and formulas......................14 Knife blade switches ..............................20, 40 Laundry motors ....................................74, 75 Laws, State of California ......................94, 95, 96 City of Los Angeles....................103 to 179 Lighting plans ..................................32 to 36 Lighting, emergency and exits ..................35, 178 Live parts, isolation by elevation ...................23 Los Angeles Ordinance, index ...................103 to 113 Ordinance, electrical ............114 to 167 Supplementary Rules ..............168 to 176 Sign Ordinance ..........................177 Additional data and rules...........180 to 184 Magnetic switches ....................................55 Main switches ..................................40, 41, 45 Master switch diagrams ...............................31 Mercury arc rectifier ................................73 Meter loops (see plans) ..............................31 test panels, pumping plants ...................86 Mimeograph wattage ...................................24 Motion picture equipment .............................37 theater ...............................36 Motor, A. C. formulas ................................14 calculation of wire size ..................14, 43 -generator set for a theater ..................37 laundry type ..............................74, 75 oil well wiring of ...........................69 plans of wiring for........................50, 51 printing press wiring ........................76 pumping plant ................................86 reversing of, A. C. motors ...................42 series type, A. C.............................28 small, wattage of ............................24 speed changes with a 60 cycle motor on 50 cycle current ..............................11 starting current of .......................41 stator windings of A. C. motors..........80 to 85 in stores ................................,...34 switch sizes .................................45 synchronous type ...........................72 synchronous type, starting current .........42188 GENERAL INDEX Page Motor, tables, A. C..................................40 to 49 tables, D. C...................................88, 89 testing, amperage of motors, etc...................29 testing, HP ...................................... 42 2200 volt, wound rotor, wiring of..................65 wire size, for one motor .......................43, 44 wire size, for several motors ..................43, 44 wire for .....................................8, 9, 44 wound rotor type wiring of ..................65 to 68 variable speed wiring of ......................70, 71 Multigraph, wattage of ....................................24 N. E. Code Rules, carrying capacity tables...........8. 9 bus-bar, fuse and switch spacings.. .22 radio rules.....................97 to 102 Oil circuit breakers....................................54 well motor, wiring for.............................69 switches, where required...........................23 Old houses, outlet backing for..........................28 Operating switches, types required......................40 Opposite polarity spacings....................21, 22, 23 Ordinance, of Los Angeles, index .............103 to 113 No. 35899 .........114 to 167 Supplement’y Rules.168 to 176 Signs ......................177 Additional data and rules .............180 to 184 Outside diameter of wires..........................15 Overhead costs and selling price......................25 Overload relays ....................................52, 53 Panel boards, bus-bars for .........................20, 21 boards, spacings ..........................21, 22, 23 cutouts, in apartments...........................34 cutouts, dimensions of............................24 Panels for pumping plants...............................86 Percolator, wattage of..................................24 Phase protective relays.................................53 “Pigs,” current and potential coils, box sizes..........43 Pilot lights for heaters................................35 Plans of bell wiring....................................30 for emergency and exit lighting..................35 for lighting wiring .........................32, 33 for motor wiring..............................50, 51 Polarity, testing of ...................................27 Potential and current transformer box ..................43 Power wiring, plans of .................................50 Printing press motors ............................76, 77, 78 Prony brake testing ....................................42 Pulleys and belts ......................................87 Pulling in wires, methods of ...........................28 Pumping plant panels ...................................86 Push button switches for bells .........................30 for motors ....................55 Radio rules, N. E. Code............................97 to 102 Ranges, plan of wiring for .............................35 Rectifiers, mercury arc ................................73 Refrigerator motor .....................................58 relays for ......................41 Relays, where needed ...................................41 types of ..................................52, 53 Remote control of motors ..........................51 to 55GENERAL INDEX 189 Page Repulsion induction motor tables .....................46 reversing of ..............42 Reversing A. C. motors ..................................42 Reversing D. C. motors ..................................28 Rheostats, testing-out wiring for........................28 plans of wiring for.................90, 91, 92 Rules, Los Angeles Ordinances ....................103 to 179 Additional data and rules...............180 to 184 N. E. Code ...................8, 9, 22, 23, 97 to 102 State of California Laws ...............94, 95, 96 Running protection, relays .......................52, 53 Running and starting current curves .....................41 "Safety First” ..........................................93 Safety Laws.......................................56, 94 Safety type