MICROFILMED 1985 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - BERKELEY GENERAL LIBRARY BERKELEY, CA 94720 COOPERATIVE PRESERVATION MICROFILMING PROJECT THE RESEARCH LIBRARIES GROUP, INC. Funded by _ THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES THE ANDREW W. MELLON FOUNDATION Reproductions may not be made without permission. THE PRINTING MASTER FROM WHICH THIS REPRODUCTION WAS MADE IS HELD BY THE MAIN LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY, CA 94720 FOR ADDITIONAL REPRODUCTION REQUEST MASTER NEGATIVE NUMBER ¥5-32603 AUTHOR: Gruber, Ferdinand comp. TITLE : II ustyated quide and cabrlogue o€ Woodward's gardens... PLACE: SanFvancisco Cal. DATE: 1399 VOLUME Fea 1 7c ~ CALL 53.56 - MASTER 3603 NO. 669 NEG. NO. i IR DERE oh : 3 FEE9 Gruber, Ferdinand comp. : EK) Illustrated puide and catalogue of iooduerd's | «56 zardens, located on Mission street, bet. 13th &. . j 1 «G69 15th sts., Sun Francisco, Cal. Comp. by PF. Gru- ber. San rraacisco, Valeatine % co., 1879. ® 87, Vp. ‘front : : (port. Y-illys . 4 23cm. Pa 3 Title vignette. 22667 Holmes, Feb. 7, 1936. 35.00 dD BEES EN rary PPR EE SG YE OW Span ree meme ec ders en 3 a o am + —— : £1 SSW 3 rm —— AS © po— 11 2+ S—yee pay soe ——... — . S FILMED AND PROCESSED BY LIBRARY PHOTOGRAPHIC SERVICE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY CA 94720 ~ JOBNO. 8| 6 05 2/5 DATE | 1 85 REDUCTION RATIO 3 DOCUMENT ~ SOURCE THE BANCROFT LIBRARY METRIC 1 0 Elz je ll22 = 122 j22 | CX] ol ee = Ele fl2e lle NO On lis fie MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIAL 1010a (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) FON COL ITT EIey IS T LIBRARY F RO BANC A RR a par OA CY STL Ce 12 Retake of Preceding Frame RTO oa = 4 [i LT [4 bi CNR N N AN ON © OF V 2 Ene" les 1 i EX LIBRIS] SE THE NHR EN RST ILLOCATEID ON 1 Wiggapy grmad™ sebirbatnh labile Ea be pad ab Hed 1 ai i Bet. 13th & 15th Sts. San Francisco, Cal, a EL Ra TEP LEE Ll JI THRO COMPILED BY F. GRUBER. ¥ Ae ; i SAN FRANCISCO: : FRANCIS, VALENTINE & Co., BOOK AND JoB PRINTERS, 517 CLAY STREET. : ; 1880. 2 ; * Nr LOCATED ON EMISSION STREETS | Bet. 13th & 15th Sts. San Francisco, Cal. COMPILED BY F. GRUBER. h SAN FRANCISCO: FRANCIS, VALENTINE & C0., BOOK AND.J0oB PRINTERS, 517 CLAY STREET. 1879. Retake of Preceding Frame ”ee Ne A a ME I.ooATED OW ZC MISSION STREET Bet. 13th & 15th Sts. San Francisco, Cal. COMPILED BY F. GRUBER. } SAN FRANCISCO: FrANCIS, VALENTINE & C0., BOOK AND- JOB PRINTERS, 517 CLAY STREET, 1879. inns Gardens for Sale at the Entrance and in Music Hall. 14— Closets; 15—Animal Cages; 16—Pop-Corn Stand; 17—Fox Enclosure; 18—Bear Pit; 19—Monkey House: 20—Donkey Enclosure; 21—Closets; 22—Amphitheatre Promenade 24, 25 and 26—Larger Animal Enclosures; 27— Avi ; 23, ary; 28— ; 30—Aviary; 32—Pavilion; 33— 12— Music Hall and Restaurant, Great Aviary: '34—Ladies’ ’ Aquarium; 13—Tunnel and Entrance to Menagerie ; i 38—New g@¥™ Stereoscopic Views and Illustrated Guide and Catalogue of Woodward's Explanation of Diagram. 1—Entrance; 2—Museum; 3—Conservatory; 4—Art Gal- Jery; 5—Seal Pond; 6—Gent's Closet; 7—Fernery; 8— Closet ; 35—Site to Palm House ; 36—Colossal Bust of Wash- ington; 37—Grand Staircase and Italian Terrace Flower Beds; 39—Rotary Boat. Tropical Plant House ; 9—Aquatic Fowl Enclosure; 10—New Fish Pond; 11—Marine Museum and Zoographicon ; Gymnasium ; 29—Kiosk and Refreshment Stand 31—Ethnological Museum, Fountain: 12667 Ban ds Crass ° INTRODUCTORY. In 1860 R. B. Woodward, Esq., commenced to lay out the Gardens, having visited the Eastern States and Europe three times subsequently, not only to gain information, but also to obtain valuable works of art and antiquity, fine educa- tional types of natural history, a large and well-selected library, and all these treasures of art and science, together with a daily increasing number of speci- mens in every department, form the present high reputation of the four Muse- ums, the Zoographicon, Art Gallery, Marine Aquarium, Conservatories, Plant- houses, Menageries, and Statuaries. The Amusement Department in the Pavilion, Music Hall and Amphitheatre, where all the performances, concerts and balls, festivals, national celebrations, balloon ascensions, tight-rope walking and fireworks are held, pleases the multi- tude; for it is well known ‘“Woodward’s Gardens” cannot be surpassed for its many combined attractions by any similar institution in the world; and the secret of its permanent success is due to the nominal small admission of 25 cents to adults, and 10 cents to children; to the continued changes and improve- ments in all departments, and to the liberality of the proprietor, R. B. Wood- ward, in not drawing any funds from the income of the gardens, but to invest it in the increasing requirements of the institution. The expenditure since 1860 amounted to from $50,000 to $100,000 annually. Not a day passes but something new is received—for instance, living or well- mounted animals or birds, reptiles or fishes, shells or starfishes; also, plants, minerals, and curiosities from various parts of the globe—for Woodward’s Gardens has a world-wide reputation, and donations are sent in not only from remote localities of America, but also from foreign countries, as fast as the proprietor, who is continually building, can find room for them. No wonder the patronage of the gardens is increasing. Not only the cosmo- politan population of San Francisco and the pleasure-seeking people of the Pacific Coast, but travelers from abroad find it the most agreeable place of recreation; and, having seen the different exhibition rooms and out-door attrac- tions at a mere glance, the visitors are tempted to call again, it being utterly impossible to see the gardens in their full extent in one day. Visitors are admitted daily, from 7 o’clock A.M. to 5 or 6 o'clock Pp. Mm., according to season, but no return checks given. To accommodate visitors, the spacious restaurant furnishes first-class meals at city prices. The saloon furnishes best qualities of wine, beer and cigars (no intoxicating liquors allowed to be served). The soda, candy, and pop-corn stands are entirely new, and a constant large supply is kept. For promenading purposes, the gardens are unsurpassed; the asphaltum pavement walks are kept clean, and free from the wet condition of ordinary walks; all the’pathways and lanes leading around numerous ornamental flower- beds or amongst groves of trees from every clime, under which hundreds of rustic seats are scattered in every direction. Twelve drinking-posts, with cups attached, provide cool water. The property of the gardens extends over two blocks of ground, located be- - tween Thirteenth and Fifteenth streets, connected by a tunnel under Fourteenth street. Two large fences of solid lathwork on either side of the grounds, on the west- ern limits, or Valencia street, the one forty feet, the other fifty feet high, pro- tect the gardens from the prevailing Summer winds. k 4 FEES 4 22” ob ‘G62 etake of Preceding Frame i de and Catalogue of Woodward's 1 a Illustrated Gu lews an v Gardens for Sale at the Entrance and in Music Hall. 1C 14— Closets; 15—Animal Cages; 16—Pop-Corn Stand; 17—Fox Enclosure; 18—Bear Pit; 19—Monkey House; 20—Donkey Enclosure; 21—Closets; 22—Amphitheatre Promenade ; 23, 12— 24, 25 and 26—Larger Animal Enclosures; 27—+Aviary; 28— ’ Aquarium; 13—Tunnel and Entrance to Menagerie ; .34—Ladies’ alian Terrace ; 38—Ncw ) Stereoscop 1—FEntrance; 2—Museum ; 3—Conservatory: 4—Art Gal- Jery; 5—Seal Pond; 6—Gent's Clcset; 7—Fernery; 8— Tropical Plant House ; 9—Aquatic Fowl Enclosure; 10—New Fish Pond; 11—Marine Museum and Zoographicon ; Closet ; 35—Site to Palm House ; 36—Colossal Bust of Wash- Gymnasium ; 29—Kiosk and Refreshment Stand ; 30—Aviary; 31—Ethnological Museum, Fountain; 32—Pavilion: 33— Music Hall and Restaurant, Great Aviary: ington; 37—Grand Staircase and It Flower Beds; 39—Rotary Boat. L2bb’/ oft Tihvary 3 Aa INTRODUCTORY. In 1860 R. B. Woodward, Esq., commenced to lay out the Gardens, having visited the Eastern States and Europe three times subsequently, not only to gain information, but also to obtain valuable works of art and antiquity, fine educa- tional types of natural history, a large and well-selected library, and all these treasures of art and science, together with a daily increasing number of speci- mens in every department, form the present high reputation of the four Muse- ums, the Zoographicon, Art Gallery, Marine Aquarium, Conservatories, Plant- houses, Menageries, and Statuaries. The Amusement Department in the Pavilion, Music Hall and Amphitheatre, where all the performances, concerts and balls, festivals, national celebrations, balloon ascensions, tight-rope walking and fireworks are held, pleases the multi- tude; for it is well known ‘“Woodward’s Gardens” cannot be surpassed for its many combined attractions by any similar institution in the world; snd the secret of its permanent success is due to the nominal small admission of 25 cents to adults, and 10 cents to children; to the continued changes and improve- ments in all departments, and to the liberality of the proprietor, R. B. Wood- ward, in not drawing any funds from the income of the gardens, but to invest it in the increasing requirements of the institution. The expenditure since 1860 amounted to from $50,000 to $100,000 annually. Not a day passes but something new is received—for instance, living or well- mounted animals or birds, reptiles or fishes, shells or starfishes; also, plants, minerals, and curiosities from various parts of the globe—for Woodward's Gardens has a world-wide reputation, and donations are sent in not only from remote localities of America, but also from foreign countries, as fast as the proprietor, who is continually building, can find room for them. No wonder the patronage of the gardens is increasing. Not only the cosmo- politan population of San Francisco and the pleasure-seeking people of the Pacific Coast, but travelers from abroad find it the most agreeable place of recreation; and, having seen the different exhibition rooms and out-door attrac- tions at a mere glance, the visitors are tempted to call again, it being utterly impossible to see the gardens in their full extent in one day. Visitors are admitted daily, from 7 o’clock A.M. to 5 or 6 o'clock Pp. a. according to season, but no return checks given. To accommodate visitors, the spacious restaurant furnishes first-class meals at city prices. The saloon furnishes best qualities of wine, beer and cigars (no intoxicating liquors allowed to be served). The soda, candy, and pop-corn stands are entirely new, and a constant large supply is kept. For promenading purposes, the gardens are unsurpassed; the asphaltum pavement walks are kept clean, and free from the wet condition of ordinary walks; all the pathways and lanes leading around numerous ornamental flower- beds or amongst groves of trees from every clime, under which hundreds of rustic seats are scattered in every direction. Twelve drinking-posts, with cups attached, provide cool water. The property of the gardens extends over two blocks of ground, located be- tween Thirteenth and Fifteenth streets, connected by a tunnel under Fourteenth street. Two large fences of solid lathwork on either side of the grounds, on the west- ern limits, or Valencia street, the one forty feet, the other fifty feet high, pro- tect the gardens from the prevailing Summer winds. Fr Eo 5% INTRODUCTORY. For picnics, no place can offer better facilities, on account of its rural 8har- acter. The picnic ground in front of the restaurant, on an elevation of over forty feet above the rotary boat, ig lined with rows of tables and seats, sur- rounded by a picturesque growth of California oak, pine, and blue-gum trees. The rocky grottoes and bowers on the hill and near the miniature lake, are also provided with many tables and seats for picnics. The swings and gymnastic apparatus, the skating rink, the rotary boat, with room for one hundred persons, thé goat-wagons (with a small extra charge), the camels for taking trips with loads of children, the circus trick-donkeys, the happy family cages, with frolicking monkeys, cats, dogs, pigs and raccoons, and a thousand other objects of intereet, amuse old and young. Nothing is left undone to guard against accidents; no chance is left for a child to get hurt. Parents have become so assured of it, they bring their children and leave them in the gardens for the day without any protectors. Occasionally one, from carelessness, catches a little ‘‘ducking” from getting off the rotary- boat, but the water is so shallow, only thirty inches deep, no serious conse- quences ever happened, except to get their feet wet. : As long as the gardens exist no deaths by accident, no fire, or disturbances of any kind have occurred on the grounds; and it is a positive fact, the visitors protect the property as well as if it were their own. None of the shrubbery or flowers are allowed by them to be broken off or anything defaced, and none of the animals molested. In consequence, the instructions given to experienced employees to assist visitors for protection is hardly needed, because every citizen looks to this institution with pride and pleasure ; their fair patronage for years has shown proof of their good will toward the great principle of life: education and recreation inimitably illustrated at these gardens; and while similar establishments in the old countries have existed for generations, the conclusion could be drawn of our generous popula- tion, that their patronage is not withheld from this great and worthy enterprise, and in so doing perpetuate the existence of these gardens in the annals of the history of California. ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE oodward’s Gardens. The Mission-street cars pass the entrance every two minutes, each way. They run between Twenty-eighth street and the Water Front. The entrance may also be reached by the Larkin-street cars, which transfer with those of the Mission-street line, at Ninth street; and by those of the Valencia and Howard streets, which run within a block, and also the Folsom street line, which run within two blocks. Fare five cents. Tickets of all San Francisco lines taken. ADMISSION, 25 Cts. Children, under 10 years, 10 Cts. Photographic views and guide of the gardens sold at entrance, and in the Music Hall. : Lost children must be brought to the gate, where parents or guardians will find them. : Lost property delivered at gate will reach its proper claimant. On entering from Mission street, the visitor finds himself within a few yards of the Museum which stands immediately opposite the entrance. - To the right and left of him, at no matter what season of the year, he will find a beautiful growth of green grass, plants, flowers and trees. i : Eight beautiful life-size marble statues, executed by Italian artists, are found near the entrance, next to the tunnel, and in the grove next to the restaurant. Four of these statues ornament the walk between the entrance and the Museum, representing figures of Bacchus, Ceres, and two dancing girls—last named are the works of Canova. : el : Before going further, he should bear in mind the following injunctions : Do not smoke in the buildings! Do mot pick the flowers! Do mot tease the animals. No dogs allowed on the grounds. : hn In front of the Museum, marked (2) in diagram, a bulletin board will inform the visitor of the time for feeding the Sea Lions, Animals, Skating Assemblies, Performances, etc. ; THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY (Marked 2 in Diagram) Was founded in 1866. The nucleus of the collection of Natural History was imported that year from Verreux’s establishment, in Paris ; since that time ad- ditions have daily been made by Prof. F. Gruber, the curator, so that now it 1s second to none in America. The ORNITHOLOGICAL GALLERY Contains one of the best collection of birds in America. The visitor is re- quested in examining the contents of the exhibition rooms, of which the present guide gives a concise account, to go down the left and return along the right side, beginning at the lower floor—in the room to the left of the entrance— containing chiefly birds, their nests, eggs and young, a specialty of this Mu- geum. + — i ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE Class AVES —Birds. ORDER 1.—RAPTORES—Birds of Prey. CASE 1.—FaMmrrIes Yulturide—Vurrures.—Falconide— Hawks, Erc.—Diurnal Birds of Prey—Vurtures AND EacrLes.—The King Vulture Sarcoramphus papa, of South America; the large cinere- , ous vulture of Wurope ; the gol- den and wedge-tailed eagles of North America; the harpy eagle of South America; various fish hawks, and the caracaras of South : America. These and the follow- mee ing birds belong to the Diurnal d Birds of Prey, including vul- tures, eagles, hawks, buzzards i and falcons. $ Many specimens of this order 0 not represented in this case, will { be found in the cases described R in the Appendix to this depart- NE ment. oN CASE 2 —Faw. Strigidsee—Noc- turnal Birds of Prey—Owws.— This case contains the European ney’s dwarf owl; California, Eastern and Western mottled little red owl ; Tehuantepec hawk-owl and saw-whet owls of North America ; black belted owl, Central America ; brown owls from New Zealand ; burrow- ing owls of North America ; barn owls of America, Europe and Asia. ORDER 2.—SCANSORES—Climbers. CASE 3.—Fawm. Psittacide—Parrors AnD Cockaroos.—Long-billed parrot, Australia; Banks’ or black cockatoo, Australia—a prized specimen in ornitho- logical collections. This large family of birds, some of which are universally known, contains over three hundred species, distributed throughout the warm world. They are well represented in the collection. Parrots are recognized by their peculiar general form and disposition, and the capability of many of the species being the human voice. They are divided into numerous genera and species, living chiefly on fruits, and building in hollow trees. The ground parrots are mostly natives of Australia, the maccaws of America, and the lories of the Indian Islands. Some allied species are remarkable for their extensible tongue, furnished with a®pencil of filaments by which they are enabled to suck up the nectar of flowers in the manner of the suctorial birds (as nectarines, sunbirds and honey-suckers), these are termed - lorikeets. Each species of this numerous family appears to have its own peculiar residence, and a very limited distribution around it—this may be partly ac- counted for by the shortness of the wings, and the want of enduring power of flight, which prevents their migration ; but it is partly due also of each to a peculiar set of conditions, which would not be me Notwithstanding the differences in their plumage, the various family appear to be formed, as it were, upon one model, and this model differs 80 widely from that of all other birds, that many naturalists have proposed to class the parrots as an order distinct in itself. They are remarkable for aptitude and for the degree of intelligence they display, which app rior to that of most, if not all other birds. They have also more prehensile (VULTURES. eagle owl ; snowy owls of the Arctic; great gray owls of California; the Whit- FaLcons, EscLEs, owls ; Nicaragua, er regions of the plumage, familiar taught to imitate at its extremity, to the adaptation t with elsewhere. members of this ears to be supe- $ OF WOODWARD’'S GARDENS. 7 wer than the other feathered tribes, and make more use of it, being often seen, £9 in confinement, to grasp their perch with one foot and to convey ip %o the mouth with the other. Although their voice is naturally harsh an in “musical, they can be taught to imitate the sound of the human voice in spe ng and singing—in which great assistance is given by their thick fleshy i well as by the complicated structure of their inferior larynx. In their posi prehensile powers, their intelligence, and their arboreal habits, the parro : seems to hold in the class of birds a situation analogous to that of the qua 0 mana among mammalia. Notice two specimens of ‘‘ Blue Streaked Lory, we crimson plumage. A fine collection of parrots from New Guinea have recen y been added. Sotiris Fam. Picidee—WoopPECKERS.—Crested brown woodpecker, Sou merica. Woodpeckers are distributed over most parts of the world except Angialio ) they have an extensible tongue to draw insects antl larvae out of the nk o tre®s. The tail feathers are firm and elastic enough to assist them in clim ine The California woodpecker is, perhaps, the only member of the family y ih deposits acorns in trunks of trees ; feeding during winter on the insects foun in the acorns. i ? bet of Costa Fam. Capitonide—BarBETS AND Buccos.—The rare Frantz’s Bar Rica. vg Hr Barbet of Equator. Cayenne and Mayna Barbets. Groove-billed Barbican of Africa. Large Bucco of Brazil. Fam. Trogonide—Trocons.—Trogon resplendens, Yucatan ; Golden-headed Trogon of Central America. : i ds.) The cuckoo Fam. Cuculidee—Cuckoos.—(Two toes directed backwards.) : family, mostly migratory, inhabit the warmer parts of both hemispheres, laying their eggs in the nests of other birds, with the young of which their own are reared. Cuckoo of Europe ; Cumings’ cuckoo ; dwarf cuckoo, Australia. HE RoAD RUNNER (Geococcyx Californianus), is peculiarly a California bird. ne fleetness of foot, 44 on an open plain, is well known, a fast horse belog scarcely able to overtake it. On such occasion it never flies, unless i from a height, and its wings seem scarcely ever of much use to it, as Wg 3 y cannot fly upwards at all. Its food consists of insects, lizards and snakes, probably also of small or young animals it can destroy. (ROAD RUNNER.) i Brazil ; the de—Toucans.—The pepper-eating toucan of ; Epp iy (a specimen lived for some time in these gardens); the i re toucan from Central America; the long-billed toucan of South America. : 4 8 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE ORDER 3.—INSESSORES—Birds of Song and Migration. CANE 4.—Fam. Turtide—THRUSHES.— Comprising birds famous as song-e sters, found in all parts of the globe. American mocking-bird ; Mexican thrush; field-fare, Europe. Blue Thrush, Asia. White-capped Thrush, Africa. Sickle- billed Thrush, California. The American mocking-bird, in extent and variety of vocal power, stands un- rivaled by the whole feathered songsters of this, or perhaps any other country. He many times deceives the sportsman and sends him in search of birds that perhaps are not within miles of him, but whose notes he exactly imitates. Even birds themselves are frequently imposed on, and are decoyed by the fancied calls of their mates, or dive with precipitation into the depths of thickets at the scream of what they suppose to be a sparrow-hawk. His excessive fondness for mimicry is too well known to require special description. Fam. Hydrobatidee—WATER-OUSELS, from America, Europe and Asia. » Fam. Sylviidee—WarBLERS.—Many fine American warblers. The nightingales of Europe belong to this family. The nightingales have been eelebrated for their transcendent powers of song from the earliest period of recorded history. They are small birds of very plain plumage, light brownish gray above, and white on the lower parts of the body. Natives of the whole of-Europe as far north as Sweden ; all Asia as far as Sibe- ria, and northern Africa—everywhere choosing their residence in shady woods, thickets, or even hedges in the fields. It is also partial to thickly set orchards and gardens, and is supposed to have a great preference for the neighborhood of its birth. The robin red breast and robin blue breast, both of Europe, also the very rare Townsend’s warbler of California. The Sylvicoline or American warblers, embracing over one hundred species— most beautiful and lively little birds; though on account of their living almost exclusively in the woods, they are less observed. A few species reside only in the South, but the greater number breed in all the Northern States. Fam. Trochilide—HumMiNng Birps.—In this case is comprised a most brilliant collection of humming birds, among them are—The Ovilius, Emperatrix and Gigantic Hummers of Central America, fork- tailed, long-billed (bill three and a quarter inches long), shiort-bill (bill three-eights of an inch long), J/g cotton foot and long-crested ; the enterald, the ruby, #3 and the topaz hummer. The humming birds are \“% termed ‘‘Jewels of ornithology,” on account of the extraordinary beauty of their plumage. They are peculiar to America and the West India Islands; among them are the most diminutive birds known, the smallest species when plucked being hardly larger than a honey bee. They are of a lively dis- . + position, almost constantly on the wing, performing 2 all their motions with great rapidity ; their flight Z is in darts, and it is at this #ime, in a brilliant sun, ; 7 that the variations of their plumage are displayed (HUMMING BIRD.) with greatest advantage. ‘‘ Each rapid movement gives a different dye ; Like scales of burnished gold—they dazzling show, Now sink to shade—now like a furnace glow.” Fam. Melipha¢idee—HoNEY-EATERS. —Chiefly confined to Australia, where %hey abound in every variety of form of numerous species ; they find a never- failing support in the peculiar vegetation of that countty. There the fields are mever without blossom, and afford a constant supply of that food which is suita- ble to the tubular and brush-like tongue of these birds. It must not be supposed, however, that the food of the Meliphagidee is restricted, as their name would imply, simply to the nectar of flowers. They indeed feed upon the honey, but 5 oie [| be OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. combined with the numerous small insects lodged in most flowers, which they |. extract with their tongues, formed for that purpose. sok W illi e, are Fam. Meropidee—Bee-EaTERs.—Remarkable for brilliancy of plumage, Hoar in mah parts of the old continent and Australia. Many fine specimens are in the Museum. eae Fan. Aleedinidee—KiNcrisHERs,—Of a brilliant blue or green color, inha the banks of rivers. The blue-backed kingfisher of East India ; the poTepenn, and gigantic kingfisher, or ‘‘ laughing jackass ” of Australia, noted id a pean) > gurgling laugh, from which the name is derived ; it is also called by the colonis ¢ the settler’s clock.” Pid tia uss gle Valen Fam. Galbulidee—JacamMars.—Their plumage 1s of a fine, Ct ible a or velvety black, and may take rank with the choicest of humming birds. : i i he serration of their Fam. otidee—SawsrLrs.— Their name derives from t bills, I of the middle tail feathers, which are the loffzest, po eniirdly bare of barbs for a considerable portion of their length, the base Bs poe A with barbs, then comes the bare portion, and the tip again presents the ordinary appearance of a feather. ii idee—LYRE-TAIL SES 5 and 6.—Fam. Certhiide—Crerpers. Fam. Menur we By Troglodytidee— WrENs.—Comprising Scie Fo iy Australia, and America ; winter and marsh wrens of the United States; also, nd South American wrens. ar lyre-tail bird of Australia. The lyre-bird lays but one egg. a nest is built chiefly of sticks, and lined with feathers and other material. e egg is of a dark sage color. The young one stays in the nest, the Soe Ss a wren or robin, until it is well feathered. They mimic everything within oa ing, and are often called the great mocking-bird. They sing like Junaries, a mock the largest birds; crow like a domestic fowl, bark like a dog, an Soom mock the sharpening of a saw. A naturalist of Sidney reared three male birds, which became very tame. : i Fam. Paride—Tirmice.—Least titmice, California; bearded and blue titmice of Europe. The titmice mostly build fine hang nests. ieee _ Chamseade—Grouxp Trrs.—But one species of this family has been dis- Winn Habitat, California. The ground wren is a link between the wren SS L 4 white wagtails are the best . Motacillidee—WacrairLs.—The yellow and white wagtalls a b Win When on the ground they are constantly employed in beating the sur face with their tails. This accounts for their names. : Fam. Artamide—SwarLow ORIOLES OR Wo00D SWALLOWS of India and Austra- lia Fam. Fringillide—Fixcres.—Spotted-sided finch, Australia; goldfinch, Eu- | ’ ical-bi ds, including hes belong to the (Conirostres) or conical-billed Wirds, iu the hii tanager hey the Barings od Foshan leasing songsters. The Canary finches, originally x es stiected, and find homes in all civilized parts of the ing and green finch, Europe ; nonpareil, of South America; purple finch, United States. : Rly ss of high-colored plumage, red rump and scarlet tanagers, the maroon tanager, inhabitants of North and South America. . AStswinked Grosbeak, Europe; black-necked grosbeak, South America; white-wing bill of North America. i an Pittidee—Prrras.—Bright-colored birds from the Molucca and Philip- pine Islands, from Australia and New Guinea. kts i ah _Larks.—The sky-larks of Europe and ‘America, and the ‘ar A Amide the taste and perseverance of some gentlemen of New rope. —offe a EN SE ee Bn dE Ea ve +; = IEEE ESR ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE York, the European sky-lark has been naturalized to : i i ns. to a considerable extent Long Island, 4nd is likely to become a to i; fin . . . t to the singing birds of the United ig RS Ey le Famruies Ampelidee and Cotingid®—CraTTERERS AND FA — MaNIkINS.—Th - Lise crimson chatterer; pompadura chatterer, South America; or i pe. Umbrella chatterer, South America. The umbrella chatterer carries on 2, ead a large umbrella-shaped crest of feathers, and a curious tuft of pend- ant-like plumage hanging down the breast. The student of natural history is often puzzled to discover th oi i on ei da e use of such appendages unless given for protection Sus Fam. Rupicoline.—Notice the two species of ‘Cock of the Rocks,” from South America, and the miniat “ ’ : classified with the hy ature green ‘‘Cock of the Rocks,” from India, now Fam. Ploceidee—WeavEr-Birps.—These birds inhabit India i hare they are tg be seen on trees near the banks of rivers. ny Al build curious hanging nests, composed of the stalks of grasses, very closely inter- orn and have thus earned for themselves the name of Weaver-bird. The wi ippine Weaver-bird (Ploceus Philippinus) suspends his nest by a cord of con- siderable length from the outermost branch of a tree, to make if inaccessible to aks and monkeys. This elegant structure contains a chamber for the male in another for the female, the former being situated close to the opening at the ottom of the nest, through which the bird obtains access. Here the male sta- tions himself, and the natives believe that he attaches to the walls of his chamber 2) patch of soft clay, to which he fastens a fire-fly to serve as a night-light. The : eaver-birds breed together in large societies, a single Weaver-bird nest would be a rarity. Some of the species protect their nest with strong thorns to keep all intruders at a distance. The Sociable Weaver-bird of South Africa build their nests in large Mimosa-trees, and from eight hundred to a thousand of these nests are found under one general roof. When the tree which is the support of this aérial city has to give way to the increase of weight, the birds are under the nae ol] Mba 2 other trees. One of these deserted nests had been y e entrance i i at about two inches distant so ge ae... en Se Wn Cores. —The white-backed coly of Africa. UB-HAM. Musophaginse—THE PLANTAIN-EATERS.—The violet Plaintain- of West Africa is as singular in its color as in the shape of its bill hich 1s arched and its sides much compressed. Plumage deep violet appearin - black in the shade and glossed with rich green in certain lights. , $ The purple-winged Turaco is equally beautiful. Faw. — ) i Pe Lopacidn Tan Rorrers.—The European Roller and the blue Roller Fam. Colopteridee—Fry-catcHERS, — Principally natives of North and South America ; feeding on insects ; pursuing them like the swallows, on the wing. Rose-throated fly-catcher from Mexico: King-bi : Arkansas fly-catcher and the black fly-catcher. Ping ox bee be, U. Sister Fam. Hirundinide--SwarrLows.—Wire-tai : violet gross swallow, Nook hoo ire-tailed swallow from East Indies ; Fam. Cypselidee—Swirrs.—Black swift, Fam. Caprimulgide—Goarsuckers.—The steatornis cari ensis, ni or oil bird, a night hawk species, of South America ; is es i owl, feeds principally on fruits and seeds. It is, as the name indicates, noc turnal in its habits, and lives in large societies in caverns ; these are visited b ; the Indians in the breeding season, for the purpose of collecting the young rds which are exceedingly fat and furnish excellent oil when boiled down. G t sucker of Europe— Nuttall’s Whip-poor-will, t Tse CASE 7 a.—Faum. Laniide—SBrikEsS—Red-headed sh ike, Europe. The 4 butcher bird or shrike family feed on insects, young frogs and small birds, which —oifo ¢ OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. they impale sometimes on thorns, to tear in pieces at leisure. The bush shrikes inhabit South America. : CASE 7 b.—Fam. Sturaide — Starrines.—Mostly from the large Conti- nents. Many from America have a bright plumage. The roseate and com- mon starlings of Europe. Fam. Icteride—OrIorEs or HaneNEsTs.—Comprises boblinks, cow black- birds, red-wing blackbird, red-shouldered blackbird, red and white-shouldered blackbird, yellow-headed blackbird, Bullock’s oriole, orchard oriole and the grakles. The orioles are remarkable for building hanging nests with singular skill and beauty, suspending them from the horizontal branches of trees. : Sub Fam. GARRULINE—JAYS.—They abound in America, Asia, North Af- rica and Europe. All of which representatives are exhibited. CASE 8.—Faum. Paradiseide—TrE Birps oF PAraDISE.—Original or lesser bird of Paradise, the magnificent, and the king birds of Paradise. Natives of T= New Guinea, the neighboring Moluccas and Aroo Islands. This exceedingly fine family of birds was NW once absurdly supposed to live entirely on the wing, Ky ih consequence of the specimens obtained from the \'¥ Papuans having been invariably destitute of legs. The Paradise birds are, perhaps, the most beau- \ tiful of birds. In the forests of the large island of New Guinea, they live on the tops of the highest trees and subsist upon fruits and insects. It is said they have loud and unpleasant notes, somewhat like those of the crow family, to which they belong ; al- though but little is known of their history, it is stated : “Of the long and delicate feathers the bird is so proud, that it will not suffer the least speck to remain on them, and is constantly examining its plumage to see that there are no spots on it.” The red-plumed, the standard wing, the superb bird of Paradise, and the Paradise oriole, allied to the regent bird of Australia, are remarkable for splendid plumage, and have been recently added to the Museum. The king bird of Paradise has two long, slender tail plumages ending in a curled flat web of emerald, and the male of the green species has long flowing plumes at the sides of its body, which give it a magnificent appearance. THe plumes worn in ladies’ head-dresses are obtained from these birds, and their skins have been articles of merchandise for centuries. Fam. Upupide—Hoorogs.