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‘w THE

BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY

OF

SYRIA AND PALESTINE.

BY

THE REV. GEORGE E. POST, M.D. ,

Professor of Surgery and Diseases of the Eye and Ear in the Syrian
Protestant College, at Beirl’lt, Syria.

 

BEING A PAPER READ BEFORE THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

WITH A MAP.

AUTHOR’S COPY.

For Private Circulation only.

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2 DR. rosr ON THE BOTANICAL \g.

separate name. The range trends sonth-south-west, about one“
hundred miles, and ends in the mass of J ebel Mfisa, which over-
hangs the sea at its western extremity, forming the bold head-
land of Ras-el-Khanzir (the Boar’s Head), which constitutes
the .eastern pillar of the entrance to the Gulf of Iskanderfin.
The highest peaks of the Amanus chain range from 5,600
to 8,000 feet.

. Through the valley which separates J ebel Mfisa from
Mount Cassius (El-Jebel-el-’Aqra) flows the Orontes, which,
after its long course to the north, turns sharply to the west-
south-west above Antioch, and rolls with a swift turbid stream

' to the sea. '

Mount Cassius is an isolated cone, 6,500 feet high, but,
from its eastern base, a low range runs parallel to the course
of the Orontes until it abuts against the northern end of the
Nusairy Mountains.

The Nusairy chain trends nearly due south, and, after a
course of over 100 miles, ends in the latitude of Hums
(Ernessa), in the valley which separates it from Lebanon.
Through this valley, which is about fifteen miles broad, flows
the Nahr-el-Kebir (Eleutherns). The highest peaks of
the Nusairy chain do not much exceed 3,500 feet above
the sea.

The chain of Lebanon follows in general a south—south-west
course, to a point midway between Sidon and Tyre, Where the
Qasimiyah, the continuation of the Litany (Leontes), breaks
through the southern spurs of the range and separates them
from the hill country of Galilee. The length of Lebanon is
about 120 miles, and its highest peaks range from 6,000 to
10,000 feet above the sea.

The hill country of Upper Galilee is a tableland, about 2,500
feet above the sea, from the general level of which rises the
peak of Yermuk to a height of 3,900 feet. The tableland of
Lower Galilee is only a few hundred feet above the sea, and
the peaks of Taber and Little Hermon 1,700 feet.

The valley of Esdraélon separates the plateau of Galilee
from that of Samaria, and the chain of Carmel, which bounds
it to the south, abuts against the tableland of Samaria as that
of Cassius does against the N usairy chain. The highest point
of Carmel is 1,728 feet above the sea.

The plateau of Samaria and Judaea is broken by the few
marked peaks of Ebal, Gerizim, and Olivet. The general
level is from 2,500 feet to 3,000 feet above the sea. South
of Hebron this tableland breaks away by successive steps to
the Tih, which desert plain is intersected by several low
ranges of chalk hills, and ends in a gigantic V-shaped

GEOGRAPHY or SYRIA AND PALESTINE. 3‘

bastion, the escarpment of which overhangs the sandy
plain of Debbet-er-Ramleh, which separates it from the range
of Sinai.

Thus it will be seen that a series of mountain chains extends
from tWo hours south of Marash to Sinai. The course of this
series is, in general, north and south, nearly parallel with the
coast. In some places, as at Ras—el-Khanzi‘r, El-Museiliha
(the Cape of the Divine Countenance), the Ladder of Tyre,
and Carmel, the mountains dip directly into the sea. In
others they recede, leaving a more or less broad alluvial plain,
-which is known as the littoral. The most noteworthy of these
maritime plains are those of Lattakia, ’Akkar, Beirut, Sidon,
Acre, and Philistia. There cross this series deep river valleys
at Suadiyah, En-Nahr-el-Kebir, El-Qasimiyeh, and Esdraélon.
dividing it into the before—mentioned separate chains of
Amanus, Cassius, and the Nusairy Mountains, Lebanon, and
Galilee, with the continuous range of Samaria, J udaea, and the
Tih. The loftiest peaks of the series are in Lebanon, then in
Amanus, then in Cassius. The general height of the N usairy
chain is about equal to that of Palestine.

On the eastern flank of this great mountain series is a
remarkable cleft, extending from near the northern limits of
Syria, a little to the west of Killis, to the head of the Gulf of
of ’Aqabah. This cleft is at first a depression in the uplands
north of the bend of the Orontes, through which flows a
tributary to that stream. Following up the Orontes towards
its source, the cleft at first narrows to a deep gorge, then
, broadens out into a wide plain between the Nusairy chain and
that of the low hills which separate it from the Syrian desert.
At the latitude of Hums, where the east and west valley of
the Nahr-el-Kebir crosses it, there is no eastern ridge to mark
the boundary of the north and south valley, which is here ‘
continuous with the plain to the east. This meeting place of
the four arms of a great cross is the “ Entrance of Hamath ”
(Nani. xxxiv. 8; Josh xiii. 5, 850.).

A few miles south of Hums, however, the cleft becomes a
broad elevated valley, Coelesyria, between Lebanon and
Antilebanon. As a geographical feature it is much more
marked here owing to the great height of the mountain
ridges which shut it in on either hand. For, whereas the
Nusairy chain rises but l,000 to 1,500 feet above the valley
of the Orontes between Hums and Hamath, and the eastern
ridge is only a series of undulations on the plain, Lebanon
and Hermon rise from 4,000 to 7,000 feet above Coelesyria,
which is, doubtless, the bed of an ancient lake, which may
have had two outlets, one by the Orontes to the north and one

4 DR. rosr on THE BOTANICAL

by the Leontes to the south. The highest point of Coelesyria
is about 3, 000 feet above the sea.

At the latitude where the Leontes makes its sudden bend
to the west to empty into the Mediterranean, the Hasbani,
the northernmost of the sources of the Jordan, takes its rise,
and the strange trough of the J01 dan begins. At the Huleh
it has reached the level of 120 feet above the sea; at Tiberias
it is 600 feet below the Mediterranean, and at the Dead Sea
1,292 feet. From the southern end of the Dead Sea the
bottom of the trough rises at first by a cliff 50 to 150 feet
high, and then gradually until at a point about forty miles
from El ’Aqabah it reaches its greatest height above the sea,
and then descends again to the Gulf of ’Aqabah.

The eastern boundary of the great cleft 1s formed first by
the range which bounds the water basin of the Orontes, 1n
the neighboulhood of Killis; then by the low mound- like
hills which shut in the valley of the Orontes, until near the
latitude of Hums ; then by the chain of Anti-lebanon, which
is about one hundred miles long, and ends in Hermon, a
peak, 9,500 feet in height. Southward of Hermon, a spur
sinks gradually to the level of the Jawalan, breaking up,
before it reaches its last peak of Tel-el-Faras, into a chain of
conical mound-like hills (or tels), which form a striking
feature in the view from the high ground of the Leja.
From Tel-el-Faras there is a break in the continuity of the
mountain system for about thirty miles. Through this gap
flow the Mandhfir and its tributaries, draining the plain of
Hauran and Jawalan. This plain extends back for forty
miles to Jebel-ed-Durfiz (Alsadamus, or the Hill of Bashan),
a volcanic range about equal in length to the gap between
Tel-el-Faras and Jebel ’Ajlfin, and which appears like a
segment of the great mountain wall of the Jordan valley,
set back forty miles to the east of the backbone of the
range. The highest peak of this range is JebelfQuléb,
5,400 feet above the sea.

The range of ’Ajlfin and Gilead rises to the south of the
valley of the Mnndhfir, culminates in the peaks of Er-Rabadh
and Hosha’, about 4,000 feet above the sea, and then sinks
gradually to the level of the westein border of the plateau
of Moab, 2,800 feet above the se:,1 and passing southward
into the district known as el— Jebel (Mount Sen), culminates
again in Mount Her, 5,000 feet above the sea. This range
ends in the Wadi-el-Ithm, opposite the head of the Gulf of
’Aqabah. It is composed of igneous rocks, overlaid by
sandstone and limestone, as in Sinai. It is well watered,
and in places fertile. '

GEOGRAPHY or SYRIA AND PALESTINE: . 5

From the northernmost point of the Jebel-ed-Durfiz, a
range of low tels extends northward to nearly the latitude of
Damascus. A similar range extends north-east from Damascus
toward Palmyra. Still another bounds the table-lands of
Gilead and Moab to the east. The drainage of the eastern
flanks of this watershed flows into the Syrian desert, and is
lost there. Far away to the east is a range called the Dhohr-
el-Barr’iyah (the Backbone of" the Desert), which constitutes
the eastern limit of the Syrian wilderness. The waters from
its western flank flow into the desert, and are lost there. Its
eastern drainage reaches the Euphrates.

These marked peculiarities of the physical geography of
the country have caused a diversity of climate, meteorology.
and life history quite unexampled in a territory of equal
extent.

For botanical research it is convenient to divide Syria and
Palestine into ten regions. I. The Littoral. II. The range
of Akherdagh. Ill. Amanus. IV. Cassius. V. The,
Nusairy Chain. VI. Lebanon and Antilebanon. VII. The
Table-lands of Palestine, east and west of the Jordan. VIII.
The Trough of the Jordan. IX. The Southern and Eastern
Deserts. X. The Central and Northern Plains.

It is furthermore convenient to indicate the following
divisions, according to elevation and surface :—I. The Littoral
Plain. II. The Mountains from 400 to 4,000 feet. ‘III.
Subalpine and Alpine regions. IV. The sunken Trough of
the Jordan, Dead Sea, and ’Arabah. V. The Deserts, where
rain is rare and capricious. VI. The Plains of the centre
and north.

These latter divisions are indicated in the accompanying
map by different colours, while the former are indicated by
the usual geographical symbols and names.

Before proceeding to note the special peculiarities of the
ten regions above indicated, it will be well to examine the
general characteristics of the botany of Syria and Palestine.
We will note the following points :—

1. The large Number of "Species in Proportion t0 the
Geographical Exfent of the Uountry.—The work of preparation
of the flora, on which the author is now engaged, is not yet
sufficiently advanced to give accurately the number oflspecies.
They are, certainly, however, not less than 3,000 of phmnoga-
mous plants,and Horsetails,Ferns, and Clubmosses,——probably
more, in a territorycontaining about 50,000 square miles. These
species are distributed through one hundred and seventeen
orders, none of which is peculiar to this country. 0f the 850
genera represented, only fin’cc,—Nastu1'tiopsis, Astoma, and

6 DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL

Brocchia,-——are peculiar to our region, and each of these has
but a single species.

The large number of species is attributable to the extremely
varied surface of the country. The highest mountains attain
an elevation of over 10,000 feet, and have an Alpine flora of
great variety and interest. The deep trough of the Jordan
valley, Dead Sea,‘ and ’Arabah, reaches a depression of
1,292 feet below the Mediterranean, with a climate like that
of Nubia and Northern India. About twenty-five species of
plants grow in this torrid valley and the wadis which
debouche into it, which are not found again until we reach
distant regions in more southerly latitudes. The great table-
lands east of the parallel chains of mountains stretch half-way
to Mesopotamia, and swell, by a large number of species, the
wealth of the flora. It is safe to say that no territory of
equal extent has such a diversity of surface, climate, and rain-
fall. On the seaward face of Lebanon the rainfall is from 30 to
50 inches a year, nearly all of it being between December 1
and March 15. On the eastern table-land it is probably little
more than half as much. In the desert of the Tih, it some-
times fails entirely, and is always very small. In the wooded
districts of the Amanus and Taurus it is distributed over a
longer period, and comes in less violent floods.

The considerable number of orders arises from the contact
of our district with the floras of the three continents, which
causes it to share some of the characteristics of them all, and
to deprive it of those salient features which characterise the
centrifugal floras of the distant portions of those continents.
Thus the flora of Southern Europe overlaps Northern Syria,
that of Northern Africa the Tih and adjacent deserts, While
the great plains borrow their special botanical physiognomy
from the vast regions drained by the Euphrates and Tigris.

Although bounded on the north by a spur of the Taurus,
yet such is the direction of the valleys of the Seihfin, the
Pyramus, and the Euphrates, that they furnish channels down
which the northern flora maybe said to pour through the
mountains about Aintab and Marash, and along the Amanus
chain. No continuous east and west Alpine chain like that of
the Pyrenees, or the Caucasus, or the Himalayas opposes an
impaSSable barrier to the species on either side. Still less is
there any natural barrier between the great plains of Mesopo—
tamia and the Syrian table-land. The low range of the
Dhohr-el-Barriyah is barely a watershed, and in no sense a
botanical limit. On the side of Egypt the broad isthmus of
Suez gives unrestrained access to the plants of North—Eastern
Africa. Hence the desert types of the Tih are to a large

 

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GEOGRAPHY 0F SYRIA AND PALESTINE. 7

extent the same as those of the Egyptian and northern Arabian
desert, while the flora of the Syrian desert is an extension of
that of Central and Southern Arabia.

The efiect of a nearly, though not quite a continuous chain
of mountains, even when they are not all Alpine in height, in
limiting the diffusion of a flora, is well exemplified in the
case of _the great mountain series of Ainanus, Cassius, the
Nusairy chain, Lebanon, and the mountains of Palestine,
which separate the narrow strip of coast from the eastern
plains in the north, and the longitudinal trough of the Jordan
in the south. The difference between the flora of the littoral
plain and lower seaward slopes of the coast range and that of
the interior is very striking. On the other hand Coelesyria,
although bounded on either hand by lofty mountain ranges,
yet, through its continuity northward with the tableland of
northern Syria, shares the botanical characteristics of that
region. Could we imagine a high range of mountains 100
miles east of the Antilebanon series, and shutting off Western
Syria from Akherdagh to the Red Sea, with no broad east
and west gaps to favour contact, the flora of the Syrian
table—land would probably differ as much from that of Meso-
potamia as does that of Afghanistan and Beloochistan. And
were there a similar barrier across the Isthmus of Suez, and
a continuous east and west chain dividing Syria from Asia
Minor, we might, instead of three, have thirty genera peculiar
to our district. .

2. A notable peculiarity of our region is the small number
qf Ferns, only fourteen genera and but twenty species. A
similar peculiarity, arising from the general dryness of the
climate, is the small number of Orch’iclcce, only eight genera
and thirty species, and the absence of the more showy plants
of the order.

