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Diven, Quay Stowell

Eocene rocks of the lower
Sespe Region

1921
 

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University of California at Berkeley Library

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GLADIS NUMBER: 184783682E FORMAT : BK AD:991004/FzZB
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CP:cau L:eng INT: GPC: BIO: FIC: CON: ARCV:
PC:s PD:1921/ REP: CPI: FST: ILC: II:0

040 CUScCU

090 SbDISS.DIVEN.GEOL 1921

100 1 Diven, Quay Stowell.

245 10 Eocene rocks of the lower Sespe Region.

260 $Scl1921.

300 15 leaves :S$bphoto., col. map ;$c29 cm.

502 Thesis (B.A.)--University of California, Berkeley, December, 1921.

504 Includes bibliographical references.

610 20 University of California, Berkeley.S$bDept. of Geology and
Geophysics$xDissertations.

690 0 Dissertations, Academic$xUCBS$SxGeology$y1921-1930

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LIBRARY COPY

" EOCENE ROCKS OF THE LOWER SESPE REGION.
A report of the field work done during June, 1921,
by QUAY STOWELL DIVEN, to satisfy the requirements
for a THESIS toward the degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS,

in the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. BH
SUBMITTED DEC. 192%,

 

Map of the Region,

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Bibliography - = =« = = «= = « = =
Introduction ~ « « = « = «= « «a =
Topography « « « « = = oo = = ww =
Geologic Formationge « = « «= « = =

General Statement - « « - - - =

Basement CompleX- = = = = = = =
Eocene Series = = 5 = = «= = = = =
The Topa Topa Formation - « = « =

Age of Topa Topa Formation, = = = =

The Coldwater Formation
Fosslls, - - - - - - - - -
The Sespe Formation, = « «= «= =- =-

The Coldwater Anticline

Relation of the Sespe Formation to Oil,
Age of the Sespe~ y =- yp = = =
The Miocene Series, = = « « « « =

Focsils,~- -- - .-. - —- . - or —- _.

Photomicrographs Plates, 1,2,3 a

Appendix,

Section . Appendix.

 

  

i NW WW UU BN NN

10, 11.
12
12,13.
13
14
14
  

—,

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Eldridge, G.H., and Arnold, Ralph, The Santa Clara
Valley, Puente Hills, and Los Angeles oll districts,
Southern California: U,S.G.S.,Bul. 309, 1907.

Louderback, G.D., The Monterey series in California;
California Univ. Dept. Geology Bull. vol. 7, No. 10,
pp. 177-241, Feb, 26, 1913,

Kew, William S.W., Structure and 0il Resources of the
Simi Valley, Southern California, U.S.Geol. Survey,

Arnold, Ralph and Strong, A.M., Some Crystalline Rocks
of the San Gabriel Mountains, California Bul, Geol. Soc.
America, Vol, 16, pp. 183-292,

Watts, W.L., Bulletin California State Mining

Bureau, NO, t 1, 1897, PP. 25-26,

EOCENE ROCKS OF THE LOWER SESPE REGION,
INTRODUCTION.

This paper presents a brief description of the
Eocene rocks seen along the Big Sespe River, of Ventura
County California, from the Granitic Rocks upon which
the Eocene lies, to the Sespe formation,

Topography.

The Sespe River lies in a narrow canon in many
places resembling a gorge. On each side the mountains
rise, in places, to an elevation of several thousand
feet. The area mapped is part of the Santa Barbara
National Forest Reserve, Some of the country away
from the roads 1s made accessible by trails cut in the
underbrush and rock, but progress through the rest is
slow and laborious. Although only a few miles from the
San Joaquin altos nd the type section of the Tejon,
this region is one of the most difficult and inaccessi-
ble regions in the Unlted States An 0il field road
along the river to Tar Creek has recently been improved
and continued further up stream. This work is being
done by the Sespe Light and Power Co., who contemplate
the construction of six or eight miles of road as part

of thelr project. Progress along the stream bed is very

tedious as great boulders and deep pools bar the way.

# Eldridge and Arnolé, Bul, 309, U.S8.G.S.

 

  
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS,

GENERAL STATEMENT.