-—-The European Hoopoe, the twelve-threaded and long tailed Epimach, of New Guinea, belong to this family. Fam. Promeropide—Sunsirps—The sunbirds or nectarines are natives of Ceylon, Formosa, Natal in Africa and Bengal. They may be regarded as rep- resenting the humming bird in the Old World; almost rivaling them in beauty. Their plumage glitters with metallic reflections, but these do not vary in hue in different lights, as in the humming birds, which sometimes reflect the luster of the emerald, the ruby or the topaz, according to the direction in which the light strikes them. Over two hundred species of these well-named ‘ Birds of the Sun” are known to inhabit Africa, Asia and the South Pacific islands. Certain species also included in this family are natives of South America. In western Africa they are called ‘‘ humming birds” by the American colonists. They are usually seen in pairs or in small flocks, and fly with a tremulous or humming noise. They feed principally on minyte insects, and are said to be fond of spiders, for which they search in the crevices of the bark of trees. They are animated, rapid and graceful in their movements ; their disposition is lively, and their song agreeable. In this last respect they surpass the humming birds, whose voice is nothing more than a shrill cry. ; CASE 9.—Fam. Corvfdee—Crows—American crow, red-billed crow, Eu- rope; Australian piping crow, often called the Australian magpie ; the Alpine 11 3 DR GE eset Ane 12 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE crow of Switzerland, the ravens of Europe and America, the African white- necked crow. ’ Fam. Buneerotide--TaE HornpiLis—A family peculiar to the warm parts of h : Asia and Africa ; feeding on fruits, mice, small birds and reptiles. Like the Toucans, they swallow their food whole, throwing it up in the air and catching it as it falls. White-crested hornbill, Africa; the conical hornbill, of the Philippines, and the curved hornbill of Africa. According to the accounts of Wallace, in his travels in the Malayan Islands, and of Dr. Livingston and Brehm, in Africa, the extraordinary habit of the male hornbill is known by his plastering up the entrance to the nest of the female with her egg, allowing only room to put her beak through the \ small opening, and feeding her during the whole time of incubation and till the young one is fledged. It is a common habit to many of the larger horn- : bills, and is one of those strange facts in natural history which ‘are stranger than fiction.” ORDER 4.—RAZORES—Pigeons, Doves, Etc. CASE 10.—(Octagon.) Fam. Columbide — Pigeons AND Doves,—The pigeon family, uniting the perchers with the Gallinacee, or fowls, spreads over almost all parts of the world. Ground dove, North America; passenger, or wild pigeon, of North America (Ectopistes migratorius). The wonderful increase or multiplication of these wild pigeons is so rapid, and their destructive power so great, that they are obliged to migrate from place to place in vast flocks, to obtain their food. These flocks are often so extensive that they occupy three hours in passing any given point. These birds fly with great rapidity and stead- iness, at a rate of probably not less than sixty miles an hour ; from which the length of a single flock may be computed at about 180 miles. It has been calcu- lated by Audubon that the number of individuals in one of these enormous flocks, estimating its breadth at a mile, and allowing two pigeons to each square yard, which is rather within than beyond the mark, amounts to 1,115,000,000 ; and that as each pigeon daily consumes fully half a pint of food, the quantity necessary for supplying this multitude must be 8,712,000 bushels per .day. When it is stated, also, that great numbers of such flocks often follow one an- other, darkening the air for several days in succession, the wonder is, not that they should do great injury to the farmer, and should be dreaded by him as a pest, but that they should anywhere find a sufficient supply of nutriment. Their breeding places are described as large forest-tracts, fifty miles in length by four or five miles in breadth, in which every tree is occupied by from fifty to one hundred nests. The Didunculus strigirostris—Tar Dopo PieeoN.—This singular bird in- habits the Samoan Islands in the Pacific Ocean. = It is described as dwelling upon the branches of SS trees, and feeding upon fruits and berries. It’ flies well and is said to breed among the rocks in the interior of the islands. The chief inter- est attaching to the Didunculus, however, is its near approach, especially in the form of the bill, to that most remarkable extinct bird, the dodo of the Mauritius. The crowned pigeon of New Guinea and the nicobar pigeon of Ceram; band-tailed pigeon of California ; wonga-wonga of Australia ; brown-winged pigeon, Philippine * (NICOBAR PIGEON.) Islands ; wild pigeon, Europe ; purple-cap and crested turtle-dove. Australia. ? ? 13 OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. : + a— ORDER 5.—GALLINZA.—Curassows, Pheasants, Turkeys, Grouse, Quail, Etc. CASE 11.—Fam. Perdicidee—PARTRIDGES.— Various quails of America and Europe ; a white quail of Japan. The valley and mountain quails of California are justly admired as the handsomest of plumed quails. The Gambel’s and Mas- sena quails. . Sus-Fawu. Pteroclide.—The sand grouse, which are na- tives of the sandy plains and rocky deserts of Africa, Asia, and the southern districts of Europe. They are birds of powerful and rapid flight ; they love to wander from place to place, sweeping over a hot and arid solitude, in which they = find a congenial abode. Though 7 they repair in large flocks to localities in which they can ob- tain water, they are not truly gregarious, but disperse them- selves in pairs over their feed- ing grounds. They are so abundant in some districts that when they rise on the wing they seem at a distance like large clouds. i — k of CASE 12.—Faum. Phasianidee—PHEASANTS, TURKEYS, ETC. The peacoc Japan and of India, male and female. Notice the Horned: Tragopan of the Himalayan Mountains. Sus-Fam. Meleagrine—Wirp Turkey, MALE AND Femare.—The wild tur- key, extinct in the States on the Atlantic seaboards, is still abundant i the Middle States and South. The turkey is strictly gregarious, and flocks o fey. eral hundreds have been seen together. Their movements from place to p as are entirely performed on foot ; and, when apprehensive of danger, they na ly trust to running rather than flight. They are capable, however, of flying a sho distance with great swiftness ; and, when their progress 1s impeded by a ses they ascend, after a considerable delay and examination, to the 3 of ) e neighboring trees, and at the ‘‘ cluck” of their leader, launch iH § e we or the opposite shore.. Since the discovery of America, the turkey has been exten- sively domesticated in all civilized countries. Tre a (Gallus Bankiva) the rooster and hen from the Philippine Islands ; the long- wattled rooster. Fam. Tetraonide—GrousE.—The dusky grouse of Western America ; spruce grouse of Canada ; sage cock, or cock of the plains ; sharp-tailed grouse ; Oregon grouse. Fay. Cracide—Curassows—The crested black curassows approach the size of a turkey. Crested brown curassow. In many parts of South America they have been domesticated. Their flesh, in delicacy and whiteness, surpasses i of the fowl or pheasant. These birds breed as rapidly in confinement as or i nary poultry. The crested curassows congregate in large troops, ogg ig unsuspicious of danger, except when frequently molested. They live in Jie forests, or the borders of cultivated tracts, and build their nests on tens i species has been bred in Holland. It requires little care, but needs plenty o room, a dry soil, a sheltered situation, and trees on Ww ch to perch. They are (CALIFORNIA QUAIL.) Haid A + . 14 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE found in Mexico and Brazil, their range being very extensive. guan, Central America. Fam. Megapodide—Sus. Fam. Talegallinee—TALEGaLrAs, THE RED-FOOTED TarLEGALLA.—These birds are found in the dense brushes, scrubby gullies and primeval forests of Australia and New Guinea, where they are met with in small flocks on the ground ; they are shy and fearful, and when disturbed endeavor to escape by running into the thick brush ” or by flying into the branches of trees, and then ascending to the top by leaping from bough to bough, and having attained the summit sometimes fly off to aynew locality in the under- wood. During the mid-day sun they generally seek the shady branches of trees for shelter from the heat, often uttering a low, chuckling noise. They also dust themselves on the ground, after the manner of other Gallinaceous birds. Their food consists of seeds, berries and insects. The Australian species form a remarkable heap of decayed vegetables in a retired and shady place. The vege- tables are collected by their feet, until they have formed a heap of sufficient size, by completely destroying the plants growing in the neighborhood. After a cer- tain time has been allowed for the vegetables thus accumulated to engender some degree of heat, several female birds deposit their eggs in the mound at a little distance from each other, and cover them to the depth of three feet. - They are placed perfectly straight, with the large end upwards, and are thus left until they are hatched by the artificial heat of this remarkable hot-bed. The young birds force their way out of the mound, and at the moment of their escape they are completely clothed with feathers. The old birds are said to frequent the vicin- ity of the nest at the time when the young may be expected to appear, and fre- quently to uncover the eggs and cover them up again. This has been confirmed by the breeding of a pair in the London Zoological Gardens, the male (not the female) being assiduous in attending to the eggs and assisting the young birds to make their escape. —\\WY fr 2 A! \ i a WN Sk \ /// 3 RN p A ZZ) 4 Also crested CASE 18.—Fawm. Phasaianidee—PHEASANTS, — Argus pheasant of Malacca ; Stacy’s pheasant of Japan, and the green pheas#ht. The Argus pheasant is a native of Sumatra, 5 Malacca and the southeast of Asia, This, by na- nl ture, so gaily decorated bird is little inferior to SRY a peacock in size, and the middle two tail feathers of the male often exceed four feet in length ; it is remarkable for the elongation and breadth of the secondary quill feathers, which spread boldly out of their extremities and form, when the wings are opened, a sweeping, fan-like plume. It is ==% named ‘‘Argus,” from the numerous eye-like Sis spots on the feathers. It is almost impossible to convey, by description only, any idea of the blending of colors in this magnificent bird. The argus has not been domesticated. (ARGUS PHEASANT.) From Gallus giganteus and Gallus bankiva, the junglecock and the present game fowl originate. The junglecock is the forefather of the gamecock, and joint progenitor of the many and various colored crossbreeds between it and the offspring of the Malay cock. Strange to say, there are, however, no traces of the manner or period in which he was introduced into Europe, though known familiarly at the earliest date of recorded history, both as a delicacy for the table and for his pugnacious character. Cock fighting was carried on to a great extent by the Hindoos long prior to the invasion of Alexander, but seems originally to have partaken somewhat of the character of a religious rite, as did many of their games. This amusement was practised by the ancient Greeks and Romans, and was by them transmitted to modern times. The golden pheasant from China, remarkable for its brilliant plumage, and Lady Amherst pheasant of Thibet. 5. ORDER 6.—CURSORHES—Ostriches, Etc. $ «—Fawu, Struthionidee—OsrrIcHES.—Notice a young African ostrich. a are the largest birds now known to be living. The trian Selfih has two toes ; wings and tail very short, and is incapable of flight. It is on these birds that the wing plumes are taken for ornamental head Aragon : inhabits the sandy deserts of Arabia and Africa, everywhere Svolding the Wi ence of maa, but not disliking the society of animals. They are not u requen y seen on the great Karroo of South Africa in company with troops of quaggas, a amicably feeding together, and when alarmed scouring the desert with = Samy dinary rapidity. The ostrich is indeed one of the swiftest, if not the mos mp of all running animals. When darting along in a straight line, it leaves e swiftest horse far behind, and can maintain its speed for several hours. tone it can only be captured by a number of horsemen taking different sides a e plain, or by darting across the path of the bird. When driven to ge iis, it will occasionally turn with fury on its pursuers, and will inflict drea i wounds with: its claws. The African ostrich, known from remote ain Ys attains the height of six to eight feet, has been domesticated, and be ane I this state with much gentleness to those with whom it is familar. It w per itself to be mounted by a full-grown man, and carries him with great eats. e nest is a slight hollow scratched in the sand, and, it is said, is geno y ng pied by two females, who deposit the eggs to be hatched by the sun, but who, with the males, attend mutually to the young. Fam. Casuariidee—EmEvu, Cassowary.—The emeu is a native of New Holland, and of the neighboring islands. It nearly equals the ostrich in bulk, but is lower on the legs, shorter in the neck, and more thick-set in the body. The feath- ers bear a strong resemblance to branching hairs, the laminae of the veins being placed at a distance from go each other. Two stems arise from each root, one of fg these may be regarded as an increased development of the accessory-plume, a sort of little tuft, which grows at the base of ordinary feathers. The emeu feeds upon leaves, fruits and herbage, for the plucking of which its strong, straight beak, rounded at the point, is well adapted. It is timid and peaceful, trusting to its speed for safety, except when hard pressed, when it strikes violently with its feet. The flesh of the young is extremely delicate, but that of the full-grown bird Ap is coarse. The eggs are highly esteemed as food. to rie Though not an aquatic bird, the emeu swims well, and has been goon, Y rivers. The cassowary has a kind of helmet on its head, produce 1 y an enlargement of the bone of the skull, and covered with a horny su sauce, Their long, blackish feathers are almost devoid of side fringes, which gives them a resemblance to coarse hair. din idide—THE GREAT BusTaRD (Otis tarda) occurs in Germany and ra Js formerly abundant in Britain, but is now extinct there. I always frequepts the wild and open parts of the country. It is Shs gest 2 European land birds. The male, when full grown, measures nearly re ee i length, and about nine feet from tip % Hip ol the winded Vinge: 5 ve i twenty-five pounds ; the female is s 1 : - nga hid Fon lay oo or three eggs in a small hollow in the gro, Their food consists partly of vegetable matter, but in addition 0 Worms an insects they are said to kill and devour small quadrupeds and reptiles. Houbara undulata—The tufted bustard from Algeria. oo ‘ : Otis tetrax—The dwarf bustard from S. Europe, a beautiful miniature type o the family. OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. 15 oo ¢ ~~ 5 Sg FS Se 16 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE ORDER 7.—GRALLATORES—Waders. CASES 15 and 40.—FaMm. Ardeide—HEroNs.—Two fine specimens of Myc- teria gigantea, the gigantic cranes or jabiroo of 8 Australia, the largest of the grallatores, or waders. They have asvery strong and pointed bill, and when wounded attack the hunter with ferocity. These birds lay two eggs near a lagoon or swamp, and feed on fish and other small animals. They are very scarce, and one of the shyest birds to ap- proach. The nankeen crane of Australia; the i» Pe. white stork of Europe, and the white spoonbill ; (farang the brown night heron of Australia; snowy and = fF white herons of America; the great blue heron of Pe North America ; the smaller blue heron of Aus- (HERON. tralia ; roseate spoonbill and boatbill of South America; Demoiselle crane, North Africa. i Fam. Tantalide Ibises.—The wood ibis of North America; the scarlet ibis . of South America ; the black ibis of New South Wales ; the white ibis, and the sacred or Egyptian ibis. These birds, held sacred by the ancient Egyp- tians, have frequently been found as mummies in the catacombs, and were represented on their monu- ments. Death was the penalty for their destruc- tion. : Fam. Phenicopteride—Framincors.—The fla- mingoes are natives of the warmer parts of the “== world. They are usually observed on the sea shore, or in the salt marshes in flocks of many individuals, | one of which, it is said, acts as sentinel while the (SACRED IBIS.) others are feeding or resting. They are shy birds, and have handsome scarlet, white, or rosy plumages. oF The usual form of their bill enables them to search . for small shellfish and other animals in the sands or marshes by a ¢@rocess resembling hoeing. These birds sit astride on their high-built nests while hatching, the great length of their legs precluding their placing themselves otherwise. CASE 16. — Fam. Haematopodide — OYSTER- CaTcHERS.--From Europe, America and New Zea- .\i land. This singular bird, although nowhere nu- = merous, inhabits almost every sea shore both on the old and new continents, but is never found inland. (FLAMINGO.) It is the only one of its genus hitherto discovered, and, from the conformation of its parts, one might almost suppose that it had borrowed the eye of the pheasant, the legs and feet of the bustard, and the bill of the wood-pecker. lo During the summer months the oyster-catchers frequent the sandy sea-beaches of all parts of the Atlantic coast, roving about in small parties of two or three pairs together. They are extremely shy, and, except about the season of breed- ing, will seldom allow a person to approach within gunshot. They walk along the shore in a watchful, stately manner, at times probing it with their long wedge-like bills in search of shellfish. Sus-FaM. Cinclinee—TurNsTONES.—The turnstones are active in their habits, nimble runners and indefatigable hunters for food. It is difficult to get near enough to these birds to observe their manceuvres while engaged in the occupa- tion from which they have derived their name, though their industry is often apparent from the number of pebbles and shells found dislodged from their sockets in the sands in places where a flock has been feeding. : The surf-bird (Aphriza virgata) is a very rare bird on the Pacific coast of North America. QO ORS OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. 17 Fad. Scolopacide—SN1pEs.——American and European woodcocks; little snipe, Europe ; the godwits, long-shanks, the sandpipers—Phalaropes-the painted snipe of Australia. Notice the curlews having long, slender bills. Fau. Charadriide—Provers, Chauna Chovaria.—The large Parra or spur- winged plover of Central America ; the spur-winged plover of Australia; the wattled lapwing of East India ; the plovers of America, Europe and Australia. Continued in case 39. Fam. Recurvirostridee—Avosers.—These have the bill depressed, extended into a fine point, which is re-curved. Himantopus nigricollis, black necked stilt, is characterized: by the excessive length of the legs. Fam. Palamedeidee—ScreaMERS, Jacanas.—Notice particularly the long- toed jacana of South America, and various species of the Philippine Islands, of Australia and Africa. These singular footed birds are found in the warmer parts of the world. The extraordinary length of their toes and claws enables them to walk over the plants that float on the surface of the water while seek- ing their food, which consists of aquatic insects. The shoulders of most of the jacanas are armed with spurs. Fam. Rallide—Rars AND WATER HENs.—A large variety of rails embrac- ing all species found in the United States and a number inhabiting other coun- tries ; European rails; black-throated rail, Philippine Islands; various rails of Peru and Awustralia ; the hyacinthe water hens of Java and Algeria ; all of which have their plumage of a deep blue color ; the larger and lesser weka rails of New Zealand ; coot, purple gallinule, Central America, and the purple swamp or moor hen of New Zealand. The peculiar bony shield extending from the bill of the forehead is distinctive of this family. The young, in down, of rails and coots deserve particular notice. ‘ ORDER 8. —NATATORES.—Swimmers. CASE 17.—Fam. Anatide—GEEsE AND Ducks.—The widgeon of Peru; a North America widgeon, and a spoonbill duck, both partly albinos ; albino mal- lard duck. Notice a pair of paradise ducks of New Zealand ; and the Stellers duck of Alaska ; the blue duck of New Zealand ; the velvet duck of California ; and various other ducks of Europe. CASE 18.—TEears—The red-breasted, the blue-winged and the green-winged teals of America, and the European teal. Sus-Fam. Mergin®—THE MERGANSERS.—The hooded, the American and European red-breasted merganser, the smew, the goosander. The mergansers are distinguiseed by their slender and almost cylindrical bills, armed on the edges with points turning backwards, somewhat resembling the teeth of a saw. CASE 19.—Fam. Colymbide—Drvers.—The Northern diver ; Pacific diver; red-throated diver ; two erested grebes of Europe and New Zealand ; the little grebes of North America and Europe ; a fine albino Coopers’ grebe from Alaska. - These birds swim and dive with equal ease, and can remain submerged for a long period. Fam. Aleide®—Avuks.—The razor-bill auk of La- brador ; the little penguin of New Zealand, and the African penguin. The penguins, of which about twenty speciesare known, inhabit the Southern ocean. They are known at once by their very short wings, which are covered with scale-like feathers. They are mostly seen in small parties in the open sea, or standing upright on the floatihg fields of ice, hav- #4 ing been oberved in the highest southern latitudes Jig yet visited by voyagers. Some species inhabit the JF g=4 islands of the extreme south of both continents and New Zealand. When the breeding season advances, hy Eto motion a i oo oo oo oo ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE : 18 ir { § § a { t b 5 k they approach the islands in immense flocks. Their power of swimming is extraordinary, and assisted by their fin-like wings, they dart with great swift- ness through the most stormy sea, having been oberved swimming in the ocean at a distance of three hundred miles from land. GuIiLLEMOTS AND PUFFINS.-~Murre or foolish guillemot—inhabiting the Faral- lone Islands, California, in immense flocks, like the penguin of Patagonia. Their eggs are sold by thousands in the markets of San Francisco. Amongst hundreds of eggs there are not two exactly alike in their markings. Tufted puffins and the black guillemot or sea pigeon ; the hornbill guillemot ; the Cas- sin’s auks, all breed on the island. CASE 20. —CoNTINUED, FROM CASE 17—SWANs, GEESE, EQT.—American swans and black swans of Australia. The Coromandel or dwarf goose; the Bernicla Canadensis, or Canada wild goose, which migrates northward in Spring and returns in Autumn, during both of which journeys they attract great attention by the particular manner in which their flocks are formed and by their loud cries. The flight of the wild goose is heavy and laborious, generally in a straight line, or in two lines approximating to a point, like the letter V; in both cases the van is led by an old gander, who every now and then pipes his well-known “honk,” as if to ask how they come on; and the honk of ‘“All is well” is gen- erally returned by some of the party. Their course is in a straight line, with the exception of the undulations in their flight. When bewildered in foggy weather they appear sometimes to be in great distress, flying about in an irregular man- ner, and for a considerable length of time over the same quarter, making a great clamor. On these occasions, should they approach the earth and alight, which they sometimes do to rest and re-collect themselves, the only hospitality they meet with is death and destruction from a whole neighborhood already in arms for their reception. CASE 89 —Fam. Pelicanide—PrLicans.—The white and brown pelicans of “Ny North America. The characteristic feature of the pelican is the length of the bill, the face and throat generally naked, the latter being capable of being -morg or less extended irt the form of a membran- .,. ous sac or pouch. 2 ‘‘Ranged along the margins of the sand-bar,” > says Audubon, ‘‘in broken array stand a hundred heavy-bodied pelicans pluming themselves, and awaiting the return of hunger. Should one chance to gape, all, as if by sympathy, in succession open = their long and broad mandibles, yawning lazily and (PELICAN. ) ludicrously. But when the red beams of the set- ting sun tinge the tall tops of the forest trees, the birds rise clumsily on their short legs and heavily waddle to the water and plunge into the stream. “Lightly they float as they marshal themselves and extend their line; and now their broad paddle-like feet propel them onward. In yonder nook the small fry are dancing on the quiet water. Thousands are there, and the very | manner of their mirth, causing the water to sparkle, invites their foes to ad- ; vance. And now the pelicans at once spread out their broad wings, press closely forward with powerful strokes of their feet, drive the little fishes toward the shallow shore, and then, with their enormous pouches spread like so many bag-nets, scoop them out and devour them.” Fam. Graculidee—CorMORANTS FROM EUROPE, AUSTRALIA AND AMERICA. —The appetite of the cormorant is insatiable ; the havoc which it commits in rivers is very great, for one day’s consumption frequently amounts to six or eight pounds of fish. These it pursues principally under water, for it is an expert diver, and most successful in its search for its prey. In consequence of the skill displayed by the cormorant in fishing, and the ease with which it is tamed, it is reared in a semi-domestic state in certain parts of Eastern Asia. The Chinese and J apan- ese are the nations who best know how to utilize the habits of these birds. When thus used, a ring is placed round their necks to prevent them swallowing “H+ OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. 19 their prey, before turning them loose in waters which abound with the finny tribes. The cormorants, trained to obey their master’s voice, and balked in their attempts to swallow by the ring round their neck, bring to their owner all fish they capture. Fam. Tachypetids. Tachypetes aquilus—FrIGATE PELICAN OR MAN-OF-WAR Birp.—The Florida Keys are the principal resort of this species; here they con- gregate in large numbers at their breeding stations, several nests being fre- quently placed upon one tree. The frigate pelican is possessed of a power of flight superior, perhaps, to that of any other bird. The swiftest of our hawks are obliged to pursue their victims at times for half a mile at the highest pitch of their speed before they can secure them ; but the frigate pelican comes from a height with the velocity of a meteor, and on nearing the object of its pursuit, which its keen eye has spied while fish- ing at a distance, darts on either side to cut off all retreat, forcing it to drop or disgorge the fish which it has just caught. Yonder over the waves leaps the brilliant dolphin as he pursues the flying fishes to seize them the moment they drop into the water. The frigate-bird who has marked them, closes his wings, dives toward them, and immediately ascending, holds one of the tiny things in his bill. Already fifty yards across the sea he espies a porpoise in full chase, launches toward the spot, and, in passing, seizes the mullet which had escaped from its dreaded foe; but now, having caught a fish too large to be at once swallowed, he rises with it into the air, as if bound for the skies. Three or four of his own tribe have watched him and observed his success. They shoot toward him on broadly extended pinions, mount upwards in wide circles, smoothly, yet as swiftly as himself. They are now all at the same height, and each as he overtakes him lashes him with his wings and tugs at the prey. See! One has robbed him; but before he can secure the contested fish, it drops. One of the other birds has caught it; but he is pursued by all. From bill to bill and rap- idly through the air falls the fish, until it drops quite dead on the water, and sinks into the deep.—Audubon. Sus. Fam. Sularins—gtansers.—The gannet of North Batope and the booby of the Pacific Ocean. Fam. Plotidee—DArTERs.—Habitat, India, Australia, Southern Africa and America. The darter has a straight and pointed bill, with indentations at the point turned in a backward direction. Its head is slender and cylindrical, and forms the termination of a slim and excessively long neck, which gives it much the resemblance of a serpent grafted on a bird. In all its movements this neck is the counterpart of the reptile, and imitates its undulation, and has received the name of the ‘‘Serpent-bird.” CASE 21,—FaMm. Procellaridee —ALBATROSSES AND PETRELS. — The great wandering albatross is rarely seen at rest ; for this largest of sea birds, inhabit- ing both hemispheres, is frequently observed at great distances from land, and is capable of long-continued and.yigorous flight. The short-tailed albatross is found in the North Pacific Ocean. The petrel, or ‘“ Mother Carey’s chicken.” During heavy gales some of the species are most active, and appear to walk, with their wings expanded, on the top of the waves. They feed on small marine animals, and will follow ships for a long distance for the purpose of picking up fragments suitable for their food. Fam. Laride—GuLrs.—Gulls from Europe, America and Australia. Birds of this family frequent the shores of the ocean, but often wander to great dis- tances from land. They are incapable of diving, but swim buoyantly. Their food consists principally of fish and crustacea, but some of the larger species occa- sionally feed on the flesh of cretaceous animals, and devour the young and eggs of some species of sea-birds. CASE 21 h.—Sus-Fam. Sternine—TErNs, or SEA-SwarLLows.—The elegant Tern ; Forster’s and Least Tern, etc. Terns are distinguished from the gulls by their long, straight and pointed bills, small, slender feet, very long wings, oe ET RT ae te oo 20 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE ’ and forked tails ; from the latter character, and incessant activity on the wing, they are frequently known as sea-swallows. SusB-Fam. Rhynchopsinee—SkIMMERS.—They differ from the gulls in the form of their bills, which are so remarkable as to distinguish them at once from all other birds. Their beak is elongated and compressed, so as almost to re- semble the blades of a pair of scissors placed one above the other. The upper part of the bill, or upper mandible, is considerably shorter than the lower one, and used to catch small fish by skimming the surface of the sea with their lower mandible, while the upper one is kept out of the water. Fam. Phaefonidee—Troric Birps. The Red-tailed Tropic Bird. — “The Tropic Bird might well be called the fairy of the ocean; seen as it is in the genial latitudes of the warmest climates of the globe; now a stationary speck, elevated as far as the eye can reach, contrasted with the dark blue of the sky; then suddenly descending like a falling star, and as suddenly checking its course to hover for awhile over the topmost point of a vessel's mast ; sometimes darting like a meteor with its long, pro- jecting tail-feathers streaming in the air downwards on a shoal of flying-fish ; rising gracefully with its prize again to soar aloft and take its rest above the ¢louds.”—B. Stanley. . The following Cases are situated in the Southeastern Corridor. These, and the Cases in the inner and rear Gallery, form one ot the most valuable collections of Ornithology. These Cases .are marked by small numbers. CASE 1.—O=rNAMENTAL BIRDS.—Trogon resplendens, Yucatan ; Malabar dicu- rus ; rollers of India and Europe; bird of paradise; tuft-winged nectarine. From the feathers of this singular and wery rare bird it is said the ancient kings of the Sandwich Islands made their royal cloak. Red and yellow nec- tarine of the Sandwich Islands; whydah finch, Africa; jacamars of South America ; the broad-tailed drongo of Africa. The two outside feathers of the tail of this bird are long filaments, terminating in squgre-pointed plumes. The rollers are indigenous to Africa, India, New Guinea and Australia. They mostly frequent wooded districts. On the steppes of Southern Russia they are known by the name of Steppe Parrots, partly on account of their squalling voice, partly on account of their beautiful plumage, in which green, blue, yel- low and black strive for supremacy. Indeed, this is described as ‘resembling a moving rainbow,” when flying in the sunshine. CASE 2.—ParroTs.—Cardinal parrot of the Molucca Islands; red-masked conure, Guyaquil; the scaly-breasted; king and red-winged parrots of Australia. CASES 3 and 4—Cocraroos, PArRroTs AND Maccaws. — Long-billed parrot, Australia ; Banks’ or black cockatoo, Australia—a prized specimen in ornitholog- ical collections. Black cockatoo, a rare and large SOE specimen of Australia, as well as the Ganga cockatoo _ @RWINE V4 and yellow-breasted parrot. Blue-shouldered par- —\ WE aC rot—of Australia; red and yellow maccaw, South 3A: America. Particular attention is desired to the = three varieties of black cockatoos contained in these two cases; they differ in plumage, especially in the under tail feathers, these in one variety being red with black bars, in another yellow with dingy black markings, and the third having the upper tail feath- ers plain red. : CASE 5.—Lyre TaiL.—Lyre tail of Australia, al- lied to the wrens; a very extraordinary bird, proba- bly the largest of the insessorial order. The menu- ra superba (harp pheasant) of the settlers is distin- = guished by the truly wonderful plumage of its tail, a the feathers of which rise upon either side so as to (LYRE TAIL.) OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. present the form of an ancient lyre, whence the name given to the bird. It bears a strong resemblance both to the wrens and thrushes, except in regard to its large size. Its food consists of insects, snails, etc., in search of which it strides with ease over loose stones and the sides of rocky gullies and ravines. It is further distinguished for its vocal powers, for it possesses a loud, full note, which may be heard for at least a quarter of a mile, and also an inward warbling song. It is an extremely shy bird, inhabiting secluded situations, and taking alarm at the slightest unaccustomed sound. The rifle bird of Australia, distinguished by the brilliancy of the breast and velvety plumage of the back (belonging to the Upupide or hoopoes); the glossy- winged pigeon, Australia; cock of the rocks and red-breasted lark, of South America; the Barbary partridge; the European hoopoe, a fine specimen. CASE 6.—Piceons axp Doves.—Yellow-bellied pigeon of Africa; green pigeon and double-crested pigeon of Australia; the Barbary turtle dove; the scaly doves of South America; the glossy-winged pigeon of Australia; the black backed pigeon of New South Wales; the large brown pigeon, and the bronze- winged pigeon of Australia. CASE 7.—Parrots.—Violet-bellied parrot, Australia; yellow-shouldered of Gilolo; gray parrot of Africa; also, the'lesser white cockatoo. The cockatoos inhabit the Indies and the islands of Oceanica, and are pretty, graceful, docile and caressing, but are indifferent talkers. They are readily distinguished from the parrots by the presence of a large crest, which they are able to elevate or depress at pleasure. CASE 8.