3. On the other hand, among the striking peculiarities of
the Syrian flora is the large number of odorous plants dis-
tributed through a considerable number of families, but
especially in the Rutaceze, Compositaa, and Labiatae.

4. A further peculiarity is the very great number of thorny
and prickly plants. Examples of these are Paliurus aculeatus,
Lam., several species of Rhamnus and Zizyphus, Calycotome
villosa, Viz/2L, a host of species of Astragalus, Onobrychis,
several Acacias, Poterium spinosum, L.,* the Eryngiums,

 

* Hundreds of square miles of the hill country are covered with this
shrub, insomuch that a district on the eastern flank of Hermon is called
Aqlim-el-Billan (be, the district of the Poterium spinosum). The bushes

8 DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL
many Compositm, the Acantholimons, Atraphaxis, and scores
of others. So pronounced is this peculiarity that it is a great
obstacle to the collector, who is perplexed to know how to
deal with the refractory spines of such species as Balanites
Egyptiaca, Del., Astragalus deinacanthus, Bois.9.,Astragalus '
Hermoneus, Bm'ss., Acacia Seyal, Duh, and a host of others.
Syria and Palestine are abundantly supplied with ubiquists.
The appended list includes those which are found everywhere
except in the Alpine regions, but especially in the neighbour-
hood of human habitations and along roadsides. It is merely

illustrative but not exhaustive.

Ranunculus muricatus, L.
Uapsella bursa-pastoris, L.
Senebiera coronopus, D.C’.
'Sisymbrium ofiicinale, Scop.
Sinapis alba, L. ‘

,, arvensis, L.

,, nigra, L.

Raphanus Raphanistrum, L.
Vaccaria vulgaris, Host.
Silene inflata, Smith.
Stellaria media, L.
Cerastium vulgatum, L.

,, viscosum, L.
Sagina apetala, L.
Spergularia rubra, Pars.
Spergula arvensis, L.
Portulaca oleracea, L.
~ Malva rotundifolia, L.

,, sylvestris, L.
Geranium Robertianum, L.
Erodium cicutarium, L’Her
Trifolium procumbens, L.

,, agrarinm, L.
Melilotus parviflora, Desf.

' Medicago sativa, L.
,, denticulata, lV/illd.
,, coronata, Lam, and others
of this genus.

Vicia sativa, L., extensively cul-
tivated as a fodder plant under
the name of Baqiah.

Conium niaculatum, L.

Asperula arvensis, L.

Sherardia arvensis, L.

Galium aparine, L.

Rubia tinctoria, L.

Erigeron Canadense, L.
Maruta cotula, L.
Filago Germanica, L.
Centaurea Cyanus, L.

,, Calcitrapa, L.
Cichorium Intybus, L.
Sonchus oleraceu's, L.

,, asper, Vill.
Anagallis arvensis, L.
Linaria Elatine, Mill.
Antirrhinum Orontium, L.
Veronica arvensis, L.

,, agrestis, L.

,, Buxbaumii, Ten.

,, hedera‘folia, .L.
Verbena ofl‘icinalis, L.
Brunclla vulgaris, L.
Marrubium vulgare, L.
Lamium amplexicaule, L.

,, purpureum, L.
Ballota nigra, L.
Lithospermum arvense, L.
Heliotropium Europzeuin, L.
Solanum nigrum, L.

,, Dulcamara, L.
Datura stranlonium, L.
Erythrzea ramosissima, Pars.

,, spicata, Pars.
Chenopodiuln murale, L.
,, album, L.
,, opulifolium, L.

,, ambrosioides, L.
Amarantus hypochondriacus, L.
,, retroflexus, L.
,, chlorostachys, Willd.
Polygonum Persicaria, L.

 

are a regular source of fuel for use in the public ovens and limekilns.
Stacks of it are collected in the neighbourhood of a kiln, often scattered
over a space of half a mile square, and form a remarkable feature in the
landscape. '

GEOGRAPHY OF SYRIA AND PALESTINE.

Polygonnm Hydropiper, L.
,, aviculare, L.
Rumex crispus, L.
,, obtusifolius, L.
,, conglomeratus, Mun.
,, acetosella, L.
Mercurialis annuus, L.
Urtica urens, L.
Salix alba, L.
Lemna minor, L.
. Alisma plantago, L.
Juncus bufonius, L.
Cyperus flavescens, L.
,, rotundus, L.
Scirpus maritimus, L.
Polypogon Monspeliensis, Dcsf.

Cynodon dactylon, Pars.
Poa annua, L.

,, trivialis, L. *
Eragrostis pozeoides, Beauv.
Briza maxima, L.

,, minima, L.
Festuca ovina, L.
Bromus mollis, L.

,, sterilis, L.
Lolium perenne, L.

,. temulentum, L.
Phalaris Canariensis, L.
Panicum sanguinale. L.
Setaria verticillata, Beauv.

,, glauca, Beauv.

,, viridis, Beam).

Agrostis alba, L.

With these remarks on the general botany of Syria and
Palestine, we will proceed to the consideration of each of
the ten regions above indicated.

I. The Littoral.—This narrow strip of plain is 400 miles
long, by a breadth varying from zero to fifteen or twenty
miles. It commences in the plain of Issus at the head of the
Gulf of Iskanderfin, which is continuous with the Cilician
Littoral. As we pass southward the Plain of Issus narrows
from about ten miles at Tchai Ko'l' to a sheer precipice over-
hanging the sea at the famous “Syrian Gates,” by the
so-called Qal’at Markes (in Turkish, Kislarkalessi). After
widening into the small plain of Iskanderfin, it again ends
where sea and mountain touch at the bold headland of Ras-
el-Khanzir. It reappears at the mouth of the Orontes, and
vanishes where the steep sides of Cassius plunge into the sea.
Twenty miles north of Lattakia begins a plain, varying from
twenty miles in breadth to one, and ending in the Museilihah '
(Theoprosopon, or the Cape of the Divine Countenance), a
bold headland which juts into the sea north of Batrfin
(Botrys). For twenty-five miles south from this headland
Lebanon approaches quite close to the sea, and does not
recede so as to form a broad plain again until a couple of
miles south of the Dog River, at the pumping station of the
Beirut Water Works Company. The plain of Beirfit is about
four miles wide at its broadest part, and extends about six
miles southward to the Ghadir, where it becomes reduced to a
narrow strip or a mere beach, until an hour north of Sidon.
The plain of Sidon is narrower than that of Beirfit. From its ‘
southern end to Tyre the strip of coast is again very narrow,
and ends in the Ladder of Tyre and other precipitous breaks
of the mountains into the sea. Then comes the broad plain

B

10 DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL

of Acre, extending inland into the plain of Esdraélon, and
ending at the south in the headland of Mount Carmel. From
Carmel the Philistine plain broadens as it goes southward,
until it is merged in the rolling dunes of the Northern Tih.
The Museilihah divides this littoral region into two
botanical districts. South of it flourish the palm, the
banana, and the sugar-cane. They grow north of this cape,
but do not thrive so well as to the southward. The plants
of the littoral resemble those of the coasts of the eastern
Mediterranean, far more than do the plants of the mountains
those of the mountainous regions of Asia Minor, Greece, and
Italy. The following list illustrates, but by no means exhausts,

the resemblances :—

Clematis Flammula, L.
,, vitalba, L.
Anemone Coronaria, L.
, [’apaver Rhoeas, L.
Hypecoum procumbens, L.

,, ,, var. grandiflorum.
Silene Gallica, L.

,, nocturna, L.

,, bipartita, Dcsfl

,, sedoides, Jacq.
Alsine tenuifolia, L.
Paronychia argentea, Lam.
H ypericum perforatum, L.
Linum Gallicum, L.

Medicago littoralis, Rohde.
Lotus ornithopodoides, L.
Lathyrus Aphaca, L.
Ceratonia Siliqua, L.
Ammi majus, L.

Scandix Pecten-Veneris, L.
Ambrosia maritima, L.
Diotis maritime, L.
Erythrzea maritime, W'z'lld.
Ipomzea littoralis, L.

,, sagittata, Desf.
Anchusa aggregata, Lchm.
Linaria lanigera, Desf.
Tragus racemosus, L.

Many of the plants of this region grow also in the lower
ranges of mountains, especially the maritime chain.
A few species have as yet not been found except in this

district. They are :—

Matthiola crassifolia, Boiss. ct Gaill.

Tamarix Syriaca, Boiss.

Silene Palzestina, Boiss.

Trigonella cylindracea, Desf.

Trifolium comosum, Lab'ill.

Tetragonolobus Palzestinus, Boiss.

[This species I think to be only a
variety of T. purpureus, L.]

Astragalus Berytheus, Boiss. at M'.

Vicia galeata, Boiss.

Onopordon cynarocephalum, Boiss.
ct Bl.

Anthemis Tripolitana, Boiss. et Bl.

Centaurea araneosa, Bo-iss.

Campanula sulphurea, Boise.

,, Sidoniensis,:B0iss. cthl.

N onnea Philistzea, Boiss.

Verbascum Berytheum, Bo-iss.

[V. Blancheanum, B01333, is to be
regarded as a variety of this
species]

Euphorbia Berythea, Boiss.

Allium papillare, Boiss.

Scleropoa Philistzea, Boiss.

[A few. species peculiar to this
region may have been overlooked in
the foregoing list]

The most abundant and showy of the wild flowers of this
region are z—Anemone coronaria, L., with scarlet, blue,

 

GEOGRAPHY OF‘ SYRIA AND PALESTINE. 11

lilac, and occasionally whitish flowers,—this plant flowers
from December to’ April; Ranunculus Asiaticus, L., with
crimson, yellow, and white blossoms, often three or four
inches broad,—it flowers in March and April 3 Papaver Rhoeas,
L., var. Syriacum, 30533., with brilliant crimson flowers as
large as the last, with a deep blackish spot at the base of the
petals,—it flowers from March to May, and often covers a
sandy field with a mass of gorgeous colour; Silene Atocion,
Mum, with pretty pink flowers, often growing in large quan-
tities, so as to colour a considerable area,——it flowers from
> February to May; Chrysanthemum segetum, L., and C. coro-
narium, L., with their showy yellow flowers, opening in April
and May; Specularia Speculum, L., with blue flowers, opening
from March to May ; Gladiolus segetum,'L. and G. Illyricus,
Kochwith bright pink blossoms, growing in spring time among
the wheat; Iris sisyrhinchium, L., with blue flowers ; Asphode-
lus microcarpus, Via, with inch-broad white flowers in showy
panicles. All of these species are found in considerable
abundance in the lower mountain ranges, especially the
maritime chain.

Of native trees there are very few, principally Pistacia
Terebinthus, L., var. Palaestina (P. Palasstina, B0683.) ; Ficus
sycomorus, L. ,- Alnus Orientalis; Salix alba, L. ; and Salix
fragilis, L.

Large groves of mulberries, olives, figs, palms, and pines
(Pinus pinea, L.) are planted at various points along the
coast.

The most characteristic shrubs are Calycotome villosa, L.,
with bright yellow flowers, in blossom from December to
May; Rhamnus Palaestina, 307333.; Lonicera Etrusca, L.,-
Tamarix Pallasii, Vill. ,- Elaeagnus hortensis, M.B. ; Ephedra
campylopoda, C.A.1ll.; Smilax aspera, L., var. Mauretanica,
301238.; and of the larger grasses Arundo Dorax, L. ,-
Saccharum Egyptiacum, W'. ,- all of which are found also in
the lower mountains.

II. The [image of Akherdagh.—The most convenient point
of access to this mountain from the south is Marash, a city of
30,000 people, situated in the lap of the mountain, about
2,500 feet above the sea. The Christian population of this
town numbers about 10,000, of whom about 3,000 are
Protestants. Around the base and on the lower slopes of
Akberdagh are found Delphinium sulphureum, Boiss. ct
Hausa/n; Amygdalus Orientalis,Ait.; Echinophora Sibthorp-
iana, Guss. ,- Euphorbia denticulata, Lam. ,- Jthamnus
petiolaris, Boiss ; Convolvulus Germaniciae, B01333. ct Haussk. ,-
Verbascum Germaniciae, Haussk. ; Mespilus Germanica, L. ,-

 

12 DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL

and other plants, either peculiar to this range, or indicating
the transition to the flora of the Taurus.

As one rises on the shingly side of the mountain, and
penetrates its mass through a broad valley channelled out of
its southern flank, he meets with Jasminum fruticans, L.;
Nepeta leptantha, Buriss. et Hauss/mec/Lt ,- Stachys Cretica, S.
et Sm. ; Cephalaria stellipilis, Boise. (common also in
Lebanon) ; Ferulago Blancheana, Post (a fine species thus far
not elsewhere found, 6 feet high, and with a panicle 18 inches
long) ; Cirsium Cataonieum, Boiss. at Haussk. (not elsewhere
found) ; C. Afrum, Jacq. ; Jurinea ramulosa, Boiss. ct Haussk. ;
Centaurea Cataonica, Boiss. et Haussk.; Bnplevrum Kurdicum,
Boiss.

As one rises to the higher regions of this mountain he

iunfolds a vast prospect to the southward, taking in the

northern portion of the Amanus chain, the hill country toward
Aintab, and that around the head of the Gulf of Iskanderfin,
and the distant Cilician Taurus. Half-way up the mountain
side, a few miles west of the road through the clove, are some
scattered cedars of Lebanon, sadly lopped, and almost killed.
A little before reaching the summit, in a meadow, 6,000 feet
above the sea, inundated by winter rains and melting spring
snows, I found Heliotropium supinum, L., a great elevation
for this species. A little higher up, Astragalus stromatodes,
Bngc ; A. Kurdicus, Boise. ; Prangos Platychlzena, Boise.
at Haussk. ; Cachrys goniocarpa, 1301193.,- Cousinia foliosa,
Bates. et Hausa-7m. (peculiar) ; Acantholimon Armenum, Boise.
ct Huct. Few or none of them found on the ranges to the
south.

As the traveller rises to the summit of Akherdagh, a truly
wonderful prospect stretches away to the north. Opposite is
the towering cone of Berytdagh, the mountain on.which is
the town of Zeiti‘in, and beyond it range after range of the
Taurus rolls away to the north like gigantic waves, a sea of
mountains extending half across Asia Minor.

