il IE "FACTS RELATING TO [ORANGE CULTU SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. / COMPILED FOR THE Redlands Orange Grove and Water Co. May 1, 1889. REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA : : CITROGRAPH STEAM PRINTING OFFICE. 1889. SOME FACTS RELATING TO ORANGE CULTURE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Ye CAL FoRWES SAN TM HA COMPILED FOR THE Redlands Orange Grove and Water Co. May 1, 1889, REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA : CITROGRAPH STEAM PRINTING OFFICE. 1889. uu a SOME FPACTS —R EATING TO ORANGE CULTURE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, San Bernardino County. COMPILED FOR THE Redlands Orange Grove and Water Co. May 1, 1889. REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA : CITROGRAPH STEAM PRINTING OFFICE. 1889. NL. ol. A 7 HE following testimonials, obtained by the REDLANDS ORANGE Grove AND Warer CoMpaNY from some of the most reliable and influential orange growers in San Bernardino County, Southern California, will be found to be very interesting and conservative facts for those desiring information as to the profits arising from the culture of the orange. AA —cZe a STATEMENTS Experienced Orange Growers OBTAINED BY Personal Interviews. RIVERSIDE. B F. ALLEN: TI have 800 Seedlings and 200 Mediterranean Sweets, about 10 acres. Nursery stock 3 to 4 years old and the orchard is 11 years old from planting. I cannot give amount of production for first years; it paid expenses however, when 6 or 7 years old. The last three years (ninth, tenth and eleventh) the grove has netted $300 per acre annually. The profits of Seedlings and Mediterranean Sweets are about equal. For an old orchard the expense of cultivation should not be less than $35 per acre. I also have one acre of the finest lemons in this valley—105 trees 11 years old. At five years old the crop amounted to $400. This year I shall have $600 or $700 from the acre. This amount could not be received at present market prices, however, and it is therefore necessary to hold until prices advance in the summer. The future of orange culture I think is very promising and believe there is no danger of over-production. To illustrate my ideas on the subject, I will state that T sold my 15 acres three years ago, receiving $19,000. After one and a-half years I bought the place back for $32,500, and it is a good investment at that price, and it is not for sale now for the same money. . 202891 6 ORANGE CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. W. P. RUSSELL: Six acres of oranges—960 trees, 160 to the acre; 250 Mediterranean Sweets, balance Seedlings. Nursery stock from 2 to 4 years old. The 250 Mediterranean Sweets were budded in the orchard on 4-year-old stock. The orchard is 17 years old from seed. At 5 years of age Mediter- ranean Sweets will yield one box to the tree. At 10 to 12 years of age from seed, Seedlings will pay expenses, and gain a box per year annually for an indefinite length of time. At 14 years from seed I sold the crop for $3000 gross. Last year the crop amounted to $1960 gross; more than one-fourth were blown off and plowed under. This year there will be over $3000 gross. Cost of cultivation, $30 per acre for an old orchard. Although the future of orange culture is uncertain, I do not think there is danger of over-production. [The foregoing parties all do their own picking and delivering. ] L. C. WAITE: 1 will give a statement from my general experience with orange culture—Navel oranges, planted at 4 years old from seed with a one-year-old bud, will approximate $1.50 to the tree gross, at the 3d-4th year from planting; the 4th-5th year they will net $3 per tree if fruit is allowed to grow; the 5th-6th year, $4 to $5 per tree. Eight-year-old buds have been known to net $10 per tree, and the ninth year $15 per tree. Seedlings planted with 4-year-old stock will bear when about twice the age of Navels, or at 8 years of age; 10-year-old Seed- lings pay $2 per tree; at 12 years old, about three boxes each. From that age they will increase over a box to the tree. Six to seven boxes per tree have been received from 15-year-old trees. The above ages are from seed. The above figures represent orchards that are cultivated, irrigated and fertilized under the most thorough and improved methods. The average price of caring for young trees is $20 per acre for the first three years, and increases to $30 or more when 12 to 15 years old. It is generally conceded that our Washington Navel oranges are the best in the market, and as the market is growing faster than the production, we can undoubtedly look forward to the future of orange culture in this valley with the greatest confidence. M. B. VAN FLEET: 1 have 200 orange trees 14 years old from seed; stock was one-year-old. There are 90 Seed- lings and about 110 Navels. At 8 years old, sold two hundred * ORANGE CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 7 and three boxes of Seedlings. Since the age of 11 years, seven boxes to the tree, annually, would be a safe estimate for the Seedlings. Third year from bud, Navels produced one-half box per tree, and will gain a box annually from that time. I also have a few lemons 14 years old; at the fifth year they will average one box per tree, and increase to five boxes per tree at 14 years of age. Price, $2 per box. I am picking and delivering this year. For the past four years the orchard has cost $25 an acre for cultivation. Don’t think there is danger of over-produc- tion, and the future of orange culture is good as long as we can repel scale. Every year the packers receive