—Toucans AND HornsiLLs oF PHILIPPINE IsLANDS, — The Hornbill, Philippine Islands, has an enormous bill. The culminated, the green, the col- lared, and the orange-breasted toucans, mostly tropical birds, and prominently marked by their large beaks, sometimes as long as the body, and serving often as a means of defence against much more powerful animals. Travelers state: “Tt is delightful to see the head of a large toucan suddenly peeping through the hole of his nest at the approach of a mischievous monkey; although the bill of the toucan is not much stronger than a stout pasteboard, yet the monkey, in fear, and excited by the size of the bill, beats a hasty retreat.” The toucan is characterized by its enormous bill, which encloses a still more strange tongue, very straight and as long as the beak; it is covered on each side with closely packed barbs, similar to a feather, the use of which remains a complete mystery to us. Toucans feed on fruit and insects; they live in bands of from six to ten, in damp places, where the palm tree flourishes, for its fruit is their favorite food. In feeding, they seize the fruit with the extremity of the beak, make it bounce up in the air, receive it then into the throat, and swallow it in one piece. If it is too large, and impossible to divide, they reject it. CASES 9 and 10.—WoopprEcKERS, —Cape St. Lucas woodpecker; the ivory- billed of Mexico; the spotted of Africa; the Nubian, and the little woodpecker of Manilla; the nuttall and the California woodpeckers; the latter presented in the act of planting acorns. The hairy woodpeckers of Europe and North America; the yellow-bellied and the Gila woodpecker, the latter a very rare specimen; ani | the black-capped woodpecker of the Philippine Islands. Hemiclacus canente, heart-spotted woodpecker of Madras; white-headed and big black woodpeckers of California. black-necked green woodpecker of East India; the Mahratta woodpecker; brown woodpecker of India; three-toed wood- pecker of North America; banded woodpecker of Europe; the crimson-backed of the Philippines; the African striped woodpecker; the yellow-shafted flicker, and the wee-wee picamus of Napul—this is the smallest of the family. These two cases present one of the most brilliant collections of woodpeckers ever placed in any museum in the world. CASE 11.— Horn~siLLs AND MacPiEs—A family peculiar to the warm parts of Asia and Africa; feeding on fruits, mice, small birds and reptiles. Like the toucans, they swallow their food whole, throwing it up in the air and catching it = ein A - ET TRA A TR ati SRR AT ES Re eo - ee Sis 9 22 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE as it falls. White-crested hornbill, Africa: the hornbill ilippi . lands; a long-tailed magpie of Siam. : eli neh bs ng Dities PiMipleny 0 a yellow-billed magpie, having a perfect cross :. cimen, sho . Gruber, at Fol i ia; specimen in the United States, Sep Sey This case also contains the cuckoo pheasant of Australia. Magpies abr und in all parts of the world. They. are bold and impudent; are easily put to flight by man, but will fearlessly harrass a dog, a fox, or any of the a of prey. Their Jolie is unceasing, their movements short and ut they are heavy on the wing. Th i ig Sosy q3z gre hi Aoi A ey cry and came incessantly. hence CASE 12.—Tockus AND LEATHER-HEAD Birp.—Tockus bird, River Nile Africa; the curious leather-head bird of Australia; spotted cuckoo, and the black cuckoo of Australia. Most of the birds in this case are, on account of their rarity, difficult to obtain. : CASE 18.— Tanacers.—This case, with case 43, contains almost | ERS. ) a complete collection of this family. Their colors are generally bright, and in many "a particularly rich and beautiful ; some, indeed, are ornamented with the most vivid hues, or glossed with rich reflections of gold i inferior TVA mes SE of gold, rendering them inferior only CASE 14. —KincrisaErs.—The black and white kingfisher of Egypt; th Guatemala kingfisher ; the Lazuli kingfisher of the SN Arig ; the Smyrna kingfisher ; the elegant kingfisher ; the double-eyed kingfisher of the Philippines ; the Texas kingfisher ; the large-billed kingfisher of India; the yellow-throated kingfisher of Demerara ; the blue and black kingfisher of Egypt ; the indigo kingfisher, and the least kingfisher, both of India. These birds form a highly interesting group. Their bill is strong, straight and angular, being of immense length compared with their size, and their manners are as interésting as their appearance. Living on the banks of rivers, they feed almost exclusively on fish. The kingfisher watches patiently from a fixed station, generally a naked twig overhanging the water, or a stone projecting above the surface, for its prey. In this position it will sometimes wait for hours, absolutely immovable. When the fish comes within reach, with great rapidity it pounces upon it seizing 1t in its powerful mandibles, and after destroying it by compression, or by knocking it against a stone or the trunk of a tree, it swallows it head foremost, CASE 15.— TerusHES.—The black thrush of Japan ; str \ pan ; streaked thrush of th Basi Ladies 3 Mieshaded Jia Jemminds thrush of the rl a ah ruby-checked thrush ; the Oreocincla molissi: f the Hi ins, and the black-crested thrush of India. hstnaot is Bincieyan Voptinion, CASE 16.—SrARLINGS are diffused over all LINGS 2 quarters of the globe. They are remarkable for their vivacity, and grave, sombre plumage, light up with brilliant metallic reflections of green and blue. They are sociable birds, living in numer- ous flocks. Before retiring to rest they perform numerous maneuvres in the air fhe whole, felony Bronondly describing rapid counter-flights around a common centre. ey will sometimes continue repeating these eccentri luti half an hour before they finally settle for the wy io evolutions ir CASE 17.—FincHEs.—The purple finch of the United States; zebra fi Australia ; belted finch of India ; siskin of Europe, and snow as of hot Arctic regions. CASE 18 —HumMmING-Birps.—This case contains, among others, the Chi borazo humming-bird ; also, the least humming-bird, eo with Rv i bill, in contrast with one possessed of bill of enormous length. CASE 19.—Sparrows AND Bunrtings.—This case contains a collection of sparrows and buntings from various countries. J * . » GAYE 20, Susu FrycarcHERS.—Red-eared boobo, India ; least flycatcher, + P Lo ; i OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. 23 CASE 21.—CassicaN Trop1oLEs or HaNeNEsTS.—So called from the ingenuity with which they construct their pensile nests, crowding them together in such numbers as to form quite a feature in the landscape ; it is a native of South America. The song of the cassicus is sweet but very short, but he imitates any song so exactly that he goes by no other name than that of the mockingbird amongst the settlers. Buccos and Umbrella Chatterer. CASE 22.—PurriNs or SEA Parrors.—The tufted puffin and young, and the Arctic puffin. CASE 23.—K1wi axp Gicantic Grounp Parror. -— Notice particularly, Apter Oweni, gray kiwi and Apteric maxima, great kiwi of New Zealand. Obtained by Mr. Surman from the natives at Daggs Sound. Of all the cursores, the kiwi departs most widely from the general type of rs birds. 1t is one of those anomalous creatures that 1 partake of the character of several others ; its head 1B is in shape something like that of the ibis, with a H long, slender bill, fitted not alone for digging into ~ the ground for worms and grubs, but also to lean upon in walking, in ascending hills, and to use as a man would a cane. Its legs and feet are powerful, X and resemble those of the common fowl, with a i . fourth toe or spur behind, in which it differs from ; i Koay its congeners ; its wings, if wings they can be called, i OR) are exceedingly small, buried beneath the general it i Z plumage of the body, and not to be discovered with- | out difficulty, and are each terminated by a hooked =" claw. The nostrils are not situated near the base | == of the bill, as in most other birds, but are minute [18 KIWL.) narrow fissures, one on each side of its tip. It is of | H | nocturnal habits and pursues its prey on the ground guided by smell, rather than by sight. In a specimen, whose body measured 19 inches, the wings stripped of the feathers, were only an inch and a half long, ending in a hard, horny claw, three inches long. There is no vestige of a tail. Around the base of its bill there are some hairs like bristles. This extraordinary bird is principally found in the southern parts of the middle islands of New Zealand, espeeially frequent- ing fern-brakes, and seeking shelter in clefts of rocks, hollow trees, or in deep i holes which it excavates in the ground. These holes are its breeding places, Lh and conduct to a deep chamber in which the bird deposits its eggs upon a bed of fern. The food of the apterix is procured by thrusting its bill into the soil, when soft, or by striking with its strong feet on the ground, when hard, so as Ti to disturb the worms, then occasionally pausing to listen, it seizes them as soon as they make their appearance. The natives hunt them (by torchlight, attracted by their cry, sounding like ‘‘kiwi,”) for the sake of their skin, which is much valued as a material for the chiefs’ dresses. When it is pursued, it elevates its head like an ostrich, and runs with great spirit and vigor, and inflicts dangerous blows with its spur-armed wings and feet. This remarkable bird seems likely to be soon exterminated from the very limited portion of the globe which it inhabits, and will probably shortly be numbered among the extinct species, like the Dinornis giganteus or moa of New Zealand, supposed to have been at least 12 feet high, the Aepyornis maximus of Madagascar, whose egg was five or seven times larger than that of an ostrich ; one of these eggs was equal to 148 hen eggs and held two gallons of water. The Didus ineptus or dodo of Madagascar and Isle de i France, exterminated since 1750, and the American great auk, Alea impennis. ol The gigantic ground parrot of New Zealand is the largest known parrot, also called owl parrot, Stringops habroptilus. : CASE 24, —SpArRRow HAWKS OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. CASE 25.—Crows.—American crow; Cornish chough of Europe, and the piping crow of Australia; remarkable for the facility with which it imitates the songs of other birds—its own notes are clear, distinct and sonorous. In cap- tivity it is very amusing from its powers of mimicry. oo oe % 29 9 a3 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE as it falls. White-crested hornbill, Africa: the h i ilippi . lands; a long-tailed magpie of Siam. g Sloanalle ne PhtIeDs a Asics piibepienty § aw yellow-billed magpie, having a perfect cross £, cimen, sho . Gruber, at Fol i ia ; specimen in the United Lots ; Olson, Oolioraln Alpe US AY This case also contains the cuckoo pheasant of Australia. Magpies abr und in all parts of the world. They, are bold and impudent; are easily put to flight by man, but will fearlessly harrass a dog, a fox, or any of the ps of prey Their Sion is unceasing, their movements short and 7, but they are heavy on the wing. Th i io Foy Ay 8 hot rw oe ey cry and Shatisr incessantly. hence CASE 12.—Tockus AND LEATHER-HEAD BIRD.—Tockus bird, River Nile, Aiziea ih oi Loa hen Lead bird of Australia; spotted cuckoo, and the ack cuckoo of Australia. ost of the birds in thi A s in this case are, on account of it CASE 18.— Tanacers.—This case, with case 43, contains almost a ¢ | ‘ERS. omplete | collection of this family. Their colors are generally bright, and in many A Pitiomany Pion 2nd hom; some, indeed, are ornamented with the most vivid hues, or glossed with rich reflections of gold i inferior JI es ny of gold, rendering them inferior only CASE 14. —KingrisHERS.—The black and white kingfisher of E 3 Guatemala kingfisher ; the Lazuli kingfisher of the io nh ; the Smyrna kingfisher ; the elegant kingfisher ; the double-eyed kingfisher of the Philippines ; the Texas kingfisher; the large-billed kingfisher of India; the yellow-throated kingfisher of Demerara ; the blue and black kingfisher of Egypt ; the indigo kingfisher, and the least kingfisher, both of India. These birds form a highly interesting group. Their bill is strong, straight and angular, being of immense length compared with their size, and their manners are as interésting as their appearance. Living on the banks of rivers, they feed almost exclusively on fish. The kingfisher watches patiently from a fixed station, generally a naked twig overhanging the water, or a stone projecting above the surface, for its prey. In this position it will sometimes wait for hours, absolutely immovable. When the fish comes within reach, with great rapidity it pounces upon it, seizing 1t in its powerful mandibles, and after destroying it by compression or by knocking it against a stone or the trunk of a tree, it swallows it head foremost, CASE 15.— Tarusaes.—The black thrush of Japan ; str . pan ; streaked thrush of th Tiast Togs ; bine shackd 352 Tompindes thrush of the EE lara e ruby-checked thrush ; the Oreocincla molissii f the Hi ins, and the black-crested thrush of India. Sc Nemisis CASE 16.—SrarLINGS are diffused over all LINGS 2 quarters of the globe. They are remarkable for their vivacity, and grave, sombre plumage, light up with brilyiant metallic reflections of green and blue. They are sociable birds, living in numer- ous flocks. Before retiring to rest they perform numerous maneuvres in the air So whole, felony hroponsly describing rapid counter-flights around a common centre. ey will sometimes continue repeating these eccentric evolutions for | half an hour before they finally settle for the oy Saniansio CASE 17.—FincHES.—The purple finch of the United States; zebra fi Australia ; belted finch of India ; siskin of Europe, and snow ts of hor Arctic regions. 8 |} CASE 18 —HummiING-Birps.—This case contains, among others, the Chi borazo humming-bird ; also, the least humming-bird, a with ay os bill, in contrast with one possessed of bill of enormous length. CASE 19.—Sprarrows AND Buntings.—This case contains a collection of sparrows and buntings from various countries. : ® CASE 20.— Reds in Nes i FrvcarcHERS.—Red-eared boobo, India ; least flycatcher, $ + A CASE 21.—CassicaN TrorroLEs or HaneNEsTs.—So called from the ingenuity with which they construct their pensile nests, crowding them together in such numbers as to form quite a feature in the landscape ; it is a native of South America. The song of the cassicus is sweet but very short, but he imitates any song so exactly that he goes by no other name than that of the mockingbird amongst the settlers. Buccos and Umbrella Chatterer. CANE 22.—PurrFINs Or SEA Parrors.—The tufted puffin and young, and the Arctic puffin. CASE 28.—K1wi axp Gieantic Grounp Parrot. -— Notice particularly, Apteric Oweni, gray kiwi and Apleric maxima, great kiwi of New Zealand. Obtained by Mr. Surman from the natives at Daggs Sound. Of all the cursores, the kiwi departs most widely from the general type of : birds. lt is one of those anomalous creatures that partake of the character of several others ; its head is in shape something like that of the ibis, with a long, slender bill, fitted not alone for digging into /.» the ground for worms and grubs, but also to lean upon in walking, in ascending hills, and to use as a man would a cane. Its legs and feet are powerful, and resemble those of the common fowl, with a ; fourth toe or spur behind, in which it differs from NO its congeners ; its wings, if wings they can be called, XA) are exceedingly small, buried beneath the general plumage of the body, and not to be discovered with- out difficulty, and are each terminated by a hooked 2+ claw. The nostrils are not situated near the base == of the bill, as in most other birds, but are minute (KIWI.) narrow fissures, one on each side of its tip. It is of nocturnal habits and pursues its prey on the ground guided by smell, rather than by sight. In a specimen, whose body measured 19 inches, the wings stripped of the feathers, were only an inch and a half long, ending in a hard, horny claw, three inches long. There is no vestige of a tail. Around the base of its bill there are some hairs like bristles. This extraordinary bird is principally found in the southern parts of the middle islands of New Zealand, espeeially frequent- ing fern-brakes, and seeking shelter in clefts of rocks, hollow trees, or in deep holes which it excavates in the ground. These holes are its breeding places, and conduct to a deep chamber in which the bird deposits its eggs upon a bed of fern. The food of the apterix is procured by thrusting its bill into the soil, when soft, or by striking with its strong feet on the ground, when hard, so as to disturb the worms, then occasionally pausing to listen, it seizes them as soon as they make their appearance. The natives hunt them (by torchlight, attracted by their cry, sounding like ‘‘kiwi,”) for the sake of their skin, which is much valued as a material for the chiefs’ dresses. When it is pursued, it elevates its head like an ostrich, and runs with great spirit and vigor, and inflicts dangerous blows with its spur-armed wings and feet. This remarkable bird seems likely to be soon exterminated from th imited porti hich it inhabits, and will probably shortly be numbered among the extinct species, like the Dinornis giganteus or moa of New Zealand, supposed to have been at least 12 feet high, the Aepyornis maximus of Madagascar, whose egg was five or seven times larger than that of an ostrich ; one of these eggs was equal to 148 hen eggs and held two gallons of water. The Didus ineptus or dodo of Madagascar and Isle de France, exterminated since 1750, and the American great auk, Alca impennis. The gigantic ground parrot of New Zealand is the largest known parrot, also called owl parrot, Stringops habroptilus. CASE 24, —SpArRrRow HAWKS OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. CANE 25.—Crows.—American crow; Cornish chough of Europe, and the piping crow of Australia; remarkable for the facility with which it imitates the songs of other birds—its own notes are clear, distinct and sonorous. In cap- tivity it is very amusing from its powers of mimicry. OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. 25 2 7% Ps Me > a> hy » oe $ - which is considerably attenuated. 26 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE CASE 48.—SMALLER TANAGERS. — Paradise tana : A ger ; Sclater’s tanager ; golden tanager; red-necked tanager ; black-backed, green-headed or rr cocoa-headed, yellow-breasted tanagers; Desmarest’s tanager ; and the blue and i tanagers. n Mr. Sclater’s fine work on the tanagers, there are fifty-two species of th genus Calliste described and illustrated. When he wrote the or in 1849-50, Be ons, Nang rong, two other naturalists, Dr. Cabanis and Prince e; engaged to write upon the same subject. This el p- birds are found mostly in tropical America. ; Beles p of CASES 44 and 56.—Guirs, TrrNs, CAPE PIGEON AND GANNETS. — Male and female solan goose or gannets, Labrador ; Australian gull; slender-billed tern, Europe. Richardson’s skua, Atlantic Ocean; Cape pigeon or pintado petrel ; short-tailed albatross; gray tern, Africa. The pintado inhabits Cape Horn in prodigious numbers. A flock of what was supposed to be the young of the Cape pigeon (Daption capensis) was estimated to have been from six to ten miles long, ‘and two to three miles broad, absolutely darkening the air dur- ing the three hours they were flying over the discovery ships. _ The gannet, solan goose or booby. The latter name is given to this bird for its supposed stupidity, as it will scarcely move out of the way of imminent danger. The shortness of its legs and excessive length of its wings make it very oy onthe Although strong on the wing, they do not venture far from SPpoannns is therefore considered by mariners as indicative of the CASE 45.—NicaT-HAWKS. — Nuttall’s whip-poor-will resembles the nigh hawk, and is found only in America ; known Pr its peculiar call, which ‘oe very plainly to articulate the syllables which compose its name. This bird is i heard in the N. orthern States about the beginning of May, generally at usk, and during the evening. Towards midnight it generally becomes silent but its call bursts forth again at early dawn, and continues till the beams of the rising sun scatter the darkness that overhangs the face of nature. CASE 46.—BEE-EATERS AND NECTARINES. — Velvet-breast i ion. bee-eaters of Australia, Europe and Africa. reasted nectarine, Africa ; CASE 47.—Javs.—Nutcracker ; mot-mot ; black-faced crow, A i ; black- tralia ; European jays closely resemble the Asiatic in color of Ihre, Aun ue CASE 48.—Parrors AND CockaTo0s. — Nestor of New Zealand ; capped lory, Molucca Islands ; Swindern’s parrakeet, South Africa. pe green specimen is the (Loris sinensis) red-shafted parrot of the Molucca Islands with light-blue shoulders and bright red underneath the wings ; black-headed parrot, Peru; blossom-feathered parrot of Australia ; ground parrot, New Holland ; blue-headed parrot of East India; blue-rump parrot of South America. CASE 49,—Cuckoos.—Double-crested cuck Sas : nel-billed cuckoo of Australia, Raney od sudo of Philippine Jlands; char CASE 50.—Toucans.—Large-billed toucan, South America ; brown-rumped aracari of Peru; red-billed toucan of Costa Rica ; orange-tufted toucan of Brazil ; yellow-tufted and long-tailed toucans of Central America. CANES 51, 52 and 53.— Ducks.—Brown-breasted duck ; long-bil . \ - 3 -billed d 3 tree ducks ; white-faced tree duck ; Brazil ruddy ducks ; en Hi Gia and golden-eyed ducks ; and the king eider duck of North America. ; i CASE 54.—Birps oF PArADISE.—The i i igi : greater bird of Paradise ; th pd of paradise ; the red-plumed bird of paradise; the magnificent Sy necks and the king bird of paradise. The red-plumed bird of paradise has two ‘long filaments curling down the tail, almost like a whalebone, and is a most valuable specimen in ornithological collections. The Epimachs, or ied bi have been associated with the birds of paradise by ai el ate » some collections, from their resemblance in many particulars, more especially 4 having some of their feathers greatly developed, and also in the splendor of eir plumage; they differ from them, however, in the shape of their bill, = i oo OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. . 27 The island of New Guinea, situated almost be- neath the equator, is covered with one vast forest composed of trees of stupendous dimensions, many rising in their stately growth to the height of 150 feet, and of proportionate circumference. Shrubs and bushes are here unknown ; the very creepers are gigantic. The lianas, resembling enormous vines, climb to the summits of these gigantic trees, twining around them like serpents, and interlacing their stems among the branches. The brilliant tints that adorn these virgin forests constitute by I'/ no means their least striking feature. All hues of i green are intermixed with flowers of ample dimen. jis i 7h sions and of the richest colors. It is in the midst WJ") 4 of these solitudes, screened by the foliage from the re intense heat of the sun, that the Epimachi are (BIRD OF PARADISE.) found in company with flocks of parrakeets, crowned pigeons, turtle-doves, and birds of paradise even more splendidly decorated than themselves. CASE 55.—PiceoNs AND Doves.—Yellow and black-winged pigeon of the Philippine Islands ; the double-crested and elegant pigeons of Australia ; the brown-winged pigeon of Asia; the green glossy-backed pigeon of Philippine Islands ; the crested turtle dove of Australia; the brown-necked dove of Aus- tralia, and the wild turtle dove of Europe. CASE 56.—See cases 44 and 56. CASE 57.—PgLicans.—Brown pelican; Mexican and Brant’s cormorants. The Caroline grebe. CASE 58.—LoonN, EvrRoPEAN HERON, GALLINULE OF CENTRAL AMERICA, AND: Tropic Birp.—The tropic birds are distinguished by two long, slender tail- feathers. These birds are formed especially for flight, and are untiring on the wing, going heedlessly far out to sea. Their mode of flight is very curious, for they communicate to their wings a kind of quivering motion, as if overcome by exhaustion. The young ones, when just hatched, owing to their dazzling-col- ored down, bear a considerable resemblance to powder puffs. White-tailed tropic bird. CASE 59.—FrLaMINGo, SPooN-BiLL, Boar-BirL, UmMBeEr HERON. OF AFRICA, AND VARIOUS AUSTRALIAN HERONS.—The umber heron of Africa, on account of its shy habits, is exceedingly difficult to approach, and is a valuable acquisition to any museum. i \ J I LI | | a4 1 4, 7 The boat-bill as its name implies, is remarkable from the resemblance of this - implement to an inverted boat; the end of the upper mandible is furnished - with two sharp teeth. This bird, which is about the size of a common fowl, in- habits the savannahs of Central America, feeding on fish, molusks and some- CASE 60.—Youna AFricaN OstricH.—One pair of splen- did capercailzies or large black cock of the woods of Europe ; pin-tail sand grouse, Africa; exquisite groupes of old and young California quails and European field-partridges; gol- den, silver and marbled pheasants of Asia; white ptarmigan of the Arctic; the Norway grouse, Europe; prarie grouse of the United States ; dwarf quail, Australia; black-fowl, India; hazel grouse, Europe; male and female black cock of the \§ woods or lyre-tailed grouse; chiacalacca of Mexico; European of Quails. — CASE 61.—GuLLs AND YouNe.—Foster’s tern; Heermann’s (oSTRICH.) gull is one of the rarer gulls of the Pacific Shore. The female is of a blackish brown color. do + Sug 337 oe 28 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE CASE 62.—WiLp Turkey, GUINEA FOWLS AND AUSTRALIAN QUAIL. CASE 63.—AvusTrALIAN BIrps.—Contai ill : ill birds: ag teint ion ntains the broad-bill; gill birds; female Susp 64.—Horn-prrLED GUILLEMOT, YOUNG SEA P1eeoN.—The horn-billed gu] emots breed in small numbers on the Farallone Islands, they are very shy and timid and only feed in the grey of the evening, as the larger guillemots Soom to have such an implacable animosity to them, that if they venture from eir hiding places in the crevices of the rocks by day, they are immediately pursued by their enemies in flocks and pecked to death. CASE 65.—Avustrarian Brrps.—Crested shrik i — e or coachman, so called f 1ts note which sounds like the crack of a whip. Fan-tail Sh : dre eyed wren, feeding young in nest; and the sprightly pheasant thrush; the robin red-breast ; the red honeysucker ; and the swallow oriole. ? CASE 66.—Hawks.—Black-backed fal . i : Brazil and Guatamala hawks. fesed faloon; white gov hawk of Ausimaliss 1 a WneThe peregrine falcon of North America and the gos The peregrine falcon is distributed over the whole of th i eregrine | ‘ e northern h - phere; its flight is wonderfully rapid. One of these birds having escaped Sn tne falconry of Henri 2d of France it is said that it performed the whole dis- ines from Fontainbleau to Malta in one day, over 300 hundred leagues. The lon 13 gifted with a more remarkable degree of longevity than even the eagle. il reported that in 1797, at the Cape of Good Hope, a falcon was caught > A my of Sond and which had on a golden collar with an 1 stating that in it belonged to J i i ; it 3s hereto over 187 years old. to nse Rigen; is from this celebrated species that the chase of i rom game by means of birds of prey derives its name. It descends upon its rtical if i the sky; hence it catches birds on dior ion mi CASE 68.—Hawks.—O i BR ay ney or 2d hawks of Nerk avd Sond, Amerien: CASE 69.—Br1rTERN AND JacaNas.—Tiger bittern of South Ameri i particularly the long-toed jacana of We America and one of Ee Islands. These singularly footed birds are found ‘in the warmer parts of the world. The extraordinary length of their toes and claws enables them to walk over the plants that float on the surface of the water while seeking their food which consists of aquatic insects. The shoulders of most of the jacanas are armed with spurs. Rail of Philippine Islands and coot, Sandwich Islands. CASE 70.—EcreT, CORMORANT. —White E ifornia, distingui : ’ ; \ gret, California, distinguish us snowy white plumage. Baird’s or white patched Bsns mn Dori) scovered by F. Gruber on the Farallone Islands. Also found breedin on San Miguel Island, California. Notice a ruff neck plover, Europe os a most remarkable species of this group. Soon after Spring arrives in the breed- ing places, a ruff of beautiful long plumes is developed around the neck of the male ; this disappears at the end of June. It is remarkable for the diversity of its coloring—the hues not being alike in any two instances. A very iL nary degree of pugnacity is displayed by the males at the commencement of the breeding season, which does not even abate in confinement, and such conflicts are excited by merely setting food before them, that the results are sometimes. fatal to the weaker. European phalarope ; avocet. Bs ¥ oh OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. 29 oo ZOOLOGICAL GALLERY. (FppER FLOOR.) Class MAMMALIA—Quadrupeds. ORDER 5.—OARNIVORA—Flesh-eating Animals. Case 22.—FamiLy Felidee—CAr TrisE— Felis onca; jaguar or American tiger. This huge cat replaces on the Continent of America the tiger of the Old World, as regards size and strength, being little in- ferior to it in these respects. This case exhibits an anaconda attacking a ja- \ ar. The anaconda is often found with the tail 3 coiled round a tree on the river’s edge, with the § body floating in the water, thus awaiting the ap- proach of its prey. It feeds on animals which it © kills by crushing. ‘ CASE 28.—Tiger of India; leopard preying upon a gazelle, Africa; pumas, or ama . American panther, found in North and South America; jaguar; lioness and two young of Africa; ocelots of South America; two specimens of Ameri- ®% can lynx and a young lynx; brown wild cat, East » India; serval of South Africa; large species of the Canada lynx. The Canada lynx has a short, round head, with patches of long hairs on the sides, tufted ears, and a short tail. They are less do- mesticated than others of the feline tribe; even lions, tigers and jaguars are more easily subju- gated. The Felide, or cat tribe, are all carnivorous; never touching vegetable food except when domesticated, and then only in small quantities. In the wild state they will rarely devour any flesh which they have not themselves killed, or which is undergoing decomposition. They are, consequently, of all mammalia the most destructive fn their propensities, and their bodily strength is in accordance with their instincts. Their frame is vig- orous; and every motion is easy, free and graceful. There is no superfluous flesh, but the whole body seems composed of bone, nerve, muscle and sinew. They are surpassed in fleetness by many of the animals on which they prey— most of which are provided with longer limbs—but none approach them in power of leaping and bounding. Their footfall is rendered noiseless by the pads; and their senses are, for the most part, very acute. Their pupils are adapted for vision by night as well as by day; their organ of hearing is exquisite; and their sense of smell is also very perfect—though, in this particular, they Ne (LEOPARD.) are surpassed by the Canidee. Their long whiskers are of the greatest service | to these animals when stealing upon their prey at night, through thick under- brush. Their tongue is furnished with rough, horny papille, directed backwards. These serve a very important purpose in enabling the animal to scrape off the minute particles of flesh adherent to the bones of its prey. In the moderate degree in which this'peculiar conformation exists in the tongue of the common cat, this is familiar to every one; in the lion and tiger, however, she roughness is so great that one stroke of the: tongue would lick off the skin from a man’s hand. The larger felines hunt mostly on the ground. The leopard, panther, and various species of tiger-cats sometimes spring upon their prey from the branches of trees, sometimes from the ground, while the wildcats are almost exclusively arboreal, seeking their food amongst trees, and comparatively seldom frequenting the ground. Most of the felide may be tamed when they are young; they are, however, liable to occasional outbreaks of ferocity, which shows that their natural instincts are repressed rather than subdued. ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE es The tiger must be regarded as the typical species of the family, presenting, as it does, all the pecu- liarities of the group most strongly marked. Itis confined to Southeast Asia, and the larger islands of the Asiatic Archipelago, where its ravages are often terrific. It is equal in size to a lion, but of a more elongated form, and is pre-eminently graceful in its movements; the head, also, is shorter and more rounded. The presence of dark “h bands or patches on a tawny ground. may be re- (TIGER.) garded as very characteristic of the felide in gen- eral. The leopard and panther are more widely spread through the tropical portions of the old world, being natives of Africa, India, and the Indian Islands —Ceylon, Sumatra, esc. They are very graceful and active animals, possessing bodies of great flexibility, and being able to bound, swim, climb trees or crawl upon the ground with nearly equal facility. They generally take refuge in trees when pursued, and occasionally spring upon their prey from their branches. These animals are represented in America by the puma (felis concolor), called the American lion, panther or cougar; by the jaguar (felis onca), and other species. In that vivid chapter of the ‘“Aspects of Nature,” in which Humboldt describes the life of animals in the primeval forest of South America, occur the following notices of the jaguar, which are all the more interesting because taken from journals written down on the spot: “A striking evidence of the impenetrability of particular parts of the forest is afforded by a trait, related by an Indian, of the habits of the large American tiger or panther-like jaguar. While in the llanos or varinas, the meta and in the pampas of Buenos Ayres, the introduction of European cattle, horses and mules has enabled the beasts of prey to find abundant subsistence, so that, since the first discovery of America, their numbers have increased exceedingly in those extended grassy steppes; their congeners in the dense forests around the sources of the Orinoco lead a very different and far less easy life. In a bivouac near the junction of the Cassiquiare with the Orinoco we had the misfortune of losing a large dog, to which we were much attached, as the most faithful and affectionate companion of our wanderings. Being still uncertain whether he had actually been killed by the jaguars, a faint hope of recovering him induced us, in return- ing from the Mission of Esmeralda through the swarms of mosquitoes by which it is infested, to spend another night at the spot where we had so long sought him in vain. We heard the cries of the jaguar, probably the very individual which we suspected of the deed, extremely near: to us, and as the cloudy sky made astronomical observations impossible, we passed part of the night in making our interpreter repeat to us the accounts given by our native boat's crew of the tigers of the country. The black jaguar, they said, is not unfre- quently found there. It is the largest and most blood-thirsty variety; the black spots are scarcely distinguishable on its deep brown skin. It lives at the footeof the mountains of Maraguaca and Uturan. One of the Indians of the Devrimuna tribe then related to us that jaguars are often led, by their love of wandering and by their rapacity, to lose themselves in such impenetrable parts of the forest that they can no longer hunt along the ground, and live instead in the trees, where they are the terror of the families of monkeys and the kinkajous.” Fam. Viverridee—Civer Car, IcaENEUMON.