The summit of Akherdagh is so bare and dome-like, and
has so few inequalities, that the wind sweeps it almost bare
of snow, and the exposed drifts, notwithstanding an altitude
(8,100 feet) at which they remain throughout the year 011
Lebanon, melt early in the summer. The shingly soil Supports
few plants, and a botanist must supplement the relatively scanty
scientific reward of his exertions by the wonderful landscape
which he has unveiled. The flora has been studied principally
by Hansskneeht, Boissier, and the author, whose results are
embodied in the forthcoming flora of Syria. While the flora
of the base and lower slopes of Akherdagh is exceedingly

 

GEOGRAPHY OF SYRIA AND 'PALESTINE. 13

rich, and exceptionally interesting as transitional from the
northern plains to the system of the Taurus, that of the sub-
Alpine and Alpine regions is meagre in comparison with that
of Lebanon and Antilebanon.

Opposite Akherdagh, to the southward, and separated from

it by the valley of the Ak-Su, is a low range known as Kapu-~

Cham Dagh. This range is wooded, principally with Pinus
Haleppensis, Mill., from the Turkish word for which the
range takes its name. In one of the ravines at the western
foot of this range I discovered Johrenia Porteri, Post, with
elliptical segments to the pinnatipartite leaves,and in ameadow
near by collected Ankyropetalum gypsophiloides, Fenzl.

III. The Range of Amanus is a highly picturesque and
beautiful mountain chain, chiefly characterised by the feature,
almost unique for Syria, of extensive forests covering a large
part of the mountain sides almost to the Alpine region. Most
of the mountain peaks of this range are from 4,000 feet to
5,600 feet high. Only three,—Durbindagh, Banderasdagh,
and Ziaretdagh,—are over 7,000 feet high. The writer has
ascended onlythe latter, which is the northernmost of the range.
The Amanus is cleft from north to south by the valley of
the Dale-Sn, an affluent of the Ak-Su. After crossing the
pass, 5,400 feet high, at Khotsch-Bel, the traveller descends the
valley of the Durdikan-Su, which completes the longitudinal
fissure of the range as far as Hassan Beyley, below which the
range is single until its termination in Ras-el-Khanzir and
J ebel-Musa.

The forests of this range are composed mainly of Pinus
Haleppensis, Mill. ,- J uniperns excelsa, M. B. ; J. drupacea,
Labill ; Celtis Australis, L.; Quercus Cerris, L. ,- Q. coccifera,
L. ; Q. Libani, Oliv. ; Q. ZEgilops, L.; Q. Lusitanica, Lam. ,-
Fraxinus excelsior, L. ; Fagus sylvatica, L. ; Corylus avellana,
L. (not before noted); Carpinus Duinensis, 860p. ,- Cornus
mas, L. ,- Abies Cilicica, Ant. at K. (new for Syria) ; Taxus
baccata, L. (new for Syria); Cupressus sempervirens, L. ,-
Ostrya carpinifolia, 8001).; Salix alba, L.; S. fragilis, L.;
Cedrus Libani, L. The author noted large numbers of this
noble tree (new for Amanus), from the latitude of Hassan
Beyley, where one young tree was seen, to the northernmost
peaks of- the range, always at an elevation of not less than
4,000 feet. In some places, as Buyuk Hodhu, there are
clumps and groves of them. On almost all these trees, and
on many shrubs, there is a most extraordinary number and
variety of galls. A specialist in this line of study would find
much more to reward him in this range than in all the rest of
Syria together. '

. . .,.m...w:

 

14 DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL

Among the noteworthy plants of this region are :—

Alyssum samariferum, Boiss. et Haussk., with large orbicular fruits,
abundant in the central parts of the range; Nigella Orientalis, L. ;
EuOnymus latifolius, $0019.; Cytisus drepanolobus, Boise; Dorycnium
Kotschyi, Boiss. et Reut. ; D. Haussknechtii, Boiss. ; (‘olutea arborescens, L.;
Glycyrrhizopsis flavesceus, Boiss.; Astragalus Amanus, 301353.; A. ambiguus,
Ky.; Vicia Cassubica, L. ,' Sanicula Europaea, L. ; Heracleum Amanum, Boiss.
et Ky.; Lactuca seticuspis, Bots-3.; Cionura erecta, L.; Acantholimon laxi-
florum, 130233.; Loranthus Europzeus, L. ; Linaria Dalmatica, L.

The following species are peculiar to this chain, and are, as
Will be seen, several of them new to science :—

Silene Porteri, Post; Hypericum Doddsii, Post; H. Amanum, Boiss.;
[Ethionema spicatum, Post; Chaerophyllum Oligocarpum, Post; Ferulago
Amani, Post; Scaligeria capillifolia, Post; Galium Tolosianum, Boiss. ct Ky.;
Ptosimopappus bracteatus,~B0iss. ; Centaurea arifolia, Boiss. ; C. foliosa,
Boiss. ct Ky. ; Verbascum Amanum, Boiss.

It is quite probable that most or all of the species heretofore
regarded as peculiar to Cassius will be found in Amanus, when
it shall have been as well explored. The subalpine regions of
Amanus are limited to the tops of the lower mountains, and
the flanks of the three alpine summits alluded to above.
They are wooded, especially on the sheltered eastern flanks
of the mountains. Among their characteristic, although not
peculiar, plants are :—

Papaver Caucasicum, 191.13.; Paronychia capitata, Koch; Orobus grandi-
florus, 1302195.; Galium Orientale, 1101733.; Scrophularia variegata, ALB. ;
Veronica Oriontalis, 31271; V. polifolia, 19th.; V. cinerea, Boiss. ct BILL; Salvia
vcrhascifolia, ALB; Scutellaria difl‘usa, Bth. ; S. salvizefolia, Bth.; Marrubium
faucidens, Boiss. et Bat; Phlomis Armeniaca, Willi; Asphodeline Taurica,
Pall. ; Allium calyptratum, Boiss.; A. Cilicicum, Balsa; A. Cassium, Boiss.

The alpine peaks of Amanus are isolated cones with a small
area, and steep,—often precipitous—sides, on which little
snow collects, and where it soon melts from its small bulk and
complete exposure, leaving the naked rock with no source of
moisture except the clouds. It results from this that the
alpine flora of Amanus is far poorer than that of Lebanon, and
mainly confined to low species growing in clefts of the rock.

IV. Mount Cassius is a naked limestone cone, rising about
4,000 feet above the wooded hills, which cover about
100 square miles to the south and north-east of its base. The
most convenient point for the ascent of the cone is from
Kessab, a large village containing an Armenian and a
Protestant community. This village is about 2,600 feet
above the sea. It is remarkable for the size and number of
its walnut trees. In rising above the town one encounters
such plants as Alyssum Szowitzianum, F. and M. ,' Teucrium

 

GEOGRAPHY 0F SYRIA AND PALESTINE. l5

Chamzedrys, L. ; and other plants, growing on dry thin soil or
in clefts of rocks. At 4,000 feet, on the patches of rich earth,
are quantities of Ferula meifolia, Fenzl., with ovate root-
leaves a foot or eighteen inches long, dissected into in-
numerable setaceous divisions, and stem-leaves expanding
at base into a horn-shaped sheath, which will often
held half a gill of water. The panicle of this species
is a foot or eighteen inches long, with shiny golden
flowers. It is one of the most striking field-plants of Syria.
Higher up are a few scattered stunted trees of Ostrya
carpinifolia, 8001)., and Acer Monspessulauum, L., which
constitute almost the sole arboretum of the cone. Of her-
baceous plants, Allium Cassium, 301333.; Galium Orientals,
Boise. ; Thymus Serpyllum, L. ; Alsine juniperina, Fenzl.;
Paronychia capitata, Koch. ,- Alyssum alpestre, L. ; Anoplanthus
coccineus, Marsch., may serve as specimens. At the very
summit I found Viola modesta, Fenzl. 'On the whole, the
botanical output of the cone is meagre; but the View is
surpassingly grand, taking in the southern portion of the
Amanus to the north, the whole range of the Nusairy
mountains, including the wooded region lying between, and
all northern Lebanon, and the Phoenician coast as far south
as the Museilihah. In clear weather the mountains of Cyprus
and the Taurus are also visible.

The wooded region of Cassius is so varied in surface and
exposure that it is admirably adapted for the development of
a rich and interesting flora. The most common trees are
the same as those which constitute the forests of the Amanus,
with the exception of the cedars, hemlocks, and beech. The
following list of plants, many of them thus far found only in
the woods of Cassius, but probably common also to the far less
known Amanus, will show the botanical interest of this
region:—

Carpoeeras oxyceras, Boiss. Haplophyllum sylvaticum, B02193.
Fumana oligosperma, Boiss. ct Ky. Glycyrrhizopsis flavescens, Boiss.
Silene Cassia, Boz'ss. Pyrethrum Cassium, Boz'ss.
Hypericum Cassium, Boiss. Celsia pinetorum, Boiss.
Trifolium Cassium, Boz'ss. Onosma Cassium, Boiss.

Arenaria Cassia, Boiss.

Besides these local species the woods and glades of Cassius
abound in Helleborus vesicarius, Aim/L, a species with globular
capsules two inches in diamater; Paeonia corallina, Retz., a
very showy species with flowers three or four inches broad ;
Hypericum scabrum, L., and H. hyssopifolium, Vill., with
showy corymbs and panicles; Pelargonium Endlicherianum,
Fcnzl., with purplish showy flowers 5 Dictamnus Fraxinella,

. . -2.“ $<Mvmm4>< ,4.— ,.-

 

16 DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL

Para, with foliage of strong rutaceous odour, and a handsome
raceme of lilac flowers ; Rhamnus Kurdica, 307388., with edible
berries as large as large currants ; Ferulago Cassia, Boiss.;
Fontanesia phillyreoides, Labill., a shrub from four to ten feet
high, with the aspect of a myrtle, but the key fruits of the
ash family, and of which Cassius is the extreme southern
habitat ; Heliotropium rotundifolium,Lieb.; Linaria genistifolia,
L. ,- Origanum leevigatum, 1301333.; Orobanche Anatolica, Boiss.
et Reuvt.; Sternbergia Fischeriana, Herb. Amar. ; Notochlaena
Marantee, L.

In the southern part of these woods is the farthest northern
limit of Fragaria vesca,‘ L. The transition from the flora of
Cassius to that of Lebanon is striking, and as the flora of the
Nusairy chain, as far as explored, closely resembles that of the
lower regions of Lebanon, Mount Cassius constitutes a some-
what marked botanical centre, with its affinities in the direction
of the northern rather than the southern chain.

The following is a somewhat incomplete list of the plants
collected by the author during two journeys to the regions of
Northern Syria, the first in June, covering the territory from
Lattakia to Mount Cassius, Antioch, and along Amanus to
Beilan ; and the second in September from Beilan along
Amanus to Marash and Akherdagh. It also includes a large
number 'of plants collected by correspondents of the writer
during the spring and early summer months. A considerable
number of these species have not been heretofore noted in
Northern Syria.

Clematis cirrhosa, L., Mai-ash.
,, vitalba, L., Marash, Amanus.
Thalictrum minus, L., Amanus.
Anemone blanda, Sclwtt ct Ky., Man-ash, Amanus.
Adonis autumnalis, L.
,, z‘estivalis, L., var. squarrosa, Marash.
Ranunculus Sprunerianus, Balsa, Marash.

,, Damascenus, Balsa, Aintfib.

,, Cassius, 130633., Kessab.

,, muricatus, L., common everywhere.
Ceratocephalus falcatus, Para, Marash.
Helleborus vesicarius, Auch., Marash.

Nigella stellaris, Boise, Marash.
,, ciliaris, D. C, Marash.
Delphinium axilliflorum, D. 0., Mal-ash.

,, sulphureum, Boiss. ct ILmssh, Murash.

,, Ithaburense, Boise, Amanus.

,, peregrinum, L., var. laxum, Post.
Pzeonia corallina, Rctz, Beilain.

Leont-ice leontopetalum, L., Aintzib.

Bongardia chrysogonum, L., Aintab.

Rmmeria hybrida, L., Amanns, Aintfib.

Papaver Caucasicum, M .13., Amanus, Akherdagh.

 

GEOGRAPHY 0F SYRIA AND PALESTINE.

Papaver somniferum, L., Ainta‘ib.
,, rhoeas, L., general.
Glaucium luteum, Soap, Coast near Alexandretta.
,, Aleppicum, 301733., Aintéb.
Fumaria officinalis, L., Marash.
,, parviflora, Lam, Marash.
,, Anatolica, Boiss., Aintéb.
Corydalis solida, Sm, Mal-ash, Aintéb;
Matthiola bicornis, L.
,, ,, var. pumilis, 307383., Mamsh.
,, ,, var. brevicornis, Boiss., Mal-ash.
Arabis Turrita, L., Amanus.
' ,, Aucheri, B0iss., Mar-ssh.
Nasturtium oflicinale, R. B72, common.
Fibigia clypeata, L., Akherdagh.

Alyssum sp., arash.
,, argenteum, With, Beilfin.
,, crenulatum, 307388., Cassius, Amanus.
,, samariferum. Boiss. et Haussk., Amanus.
,, montanum, L., Amanus.

,, eriophyllum, Boiss. et Haussk., Akherdagh.
,, Szowitzianum, F. at M ., Cassius.

,, Cassium, Boiss., Kesséb.

,, constellatum, 307233., Amanus.

,, alpestre, L., var. genuinum, 1307233., Marash.
,, przecox, Boiss., Beilén.

,, strictum, Willi, Marash.

,, campestre, L., var. longipilosum, Post, Marash.
Erophila minima, 0. A. M ., Marash.
Hesperis matronalis, L., var. runcinata, Boiss., Amanus.

,, Aintftbica, Post, Aim-3b. 1
Sisymbrium Pannonicum, L., Aintfib.

,, Sophia, L., Aintéb.

Erysimum vermcosum, 302333., Marash.

,, scabrum, D.C'., Marash.
Conringia clavata, 1301385., .Aintéb.
Bmssica (Hirschfeldia) adpressa, Mamch, Marash.
Sinapis arvensis, L., var. orientalis, 3065's., common.
Diplotaxis tenuifolia, L., var. integrifolia, Boiss., Antioch.
Lepidium Chalepense, L., Mal-ash.