orders long after the crop is exhausted. In my judgment, no other part of the State is equal to this for orange growing. © G. W. GARCELON: My oldest orchard contains 700 Seed- ling trees and 1100 Buds—16 acres, 12 years from planting. Nursery stock was 3 years old with one year buds. One-half box can be expected from 3-year-old buds. For the last 2 or 3 years my orchard has netted from $200 to $225 per acre annually. At present, I prefer to give no information regarding my method of curing lemons, except to say that it will make lemons more profitable than oranges, because by its use the fruit can be marketed at an advanced price in the summer. JAMES HEWITSON: The old orchard of 7 acres con- tains 450 trees. I did not own the orchard when planted, but am told that the stock was 2 years old when planted, and the orchard is 20 years old from seed, and all Seedlings. The only figures I can give are the following: Three years ago the 450 trees netted $1000 per acre. This year the same trees will net $1200 per acre. Last year the gross receipts were only $6200, owing to wind and hail. As to profits of young trees, I have an orchard of Navels, 4 years old this spring, that bore an average of two and one-half boxes to the tree, which have just been sold. My 27% acres are paying 209% interest on $100,000. The old orchard costs $60 annually for fertilizing and cultivation. There is no place in this State, in the United States, or, IT believe, in the world, where such profits in orange culture are made as here in this valley, and as long as we are protected from foreign produc- tions, are sure of a ready market at fair prices. 8 ORANGE CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. W. N. MANN: Twenty-five acres of oranges—3075 trees ; 5 acres Mediterranean Sweets; 5 acres Navels and St. Michaels ; 5 acres lemons ; 10 acres Seedlings ; all ten years from planting. Stock 2 to 3 years old. Navels will bear one-half box per tree the fourth year, if allowed to. At 9 years old from seed, both Navels and Mediterranean Sweets will pay $500 per acre, net, at present prices. Navels are frequently not such prolific bearers as Mediterranean Sweets or St. Michaels; cost of caring is $25 per acre. Lemons are fully as profitable as oranges. No danger of over-production if foreign oranges are keptout of our markets. Our increasing population and constantly extending markets are sufficient guarantees for the future of the business. Facts demonstrate that this is the best part of the State for oranges. W. P. LETT: 1 will give some figures concerning orange growing, taking as an illustration the 40-acre grove on Indiana Avenue. There are 800 lemons, 1000 Navels, 160 Bloods, 100 large and 65 small St. Michaels, 80 Australian Navels, 225 Seedlings and 1570 Mediterranean Sweets. The orchard was planted 8 years ago with yearling buds on 2- to 3-year-old stock ; planted in 1881. In 1883 we got $80 from the grove ; in 1884, $1056 ; in 1885, $1495; in 1886, $4300; in 1887, $4500; in 1888, $12,300. In 1888 the crop was sold on the trees. All the previous years we picked and delivered at the packing house. The last few years the lemons netted about $100 an acre annually. This year they will double that amount. Twenty dollars per acre covers the cost of cultivation. I can see nothing unfavorable to the outlook of orange culture. It is a paying business, even if prices drop one-third. I know of no other place in the State that will compare with this in orange culture. J. E. CUTTER: The orchard formerly owned by me con- tained about 330 trees—slightly more than 3 acres. Two hundred and seventy-five Seedlings were planted in 1878, and 55 budded trees were planted in 1879. Each planting was made with trees 4 years old. The receipts (which are given from memory) are as follows: In 1881-2, five boxes were gathered from the orchard ; in 1882-3, upwards of thirty boxes were gathered, no net receipts ; in 1883-4, seventy boxes were gathered, giving about $25 per acre net profit : in 1884-5, there were one hundred and twenty boxes, x ORANGE CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 9 or $75 per acre net; in 1885-6 there were three hundred and fifty boxes, $200 per acre net; in 1886-7 the net was not far from $300 per acre; in 1887-8 the net profit was about $450 per acre. At the age of 3 years from planting the orchard bore five boxes. When 9 years old the same bore to the amount of $450 per acre, net profit. At which time it passed from my hands. DR. W. H. BALL: 1 have altogether about 1100 bearing orange trees, planted in 1876. This included 150 Washing- ton Navels, 150 Mediterranean Sweets, balance Seedlings, all 14 years old. The 9th and 10th years the gross receipts amounted to $200 per acre for each year. When 13 years old the net receipts amounted to $300 per acre. WM. FINCH: Planted in 1876, 10 acres of oranges— 600 Seedlings, remainder Mediterranean Sweets, etc. The same bore somewhat when six to eight years old. With good attention to cultivation, fertilization, etc., very fair returns may be received at this age; 4nd from the time they commence to bear, both buds and Seedlings will yield a box more each year for several years. H. P. KYES: I have 4} acres in my orchard, planted in 1876. Forty or fifty were budded when 2 years old. Nursery stock was 3 years old, when planted in orchard form. When 6 years old I gathered perhaps a dozen boxes from them. From that time the receipts were as follows: When 7 years old I got $450 from orchard; when 8 years old $900, and when 11 years old $1700. Budded oranges pay expenses at 3 years of age; Seedlings, from 7 to 9 years old. B. MONROE: My orchard consists of 5 acres; is 12 years old. Nursery stock was 4 years old. The orchard had neither been fertilized nor properly cared for from the time it was planted until two years ago, when it came into my possession. For that reason the crop from the whole orchard will not amount to more than $600 this year. A. D. HAYT: My orchard is 13 years old, and contains 7 acres, mostly Seedlings; nursery stock was 3 years old. When 9 years old from seed it yielded one-half box to the tree; at 10 years old one box. From that age one box more can be expected yearly for some time. ? 