—Civet cats of India and Africa ; the California mountain or civet cat ; gennet of Europe ; the Asiatic and African ichneumon. The civet cat yields the secretion that has long been esteemed by some as a scent. The best known species is peculiar to Africa, and is especially "a native of Abyssinia. The gennets, of which one species inhabits the south of Europe, present many points of resemblance to the feline tribe, in habits as well as in anatomical structure and general aspect; their claws are completely retactile. The ichneumon of Egypt bears a closer resemblance to the weasel tribe, in the form of its long, agile body, its short limbs, semi-plantigrade feet, small eyes, pointed nose, as well as in its bold, active, sanguinary and unrelent- % OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. ing disposition. It glides toward its prey with a snake-like movement and then darts suddenly upon it. The ichneumon is particularly serviceable in devouring the eggs and the newly-hatched young of the crocodile. Fam. Mustelidee— WEASEL, PoLECAT, FERRET, SABLE, GRISON OF S. AMERICA. — The Wolverine of North America; the Californian and the little striped skunks, the martin, the mink, sable, zorilla, weasel, ferret, ermine. Several of the most costly and beautiful furs are obtained from this family. Most of these animals have a strong odor, which in some is extremely offensive, as for instance in the skunk. Their habits are nocturnal, and they pass the greater part of the day in their retreats, which are the hollows of trees, burrows and holes; with the approach of night they rouse from their slumbers, and, greedy for blood, begin their prowl. They are silent and cautious, and attack their prey with unflinch- ing resolution. Having seized their victim they never let go their hold. They generallyaim at the neck below the ear, where they pierce the larger bloodvessels, or they fix upon the back of the head, and drive their teeth through the skull. Few animals surpass them in agility ; they bound and spring with vigor, and climb trees with astonishing dexterity, traversing the branches with a rapid, gliding motion. sented by the American otter and the European otter. They are distinguished by palmated feet, the head is broad and rounded, terminated by a blunt snout ; the ears are very short as well as the legs. They have aquatic habits, live along the banks of streams, and feed upon fishes. Genus Enhydra— Enhydra marina SEs OrrER.—In Capt. C. M. Scammon’s work on the marine mammals of the Northern Pacific Coast, we have an excellent description of this animal. ‘ The most valuable fur-bearing animals inhabiting the waters of the Northwestern Coast of America are the sea-otters ; they are found as far south as 28° north latitude, and their northern limits include the Aleutian Islands. Although never migrating to the Southern Hemisphere, these peculiar amphibious animals are found around the isolated points of Southern Kam- tschatka, and even to the Westeri? Kuriles, a chain of islands that separates the Ochotsk Sea from the Northeastern Pacific. The length of the full-grown animal may average five feet, including the tail, which is about ten inches ; the head resembles that of the fur seal; the eyes of the sea-otter are full, black and piercing, and they exhibit much intelligence. The color of the female when ‘in season’ is quite black, at other periods it is a dark brown. The males are usually of the same shade, although in some instances they are of a jet, shining black, like their mates ; the fur is of a much lighter shade inside than upon the surface, and extending over all are long, glistening hairs, which add much to the richness and beauty of the pelage. Some individuals, about the nose and eyes, are of a light brown or dingy white, the ears are less than an inch in length, quite pointed and stand nearly erect, and are covered with short hair. Some hunters aver that the sea-otter is never seen on shore unless wounded ; others state that they are found on the Aleutian Islands, and the animals are occasion- ally taken while asleep on rocks. » In this case will be seen a skeleton of the sea-otter of Japan. CASE 24—Fawm. Canidee—Wour, Fox, Doc, Coyote, Erc.—The Prairie Wolf and a group of young, North America, called also the coyote ; black fox, Alaska; northern red fox of Kamtschatka ; the white and silver foxes of the Arctic ; American and European common foxes ; the cross fox ;. two young specimens of European and American fox. The fox is characterized by its sharp muzzle and long, bushy tail, as well as by its cunning disposition, which has passed into a proverb. Among the most common of its expedients for escape is feigning death, which is also done by several other animals. The California fox is known to climb trees. The collection of the various species of foxes in the museum is nearly complete. Esquimaux dog; the Japanese dog. The wolf is extremely destructive to domesticated animals in the districts where it abounds. It seldom attacks man, however, except when pressed by hunger, and when associated with others of its kind. = Sup-Fam. Lutrine-—~GEeNus Lurra.—The genus Lutra, the otters, as repre- Ho + di re Se pds FZ rae STEER $ a ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE Fam. Hyenide—HyzNa.—Striped Hysena of Africa. The hyenas are essentially carrion feeders and are destined to fill an important station in the economy of nature. They cleanse the earth of the decaying carcasses of the larger beasts, whose remains, if not speedily removed, in those hot countries would infect the atmosphere with pestilential efluvia. Enabled by the enormous strength of their jaws, they crush even the largest bones, so as to extract from them the nutritious matter they contain. The hyzenas will seize upon living animals, but seldom attack man openly, except in self-defense. Their haunts by day are dens and caves, gloomy rocks and the ruins of towns and sepulchral monuments of antiquity. As darkness sets in, these fierce beasts emerge from their abode and prowl in search of their prey, with menacing teeth and glaring eyes. The hysena is confined to Africa and Asia ; the striped species is a native of Southern and Central Asia and of Northern Africa ; the spotted species and another that bears more resemblance to the striped are found in Southern Africa and are great pests to the colonists. CASE 25.--Fam. Melide—BapGERs.—Badgers of Europe and America. This family comprises but few species, some evidently allied to the Mustelide, or weasels, while others approach more nearly to the Urside, or bears. Fam. Ursidee—BEars.—Large brown bear and young one, California, (both lived in these gardens)young black bear, California ; a* very small, young grizzly, perhaps the most minute specimen of the species ever exhibited in a museum ; polar bear, a large specimen of this animal 1s suspended from the ceiling. This ani- mal was killed in open ocean, twenty-five miles from land, swimming toward St. (BEAR ) Lawrence’s Island, latitude 70°, by Capt. : Crandell, of the whaler Corrall, Oct., 1865. The characters of the family Urside (beags) are strongly marked. They are distinguished at once by their ponderous bulk, massive limbs and heavy gait. They have large claws, which are adapted for digging, and which are powerful weapons of attack and defense ; these are not retractile. The food of the different species varies in some degree ; some will not touch animal flesh if vegetable aliments can be obtained. The Polar bear, however, feeds exclusively on ani- mals. The dangers of an adventurous grizzly hunt are well known in California. Grizzlies, however, can be tamed, and many residents of San Francisco will remember to have seen the old bear-hunter, James C. Adams, ‘reclining in the clumsy embrace of his favorite bear, Ben. Franklin,” both in a most amiable manner enjoying the luxury of chewing tobacco. Genus Procyon.—RaccooN.—Raccoons of North America. Genus Nasua.—CoATI.—The brown and common coatis of South America. Fam. Cercoleptidee.—TuE KiNnkAJoUS OR Poros oF South AMERICA.—They form a small group nearly allied to the aberrant Urside. They are of small size and inhabit the tropical parts of America, feeding npon small birds and mammalia, insects and fruit, in search of which they climb trees with great agility. They possess prehensile tails, and like the bears are nocturnal and fond of honey. The classification of these animals puzzled systematic writers. ORDER 9.—EDENTATA.—Sloth, Armadillo. CASE 26.—Fam. Bradypodide.—Srorm, A1ar.—The sloths are represented by the common sloth, and the aiai or bradypus of South America. The sloths live in trees, and it is asserted that, to avoid the trouble of a regular descent, they let themselves fall from the branches. Later observations, however, pro- nounce them not so slow an animal, especially at the approach of danger. The female produces but a single young at a birth. The three-toed specimen was alive in these gardens. From the peculiar construction of the sloth, and the remarkable power of resisting tension or strain, which its limbs seem to possess, % oe ¢ > ¢ < OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. 33 it appears to feel no fatigue from remaining suspended beneath a branch for a long time. When going to sleep, it takes its place at the fork of a tree, the arms embracing the trunk, the back resting upon the angle of the branch, and the head reclining on the chest, thus rolled up almost in the form of a ball, and the weight of the whole body maintained in an attitude of ease and safety ; the head is supported between the arms and chest, and the face lies burried in the long wool which covers those parts, and is thus protected during sleep from the myriads of insects. When attacked on the ground, the sloth throws himself on his back, fixes his claws on his adversary, and grasps him with enormous power; in this manner he has been known to strangle a dog, holding him all the while at arms length, and, in the same mode, he grapples with snakes of large size, which, in his native residence, are probably his chief enemies. Fam. Dasypodide.—ARrRMADILLO.—The 8, 9 and 10-banded armadillos of Cen- tral and South America. Nature has protected these animals with a complete suit of calcareous armour, consisting of a triangular plate on the top of the head; a buckler over the shoulders, another over the haunches, and between these a series of transverse bands so as to accomodate the various motions of the body. The tail is also covered with similar rings. It can roll itself, like the hedgehog, into a ball, and thus defy the attacks of its enemies; it burrows with great rapidity and thus often escapes its larger foes. Fam. Manididee.—PaNcoriNs.—The pangolin; protected on the upper part of the body by tile-shaped, horn-like scales; native of Formosa, Der Fam. Myrmecophagidee.—ANr-EaTERS.—The two and three- - of Central and South America. ig Norice : Coarse hair and large claws of the great ant-eater (M rmecophaga Jubata.) Mr. Wm. J. Fisher of this city, Tl the Ss of the Isthmus of Panama in company with a native, succeeding in lassoing a large ant-eater. After a fierce combat, the native bleeding from his wounds and by the excitement carried to frenzy, drew his machete and cut up the ant-eater so badly to render the skin of the anim#l unfit for mounting. ‘The ant-eater or ant-bear lives exclusively upon ants by opening their hills with its powerful crooked claws, and the moment the ants issue forth from their quarters to defend their dwellings, draws over them his long, flexi- ble tongue, to which they consequently adhere (caused by a glutinous saliva) and withdrawing quickly his tougue to repeat the operation. The habits of the great ant-bear are sloth-like and solitary. When about to sleep he lies upon one side, conceals his long snout in the fur of the breast locks the hind and fore claws into one another and turns his long bushy tail over the whole body to protect it from the too powerful rays of the sun, giving very much the appearance of a heap of dried grass. In a shower of rain this natural umbrella is resorted to. The female bears but a single young one at a birth which attaches itself to her back and is carried about with her until it can provide for itself. Fam. Ornithorhynchidee—Duck-BiLLs or PraTypUS, — Ornithorhynchus, or duck-billed platypus, and the Echidna, or porcupine ant-eater, Australia. The platypus, or, as it is called in Australia, the duck-billed animal, and the echidna Or porcupine ant-eater, are wonders of nature. The platypus is about 14 inches long, and covered with thick, brown fur. Its head is similar ta that of a quad- ruped, ending in a bill like that of a duck. It has short, furry legs, with half- webbed feet. The hind ones are armed with sharp claws, It inhabits bur- rows on the banks of rivers, which have twa entrances, one above and the other below the level of the water, which it seldom leaves. It feeds on insects and seeds. The echidna is similar in general structure, but entirely different in external appearance, being covered with quills like the porcupine. It lives on ants, and, being a burrowing animal, it would appear that the broad, strong claws of the fore feet are for digging out the earth, and the large, hollow claws of the hind feet to enable the animal to cast away the loose soil ; to accomplish which the foot is twisted in such a manner that the sides of these claws lie on the ground, with’ the concave part behind. 3 % he! | 8 i i | ko & 34 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE ORDER 3.—CHEIROPTERA—Bats. CASE 27.—Fau. Rhinolophidie—NOSE-LEAF Bars, ETC. Fam. Vespertilionidee—CoMMON Bar. i Doc.— Fam. Noetilio.idee—FLYING a” d-winged, all of them known as bats, a I of flight ; that is, they are oe to the air, but also to move through it in any direction. from the peculiar conformation of the anterior member, longed, especially those of the fing very much pro Cot: 1 work, over which is sp : Ix fone The whole locomotive power o Sosa n this organ of flight. It can only move a ong ae i and using the hooked thumbs to lay ho g of any bin. forward. Hence, its motions are aw ns ! 2. polished surface, like that of 5 a greslly aml : hollows of trees, the crevices of yond fo dso ith great facility. The air, ho , on cabin swiftness, and with appar irection, and per 1e I wins! a F vementy it 1s very Ba oe as a rudder. This organ is most deve ope 3 } the wing ; whilst it is small or entirely wanting 1 ge Wile 1 a “heir i of flight bats bear a strong resemblance to . rsue insects on hil In the former come forth only at twilight. i ir recesses, Su he fa di : ‘and they assume the same position which, in the temperate zone, is passe forming the most abrupt evoluti ivorous, and the Frugivorous. The true bats an } usette, or flying dogs, belong iid bat of Australia ; the long-eare eared and pale bat of California. ORDER 10.—RUMINANTIA—EIlk, Deer, Ox, Sheep, Etc. CASE 28.—Faum. Cervide—ELE, DEER AND . Bovidee—SHEEP, GOAT, ANTELOPE Mi i at the white-tailed deer, the antelope of North A nimals of the order Cheiroptera, or Ee from other mammalia not only to sustain themselves in This power they derive the bones of which are ers, and constitute an unhel i d membrane continued irom el 5 pest animals seems concentrated olid surface by folding 1ts arity, and thus nd shuffling ; and on a 3 arrassed. But in the f a rock, it can climb its home, and through ent ease, wheeling in ions in search of its in- h assisted by the tail, “which d in bats which ag sets hich live on fruits. i which, like i i ek their food during a a i day the Doty Sep | ir hi i ds, consequently, hang- | spended by their hind feet, their heal : 3 i d by them in a state of torpidity. The i i the Carnivorous or Insect- bats may be divided into two groups Or Seeing, Je Combo 2 fk to the latter group. Notice the 0 bat of Australia; the short- .—The leucoryx; the black-tailed also an albino of the same variety; merica ; the mountain goat ; the chamois of Switzer- & OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. 35 land ; dwarf antelope of Africa; the mountain sheep, North America ; the muflon of Africa ; the proboscis gazelle of Siberia, and the angora goat. Of Ruminantia, or cud-chewing animals, there is a most life-like specimen of a gazelle of Africa. The beautiful musk deer of India, which was alive here. The characteristics of the group of ruminating animals consists in their singular faculty of masticating their food a second time. This power depends upon the structure of their stomachs, of which they have four, the three first being so disposed that the food may enter into either of them, the esophagus terminat- ing at the point of communication. The first, which is the largest, is called the paunch, into which vegetable matter, coarsely bruised by a first mastication, is introduced. From the paunch it passes into the second, called the honey- comb, or bonnet, from its peculiar structure, the walls being laminated like a honey-comb. This second stomach is comparatively very small, and globular in form. It seizes the food, moistens and compresses it into little pellets, which afterwards successively ascend to the mouth to be re- chewed. The animal remains at rest during this operation, which lasts until all the food first taken into the paunch has been submitted to it. The aliment thus re-masticated descends directly into the third stomach, called the leaflet, resembling the leaves of a book; and thence to the fourth or caillette, the sides of which are wrinkled and which is the true organ of digestion, analogous to the simple stomach of other animals. In the young, as long as they subsist on the milk of the mother, the caillette is the largest of the four stomachs. The paunch is only developed by the reception of the larger and greater quantities of grass, which finally give it a larger expansion. The feet in ruminants are terminated by two toes, each cased in a hoof, which face each other by a flat surface, presenting the appearance of a single hoof which has been cleft; hence the name of cloven-footed, bifurcated, applied to these animals. The mode of formation and renewal of the horns known under the name of antlers, of elks, reindeer, and the Cervide or deer in general, is worthy of notice. At a certain age there are developed on each side of the frontal bone two projections, whose tissues are very compact; these grow rapidly, and raise up the skin which covers them. These protuberances receive a great quantity of blood from numerous vessels which run along the surface, and also from those which traverse canals excavated in the interior; and the formation of new bony substance goes on for a time with great energy. But this very energy soon checks itself ; for new bone matter is deposited in the channels containing blood-vessels. These channels are gradually obstructed, so that the supply of blood is progressively reduced, and at last ceases altogether. The bone of the antlers then experiences the fate of all bones deprived of their nutrient fluid—it detaches itself from the head and falls off. The animal then remains unarmed ; but after a short time a thin pellicle soon covers the wound created by the fall of the horns, and fresh bony prominences develop in the place of the old ones, and acquire greater size than those which they succeed. The number of branches is also much more considerable, but these do not last longer, and pass-through the same changes asthe first. It is generally in Spring that these curious phenomena take place. The bony portion of these horns is, at their growth, covered with a hairy skin (called by hunters the velvet); this wears away on becoming more hardened. In other species, again, the bony axis grows during the whole of life, never falls off, and is covered with a kind of sheath composed of an elastic substance named horn, which is analogous to that of the nails, and which increases by successive layers. The name of hollow horns is given to these appendages, surrounded by a case formed of united hairs, as in the gazelle, antelope, mountain goat, chamois, etc. In all these, with exception of the antelope, the bony core of the horns is hollowed out into large cells, which communicate with the frontal sinus of the nose, and thus receive air into their interior. Tee MoUNTAIN SHEEP OR BiG-HORN (Ovis Montana )-—The specimen put up in the museum has been living at the garden. The mountain sheep inhabits the higher parts of the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains, as well as the Sass; and Coast ranges of Washington Territory, Oregon, and the Upper ssouri. 4 36 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE According to Audubon, a large, bighorn will weigh about 350 pounds. The horns are of immense size, measuring at the base from twelve to nineteen inches in circumference. In the female the horns are much smaller. The young are produced one, and sometimes two, at a time, in June and July. Some authors think this animal is the same as the Argali of Siberia. a case also contains a fine skeleton of the American Elk (Cervus Ameri- conus). The musk deer is provided in the upper jaw with long canine teeth, or rather tusks, directed downwards, and curved backwards... The musk is procured from the male only, and is the peculiar secretion of a glandular pouch, situated at the hinder part of the belly. From the high price of this perfume, and the ease with which it is adulterated, especially when fresh, it seldom reaches the market in a pure state. The larger species of the musk deer inhabits Nepaul, Boutan, Thibet, and Northern India. The smaller inhabits Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, and Southern India. It is peculiarly elegant in appearance and movements; timid and wild in its native haunts, but mild and gentle in captivity, to which it soon becomes reconciled. Notice YoUNG Musk DEER, born at the garden. In this case are contained European deer head; heads of mountain sheep; two heads of four-horned sheep; two antelope heads; various horns of American deer; two pair of chamois horns; buffalo head. ORDER 8.—RODENTIA—Hare, Rabbit, Squirrel, Rat, Mouse, Beaver, etc. CASES 29 and 30.—Fam. Sciuride—SQUIRRELS. — A large collection of squir- rels from Europe and America; aslo, flying squirrels. The genus Cynomis is represented by the prairie dog of North America. This interesting little animal has received the name of prairie dog from a fancied resemblance of its warning cry to the hurried barking of a small dog. The sound may be imitated by the pronounciation of the syllable ‘‘ chek, chek, chek,” in a sibillated manner, and in rapid succession, by propelling the breath between the tip of the tongue and the roof of the mouth. ~ As particular places are in general occupied by the burrows of these animals, such assemblages of dwellings are denominated prairie-dog villages by the hunters. Some being confined to an area of a few miles, others bounded by a circumference of many miles. ¢ The entrance to the burrows is at the summit of the little mound of earth. These mounds are sometimes inconspicuous, but generally somewhat elevated above the common surface, though rarely to the height of eighteen inches. Their form is that of a truncated cone, on a base of two or three feet, perfor- ated by a comparatively large hole or entrance at the summit or in the side. The whole surface, but more particularly the summit, is trodden down and com- pacted, like a well-worn pathway. The holes descend vertically, to the depth of one or two feet, whence they continue in an oblique direction downwards. A single burrow may have many occupants, seven or eight individuals often sitting’ upon one mound. The burrows occur usually at intervals of about twenty feet. At the approach of danger the animals retreat to their dens, or when its proximity is not too immediate, they remain barking and flourishing their tails on the edge of their holes, or sitting erect to reconnoitre. When fired upon in this situation, they never fail to escape; or, if killed fall into their burrows, where they are beyond the reach of the hunter. As they pass the Winter in a lethargic sleep, they lay up no provisions of food for that season, but defend themselves from its rigors, by accurately closing up the entrance of the burrows. The further arrangements which the prairie dog makes for his comfort and security are well worthy of attention. He constructs for himself a very neat globular cell with fine dry grass, having an aperture at the top large enough to admit the finger, and so compactly formed that it might almost be rolled over the floor without injury. Notice the Woodchuck of North America. ¥ VI SO &(n \ 0 OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. 37 Sus-Fam. Castorinee—BEAVERS.—The genus Aplodontia of the rodentia is : represented by the sewellel, showtl or nutria, and belongs to the rarer animals of California ; it is destitute of cheek pouches. The body is thick and short, clothed with fur like that of the musk rat, but [7S neither so long nor so fine. The tail is very short, agi and almost concealed by the fur. These animals #” form small societies, and live in burrows. Beaver California. Of all quadrupeds, the beavers are the most industrious in constructing a common dwelling. They choose water of such a (BEAVER. ) depth that it is not likely to be frozen to the bot- tom, and as far as possible, a running stream, in order that the wood which they cut above may be carried downwards by the current to the spot where it is to be used. They keep the water at an equal height by dams composed of branches of trees, mixed with clay and stone, the strength of which is annually increased, and which finally, by the progress of vegetation, becomes converted into a hedge. Each hut serves for two or three families, and consists of two stories— the upper is dry for the dwelling of the animals, and the lower under water, for their stores of bark. The latter alone is open and the entrance is under water, having no communication with the land. The huts are a kind of rude wicker- work, being made of interwoven branches and twigs of trees, plastered with mud. There are always several burrows along the bank, in which they seek for shelter when their huts are attacked. They only reside in these habitations during the Winter; in the Summer they separate and live solitary. Beavers may be easily tamed. Fan. Jerboide—JerBoa.—The Jerboa of Asia. have some resemblance to the kangaroo. Fam. Muride—Mouse, Rar, MUSK Rars.—Black, white and bush rats; white mice, China; gray mice, Australia; American and European gophers; Alaska marmots; musk rat, North America; dormouse, Europe. The black rat was known long before the introduction of the brown rat. It is believed to have originally come from Persia, where it lives in immense burrows and is said 2 In general appearance they to have first arrived on the European side of the River Volga, after an earth- quake in 1727. From that time it gradually spread through Europe. By its power of adapting itself to a great variety of circumstances, in regard to food, temperature and habits, it has heen enabled to spread itself by means of sailing vessels to almost every part of the globe. Of all the rodentia, the brown rat seems most capable of subsisting upon an exclusively animal diet. Fam. Hystricide—PorcupINE. —Prehensile-tailed porcupine, South America; North American porcupine; crested porcupine of Africa. The large porcupine inhabits Africa and South Europe. The spines or quills, with which it is furnished, are effective weapons of defense. The porcupine is a nocturnal animal, sleeping during the day in the burrow which it digs and to which there are several openings, and coming forth at nightfall to seek its food. Fam. Cavide—Guinea Pics, Erc.—Two spotted cavies and two South Amer- ican agoutis; eight guinea pigs of various ages and color. Fam. Leporide—HARE, RABBIT, Erc.—The Leporide, or hare tribe, distin- guished by the presence of two small incisors behind the cutting teeth of the upper jaw. Their timidity and aefencelessness is compensated by their watch- fulness, the acuteness of their senses and swiftness of foot. The eyes are SO situated that the animal can see nearly all around it; and its large ears can be raised and directed towards any point from which the faintest sound issues. It is nocturnal in habits ; it is said to swim well, and takes fearlessly to the water to escape from pursuit. The long-eared or jackass hare of California, and a black variety of the same; the European hare; the North American white hare; the lop-eared rabbits of Madagascar, and young; the long-tailed hare of Peru, and the wild rabbit of California. + 11 J 40 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. herds containing thirty individuals, and on one occasion I counted forty developed than in most other animals. This important group of pmmali, together. This, however, was owing to chance, and about sixteen may be whose intelligence, agility, and highly-developed organization is we pays ) reckoned as the average number of a herd. These herds are composed of has already attracted great attention, not only from the public, but from e giraffes of various sizes, from the young giraffe of nine or ten feet in hight, to philosopher and physiologist. the dark chestnut-colored old bull of the herd, whose exalted head towers above Fam. Simide—Monkeys.—The chimpanzee of West Africa. A well-stuffed his companions, generally attaining to a height of upwards of eighteen feet. nimal. The chimpanzee is only inferior in size to the gorilla; the hair is al- The females are of lower stature and more delicately framed than the males, the a rocisely th e as that of the gorilla. The chimpanzees dwell together height of the latter averaging from sixteen to seventeen feet, Some writers have MoSt Precisely : a tacks of the To leopard. and other dangerous wild discovered ugliness and a want of grace in the giraffe ; but I consider that he is on voor: ma re re make Te havoc among cultivated lands, one of the most strikingly beautiful animals in the creation, and when a herd of Animas he plamtaii f bananas or plantains. Should the sentinel chimpanzee them is seen scattered through a grove of the picturesque parasol-topped acacias ine i Dp 1 meat he sets in a loud ery, not unlike the scream of a which adorn their native plains, and on whose uppermost shoots they are enabled D ty nt a s, and all fly hastily. : to browse by the colossal height with which nature has so admirably endowed a the Hilobuics lenciscus. or long-armed ape of Java; their arms attain them, he must indeed be slow of conception who fails to discover both grace and the greatest kn a development as to length, in the whole group. dignity in all their movements. There is no doubt that every animal is seen to gr C shidus. or doahiaded monkeys, are characterized by a long the greatest advantage in the haunts which nature destined him to adorn ; and fs la a of a bn) and a short tal These animals are of large among the various living creatures which beautify creation I have often traced s ) S. £ >» vohariaril assuming the erect attitude, and a remarkable resemblance between the animal and the general appearance of the Sisture and prodigious Orge) is OY . which they climb with great agility. locality in which it is found. In the case of the giraffe, which is invariably met Svelling among Graney 20 recipe berries and grain, and partly of eggs, with among venerable forests, where innumerable blasted and weather-beaten {osceis ara which last they devour with great dexterity, is Ly LIL mye fn fest os fis ihnie of By savage attendants I have known on optics to fail—at J time Rnd abe ais a and pe bold and skillful oir pmsl SF spin confsoning pend ssa a a ov SS I . or grey ba : Many giraffes have lived in menageries and zoological gardens, and have bred o* on hs Uyauierhalis The oy Dane upwards of four feet in several times, and the young animals have thriven well. The female goes with & ight when standing erect, and two feet and a half when in a sitting posture. young about fourteen months, producing a single young one at a birth, which The A pa) Tit of the body is covered with long, shaggy hair, whilst phen born measures nearly six feet from head to root of tail. In the year 1874, that on the hips, thighs and legs is short, and when contrasted with the former Henry Reiche, from New York brought twenty-four living giraffes to Germany ing clipped. Black baboon of Africa, and the baboon intended for the zoological gardens there. has the appearance of being clippe 38 Fam. Camelidee—CamErg, Lrama.—Young camel, llama, and guanaco of Chili. All had been living in the Garden. From the earliest time recorded in is noted for the extreme agility with which this slender animal is capable of pro- of Guinea. Fam. Cebidee—SpIpER-MONKEYS.—The black spider-monkey of South America history the camel had been domesticated. The llama is likewise found in a domesticated state. Two species of camels are known, the Arabian, or one humpback, and the Bactrian, or two humpback camel. The Arabian is mostly called dromedary. It has been stated that this animal will bear deprivation of water for a period of fifteen days; but Burckhardt states that the time varies greatly, according to the 5 breed and the country in which the camels have been accustomed to travel. Se : i le: weight The Egyptian and Seon camels require frequent draughts during the Summer an elephant. This prehensile power is so i iy ba fo S50 ig jhe wha 8 wag months, while those which journey in the Arabian deserts will go for four or % Hie body shy Juin a ” on Ty that they Vero obliged by five days without drinking. : i s monkey of Continenta The cushionlike feet of the camel are adapted to traverse the arid regions with cut Sows. the tree 3 Tom mes Joie Jhs thems | rand monkey of an ease and steadiness that has gained for the creature the title of the ¢ ‘Ship of India ; the grey ring-ta h hi Aaced. and the howling monkeys—all natives ‘the Desert.” A stout Arabian camel can travel with a load of 800 pounds at Java ; the Soptiaiied, the wilie-taeed, the rate of about three miles in an hour. The Persians employed the same of South America. 3 iotinuiithed Tv their ctester species in a rather curious military capacity—its saddle being furnished with The genus Mycetus, or howling monkeys, are i e oy 5 a Pe one or two swivel guns, which are managed by the rider. The corps is called size and the diminished length of their limbs, and by g Jrese 2 3 Jal the ‘“ Camel Artillery,” and is of considerable value in the peculiar mode of which is, however, not opposable. The howlings he y the 1 DS forth fighting which is prevalent in the East. monkeys are described by travelers as astounding. They are ro y a early in the morning, at sunset, and during SAT nis, but wns ge ~~ : over-clouded sky threatens an approaching storm. ORDER 2-QUADRUMANA. Vi pa melancholy iA morose ; their movements are tardy and inert; and, CASES 33 and 84.—The order Quadrumana (four-handed animals), is di- when on the ground, they never attempt to walk on the hind feet. They feed vided into three families: Jes, [Roney (including Sahoo, and Be principally upon fruits and leaves. They have distinct and well-define cutting, canine and grinding teeth. eo 3 front, and most generally, the hinder extremities, are in the shape of a hand, Sus-Fau. Callitrichine—SquIRkeL Moggers, : fozdpiiod monkey of having the thumb placed lower down than the rest of the fingers, to enable the Fam. Lemuridee—Lemurs.