,, graminifolium, L., Antioch.
Aethionema longistylum, Post, Amanus.

,, coridifolium, D.C'., Beilan.
,, spicatum, Post, Amanus.
,, cristatum, D.C’., Aintéb. '

,, Buxbaumii, Fisch, Aintéb, Marash.

Clypeola J onthlaspi, L., Aintéb.
Thlaspi perfoliatum, L., var. stylatum, Post, Kessab.
Carpoceras oxyceras, Boiss., Cassius.
Peltaria. angustifolia, D.C'., var. grandiflora, Post, Marash.
Iberis Taurica, D.C'., Cassius. *
Isatis Aucheri, Boiss., Mal-ash.

,, hispida, Post, Akherdagh.
Cramhe orientalis, L., Aintfib.
Neslia paniculata, L., Aintfib.
Erucariu Aleppica, Gaertn., Aintéib.

C

17 .I

l

'18

DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL

Ochthodium ZEgyptizwum, L., Marash.
Raiphanus sativus, L, Aintab.
Capparis spinosa, L., var. genuina, Bodssq Mar-ash.
Reseda luLea, L, Marash.
,, ,, var. nutans, Boiss., Marash.
,, luteola, L., Beilén.
Helianthemum salicifolium, L., Aintfib.
,, Kotschyanum, B07333” Marash.
Fumana Arabica, L., Marash, Aintab.
,, glutinosa, L, var. viridis, 301353., Kessab, Antioch.
,, oligosperma, B01393” Cassius
Viola. odorata, L., Kessab.
,, occulta, L., Kessab.
,, modesta, Fenzl., Summit of Cassius.
Polygala pruinosa, Boiss” Marash.
,, supina, Schrebq Amanus. _
,, Anatolica, Boiss. 6t Held“ Kessab.
Diunthus floribundus, Boiss, Marash.

,, ,, var. Kerhanicus, Post, Kerhén.
,, multipunctatus, Sen, Amanus.

,, fimbriatus, M .B., Amanus.

,, polycladus, 807333., Marash, Amanus.

,, pallens, Sibtk., Beilfm.
Ankyropetalum Reuteri, B01533. ct Haussk., Kapu-Cham-Dagh.
Gypsophila Aucheri, B0iss., Akherdagh.

,, ortegioides, F. at M., Akherdagh.
Tunica pachygona, F. at M., Aintzib.
Saponuria. vaccaria, L., Marash.

Melandrium eriocalyciuum, 1301333., Amanus.
Silene Kotschyi, B0iss., Aintz‘ib.
,, compact-.1, Horn, Amanus.
,, racemosa, 0tth., Amanus.
,, macrodontu, B0iss., Aintfib
,, Atocion, M11772, Beilz‘m.
,, pruinosn, Boiss.,Akherd:1gh.
,, Portori, Post. ,top of Ziaretdagh and Akherdagh.
,, commutata, 07135., Morash.
,, swertiaefolia, Boissq Cassius.
gigantea, L. Amanus.
GiLhago crmcilis, 801338., Marash.

,, segetum, Desfq Marash.

Cerastium vulgntum, L., common.

,, dichotomum, L., common.
Holosteum liniflorum, Stcv., Marash.

,, umbellatum. L., Aintz‘ib.

Stelluria holostea, L., Mamsh.
Alsine, 83)., Mamsh.

,, juniperina, Fcnzl., Beilfm.

,, Smithii, Fcnzl., Amzmus.

,, tenuifolia, L. Marash.

,, macrospermu, J. 14.0613], Akherdagh.
B11fi'0ni:1 macrospermu, J. A. Gay, Amanus, Akherdugh
Queria Hispanics, Lafi, Amanus.

Saginaw. apetala, Boiss., Amunus.
Arenaria ucerosu, 130133., Amunus.
Herniariai incunzi, Lam., Amunus, Akherdagli.

 

GEOGRAPHY OI" SYRIA AND PALESTINE. 19

Habrosia spinuliflora, Sen, Aintéb.
Paronychia capitata, Koch, Beilan.
,, argentea, L., Antioch.
Tamarix Pallasii, Dem, Aintéb.
Hypericum Doddsii, Post, Amanus.

,, ' cuneatum, Pair. _
,, ,, var. maximum, Post, Antioch.
,,. scabrum, L., Marash.

leave, Boiss. et Haussk., Amanus.
,, hyssopifolium, Vill., Marash, Amanus.
,, heliauthemoides, Spock, Akherdagh.

,, tetrapterum, Fries, Amanus.

,, Amanum, Boiss., Cassius, Amanus.
,, lanuginosum, Lam, Antioch.

,, Cassium, 1301283., Kessab.

crispum, L., Marash.

Alcoa rufescens, Boiss” Marash.

,, lavaterznflora, D. 0., Marash.
Malva rotundifolia, L., everywhere.

,, var. perennans, Post, Top of Akherdagh.
Linum nodiflorum, L, Marash.

,, orientale, L., M arash

,, rigidissimum, Post, Kapu~Cham- Dagh.

,, pubescens, Russ, Marash, Amanus.

,, usitatissimum, L., Amanus.

,, angustifolium, Buds, Marash.
Geranium tuberosum, L., Marash.

,, asphodeloides, Willd., Marash.

,, rotundifolinm, L., everywhere. ‘

,, molle, L., everywhere.
Pelargonium Endlicherianum, Fenzl., Amanus, Marash.
Erodium Romanum, L., Mamsh.

,, moschatum, L., common.

,, cicutarium, L., common.
Ruta graveolens, L., Marash.
Euonymus Europaeus, L.,Ma1'ash.

,, latifolius, 86019., Amanus.
Haplophyllum Buxbanmii, Pain, Marash.
Dictamnus Fraxinella, Fem, Cassius.
Peganum Harmala, L., Aintéb.

Paliums acnleatus, Lam, Amanus, Marash.
Rhamnus Kurdica, Boiss. et Hoh., Marash.

,, Libanotica, Boiss., Amanus.

,, punctata, B0iss., Amanus.

,, Palmstina, Boiss., Amanus.

,, petiolaris, Boiss” Amanus
Vitis vinifera, L. ,Amanus.

,, orientalis, Lam", Antioch.
Acer Monspessulanum, L. ,Cassius, Amanus.

,, Hyrcanum, F. et M., Amanus.
Rhus Cotinus, L. C,assius, Amanus.

,, Coriaria, L. Amanus, Akherdagh.
Pistacia Terebinthus, L.

var. Palwstina, Post, Amanus, Akherdagh

Anagyris faztida, L. ,Amanus, Akherdagh
aninus hirsutus, L., Kessab.

20

DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL

Cytisus puuciflorus, Post, Murash.
Genista acanthocluda, D.C., Marash.

,, Anatolica, 302335., Cassius.

,, patula, M.B., var. Antiochia, Boiss., Antioch.

,, Libanotica, 301335., Marash. '

,, albida, Willi, Amanus.

Spartium junceum, L.
Argyrolobium crotalarioides, B06352, Aintéb.
Cytisus drepunolobus, Boiss, Cassius, Amanus.

,, Cassius, B02293, Cassius.

,, ,, var. multiflorus, Post, Cassius.
Gonocytisus pterocladus, Boiss., Cassius, Amanus.
Ononis leiosperma, Boiss., Marash.

,, Columnm, All., Cassius.

,, Natrix, L., var. stenophylla, 301253., Antioch.

, biflora, Desfi, Marash.

Trigonella. Kotschyi, Fcnzl., Marash. .

,, Coelesyriaca, Boiss., Aintzib.

,, spicata, L., Marash.
Medicago sativa, L., common.

,, lupuiina, L., common.

,, falcata, L., common.

,, tribuloides, Rohde, Cassius.

,, Shepardi, Post, Aintzib.
Melilotus alba, L., Marash.

,, parviflora, Desf., common.
Trifolium Cataonicum, Post, Kerhan.

,, Cussium, Boz'ss., Cassius.

,, arvense, L., Mai-ash.

,, ungustifolium, L., Aintzib.

,, purpureum, Loiscl., Marash.
,, supinum, Sam, Aintz‘ib.

,, Alexandrinum, L., Marash.

Camdollei, Post, Aintfib.
,, physodcs, 3601)., Beilz‘m.

,, resupinatum, L., Marash.
,, Aintubense, Bo'iss. ct Haussk., Cassius, Amt-ab.
,, xerocephalum, Fond, Marash.

,, repens, L., Mumsh.
Petrisuvii, Clam, Aintzib, Marush.
,, speciosum, L., Marash.
,, erubescens, Fcnzl., Cassius.
,, ugrarium, L., Mairwsh.
Cytisopsis dorycniifoliu, Jaub. ct Sp, Cassius, Antioch.
Dorycniuin hirsutum, L., Marash.
,, ,, var. acuminutum, Post, Cassius.
,, Kotschyi, Boiss ct Rout, Amanus.
,, Haussknechtii, b’oiss, Amunus.
Lotus corniculutus, L.
,, ,, var. alpinus, Boiss., Marash.
,, Gcbelia, Vent, Aintiib.
Colutea arborcsccns, L., Alumnus, Kurddagh.
Asti‘agulus, Sp, Antioch.
,, Sp, Murash.
,, tuburculosus, D. l'.. Murush.
,, hirsutissimus, D. (‘., Animus.

 

 

GEOGRAPHY 0F SYRIA AND PALESTINE.

Astralagus chrysophyllus, Balsam, Amanus.
diphtherolobus, Bge., Amanus.
,, platyrhaphis, Fisch., Marash.
,, Sp, Kessab. _
gummifer, Lab., Akherdagh.
,,‘ stromatodes, Bge., Akherdagh.
,, ,, var. microphyllus, Post, Akerdagh.
,, ambiguus, Bge., Amanus.
argyrophyllus, Boiss. at Chi/ill, Aintfib.
andrachnaefolius, Fenzl., Marash.
,, Andrachne, Bge., Akherdagh.
Seytunensis, Bge., Akherdagh.
Drusorum, Boiss., Akherdagh.
gossypinus, Fisch, Akherdagh.
,, elongatus, Willi, Marasb. .
macrocephalus, Willi, Akherdagh.
,, angustifolius, Lam, Amanus.
vaginans, D. 0., Amanus.
,, strictifolius, 1301193., Akherdagh.
,, schizoptems, 807333., Cassius.
Glycyrrhiza glabra, L.. Amanus, Akherdagh.
,, echinata, L., Cassius, Marash.
Hammatolobium lotoides, Fenzl., Marash.
Coronilla varia, L., Mai-ash.
,, ,, var. paucifiom, BO’lSS., Marash, Antioch.
,, emeroides, Boiss. et Spin, Amanus.
Hedysarum pogonocarpum, Balsa, Amanus, Marash.
Onobrychis aequidentata, S. et Sm., Mamsh.
sativa, Lam, var. montana, "B07353, Akherdagh.
gracilis, 1302233., Marash.
,, Cadmea, 309335., Marash.
cornuta, L., Marash.
,, aurantiaca, Balsa, Marash, Amanus.
Vicia Noéana, Rent, Marash.
,, serioocarpa, Fenzl., Marash.
,, sativa, L., Marash.
peregrina, L., Cassius, Max-ash.
,, gregaria, Boiss. et Held., Akherdagh.
,, Cracca, L., Marash.
,, Gerardi, Vill, Cassius.
,, Ervilia, L., common.
' tenuifolia, Roth, Amanus.
,, disperma, D. 0., Cassius.
Ervum lenticula, Sam-eh, Cassius.
,, Orientale, 301235., Marash.
Lathyrus Aphaca, L., Marash.
,, Cassius, Boiss., Cassius, Aintéb.
amcenus, L., Aintz‘tb. ‘

H . .
Orobus sessilifolius, S. et Sm, var. oblongifollus, Post, Marash.

,, hirsutus, L., var. angustifolius, Post, Amanus.
Pisum elatius, M. B., Marash.
Cercis Siliquastrum, L., Marash.
Amygdalus lycioides, Spach., Aintfib, Marash.
,, ()rientalis, All, Marash.
Prunus monticola, C. Koch, Cassius.
,, spinosa, L, Amanus.

21

DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL

Prunus ursina, Ky. ., Amanus.
Cerasus tortuosa, Bates. et IIaussk., Aintab.
Malus communis, L. M arash
Rubus discolor, W. at N., Antioch.
,, tomentosus, Banish“, Marash, Antioch.
Geum urbanum, L., Cassius, Mai-ash.
Poterium verrucosum, Elm, Marash.
Fragaria vesca, L., Amanus.
Potentilla reptans, L., Mumsh.
‘ ,, recta, L. Amanus.
,, geranioides, Willd., Amanus.
Agrimonia Eupatoria, L. Amanus, Cassius
Rosa canina, L. Cassius. \
,, Phoenicea, Boiss, Marash.
,, glutinosa, S. ec Sm, Amanus.
Pyrus Syriaca, 301333., Cassius, Antioch.
L‘otoneaster pyracnntha, L. Amanus.
nummularia, F. etM., Amanus, Cassius.
Crataegus Azarolus, L., Mamsh.
,, monogyna, Willi, Marash.
Mespilus Germs-mica, L., Akherdagh.
Saxifmga scotophila, 301388., Cassius, Antioch.
Umbilicus Libanoticus, Labill, Marash.
,, Pestalozzae, Boiss. ., Mamsh.
intermedius, Bows, common.
Sedum, Sp” Mai-ash.
,, stoloniferum, Gmel., Amanus.
, ,, album, L., Amanus.
Lythrum Salicaria, L. ,.Antioch
.,, Graofi'eri, Ten., Marash.
J 11ss1aoa. repens, L., Aintab, Marash.
Punica Granatum, L. ,Amanus, Mamsh. ‘
Epilobium hirsutum, L. ,Marash, Antioch. 1
,, parviflorum, 1801111112., Marash. 1
,, Sp, Akherdagh.
Bryonia multiflora, Boiss. et Held. Marash, Kessab.
,, Syriaca, Boissq Aintzib.
Datisca Cannabina, L., Marash.
Eryngium Billardieri, Laroch. ,A.manus
campestre, L. ,Amanus, Akherdagh.
Echinophora Sibthorpiana, Guss, .Akherdagh, Marash.
Sauicula Europzm, L. ,Amanus.
Physospermum aquilogifolium, All. ,Cassius.
Corizindrum sstivum, L. common.
,, tordylioides,Boiss.,Aintf1b.
Smyrnium connatum, Boiss. ct K J, Cassius.
Lecockia Cretica, Lam, Amanus.
Falcaria. Alexandrettm, Post, Marshes of Alexandrotta.
Buplevrum Antiochium, Post, Antioch.