switches ....................................40 Selling price, costs and overhead .......................25 Series wound A. C. motors ...............................28 Service, drop in voltage calculations.............12, 13, 14 plans of, for lighting ..................31 to 36 plans of, for motors ....................50, 51 wire sizes ..................................8, 9 switches, 2200 volt ...........................41 Shorts, testing for ..............................26, 27 Shunt wound motors ................................88 to 92 Sign Ordinance, Los Angeles ............................177 wiring, plans of.............................38, 39 Sizes of bus-bars ..................................20, 21 Sizes of wires, diameter over the braid .................15 Size of wires, Carrying Capacity tables ...........8, 9 of wires, for motors .............................44 "Skeletons At the Feast” ................................93 Small devices, wattage of ...............................24 So. Cal. Edison standard pumping plant panels ...........86 Spacings, opposite polarity ......................21, 22, 23 Speed of belts and pulleys ..............................87 Squirrel cage motor, current curves .....................41 motor tables ........................40 to 49 Star Delta switch, wiring of ............................56 Star, stator windings of motors ...................80 to 85 Starting current, synchronous motors ..................42 current, testing of ........................29 a D. C. motor, testing-out connections ........28 and running currents, curves of A. C. motors.41 State Accident Commission, Laws of California.94, 95, 96 Stator winding of A. C. motors ....................80 to 85 Sterilizer, wattage of ..................................24 Stop button for A. C. motors.................51, 55, 57 to 65 Store wiring plans ......................................34 Straight conduit, No of wires in ........................16 Switchboards, bus-bars for........................20, 21 working space required .................23 Switched fuses ..........................................40 Switched fuses, dimensions of ...........................24 Switches, disconnector type .............................40 externally operated ........................40 4-way, plans of ............................31 magnetic type ..............................55 master switch, wiring plans of ...............31 oil type ...........................23, 40, 54 3-way, plans of ........................28, 31 sizes for motors ............................45 Star Delta ..................................56 Supplementary Rules, Los Angeles..................168 to 176 Additional data and rules.......180 to 184 Synchronous motor .......................................72190 GENERAL INDEX Page Test panels, pumping plant type ......................86 Testing for A. C. or D. C. currents ..................27 Testing fixtures .....................................26 instrument, to determine load amperes........29 wiring ......................................26 3-way switches ....................................28, 31 3-phase calculations .................................14 3-phase motors on 2-phase service ....................42 Theater equipment ....................................37 plans of wiring .............................36 Time element of cartridge fuses ......................22 Transformers for bells ...............................30 Transformer box for current and potential coils.......43 2200 volt motor tables ....,,.........................49 motor wiring ...............................65 service switches ...........................40 2200 volts, testing for, live ........................27 Voltage, changes in stator windings for 220 v. or 440 .........................................80 to 85 Voltage, high, testing for, live......................27 loss, ampere foot table .....................12 drop calculations ...........................10 loss, kilowatt foot table....................14 loss, for motor wiring ...................14, 43 loss, 3-wire feeders ........................13 Vulcanizer wattage ...................................24 Waffle iron wattage ..................................24 Washer motor, laundry ................................75 Washing machine wattage ..............................24 Watt, kilowatt foot table ............................14 Wattage of small devices ............................-24 Weight of copper bus-bars .........................20, 21 Welding, electric ................................••••79 Westinghouse compensators .........................62, 63 "Westinghouse motors for ice machines ................58 Windings of A. C. stators..........................80 to 85 Wires, carrying capacity of ...........................8 color code plans .............................31 number in conduits ........................16 to 19 pulling in methods ...........................28 Wire sizes, diameters over the braid .................15 for lighting ..........................• ■■•8 for motors ......................... 44 to 49 Wiring, calculations of center of distribution........11 calculations of drop in voltage, circular mils .................................10 to 14 calculations for motors..................14, 43 costs, overhead, etc.........................25 of signs ................................38, 39 testing of...................................26 Working space, switchboards ......................••••23 Wound rotor motor tables ......................,..48, 49 wiring of ..................65 to 68 Wrinkles .........................................27, 28191 SEE OVERNote: If the owner of this Handbook will fill in below and mail this page, with a 2c stamp, to ROLLIN M. SMITH 1170 West 39th Street, Los Angeles, Cal. any minor changes or additions to the Los Angeles Rules, made during 1923, will be sent free. Keep your Handbook up to date. Name............................................... Address............................................ Date...............................................