10 ORANGE CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. B. B. BARNEY: I have in my orchard 20 acres of oranges, mostly budded. They are 12 years old from the bud. Commenced to market the fruit at the age of 6 years, and some parts of the orchard now yield $1500 per acre. S. LA RUE: My 8 acres of oranges were planted in 1878, with 3-year-old stock, and are mostly Seedling trees. At the age of 7 years the orchard bore seven hundred boxes; at 10 years, seventeen hundred boxes, and 11th year, two thousand boxes. A. P. JOHNSON: Ihave 1500 bearing trees planted in 1878, ’79, 80, 81; 1000 are Seedlings; remainder budded. Nursery stock 4 years old. The first income was in 1883; sold the crop for $850; the next year $2000, next year $4500; next $8000 ; next year $7900; and this year’s crop will amount to the same thing ($7900.) J. W. OLDENDORF: There are 700 bearing trees jn my orchard, 127 of which are Seedlings. The remainder (except 65) are Washington Navels. The Seedlings are 14 years old, the Naveld, 7. The Seedlings, when 9 years old, bore $40 worth. The Navels commenced to bear when 3 years old. At present there is no difference in the amount of profit per tree, between the Seedlings and Navels. At 10 years of age the orchard yielded $100; at 11 years sold on the trees at $325; when 12 years old received $725; last year (13th year) $1400; this vear the orchard yielded $2600. EDWIN HART: In my orchard there are 15 acres of (mostly) Washington Navel orange trees. They are not all of the same age, but vary from 15 years to 10 years, and a few even 8 years old. This year I shall have (approximately) fifteen hundred boxes of Navel oranges. I have no record of receipts for formrer years, and therefore cannot give the desired figures. W. B. RUSSELL: My orchard consists of 625 Seedling and 370 budded trees, total 995. Nursery stock was 3 years old: the orchard 13 years old. Following is the amount received annually from the whole orchard: 7th year, received forty boxes; Sth year two hundred and forty boxes; 9th year fourteen hundred boxes, Since that time the annual yield has varied from twenty-five hundred to three thousand boxes. BRA vt OF TH UNIVERSIT) RNA. OF 11 ORANGE CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALL A. J. TWOGOOD : This year, Seedling oranges sell for $1.65 per box; Navels, $3.00 per box. Last year Seedlings were $1.65 per box; Navels, $2.40. Three years ago Seedlings sold for $1.00 to $1.50 per box. That price remained about the same for three or four years previous. Navels average about $3.00 per box year after year, sometimes being $4.00 when scarce. Oranges were cheaper, four or five years ago, because, owing to hailstorms, &e., the reputation was injured by shipping so many poor oranges. As Navel oranges become more common, the difference in prices between Navels and Seedlings will be very small, and the market for the one will be as good as for the other. Seedlings at $1.50 per box are as profitable as Navels at $3.00. If I were setting out an orange grove, I would plant Seedling trees. Prices of oranges can be considerably less, and still growers will be able to make good profits. Even here on this coast, markets are steadily improving, and when the new road to Salt Lake is completed, another outlet of considerable importance can be expected. I think scale can be prevented by perseverance and care. H. B. EVEREST: 1 have 80 acres of Washington Navel orange trees—100 to the acre. On an average, the orchard is five years old from planting. The trees bore this year one-half box each; $4.50 to $5.00 per box. If well cared for, Navels will bear one box per tree, the sixth year from planting. From my experience with scale, I think it can be kept down by due vigilance and organization. The red scale spread over eighteen or twenty of my trees at Riverside ; no relief was obtained from spraying, emulsions, ete., the only successful method being to cut off the tops and wash with scrub brushes and soap. In this way red scale can be kept down, if not altogether eradicated. The soil at Redlands is adapted to raising the best fruits, although it needs careful cultivation to prevent baking and from becoming cloddy. In my judgment, there will he an over-pro- duction of inferior fruit, because our best Navel orange will drive every other kind out of the market. Four-fifths of the fruit sold in San Francisco is of such a quality that could not even enter the market if our Navel oranges were sold for $2.50 to $3.00 per box. In regard to freezing, there is an occasional winter in Riverside in which a few nights are cold enough to injure fruit. But a crop need never be lost, as the oranges can be protected by 12 ORANGE CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. simply burning tar in the orchard at such times. The percentage of loss by storms is very small, provided wind-breaks are made use of. HORACE SAUNDERS: Eight acres of oranges—800 Seedlings, 400 budded of the different varieties. Cannot give the age of stock