 

11
’5':
1.

”LL: .fi...‘jh/A.Z\"$:‘

,, Boissieri, Post, Amanus.

,, croceum, Fcnzl, Aintab, Mamsh.

,, protractum, Link, Marash.

,, lophocarpum, Boiss. ct Bal., Marash.
,, odontites, L., Cassius.

., Gerardi, Jucq, Cassius.

., Kurdicum, Boiss., Amanus.

 

GEOGRAPHY OF SYRIA AND PALESTINE.

Buplevrum Cappadocicum, Boiss., Aintz‘ib, Marash.
,, irregulare, Boiss. et Ky., Amanus.
Sium lancifolium, RI. 3., Amanus, Akherdagh.
Pimpinella. corymbosa, Bo'iss” Amanus, Marash.
,, peregrina, L., Sea~coast Plain.
Carum brachyactis, Post, Akherdagh.
,, nudum, Post, Amanus.
_,, elegans, Fenzl., Aintéb.
Scaligeria Cretica, L., Antioch.
,, capillifolia, Post, Akherdagh.
Chaerophyllum oligocarpum, Post, Amanus.
Scandix pinnatifida, Vent, Marash.
,, Pecten-Veneris, L., common.
,, Iberica, M. 3., common.
Oenanthe pimpinelloides, L., Amanus.
Zozimia absinthifolia, Vent, Marash.
Cachrys goniocarpa, Boiss., Amanus, Marash.
Prangos platychlaena, Boiss., Akherdagh.
Colladonia. crenata, Fenzl., Cassius.
Foeniculum Piperitum, D. 0., Kessab.
Cnidium Onentale, Boiss., Cassius, Amanus.
Ferulago Blancheana, Post, Akherdagh.
,, Cassia, 301583., Cassius.
,, pauciradiata, B01355. at Held, Cassius, Amanus.
,, Syriaca, 307333., Antioch, Amanus.
,, Amani, Post, Amanus.
Ferula meifolia, Fenzl., Cassius.
Peucedanum depaupertatum, Boiss. ct H eld., Akherdagh.
,, ,, var. alpinum, Boéss., Akherdagh
Tordylium Syriacum, L, Marash.
Ainsworthia trachycarpa, Boiss., Marash.
J ohrenia selinoides, Boiss. et Bal., Antioch.
,, Porteri, Post, Kapa-Cham-Dagh.
Exoacontha heterophylla, Labill., Axnanus.
Malabaila pastinacaefolia, Boiss. et Bal. Amanus.
,, Sekakul, Russ, Marash.
Artedia squamata, L., Marash.
Torilis neglecta, Roam. et Sch, Akherdagh.
Daucus setulosus, Gus-5., Aintab.
,, leptocarpus, Hochst., Marash.
Turgeniopsis foeniculacea, Fenzl., Cassius, Amanus.
Lisaea Syriaca, B0iss., Kessab.
Turgenia. latifolia, L., Mai-ash.
Laserpitium sp., Akherdagh.
Angelica sylvestris, L., Kerhfim.
Cornus Australis, C. at M, Cassius, Antioch, Amanus.
,, Mas, L., Amanus.
Lonicera Etrusca, Santi, Marash.
,, nummularifolia, Jaub. et Sp, Amanus, Marash.
,, Orientalis, Lam., Amanus.
Sambucus Ebulus, L., Amanus.
Putoria Calabrica, L., Mararh.
Rubia Aucheri, 30535., Cassius, Amanus.
,, Olivieri, Rich, var. stenophylla, 302193., Amanus.
Galium cymulosum, Post, Amanus.
,, erectum, Huds., Amanus.

23

 

241

DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL

Galiuin Orientale, 30133., var. alpinum, 130153., Marash.
n H n tenemm: ,
,, ,, hispidum, Post,Gesbe1dagh.
,, aureum, V1.9. ., Cassius.
,, verum, L. ,Cassius, Amanus, Marash.
,, tricorne, L., Marash.
,, adhaerens, Boiss. et Bal., Mamsh.
,, Decaisnei, 30133., Cassius.
coronatum, S. et Sm., Marash.
Asperula dissitiflora, Post, Amanus.
,, odorata, L., Amanus.
,, humifusa, Bess., Amanus.

,, arvensis, L., Marash.
,, Onentahs, Bozss. at Hook, Mai-ash.
,, stricta, Bo1ss., Amanus.

var. alpina, Boiss,Mz11‘a.sh.
Callipeltis Cucullaria, L, Aintab.
Crucianella macrostachys, Boiss.
,, ,, var. pennicillata, B0153, Marash.
var.brachyst11chys,Boiss.,Marash.
Valeriana Dioscoridis, S1bth., Marash.
Centranthus longiflorus, Stev.,var.1atifolius, Boiss., Marash.
ruber, L., Marash.
Valerianella coronata, W., Marash.
,, vesicaria, W1lld., Mara-sh.
,, carinata, Loisel, Aintab.
Boissieri, K1011, Aintab.
Morin; Persica, L., Marash.
Cephalaria setosa, Boiss. et Hook, Amanus.
,, stellipilis, Boiss., Akherdagh.
,, ambrosioides, Sibth.
,, J oppens1s, Spreng. ., Aintzib, Marash.
Scabiosa rot‘1t11, M. B., Marash, Amanus.
,, ochroleuca, L.,var.inte1‘n1edi:1,Post,Amanus.
,, Palaestina, L, var. 1:1tilobi1, B01311, Marash.
Ucmnica, L. Marash, Aintzib.
Kn‘11uti‘11 hybrida, All.,v:11‘.bidens, Post, Mamsh.
Pterocephalus plumosus, L. ,Cassius, Marash.
Eupatorium cannabinum, L., type and var.Sy1‘i:10u111, Boiss.,
Antioch.
Erigeron, sp , M‘1rshes near Kislar- Kalessi.
Bellis perennis, L, Mal-ash
,, sylvestris, L. Marash.
Helichrysum Siculum, Spring, Amanus
In11111 viscosa, 1111., Antioch.
Pulicaria Arubica, Cass, Antioch.
Micropus longifolius, B0133. at Reut.,Aint11b
Ambrosia m‘1riti1n‘1, L., ne‘1r 001st.
Achillzea micmntha, M .B., Mamsh.
,, Santolin‘1,L,An1‘1nus.
Artemisia monosperina, Del, Plain of Issus.
,, crithmifoli‘i.
Anthemis tinctoria, L., var. discoidea, B01783, Cassius, Amanus
Kurd Dagh, Mai-ash.
,, hyalim, D.O.,M111'1‘1sh.
., sc111‘ios:1, D. C, Aint11b.

 

GEOGRAPHY 01' SYRIA AND PALESTINE. 2'5

Pyrethtum Cilicicum, Boiss.,Am1mus, Cassius.
densum, Labill. ,‘Akherdagh.
Senecio vernalis, WK“ Mai-ash.
,, dorizeformis, D. 0., var. megalophron, Bozss. ., Akherdauh.
Echinops minimus, Post, Amanus.
vaginanus, Boiss. at Hamsk, Akherdagh.
Gundelia. Toumefortii, L. var. tenuisecta, Bows, Akherdagh.
Cardopathium corymbosum, L., Amanus.
J urlnea ramulosa, Boiss. at Haussk., Akherdagh.
Xeranthemum squarrosum, Boiss.,M.1rash.
Carlina. corymbosa, L., var. involucrata, Boiss., Amanus.
,, v:1r.Libanotica, Boiss., Amanus.
Cirsium diaczmtha, Labill, Antioch.
,, Amani, Post, Amanus, above Hassan Beyley
,, leuconeurum, Boiss. at Haussl Akherdagh.

Carduus nutans, L. Aintab.
Staehelina apiculata, Labill, Antioch.
Crupina crupinastrum, M oris., Marash.
Centaurea Cassia, Boiss., Cassius.

,, axillaris, Willi, Marash.

,, aggregata, F. at M ., Marash.

,, Antiochia, 1301383., Antioch.

,, thrinciaefolia, D. 0., Cassius, Antioch,
,, depressa, M. B., Aintzib.
,, arifolia, Boiss. ., Plain of Antioch

,, Cataonica, Boiss. at 1117111337.“, Akl1erd.1gh.
,, polycephala, Post, Plain of Antioch
,, Urvillei, D. 0., Aintab, Max-ash.

,, Behen, L., Amanus.

,, solstitialis, L., Marash.
,, Iberica, Trev., Marash.
,, Babylonica, L. ., Amanus.

cheiracantha, Fowl, Cassius.
theopappus Kotschyi, Boiss. el Held.,Akherd11crh.
Ptosimopappus bracteatus, B02363, Amanus.
Zoegea leptaurea, L, Plain of Marash.
Cichorium Intybus, L., Marash.
Scolymus Hispanicus, L., common.
Lampsana peduncularis, Boiss. ., Akherdagh.
Hedypnms Cretica, L., Marash.
Picris stricta, Joni, Antioch.

,, hieracioides, L., Cassius.

,, Sprengeriana, Lam, Marash.
Helminthia echioides, L., Antioch.
Lagoseris bifida, Via, Marash.

Cymboseris Palaestina, B0iss., Marash.
Crepis, parviflora, Desf., Marash.

,, Reuteriana, Boiss., Marash.

Taraxacum Syriacum, Boiss., Akherdagh. ’

,, officinale, "7'19 Akherdagh.

$17., Akherdag h.

Lactuca Scariola, L. ,Akherdagh.

,, vimiuea, L., Amanus.
Sonchus asper, Vill, Marash.

,, oleraceus, L., common.
Tragopogon Iongirostre, Bisch., Marash.

D

DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL

Tragopogon latif'olium, 130153.. var. alngustifolium, B02333" Marash.
,, bupht:11moides, Boiss., var. stenophyllum, 30533., Marash.
B0231, var. humile, Boiss., Mai-ssh.
Scorzonem papposa, D 0., Marash.
Leontodon asperum, W'. K., var. montanum, 130133., Amanus.
Michauxia. campanuloides, L’Hem'tier, Marash.
Campanulu Trachelium, L., Amanus.

,, ,, v:1r. solitariaefolia, Post, Amanus.
1, stricta, L., var. Libanotica, B01351, Akherdngh.
,, dichotoma, L., M:11‘~11sh.

,, strigosa, Russ, Marash.

,, retrorsa, Lab., Cassius.

Rapuncului, L., Amanus, Marash.
Speculariu pentagonimL ., Marash.
,, speculum, L., common.
,, f:1lc:11:1, Tam, Cassius.
Arbutus Andrachne, L., Amanus.
Erica verticillata, Fania, Cassius, Antioch, Amanus.
Acantholimon laxiflorum, Boissq var. condensatum, Post., Amanus.

,, Baltanense, Willi, Amanus,

,, acerosum, Willd., Akherdngh.

,, Armenum, B02383. et Huet.,Akherd:1gh.

,, Kotschyi,JcLub. 615810., Akherdagh.

,, Lycaonicum, B02335. et Held. var. pictum, Boiss.,
Akherdagh.

Statice Limonium, L., Alexandretta.
,. rorida, S. and S., Coast.
Lysimachia dubia, 1111., Marash, Kerhfin.
Androsace n1:1xim:1,L., Aintfib.
An11tr 1111s arvensis, L., var. phoenicea, B02811, Marash.
var. caerulea, B0153” Marash.
Stvrax officinale, L., Marash.
Jasminum fruticans, L. Amanus, Akherdagh.
Fontanesia phillyreoides, L011, Cassius.
Fraxinus oxyphylla, IV.B.,V:1r. Syri:1c:1,Bo2.,ss Amuuus.
Vinca Libanotica, Zucc.,Mar:1sh.
Periploca Grmca, L., Marash.
Cynanchum acutum, L., Antioch.
Cionum erecta, L., Marr1sh.
Chlora se1‘oti11:1,Koch., Marash.
,, perfolima, IV 1'.,lld Amanus.
Erythroeu ramosissima, Pew, Mamsh.
Heliotropium supinum, L., Akherdagh.
,, Bovei,B01'ss.,M:11‘:1sh.
,, villosum, 9V 1Ild., common.
Symphytum Palmstinum, B02'ss.,v:11.breviflom, 130133., Marash.
I’aracaly 11111 Reuteri, B0233. ct flaussk., Akherdagh.
Anchusu Italica, Reta, var. angusbitolia, Post, Mumsh.
,, Barrelieri, All. Pal, Mamsh.
,, Shattuckii, Post, Marash, Aintéb.
,, neglects, Alp h. D. C. ,C-11Ssius, Anianus.
Nonneu obtusitolia, H. ,C:1ssi11s, A111111111s.
Alk:1nn:1 111eg:110c:11‘p:1,Alph. I).C.,v:1r.Shattucki:1, Posh, Amanus
Myusotis sylvatica, Hofim., Marash.
,, hispida, S2411, Marash.
,, refractu, Boiss., Cassius, Amauus.

 

GEOGRAPHY OF SYRIA AND PALESTINE. 27

Cynoglossum Nebrodense, Gnss, Cassius.

,, pictum, Ada, common.
Lithospermum arvense, L., Amanus.
,, tenuiflorum, L., Amanus.
,, hispidulum, b‘. at Sm“, Antioch, Ami-anus.

purpureo- -caeruleu1n, L., Amanus.
Echium Italicum, L., Marash.
,, glomeratum, Pair, Marash.
Onosma. frutescens, Lam, Antioch, Amanus.
,, sericeum, Willi, Amanus.
,, flavum, Lehm., Aintab.
,, Cassium, Boiss, Amanus.
,, Roussaei, D. 0., Marash, Aintab.
,, giganteum, Lam, Amanus.
,, stellulatum, W. K. var. genuinum, Boiss., Marash.
,, brevifolium, ,, Cassius.
Convolvulus Dorycnium, L., var. oxysepalus, Boiss., Cassius.
,, Aucheri, Choisy, El J cbel el- Ahmar.
,, Galaticus, Rust, Cassius.
,, althaeoides, L., Aintz‘ib.
Ipomaea sagittata, Desf., Marshes of Alexandretta.
Physalis Alkekengi, L., Marash.
Hyoscyamus aureus, L., walls ; general.
Withania somnil'era, L., Antioch.
Solanum nigrum, L., general.
,,- Dulcamara, L. Cassius,_ Amanus.
Cuscuta inonogyna, Vahl., Aintab.
Verbascum Antiochiun1,Boiss., Walls of Antioch.