—Notice the bushy-tailed oF 0X- os e I oR animals to grasp trees more firmly in climbing. Their brain is much more Cayenne. This species lives in troops in their native forests, an jecting itself from tree to tree. In length of limb and in the character of its Jose the black spider or ring-tail monkey appears, at the first glance, to have considerable resemblance to the long-armed ape; but the visitor is at one struck with the beautiful and peculiar provision of nature, which has a 5 strength to the arboreal wanderer, in giving him a tail so nicely endued wi : prehensile sensibility as to serve him almost in as good stead as the proboscis o i ht vv fo 42 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE OF WOODWARD’'S GARDENS. plaintive, piping noise which many of them utter they have been termed weep- ers. The lorisgracilis, slender loris of Asia. The gait of these little animals 18 excessively slow; their habits are nocturnal. The marmozet, siamiri and tamarin monkeys are natives of Brazil. Surmounting the Cases and distributed around the gallery are elk heads, horns of elk, deer, reindeer, antelope, sheep, etc. BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT. CASE 85.—O0orocicaL CorrectioN.—Nests and Birds’ Eggs. This case is situated in the right corridor, and contains a very instructive collection of nests and eggs of birds from all parts of the globe. On the front corridor and adjoining the entrance to the Museum are TL a : : he woods of the Rich goodness formed the herb and tree v ASRS 3s and 37. These cases contain specimens of But Love and Beauty made the flowers.” aclic voast. For Cases 38, 39 and 40, see Cases 15, 16 and 20. CASE 41.—REeceprioN CAsE.—Just within the entrance of the Museum, and at the foot of the stairs, is situated this case. Every specimen as 1t 1s added to the Museum (if not too large) is placed in this case for a few weeks, and after- wards removed to its appropriate place in the classification. Considerable interest in the ¢ Reception Case ” is evinced by the habitues of the Museum. The framed plates from Audubon’s great work, Illustrations of American Ornithology,” which decorate the stairway to the upper floor of the Museum, are a great assistance to the student of Natural History, as they aptly illustrate in life-like manner very many of the birds exhibited in this department. Notice the two lower jaw bones of (Sibaldius sulfureus) the sulphur-bottom whale, erected at the entrance of the Museum. The contents of the new MARINE MUSEUM AND ZOOGRAPHICON, in the hall above the Aquarium, and the GEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL MusEUMS on the hill next to the Restaurant, will be given at their proper places in the Guide. (ROTUNDA, CONSERVATORY AND ORANGERY.—MARKED 3 IN DIAGRAM.) On entering the Rotunda from the grounds, we are surrounded by a col- lection of interesting plants. On the right hand as we enter is a splendid speci- men of Musa Ensete, or Abyssinian banana. This is the most gigantic species of the genus, attaining a height of twenty feet or more, the leaves being from sixteen to eighteen feet long. There are also several fine plants of Musa Sa- pientuna, Cavendishii, etc.; Ficus Elastica, genuine Indiarubber tree; Ficus Australis, a smaller-growing variety; four fine plants of Brahea Dulcis; a splendid greenhouse palm, native of Mexico; a fine specimen of Magnolia Graniflora, native of the Southern States; several varieties of Cannas; fine Dracenas and Marantas. Amongst smaller plants we may mention Sanchezia Noblus Variegata, Farfugim Grande, both beautifully varigated plants; several varieties of Coleus, and other fine foliage plants. The sides of the building are draped with many climbing vines, amongst which are Biguonia Venusta, with its bright, orange-colored blossoms; Plumbago Carpenti, the flowers of which are etake of Preceding ho 49 y y 42 | ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. plaintive, piping noise which many of them utter they have been termed weep- ers. The loris'gracilis, slender loris of Asia. The gait of these little animals is excessively slow; their habits are nocturnal The marmozet, siamiri and tamarin monkeys are natives of Brazil. ; Surmounting the Cases and distributed around the gallery are elk heads, horns of elk, deer, reindeer, antelope, sheep, etc. BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT CASE 85.—O0orocicaL CorrectioN.—Nests and Birds’ Eggs. This case is : situated in the right corridor, and contains a very instructive collection of nests and eggs of birds from all parts of the globe. On the front corridor and adjoining the entrance to the Museum are I CASES 36 and 37.—These cases contain specimens of the woods of the Rich goodness formed the herb and tree, Pacific Coast But Love and Beauty made the flowers.” For Cases 38, 39 and 40, see Cases 15, 16 and 20. CASE 41.—ReceprioN Casg.—Just within the entrance of the Museum, and at the foot of the stairs, is situated this case. Every specimen as it is added to the Museum (if not too large) is placed in this case for a few weeks, and after- wards removed to its appropriate place in the classification. Considerable interest in the ¢ Reception Case ” is evinced by the habitues of the Museum. The framed plates from Audubon’s great work, Illustrations of American Ornithology,” which decorate the stairway to the upper floor of the Museum, are a great assistance to the student of Natural History, as they aptly illustrate in life-like manner very many of the birds exhibited in this department. Notice the two lower jaw bones of (Sibaldius sulfureus) the sulphur-bottom whale, erected at the entrance of the Museum. The contents of the new MARINE MUSEUM AND ZOOGRAPHICON, in the hall above the Aquarium, and the GEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL Museums on the hill next to the Restaurant, will be given at their proper places in the Guide. (ROTUNDA, CONSERVATORY AND ORANGERY.—MARKED 3 IN DIAGRAM.) On entering the Rotunda from the grounds, we are surrounded by a col- lection of interesting plants. On the right hand as we enter is a splendid speci- men of Musa Enscte, or Abyssinian banana. This is the most gigantic species of the genus, attaining a height of twenty feet or more, the leaves being from sixteen to eighteen feet long. There are also several fine plants of Musa Sa- pientuna, Cavendishii, etc.; Ficus Elastica, genuine Indiarubber tree; Ficus Australis, a smaller-growing variety; four fine plants of Brahea Dulcis; a splendid greenhouse palm, native of Mexico; a fine specimen of Magnolia Graniflora, native of the Southern States; several varieties of Cannas; fine Dracenas and Marantas. Amongst smaller plants we may mention Sanchezia Noblis Variegata, Farfugim Grande, both beautifully varigated plants; several varieties of Coleus, and other fine foliage plants. The sides of the building are draped with many climbing vines, amongst which are Biguonia Venusta, with its bright, orange-colored blossoms; Plumbago -Carpenti, the flowers of which are oo ge 40 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE herds containing thirty individuals, and on one occasion I counted forty together. This, however, was owing to chance, and about sixteen may be reckoned as the average number of a herd. These herds are composed of giraffes of various sizes, from the young giraffe of nine or ten feet in hight, to the dark chestnut-colored old bull of the herd, whose exalted head towers above his companions, generally attaining to a height of upwards of eighteen feet. The females are of lower stature and more delicately framed than the males, the height of the latter averaging from sixteen to seventeen feet. Some writers have discovered ugliness and a want of grace in the giraffe ; but I consider that he is one of the most strikingly beautiful animals in the creation, and when a herd of them is seen scattered through a grove of the picturesque parasol-topped acacias which adorn their native plains, and on whose uppermost shoots they are enabled to browse by the colossal height with which nature has so admirably endowed them, he must indeed be slow of conception who fails to discover both grace and dignity in all their movements. There is no doubt that every animal is seen to the greatest advantage in the haunts which nature destined him to adorn ; and among the various living creatures which beautify creation I have often traced a remarkable resemblance between the animal and the general appearance of the locality in which it is found. In the case of the giraffe, which is invariably met with among venerable forests, where innumerable blasted and weather-beaten trunks and stems occur, I have repeatedly been in doubt as to the presence of them until I had recourse fo my spy-glass, and on referring the case to my savage attendants I have known even their optics to fail—at one time mistaking these dilapidated trunks for camelopards, and again confounding real camelo- pards with these aged veterans of the forest.” Many giraffes have lived in menageries and zoological gardens, and have bred several times, and the young animals have thriven well. The female goes with young about fourteen months, producing a single young one at a birth, which when born measures nearly six feet from head to root of tail. In the year 1874, Henry Reiche, from New York, brought twenty-four living giraffes to Germany, intended for the zoological gardens there. Fam. Camelide—CaMELy, Lrama. —Young camel, llama, and guanaco of Chili. All had been living in the Garden. From the earliest time recorded in history the camel had been domesticated. The llama is likewise found in a domesticated state. Two species of camels are known, the Arabian, or one humpback, and the Bactrian, or two humpback camel. The Arabian is mostly called dromedary. It has been stated that this animal will bear deprivation of water for a period of fifteen days; but Burckhardt states that the time varies greatly, according to the breed and the country in which the camels have been accustomed to travel. The Egyptian and Syrian camels require frequent draughts during the Summer months, while those which journey in the Arabian deserts will go for four or five days without drinking. The cushionlike feet of the camel are adapted to traverse the arid regions with ‘an ease and steadiness that has gained for the creature the title of the ‘‘Ship of ‘the Desert.” A stout Arabian camel can travel with a load of 800 pounds at the rate of about three miles in an hour. The Persians employed the same species in a rather curious military capacity—its saddle being furnished with one or two swivel guns, which are managed by the rider. The corps is called the ‘‘ Camel Artillery,” and is of considerable value in the peculiar mode of fighting which is prevalent in the East. ORDER 2.—QUADRUMANA. CASES 83 and 84.—The order Quadrumana (four-handed animals), is di- vided into three families: apes, monkeys (including baboons), and lemurs. They have distinct and well-defined cutting, canine and grinding teeth. The front, and most generally, the hinder extremities, are in the shape of a hand, haying the thumb placed lower down than the rest of the fingers, to enable the + animals to grasp trees more firmly in climbing. Their brain is much more = developed than in most other animals. This important group of mammalia, whose intelligence, agility, and highly-developed organization is well known, has already attracted great attention, not only from the public, but from the philosopher and physiologist. Fam. Simide—Moxkeyvs.—The chimpanzee of West Africa. A well-stuffed animal. The chimpanzee is only inferior in size to the gorilla; the hair is al- most precisely the same as that of the gorilla. The chimpanzees dwell together in troops, and defy the attacks of the lion, leopard, and other dangerous wild animals. The chimpanzees often make terrible havoc among cultivated lands, robbing the plantations of bananas or plantains. Should the sentinel chimpanzee peérccive a signal of danger, he sets up a loud cry, not unlike the scream of a man in distress, and all fly hastily. : ; Notice the Hylobates leuciscus, or long-armed ape of Java; their arms attain the greatest known- development, as to length, in the whole group. The genus Cynocephalus, or dog-headed monkeys, are characterized by a long snout, resembling that of a dog, and a short tail. These animals are of large stature and prodigious force, never voluntarily assuming the erect attitude, and dwelling among craggy rocks and precipices, which they climb with great agility. Their diet partly consists of bulbous roots, berries and grain, and partly of eggs, insects and scorpions, which last they devour with great dexterity, nipping off the sting with an action so rapid as to prevent their being wounded by it. They are morose and daring in their temper, and their physical power renders them very formidable opponents. They congregate in troops, and are bold and skillful in their predatory excursions, maintaining their ground even against large parties of men. The Cynocephalus hamadryas, or grey baboon, is a native of Arabia and the eastern coast of Africa. The animal measures upwards of four feet in height when standing erect, and two feet and a half when in a sitting posture. The head, neck, and front of the body is covered with long, shaggy hair, whilst that on the hips, thighs and legs is short, and when contrasted with the former has the appearance of being clipped. "Black baboon of Africa, and the baboon of Guinea. Fam. Cebidee—SpipER-MoNKEYS.—The black spider-monkey of South America is noted for the extreme agility with which this slender animal is capable of pro- jecting itself from tree to tree. In length of limb and in the character of its motion, the black spider or ring-tail monkey appears, at the first glance, to have considerable resemblance to the long-armed ape; but the visitor is at once struck with the beautiful and peculiar provision of nature, which has added strength to the arboreal wanderer, in giving him a tail so nicely endued with prehensile sensibility as to serve him almost in as good stead as the proboscis of an elephant. This prehensile power is so great as to support the whole weight of the body after death. One specimen, shot near Rio de Janeiro, remained fixed to a branch by the extremity of its tail so firmly, that they were obliged to cut down the tree to procure it. Notice the rhesus monkey of Continental India ; the grey ring-tail monkey of South America ; the big-headed monkey of Java ; the short-tailed, the white-faced, and the howling monkeys—all natives of South America. The genus Mycetus, or howling monkeys, are distinguished by their greater size and the diminished length of their limbs, and by the presence of a thumb, which is, however, not opposable. The howlings uttered by the troops of these monkeys are described by travelers as astounding. _ They are usually sent forth early in the morning, at sunset, and during dark nights, but they are also heard when the over-clouded sky threatens an approaching storm. In disposition the howlers are melancholy and morose ; their movements are tardy and inert; and, when on the ground, they never attempt to walk on the hind feet. They feed principally upon fruits and leaves. Sus-Fau. Callitrichinee—SQuirREL MONKEYS. Fam. Lemuridee—LeMurs.—Notice the bushy-tailed or fox-tailed monkey of OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. Cayenne. This species lives in troops in their native forests, and from the Be 42 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. plaintive, piping noise which many of them utter they have been termed weep- ers. The loris gracilis, slender loris of Asia. The gait of these little animals is excessively slow; their habits are nocturnal. The marmozet, siamiri and tamarin monkeys are natives of Brazil. Surmounting the Cases and distributed around the gallery are elk heads, horns of elk, deer, reindeer, antelope, sheep, ete. ; i BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT. CASE 85.—0orocIcAL CorrecTioN.—Nests and Birds’ Eggs. This case 1s situated in the right corridor, and contains a very instructive collection of nests and eggs of birds from all parts of the globe. On the front corridor and adjoining the entrance to the Museum are mi”, : : ds of the Rich goodness formed the herb and tree ps ASnS 36 and 87.,—These cases contain specimens of the woo Ee Belts, aclic Loast. For Cases 38, 39 and 40, see Cases 15, 16 and 20. CASE 41.—REcEPTION CASE.—Just within the entrance of the Museum, and at the foot of the stairs, is situated this case. Every specimen as 1t 18 added to the Museum (if not too large) is placed in this case for a few weeks, and after- wards removed to its appropriate place in the classification. Considerable interest in the ‘ Reception Case ” is evinced by the habitues of the Museum. The framed plates from Audubon’s great work, Tlustrations of American Ornithology,” which decorate the stairway to the upper floor of the Museum, are a great assistance to the student of Natural History, as they aptly illustrate in life-like manner very many of the birds exhibited in this department. Notice the two lower jaw bones of (Sibaldius sulfureus) the sulphur-bottom whale, erected at the entrance of the Museum. ‘ . 5 % TAs 4 The contents of the new MARINE MUSEUM AND ZOOGRAPHICON, In the ha Fa ki , pa above the Aquarium, and the GEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL Museums on the i yw ann ns Sy 90 Lot res hill next to the Restaurant, will be given at their proper places in the Guide. RETR 77 aE ENS A 7 p ; 7 5 77 y774 y >. AY IIS HI 3 g C P XR Wo 4d 7200 x ; / uF ~ih// 7 7 7 YA Ae : J Az >= (A EN A 3 VIR i R e/a x WAIL ro! rs pa Y RAs | |} ~~ ER I” = ot ot Mas (ROTUNDA, CONSERVATORY AND ORANGERY.—MARKED 3 IN DIAGRAM.) On entering the Rotunda from the grounds, we are surrounded by a col- lection of interesting plants. On the right hand as we enter is a splendid speci- men of Musa Ensete, or Abyssinian banana. This is the most gigantic species of the genus, attaining a height of twenty feet or more, the leaves being from sixteen to eighteen feet long. There are also several fine. plants of Musa Sa- pientuna, Cavendishii, etc.; Ficus Elastica, genuine Indiarubber tree; cus Australis, a smaller-growing variety; four fine plants of Brahea Dulcis; a splendid greenhouse palm, native of Mexico; a fine specimen of Magnolia Graniflora, native of the Southern States; several varieties of Cannas; fine Draceenas and Marantas. Amongst smaller plants we may mention Sanchezia Noblis Variegata, Farfugim Grande, both beautifully varigated plants; several varieties of Coleus, and other fine foliage plants. The sides of the building are draped with many climbing vines, amongst which are Biguonia Venusta, with its bright, orange-colored blossoms; Plumbago Carpenti, the flowers of which are 4 x of % fine, sky-blue; Rhyncospermum Jasminioides, Var. Tecomas belonging to the Biguoniace, and many others. 44 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE The necessity of making gontinual changes among the plants, render it impos- sible to designate more of them. The most important ones will be found labelled. There are also four beautiful marble vases, planted with fine plants of Agave and Yucca; and in the centre is a fine marble fountain ; and immediately opposite to the entrance from the grounds is a doorway leading into the Pompei- ian Museum, and from thence into the ART GALLERY. THE ANTE-ROOM OR ENTRANCE. THIS ROOM IS FRESCOED AFTER THE POMPEIIAN MANNER, BY POLDEMANN. The cases of Pompeiian architecture on each side contain specimens of Natural History, Coins, Shells and Relics—new curiosities being continually added. Niche on the left— Statue of ‘THE INDIAN GIRL BY THE GRAVE OF HER Lover.” « An Indian Girl was sitting where Her Lover, slain in battle, slept ; Her maiden’s veil, her own black hair Came down o’er eyes that wept ; And wildly, in the woodland tongue, This sad and simple lay she sung.” : (From Bryant's Poem.) MoONSIER, AMERICAN ARTIST, ROME. Niche on the right—Statute of ‘“ REBEKAH AT THE WELL.” Ives, AMERICAN ARTIST, ROME. PICTURE GALLERY. First to the entrance is the ‘Bust oF A Youne GIRL.” By Garr, AMERICAN ARTIST, FLORENCE. At the west end of the Gallery is the “Bust oF THE STATUE OF CALIFORNIA.” By Hiram PowERS, AMERICAN SCULPTOR, FLORENCE. This Bust is from Powers’ celebrated Statue of California, representing her as a beautiful woman, extending in one hand a golden fortune, but concealing in the other the thorn that beset the pathway of him who sought it. It is said to be one of his greatest works; executed in 1852, and purchased by Hon. M. S. ~ Latham, it having been first offered to the State of California, which did not secure it—the State being too poor to purchase. COMMENCING AT THE LEFT OF THE ENTRANCE. . 1.—CATTLE AND BRIDGE, on the Roman Campagna. . 2.—COMPOSITION FLOWERS. . 3.—MADONNA DEL CARDELLINO (Goldfinch). Original in the Rotunda of the Uffizi Palace, Florence. . 4—TITIAN’S DAUGHTER. : Titian was one of the most famous of the old Masters. He was at the head of the Venetian school. As a colorist he has never been equaled in ancient or modern times. Copy from the well-known picture in Florence. —BERTI. OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. . 5.—SCENE IN THE TROPICS, Cen. Am. . 6.—STREET SCENE IN HOLLAND. . 7.—STREET SCENE, by A. Pots. . 8.—THE GLEANER (Italian). . 9.—SKETCH OF A DONKEY. . 10.—AQUA ACETOSA—A view on the Tiber, two miles above Rome .V. WiLLIAMS,. “And one, a full-fed river, winding slow, By herds, upon an endless plain, The ragged rims of Thunder brooding low, And shadow-streaks of rain.” ; TENNYSON’S Palace of Art. _ 11.—THE AFRICAN LION. Dutch Painting. . 12.—CHIARUCCIA—A Roman model of an old picture. V. WILLIAMS. _ 13.—LADY HESTER STANHOPE—An eccentric character; niece and private secretary of the celebrated statesman, William Pitt, after whose death she made herself famous by her travels and adventures in Syria. 14.—NAPA VALLEY—View from the vicinity of the Soda Springs, looking south. In the extreme distance on the right may be seen Mount Tamalpais and San Pablo Bay; on the left, the Contra Costa Range and Mare Island; nearer still, Napa City and the fertile expanse of the Valley. . V. WILLIAMS. . 15.—ITALIAN STREET SCENE. . 16.—THE ALBAN MOUNTAINS. A view taken at the Ponte Mamelo, on the road to Tivoli, four miles from Rome. : TROPICS. Natural. . 17.—ITALIAN STREET SCENE. . 18.—TASSO AND LEONORA D’ESTE. Tasso, the Italian poet, was patronized by the Duke Alphonso, of Fer- rara, and his sister, Leonora D'Este. Many of the poet’s finest sonnets were dedicated to the latter ; and this picture represents the author as read ing one of them in her presence. It is the proud privilege of genius to outlive the remembrance of the combined attractions of royalty, power, wealth, learning and beauty. Leon- ore D'Este, the ‘bright, particular star,” who was, ih 1585, too much above her lover to receive from him any but the most distant worship, in 1835 shines solely from the borrowed light of Tasso’s genius, and is as- sociated in our recollections only with the poet of Jerusalem. Leonora, sister of Alphonso II, the Duke of Ferrara, was wise and gener- ous, and not only well read in elegant literature, but even versed in the more abstruse sciences. Having refused the more advantageous. offer of marriage, she resided with Lauretta, Duchess of Urbino, her eldest sister, who was separated from her husband. Tasso is supposed to allude to his passion for Leonora in the beautiful episode of Sopronio and Olindo, in the second book of his celebrated poem, where he gives a fine descripto of her. person and character, and a touching account of his own unregarded devo- tion and hopeless love. Perhaps Leonora, though too proud and chaste to encourage the passion of Tasso, was not insensible to his merit, for we learn that of the many friends to whom he wrote to petition for his return to Ferrara, none answered the banished and disgraced poet but the princess. Her kindness, however, was fatal to its object. He returned to the Court, was arrested by Alphonso, conducted to the hospital of St. Anna, and confined in a solitary cell as a maniac. : + ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE They call me mad—and wh Oh Leonora ! wilt not thou oy I was, indeed, delirious in my heart To lift my love so lofty as thou art? But still, my frenzy was not of the mind ; I knew my fault, and feel my punishment Not less because I suffer it unbent, That thou wert beautiful, and I not blind Hath been the sin that shuts me from mankind : But let them go, or torture as they will, 2 My heart can multiply thine image still ; Successful love may sate itself away, ’ The wretched are the faithful ; 'tis their fate To have all feeling save the one decay And every passion into one dilate, As rapid rivers into ocean pour ; But ours is fathomless, and hath no shore. Copy from FERERo, by A. RaTTI. No. 19, No. 20, No. 21.—ITALIAN PEASANTRY. No. 22.—VIEW OF HARBOR AND CITY OF NAPLES. No. Ry CINNATUS’ FARM. is view is taken from the traditionary site of Cincinnatus’ F ihe road to Purugia, about four miles from Rome. The Tiber rolls iy e middle ground, and the Latin, the Alban and the Volscian ranges of mountains may be seen in the extreme distance. V. WiLLiams . 24. —SHEPHERD BOY. (Italian.) EXOTICS, Natural. . 25.—ARAB." . 26.—THE BARBERINI PINE. . 21.—THE ALBAN MOUNTAINS. . 28.—ALBINO GIRL, in thé costume of*her native town. . 20. ITALIAN STREET SCENE. Copy from REIDEL. . 30.—STUDY OF THE HEAD OF A BLOODHOUND. By WiLLiAwms. . 31.—-SCAVENING. Vi t fishery in Holland. ew on the sea beach, a fam . 32.— VENETIAN COSTUME. . 33.—MALE BACCHANALIAN. . 34.—V1EW OF ST. PETER’S IN ROME AT SUNSET. . 35. —ITALIAN PEASANT. . AupERT BiERsTADT. . 36.—THE CONFESSION OF BEATRICE CENCI. An episode in the prison life of Beatrice. An m i rice. d i to persuade her to confess her agency in the IE ot Jaks Sane A. Rarri, Rome. MELROSE. | ous watering place and . 37.—INDIAN POW-WOW—Upper Mississippi. . 38.—BEPPO, KING OF BEGGARS. Sketch of a well-known character, who f great steps of the Piazza di Rents a Rie are yn bl on ae . 39. — FEMALE BACCHANALIAN. ; . 40.—COMPOSITION—TItalian Lake Scenery. . 41.—ITALIAN PEASANT. . 42.—ITALIAN STREET SCENE. . 43.—PICTURE OF GAME AND FRUIT. . 44.—THE GOLDEN GATE AT SUNSET, from Meiggs’ Wharf. . 45,—PICTURE OF GAME AND FRUIT. Y. Wings do OF WOODWARD’'S GARDENS. 47 No. 46.—PAUL AND VIRGINIA. This picture is from the well-known romance of M. B. St. Pierre. Paul and Virginia were the sole survivors from a ship wrecked on the Island of Mauritius, and their loves and adventures form the burden of the story. A. Rarri, Rome. No. 47.—ITALIAN COUNTRY SCENE. No. 48.—FRUIT. No. 49.—THE MARINA, or principal landing-place on the Island of Capri, Bay of Naples. No. 50.—ITALIAN STREET SCENE. : No. 51.—VIEW IN WESTPHALIA, on the Rhine, near Diisseldorf. LEwIs. No. 52.—LINDA DI CHAMOUNI—A scene from the well-known Opera of the same name. SCENE III. —Pierotto appears on the hill. He descends pensively, and begins to play his usual tune. Linda appears on the top of the hill, and falteringly follows the sound of the music, till she reaches a bench, on which she falls exhausted. PierorTo—** In this way have we travel’d Two hundred leagues! Every morning, when 1 have wished her the journey to pursue, 1 have caused her to hear thls tune— Which, notwithstanding her madness, Of her dear mother reminds her, and in her breast Both strength and courage revive.” Copy of FerEro, by A. Rarri, Rome. No. 53.—LA MADONNA DEL’FEBBRE. A celebrated shrine near Subiacco. No. 54.—AURORA—Painted from the celebrated fresco by Guido Rini. The original picture is on the ceiling of the Casino, in the Garden of Ruspigliosa Palace, in Rome. It represents the Car of the Sun, driven by Apollo, surrounded by the Houris and preceded by Aurora, who scatters flowers in the morning. The original is from 18 to 20 feet in length— figures, size of life. : «Oh ! mark again the coursers of the sun, At Guipo’s call, their round of glory run; Againsthe Rosy Hours resume their flight, Obscured and lost in floods of ‘golden light.” By A. Rarri, Rome. No. 55.—VIEW, IN NAPA VALLEY, OAK KNOLL. No. 56.—RUINS OF THE CLAUDIAN AQUEDUCT, NEAR ROME. “This aqueduct was commenced by Caligula, A. D. 36 ; continued and finished by the Emperor Claudius, A. D. 50. It was 46 miles in length. For a course of about 36 miles it was subterranean, and for the remaining 10 miles it was carried over arches. Of this magnificent work, a line of arches no less than six miles in length still bestrides the Campagna, forming the grandest ruin beyond the walls of Rome," —Murray. . 57.—VIEW IN NAPA VALLEY, near White Sulphur Springs. V. WiLLiams. . 58.—GUIDO RINI, PAINTING THE PORTRAIT OF THE CENCI. This picture is doubly attractive from the combination of artist and model, both so famous in their own way. : . 59.—A SHRINE NEAR SUBIACCO. 60.—A VIEW IN WESTPHALIA, NEAR DUSSELDORF. . 61.—LA SPERANZA. By T. BERTI . 62.—CERVARRA, a small town in the Appennine range. . 63.—LAND’S END, ENGLAND. - By MELROSE. . 64.—JERUSALEM, from the Mount of Olives. © MELROSE. + %- ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE No. 65.—THE HOSPITALITY OF ST. JULIAN. (Copy of the picture in Florence.) No. 66.—HISTORICAL PORTRAITS OF WILLIAM III., PRINCE OF ORANGE, AND MARY—King and Queen of England. In 1688 the arbitrary measures, both against the established religion and the constitution, of James IL, induced many nobles and others to incite the Prince of Orange to take possession of the English Crown. He embraced the occasion, and landed without opposition at Torquay the same year. James, finding himself unsupported, withdrew to France, and William took possession of his throne in conjunction with his wife, the daughter of that unfortunate monarch. His coronation as King of England took place in 1689. Thus a Dutch stadtholder became King of England. . 67.—SCENE ON THE ROMAN CAMPAGNA. . 68.—FRUIT COMPOSITION. PICTURES IN RESTAURANT. . 69.—DISCOVERY OF THE HUDSON RIVER. . 70.—LANDING OF COLUMBUS. F. L. Ori1ra. . 71.—COLUMBUS IN CHAINS BEFORE FERDINAND. . 72.—SCENE FROM HISTORY OF PERU—Interview between Pizarro and the Inca. PICTURES IN MUSIC HALL. . 73.— VIEW OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. No. 74.—PRIVATE RESIDENCE OF R. B. WOODWARD, Esq. The niches on each side of the door contain statuettes of Schiller, Tasso, Petrarca and Goethe. The small busts over the door represemt Michael Angelo and Rafael.—V, Wirriams. The fresco of the ceiling was executed by PoLDEMANN. The two pictures over the doors are from the celebrated bass-relief of Day and N1¢HT.—THORVALDSEN. . In the four corners are represented respectively, PAINTING, ScUuLPTURE, MUSIC and ARCHITECTURE. The Gallery and accessories were designed by J. P. GAYNOR, Architect. An illustrated Guide and Catalogue of the entire Gardens can be had at the entrance. Price 10 cents. Stereoscopic Views of the Gardens are for sale at the entrance. Refreshments may be had at the Restaurant on the hill at city prices. Donations to all the departments are received and appropriately labeled with the donor’s name. Returning to the Rotunda, and passing to the left of the Fountain, we reach the CONSERVATORY. On entering, the atfention is at once attracted by a group of rockeries very tastefully constructed; and the abundant crevices and niches of the rocks are adorned with ferns in luxuriant profusion and in great variety, as are also the lesser rockeries on either hand. Among the Ferns we may enumerate : Adian- tums in var.; Asplenium nidus avis; Davallias, or Hares'-foot Fern; Gymmnogra- monas; Nephrolepis; Pteris Argyrea; P. Serrulata; P. Cretica Alba s Limeata; Thamnopteris Australasica, the curious Bird’s-nest Fern—with very many others. The walks around this Conservatory are gracefully overarched with luxuriant and choice varieties of climbers, amongst them, Jasminicum GQrandifiora; Hoya Carnosa, or Wax Plant, and a pretty, variegated variety of Grape Vine. In the OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. 