when planted, nor the age of budding. The orchard is 17 years old from seed. Cannot give the first year of marketing, but for a few years before 13 years of age, $400 to $450 net, were received from whole orchard. At the age of 13 years, netted $800; last three years $2500 net, and this year about $3000 net, from eight acres, or $375 per acre. Cannot give separate amounts for buds and Seedlings. Cost for water and labor is $200 for the orchard. From this year fertilizing will cost as much as cultivating, or $25 an acre. The future of orange growing, is in my opinion, uncertain, and notwithstanding all the arguments against it, I believe there is danger of over- production. Unless we have protection against foreign fruit, oranges in a few years will be cheaper than apples. W. H. BACKUS: Seedling orange trees commence to bear when eight or nine years old from seed, but do not produce a profitable crop until the eleventh year. There are trees in our orchard which yielded four or five boxes each at this age, while others did not bear one box. Seedling trees 15 years old will average six to eight boxes of merchantable fruit per year. Good Washington Navel trees, properly set out, well budded to the best advantage, 6, 7 and 8 years old from planting, will bear six, seven and eight boxes per tree each year. Our budded trees were set out in 1883, with one-year-old bud on two-year-old stock ; began to bear in 1887, and last year sold one-fourth of a box per tree, at $3.75. This year the price of Seedlings was $1.65 per box; Mediterranean Sweets and St. Michaels, $1.90 per box, and Washington Navels $3.10. Last year Seedlings sold for $2.00 per box; Mediterranean Sweets, $2.15 and Navels $3.75 per box. In 1887, Seedlings brought $2.25 per box, and Navels $3.75. In 1886, Navels sold for the same as in 1887. Do not recollect the price of Seedlings. In 1885, Seedlings netted about $2.00 per box ; Navels, something like $4.00 per box. In 1884, Seedlings netted from $3.00 to $3.50; Navels, $6.00. 1 have no fear of scale ; it can be kept out by proper care and organization, and, if ORANGE CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 13 necessary, washes, or the fumigating process can be resorted to at an expense of not more than ten or fifteen cents per tree annually. First-class orange territory in this country is very limited, being confined to only two States of the Union, wherein only a small portion of each of the two States is available. There are places north of us in this State where trees can be grown, but owing to frosts the fruit is generally injured or destroyed altogether, the cold being sufficient to freeze the fruit without killing the trees. In my judgment, there is ne danger of over- production. As long as we continue to raise Al oranges, there will be a steadily increasing demand. Redlands soil is very choice and as good as can be desired for citrus fruits. OLD SAN BERNARDINO. NSON VAN LEUVEN: 1 have 4 acres of 30-year-old Seedlings. Nursery stock was 3 years old. At the 7th year from planting the yield was one and one-half boxes per tree; 8th year from planting, two boxes per tree. From that age the gain is one-half box per annum. About $20 per acre is sufficient to cover expense of cultivation. Received this year $1.40 per box on the trees. J. W. DORAN: Having been here only three years, I can only give figures regarding my orchard for the last three crops. The orchard was set out 13 years ago, and consists of 10 acres. Do not know the age of stock; 11th year the yield was about three boxes per tree; 12th year (owing to storm) was about one and one- -half boxes per tree; 13th year the yield was four boxes per tree. The three crops rh average $300 per acre per annum. Cost of water, fertilizing and cultivation, $30 per acre. Oranges are more profitable than any other crop, and if the whole place had been planted out to them, I should have at least $10,000 net, instead of $3,000 per annum. I am from St. Paul, Minn., and I believe that for live, energetic men, this is superior to any other place, whether a person comes here with meang or not. WILLIAM CURTIS: Planted in 1873, 4 acres of 3-year-old Seedlings—108 trees to the acre. Sixth year from planting the trees yielded one-half box per tree; 7th year, three boxes to the tree ; 8th year, three boxes to the tree; 9th year, four boxes to 14 ORANGE CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. the tree; 10th year, five boxes to the tree. From the 10th year the trees will gain one-half box each year. Cost of cultivation, $20 per acre. L. R. VAN LEUVEN: In 1865, I planted 50 3-year-old Seedlings, and in 1873 planted 100 Seedlings, same age. The 6th year from planting the yield was one-fourth box per tree; 7th year, one-third of a box ; 8th year, one-half of a box; ninth year, one box ; 10th year, one box and one-half. Will increase one-half box annually from that age until 20 yearsold. Twenty- five dollars per acre will cover cost of cultivation. : REDLANDS. gl P. MORRISON: I came to this place in the spring of * 1882; purchased forty acres of land and planted it all to orange trees and Muscat grapes. The third year from planting, the orange grove bore about $50 worth of fruit to the acre. The fourth year about $125 per acre, and last year the orchard pro- duced $300 to the acre. I think it safe to say that an orange orchard will net year after year $300 per acre. Many people are making from two to three times that amount, and this can undoubtedly be done on an average, at present prices. But the above estimate takes into consideration any possible decrease in prices. A man