,, Caesareum, B01352, Cassius.

,, Galilaeum, B0iss., Marash, Amanus.

,, mucronatum, Lam, Akherdagh.

,, subnivale, Boiss. et Haussk., Akherdagh.

,, Barbeyi, Post, Amanus.
Amanum, B0-iss., Amanus.
,, Syriacum, Schmd., Aintz‘ib, Marash.
sinuatum, L., Base of Cassius.
Germaniciaa. Hausskq Amanus,Ma1'ash.
scaposum, Boiss.,Au1anus, Cassius.
Siphonostegia Syriaca, B. at R., Antioch.
Celsia heterophylla, Desf. ., Marash.
Orientalis, L. Marash.
Linaria geuistifolia, L. ,Akherdagh.
Dalmatica, L. ,Amanus, Akherdagh.
,, lanigera, Desfl, Antioch.
,, Elatine, L. Ami-anus.
,, Graeca, Bory at (711., Amanus.
,, arvensis, L. var. flaviflora, Boiss, Aintab.
,, Chalepeiisis,L.,Ma1-ash.
Persica., Chew, Aintab.
Anarrhinum Orientale,Bth.,Ma1-ash.
Scrophularia xanthoglossum, Amanus, Marash.
sphaerocm'pa, Boiss. at Rent, Beilan.
alata, Gilib, Marash.
variegata, M. B. ,Cassius, \Iarash.
Wulfenia Orientahs, Bm'ss. ,Antioch.
Veronica Anagallis, L., Marash.

’5
77

28

 

DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL

Veronica Anmrallioides, Gus.s.,M11msh.
,, Oriem111is,M1llAm11nus, Marash.
,, ,, var. tenuifolia, 301.53., Akherdauh.
,, ' cinerea, Boiss. ct Bl.,Akherd.1gli.
,, stenohotrys, Boiss. ct Bl. Cassius.
,, Cymbalaria, Boiss.,A1'ntab,Marash.
,, acinifolia, L., Marash.
,, Syriaca, Roem. et Sch., Marash.
Aleppica, B01311, Amanus.
Odontites lutea, L., Antioch, Akherdagh.
,, glutinosa, M.B.,An111nus.
,, Aucheri, Bolss. Akherdagh.
Eufrugia viscos11, L., Marash.
Phelipea l11v1111dul11ce11, Rchb., Marash.
,, ramosa, L, Marash.
Orobanche Anatolica, Boiss. ctReut An1:1nus,M11rash.
,, ,, var. glabrescens, Post, Mumsh.
,, Palzestina, Rent, Cassius.
speciosa, D. C. ,C11ssius, Marash.
Glob1i1111‘i11vulgaris, L.,An111nus,Marash.
Acanthus Syriucus, Bo7.ss.,M111‘11sh.
Verbena supin11, L ,Antioch.
V1ir. minor, Post, Akherdagh.
Vitex Agnus- -C-11stus, L. Antioch, Marash.
Mcntha. syivestris, L, Antioch.
,, aquatics, L, Marash.
Lycopus Europaeus, L., Antioch
Origanum lsevigatuni, Boiss. ,Antioch.
,, Maru, L., Antioch.
Thymus Serpyllum, L., Amanus, Akherdanh.
,, ,, var.K0tschy11nus,Boiss., Akherdagh.
,, Syriacus, 130133., Pl11in of Antioch.
S11turei11 hortensis, L., Marash.
,, Thymbra, L., Antioch.
Micromeria serpyliifolia, M. B., Antioch.
Thymbm spicata, L., Amanus, Marash.
Calamintha grandiflom, L, Amanus.
,, Clinopodiuni, Bth., KeSS11b, Akhe1d11uh.
,, graveoluns, ZiI. B.,Aint11b.
Salvia. g11111difl0111,Ett.,Cassius, Antioch
,, Aucher1,Bth Cassius.
,, acetabulosa, 1711111., Amanus, Marash.
,, purpurascens, Post, between M11r11sh 11nd Adana.
Pinzu‘di, B01512, Antioch.
., Sy ri11011, L., M11111 11.
,, E111)h111tiC11,1iI at 14.,11cl1 Aintuh.
801111111, L.,L assius
., gluti11051l7L11, A1111111us.
verbascifuliu, AI. R, A1111111us.
Horminuin, L., 00111111011.
h1'11cliycz1lyx, 13011912, M11r11sh.
Vc1bcn n11c11, L, common.
Russdii, Bth. ., 1\int11h,Mz1111sh.
[11) phol11 cliuopodoides, 31.1%., 1111 cuncscons, Boiss, Akher-
dagh.
cupituta, L., Mamsh.

)s

 

GEOGRAPHY 01‘ SYRIA AND 11111113111111. 29

Lallemantia Iberica, M. B., Aintab.
Nepeta nuda, L., var. albiflora, 301233.
,, Orientaiis, M1ll., Marash.
,, Cilicica, 1301733., Akherdagh.
,, glomerata, Moi1tb., Akherdagh.
,, leptanbha, 30133. et Haussk.,Akherd11gh.
Shepardi, Post, Aintab.
Scutellamia Orientalis, L, var. z1lpina,B0133, Amanus.
,, var. genuina, B0133, Marash
,, fruticosa, Desf. ., Akherdagh.
,, difl‘usa, Bth., Marash.
,, - peregrina, L., Cassius, Antioch.
Brunella vnlgaris, L., Cassius, Amanus.
Siderit-is Libanotica, Labill., Akherdagh.
Marrubium faucidens, B0133. et Bal., Marash.
,, Libanoticum, 30133., Akherdagh.
var.Hern1011is,B0133., Amanus.
Stachys Cretica, S. at S. ,Akherdagh.
,, ,, var. Garana, B0133, Marash.
,, viticina, 130133., Cassius, Antioch.
,, pinetorum, Bo1'33.,An1anus.
,, Gennanica, L., var. spicata, Post, Antioch.
,, lberica, AI. B.,A111anus.
,, pumiI-a, R1133, var. brachyodonta, 80133. ., Antioch
diversifolia, 80133., Cassius, Ainanus.
Lamiuni striatum, S. at S, var. minus, B0133. ., Amanus, Akher-

dag h.
,, Aleppicun), 30133. et Haussk. ., Marash.
,, truncatum, B0133, var. longidematum, P031,Marash.

Molucella lzevis, L, Marash.
Phlomis Nissolii, L., Marash.
., Viscosa, P0112, Amanus.
,, Armeniaca, W1lld., Akherdagh.
,, linearis, 30133. et Bal., Akherdagh.
,, Herba-Venti, L, Marash.
Teucrium multicaule, Montb. et Amh” Marash.

a, ,, var planifolium, Post, Marash.
,, procerum, B. at BL, var. humile, B0133, Marash.
,, Uhamaedrys, L, Cassius, Amanus.

,, scordioides, Schreb., Amanus.
,, Polium, L., Antioch.
Aju'ga laevigata, Ru33. ., Marash.
Plant-duo lanceolata, L. Var. altissima, B0133. ., Marash
,, maritima, L., coast; near Alexandretta.
,, major, L., everywhere.
Amarantus hypochondriacus, L., Antioch.
,, chlorostachys, W1lld., Antioch.
retroflexus, L, common.
Chenopodium album, L., Antioch, Mar-ash.
Blitum virgatu1n,L ,Akhe1ducrh.
Atriplex Amanum, Post, Gesbel—dzigh.
Nozea spinosissirna, 111qu Akherdagh.
,, Tourneforbii, Spach, Akherdagh.
Polygonuu-i Convolvulus, L., Amanus.
,, . equisitifonne, 1'. 0t Sm, Antioch.
,, Bellardi, AIL, Amanus.

30.

DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL

Polygonum Libani, Boiss., Akherdagh.
,, setosum, Jacq., Akherdagh.
Rheum Ribes, Grown, Amanus.
Rumex acetosa, L., Aintéb.
,, acetoselloides, Bal., Marash. ‘
,, scutatus, L., Mamsh.
,, Cassius, Boiss., Cassius.
Lygia Aucheri, Meisn., Aintéb.
Aristolochia Maurorum, L., Mamsh.
Daphne sericea, Vahl., Amanus.
,, olaeoides, Schreb., Hummus, Akherdagh.
Laurus nobilis, L., Cassius, Antioch.
Elveagnns hortensis, M. B., Marash.
'J hesiunl Bergeri, Zucc., Amanus, Cassius.

,, compressum, Boiss. et Held, Amanus.

Osyris alba, Lam, Cassius, Anlanus.
Viscum album, L., Amzinus.
Arceuthobium Oxycedri, D. 0., Amanus.

Euphorbiu pubescens, Vahl., Antioch.

,, altissima, Boiss., var. glabrescens, 1502755., Mamsh.

,, tinctoria, Boiss., Marash.

,, denticulata, Lehm, Mamsh.

,, Apios, L., Amanus.

Cassia, Boiss, Cassius.
Crozophora tinctoria, L., Antioch.

,, verbascifolia, Willi, Antioch.
Cynocmmbe prostrata, Gacrtn., Antioch.
Carpinus Duinensis, 80019., Amanus, Cassius.
Ustrya carpinifolia, 8602)., Amunus, Cassius.
Quercus Lusitunica, Lam, Ainzmus, Akherdagh.

,, Cerris, L., Cassius, Antioch, Amanus.
,, llex, L., Plain of Issus, Amzmus.
,. coccifem, L., Cassius, Anmnus, Littoral.
,, .(Egilops, L., Amanus.
,, Libzmi, Olin, Amanus, Akherdagh.
Fagus sylvaticn, L., Amanus.
Alnus Orientzilis, Dec, Amzinus.
Celtis australis, L., Annmus.
J uglnns regizt, L., Cassius, Amunus, Akherdagh.
Platanus Orientalis, L., Amanus,
Sillix zilba, L., Antioch, Amanus.
,, nigricuns, Fries, Amanus.
Populus nigm, L., cultivated.
Ccdrus Libnni, L., Amzinus, Akherdagh.
J uniperus Oxycedrus, L., Antioch, Ann-anus.

,, drupacea, Labill., Amanus.

,, fwtidissinm, W'ilch, Afnanus, Akherdagh.
Pinus Halepensis, JIill., Cassius, Anmnus, Akhcrdngh

,, Pineal, L., Plain of Issus.

,, Brutia, Ten, Akherdagh.
Abies Cilicica, Amanus.
Taxus buccatu, L., Amunus (Gesbeldagh).
Epipuctis latifolin, All. Pei, Cassius.
Cephulanthem ensifolin, Marin, Alumnus.
Orchis sancta, L., Mai-rush.

,, tridentut-n, Stop, Amanus.

 

GEOGRAPHY OF SYRIA AND PALESTINE. 31

Orchis longicruris, Link, Marash.
,, Anatolica, 30633., Marash.
,, laxiflom, Lam, Mal-ash.
,, var. major, 301133. ., Kerhan.
,, angustifolia, M. 3., Amanus, Akherdagh.
,, saccata, Ten", Aintab.
latifolia, L., Marash.
Ophrys fusca, Linin, Mamsh.
,, aranifera, Heals. ., Marash.
,, arachnites, 8301)., Mouth of Orontes, Cassius.
Serapias pseudocordigera, M 'wrr.
Anacampris pyramidalis, Rchb., Cassius.
Iris Sisyrhinchium, L., common.
,, reticulata, M .3., Marash.
,, Palaestina, Baker, Marash.
Crocus graveolens, 30333., Marash.
Romulea. Bulbocodium, L., Cassius, Amanus.
Sternbergia Fischeriana, Herb. Anmr., Mamsh.
Gladiolus segetum, Gaw‘L, Marash.

,, Illyricus, Koch., common.

,, atroviolaéeus, 301333., Marash.
Ixiolirion montanum, Labill., Amanus, Akherdagh.
Tamus communis, L., Marash.

Ruscus aculeatus, L., Cassius.
Tulipa Oculus-Solis, St. Amaml., common.
,, montana, Lindl. ,Cassius, Amanus.
Gages. foliosa, Presl., Marash.
Fritillaria acmopetala, 30133., Cassius.
Asparagus acutifolius, L., common.
Asphodeline brevicaulis, Bert", Cassius, Amanus, Akherdagh.
,, Damascena, 30333., Antioch.
lutea, L. ,Amanus, Cassius.
Puschkinia scillioides, Adams, Marash, Cassius.
Hyacinthus Orientalis, L., Cassius, Amanus, Akherdagh.
Bellevalia ciliata, Gym, Aintab, Cassius.
Muscari Pinardi, 302333., Marash.
,, comosum, Mill, Marash.
,, parviflorum, Deaf, Marash.
,, commutatum, GU33, Aintfib.
,, racemosum, L, Aintab.
neglectum, 01133., Aintab.
Allium Cilicicum,Boz'33.,Ma1-ash.
,, rotundum, L., Marash, Aintéb.
,, sphaerocephalum, L., Aintab.
,, Cassium, 301133., Mnraeh.
,, Tauricolum, 301333., Akherdagh.
,, Aschersonianum, Barb, Amanus.
,, chloranthum, 301233.,Ma1'ash.
hirsutum, Zucc., Marasb.
Oniithogalum Narbonense, L. ,Cassius, Amanus, Marash
,, . umbellatum, L. Marash.
montanum, Gym, Aintab.
Scilla autumnalis, L, Amanus.
Urginea maritima, L. Plain of Issus.
Colcliicum laetum, Steu, Amanus.
,, Decaisnei, 30333., Amanus.

32

 

DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL

Colchicum Haussknechtii, 1307535., Amanus.

,, latifolium, Sibth.'ct Sm, Amanus.

,, candidum, Schott. et Ky., Anlanus.

,, brachyphyllum, Boiss. ct Haussk., Aintab.
J uncus maritimus, L., Coast, Marash.