49 centre-bed, amongst other plants worthy of note, are three large specimens of Palms, Oreodoxa Regia, or Royal Palm; Pritchardia Pacifica, a very rare and beautiful palm, and Levistonia, Sub. Globosa, one of the noblest of palms; a fine specimen of Yucca Variegata stands at the north end of the bed, and in the centre the Guava Tree, Ficus Elastica, and a good specimen of Bresiva Chry- sophylla, from Madagascar, with Begonias, Hydrangeas, etc., planted amongst them. The side-borders contain a large collection of choice plants, as Crinum Asiaticum; Agapanthus Umbellatus, or African Lily; Strelitzia Regina, Queen Plant; Ficus Ebwrneus, or Ivory Fig Tree; Aralia Guilfolii; Statice Holfordii; sev- eral varieties of Hibiscus, with a great variety of foliage plants The west border contains a row of Palms, with the best varieties of Cannas planted between them. Amongst the Palms are two good plants of Chamerops Euxcelsa, Phenix Dactylifera, or Date Palm; Rhapis Flabelliformis; Sabel Umbaculifera, and two plants of Brahia Species. Amongst climbing plants on the sides, we may mention Campsidium Felififoliwm, with its beautiful fern-like foliage; Abutilon vexillari- um marmoratum, Rhyncospermum Jamsinoides, and different varieties of Heli- trope. At the further end of the Conservatory is another fine rockery, embellished with a rich display of various Cacti, sometimes called Indian Figs. They are natives of the American Continent and adjacent islands. The species are very numerous ; some are gigantic in their proportions, attaining in some instances a height of from fifty to sixty feet with a diameter of from one to two feet. The fruit of many varieties is sub-acid and refreshing, and is frequently made into an excellent preserve. There are several night-blooming varieties, which are exceedingly beautiful, of which Cereus Mcdonaldice is without doubt the superior, its flower sometimes expanding to fourteen inches in diameter ; it is a native of Honduras. The most common night-blooming kind is Cereus Grandifloras, a native of the West Indies. The Opuntia cochinellifera supplies the food of the cochineal insect (Crocus Cacti.) The number of species is said to be about eight . hundred. Amongst those on the rockery we may mention Cereus gigantica, C. grandiflora, Opuntia fieus Indica, O. Serpentina; 0. atropurpurea; Rhypsalis Sflagellsformis; R. Serpentina, Mamellaria Goodyear, etc., in all about fifty vari- eties. A door in the Rotunda, opening to the left, leads into the ORANGERY. This is now, more correctly speaking, the Fernery; but as it is very probable that Oranges, etc., may be planted again, the name of Orangery is still retained. Directly opposite the doorway, on entering, is a large plant of Philodendron Per- tusum, also known as Monstera Deliciosa, so named from the delicious taste of its fruit. In the centre bed are three specimens of Dicksonia Antartica, Dick- sonia Squarosa, and a magnificent plant of Alsoplhila Excelsa, the fronds being over twelve feet in length. On the east side are two large Palms, Corypha Australis and Chamerops Humilis, the dwarf Fan Palm. The west side contains a good selection of plants, amongst which are Phormiwm tena variegatum, or variegated New Zealand flax, Seaforthia Elegans, Cyperus Alternifolius, Aspidis- tra Lurida variegata, and IER ir oe etc. In the centre, at the south end, is a fine orange tree with a good supply of oranges on it, the greater part of the year. At the front of the orange trees are sevaral fine plants of Adiantum Cuneatwm, the beautiful maiden-hair fern, The remainder of the house is filled with ferns, in all over 100 varieties. Some of the most prominent varieties are, 4driantum assimile, A. Colpoides, A. Cuneatum, A. Farleyense, A. Formosum, A. Peruvianwm, Aspleneum Bulbiferum, Cibotium Chamisoi, the Pula tree of Hawaii, C. Menziesii, C. Glauca—all hand- some tree ferns—Davallias in var., Lomaria gibba, L. crispa, Nephrolepis in var., Platycerium alcicorne, the strange fern commonly known as stag’s-horn fern, Pleris argyrea, P. cretica linsata, P. serrulata, P. serrulata cristata, Selagi- nellas in variety, several plants of Neotoptheris Nidus, the strange and beautiful bird’s-nest fern, and a great many others, which are not as ‘commonly known as those mentioned. do + 4 50 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. Gf 7 ficken Hq (NATIT Leaving the Rotunda, to the front we see two fine plants of Cordyline Aus- Nn 1 P Find pr tralis, and a good view of the borders planted with choice bedding plants. On NE =f the right hand is a fine specimen of Agave Americana, or century plant, now in bloom. This is a plant belonging to the order Amaryllidacea, principally found in Mexico and other parts of South America. Most of the species known attain a large size, with massive leaves, and they are nearly all slow-growing, long-lived plants, until the appearance of the flower stem, which shoots up rapidly. The Agave Americana is almost stemless, its tuft of massive leaves being seated close to the ground, spreading out very widely ; the leaves are very durable, continuing for many years. The plants are a long while arriving at maturity, giving rise to the erroneous popular idea that they flower only once in a hundred years. In reality they flower but once, attaining a mature condition in a longer or shorter period, according to circumstances—some in ten, others not until ‘seventy, or even more years. However, when the flower stem does make its ‘appearance, it grows very rapidly, attaining a height of from fifteen to twenty, and even in some instances, forty feet, and remaining in flower for some weeks, the flowers being durable. The Agave is not only ornamental but useful ; impenetrable hedges are formed in many parts by planting in rows ; the spiny leaves are impassable. The roots and leaves of A. Americana, and some others, furnish excellently tough fiber for twine, rope and paper making. The juice of the leaves, when thickened by evaporation and mixed with lye ashes, forms an excellent substitute for soap. A very popular liquor, called ‘pulque,” is prepared from the juice of the Agave, drawn from the plant by cutting out its centre when just about to flower. The fresh leaves cut into slices are occasionally used as fodder for cattle. MEERA EE EIDE WSN SAN Rew Wey! a nA sa Ar vey ae : Lid A nk y 4 Wy Passing many fine specimens of various shrubs and trees, we come to the SEAL PONDS. (MAREED 5 IN DIAGRAM.) In these ponds may be seen the varieties of Seals. A magnificent specimen of the sea lion, Otaria jubata ; the Zalophus Gillespii, black sea lion ; as also Phoca Pealii, or leopard seal, of which there are several specimens. Preserved specimens of these three, and of other varieties of this order, may be seen in Case 47 in the new Marine Museum. The largest sea lion had been living in the Seal Pond for some years. ‘ SEA LIONS. HOW THEY ARE CAUGHT, : “of Nearly all the live seal, sea lions and sea elephants that have been furnished 3 oe rE Ei Ind : Woodward’s Gardens, in San Francisco, and that have been sent to the Old LW TR SET) C5 sr im SEE LL World and the Eastern States during the last fifteen years, have been captured EA y el 1] | Re from the Santa Barbara Islands, across the channel from this city. FE Si I | RY IE “2g ‘SNOI'T VAS NV SIVAS J ; Ral irl) ly // RY i: Every year there are more or less of these animals captured on the islands, : i i 7 2 JE for the purpose of supplying menageries in the Eastern States, and parties Al gh engaged in the business always come to Santa Barbara to secure men for this re Van RL) 7k (TE A ar LR purpose, who have had years of experience in capturing them. ; CI Z Er [{[ERSAEE sll (Rh ctor The mode of capturing these animals is simple, yet very exciting, and while it is not considered much of a trick to cage an ordinary sized seal, it is a big con- tract to capture a bull that weighs 1,600 pounds or more, without seriously injuring the animal. . : Three or four rt vaqueros usually approach the animals that are out on the rocks near the beach, select, perhaps from a hundred or more, the big bull which usually starts for the water, and when the animal arrives at a convenient place on the sand, if possible three riatas are thrown simultaneously, one over the animal's neck, one over either of his front flippers and one over his rear flippers, making a spréad eagle of him instantly. e riata that holds the rear flippers takes away the motive power of the animal, and while his other front ¥ # =~ + 52 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE flipper is ‘‘lassoed,” the riatas are all fastened to the rocks or trees near by, or held by the men engaged, while the large box—which has already been made— without the cover, is brought and carefully stood on end close behind the animal, unobserved, and, with a man on top of it, is dropped suddenly over the sea lion as he lies stretched at full length on the sand. Small ropes are worked under the box and the animal, and lashed to the top of the box, and at a given signal the riatas are loosened, the box turned over, and the animal held on his back in the bottom of the cage until the cover is securely nailed down, when the ropes and riatas are loosened, and the animal is free to move around in his cage at will. The.cages are made out of strong fence boards, firmly nailed to the scantling in the corners and on the sides. They are about four feet high, four and a half feet wide, and from eight to fourteen feet in length, and always made before the animals are captured. After the animals are caged, several strong ropes are made fast around the cage and blocks hitched into these ropes, and the cage, with the animal, is drawn through the water to the schooner, near by, and hoisted on board. Fish and water are given the captured animals, but they often go from ten to twenty days without eating.—Santa Barbara Press. The feeding time of the seals is at one o'clock and 3:30 ». M., which is usually the most amusing time for observing the habits of these animals, as the visitors generally congregate then to see them fed, and the excitement among the seals in their scramble for their food, their agility in darting through the water, their reckless plunges from the rocks, and their snortings and barkings are only equalled by the excitement of the spectators to get out of the way of the splashes, the water being most lavishly and impartially distributed around. PLANT AND TROPICAL GREENHOUSES. (MARKED 8 IN DIAGRAM.) LY (TROPICAL SCENE.) A In this house is a good collection of the hardier varieties of palms, amongst which are Seaforthia Elegans; Latana Bourbonica; Corpha Australis ; Phonic Oleonensis, with -many others. There are also two young plants of Pandamus utilis, Other prominent plants are Aralia Sieboldii, Aurea Variegata, A. inte- grifolia, Hibiscus Cooperi, Franciscia eximia and F. Latifolia. A large collection of Japanese and South American variegated leaf-plants of all shades and colors ; a large assortment of Cinerarias and Primroses, in full bloom ; also fuchsias and geraniums. The display of various Cacrr is very interesting. Here are also a large collection of flowering begonias, heliotropes coleus, lilies, fuchsias, hybiscus, lantanas, petunias, salvias, libonias, justiceas, azaleas, rhododendrons, primroses and cinerarias. As this house is mostly kept for flowering plants, visitors will bear in mind that flowering plants have to be continually renewed, according to their season of blooming, so that the collection of plants in this house is always changing. On the east side are some of the hardier orchids, such as Oncidiums, Oaonto- glossums, Lycastes, etc. OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. ' BS We now enter the Tropical House, and see before us a large collection of Palms. Amongst them we may mention Areca Rubra, Brahia Dulcis, Caryota Urens. This plant yields a great quantity of palm wine, which has obtained for it the name of Toddy Palm; Chamedonea elegans, C. Sartors, Cocos Romanzoffianus Elacis guinsensis, the famous oil palm, of which some idea of its importance may be formed when oil to the amount of a million and a half pounds sterling is annually sent to Great Britain ; Kentia Bauersi, generally known as Seaforthia Robusta, Latania Aurea and L. Rubra, two very beautiful varieties of palms ; Pritchardia Martii, three very fine specimens; Sabal Adansoni, a very slow- growing variety. In the centre bed is a remarkably fine specimen of Pandanus utilis, largely cultivated for the sake of its leaves. A large plant of Cycas revo- lute or sago palm, as it is popularly but erroneously called, although the pith in the interior of the stem abounds in starch which is highly esteemed ; none of the sago of commerce is furnished from this species, but from others, as Sagus Rumphii, 8. levis, Phenix farinifera, etc. Here, too, is a specimen of the Strelitzia regina, a very handsome foliage plant; it also bears a very beautiful flower, which contains within it a curious resemblance to a bird, which has obtained for it the name of Biep Prant. The outside petals of the flower are of a bright orange, -the inner ones of a mineral blue. Here are, also, a very large assortment of variegated leaf plants from all parts of the South, Marantas, and a fine collection of twenty-five varieties of ornamental foliage Begonias ; two plants of Musa Zebrina, the most beautiful variety of this genus; Dra- ceanas, etc. : The Crotons also are distinguished as variegated leaf plants, and C. Pictum, C. Discolor, C. Eleutheria. and C. Variegata rubra are very elegant. The Marantas as M. discolor, M. Sanguinea, M. Warscewicsgii, M. tuberspatha, M. lineata, and M. lineata alba with Costus Zebrina, Fittonia argyrea (green and silver leaf) and F. Verschaffeltii (green with red veins) are all un The Caladiums are a very beautiful class of leaf plants, as Caladium marmorata, C. Smithzii, C. bicolor, known as the Bleeding Heart ; C. Whytii, C. Picta, C. Alba maculatoy C. argyritis, C. Picta rosea and Calocassia esculentum, distinguished for its very large leaves. On the side benches are many choice plants, such as Cissus discolor, a beautiful trailing vine. Ficus Parcelli, a pretty variegated variety of the India- rubber tree, Daaceanas Australis, Cooperii Gayii, Therrea Terminalis, Henderson, Shepherdii, Versehayfeltii, etc., their dark brown leaves splendidly contrasting with the brighter foliage around. Here are several plants of Nepenthes, the curious Pitcher plant, Pandanus Veitchii, Antharium grande and A. Sherzerionum, this beautiful plant lasting in flower for ninety days; Sanchezia nobilis variegata, Til- landsia spiralis, and several varieties of Dieffenbachias are worthy of note. Orchids. The terminal wall of this house abutting on the Art Gallery is covered with a good collection of Parasites or orchidaceous plants; amongst them are Lehas, Oncidiums, Odontoglossums, Lycastes, Stanhopeas, Epidendrums, go 54 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE in all about twenty varieties. These are a most curious class of plants, and well ON RNS A worthy of attention. Two of the AAN NAN We" large Yi hanging Dasha gon 3 ON : NN NY tain specimens of the Ho ost NM B \ NN Flower Hspiritu Str Ri be- SCAN longs to the orchids. This plant is = remarkable for the splendid and \ curious flower which it produces. The stem is usually about 18 inches &=3 in height; and puts forth from ten to twelve buds; each of these opens into a delicate white and elegantly dq formed wax-like blossom of five fl petals ; the centre presents a curi- ously close resemblance to a white dove with partially extended wings, A as depicted in many church embel- lishments—hence its name. It is held in high veneration by the natives where it is indigenous. The perfume is peculiarly rich and de- Nl A licious. The blossom is usually N y/ | from one to one and a half inches in diameter, and has been exceed- : Bel well represented in wax by . Cook. This is preserved in § the Pompeiian Museum. This BE plant requires a great deal of heat, and seldom develops in our ordinary greenhouses.. It has bloomed twice | in these gardens, but, we believe, nowhere else in these Pacific States. Among the specimens are Goodyie discolor, Cypripedium insignis and C. venustum. An extensive ground has been added adjoining the gardens, on which suitable houses were built for propagating plants to be used in ornamenting the gardens. REPTILE HOUSE. NEXT TO TROPICAL PLANT HOUSE. (Marked 8 in Diagram.) i From time to time many Alligators, Alligator lucius, some of them of large size, are on exhibition; also, Iguanas, Iguana tuberculata, Lizzards and large Snakes, such as Boa constrictor, and others. The Reptile House is especially attractive to visitors. Next to the Reptile House, and opposite to the Fish Pond, THE WATER FOWL INCLOSURE: (Marked 9 in Diagram) Contains also a land bird, the Emew, Dromaius Nove Hollandie, of Australia ; the snow goose, Anser hyperboreus, North America; Chinese goose, Anser cygnoides, China ; white-cheeked goose, Bernicla leucoparia, Western America ; semipalmated goose, Anseranas semipalmata, New Zealand ; Muscovy duck, Cairina moschita, domesticated ; mallard, in var., Anas boschas, wild and domes- ticated ; shoveller, Spatula clypeata, North America ; mandarin duck, Aix gale- 4 OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. 55 riculata, China; green winged teal, Querquedula Carolinensis, North America ; brown pelican, Pelecanus fuscus, North America; Western gull, Larus occidentalis, Pacific; gray gull, Larus chalcopterus. THE NEW FISH POND (Marked 10 in Diagram) Is situated in front of the Marine Aquarium. One division is well stocked with trout, the other division with European carps, Chinese goldfishes, and California river fishes. Amongst the tasteful groups of rockeries in the rear vegetates a luxuriant growth of selected ferns and beautiful creeping vines, producing a very pleasing effect, especially when the cataract pours forth from the centre basin to empty its gushing waters into the pond. The whole has been constructed under the supervision of Mr. Chas. Schuman. “> MARINE MUSEUM AND ZOOGRAPHICON, (MARKED 11 IN DIAGRAM.) This Museum was founded in 1878. On account of the increase of the Zoolo- gical Museum, a number of seals, porpoises, reptiles, fishes, as well as corals and shells, insects, and alcoholic collection, had to be removed to this hall, and new Totmens are continually added. On entering the hall, turning to the left, we n ORDER 6.—PINNIPEDIA —Seals, Sea Lions, Etc. CASE 47.—Faw. Phecide—SEar.—Phoca peali, Leopard seal; Ofaria jubata, Sea-lion; Ofaria wrsina, Sea-bear or fur seal. The animals of the family phocide or seals, which form the order Pinnipedia of zoologists, are, of all four-. limbed mammlia, those which display the most complete adaptation to residence in the water. The spine is provided with strong muscles, which bend it with ii | i \ 1 ) \ I $o 56 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE consideaable force, and this movement is of great assistance in the propulsion of the body. The limbs are converted into oars or paddles. The anterior pair have the arm and forearm so short, that little more than the paw advances from the body; in this the bones of the fingers are seperate, but they are inclosed in a skin common to all of them, which, extends to their tips; so that they are externally marked only by the claws which terminate them. The hinder limbs are directed backwards, almost like a continuation of the body. The foot is formed on the same plan as the fore-paw—with the web folded when not used as a paddle, but spread out into a broad surface when swimming. On land or on masses of ice the movement of the seal is awkward—its under side resting on the ground, and its body being forced onward by the action of the fore-limbs only, whilst the hinder ones are dragged after it. But it swims with great rapidity and ease; and, by a peculiar arrangement of its bloodvessels, it can remain under water for a considerable time. The seals are of the greatest use to the natives of all Northern countries, near which they abound. The follow- ing account of the various purposes to which the seal is applied by the Green-. landers, is given by a Danish traveler: ‘‘Its flesh supplies them with their most palatable and substantial food; the fat furnishes them with oil for lamplight, chamber and kitchen fire; and whoever will see their habitations presently finds that, even if they had a superfluity of wood, it would not be of use, as they can use nothing but oil in them. They also molify their dry food, mostly fish, with oil; and finally they barter it for all kinds of necessaries with the factors. They can sew better with fibres of seal’s sinews than with thread or silk; of the skin of the entrails they make window-curtains for their tents, and shirts; part of the bladder is used as a float to their harpoons; and they make oil-flasks of the stomach. Neither is the blood wasted, but is boiled up with other ingredients and eaten as soup. Of the skin of the seal they stand in the greatest need, because it must cover both the large and small boats in which they travel and seek their provisions. They must also cut out of them their throngs and straps, to cover their tents with, without which they could not subsist in Summer. No man, therefore, can pass for a regular Greenlander who cannot catch seals. This is the ultimate end they aspire to, in all their devices and labors from their childhood up.” Notice the female Sea-elephant, large Sea-lion, and various species Leopard seals—most of them had been living in the gardens. CASE 48 (opposite Case 47), continued from Order Ruminantia (Case 28), of Zoological Museum. THE BuFraLo CHASE exhibits the North American Bison or Buffalo—Bos Americanus—wounded from the arrow of an Indian, and chased by a herd of prairie wolves. The background is painted, and represents a vast herd of buffa- loes crossing the plains, pursued by Indians. - ORDER '7.—CETACEA—Whales, Dolphins, Porpoise. CASE 49.—Fawu. Delphinide® —DovrpuiN, PorproisE, GraMPUS.—See skeleton of California whale mounted on the ground, and embryo of whale in the alco- holic collection. Phocina vomerina, bay porpoise of the Bay of San Francisco. Delphinus Bairdii, Baird’s dolphin, also of the Bay of San Francisco. . : Ld OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. BY Olags PISCES.—Fishes. Fishes naturally divide themselves into two series, according to the comopsi- tlon of their internal skeleton. This is usually osseous, or bony. Of the other division, they retain the cartilaginous or fibro-cartilaginous state. SERIES 1.—OSTACANTHI—OSSEOUS FISHES. ORDER 1.—ACANTHOPTERYGII. CASES 50 and 51.—PErcH, GURNARDS, Braizes, CHZETODONS, MACK- EREL, SWORDFISH, MULLET, BLENNY, STICKLE-BACK.—In Volume X, page 164-167, P. R. R. Report, is the following interesting account of the viviparous fish: ‘The group of the holconti, or viviparous fish, is one that created great interest to naturalists when the singularity of their habits was announced to the world. In form and appearance these fishes have nothing peculiarly striking. They are similar to the pond perch or bream of fresh water fish, or the porgee of marine habits. The most remarkable trait in the organization of fishes of this family consists in the mode of reproduction. The eggs, instead of being laid, as is the case in most fishes, are retained within the body of the female, where they undergo, not only their embroyonic growth, but likewise a growth which might be termed larval, it being subsequent to their escape from the egg envelope nntil they have attained a size sometimes of several inches in total length.” The Gurnards are remarkable for the singular manner in which the head is mailed; but the brilliant colors with which nature has decorated them is their misfortune—it betrays them to their enemies, which are found in the air as well as in the water. The flying Gurnard, having the fin-rays of the pectorals connected by mem- branes, by which it is enabled to support itself for some time in the air, like the flying-fish, and escapes from voracious fishes when it leaps from the sea to the height of three or four feet to be attacked by a crowd of frigate-birds, alba- trosses and gulls. Nevertheless, it passes from one element to the other with an energy which frequently defeats them all. The Cheetodons are beautifully colored fishes of singular shape, abounding in the seas of the hotter climates. Their most common tints are black and yellow, or metallic blue and green, sometimes in spots, mostly in stripes or bands. Their body is deep, almost circular, and compressed. Their flesh is accounted excellent. . Several species, as Toxotes Jaculator, or Archer Chsetodon, of Java, takes insects by shooting drops of water at them, as they rest on the rocks or plants, to the distance of three or four feet, rarely missing its aim. Notice head of sword-fish ; the upper jaw is elongated into a formidable spear. The hostility of the sword-fish to the whale is well known. Saw.of saw- fish. Anarrichus Denticulata, sea-wolf, Alaska. The large head and mouth, which exhibits a«ouble row of pavement-like teeth, is particularly noticeable in this monster of the deep. Malocopterygii—Care, Fuving - Fisg, Pike, Bream, Saimon, Trou, Smerr, HERRING, CoD, PraicE, TtrBor, SoLE.—European carp ; flying fish, three species ; bony pike, Eastern lakes ; humpbacked salmon, Columbia River; salmon trout, Lake Bigler ; black fish, Atlantic Ocean; Sebastes; turbot, plaice. Lophobranchii—Aulostome Chinensis, LARGE P1rE-FisH, CHINA AND JAPAN, Syngnathuse, Prpe-Fisa, Care St. Lucas, HiprocaMpUs OR SEA-HORSES, sev- eral species. —The pipe-fishes are named from the extreme elongation of the fore part of the head, forming a tube, at the extremity of which is the mouth. Plectognathii—GLose-FisH, Sun-FisH, ETc.—Sea owl or Diodon ; Baliste or filefish ; two large sun-fish (Orthagoriscus analis, Ayres), caught near the Golden Gate; coffer or ostraceon. -The fishes of this section establish the passage from the osseous or bony fishes to the cartilaginous fishes. Their + + 4 58 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE + skeletons, which remain for some time more or less soft, become finally hard. The skin of the Tetrodon, or globe-fishes, bristles with small, slightly projecting spines. Some of the species have larger spines, and are called porcupine fishes. They can inflate themselves into a ball. The sun-fishes, or moon-fishes, as they are called, shine brightly during the dark nights from their own phosporescent light, at a little distance beneath the surface of the sea, the rays rendered undu- | lating by the rippling of the water, which it traverses slowly, so as to resemble the light of the moon half veiled in misty vapors. When a number of these fishes rove about, mingling their silvery trains, the scene suggests the idea of dancing stars. Being very round in its vertical outline, it has been compared to a disk, and, more poetically, to the moon, hence its popular name. SERIES II.—_CHONDROPTERYGII—CARTILEGINOUS FISHES. Sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, Pacific Coast ; the Chimera Colliei, ele- phant fish, North Pacific ; hammer-headed and blue sharks of the Pacific Ocean ; European dog-shark ; fox-shark or thresher ; common shark of the Pacific Coast; rays ; torpedo fish ; angel-fish. Notice many varieties of sharks. The largest in the collection is the hammer-headed shark, the head of which is widened out at each side, like a double-headed hammer, the eyes being placed at either ex- tremity of the head. The sharks are called the ‘hyenas of the sea,” from their voracity. They spread over almost every climate, inhabit every sea, rapidly pursuing all fishes, which fly at their approach, and threaten with wide gullets the unfortunate victims of shipwreck, shutting them out from all hope HAMMER-HEADED SHARK. y The terrible jaws of a shark, if adult, consists of four to six rows of teeth, which are triangular, dentate, and white as ivory. These teeth take different motions according to the will of the animal, and obedient to the muscles round their base, by means of which it can erect or retract its various rows of teeth, and from these murderous arms an arsenal is ready to tear and rend its victims. The prey which has the greatest charm for the shark is man, for it eagerly seeks - for human flesh, following ships, in which instinct tells him to find the precious morsel. It has been known to leap into a boat in order to seize the frightened fishermen. Tew The natives of the Hawaiian and South Sea Islands attack the shark in his own element, swimming towards him and seizing the moment when he turns himself to rip up his belly with a sharp knife. The natives of the African coast are also noted in this peculiar sport. 5 kf OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. 59 The torpedo, Narcacion Califarnica. This curi- 5) 3) ous fish has a flat and cartilaginous body, very fi i smooth, and represents nearly a circular disc, whose hi iy PLENTY ARN anterior border is formed by two prolongations of 4A PINES ST the snout, which go on each side to join the pec- FAS SEES = NN toral fins, leaving between these organs and the {RNEEEAER = head and gills an oval space, in which is placed the {8 electrical apparatus, composed of a number of i membranous vertical tubes, pressed one against the | other, like the cells of bees, and subdivided by a == horizontal partitions into small cells filled with Le mucous matter. It is supplied by several very large branches of the pneumo-gastric nerves. In these singular organs the electricity is produced, by which the torpedo can give Golan: shocks to anything that touches it. Several species exist in the Atlantic cean. (For the convenience of case room this class had to be placed after class Pisces.) Class REPTILIA—Reptiles. ORDER 1.—TESTUDINATA—Tortoises, etc. CASES 51, 52 and 53.—Fawm. Testudinidee— TORTOISES. Fam. Emydidee—TERRAPINS, AND Fam. Chelydidee—CHELODINES. —Testudo Radiata, radiated turtle ; snapping turtle of Eastern North America; Madagascar hawk’s-bill turtle; gigantic turtle ; Chinese turtle ; Chelonia imbricata, the caret tortoise ; Chelodina Mexi- - cana, the Mexican Chelodine ; California terrapin, etc. ORDER 2.—CROCODILIA—Crocodiles, etc. Fam. Crocodilidee—ArLrIGATORS, CROCODILES, GAVIAL, — Several large alli- gators and many young specimens from Central America. - Small alligator from Mississippi River. The gavial of India is the largest of this family. Its length is given as from fifteen to twenty feet, has a long cylindrical muzzle ; the hind legs are webbed like those of the African crocodile. The fore feet of the gavial are half webbed. In the alligator of America the hind feet only are half webbed. “The large and well-mounted specimen of a Mexican alligator in Museum (Case 52) measures 12 feet in length. The crocodiles abound in the interior of Africa; and were considered sacred animals by the ancient Egyptians. In the ruins of temples mummies of them are still found in a state of preservation. The Romans introduced living croco- diles at the national games in the Colosseum. Under Emperor Augustus thirty- six were killed in the Circus of Flaminius. The desire of these terrible monsters for human flesh is too well known; many a victim is seized, or stupified by the blow of the tail and dragged under water, where it is soon drowned. This mode of attack, striking with the tail, is also one of the methods adopted by the alligator of America for disabling its prey. ORDER 3.—SAURIA. Fam. Chamselonidee. —CHAMELEONS. —The basilisk of tropical America is allied to the family of chameleons. The chameleon of Africa and Asia is noted for the change of its color, but it is known not always to reflect the colors from the object on which it rests. The ground color of the body is a light pea-green, sometimes blended with yellow. Every excitement causes a change of color, only to be noticed upon the thirty or thirty-five stripes which encircle the body from head to tail. The various shades of colors to which the chameleon is white, fleshcolor, rusty brown, violet or blue. subject to change, are from the orange to yellowish green, gray, brown, black, ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE The chameleon lives on insects, especially upon flies; when within two or three inches of the tongue it is thrust out, and as quickly withdrawn, to deposit its victim into its stomach. FaM. Iguanidse.—Icuanas.—The tubercu- oem lated, the green, and the long-tailed iguanasSs 8 of tropical America. % The Iguanide are mostly of large size, ar- ;== boreal in habits, and recognizable by the long , Sh flap or fold of skin under the throat, two series (f= _. + of palantine teeth, the long, compressed tail, B&® and a serried crest, which runs along the back Z®%¥s towards the tail. oO Fam. Varanide.—Montrors. — The moni- SHS tor lizard, and the stump-tailed lizard of Aus- tralia (trachysawrus rugosus). ORDER 4.—OPHIDIA —Snakes. Fam. Boide.—PyrHONS, Boas. — Boa-constrictor; South American Boa; Scytale ; Anaconda. ; Fam. C(Colubridee — CoLuBERS, NON-VENoMOUS SNAKES. — California Pilot- snakes ; Mexican Coral-snakes. Fam. Viperide— Vipers, Puff-adder, Ratttle-snake, North American Rattle- snakes. Class BATRACHIA.—Batrachians, ORDER 1.—ANURA—Frogs and Toads. Fam. Ranide—Frogs. —Large bullfrog, Brazil; frogs of California. Fam. Bufonidee—Toaps.—California toad. Two broad staircases lead to the upper part of the hall to the CONCHOLOGICAL GALLERY. On the northwestern side is found a large collection of marine shells, distri- buted in capacious wall-cases. The, collection of shells kept for some time in the Zoological Museum, and a large collection of shells, bought in 1878, are now united in the Marine Museum, and is an important feature to the students of Conchology. Olass—MOLLUSCA. The molluscous animals or shells are divided into the following orders : 1. Cephalopoda—With feet around the head. Common Squid, Octopus, etc. 2. Gasteropoda—Walking on the belly. Whelk, Snail. 8. Opistho-branchiata—Sea-Slngs. 4. Brachiopoda—Equal-sided, or bivalve Shells. 5. Conchifera—Clothed with a double shell. Oysters, Cockles. CASE 54,—Corars. (Will be mentioned at Case 64.) 4 i OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. Scientific Name. Argonaut . . . , Nautilus . Strombus . Spiralis Turrilites . Pteroceras. Murex . Typhis . Pisania . Ranella Triton . Fasciolaria Turbinella . Cancellaria . . . Pyrula (Melongena) Fusus . vv a Buccinum . . Pseudolivia . . Terebra Eburna . Phos . . Nasss . . . . . Ringicula (Auricula) Purpura «ie Monoceras Ricinula Planaxis Cassis . Dolium . Harpa . . Columbella Oliva Porphyria . Conus . Pleurotoma Cithara. Voluta . Cymbra Mitra Volvaria . id Marginella . . ie CYPIBA ov + 5 + iin ¢ moneta . Tiger, Mouse, Onyx, Map she Xrivia™, . . 0. sa Ovulum Natica . Sigaretus . Lamellaria Narica . . . Pyramidella . . Obeliscus . Cerithium . Potamides. Nerinea Chenopus . CASES 55, 56 and 57.,—MArINE SHELLS. Contain : English Name. Argonaut or sailor shell. Nautilus or sailor shell. Ear of Diana or wing shell. Spiral shell. Tower shell. Spider shell. Tyrian purple shell. Smoke shell. Pisa (city in Tuscany) shell. Frog shell. < Trumpet or Triton shell. Banded shell. . : Top-wheel, turbine-wheel shell. Cross-barred shell. Fig or fruit shell. Spindle shell. helk shell. Mock-Olivia shell. Auger shell. Ivory shell. Light shell. Dog-whelk shell. Grin shell. Purple shell. Horned shell. Castor-bean shell. Turbinated shell. Helmet shell. Tun shell. Harp shell. Dove shell. . Rice shell. Porphyry shell. Cone shell. Side-notched shell. Cither or guitar shell. Revolving or rolling shell. Boat or skiff shell. Mitre shell. Wrapper or shuttle shell. Rimmed ghell. Tiger, porcelain or cowry shell. M — , Some of the Oyprea are called : Argus, Isabella, Arabian, Lynx, Panther, 11, etc. Ribbed Cyprcea shell. Egg-shaped shell. Sea-snail shell. Cigar shell. Thin-plated shell. Vanicora shell. Pyramid shell. Obelisk shell. Horn shell. Fresh-water Cerites shell. Sea-nymph shell. Pelican-foot shell. : 62 Scientific Name. Struthiolaria . . Melania . . . Paludomus Vermetus . p Scalaria . . . Littorina . ¢ Solarium . Phorus . Paludina . Ampullaria Valvata Nerita . Neritina Navicella . Turbo . Phasianella Trochus . Rotella. . Monodonta Delphinula Haliotis Stomatia . Fissurella . Parmophorus. Calyptera . Crepidula . Pileopsis Hipponyx . Patella . . Aomosa. . Siphonaria. . Dentalium. Chiton. . . . » . . . . . ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE English Name. Ostrich-foot shell, Black shell. Marsh shell. ‘Worm shell. Wentle-trap or winding staircase shell, Periwinkle shell. Telescope or Dial shell Qarrier shell. River Snail shell. Idol shell. Valve shell. Sea or River-nymph shell. Fresh-water Nerite shell. Small-boat shell. Winding-top shell. Pheasant shell. Pyramidical or Hoop shell. Wheel shell. Tooth shell. Dolphin shell. Sea-ear shell. Aperture shell. Key-hole shell. Duck-bill shell. Cup-and-Saucer shell. Little Slipper or Sandal shell, Bonnet shell. Horse-hoof shell. ~ Dish shell On the western coast of South America a Patella species is found, which attains the diameter of a foot, and is used by the natives as a basin, Tortoise shell. Siphon shell. Tusk shells. Coat-of-Mail or Beetle shell. CASES 61 and 62 contain Land, Marsh, and Fresh-water Shells. Helix . . . Vitrina. . . Succinea . Bulimus Achatina . . Pupa . Oylindre Balea . . Tornatellina Clausilia . Limax . Arion . Oncidium . Limnoea Physa . . Planorbis . Auricula . iin Melampus . . Cyclostoma . . . Pupina and Helicina ’ . . ¢ e Garden Snail or Land Snail shell. (lass or Land Snail shell. Amber or Land Snail shell. Voracious or Glutton Snail shell, Agate shell. Chrysalis Snail shell. Cylinder Snail shell. Slender spiral Snail shell. Diminutive Snail shell. Hermit Snail shell. Slug Snail shell. Arion or Land-sole Snail shell, Tuberculated Snail shell. Pond Snail shell. Pouched Snail shell. Whorl Snail shell. Little Ear Snail shell. Surf Snail shell. - QOircle-mouth Snail shell. Looping Snail shell. the gallery contain a very beautiful collection of corals and corallines. OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. = Scientific Name. Aciculata . Little cyli i ‘ ‘ ‘ ylinder Snail shell, atella + + + + + Whorled Spire Snail shell, x oR Te a TY Bubble shell. Spins m . & Ships-flag shell. De um . . Doris shell. y ma . Glass-globe shell. As , Sea-hare shell. Dolahella ‘ Hatchet shell. yal a . el shell. Terebratula Sg est jeishel Dagan . Oyster shell. Fscis . Comb shell, ) i ¥ File shell. Spo us . Thorny-oyster shell, Pon . Shell-fish shell. Sn rt Rpts Fin-wing or fan shell. tins and Modiola Seo mise] shell. ev a oah’s-ark shell. ula ile Nut shell. ten . . Razor shell. zona ol wig, Three-angle shell. bi io sin wv aie ei River-mussel shell, Iam . Rainbow shell. . Lazarus shell. Tridacna ; Clam shell. Sangian Cockle shell. L “ing . i Juno shell. a na . Hoof shell. Oye as . Orbit shell. Srvana Nymph shell. 7 Mock-Venus shell, Oven Sissy Sal ica oral-eating shell. Conlin ‘ Hinge shell. Oe 4 ' Heart-shaped shell. on 8 . Venus shell. Te Dena shell 11 ) apestry shell. Meviss, ' Kneading-trough shell, us * + + ss + + + « COttéersnel Te nm. . . . + «+ + + Mussel shell. Ganeuls Lie. Box shell. Sunguinclaria. . . Leech shell. Sere e. os ++ Mother of Bacchus shell. ax . Wedge shell. Knife shell. 3 ya W Gaper shell. orbula Little Basket shell. i: CASES 58 and 59.—Axrcomorio Correction. — Notice the Foetus, or vety young of monkey, deer, horse, walrus, Californi . ber of rare fishes, Teptiles, insects, I, eo ray Wg etc.; also a num- CASE 60—Contains a large and very brilliant i i flies, beetles, etc., from various er bay a Jollection of insects, of butter- CASE 63—Contains Echinodermata, or sea-stars, sea-hedgehogs, etc., and English Name. Gorgonias, or sea-fans of the Alcynoid Polyps. CASE 64, also 54.