owning an orange orchard is sure of a large income, with a small amount of light and not disagreeable work. Unlike other kinds of fruit there is no danger of over-production. I have every confidence in the future of orange growing. Our fruit is first-class and the localities that will grow fruit of such superior quality are limited, as experience has demonstrated. There is always a profitable market for the best of every product, and further, it is a fact that the Eastern markets are not as yet one-half developed. The superiority of our oranges, with the contracted acreage and extending markets, assures in the future the present very profitable prices for our fruit. The Florida product is earlier than ours, which prevents competition, as the bulk of their crop is marketed before the California product is ready for shipment. Even granting that the price of fruit falls one-half within the next two years, my yield will double in the same time, which would still bear the net profit of $275 or 10 % on $2,750. ORANGE CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 15 SIMEON COOK: Seedlings planted with 2-year-old stock, 6th year from planting will yield one-half box per tree; 7th year, one box; 8th year, two boxes; 9th year, three boxes. From that age will gain a box yearly until 12 or 20 years old. Navels planted when 3 years old from seed and one year from budding will yield one-third of a box the third year from planting; the fourth year, two-thirds of a box; the fifth year, one and one- half boxes. Will gain three-fourths of a box per annum from that time until 12 or 14 years old. Cost of care $25 per acre. T. W. LADD: Planted 240 Navel trees in 1882; about three acres. Nursery stock one year and nine months old, with nine months’ old bud. Fifth year the crop from 240 trees sold for $200; 6th year crop sold for $300; this year (7th) there will be two and one-half boxes from each of the trees. Cannot give exact number of boxes, as the fruit was sold on the trees. Can give no further figures as to Navels, and no figures regarding seedlings, as [ have had no experience with either except on my present place. The cost of cultivation is $25 per acre. D. MOREY: If Navels are planted with 1-year-old bud and 3-year-old stock, they will bear one-fourth box second year from planting; third year, one-half box per tree; fourth year, one box; fifth year, one to two boxes; sixth year, two to three boxes. But if allowed to bear before 5 years old, the crops for succeeding years will be considerably less than otherwise. If not allowed to bear until 5 years old, a box additional can be depended on each year thereafter. My orchard is paying 10% on $1000 per acre. M. L. FRINK: Nursery stock is 2 years old; Seedlings 6 vears old from planting, will yield one-half box per tree; seventh year, three-fourths of a box; eighth year, one box; ninth year, one and one-half boxes; tenth year, two boxes. After the 10th year, will increase one box each year until 15 or 20 years old. From 10 to 15 years of age net receipts from Seedlings are $300 per acre annually. Expense of cultivation, $20 per acre. E. J. WAITE: Age of nursery stock 3 years. Age of hud 1 year. Third year, ten boxes per acre; 4th year, forty boxes; Sth year, one hundred boxes; 6th year, two hundred boxes; 7th year, three hundred boxes. From 7th year the rate of increase 16 ORANGE CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. will be about one box per tree. Seedlings 9 years from seed and 6 years from planting, should yield 2 boxes per tree; 11th year, 5 boxes; 12th year, 6 boxes. Seedlings will increase one box each year from that age. The cost of cultivation is $25 per acre. 0. A. WORTHING: My four acres of oranges are 5 years old from seed and 3 years from bud. They are nearly all Wash- ington Navels; a few are Mediterranean Sweets. This year the yield was about one-half box per tree: 82 trees to the acre. CRAFTON. EORGE H. CRAFTS: When 10 years old, Seedling trees, planted with 3-year-old stock, yield one and one-half boxes per tree, and will yield variable amounts from that age until the 19th year, when three hundred boxes per acre may be expected. Navels, with 3-year-old stock and yearling bud, will yield twenty boxes per acre the 4th year: Sth year, seventy-five boxes; 6th vear, one hundred and twenty-five boxes; 7th year; one hundred and eighty-five boxes. Navels will increase to about four boxes per tree at 12 years of age. Cost of care, $25 per acre. CHARLES R. PAINE: Third year from planting, Navel orange trees will bear one-third box per tree; 4th year, one-half box; 5th year, nearly one box. My budded trees will undoubt- edly increase in productiveness from year to year, but it would be impossible to make an estimate as to next year’s yield, or the rate of increase for future years. From my experience with Seedling trees, the following figures will, perhaps, be a safe estimate: 7th year from planting, one-half box per tree; Sth year, one and three-quarter boxes; 9th year, two boxes; 10th year, two and one-half boxes. From the 10th year the rate of increase will equal one-half bo per annum. About $25 should cover cost of cultivation. HIGHLANDS. Se F. CRAM: At the time I located on my place in the East San Bernardino valley, orange culture was hardly thought of. No attempts had yet been made to start in the business by any one, with the hope of making it a success, and ORANGE CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 17 we early settlers had not, at that time, the slightest inkling of the great changes which were to take place in this valley as soon as it was known