,, bufonius, L., common.
Helicophyllum Rauwolfii, BL, Marash.
Arum Dioscoridis, S. et Sm, Aintz‘ib, Marash.
Butomus umhellatus. L., Aintab, Marash.
Cypcrus flavescens, L., Antioch.
,, fuscus, L., var. virescens, Balsam, Antioch.
,, longus, L., Marash. ~
Fimbristylis dichotoma, Rottb., Antioch.
,, ferruginea, L., Antioch.
Carex divulsa, Good., Amanus.

,, divisa, Huds, Cassius, Amanus.
Scirpus maritimus, L., common. .
Spondiopogou pogonanthus, 307333., Plain of Issus.
Oryza sativa, L., Marash.

Panicum sanguinale, L., Antioch.

,, Crista-Galli, L.. Antioch.
Setaria verticillata, L., Antioch.
Andropogon hirtus, L., Antioch.

,, Ischaenum, L., plains along coast.

Sporobolus pungens, Kth., coast.
Antisthiria ciliata, L., Cassius.
Piptatherum miliaceum, L., Antioch.
Heleochloa schznnoides, L., Antioch.

,, alopecuroides, Schmd., Akherdagh.
Polypogon Monspeliense, L., Cassius.
Pennisetum Orientale, Rich, Plain of Issus, Wadi Kondil.
Tragus racemosus, L., Plain of Issus.

Imperata cylindrica, L., Plain of Issus.
Crypsis aculeata, L., Marshes of Alexandretta.
Cynodon dactylon, L., everywhere.
Aruudo Donax, L., Plain of Issus, Alexandretta.
Eragmstis mogastachya, Link, Antioch.
Melica ciliata. L., Cassius.

,, Cupani, Guss, Marash.
Cyuosurus elegans, Desf., Cassius.
P011. annua, L., everywhere.

,, bulbosa, L., Marash.

Scleropoa rigid-a, Cami, Marash.
Brachypodium distachyum, L., Cassius, Amanus.
Bromus erectus, Huds, Cassius.

,, tectorum, L., Cassius.
[Egilops triuncialis, L., common.

,, ovum, L., common.

,, Aucheri, 1307333., Amanus.
Hordeum murinum, L., Amanus.
Cystopteris frugilis, L., Amanus.
Asplenium Trichomanes, L., Antioch.
Cetarach officinarum, L., Antioch.
Scolopendrium otficinale, Sm, Antioch.
N eplimdium rigidum, Sun, Mumsh.
Notochlu‘na Vinnmtm, L..Cussius.

 

‘1’"5‘ r— umw-ngww .»

GEOGRAPHY or SYRIA AND PALESTINE. 33

V. The N uswiry Chain consists of low featureless mountains,
denuded of their forests, and in no case rising as high as
4,000 feet. This range has been less studied botanically, or even
visited, than any other portion of Syria, not a single locality
being noted in Boissier’s Flora, Orientalis. The following
list, consisting of collections made by the writer, and by
Dr. Kay, of the Syrian Protestant College, is the first attempt
to catalogue the plants of this region. It is, of course, far
from complete. It does not contain a single species new to
science :— ‘

Anemone Coronaria, L. Raphanus sativus, L.
,, ,, var. caerulea, Boiss. Reseda lutea, L., var. nutans, Boiss.
,, blanda, Schott ct Ky. Cistus villosus, L.
Adonis Aleppica, Boiss. ,, ,, var. genuinus, Boiss.
Ranunculus aquatilis, L. ,, salviaefolius, L.
,, cuneatus, Boiss. Helianthemum salicifolium, L.
,, Asiaticus, L. Viola odorata, L.
,, chaerophyllus, L. ,, ,, var. Delmhartii, Boiss.
,, myriophyllus, Russ. Saponaria Vaccaria, L.
,, var. Hierosolymitanus, Silene Gallic-a, L.
Post. ,, Damascaena, Boiss. et Gaill.
,, Constantinopolitanus, ,, bipartita, Desf.
Aw. ,, Atocion, Murr.
,, , var. Palaestinus, Boiss. ,, longipetala, Vent.
,, lomatocarpus, Boiss. Cerastium glomeratum, Thuil.
,, var. cornutus, Post. Alsine tenuifolia, L.
Nigella ciliaris, D. 0. Tamarix Pallasii, Desv.
Papaver Rhceas, L. Alcea acaulis, Can, var. caulescens,
Hypecoum grandiflorum, Bth. Boiss.
,, rocumbens, L. Lavatera Cretica, L.
Corydalis solida, Smith. ,, trimestris, L.
Fumaria parviflora, Lam. Malva rotundifolia, L.
,, Anatolica, Boiss. Linum pubescens, Russ.
Nasturtium oflicinale, R. Br. ,, angustifolium, Huds.
Arabis perfoliata, Lam. Geranium tuberosum, L.
,, verna, R. Br. ,, Libanoticum, Boiss. et Bl.
,, Montbretiana, Boiss. ,, molle, L.
,, Aucheri, Boiss. ,, Robertianum, L.
Fibigia clypeata, L. ,, lucidum, L.
,, ,, var. rostrata, Post. Erodium Romanum, L.
Alyssum Mouradicum, Boiss. et Bal. ,, cicutarium, L.
Erophila setulosa, B07155. et Bal. ,, moschatum, L.
Sisymbrium Thalianum, Steph. Pistacia Terebinthus, L.
,, officinale, L. ,, ,, var. Palaestina, Post.
Capsella. Bursa-Pastoris, L. Ruta Chalepensis, L.
Lepidium cornutum, S. et Sm. Lupinus, Sp.
,, crassifolium, M. K. Ononis Natrix, L.
Biscutella Columnaa, Fen. ,, serrata, Forsk.
Iberis odomta, L. Anthyllis vulneraria, L.
Peltaria angustifolia, D. C. Hymenocarpus circinnatus, L. .
Isatis Aleppica, Soap. Trigonella Hierosolyxnitana, Bozss.
Ochthodium Egyptiacum, L. ,, filipes, Bozss.

Enarthrocarpus arcuatus, Labill. ,. stellatum, L.

 

 

34 DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL

Trifolium purpureum, Loz’sel.
,, ,, var. prostratum, Post.
,, Alexandrinum, L.
,, clypeatum, L.
,, globosum, L.
,, resupinatum, L.
,, tomentosum, L.
,, spumosum, L. ,
,, xerocephalum, Fenzl.
,, nervulosum, Boiss. ct
Held.
,, repens, L.
,, speciosum, L.
Cytisopsis dorycniifolia, J. at Sp.
Tetragonolobus purpureus Mamch.

,, var. Palaestinus, Post.
Astragalus macrocm‘pus D.C.
,, schizopterus, Bozss.

Vicia sativa, L.

,, hybrida, L.

,, Palmstina, Boc'ss.
Pisum elatius, M. B.
Orobus sessilifolius, S. at Sm.
Cercis siliquastrum, L.
Malus communis, L.
Potelium verrucosum, Ehr.
Saxifraga. scotophila, Boz'ss.
U mbilicus pendulinus, D. C.
Sedum littoreum, Guss.
Lythrum Graefi‘eri, Ten.
Anlmi Visnaga, Lam.
Scandix Pecten-Veneris, L.
Tordylium ngyptiiwum, L.
Caucalis leptophylla, L.

,, tenella, L.
Sambucus nigm, L.
Vaillmltia hispida, L.

Rubia Olivieri, A. Rich.

,, var. stenophylla, Boiss.
Galium tricorne, IVz'th.

,, ,, var. verruculosum, Post.

,, spurium, L.

,, Coronutum, S. et S771.

,, var. stenophyllum, Boiss.

,, nrticulatum, L.

Asperula arvensis, L.
Sherardiu. arvensis, L.
Va1eriana Dioscoridis, Sibth.
Valerianella carinata, Loisel.

,, coronata, W.

,, Kotschyi, Boiss.

,, vesicuria, IVilld.
Knautia hybrida, All.
Scabiosa Palmstinn, L.
Helichrysum Siculum, Spr'iwg.
Anthemis Cassia, Boiss.

Anthemis montana, Boiss.
,, leucanthemifolia, Boiss. et

,, Chia, L.

,, cotula, L.
Chrysanthemum segetum, L.
Senecio vernalis, W.K.
Centaurea cyanoides, Berg et Wahl.

,, spicata, Boiss. .
Lagoseris bifida, Vis.

Thrinciu. tuberosa, L.
Tragopogon longirostre, Bisch.
Scorzcmem mollis, M. B.
Campanula. strigosa, Russ.

,, Rapunculus, L.
Speculnria Speculum, L.
Arbut'ls Andrachne, L.

Erica. verticillata, Forsk.
Primula acaulis, Jacq.
Anagallis arvensis, L.

,, var. Phoenicea, Boiss.

,, var. czerulea, Boiss.
Styrax oflicinale, L.

J asminum fruticans, L.
Phillyrea media, L.

Vincn Lihanotica, Zucc.

N erium Oleander, L.
Cynoglossum pictum, Aft.
Symphytum Palmstinum, Boz'ss.
Anchusa. undulata, Guss.

,, strigosa, Labz'll.
Alkanna macrophylla, Boz'ss. at Ifeltl.
N onnea obtusifolia, IVz‘llcl.
Myosotis hispida, Sch.
Lithospermum arvense, L.
Echium plantugineum, L.
Convolvulus Cantabrica, L.
Hyoscyamus nureus, L.

Verba scum Blanchennum, Boz'ss.
Celsia Orientztlis, L.
Linaria. Chalepensis, L.
Antirrhinum Orontium, L.

,, var. brevifnlium, Post.
Scrophularia Scopolii, Hoppc.
Veronica Anagallis, L.

,, ,, vandenticulata, Post.
,, Syriaca, D. C.
,, cymbalaria. Bozss.

Trixago Apula, Stev.
Eufragia lutifolia, L.
,, viscosa, L.

Phelipen rumosn, L.
Globularin trichosantha, F. ct BI.
Salvia trilobn, L. -

,, bruchyculyx, Boiss.

,, Horminum, L.

 

Stachys annua, L.
,, Arabica, Horn.
Lamium auplexicaule, L.
,, truncatum, Boiss.
Phlomis viscosa, P027.

,, var. lanceolata, Boiss.

Ajuga Orientalis, L.
Chia, Pair.
Plantago major, L.
lanceolata, L.

,, var. altissima, Boiss.

H

,, Cretica, L

,, Psyllium, L.
Polygonum, sp.

Rumex bucephalophorus, L.
Laurus nobilis, L.
Euphorbia tinctoria, Boz'ss.
Celtis Australis, L.
Morus alba, L.
Urtica urens, L.

,, pilulifera, L.
Parietaria oflicinalis, L.

,, J udaica, L.
Cupressus sempervirens, L.
J uniperus Oxycedrus, L.
Cephalanthera ensifolia, Murr.
Orchis papilionacea, L.

GEOGRAPHY 0F SYRIA AND PALESTINE. 35

Orchis lactea, Pair.

,, longicruris, Link.

,, Anatolica, Boiss.
Serapias pseudocordigera, M 1m:
Ophrys lutea, Gav
Iris Sisyrhinchium, L.

,, pseudacoxus, L.

,, Palaestina, Baker.
Gladiolus segetum, Gawl.
Ruscus aculeatus, L.

Allium Orientale, Boiss.
Bellevalia ciliata, Cyr.

,, ,, var. paniculata, Post.

,, trifoliata, Ten.

,, macrobotrys, Boiss.

,, flexuosa, Boiss.
Muscari racemosa, L.
Hyacinthus Orientalis, L.
Puschkinia scillioides, Adams.
Scilla hyacinthoides, L.
Ornithogalum N arbonense, L.

,, montanum, Cy'r.

,, fimbriatum, Wzlld.

,, ,, var. oillatum,
Bozss.

Fritillaria acmopetala, Boiss.
Libanotica, Bozss.

,, Mono, L.

Tulipa. Oculus-Solis, St Am.
,, sancta, L.

Gagea. reticulata, Pall.

VI. Lebanon and Antilebanonr—These majestic mountains
form the most commanding feature in the physical geography
of Syria, and are better known botanically than any other
portion of the country, except the Littoral. They have been
perseveringly explored by Labillardiére, Boissier, Blanche,
the author, and his pupils in the Syrian Protestant College.
They are easily acCessible, and a botanist can find in most
parts of Lebanon, and in many of Antilebanon, tolerably
comfortable quarters in the native villages.

The northernmost range of Lebanon is known as Jebel
’Akkar, and at its summit is a bold. escarpment 2,000 feet
high, facing to the west, and overlooking the fertile plain of
’Akkar. Its highest peaks are but little lower than the more
visited summits of Makmel above the cedars. Its botany is
far less explored than that of the remainder of Lebanon.
Along its eastern flank, and in some of its sheltered ravines,
it is somewhat densely wooded. Its more thorough study
will doubtless multiply the number of the already rich Lebanon
flora. South of this range is that of Makmel, with its sister
peaks of the Dhohr-el-Qodhib, the most truly alpine summits
of the chain. These rise to a height of over 10,000 feet.

36 DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL

Their surface is for the most part rounded or conical, and
they rise from a plateau or tableland about 9,000 feet above
the sea. At the latitude of the cedars, the range of Makmel
breaks down into a ridge about 7,000 feet above the sea.
This ridge runs southward about thirty miles to J ebel Sunnin,
a pyramidal peak 8,500 feet above the Mediterranean. The
top of this peak is truncated, with a triangular surface, having
three nearly equal sides, each about three miles long. This
surface is broken and hollowed into funnel-shaped excavations,
from 500 to 1,000 feet broad at top, and from 200 to 500 feet
deep. In these excavations the snowdrifts are deep enough
to last all through the summer and autumn, so that Sunnin is
never without snow. South of Sunnin is another depression
of the main chain of Lebanon, to a height of 6,000 feet, then
a cathedral-shaped peak 7,500 feet high, known as Jebel
Keniseh (the Church Mountain), then a depression again to
about 6,000 feet, a height which is maintained for about
twenty-five miles; then a saddle-back double peak, Taumat-
Niha (the Twins of Niha), about 6,500 feet high ; after which
the chain of Lebanon sinks gradually through the range of
Jebel Rihan until it ends opposite the Qal’at-esh Shuqif
(Castle of Belfort).