The formations along the Sespe River in this
reglon inelude the 0ld basement gneisses and granites
of perhaps Jurassic age, overlain by Eocene and later
merbhisry beds. It is remarkable in thie region that the
sections of Eocene, Sespe and Miocene strata appear to

lie conformably, one upon the other, #*

BASEMENT COMPLEX.
The oldest rocks in the territory under discus-
~ glon are the gneisses and granites which underlie the
Topa Topa formation, The gneisses are close grained,
micaceous, conspicuously banded and are greally contort-
ed.# In this region they appear to have an average
strike of about ¥, 60 W and dip from 50-80 North. The
underlying granitie rocks are medium fine grained dlior-
ites, similar to those lying further East, which make
up a large part of the San Gabriel range. These and the
other crystalline rocks found in the San Gabriels have
been described by Arnold and Strong, (Arnold, Ralph,
and Strong, A.M., Some Crystalline Rocks of the San Gab-
riel Mountains, Calif, Bull. Geol, Soc. America, Vol.
16, pp. 183-292. ) In fact, the San Gabrlel batholith,
limited byithem on the West by the Santa Clara river,
seems 1n reality to extend North and West, through the

# Bul. 309, U.S.G.S., Eldridge and Arnold.

 

    

core of these mountains nearly to Santa Barbara.

EOCENE SERIES,

Eocene rocks in this paper have been dgvided
into two groups, The Topa Topa series and the Cold-
water series, The Topa Topa series is the same as
that of Eldridge and Arnold# . The name Coldwater
la suggested to replace the name of Lower Sespe
given by Eldridge and Arnold. Since their report
numerous fossils have been found which place the
rocks definitely in the Eocene, whereas the Sespe
rocks have not yet been definitely placed in any
geologic period. Fossils found both in the Topa
Topa amd the Coldwater place them both in the Te jon,

or upper Eocene,

THE TOPA TOPA FORMATION,

This formation gets its name from the mountains
in which it occurs. Its total thickness is not known
but about 5,500 feet are exposed. This consists of a
very hard sub-massive sandstone with occasional thin
beds of shale, The sandstone has characteristically a
greenish color, clear, or mottled with white, the latter
variety predominating. This is the rock called a
Quartzite by Eldridge and Arnold # and seen in prints

t and 2 on plate 1, These mottlings are very character-

# Eldridge, and Arnold, Bul, 309, U.S.G.S.

  
istic, are about 1/8 inch in diameter, are round or
irregular in outline and are very persistent. The
cause of these mottlings is not known, but may be due
to a difference in degree of oxidation. It has also
been suggested that it 1s caused by the spotted occur-
rence of organic matter which de-oxidized the areas
where it was present. The arrangement of the minerals
as seen in thin section did not indlcate any segrega-
tion or different orlentation in different parts of
the rock,

The green color of the sandstones seems to be
chiefly due to ferrous oxide present in the cementing
material between the grains. This cementing materlal
is probably chiefly quartz as seen by 1ts optical
properties and insolubllity in acid. Minerale making
up the rock are quartz, albite-oligoclase and ortho-
clase feldspars, and a positive feldspar of high index
of refraction, probably anorthite, chlorlte and occas-
jonal specks of black and white mica. The grains are
very small but emen then are very angular, Fossils
are very sparsely distributed throughout the formation,
In some places appreciable amounts of lime impregnated
with organic matter in the rock seems to have colored 1t
to almost a black. Very few fossils other than casts
have been found, The question naturally occurs as to the

presence of lower Eocene, Martinez or Meganos, but no

definite statement can be made on that score until better

preserved fossils are found. Correlation on the basis

   

of fossil casts is dangerous in this area

as the distinctive characters have been eroded away.

Some of the members are conspicuous in having a
tendency toward a broad concretionary structure; the
presence of smaller brown ferruginous sand concretions.
There are also, in places, some evidences of woody
tissue, though imperfectly preserved. Oyster fragments,
about six inches by four finches and of a dark color,
are also found at various places but are so fragmental
as to be indeterminate.

Cross bedding is here and there observable. There
also appears to be a certain number of intra-formational

unconformities.

AGE,

From the fossils determined, the age seems to be
Tejon, upper Eocene. As before stated, there at times
appear to be suggestions of the presence of Martinez
beds, but their accurate identification will have to
be made on the basis of better fossils than those
found along the Sespe River. Possibly the region of the
Ojal Valley will disclose @leterminable fossils.

From the fact that Topa Topa beds were thrown up
by a fault on the marBin of the Santa Blara vakley as
seen on the map in Bull, 309, it seems quite probable

that the Topa Topa formation underlies the whole region.

 
   
THE COLDWATER FORMATION.