that oranges could be grown here with success and profit. Orange culture has, however, passed beyond the stage of infancy and experiment, and now stands out as a prominent, and really the chief industry of this section of the country. At the time I set out my grove, I had an opportunity of purchasing 500 young trees, or enough to plant 5 acres of land, but I finally decided to take only sufficient to set out 11 acres, thinking that, as an experiment, it would be as well to commence only with a few. The orchard is now over 20 years of age, and it is believed that there is not a finer grove in Southern California, either in productiveness, or size and appearance of trees. The trees have never failed to bear from the time they ame into bearing, but have increased year after year as they grew larger, until, the year before last, I realized $1757 from the one and one-fourth acres. Last year was an off year and did not produce quite so much. This year (1889) the orchard is so heavily laden with fruit that, if prices remain the same, I shall realize $2000 from the crop. $30 per acre annually will pay all the expense on a bearing orange grove. But, while this amount will cover all actual expenses on an acre of oranges for a year, it should be borne in mind that almost constant care and attention are required in addition to make a success of the business. The orange tree is more susceptible to cultivation than any other tree with which I am acquainted; and to know just what to do and at the right time, can be learned only from experience. Fertili- zation must be resorted to to keep an old orchard in good condition. On a conservative estimate Seedling orange trees will yield about as follows: 8th year from planting, 3-year-old stock, one-half box per tree; 9th year, one box; 10th year, one and one-half boxes; 11th year, two boxes; 12th year, four boxes. The soil of Redlands is first-class—none better for citrus fruits. RECAFITULA TION. Riverside. ; WW. B. RUSSELL... i mm aia Sa as 995 trees, tmixed lot) Seventh year,receipts 40 boxes; 8th year, receipts 240 boxes; 9th year, receipts 1400 boxes; 10th to 13th year, receipts 2500 to 3000 boxes. B.F.ALLEN |... : ..10 acres (mixed lot) Seventh year, tecelpts paid Expenses; 9th, 10th and 11th years, receipts, net, $300 per acre, annually. HORACE SAUNDERS... bay are oe 8 acres, (mixed lot) Seventeen years from seed, receipts, 3 years previous to this, $2500 net; this year $3000 net. WP. HUSSELY, .... cio. 00 ve dana Loi, 6 acres, (mixed lot) Fourteen years from seed, receipts, $3000 gross; last year, receipts, $1960 gross; this year, over $3000 gross. G. W. GARCELON.......... 16 acres, (mixed lot) Twelve years from planting, teccipts, $200 io $295 net, per acre. JAMES HEWITSON...... CEE ......... 450 trees, 7 acres Seedlings. Twenty years from seed, receipts, $1200 per acre, net, this year. W.P. LET... a ss ga ea 40 acres (mixed lot) Two years from planting, receipts, $80; 3 years, $1056; 4 years, $1495; 5 years, $4300; 6 years, $4500; 7 years, $12,300—sold on trees this year. . H. BACKUS Viper! Seedlings 15 3 years told will average 6 10 8 Woxes pet tree; Nav oe 6 $06 8 years old will average 6 to 8 boxes per tree. HB. BVERRBEY 0c 0 ee an 80 acres—8000 trees. Five years old from planting, receipts, half a box per tree, sold at $4.50 to $5 00 gross per box; 6 years from planting will average 1 box, JOR CQUITTRER cd i eS a ni 3 acres (mixed lot) Receipts at 9th year from planting, $450 per acre, net profits. DRE. W. H- BALL... ~......1100 trees (mixed lot) Receipts at 9th and 10th years , from planting , $200 per acre, gross; at 13th year, $300 per acre, net. HP. YES a 415 acres (mixed lot) Seventh year from planting, receipts, $430 from orchard; 8th year, $900; 11th year, $1700 BL. MONBOR. oasis .......D acres of Seedlings. Twelfth year from Slonting, Seceipis from orchard, $600. Never fertilized and not properly eRiivated, ADHAYY.. o.oo ......T acres of Seedlings. Six years fron Danting, oceipts, one wnt box per tree; 7 vears from planting, one box per tree. AEABRARY UNIVERS OF RECAPITULATION. 19 B.B. BARNEY... . ... sa ..20 acres budded. Twelve years old from Hud, a ‘vortion of otchard now yields $1500 per acre. Marketed first fruit six years after budding. S.LARUB. \ ..8 acres of Seedlings. At7 Tours 3 racolnms 700 boxes; 10 Souls, 1700 boxes; 11 years, 2000 boxes. A. P. JOHANSON ..... 00 ite dina ns ae 1500 trees, (mixed lot) At 5 years, receipts, $850 from orchard; 6 years, $2000; 7 years, $4500; 8 years, $8000; 9 years, $7900; 10 years, $7900. J. W. OLDENDORF.. rh . 700 trees (mixed lot) At 10 youts, receipts, $100 Hom orchard: n Soars, $325; 12 years, $725; 13 years, $1400; 14 years, $2600. Old San Bernardino. J. W. DORAN.. San coeur... ...10 acres of Seedlings. Bloven. years stron planting, 3 boxes per ioc; 12 years, 115 boxes; 13 years, 4 boxes. The three years average $300 per acre. WILIJAM CURTIS +... 