—CoraLs AND CorALLINES.—The two cases on each side of 4 60 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE The chameleon lives on insects, especially upon flies; when within two or three inches of the tongue it is thrust out, and as quickly ‘withdrawn, to deposit its victim into its stomach. Fam. Iguanidsees—IcuaNas.—The tubercu- lated, the green, and the long-tailed iguanas of tropical America. The Iguanide are mostly of large size, ar- = boreal in habits, and recognizable by the long / SN flap or fold of skin under the throat, two series (§ - of palantine teeth, the long, compressed tail, ” and a serried crest, which runs along the back Re 0 towards the tail. Fam. Varanide.—Monirors. — The moni- E> “ tor lizard, and the stump-tailed lizard of Aus- tralia (trachysaurus rugosus). ORDER 4.—OPHIDIA—Snakes. Fam. Boide.—PyrHONS, Boas. — Boa-constrictor; South American Boa; Scytale ; Anaconda. Fam. Colubridee — CoLuBERS, NoN-vENoMoUs SNAKES. — California Pilot- snakes ; Mexican Coral-snakes. Fam. Viperide— Vipers, Puff-adder, Ratttle-snake, North American Rattle- snakes. Class BATRACHIA.—Batrachians, ORDER 1.—ANURA—Frogs and Toads. Fam. Ranidee—Frocs.—Large bullfrog, Brazil; frogs of California. Fam. Bufonidee—Toaps.—California toad. Two broad staircases lead to the upper part of the hall to the CONCHOLOGICAL GALLERY. On the northwestern side is found a large collection of marine shells, distri- buted in capacious wall-cases. The collection of shells kept for some time in the Zoological Museum, and a large collection of shells, bought in 1878, are now united in the Marine Museum, and is an important feature to the students of Conchology. Class—MOLLUSCA. The molluscous animals or shells are divided into the following orders : 1. Cephalopoda—With feet around the head. Common Squid, Octopus, etc. 2. Gasteropoda—Walking on the belly. Whelk, Snail. 8. Opistho-branchiata—Sea-Slugs. 4. Brachiopoda—Equal-sided, or bivalve Shells. 5. Conchiferas—Clothed with a double shell. Oysters, Cockles. CASE 54,—CoraLs. (Will be mentioned at Case 64.) 4 | OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. CASES 55, 56 and 57.—MArINE SHELLS. Contain : Scientific Name. Argonaut . Nautilus -. Strombus . Spiralis Turrilites . Pteroceras . Murex . Typhis . Pisania . Ranella Triton . Fasciolaria Turbinella . Cancellaria Pyrula (Melongena) Fusus . Buccinum . Pseudolivia Terebra Eburna . Phos . . Nassa . . Ringicula (Auriculs) Purpura Monoceras Ricinula Planaxis Cassis . Dolium . Harpa . . Columbella Oliva Porphyria . Conus . Pleurotoma Cithara . Voluta . Cymbra Mitra Volvaria Marginella Cypreea moneta . English Name. Argonaut or sailor shell. Nautilus or sailor shell. Ear of Diana or wing shell. Spiral shell. Tower shell. Spider shell. Tyrian purple shell. Smoke shell. Pisa (city in Tuscany) shell. Frog shell. Trumpet or Triton shell. Banded shell. Top-wheel, turbine-wheel shell. Cross-barred shell. Fig or fruit shell. Spindle shell. helk shell. Mock-Olivia shell. Auger shell. Ivory shell. Light shell. Dog-whelk shell. Grin shell. Purple shell. Horned shell. Castor-bean shell. Turbinated shell. Helmet shell. Tun shell. Harp shell. Dove shell. . Rice shell. Porphyry shell. Cone shell. Side-notched shell. Cither or guitar shell. Revolving or rolling shell. Boat or skiff shell. Mitre shell. Wrapper or shuttle shell. Rimmed ghell. Tiger, porcelain or cowry shell. Money-cowry shell. Some of the Cypreea are called : Argus, Isabella, Arabian, Lynx, Panther, Trivia . ‘Ovulum Natica . Sigaretus . Lamellaria Narica . . . Pyramidella . Obeliscus . Cerithium . Potamides. Nerinea Chenopus . Tiger, Mend, Onyz, Map shell, etc. Ribbed Cypreea shell. Egg-shaped shell. Sea-snail shell. Cigar shell. Thin-plated shell. Vanicora shell. Pyramid shell. Obelisk shell. Horn shell. Fresh-water Cerites shell. Sea-nymph shell. Pelican-foot shell. oo ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE Struthiolaria . . Melania . . . Paludomus . Vermetus . . . Scalaria . . . Littorina . Solarium . Phorus . Paludina . Ampullaria Valvata Nerita . Neritina Navicella . Turbo . Phasianella Trochus Rotella. . Monodonta Delphinula Haliotis Stomatia . Fissurella . Parmophorus. Calyptera . Crepidula . Pileopsis . Hipponyx . . Patella . . . Aomosa., . Siphonaria. Dentalium. : Chiton. . . . Helix . . . Vitrina. . . Succinea . . Bulimus . . Achatina . . Pupa . . Oylindrella Balea ‘ Tornatellina . Clausilia . Limax . . Arion . Oncidium . Limnoea . Physa . . Planorbis . Auricula Melampus . . Cyclostoma . Pupina and Helicina CASES 61 and 62 Scientific Name. . English Name. Ostrich-foot shell. Black shell. Marsh shell. ‘Worm shell. Wentle-trap or winding staircase shell, Periwinkle shell. Telescope or Dial shell. Carrier shell. River Snail shell, Idol shell. Valve shell. Sea or River-nymph shell. Fresh-water Nerite shell. Small-boat shell. Winding-top shell. Pheasant shell. Pyramidical or Hoop shell, Wheel shell. Tooth shell. Dolphin shell. Sea-ear shell. Aperture shell. Key-hole shell. Duck-bill shell. Cup-and-Saucer shell. Little Slipper or Sandal shell, Bonnet shell. Horse-hoof shell. ~ Dish shell On the western coast of South America a Patella species is found, which attains the diameter of a foot, and is used by the natives as a basin, Tortoise shell. Siphon shell. Tusk shells. Coat-of-Mail or Beetle shell. contain Land, Marsh, and Fresh-water Shells, Garden Snail or Land Snail shell. (lass or Land Snail shell. Amber or Land Snail shell. YNoracious or Glutton Snail shell, Agate shell. Chrysalis Snail shell. Cylinder Snail shell. Slender spiral Snail shell. Diminutive Snail shell. Hermit Snail shell. Slug Snail shell. Arion or Land-sole Snail shell. ‘Tuberculated Snail shell. Pond Snail shell. Pouched Snail shell. Whorl Snail shell. Little Ear Snail shell. Surf Snail shell. Oircle-mouth Snail shell. Looping Snail shell. OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. = Scientific Name. BAeiculata . . . . . . Tornatella Bulla Aplustrum Doridum . Physema . Aplysia . . Dolabella . . Umbrella . Hyalea Terebratula . Ostrea . Pecten . Lima . . Spondilus . Perma . Pinng . . « « « Mytilus and Modiola Area: oe. Nucula . . Solen . . . . Trigonia Unio . Iridina . Chama . Tridacna . Cardium Lucina . Ungulina . Cyclas . Cyrena Cyprina Circe Cypricardia Cardinia . Cardita Venus . Artemis Tapes ‘Mactra . . Lutraria Tellina . Capsula : Sanguinolaria.- Semele . Donax . Solen Mya . : « « +» Corbula . . . . . CASES 58 and 59.—AxrcomoLio Correction. — Notice the Feetus, or very young of monkey, deer, horse, walrus, California gray whale, etc.; also a num- English Name. Little cylinder Snail shell, Whorled Spire Snail shell. Bubble shell. Ships-flag shell. Doris shell. Glass-globe shell. Sea-hare shell. Hatchet shell. Umbrella shell. Flying-beetle shell, Lamp shell. Oyster shell. Comb shell. File shell. Thorny-oyster shell, Shell-fish shell. Fin-wing or fan shell. Sea-mussel shell. Noah’s-ark shell. Nut shell. Razor shell. Three-angle shell. River-mussel shell. Rainbow shell. Lazarus shell. Clam shell. Cockle shell. Juno shell. Hoof shell. Orbit shell. Nymph shell. Mock-Venus shell, Circe shell. Coral-eating shell. Hinge shell. Heart-shaped shell. Venus shell. Diana shell. Tapestry shell. Kneading-trough shell. Otter shell. Mussel shell. Box shell. Leech shell. Mother of Bacchus shell. Wedge shell. Knife shell. Gaper shell. Little Basket shell. ber of rare fishes, reptiles, insects, mollusks, zoophytes, etc. CASE 60—Contains a large and very brilliant collection of insects, of butter- flies, beetles, etc., from various parts of the world. CASE 63—Contains Echinodermata, or sea-stars, sea-hedgehogs, etc., and Gorgonias, or sea-fans of the Alcynoid Polyps. CASE 64, also 54.—Corars AND CorarLLINES.—The two cases on each side of the gallery contain a very beautiful collection of corals and corallines. 4 % i ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. 65 THE ZOOGRAPHICON, AUSTRALIA : OR, Presents a view of distant mountains. A waterfall rushes down the rocks. The ROTATING TABLEAUX OF NATURAL HISTORY. blue gum trees and the cassurina are prominent. A kangaroo jumps across the sens. Over rocky cliffs climbs the native cat. The platypus, echida and INVENTED BY F. GRUBER. (COPYRIGHT SECURED.) ustralian opossum are plainly visible. On a tree to the right a sulphur-crested cockatoo bows to his mates. A tree opposite seems to be the rend f Constructed in Woodward's Gardens, and is the only one in existence. flocks of bright parrots. Under the tree a bower-bird is I wie HOURS OF ROTATION : 10 TO 12 A. M., AND 1 TO 4 O'CLOCK P. M,, Softw nest By emeu attracts attention in the foreground. Magnificent rifle Exhibits in rotation eight scenes of various parts of the world. The animals, “« Eo ja DD Ta the bash, Yasile the curious kingfisher, called birds, reptiles, etc., are all geographically distributed in the diagrams or in the dow hele. Evin the boa-cebor ae gi Ome 1 a fern tree to fight a large country they represent, and assume life-like attitudes and movements. Scenery present. ’ p ote finch and the showy pitta are painted by Mr. O. L. Fest ; machinery constructed by Mr. Sam. S. ‘Abbott and T Mr. Richard E. Williams. ; : AFRICA THE ARCTIC ; Produces a rich view of Egypt, with the sph d th : : ‘ . . ypy, wr e sphynx and the pyramids in the di . Represents floating icebergs in the distance. Walrus, seals and northern divers The river Nile here shows its last Toe the on, PSs. are seen swimming among the white-capped waves. Arctic sea parrots, gulls, gone by. This unwieldy animal emerges from the water breaking through the razor-billed auk, snowy owl, snow grouse and snow birds are hovering around channel grasses. A young camel takes refuge under the shade of a tree. Sud- oon projoctiny icicles. The aurora borealis, or n orthern light, indi- denly an ichneumon moves forward to the shore. Some carnivorous animals in the centre of the scene chase each other. Close to the front a zorilla cat cates the North Pole. : Ti%e OF fhe sens shows his hea i ; 5 pi NORTH AMERICA oT Sonttared ru a i Bren Many other beautiful animals and birds Passes a view of the Mississippi River. An alligator sitting on a log floating and dipping in the water. A coot exercises his diving skill ; the teal his swim- ming powers. To the left on the top of a tree, a large black woodpecker is EUROPE hammering ; underneath a drowsy owl is peeping out of her hiding place; while Whit ke Suliy Alps snd Olackins. Ontithe dong of thaiidke igen in a hole on the base of the tree a squirrel, frightened by a watchful fox, with- . ; : draws to its retreat. A weasel is seen to come out of a cave on the shore and kg the token p fe soasis, JS 0 rad ill whoa! works at disappear. A puma or cougar crouching on a precipitous rock seems to be ready of tits Bropean fadra: the cncioo, the 323, the igh In fon on witness $0 jinp down upon a deer and fawn resting on the ground under a magnolia | blackbird, the hoopoe, the haw Re au) y hug & 4s Je jorbo ree. : A golden eagle carries off a white rabbit to a dense foliage. Bluejays, robins, He ans Jlas couls Jibuctk Hove fight a combat without meadow larks, blackbirds, tanagers and numerous other birds enliven this very fol parividee, Tapwing, thie farce 1 gry 1t. e falcon, the owl, raven, beautiful scene, as if to observe the sunset on the Mississippi River. this exquisite es A "He grouse, orespiralidio=all arsronnd in SOUTH AMERICA Exhibits a tropical forest of Brazil, with rich foliage in leh Bonkeny are se ASIA swinging on llianes. A potto carries a bird to his abode, a cavy wa ing to the i : . . : 4 i an inclined log, iguanas catching flies, flamingos, rosy spoonbill and ives vin os Be gon ke an roe i bnda AL Slopnam forces his boat-billed heron are gathered around a lake in the rear. . the scene, and slowly crouching backward, espying a huge alin Xo Trogons decorated in golden green plumage, blue chatterers and manakins, the trunk of a tree and moving his head Eo s A ce i e feostnd toucans and parrots sitting on the higher branches, humming birds, like the opposite. A large zibet cat at this moment travels Ag I animal on the tree brightest jewels, flash through the verdure. In front an industrious ant-eater Other suitable mamals and birds represent th owly across the foreground. ys his visit to a lonely ant-hill. The fierce harpy eagle seeks shelter under Pp e scene to perfection. the shade of the palm trees. Butterflies and insects show their beauty amongst : gay flowers. A group of the Constant changes are made in the Zodgraphicon to add or replace new animals birds, reptiles, as well as various plants. This ‘‘ miniature rotating world ” will SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS Advance the wid of Natal Hinory in a most popular way. Not many per- > ns can travel the wor i i : Are seen in the distance. A grotto in front exhibits objects of marine wonders, haunts. It isin Taye ea Tl Shor natural the bright colored sea anemones, starfish, sea fern and weed. Many fish, shells given unbounded satisfaction from old and young, and fr 03 Siferst nd and corals showing in artificial aquatic caves their pretty forms. A man-of-war countries. young Tom "vasijory of dll bird and a tern are fighting on flighty expanded wings for the possession of a fish. Divers, cormorants and albatrosses, petrels, shear-water, puffins and gulls hover over rocks while others are swimming in the water. A rousette or flying fox clinches to a palm tree; others are suspended from the crevices of the grotto. + ifr smmesm—ten — ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE Wi Hr bene it Hi pi Cs Il i HIN fe il i pi [, fi a in a or == .) “ew SALT-WATER TANKS. S : 1} le 1h wl H i ) ide i 1 I i a wy i 0 i hill Wy wy il } h i i | | [ii bi % Sh NER R ) SA NS mm un! 11) TALLLLCRLITI IEEE VA I = => + % OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS, THE MARINE AQUARIUM. (MARKED 12 IN DIAGRAM.) The Aquarium opened in these Gardens on the 4th of J: uly, 1873. It was the first one established on the continent of America. The proprietor, R. B. Wood- ward, Esq., entrusted its construction and supervision to Mr. Chas. Schuman. After several prolonged visits to the Eastern States and Europe, the desired information availed in building the aquarium, which occupies the entire lower portion of a fine structure 110 feet long and 40 feet wide. The entrance is reached at the northeastern side by an arched gangway, bear- ing overhead the inscription, ‘‘ Marine Aquarium.” A large Grotto, 6b feet in length and nearly 20 feet wide and 15 feet high, discloses a series of large tanks on both sides. The ceiling is wrought in stalactites to resemble those seen in great natural caves. The Grotto, constructed in a peculiar manner, admits all the light from above through the tank, and the reflection from the surface of the water produces a magnificent mirror-like picture, almost magical in effect, not blinding, but mild and agreeable to every observer, allowing a most wonderful view of all the deni- zens in their aquatic element. The glass that egcases the tanks is clear and transparent, and is an inch in thickness. It was"made expressly in Europe for this aquarium, and has to withstand an immense pressure from the water. The series of tanks contain from 300 to 5,000 gallons of water each. The capacity of the four large section cisterns, constructed beneath the side- walk but adjoining the Aquarium, is 25,000 gallons; and the upper reservoir with an elevation of 12 feet in the rear of the Aquarium has a capacity of 20,000 gallons, exclusively for the use of the salt-water department, making a total of 45,000 gallons. The water conducted by a pipe from the upper reservoir de- scends by its own gravity and is distributed by jets into all the sea-water tanks, to be returned by the overflow-pipes into the receiving cisterns beneath, making the circulation twice in 24 hours, being continually pumped up and gaining by its exposure to the atmosphere a large amount of oxygen, thereby providing for the maintenance in health for a much larger proportion of inhabitants in each tank, and securing a much greater degrde of clearness to the water. Very much of the impurity accumulated is carried off by the flow of the rapid circulation, and is caught by filters at the mouth of the delivery channels, at the same time the grosser portions are removed by careful daily syphoning. Care is necessary in regulating the temperature and also in governing the density. Fresh sea- water is received in large barrels from off the coast near Santa Cruz, Cal., and at times fresh water added compensates for evaporation. The tanks are of different capacity, the centre ones on each side and the shark tank on the southwestern side are the largest. The tanks on the left side are appropriated to sea-fish, etc., while those on the right are devoted to fresh- water fish. The tanks are supplied with artesian water, with a daily circulation of 15,000 gallons, from reservoirs into which it is pumped also by steam power. The overflow from the fresh-water tanks empties into the fish pond in front of the Aquarium and next into the seal pond. Studies of animated nature have been pursued with increasing ardor and suc- cess since the establishment of Aquaria. Vast regions of animal and vegetable life, the mere existence of which was unknown iwenty years ago, are now ex- plored by thousands of observers, and the wonders of the brook, the river and the mysterious sea have become familiar things among persons of intelligence and scientific research, who, without the help of the Aquarium, must for lack of leisure and means have remained content with brief technical descriptions. It has created a taste for deep-sea studies, and by giving delight to the eye and stimulating, through the medium of recreation, the spirit of scientific in- quiry. It has brought subjects of profoundest interest within the practical reach of the bumblest student. v OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. 67 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE == THE MARINE AQUARIUM. ri Lp al nt (MARKED 12 IN DIAGRAM.) The Aquarium opened in these Gardens on the 4th of July, 1873. It was the first one established on the continent of America. The proprietor, R. B. Wood- ward, Esq., entrusted its construction and supervision to Mr. Chas. Schuman. After several prolonged visits to the Eastern States and Europe, the desired information availed in building the aquarium, which occupies the entire lower portion of a fine structure 110 feet long and 40 feet wide. The entrance is reached at the northeastern side by an arched gangway, bear- ing overhead the inscription, ‘‘ Marine Aquarium.” A large Grotto, 65 feet in length and nearly 20 feet wide and 15 feet high, discloses a series of large tanks on both sides. The ceiling is wrought in stalactites to resemble those seen in great natural caves. : The Grotto, constructed in a peculiar manner, admits all the light from above through the tank, and the reflection from the surface of the water produces a magnificent mirror-like picture, almost magical in effect, not blinding, but mild and agreeable to every observer, allowing a most wonderful view of all the deni- zens in their aquatic element. : The glass that encases the tanks is clear and transparent, and is an inch in thickness. It was®made expressly in Europe for this aquarium, and has to withstand an immense pressure from the water, The series of tanks contain from 300 to 5,000 gallons of water each. The capacity of the four large section cisterns, constructed beneath the side- walk but adjoining the Aquarium, is 25,000 gallons; and the upper reservoir with an elevation of 12 feet in the rear of the Aquarium has a capacity of 20,000 gallons, exclusively for the use of the salt-water department, making a total of 45,000 gallons. The water conducted by a pipe from the upper reservoir de- scends by its own gravity and is distributed by jets into all the sea-water tanks, to be returned by the overflow-pipes into the receiving cisterns beneath, making the circulation twice in 24 hours, being continually pumped up and gaining by its exposure to the atmosphere a large amount of oxygen, thereby providing for the maintenance in health for a much larger proportion of inhabitants in each tank, and securing a much greater degree of clearness to the water. Very much of the impurity accumulated is carried off by the flow of the rapid circulation, and is caught by filters at the mouth of the delivery channels, at the same time the grosser portions are removed by careful daily syphoning. Care is necessary in regulating the temperature and also in governing the density. Fresh sea- water is received in large barrels from off the coast near Santa Cruz, Cal., and at times fresh water added compensates for evaporation, The tanks are of different capacity, the centre ones on each side and the shark tank on the southwestern side are the largest. The tanks on the left side are appropriated to sea-fish, etc., while those on the right are devoted to fresh- water fish. The tanks are supplied with artesian water, with a daily circulation of 15,000 gallons, from reservoirs into which it is pumped also by steam power. The overflow from the fresh-water tanks empties into the fish pond in front of the Aquarium and next into the seal pond. Studies of animated nature have been pursued with increasing ardor and suc- cess since the establishment of Aquaria. Vast regions of animal and vegetable life, the mere existence of which was unknown twenty years ago, are now ex- plored by thousands of observers, and the wonders of the brook, the river and the mysterious sea have become familiar things among persons of intelligence and scientific research, who, without the help of the Aquarium, must for lack of EE EI leisure and means have remained content with brief technical descriptions. 4 Ee Se Be It has created a taste for deep-sea studies, and by giving delight to the eye I hi pall TER and stimulating, through the medium of recreation, the spirit of scientific in- fin N La Pra I g ¥ Z 3 < 2 2 OF SALL quiry. It has brought subjects of profoundest interest within the practical reach of the humblest student. ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE The Tanks of the Salt-water Department. Tank 1.—Contains Crabs and Cray Fish. Tank 2.—Sea-Trout in var. Tank 3.—Sea-Perch, in var. Tank 4.—Shark, Dog-Fish, Sting-Ray, Green Cod, Skate. Tank 5.—Rock Fish, Bull-head, Toad Fish. Tank 6.—Silver Perch in variety. Tank 7.—Flat-fish, Sole, Flounder, Halibut. The Tanks of the Fresh-water Department. Tank 8.—Salmon Fry. Tank 9.—California Suckers, Brook Trout. Tank 10.—McCloud River Trout. Tank 11.—Brook Trout, Eastern Trout, Tahoe Trout. Tank 12.—European Carp. Tank 13.—Eastern Catfish, Japanese Carp. Tank 14.—Chinese Carp or Gold-fishes. Tank 15.—Large tank for large fish ; capacity, 5,000 gallons (salt-water). This tank is the latest improvement in the Aquarium, and will permit of large sea-fish never before seen in the Aquarium. Tank 16.—Sturgeon, Green Sturgeon, Terrapin.—This tank receives the water from the series of the fresh-water tanks. Tanks 17, 18 AND 19 contain Sea Anemones, Star-fish, and various speci- mens of the ‘smallest varieties of sea-fish. These tanks, as well as the hatching- trough and tanks, are situated outside and adjoining the main building, and near the southwestern entrance. Tanks 20 anNp 21.—The fish-hatching house contaius an improved hatching trough, and two tanks used for the small fish after they are hatched. A suc- cession of supplies of eggs, obtained as long as the season lasts, keeps the appa- ratus in continuous operation. The feeding hour is 3.40 p. M. Continuing in the left-hand walk, we reach the tunnel under Fourteenth Street (12 in diagram), which connects the main Gardens with THE MENAGERIE. «The heart is hard in nature, and unfit For human fellowship, as being void Of sympathy, and therefore dead alike To love and friendship both, that is not pleased With sight of animals enjoying life, Nor feels their happiness augment his own. ”—COWPER. Passing through the tunnel and to the left, brings the visitor to the front of the larger animal cages, marked 15 in diagram. As it is necesary sometimes to make changes, and on account of additions and deaths, this outline may not be entirely accurate. The feeding time is 1.30 o'clock P. M. Cage No 1.—Contains a number of hybrids—between Wolf and Esquimeaux Dog. Cage Ne. 9.—WoLr. Canis occidentalis var. griseo-albus. Western America. 4 TTT past SER et Sten essam——————t—————— a Ii i il . | v or | ) i! il i i | ¥ i 5 ji fi Hi Hl j 3 1 i / | Ih L \ fii HI il Hi Hi i! i i bl ANEMONE TANK. (71) oo 70 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE The Tanks of the Salt-water Department. Tank 1.—Contains Crabs and Cray Fish. Tank 2.—Sea-Trout in var. Tank 3.—Sea-Perch, in var. Tank 4.—Shark, Dog-Fish, Sting-Ray, Green Cod, Skate. Tank 5.—Rock Fish, Bull-head, Toad Fish. Tank 6.—Silver Perch in variety. Tank 7.—Flat-fish, Sole, Flounder, Halibut. The Tanks of the Fresh-water Department. Tank 8.—Salmon Fry. Tank 9.—California Suckers, Brook Trout. Tank 10.—McCloud River Trout. Tank 11.—Brook Trout, Eastern Trout, Tahoe Trout. Tank 12.—European Carp. Tank 13.—Eastern Cat-fish, Japanese Carp. Tank 14.—Chinese Carp or Gold-fishes. Tank 15.— Large tank for large fish ; capacity, 5,000 gallons (salt-water). This tank is the latest improvement in the Aquarium, and will permit of large sea-fish never before seen in the Aquarium. Tank 16.—Sturgeon, Green Sturgeon, Terrapin.—This tank receives the water from the series of the fresh-water tanks. : Tanks 17, 18 axp 19 contain Sea Anemones, Star-fish, and various speci- mens of the smallest varieties of sea-fish. These tanks, as well as the hatching- trough and tanks, are situated outside and adjoining the main building, and near the southwestern entrance. Taxks 20 axp 21.—The fish-hatching house contaius an improved hatching trough, and two tanks used for the small fish after they are hatched. A suc- cession of supplies of eggs, obtained as long as the season lasts, keeps the appa- ratus in continuous operation. The feeding hour is 3.40 p. M. Continuing in the left-hand walk, we reach the tunnel under Fourteenth Street (12 in diagram), which connects the main Gardens with THE MENAGERIE. «The heart is hard in nature, and untit For human fellowship, as being void Of sympathy, and therefore dead alike To love and friendship both, that is not pleased With sight of animals enjoying life, Nor feels their happiness augment his own.” —COWPER. Passing through the tunnel and to the left, brings the visitor to the front of the larger animal cages, marked 15 in diagram. As it is necesary sometimes to make changes, and on account of additions and deaths, this outline may not be entirely accurate. The feeding time is 1.30 o'clock p. M. Cage No 1.—Contains a number of hybrids—between Wolf and Esquimeaux 0g. Cage No. 2.—Worr. Canis occidentalis var. griseo-albus. Western America. + - Retake of Preceding Frame HHI | { UE SARE ) J wi i | il y | | Hi HIE oi i nl ANEMONTE TANK, (71) ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE MAMMOTH BEAR PIT. (MARKED 18 IN DIAGRAM.) Visitors from abroad pronounce it to be the largest Bear Pit in existence. The idea is taken from the famous bear pit at Berne, Switzerland. It contains, Brack BEAR, Ursus Americanus; ALASKA BEAR, Ursus arctos; SPOTTED HyzNa, Hyena crocuta, Africa. | EsquiMeaux Does, Canis var. borealis, Arc- tic regions. Hysrip Worr and Dog, etc. Close by is the MONKEY HOUSE. (MARKED 19 IN DIAGRAM.) From three to four Monkeys are found in this enclosure. Their intelligence, agility, as well as their mischievous propensities, has always attracted great attention. DONKEY INCLOSURE. (MARKED 20 IN DIAGRAM.) For many years these Donkeys have been a great source of amusement to the boys who rode them—not without many a harmless kick and throw, however. They stand it well, and afford perhaps more amusement to a great proportion of visitors than anything else. After leaving the Bear Pit we ascend a broad flight of stairs to the AMPHITHEATRE PROMENADE, Which leads around the Amphitheatre Lot. Following to the left, the CAMERA OBSCURA. (MARKED 22 IN DIAGRAM,) Is reached, which produces living pictures of animated nature; copies passing scenes enacted within the Gardens and about the city, reproducing them as though they were within a few feet. A small admission is charged, as it requires a person to operate it, and not many visitors can be accommodated at a time. Following the Amphitheatre Promenade, we reach the i LARGE ANIMAL CAGE. Cage No. 14.—Contains MoustacHE MONKEY, Cercopitheus cephus, West Africa; BoNNET MONKEY, Macacus sinicus, India; MacaQuE MoNkEY, Macacus cynomolgus, India; BaBooN, Cynocephalus babouin, West Africa ;. COYOTE, Canis latrans, West N. Am.; Gray Fox, Vulpes Virginanus, N. America; AMERICAN Bapcer, Taxidea Americana; RaccooN, Procyon lotor, United States; Brack Bear, Ursus Americanus, North America. Cage No. 15.—A~uBIs BaBooN, Cynocephalus anubis, West Africa. Cage No. 16.—Ruesus MoNkEY, Macacus erythraeus, India; Brack Ba- BOON, Cynopithecus niger, Philippines. Cage No. 17.—MacaQue Monkey, Macacus cynomolgus, India. Cage No. 18.—VAR. MACAQUE. Macacus var. aureus, India. Cage No. 19.—WHITE-EYELID MONKEY, Cercopithecus gragi, West Africa ; Mona MoNkEY, Cercopithecus mona, West Africa. " .Cage No. 20.—MacaQUE MONKEY, Macacus cynomolgus, India. Cage No. 21.—BasBooN, Cynocephalus babouin, West Africa. 3 ; + Po Cage No. 22.—CarucHIN MoNKEY, Cebus capucinus, Cent. America; WEEP- iN¢ MONKEY, Cebus versicolar, S. Am. ; Cage No. 23.—VErvEr MoNkKEY, Chlorocebus rufo-veridis, South Africa; Box- NET MONKEY, Macacus sinicus, India. Cage No. 24.—Gray Fox, Vulpes virginianus, North America. Cage No. 25.—RATILESNAKE, Crotalus lucifer, North America ; BULL SNAKE, Pituophis catanifer, California; GARTER SNAKE, Eutcenia concinna, West North Am.; CoPPER SNAKE, Drymobius testaccus, California. Cage No. 26.—Prarrie Doc, Cynomys qunnisonii, prairies West N. America; TowNSEND'S STRIPED SQUIRREL, Tamias Townsendii, California. Cage No. 27.—OvrossuM, Didelphys Virginianus, Missouri. Cage No. 28.—C1vET OR CALIFORNIA MOUNTAIN Car, Bassaris astuta, Cal. Cage No. 29.—IcENEUMON, Herpestes griseus, Asia. Cage No. 80.—BaBooN, Cynocephalus babowin, West Africa. Cage No. 81.—Coar1, Nasua Mexicana, Mexico. Cage No. 32.—MoustacHE MONKEY, Cercopithecus cephus, West Africa. Cage No. 33.—Manca MonkEY, Macacus var. sinicus, Asia. Cage No. 34.—MousTacHE MONKEY, Cercopithecus cephus, West Africa. Cage No. 33.—Coari, Nasua Mexicana, Mexico. Cage No. 36.—ManNca Monkey, Macacus sinicus, Asia. Cage No. 87.—CrEsteEp MONKEY, Macacus cristatus, Bast Indies. Cage No. 38.—RHEsUS MonNkEY, Maccaus rhesus, India. Cage No. 39.—Ly~x, Lynx rufus, N. Am. Cage No. 40.—Prairie Doe, Cynomys ludiovcianus, Plains of North Am. Cage No. 41.—MousTracHE MONKEY, Cercopithecus cephus, India. Cage No. 42.—CavY or Acourtt, Dasyprocta leporina, South America. Cage No. 43.—SiLK RABBITS. OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. 75 Whip qr . EES | W PE << WAT - Salt | Ne 2 EAL 7 0 ZK ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE LARGEST ANIMAL INCLOSURES. (MARKED 23, 24, 25, AND 26 IN DIAGRAM.) Enclosure 44.—Containing, CAMEL, Camelus bactrianus, male and female, and DrRoOMEDARY, Camelus dromedarius (one-humpback camel), Africa. Hybrids of the two species have frequently been bred at Gardens. A white camel adult and a young white camel deserve special notice. Lrama, Auchenia glama, Peru; Goats in variety, domesticated, and CasH- MERE GOAT; FOUR-HORNED SHEEP, Ovis aries, domesticated ; DONKEYS. Enclosures 45, 46, 47 and 48 contain, ELx or WaPITE, Cervus Canadensis, male and female, N. America. A young male Elk was born at Gardens in March, 1877. SacreEp Buin and Cow, or ZEBU, Bos indicus or cebus, India. WATER Bur- FALO, Bos arnee, or Bubalus buffelus, India. BisoN or AMERICAN BuUFFaLo, Bison Americanus, Western United States. —— ., RE ee ee p—— Ee ee cm— = — EE —————— AVIARY 49. (MARKED 27 IN DIAGRAM.) Contains—GoLDEN EAGLE, Aquila chrysetos, North America. CARACARA ucts, Polyborus Audubonii, Central America. MouNTAIN HAWK, Butec montanus. . DEER INCLOSURE. Enclosure 50.— WHITE-TAILED DEER, Cervus leucurus, N. America. JAPANESE DEER, Cervus sika, Japan. MULE DEER, Cervus macrotis, Mexico. Brack- TAILED DEER, Cervus columbianus. N. Am. CATTLE INCLOSURE. Enclosure 51,—PARNASSIAN SHEEP, Ovis var. Parnassius, male, female, and young. JERSEY Cow. Of this fine and valuable breed of cattle there is Bull, Cows and Calf on exhibition. (Milk served in Restaurant of Gardens.) OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. 77 GYMNASIUM AND SWINGS. (MARKED 28 IN DIAGRAM.) The gymnast and others so inclined have here an opportunity to test their strength and agility, while yourself and lady companions enjoy a swing. Some of the swings are self-acting, while others are ordinary ones. KIOSK AND REFRESHMENT STAND. (MARKED 29 IN DIAGRAM.) The plan of this was executed by J. P. Gaynor, architect, from a model ex- hibited at the Paris Exposition. The variegated painting was done by Noble & Gallagher. Here all sorts of refreshments, confections and fruits can be pur- chased. KANGAROO HOUSE. (MARKED 30 IN DIAGRAM.) BrUSH-TAILED WALLABY, Macropus penicillatus, New South Wales. In this house are also the following animals and birds: EcypriaN Goat, Aegocerus var. resima, N. Africa. PEcoArY, Dicotyles tor- quatus, Mexico. GuiNea Foww, Numida mebeagris, Africa. PIGEONS in var., domesticated. Returning by the tunnel to the main Gardens, and continuing straight on— passing a fine growth of trees—we arrive abreast of THE FOUNTAIN. (MARKED 31 IN DIAGRAM.) The Fountain will be in operation Saturday and Sunday afternoons, and on all festive occasions. It produces a charming effect when the center stream throws its water a hundred feet high, and numerous radiating jets send their spray about like diamond showers, in which the beautiful colors of the rainbow are reflected on sunny days. The large basin of the fountain is surrounded by natural rock-work, partly overgrown with creepers and shrubs of many countries. Water-lilies, both Eastern and Californian, grow in the ponds and brooks, and fish are abundant. Eastern and California Terrapins breed here in multitude. Close by, a smaller basin with fountain shelters a number of goldfishes. ana : By the side of the walk and near the main fountain, are the Statues of PanNpora and VENUS, and a little further, that of TERPSICHORE. We are now near the foot of the hill; a walk leads along its front base; another traverses its side; and still another—the one proposed to the reader— passes around its end and by a gradual rise to its top. Here we are near the Pavilion. Digressing by a path a little to the right, we pass.rustic seats. and arbors. Among some live oaks alittle further on, we arrive at a rustic artificial cave. Continuing our walk and ascending a flight of rocky steps, we pass a series of cave-like recesses, fitted up with rustic seats and tables for the accommodation of those visitors who desire rest and refreshment in the cool and shade. We are now on the top of the hill; at the base of the New Music Hall, and in front of the GREAT AVIARY. (MARKED 33 IN DIAGRAM.) This is divided into six apartments, separated by wire screens. The birds may be viewed from the magnificent glass front or from a broad corridor in the rear, which separates the Aviary from the Restaurant. We will number this first apartment & ES SEER ES Ee +. ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE Cage 52.