This formation appears to be the upper contin-
uation of the Topa Topa and is separated from it only
on a basis of differences in the character of the rock.
This formation was lumped with the Sespe and Vaqueros
sandstones by Eldridge and Arnold®# and the age glven
as doubtful, possibly Oligocene, 0k, posslbly Eocene.
Eldridge in going through the district did not seem to
have found any good fossils, but they are quite common,
though not well preserved,

As a general thing, the rocks in this group are
white to brownish-red sandstones, coarse conglomerates
and greenish, reddish and black shalese quite a wilde
variation. Pebbles in the conglomerate are almost entlre-
ly granitic and are charatteristic of the Coldwater 1n
thie district. The sandstones of the Coldwater are notab-
ly coarser than those of the Topa Topa. In fact, there
seems to be a gradual gradation from the fine gralns of
the Topa Topa sandstones through the medium grained
sandstones of the Coldwater to the noticeably coarse
sandstones and grits of the Sespe. More mica particles
are in evidence. There appears to have been more decom-
position. The lower sandstones are noticeably of a more
greenish color than those higher in the series, In fact
as we approach the top, the beds grade into those of the

Sespe. Shales become more common and foesll beds more

# Eldrédge and Arnold, Bull, 309, U,S8.G.S.

 

   

scarce, Separation from the Sespe beds ls made on the

basls of lack of fossils Ur HF re@Bfhinance of the @ark
red color so characteristically Sespe. Thls ls a more or
less arbitrary separation in many places ,due to this
almost insensible grading and in places was mapped arbi-
trarily.

An important bed in the upper part of the Cold-
water series very much resembles the Sespe sandstone in
color and texture. However 1t is a somewhat lighter
color, being of a more pinkish tint then the typlcal
red beds,

The Coldwater rocks are best exposed in the beds
of Coldwater, Pine and West Fork creeks and along the
hillside near the mouth of Tar Creek. Eroslon in Pine
and Coldwater creeks has cut through the overlying Sespe
beds exposing the Coldwater series. Many oyster beds
similar to those found and described in the Topa Topa
are found in rocks of the above named creeks, and are
also so much broken up and eroded as to be of no value
in correlation.

Minerals found in the Coldwater include quartz,
soda-lime and alkall feldspars, biotite, muscovite,
chlorite, and with a cementing materlal ranging from
quartz, colored by iron, to calcite, coloring the rock
almost a black. Some spaces are left through the rock,
as seen in the thin sections which could ald in forming

a storage reservolr for oll.

  
Fossila.

Quite a number of fossils were found in different

localities in the Topa Topa from the lowest beds exam=

ined to the top, and in different localities examined
In the Coldwater series. The majority of these were
elther fragments or casts and therefore doubtful. The
aceompaning l1lst however were sufficlently preserved
to give a satisfactory determination. All are present
in Tejon, upper Eocene beds in other localities, and

some are regarded as good markers of that horison.

Amuropsis alveata.
Garaiun brewerii,
conus, n, 8p.
Fasclolaria slnuata,
Glycimeris perrini sp.
Glyclimerilis sagittata.
Meretrix hornii, .
Rimella simplex Gabb.
Tureitella uvasana.

Venericardia horn#gi,.

Natica sp.

“{

 

   

2*
THE SESPE FORMATION,

Lying comformably on the Coldwater series is the
Sespe formation. The typical rock in this group is the
coarse brownish red sandstone forming the bulk of the
exposed rocks on the tilted plateau between Coldwater
Creek and West Fork Creek, No sharp line of distinction
has been drawn between this and the Coldwater series,
except, as stated previously, on the basis of the lack
of fossils and a predominance of the typical red beds
in the Sespe formation and on the presence of fosslls
and lesser amounts of red beds in the Coldwater series.
The rock making up these red beds in texture resembles
the "Brown Stone" of the East and attempts have been

made to exploit it for building purposes on that account.

However, it 1s not very resistant to weathering. The

predominating beds are sandstone, but scattered all
through the section are thin bodies of shale, this

latter element becoming of more importance higher in the
sedtion., These sandstones and shales are of a peculiarly
conslstent color wherever encountered in the region. The
sandstone is by far the harder element, usually being
found as the cap rock on the ridges. This Sespe formation
in this region is much folded, contorted and eroded,
giving generally the appearance of a remnant of a once
thicker element which has been subjected to all the

movements - “2, :. of the rocks upon which it lies.

* Watts, W,L., Cal, State Mining Bureau, Bull, No, 11,
1897, PP. 25, 26,

  
   

In places are evidences of cross bedding, but these are
not of a very definite nature, due to the great lrreg-
ularity of the beds.