0. ... ...4 acres of Seedlings. Six years from planting, one- -half box § per tree; 7 years, 3 boxes; § years, 3 boxes; 9 years, 4 boxes; 10 years, 5 boxes. L. R. VAN LEUVEN . i % ..Seedlings. Six years Tom planting, one- Atourth fox bor tom: 7th year, one-third box; 8th year, one-half box; 9th year, one box; 10th year, 1% boxes. Redlands. KE. P. MORRISON... fc i as a ai aA Navels. \ Third year from planting will yield $50 per acre; 4th year, $125; 5th year, $300. SIMEON COO 5. i ins ie phi ot a ih slag Seedlings. Sixth year from planting, one-half box per tree; 7th year, 1 box; Sth year, 2 boxes; 9th year, 3 boxes; 20th year, 12 boxes. Navels, 3d year from planting, one-third of a box per tree; 4th year, two-thirds of a box; 5th year, 114 boxes; 12th to 15th years, 9 boxes. SWE LADD. a ees tan on ey 240 trees of Navels Fivey Seth S Strom Blanting, $240 for crop; 6 years, $300; 7 years, 600 boxes. ML PRINW, ede fe i i se a i Seedlings. Six years from planting, one-half bos pertree; 7 years, thiee-fourths of a box; 8 years, 1 box; 9 years, 134 boxes; 10 years, 2 boxes; 10to 15 years, $300 per acre, net. Bede WAVELET Navels. Three years from planting, 10 boxes per acre; 4 years, 40 boxes; 5 years, 100 boxes; 6 years, 200 boxes; 7 years, 300 boxes. Seedlings, 6th year from planting, 2 boxes per tree; 11th year, 5 boxes; 12th year, 6 boxes. Crafton. GEO. H. CRAFTS SL ST SL a i FR Seedlings. At 10 years from planting will told 874 hoxos per tree; 19 years, 4 to 6 boxes per tree. Navels, 4 years from planting will yield 20 boxes per per acre; 5 years, 75 boxes; 6 years, 125 boxes; 7 years, 185 boxes. CHAS. BR. PAINE. oo ae hea asian ol pin dioy Jia Seedlings. Seven years from planting, one-half box per tree; 8 years, 13{ boxes; 9 years, 2 boxes; 10 years, 215 boxes. Highlands. IF. CRAM ... ceeeee.. Seedlings. Eight years Sion Dlanting, 14 hox per r tree; 95 years, one box; 10 years, 122 boxes; 11 years, 2 boxes; 12 years, 4 boxes; 12 to 20 years, 6 boxes. Some Facts About Redlands. LOCATION. EDLANDS. lies on the gently sloping hillside that forms the K southern boundary of the eastern end of the great San Bernardino Valley. The slope is sufficient to insure easy and perfect drainage. It is distant about nine miles from the county seat, the city of San Bernardino, and is the center and business point for all that portion of the valley lying east of San Bernar- dino and south of the Santa Ana river. ACCESS Is had by the Valley railroad—a branch of the Santa Fe system —which has its station on the corner of Orange street and Park avenue, only two blocks from the business center. The San Bernardino and Redlands motor road runs hourly trains between the points indicated. Brookside station, on the Southern Pacific railroad, is only two miles away. Three street car lines are projected, one of which will be in operation by the first of June. SOIL. : The soil is formed of disintegrated granite, impregnated with. iron, which gives it a red color, and from which it derives its name. This soil is formed by the wash, for ages, from the encircling mountains, and is of great depth and richness. The soil is not heavy enough to be called adobe, but yet, while working freely, is strong enough to stand heavy and continuous cropping without exhaustion. Riverside rejoices in the possession of a soil similar to that of Redlands, and her oranges have taken the first premiums wherever exhibited, and against all competition. ORANGE CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 21 CLIMATE. : The climate of Redlands is as near perfect as is ever permitted one place to enjoy. Possessing an elevation of 1500 feet above the sea level, it is above the reach of the major portion of the sea fogs, so annoying to persons of weak lungs or irritated bronchial tubes. Its distance from the ocean—some 65 miles— deprives the sea breeze of its rasping, irritating qualities, while leaving all its healing, soothing effects. Redlands is also high enough to be out of reach of all injurious frosts. There is an average of over 300 clear days in the year, and but three or four months out of the entire year when the invalid will not be benefited by a life in the open air exclusively. The climate is one from which there has been eliminated the major portion of that which is disagreeable, while leaving in all that is most desirable. The general shape and trend of the mountains also serves to break off almost all the disagreeable winds known as northers. Not all—for there is no spot in California where these disagreeable visitants may not sometimes be expected. Redlands gets less of them and their violence is mitigated so that the disagreeableness is reduced to a minimum. It is safe to say that a better all-the-year-round climate cannot be found. The same dryness of air which is found so salubrious for invalids, secures us complete exemption from the smut, and the red, white and black scale, which in moister countries have made orange growing unprofitable, and from the mysterious diseases that have ruined the vineyards in less favored sections. There are absolutely no insect enemies or diseases to contend with in the cultivation of the orange and the grape in the East San Bernardino valley. SCHOOLS, CHURCHES AND SOCIETIES. Within the city limits are three fine schools, in the Red- lands, Lugonia and Crafton districts, with a daily average attendance of upwards of a hundred and fifty. The three school houses cost over $26,000. In addition, the Bellevue Academy, under the management of Rev. J. G. Hale, teaches the higher branches of learning preparatory to college. The Congrega- tionalists, Episcopalians, Presbyterians and Baptists all have commodious church buildings. The Methodists are preparing to build, and all hold regular services every Sunday. The 29 ORANGE CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Young Men’s Christian Association have built and own a handsome two-story brick building, the first one built and owned by that association in Southern California. There is an excellent private academy and boarding school for young ladies, which affords opportunity for the higher branches of study without the inconvenience and expense of sending children away from home. Thus it will be seen that the “pioneering” stage has been passed and that church, school and society