—Contains—Rose Cockatoo, Cacatua rosacea, Australia, GREEN Parrot, Chrysotis auripalliata, Guatamala. CARDINAL GROSBEAK, Cardinalis Virginianus, South U. States. GOLDEN PHEAsANT, Thaumalea picta, China. Quarry, Coturnix communis, Europe. Cage 53.—LEssEr SULPHUR-CRESTED Cookar100, Cacatua sulphurea, Moluc- cas. LEADBEATER'S CockAmoo, C. Leadbeateri, Australia. Rose CockATOO, C. rosacea, Australia, SLENDER-BILLED COCKATOO, Licmetis tenwirostris, South Australia. CrestEp GrOUND PARROT, Calospitta Nove Hollandice, Australia. CaroLINA Parrot, Conurus carolinensis, Southern U. States. PENNANT PAr- rot, Platycercus Pennantii, New South Wales. Kine PArror, Aprosmictus scapulatus, New South Wales. MExicaN Parror, Conurus holochlorus. Java SPARROW, Padda orycivora. YELLOW GROSBEAK, Pheucticus chrysopeplus. Cent. Am. EuroreaN Sparrow, Passer domesticus. SoNG SPARROW, Melospiza me- lodia, N. Am. House Finca, Carpodacus frontalis, Cal. LEcoNTES CURVED- BILLED THRUSH, Harporhynchus Lecontii, South Cal. BARRED Dove, Geopelia striata, India. RING-NECKED PHEASANT, Phasianus torquatus, Asia. GOLDEN PrEAsSANT, Thawmalea picta, China. SILVER PHEASANT, Huplocamus nycthe- meruss, Asia. CALIEORNIA MOUNTAIN QUAIL, Oreortyx pictus. CALIFORNIA VAL- LEY QUAIL, Lophortyx Califorwica. Domestic Piceons, etc. GUINEA Pig, Cavia cobaya, domesticated. Cage 54.—Contains — Rosg-HILL PARror, Platycercus eximius, Australia. GREEN PARROQUETTE, Chrysotis viridigenalis, Panama. UNDULATED GRASS PARRAKEET, Melospittacus, undulatus, Australia. LITTLE GREY-HEADED PARROT, Psittacula cana, Madagascar. CEYLONESE RoBIN, Malacocincla griscus. AMERICAN MocCKING-BIRD, Mimus polyglottus. Java Sparrow, Padda orycivora. BLACK- HEADED FincH, Munia atricapilla, Lower Bengal. amadava, India. WaxsILL FincH, Estrelda cinerea, West Africa. BREASTED FincH, Donacola castaneothorax, Queensland. BLACK-THROATED FincH of Australia. CarirorNiA House FincH, Carpodacus frontalis. PLAIN CoLorEp FINcH, Amadina modesta, Australia. EUROPEAN SPARROW, Passer domesticus. CANARY, Serinus canaria, Canary Islands. RED-HEADED CARDINAL, Paroaria larvata, Brazil. ‘Cage 55.—CRESTED MYNAH, Acridotheres cristatellus, China. Turtur risorius, Africa and India. BLoOD-sTAINED P1aEoN, Phlegeenas cruenta, Philippine Islands. Fruit PieeoN, Carpophaga microcera, Samoen Islands. WHITE-WINGFD DOVE, Melopelia leucoptera, West Indies. DomesTIiIC PIGEONS, Columba livia var. domesticus. ; CHESTNUT- TurTLE DOVE, Cage 56.—EUrROPEAN MacPIE, Pica caudata. PiEp Crow SHRIKE, Strepera graculina, New South Wales. BLACK CROW SHRIKE, Strepera arguta, Australia. Nicar HeroxN (female), Nyctiardea gardeni, North America. Cage 57.— Pipine Crow (Australian Magpie), Gymnorhina leuconota. BLACK- HEADED BLUE Crow, Coronideus hyacinthinus, Central America. DoMEsTIC Piceons. Woop HEN, or WEEA Rain, Ocydromus Australis, New Zealand. Large WEEKA Rain, Ocydromus earli, New Zealand. MANDARIN DUCKS (male and female), Aix galericulata, China. WHITE EcrET, or WHITE HERON, Ardea egretta, California. BLUE HERON, Ardea herodias, North America. ~~ PERFORMANCES AND EXHIBITIONS. One of the distinctive features of the popular resort known as ‘ WooDWARD’S GARDENS,” is the Department of Amusements. The performances are always interesting, attractive, and of a worthy character. The best artists of varied accomplishments are engaged for these entertain- ments; their feats of acrobatic skill and trapeze performances are often thrilling. These exhibitions are regularly given at 2 P.M. on Saturdays and Sundays, and on special occasions. No charge is made for admission to the performances. 4 . accommodate more people with seats than any other. MEexicaN Guan, Ortalida Wagleri, Mexico. . AmapAvET FiNcH, Estrelda OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. THE LARGE PAVILION. (MARKED 32 IN DIAGRAM,) In which they are held is capable of holding six thousand people, and such an audience is not unusual. The fine paintings in front of the gallery exhibit scenes of different parts of the world, by Mr. O. L. Fest, the artist. On ordinary occasions the floor is used for a SKATING RINK. _ This is now the largest skating floor on the Pacific Coast, and the Pavilion will Skating assemblies are held daily from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M. The Plimpton Parlor Roller Skates are used. The price is twenty-five cents; children can skate for half price. Skating is now admitted to be the most exhilarating and fashionable exercise extant. It combines health and pleasure; it confessedly stands unrivaled in a sanitary point of view. To those who are confined by close application during the day, nothing can be more healthful to the bodily powers and exhilarating to the spirits, than an hour's skating. Every muscle in the body is called into activity ; the pores, those safety-valves of the skin, are opened, and the whole animal economy is benefitted, while the nobler part, the brain, receives its share of healthful stimulus. The skater, in circling about on one foot, with the body inclined far from the center of gravity, experiences a peculiar, agreeable sensation, a wonderful and indescribable fascination, which nothing but skating can produce. Just in front of the Pavilion, and on the brink ot the hill is an Bancroft Library OPEN AIR ORCHESTRA. From which a magnificent view of the gardens is obtained. However, a more extensive and interesting scene awaits the visitor, who ascends the continued flight of steps; here he finds himself on an extensive parade, from which a large portion of the city, Mission Bay, the hills beyond Oakland, etc., and in clear weather even the distant mountains are visible; while in the more immediate vicinity many points of interest and old landmarks may be seen, amongst these, and particularly noteworthy, is the old Mission Church, only four blocks away. This parade, which is laid on the roof of the large building beneath, is decorated in the Turkish style, with minarets, and on the north side with a miniature TURKISH MOSQUE. The drawings of which were furnished by J. P. Gaynor. It is elaborate in design and tastefully finished; the ceiling of the interior is decorated with a map of the heavens. Beneath this promenade is the MUSIC HALL. (MARKED 33 IN DIAGRAM,) Where concerts are given, a prelude, as it were, to the other performances be- fore referred to, and in themselves one of the most charming features of the whole exhibition. - This fine Hall contains a grand ORCHESTRION. Playing many selected pieces of operas every day. There is Ls accommodation for the audiences who delight in the interpre- tation of music of a high order, as discoursed by the able Band of the Gardens. ot -§ og 80 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE Turning to the rear of the Hall brings the visitor to the Refreshment Room and Cigar Stand.. Toward the entrance to the Hall a magnificent Candy and Fruit Stand and Soda Fountain look very inviting. : THE EDISON PHONOGRAPH. Talks every day. Beneath the Music Hall is a first-class RESTAURANT. (MARKED 33 IN DIAGRAM,) Where all the delicacies of the season are furnished at city prices. The Refresh- ment and Restaurant Department is under supervision of Mr. Chas. Woodward, who administers to the wants of visitors with attention and civility. The Pic-nic Ground, in front of the restaurant, with numerous tables and seats, offer every accommodation. Tables and seats are also scattered amongst the many groves along the walks leading in every direction around the hill. In close proximity with the Restaurant is : Cage 5S.—SLENDER-BILLED COCKATOO, Liemetis tenuirostris, Australia. SUL- PHUR-CRESTED CockAT00, Cacatua galerita, Australia. Cage 59.—WHITE-CRESTED CockAT00, Cacatua cristata, Molucca Islands. SULPHUR-CRESTED CoCKAT00, Cacatua galerita, Australia. : Cage 60.—RED AND BLUE Maccaw, Ara Macao, South America. Cage 61.—KiNc VULTURE, Gyparchus pape, Tropical America. CONDOR AVIARY. Contains—CoNDOR, Sarcoramphus gryphus, male and female, 8. W. America. Next to the restaurant is located the Hall opened as a GEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL MUSEUM. This Museum was founded in 1877. The vast increase of the Zoological Mu- seum made it necessary to remove the minerals, the Indian and other curiosities to this new hall to exhibit the specimens to the best advantage. In the hall, to the left, are contained in CASES 42, 43, and 44. — Geological and Mineralogical collection of the Japanese Islands, collected by Professor Jacques Kaderly, late of the Imperial Academy of Yeddo, during the three years 1869-1872. Note.—The present collection represents the geological formations and the inineral productions of the Japanese Islands, as far as they were known and laid open up to the year 1872. Japan had for centuries most obstinately secluded itself from the remainder of the world, with the exception of a little trading with China, Corea and Holland. To the United States of North America be- country to foreign trade, and to the beneficient influence of modern civilization. But a comparatively small portion of its territorial surface is open yet to foreign explorers; and it was with the greatest difficulty only, 1 to a few years ago, that in some exceptional cases permission could be obtained from the Japanese Government to visit the interior of the islands beyond the limits stipulated by all the treaties with foreign countries. : During my three years’ stay in Japan, I visited and explored the countries surrounding the open ports of Hakodati, Hiogo, Osaka, Yokohama, and Yeddo, and, by special permission of the Japanese Government, parts of the interior of + longs the great merit of having peaceably opened part of this rich and fertile the islands beyond the treaty limits. From many parts of the Archipelagos® if oh OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. whieh I would not visit myself, my students at the Imperial Academy brought me the necessary specimens, and to other parts I sent natives, to whom I gave the necessary instructions how and where to collect, and to record the localities where the specimens were found; and, although not all the J apanese Islands (they number in all above five hundred) are represented on its shelves, this mineral collection may, nevertheless, be considered as a complete representative of Japanese geology and mineralogy of the four principal and largest islands. Great Niphon, Sitrorf, Kivu-Siou and Yeso contributed their full share of specimens; and, because, as I was informed by learned natives, the few smaller islands, which are not of an exclusive volcanic formation (lava, obsidian, and pumice-stone), are uniform in their geological construction to one or to the other of the above-mentioned four principal islands, fully represented in this collection. Although single specimen, or miniature-case collections of Japanese crystals, ores, etc., have frequently found their way to this coast or to Europe, this collection claims the merit of being the first Japanese geological and mineralog- ical museum collection that ever reached a foreign shore. JACQUES KADERLY. The collection contains over 2,000 specimens. An index to all of them is posted in the case. CASE 45.—Two armors of officers of the Japanese army. Various Indian curiosities. Relics of the Communists of Paris, etc. Stump of the cocoanut tree under which Captain Cook was killed at Kealakeakua Bay; presented by Mr. Saml. G. Wilder, of Honolulu, Sandwich Islands. The top of this stump has been sent long ago to the British Museum. CASE 46.—Model of the U. States man-of-war vessel Pocahontas: Upper shelves contain various curiosities. © Lower or bottom shelve contains the fine, large shells of the species Tridacna gigas, the giant clam-shell ; a pair of valves, or the two halves, often weighing over 500 pounds, and measuring about two feet across. The Tvidacna gigas is a native of the Indian Ocean.” Notice an old whaling gun, idols, and other curiosities. ~ CASE 71.—(Smaller numbers.)—Models of a Pagoda of India, and a dwell- ing-house made of shells. Japanese clock. Bomb-lance for whaling use. Ship’s Yesniisn, dated June 8th, 1754, found on Leidesdorff Street, San Francisco, in 6. CASE 72.—Collection of stuffed Squirrels. CASE 73.—Collection of stuffed Monkeys. CASE 74.—Collection of stuffed Weasels, etc. CASES 75, 76.—CurIosITIES. — A tropiole of India, embalmed in 1852; hoined seed of Japan; seaweeds from Mexico and South Sea Islands. CASE 77.—CoMicarL ANIMAL GRroups.—Two monkeys playing cards; a lizard playing piano; a kitten walking on the tight rope; gosling and chipmunk taking a walk ; young rabbits performing a dental operation ; a frog dissectihg a speci- men of natural history; white and grey rats duelling; two mice playing see- saw; little pup shooting a squirrel; two young rabbits in political quarrels. CASE 78, 79, 80.—Crustacea—crabs. Curiosities. CASE 81.—California minerals. ; CASE. 82.—Pilot-snake catching a frog. CASE 88.—Crustacea—crabs. CASE 84.—Shells and corals. " CASE 85.—Comical animal group; four moles representing California miners. CASE 86.—FrEAaks oF NAaTURE—Eight-legged lamb, with the bodies joined at the breast; lamb born with the eyes and ears on the throat; young guanaco, from Bolivia—the same freak as in the lamb; little pig with two heads; double calf, born in California; double-headed calf from Oregon; hybrid dog (died in he 82 , ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. —oe The stairway is very unique in its’ ornamentati rted J j i X tation. Valuable imported U of huge Sithensions, contain rare specimens of tropical plants en on yo pedestals of each platform, producing an artistic effect. : eS i = = y | Woodward's Gardens) ; five-legged dog (died in the menagerie of Adams, the grizzly hunter). : CASES 87 and 88.—CALIFORNIA MineraLs. — Mostly collected at ‘various mines. Surmounting the cases is a large piece of bark from the Big Trees, pre- sented by Sperry & Perry, Calaveras Grove, California. A Japanese mask. Union Fiag, made from the feathers of California birds, by F. Gruber. Also, suspended from the ceiling, a cloak made of sea-parrot feathers by the Alaska Indians, and Esquimeaux canoe (models). : CASE 89.—Minerals from various countries. CASES 90 and 91.—CRYSTALS, Minegars, Fossits. — Notice a fine moss crystal, Placer County; incrustations from the hot springs of Germany; two meteorites of California and England; fossils of the Isle of Wight, England, and Wurtemberg, Germany ; stalactites and stalacmites of the Alabaster Cave, El Dorado County, California; imprints of large leaves on sandstone from extinct trees of California, discovered by F. Gruber, near William Station, Placer County, California; petrified wo and fossil bones of California; galvanized | snake, and fruits, by Guide Kuestel, of San Francisco. 5 NuMISMATIC AND HERALDIC SpeciMENS.—A collection of seals, comprising authentic seals of the States of Russia, Prussia, Austria, Saxony, Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Baden, Hanover, Hesse-Darmstadt, etc. A collection of ancient and modern coins. CASE 92.—Birps’ Nests, CURIOSITIES. —Many nests and eggs of birds from America, Europe, Australia and the Sandwich Islands; a collection of bills of birds; a cloak made from flying squirrel tails, by California Indians ; nests of wasps and hornets; gkin of the breast of the Patagonian penguin. Over the cases are models of Fijii Island war-canoes and Japanese junk ; a Japanese mask ; & tablet composed of various pieces of woo of America. Next to Case 92, a model of Yosemite Falls; a framed Deed, dated May 18th, 1745. CASE 98.—Lava of Mauna Loa, Hawaiian Islands; a framed custom-house proclamation and copper-plate, from the time of King George IIL The ceiling is decorated with curiosities of Indians, Esquimeaux, Japanese, Chinese, Fiji Islanders; of weapons, fishing and hunting implements, dresses, ornaments, etc. The statue of PsYcHE is located on the Picnic Ground. ; Six flagstaffs, one erected on this ground, others over the Pavilion, Music Hall, Museum, and in front of the gate, bear national colors on festivals. THE COLOSSAL BUST OF GEORGE WASHINGTON. (MARKED 36 IN DIAGRAM,) Mounted upon a concrete pedestal twenty-five feet in height, being itself twelve ; feet high and proportionally broad, is a massive Work of Art—designed and executed by Tomaso Gagliardi, a prominent sculptor of the Italian School —and one of those immense objects to be viewed at a distance to realize its contour. 2 Fas Selcheation of the unveiling of the Bust of Washington took place J uly th, 1878. In front of the Music Hall, the GRAND STAIRWAY AND ITALIAN TERRACE. il | 3 ii | | | J i | En eV | | x | eee ee —_— Hin *FOVIHEL NVITIVII ANV AVMYUIVIS ANVID EE at * BE TE “ r =X ¥ eee ee ee ee oo III PUR TY atl HEE HHH il HILL (MARED 37 IN DIAGRAM,) FEIT Is most conspicuous. : Descending the stairway, the lands e to i reaks i . The stairway, a very costly structure and ornate in its style, is in three tiers, uneven surface, Se in ay i gi I, ing a forming a platform overlooking each terrace; and the view from each resting- ture, over whose rocks rushes the cool and limpid stream adown th a place is lovely beyond comparison. The ever-blooming flowers in their variega- lawn and is carried to the pretty lake in the center of the Garden On all des ted beauty cover each plateau and form a pleasant contrast to the bright green are sparkling fountains, dashing cascades; and one is soon lost among the toes and caverns, the winding paths leading among mounds and hillocks, lawns grass that surrounds it on all sides. dd > 82 ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE Woodward's Gardens); five-legged dog (died in the menagerie of Adams, the grizzly hunter). CASES 87 and 88.—CALIFORNIA MINERALS. — Mostly collected at various mines. Surmounting the cases is a large piece of bark from the Big Trees, pre- sented by Sperry & Perry, Calaveras Grove, California. A Japanese mask. Union Fiag, made from the feathers of California birds, by F. Gruber. Also, suspended from the ceiling, a cloak made of sea-parrot feathers by the Alaska Indians, and Esquimeaux canoe (models). CASE 89.—Minerals from various countries. CASES 90 and 91.—CRYSTALS, MINERALS, FOSSILS. — Notice a fine moss crystal, Placer County; incrustations from the hot springs of Germany; two meteorites of California and England; fossils of the Isle of Wight, England, and Wurtemberg, Germany ; stalactites and stalacmites of the Alabaster Cave, El Dorado County, California; imprints of large leaves on sandstone from extinct trees of California, discovered by F. Gruber, near William Station, Placer County, California; petrified wood and fossil bones of California; galvanized snake, and fruits, by Guide Kuestel, of San Francisco. NuMISMATIC AND HERALDIC SpECIMENS.—A collection of seals, comprising authentic seals of the States of Russia, Prussia, Austria, Saxony, Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Baden, Hanover, Hesse-Darmstadt, etc. A collection of ancient and modern coins. CASE 92.—Birps’ NESTS, CuriosiTiES.—Many nests and eggs of birds from America, Europe, Australia and the Sandwich Islands; a collection of bills of birds; a cloak made from flying squirrel tails, by California Indians; nests of wasps and hornets; skin of the breast of the Patagonian penguin. Over the cases are models of Fijii Island war-canoes and Japanese junk ; a Japanese mask ; a tablet composed of various pieces of wood of the West Coast of America. Next to Case 92, a model of Yosemite Falls; a framed Deed, dated May 18th, 1745. CASE 98.—Lava of Mauna Loa, Hawaiian Islands; a framed custom-house proclamation and copper-plate, from the time of King George IIL The ceiling is decorated with curiosities of Indians, Esquimeaux, Japanese, Chinese, Fijii Islanders; of weapons, fishing and hunting implements, dresses, ornaments, etc. The statue of PSYCHE is located on the Picnic Ground. Six flagstaffs, one erected on this ground, others over the Pavilion, Music Hall, Museum, and in front of the gate, bear national colors on festivals. THE COLOSSAL BUST OF GEORGE WASHINGTON. (MARKED 36 IN DIAGRAM,) Mounted upon a concrete pedestal twenty-five feet in height, being itself twelve feet high and proportionally broad, is a massive Work of Art—designed and executed by Tomaso Gagliardi, a prominent sculptor of the Italian School —and one of those immense objects to be viewed at a distance to realize its contour. The celebration of the unveiling of the Bust of Washington took place July 4th, 1878. In front of the Music Hall, the GRAND STAIRWAY AND ITALIAN TERRACE. (MaRED 37 IN DIAGRAM,) Is most conspicuous. The stairway, a very costly structure and ornate in its style, is in three tiers, forming a platform overlooking each terrace; and the view from each resting- lace is lovely beyond comparison. ‘The ever-blooming flowers in their variega- ted beauty cover each plateau and form a pleasant contrast to the bright green grass that surrounds it on all sides. o& | Hava NVIIVII ANV AVAMYIVIS ANVHD Retake of Preceding Frame OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. 83 The stairway is very uni in i i : ique in its ornamentation. Valuable imported U of Jug dimentn contain rare specimens of tropical plants oe oh on “the pedestals of each platform, producing an artistic effect. fi A i Ii RY a w» ON | li = iy LL a : Wy, = : hs I oe em {11 | : Vi ha | igre i | | } = vy A SAL i met y nn Descending the stairway, the landscape to the right breaks in i uneven surface, reproducing in mimic I is craggy Sige Bo ture, over whose rocks rushes the cool and limpid stream adown the slantin lawn and is carried to the pretty lake in the center of the Garden. On all i] are sparkling fountains, dashing cascades; and one is soon lost among the grot- toes and caverns, the winding paths leading among mounds and hillocks, iol | ‘and passion-flowers, an it gE ii Svesy visite , widway of the di walk; taking this, we Crossing a bridge, wo 1 ILLUSTRATED: GUIDE ‘AND CATALOGUE y, the gentle murmur of the sor 11. thee construction as to make ay OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. 85 is not a particle of danger. It cannot upset, and the water in the lake is only some thirty inches degp. : This completes our task and the tour of Woobwarp's GARDENS, which we hope you do not regret having made, and will repeat often. PROMINENT VISITORS OF WOODWARD’'S GARDENS. GENERAL U. S. Grant, Ex-President of the United States, on the 29th of September, 1879, held at the Gardens a reception of thirty thousand pupils of the San Francisco Public Schools. Dom Prpro II, Emperor of Brazil, and suite. Tue Kine of the Sandwich Islands. QuEEN EmMa, of the Sandwich Islands. Lorp Lorrus, Governor of Australia, two sons and secretary. Marquis R. CHOLMONDELEY and attendants, of Condover Hall, England. Pror. Gray, England. Pror. HENRY, Smithsonian Institution, cin, D.C. In the “Annual Report” of 1871, page 34, of the Smithsonian Institution, Prof. Henry, in relation to Museums, wrote the following : “In some cases, in a better class of museums, a small admission fee is demanded, and the whole proceeds of this expended in sustaining and enlarging the collections. As an example of this, I may mention the Public Museum established by Mr. Woodward, in San Francisco, which is not only a source of continued amusement to the inhabitants of that city, but also a means of adult education, since the specimens are generally well classified and properly labeled. Advantage should be taken, through museums, of a feature of the human mind essential to progress, the desire for nov elty, to lead the public to the employ- ment of the intellectual pleasure derived from the study and contemplation of nature.” : Pror. C. O. MarsH, Yale College. Pror. Louts Agassiz, Cambridge. : Pror. GEORGE Davipson, President California Academy of Sciences. Pror. L. EsMaRk, University of Christiania, Norway. Dr. F. STEINDACHNER, Director of the Imperial Museum in Vienna. Dr. O. FincH, late Director of the Museum in Bremen. FRANK LesLIE. Hon. P, T. BArNUM. MR. WILDER, of Honolulu. Mgr. GoobMaN, Zoological Society of London. MR. A. Bierstapt, artist, New York; and many Piniessurs, directors of museums, scientific travelers, and artists of America and foreign countries. fo 4 every visitor. : 84 : . - . . . . ts and thickets; and, in passing by, the gentle murmur of the trickling rivule dashing over rocks, arial in their construction as to make one think they are wandering in some forest. 1e of the latest improvements; and the design by which they are laid out, = the display of ot eatifl and variagated flowers attracts the notice : A walk passes along the Italian Terrace, at the foot of the hi and about widway of the distance of the Gardens; this is intersected by a cross- walk; taking this, we pass through bowers overgrown by various vines of ivy and passion-flowers, and under the overhanging branches of the weeping willows. Crossing a bridge, we reach the The plan of this burgh, Scotland. hundred persons. ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE THE NEW FLOWER BEDS. * (MARKED 38 IN DIAGRAM,) ROTARY BOAT AND LAKE. (UAREED 39 IN DIAGRAM.) A AN boat is taken from the one in the Royal Gardens at Edin- Tt is, propelled both by oars and sails, and will seat about one It is the especial delight of the juvenile population. There Retake of Preceding Frame OX - OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. 85 is not a particle of danger. It cannot upset, and the water in the lake is only some thirty inches deep. This completes our task and the tour of Woonwarp's GARDENS, which we hope you do not regret having made, and will repeat often. . PROMINENT VISITORS OF WOODWARD'S GARDENS. GENERAL U. S. Grant, Ex-President of the United States, on the 29th of September, 1879, held at the Gardens a reception of thirty thousand pupils of the San Francisco Public Schools. Dox Pepro II, Emperor of Brazil, and suite. THE Kine of the Sandwich Islands. QuekeN Emma, of the Sandwich Islands. Lorp Lorrus, Governor of Australia, two sons and secretary. Marquis R. CHoLMONDELEY and attendants, of Condover Hall, England. Pror. Gray, England. Pror. HENRY, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. In the ‘Annual Report” of 1871, page 34, of the Smithsonian Institution, Prof. Henry, in relation to Museums, wrote the following: “In some cases, in a better class of museums, a small admission fee is demanded, and the whole proceeds of this expended in sustaining and enlarging the collections. As an example of this, I may mention the Public Museum established by Mr. Woodward, in San Francisco, which is not only a source of continued amusement to the inhabitants of that city, but also a means of adult education, since the specimens are generally well classified and properly labeled. Advantage should be taken, through museums, of a feature of the human mind essential to progress, the desire for novelty, to lead the public to the employ- ment of the intellectual pleasure derived from the study and contemplation of nature.” Pror. C. O. MarsH, Yale College. Pror. Louis AGassiz, Cambridge. Pror. GEORGE DavipsoN, President California Academy of Sciences. Pror. L. EsMark, University of Christiania, Norway. Dr. F. STEINDACHNER, Director of the Imperial Museum in Vienna. Dx. O. FincH, late Director of the Museum in Bremen. Frank LesLIE. Hon. P, T. BarNuM. Mr. WiLpEr, of Honolulu. : Mgr. GoobMaN, Zoological Society of London. MR. A. BierstapT, artist, New York; and many professors, directors of museums, scientific travelers, and artists of America and foreign countries. 2 > ¢ Lad Dec lgs ma Doc Br Ow ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. GARDEN DEPARTMENT. R. B. Woopwarp, Proprietor. WiLLiaM Woopwarp, General Manager. M. E. Wiis, Secretary. J. R. MarsHALL, Director of Amusements. Pror. F. GRUBER, Curator 6f Museums ; Inventor of the Zodgraphicon. CHARLES SCHUMAN, Sup’t of Aquarium and Horticultural Department. BexsaMIN Roop, Superintendent of Menagerie. J SamueL S. AsBort, Mechanic. Wiiriam R. KEITH, Painter. JaMes Day, Engineer. AMUSEMENT AND RESTAURANT DEPARTMENTS. CHARLES J. Woonwarp, Manager of Restaurant and Saloon. JoHN J. CALLAHAN, in charge of Performance and Skating. Avsust WETTERMAN, Musical Conductor. Where is the place far off in western land Of wonders, wrought as if by magic hand, Of Science’s brightest fields of recreation, Delight the eye to fairest approbation? We know its fame—for this is Woodward’s Gardens, As proved by children, and their candid wardens Read in their countenance the pleasure; Day-Festivals bring joy im fullest measure, Securing always hours of delight. Go see the living Animals and thousand Museum Cases, And now to Zoographicon, Art Halls and Flower Vases, - Right quick around we sail by Rotary-boat; Done there, to Pavilion performance leads the road. End coming—let us view Aquarium, Ponds and Bowers, Nor fail to walk amongst the Trees and Ferns and Flowers. So passes time—we miss the Swings and thousand other showy things. In will we go again at times, and find so many changes ; Nor do we tire, for novelties the Manager arranges. Since San Francisco came to be the bright Star of the West— As youngest city she has won her fame—the very best. Not without pride their citizens speak well of Woodward's Garden, For California’s gold *t was said the soul did sometimes harden; Right well their people lead the way of Progress and Advance, And every cosmopolitan’agrees with this perchance. No wonder Art and Science claim at last a higher range— Creates a love of nobler sense and gives a magic change. It is a life of brighter days, when Knowledge rules the land, Success is certain, friends and foe in union clasp their hand; Civilization’s triumphs bear their standards quite supreme, Of California’s foremost rank its banner not to screen. Bw. JLLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE OF WOODWARD’S GARDENS. GARDEN DEPARTMENT. R. B. Woopwarp, Proprietor. WiLLiaMm Woopwarp, General Manager. M. E. WiLuis, Secretary. J. R. MarsHaLL, Director of Amusements. BexsaniN Roop, Superintendent of Menagerie. SamueL S. ABorT, Mechanic. WiLLiam R. KEITH, Painter. JaMes Day, Engineer. AMUSEMENT AND RESTAURANT DEPARTMENTS. CHarLEs J. Woonwarp, Manager of Restaurant and Saloon. JoHN J. CALLAHAN, in charge of Performance and Skating. Avcust WETTERMAN, Musical Conductor. Pror. F. GRUBER, Curator 6f Museums ; Inventor of the Zoographicon. CHARLES SCHUMAN, Sup't of Aquarium and Horticultural Department. Where is the place far off in western land Of wonders, wrought as if by magic hand, Of Science’s brightest fields of recreation, - Delight the eye to fairest approbation? We know its fame—for this is Woodward's Gardens, As proved by children, and their candid wardens Read in their countenance the pleasure; Day-Festivals bring joy in fullest measure, Securing always hours of delight. Go see the living Animals and thousand Museum Cases, And now to'Zodgraphicon, Art Halls and Flower Vases, . Right quick around we sail by Rotary-boat;. Pone there, to Pavilion performance leads the road. End coming—let us view Aquarium, Ponds and Bowers, Nor fail to walk amongst the Trees and Ferns and Flowers. So passes time—we miss the Swings and thousand other showy things. In will we go again at times, and find so many changes ; Nor do we tire, for novelties the Manager arranges. Since San Francisco came to be the bright Star of the West— As youngest clty she has won her fame—the very best. Not without pride their citizens speak well of Woodward's Garden, For California's gold "twas said the soul did sometimes harden; Right well: their people lead the way of Progress and Advance, And every cosmopolitan’agrees with this parchance. No wonder Art and Science claim at last a higher range— Creates a love of nobler sense and gifes » magic change. To in a life of brighter days, ‘when Knowledge rules the land, Juc a INDEX. Albatross Alcoholic Collection . . Alligator (see Reptile House) ow Amphitheatre Promenade Anaconda Angora Goat Aquarium . . . . . Art Gallery . . Artificial Caves and Gontitoos Auks Aviaries Baboon (see Monkey House) . . ; Bear Pit . . . i . Beaver Botanical I Buffaloes . Butterfly Collection Coyote Camel Enclosure Camera Obscura Candy Stand and Soda Founksin Capuchin Monkey Caracara Eagle Cassowary Cattle Enclosure J SENT Breed) Century Plant . ‘ Chamois Chimpanzee : Closets (see Bxplausiion of Diagram Cockatoo : Colossal Bust of Washington Comical Animal Groups . Concert Hall (see Music Hall) . Condor Aviary . . Conchological Collection Conservatory ~ . Corals and Coralines Cormorants Deer Enclosure Divers Donkey Badosae . Ducks (Wild) a . 18 . J. 17 PAGE a. . 63 54, 59 74 29 35 67 44 . . . . 17, 23 76, 77, 80 . . 74,75 74 37 43 20, 21, 78, 80 82 81 . . 7 . . 80 60 . 48 + ++ O3 76 . . 74 17 + ILLUSTRATED GUIDE AND CATALOGUE Eagles Egyptian Goat . Elk, or Wapiti Emeu ' Engine House Entomological Collection Esquimeaux Dogs . Ethnological Collection and Muss Feeding Time Fernery Fish Hatching . Fish Pond Fish Tanks Flower-beds, Ornamental Fountain Fox Enclosure Gazelle Geological Musoutn Giraffe ‘ Goat Wagons in ’ Ampidilionssr Lot Great Aviary . ‘ Great Staircase and Tealleh Terrace Grizzly Bear . Guide and Casio of Gardens Gulls « Gymnasium Hammer-headed Shark Happy Family Cogs Hawks Herons . Humming-bird Collection Hyena ‘ Ibis Ichneumon ’ Ichthyological Collection Iguana ' Jabiroo Jacana Jaguar Jays Kangaroo Kiosk and Refreshment Stand Koala . . Leopard Leucoryx Lions and Young Llama ge A WOODWARD’S GARDENS, Maccaws . Mammalia Collection Mandarin Ducks Marine Aquarium Marine Museum Menagerie ' Mineral Collection (see Sedugival Misono) Monkey House and Cages Mosque Mountain Shoop and Mouton Museums, various . ! : ‘ - Music Hall . Naturalists’ Library (oot d in rear —- Zoological Museum) Naturalists’ Work-room (in rear of Marine Museum) Numismatic or Coin Collection Oological Collection Orangery Orchestrion . Ornithological Collection Parnassian Sheep Parrots Pavilion Peccary Pelican ~ Performance . Phonograph, Edison’s Photographic Views of Surlihs for ule Picnic Ground ‘ Picture Gallery Pigeons, wild Plant House Platypus ‘ Pompeian Museum Prairie Dog Puma or American Panther Quails Railroad Facilities ~ Reception Case Reptile House . : Restaurant and Refreshment Saloon Rotary Boat Rotunda Saloon and Refreshment Sea Anemones and Sea Stars . Sea Lion and Seal Pond . Sharks Skating Rink Sloth Snakes 78 67 55 70 80 79 35 79 5 55 44 . 42 49 79 5 v.08 6, 2, 21, 78, 80 . 79 39, 77 18 78 oo oe ILLUSTRATED GUIDE CATALOGUE Squirrels Statuary Swans . Swings Tapir Tiger Torpedo . . Tropical Plant House Tunnel . . Turtles Urns of Great Stairway Vulture Aviary Wallaby . Water Buffalo . Water Fowl Enclosure Weka Rails 3 . : Whale Skeleton and Young Whal Wild Geese . . . . Wolf . Young Animals and Birds a Specialty Zebu, or Sacred Cow . . . Zivet Cats . . : . Zoographicon (F. Gruber’s Invention) Zoological Museum ‘ : Zoophytes : BE 1 [LE BE UE LONE a EE i 7 === ¥ RINE AQUARIUM, MUSEUM, ZOOGRAPHICON, ART GALLERIES CONSERVATORIES, MENAGERIE, SEAL AND FISH PONDS, AMPHITHEATRE AND SKATING RINK. QUALED AND UNRIVALED ON THE AMERICAN CONTINENT eAAARROO I AAARABSSOOARARIOLAAAAL AEA ALLALLLI ARE EERIODRRARERRICLSAARALLLLLLAALLALSLOSOSLELLLR i sasaassantnInIne. | NATURE, ART AND SCIENCE ILLUSTRATED 1000E0NN00ERNERIERIVITVIRITINNIINTNININS "ne A ETAIAAAAASS AAAI ERASE ARABIA gation, Wecegation an Runnsement AREIIRINNAETINTEREEEIERENINIANIIIEIININUITERNASIIRISN INNIS NINN NENINININ BIRSINRENERAITLLY | TEE AIM OTITIS TET TAERROICOIOUNIEA BEAR DSOSEOOEO ALTIMA ARCATA ALTAR HRY usu Loosted on Mission Street, between Thirteenth and Fifteenth. : SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA. ssion 25 Cents. Children, 10 Cents - PERFORMANCES FREE@—»— EATING BEVERY DAT. "END OFTITLE "END OF REEL. PLEASE ~ REWIND.