Minerals going to make up the Sespe include angular
fragments of quartz, albite, orthoclase and anorthite
feldspars, chlorite, etc. The rock has been very much
oxidized and contains iron, probably as hematite dust,
which forms the chief coloring matter in the rock. The
tests made on it indicate the coloring matter 1s ferric
oxide, although a small amount of iron seems also to be
in a ferrous condition,

~ In several places 1t was noted that the “espe sand-
stones had lost their characteristic red color in the
vicinity of sulfur springs. The sulfur water dissolved
the color out of the rock. In these places there was
a marked resemblance to some of the white sandstones of
the Coldwater series,

"The rocks of the Sespe as a whole are but slightly
indurated, a condition which has allowed relatively
rapid erosion and produced a bad land type of topography.
The general aspect of these beds suggests that they are
of continental origin, and this suggestion is strengthened
by the fact that no fossils have been obtalned from them.
They are regarded as probably of Oligocene age, because

of their position between lower Miocene and Eocene beds, #

¥Kew, W.S.W., Structure and 0il Resources of the Simi
Valley, Southern California, U.S8.G.S., Bull, 691-M,

     

   

THE COLDWATER ANTICLINE,

The Coldwater anticline can best be seen, perhaps,
from the summit of the hills North of Devil's Gate. From
here, it can be seen that the anticline has 1lts axils in
Coldwater canon, though the overlying Sespe beds have
been eroded down exposing the Coldwager formation. The
North limb is still covered with Sespe beds. After the
anticline crosses Sespe Creek, the Coldwater is burled
and all the exposed beds are of the Sespe. The anticline
takes an E.S.E, direction and plunges below and disappears
in the hills bounding, ta the North, Little Sespe Creek,
Examined locally there 1s little evidence of an anticline,
due to its irregularity, and the high degree of erosion
to which it has been subjected. Valleys cut across and
into it, and slides have been numerous. In explaining
the position of many of these beds the question as to
whether or not the Sespe beds were brought to their
present position by thrust faults may well be asked.

In the area under discussion in this paper many points

may be cleared up if this explanation is adopted. But very
little direct evidence in thls area was noticed. Perhaps

a detailed study of the whole region where these rocks

are found will give positive evidence.

RELATIONS TO OIL.
These Sespe beds are the chief reservoir of the
oil found in the district. Being coarse grained, lqQosely

consolidated rocks they form a very sultable storage
 

13.

place for the oil, but the beds are so contorted, the
production is not large on any one structure, There 1s
little new work being done in the area along the Sespe
river at present, as better producing areas have been
found in other places, notably along Oak Rldge, on the
South slde of the Santa Clara river. Numerous oil
seeps are seen throughout the section and much oil is
probably contained in the numerous small irregularities

in the strata.

AGE OF THE SESPE.

No new evidence is submitted as to the age of the
Sespe. In fact there seems little chance of solving that
problem in this area unless determinable fossils are
found. Eldridge and Arnold place the Sespe as perhaps
belonging to the Oligocene, because of its position
between known upper Eocene beds and lower Miocene beds.
But there seems little argument against the fact that
the Sespe could as well be Eocene, Oligocene or Miocene,

Placing 1t as Oligocene ? seems as convenlent a position

as any.

 

  

   

THE MIOCENE SERIES.

The two members of the Miocene series found on this
area are the Vaqueros and the Modello. The lower member
of the Vaqueros was mapped as upper Sespe by Eldridge and
#Arnold., This was done because they did not find good
fossils. Later work hag shown it to be of undisputed
Vaqueros age,## Many fossils in a poor state of preser-
vation were found indicating the age to be lower Miocene.
This Miocene series rests conformably on the Sespe as a
rule, but the latter is so contorted and has so many
local variations that in many places we find fair evidence.
of unconfommitiee. However in this paper it is not
attempted to enter into a discussion of the Vaqueros,
or of the Miocene,except in so far as it affects the age

of the Sespe.

FOSSILS FOUND IN VAQUEROS-LOWER MIOCENE,

Balanus, sp.(Several.) Turritella inezana.
Cardium gp. Turritella lompocoensis.
Dosinia sp. Turritella sp.

Ostrea sp.
Pecten sespensis var, Hydeil,
Spisula sp.
Trophon gp.

Turrltella n. sp.

#Bull. 309, U.S5.G.S. Eldridge and Arnold.

## Louderback, G.D., The Monterey series in California,
Dept. Geol. Univ. Calif,, Bull, Vol. 7, NO. 10, pp. 177-
241, 1913,

 

 
   
 

' PHOTOMICROGRAPHS
MADE FROM
THIN SECTIONS
OF TYPICAL ROCKS
IN THE AREA,

 
 

Plate 1.