privileges are at hand for the most refined. The Masons, Odd Fellows, Good Templars and Knights of Pythias all have organizations and hold regular meetings. WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION. To make fruit culture in all the section under discussion successful, or even possible, irrigation is a necessity. The supply of water for full irrigation of 25,000 acres in the valley is abundant. The sources of supply are the high ranges of mountains walling in the valley on the north and east. These ranges obtain at points an elevation of nearly 12,000 feet above sea level, and their summits are in the regions of perpetual ice and snow. The Santa Ana River, Mill Creek, Plunge Creek and other smaller streams conduct the water from nature’s deposits to the valley. Formerly, as in other portions of the State, the great supply of the winter rains ran through these channels to the sea and was lost forever. A great natural lake formerly existed high up on the San Bernardino range. Probably an earthquake or some other natural convulsion broke the rim of this lake, and the accumulated waters made their escape through the Santa Ana River. This broken rim has been repaired by ingenuity, energy and capital, and the greatest stored supply of water for irrigation in the world—BEAR VALLEY RESERVOIR—Iis- the result. The people of the valley can now look up on these mountain ranges, covered with snow and ice, and congratulate themselves that all that water is theirs, to be brought down and spread over their orchards as they need it. They have laid up a store not against a rainy day, but a dry day; they have made hay, not while the sun shone, but while the storms raged and the snow flew on the mountains. y Not only is the supply sufficient to furnish water in ordinary seasons to all the lands, but the reserve is ample to carry all the ORANGE CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 23 present and future orchards through two or three dry seasons and keep them up to their productive capacity. The same ingenuity, energy and capital that restored this great lake has built canals and laid stone water pipes till now, water is conducted from this great reservoir to every part of the valley, and every owner of five, ten or twenty acres of orchard has but to open the gate on the highest point on his land in order to irrigate the same. Not alone for irrigation has provision been made, but there is a separate system for supplying domestic water, pure, from deep tunnels under the mountains, to every house in the city and valley, under sufficient pressure to make it a pretty safe guaranty against fire. It is a conservative state- ment that the water and systems of distributing for this valley have cost a million and a half of dollars—they are worth far more than this. THE VALUE OF IRRIGATION. Few men in this State are better informed on matters agricultural than Theodore S. Van Dyke, the noted author, hunter, botanist and horticulturist. What he says comes with authority and not from guess work. Therefore what he says below—taken from a letter to the San Diego Union—is worthy of a careful and thoughtful perusal: “Judicious irrigation will always double the yield of anything on land high enough above winter floods to be of much value. On lands still higher it is quite certain to triple the yield, and on lands high enough to be free from killing frosts it is certain to quadruple it. There will, of course, be some years when the difference will not be so great, but in the average of ten years it will be fully that. Lands where this difference does not hold in ordinary years will be too wet in about four years out of ten. Suppose, now, your gross receipts without irrigation are $75 an acre, of which $50 or more are clear profit over the interest on cost of land and expenses, gathering crop, etc. Your irrigation costs you say $10 an acre, including interest on cost of water, offset by convenience for domestic use and watering stock. These figures of expense are much too high for most things, and are given only in illustration. If your crop is doubled you have made $50 more on an extra investment of $10, as against $50 on $25; if tripled you make $100 on $10, and if quadrupled you make still another $50, or $150 a year upon $10. But there is this very important 24 ORANGE CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. difference: Without irrigation you could not have made the $150 or the $100, or the second $50 at all; but, on the other hand, you might have had your first $50 reduced to $40 by an unusually dry season. If you attempt to dodge this difficulty by windmills, you gain nothing over the cost of water from a ditch. If you try to avoid it by going on damp lands, which in any quantity can be found only in low valleys, then you run the risk of not only heavy winter frosts, which prevent the growing of vegetables in winter and check back alfalfa, etc., but spring frosts, which may nip your trees in bloom. You run the risk, too, of having water stand upon the land in unusually wet winters, and your trees injured by change from year to year in the level of the water about their roots. Many of the most raluable products, too, as oranges and lemons, cannot be grown where the roots reach standing water, but must be planted upon high ground and irrigated.” TABLE OF DISTANCES. Miles. Miles. San Bernardino. .......... Silos. Angeles... 0. 0 68 San Diego, 00 ia 133 San Eraneiseo......... ... 4 557 Riverside... |... .... 00 5 181Colton:. =o. oc Jol es 9 Oceanside... .. Ao unaa Santa Barbara. 00 ne 195 Pasadena... roo. 0 cn 59'0ntario as te 18