 

No. 1. Ord. Light, 41 X. No nicols. v -
Topa Topa sandstone. Chief mineral quartz, but . 9
important amounts of albite, orthoclase and anorthite
also present, together with chlorite and specks of
biotite and muscovite. Very fine grained sandstone.

Rock graine very irregular, and show no particular
orientation in the section, Makes a good bullding
stone. Rock characterized by presence of lighter
blotches in the green rock, about 1/8 inch in diam-
eter, either rounded or irregular in shape.

No. 2

No. 2. Ord. Light. Lower nicol only. 135 X.
Topa Topa sandstone , Same as No, 1.

No. 3. Ord. Light. No nicols. 135 X.
Topa Topa shale near West Fork.
Very fine grained shale, strongly stained with oil,
and containing shell fragments. Minerals chiefly
quartz with lesser amounts of indlistinguj}shable
feldspars. Cementing material ranges from quartz
to calcite and contains some iron, with all
variations in percentages of quartz and calcite. .

   

No. 4. Ord. Light. No nicols. 41 X.
Topa Tope shale near West Fork, a different facies
from No, 3. Not as heavily stained with oil, but
conpaining more important amounts of shell fragments
and having more calcite as cementing material.
Principal minerals are quartz wlth lesser amounts
of albitefeldspars and still less of orthoclase and No. 3 No. 4
anorthite. : '

 
No. 5. Ord. Light, Lower nicol only. 118 X.
Coldwater sandstone facies. Medium fine grained
brownish white sandstone, containing much argil-
laceous material, Fossil fragments also found.
Chief mineral is quartz, with lesser amounts of
indistinguishable feldspars. Only loosely cemented,
Much of cementing material apparently calcite.

No. 6, Ord. Light, No nicol. 41 X.
same as No, 5,
Occasional grain of chlorite seen.

No. 7. Ord. Light. Lower nicol only, 118 X.
Coldwater sandstone facies. Medium fine grained,
greenish white, containing fossils which have been
much weathered. Grains very angular, as they are in
all this series. Chief mineral quartz, with lesser
amounts of indistinguishable feldspars, and occas-
ional grains of chlorite, Calcite an important part
of the cementing material,

No. 8. Ord. Tight, Lower nicol only. 135 X.
Coldwater sandstone facies. Coarse grained, hard,
white to gray, found in Pine Creek. Chief mineral
quartz, but contains important amouhts of albite=-
oligoclase., Orthoclase and anorthite are also
present together with noticeable amounts of blotite,
muscovite, chlorite and iron oxlde-hematite in the
form of minute opaque specks.

Note- Several members of this series are very fine
grained and so dark colored as to not give a
distinguishable photograph.

 

&

Plate 2,

 

 
 

No. 9. Ord, Light, No nicols. 41 X,
Coldwater sandstone facies. Medium grained greenish
sandstone containing noticeable amountse of
muscovite ahd biotite, with many plant fragments.
Chief mineral quartz, with lesser number of
feldspars having albite twinning. Occasional
fragments of chlorite seen. Rather loosely
cemented and many volds are present,

No. 10. Ord. Light, Lower nicol only. 18 X,.
Coldwater sandstone, same as No. 9,

No. 11, Ord. Light. No nicols. 41 X,
Coldwater sandstone near top of section,of a
peculiar pink color resembling the Sespe cand-
stone, Medium grained, medium hard, Chief
mineral quartz, but feldspars are important,
chiefly albite, Chlorite present in scattered
grains, Color in rock copes from iron oxide
coloring the cementing material, which 1s
mostly quartz, Eplidote also present in small
quantities, with blotite and occasional
fragments of muscovite.

No. 12, Ord. Light. Lower nicol nnly. 85 X.
Coldwater sandstone, same as No, 11,
Resembles Sespe sandstone except that the grains
are finer and the color is lighter.

  

Plate 3,

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
No. 13, No nicols. Ord. Light, 18 X,
Sespe sandstone. A coarse brownish-red loosely
cemented sandstone made up chiefly of quartz, but
containing important amounts of alblte,oligoclase,
orthoclase and anorthite. Chlorite is also seen in
places in the rock, but biotite and muecovite are
not seen. Hematite dust with silica form the chief

cementing material, hematite giving the characteristic
of dark red to the rock.

No. 14, No nicols., 18 X. Ord. Light,
Sespe sandstone, Same as No, 13,

No. 15. Lower nicol only. Ord light. 18 X.
Sespe sandstone, same as No. 12, V4,

  

Plate 4,

 
    
   
 
 
  
   
  
 
 
 
  
   
   
 
  
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END OF TITLE