Antilebanon, separated from Lebanon by the Valley of
Coele-Syria, begins opposite the northern end of Lebanon,
and runs most of its course as a sub-alpine chain, about 6,000
to 7,000 feet high, until, at its southern extremity, it rises to
the only true alpine peak of Hermon, variously estimated at
from 9,500 to 10,500 feet high.

The great diversity of surface of these chains, the lofty
height of so large a part of their mass, their north and south
course, the different meteorological conditions of their seaward
and landward slopes, and their isolation on all sides, give a
special character of the highest interest to the Lebanon and
Antilebanon flora. The list of pecular plants is a long one. .
Doubtless it will be diminished as the botany of Northern
Syria is better known, but it will still remain one of striking
peculiarities and interest.

Lebanon and Antilebanon were once heavily wooded. The
many allusions in Scripture indicate that, at least as late as
the time of Isaiah, Lebanon was a forest-clothed range. Of
its cedar-forests only a few groves remain. They are as
follows. The northernmost thus far noted is that of Besherri,
the famous “Cedars 0f the Lord,” with about 450 trees.
A few miles south of this are the forests of the Maronite
Patriarch at El-Hadeth. Farther south are groves at ’Ain
Zehaltah, Barfik, and Me’z‘isir. Cedars have not been noted on

 

GEOGRAPHY or SYRIA AND PALESTINE. 37

Antilebanon. It would not be strange if they should yet be
found. Of other forest trees, the cypress, Quercus Lusitanica,
me.; Q. Cerris, L.; Q. Libani, 00522.,- Q. coccifera, L.,- Pinus
Halepensis, Mill; Acer Monspessalanum, L. ; A. Syriacum,
Boiss. et Gaill.; Pistacia Terebinthus, L., with its variety
Palestina; J uniperus excelsa, M .B. ,- J. drupacea, Lab. ,- Prunus
ursina, Ky., are common. Pinus Pinea, L., is cultivated in
open groves, rarely in dense forests, over a large portion of
the outcropping sandstone spurs of Lebanon, from an elevation
varying from the base to 4,500 feet. It is little, if at all,
cultivated in Antilebanon, seeming not to thrive far from the
sea. Ceratonia Siliqua, L., is scattered here and there over
the lower slopes. But the term “forest,” in the sense of a
continuous, dense growth of trees, covering large tracts of
country, can hardly be applied to the tree growth of Lebanon,
and only to that of a few places on the eastern flanks of
Antilebanon.‘ Isolated trees of Quercus coccifera, L., usually
planted near tombs of Moslem, or Druze, or N usairy, or
Mutawaly sheiks, often attain imposing proportions, and
stand out in bold relief on the mountain peaks, and on the
flanks of the ravines.

Of cultivated trees, the olive, the mulberry, and the fig
cover a large part of the slopes of Lebanon from its base to
a height of 3,000 to 5,000 feet. Silk culture forms one of
the principal branches of industry. Wheat and barley are
cultivated to a height of 6,000 feet. On the higher levels
they are sown in autumn, sprout immediately, are then covered
with snow, which kills the tops; but as soon as the snow melts
they grow rapidly and vigorously in the moist soil, and produce
strong stalks and fine grain.

But for terracing, a large part of Lebanon and Antilebanon
would be naked rock. Under the good government guaranteed
by the European powers, this process is extending from year
to year. If applied to the higher levels, which could thus be
utilised for forest—culture, the ancient character of this range
could be restored with vast advantage to the climate of the
whole Levant.

A complete list of all the plants found in the chain would
greatly exceed the limits of this article, and include a large
part of the flora of Syria. I will confine myself to a list of
plants not hitherto observed elsewhere, so far as known to the
writer :—

Ranunculus Pinardi, 301193., Antilebanon. _
Papaver Libanoticum, 30655., Lebanon and Antllebanon.
Aubrietia Libanotica, B0iss., Lebanon.

38

DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL

Draba oxycarpa, Boise, Lebanon.
,, vesicaria, Dose, Lebanon.
Viola Libanotica, Boise, Lebanon.
Silene Makmeliana, Boise, Lebanon.
,, grisea, Boise, Lebanon,
Alsine rupestris, Labill., Lebanon and Hermon.
Arenaria Libanotica, Ky, Lebanon.
Astragalus hirsutissimua, 110., Lebanon.

,, Cedreti, Boise, Lebanon. \

,, emarginatus, LabilL, Lebanon and Hermon.

,, Antilibani, Bunge, Antilebanon.

,, coluteoides, Willi, Lebanon and Antilebanon.

,, Hermoneus, Boise, Lebanon and Antilebanon.
Vicia canescens, LabzlL, Lebanon.
Rosa Schergiana, Boise, Antilebanon.
Potentilla Libanotica, Boise, Lebanon.
Poterium compactum, Boise, Lebanon.
Buplevrum Libanoticum, Boise et BL, Lebanon.
,, irregulare, Boise et Ky., Lebanon.
Prangos Hermonis, Boise, Antilebanon.
Pimpinella depauperbata, Post, Lebanon.
Ferula Hermonis, Boise, Lebanon.

Eerulago frigid-a, Boise, Alpine Lebanon and Antilebanon.

Galiuni Pestalozzae, Boise, Subalpine Lebanon.

,, Ehrenbergii, Boise, Subalpine Lebanon.

,, jungermannioides, Boise , Snbalpine Lebanon.
Helichrysuln Billardieri, Boise ct BL, Lebanon.
Cousinia Libanotica, D.C., Lebanon.
Oirsiuin phyllocephalum, Boise st BL, Lebanon.
J nrinea stzehelina, l).C'., Lebanon and Antilebanon.
Phanopappus Libanoticus, Boise, Lebanon and Antilebanon.
Centaurea hololeuca, Boise, Lebanon.
Leontodon Libanoticum, Boiss, Lebanon.
Scorzonera Libanotica, Boise, Lebanon.

,, Mackmeliana, Boise, Alpine Lebanon and Antilebanon.

Crepis robertioides, Boise, Alpine Lebanon and Antilebanon.

,, pterothecoides, Boise, Antilebanon.
Hieraciunl Lib-anoticuxn, Boise, et BL, Subalpine Lebanon.
Campanula trichopoda, Boise, Subalpine Lebanon.
Convolvulus Libanoticus, Boise, Lebanon and Antilebanon.
Verbascum Cedreti, Boise, Lebanon and Antilebanon.
Veronica bombycina, Boise at Ky., Alpine Lebanon.
Origanum Libanoticum, Boise, Lebanon.

,, Ehrenberqii, Boise, Lebanon.
0 n ‘ . - j I
Micromerla, nummularlzefoha, Bozse, Lebanon and Hermon.
,, Libanotica, Bozse, Alplne Lebanon.

Marrubium Libanoticum, Boise, Lebanon and Antilebanon.
Stachys Ehrenbergii, Boise, Lebanon.
Phlomis brevilabris, Elm, Lebanon and Antilebanon.

,, chrysophylla, Boise, Lebanon and Antilebanon.
Acantholimon, Libanoticum, Boise, Lebanon and Antilebanon.
Polygonuin Libani, Boise Lebanon and Antilebanon.

Thesium Libanoticum, Boise, Alpine Lebanon.

Euphorbia erinacea, Boise ct Ky., Alpine Antilebanon.
,, caudiculosa, Boise, Alpine Lebanon.

Colehicum Libanoticum, Elna, Alpine Lebanon.

 

GEOGRAPHY OF SYRIA AND PALESTINE. 39

Tulipa Lownei, Baker, Lebanon and Antilebanon.
Ornithogalum Libanoticum, Boiss. et BL, Lebanon.
Allium Schergianum, Boise, Antilebanon.

,, Zebedanense, Boiss. at Noc., Antilebanon.

A botanist ascending Lebanon from the seacoast plain
passes in many places through plantations of Pinus Pinea, L.,
and native groves of P. Halepensis, Mill., and scrubs of Quercus
coccifera, L. He will note at an elevation of 1,000 feet
Erica verticillata, Forsk., which flourishes especially on the
red sandstone which crops out occasionally from the lime-
stone; Cistus villosus, L., and C. salviaefolius, L. At a
height of 4,000 feet he will encounter Centranthus longi-
florus, Stem, and Sambucus Ebulus, L. ,From this level the
flora begins to be sub-alpine, comprising such plants as
Eryngium Billardieri, Lar.‘; Rhododendrum Ponticum, L. ;
and Cedrus Libani, L. It is not until the alpine region is
reached, however, that the peculiarities of Lebanon appear.
On these rounded, naked summits are innumerable hemi-
spherical clumps of Acantholimon Libanoticum, Boise,
several excessively thorny erinaceous species of Astragalus,
and Onobrychis cornuta, L. On the surface of the rocks
are patches of Cerasus prostrata, Labill., and Cotoneaster
nummularia, F. at M., both intricately branched shrubs. In
the patches of soil among the rocks are herbaceous
perennials, such as Heracleum humile, Flor. Gram, Nepeta
Cilicica, Boissd and in crevices and caves Asplenium Buta-
Muraria, L. ; A. Bourgeei, Boise. ,- and Cystopteris fragilis, L.
On the gravelly hillsides are found Pisum formosum,
Stein, Erodium trichomanefolium, L’Her., and Astragalus
trichopterus, Boise. After a few minutes collecting the
portfolio of the botanist is full of rare and most interesting
species, many not elsewhere found.

VII. The Table-lands of Palestine, east and west of the
Jordan, are about 2,500 feet above the Mediterranean. The
climate is considerably cooler than that of the semi-tropical
maritime 'plain, and the rainfall in winter“ is abundant.
There is a general resemblance between the flora east and
west of the Jordan, but that of the former shades off gradu-
ally into that of the central and northern plains. Thus in
rising from the maritime plain to the hill country of Palestine
one encounters the plants of the coast range of Lebanon. At
the summit he finds a flora closely resembling that of the
middle zone of Lebanon. Soon after crossing the watershed
and descending towards the Ghor, the flora assumes the
desert type, which increases as one descends into the trough

40 DR. POST ON THE BOTANICAL

of the Dead Sea. Thus there is a very strong contrast
between the eastern and western slopes of the Palestine hills.
On the other hand, on rising from the Jordan valley up the
hills of Moab and Gilead, the botanist soon begins to
encounter the familiar plants of the western slopes of Palestine
and Lebanon.

Western Palestine has few trees and almost no forests.
Eastern Palestine, on the contrary, has some forests, espe-
cially in Gilead. There is a considerable grove of Arbutus
Andrachne, L., on the northern slope of Jebel Hosha, and
there are shady forests of oak, pine, and terebinth in many
of the wadis which debouche into the Jordan Valley. So
closely are the botanical characteristics of the uplands of
western Palestine allied to those of the lower and middle
zone of Lebanon that there are almostno plants peculiar to
this region. East of the Jordan in Moab and Gilead the

following plants were found by the author in the spring of
1886 :—

[Ethionema Gileadense, Post. Trichodesma Boissieri, Post.

Anthriscus laticarpa, Post. Scrophularia Gileadense, Post.
Hypochzeris altissima, Post.

VIII. The Trough of the Jordan and Dead Sew—The flora
of the mountain flanks on either side of this great cleft changes
at the sea level, which is about half-way down their sides at
the latitude of Jericho and three quarters at Tiberias. Above
this level the plants are those of the middle mountain zone,
while below it they approximate more and more to the desert
types. In going down from Jerusalem to Jericho or from
Bethlehem to the Dead Sea the change on the former route is
noted at Khan Hatrfir (the inn Where the Good Samaritan left
the wounded man), and on the latter above Mar. Saba. The
first of the characteristic plants met with IS Statice Thoujni,
Viv. ,- then Atriplex Palestinum, Boiss. ,- Matthiola oxyceras,
D.0. ; and, as we descend deeper into the torrid valley,
Gymnocarpum fruticosum, Pers.; Haplophyllum longifolium,
Boise. ,- Gypsophila Rokejeka, Del. ,- Allium Hierochuntinum,
Bots-3.,- and Zygophyllum dumosum, B01733. To the present
time the following species have been found only in this
valley :—

Tamarix Jordanis, Boz‘ss. Verbascum Tiberiadis, Boiss.
Umbilicus lineatus, Boiss. Asparagus Palestinus, Baker.
Daucus J ordanicus, Post. ,, Lownei, Baker.

Psammogetou microcarpum, Post.

There are, however, a number of striking species which
are peculiar to this cleft as far as our district is concerned,

GEOGRAPHY or SYRIA AND PALESTINE. 41

such as Balanites ZEgyptiaca, Dal; Solanum coagulans, Farsi: ;
Ualotropis procera, "7731.141. ; Loranthus Acacize,Zurc.; Boerhaavia
plumbaginea, Cue. ; Periploca aphylla, Dem,- Popnlus Euphm
ratica, 01230.,- besides a considerable number of herbaceous
plants, in all about twenty-five species.

The fringe of trees along the Jordan is principally composed
of Populus Euphratica, Olin, several Salices, and Tamarix
Jordanis, Boiss., and T. Pallasii, Base. The most numerous
of all the trees of the plain about Jericho is the Zizyphus
Spina-Christi, L. The flora of the deep valleys Which drain
the table—lands on either side of the Jordan is quite of the
desert type. For example, about Callirrlioé are found Aizoon
Canariense, L.; Moringa aptera, Gaesfn.; Pentatropis spiralis,
.Fm'sk. ,- Daamia cordata, R. Br. ; Fagonia glutinosa, Del. ,-
Cleome trinervia, Fresen.; Trichodesma Africauum, L. From
these valleys the transition is easy to—

IX. The Deserts—The surface of these deserts is extremely
varied, and the substratum not less so. In some places there
is nothing but hot, barren rocks, and yet even from these
spring many interesting plants, such as H elianthemum
Kahiricum, Del. ,- Chenolea Arabica, Boiss. ; Moricandia
dumosa, Boiss. ,- Reaumuria Palestina, Boiss. ; Boucerosia
Aaronis, Hart. (peculiar, so far as yet known, to Mount Seir);
Capparis spinosa, L. In other places Where the soil is sandy
or gravelly, as at the bottom of the wadis, there is a host of
annuals, such as N igella deserti, Boiss. ; Notoceras Canariense,
R. Br. ; Anastatica Hierochuntinum, L. ; Hippocrepis corni—
gera, Boiss. ; Linaria macilenta, Decaisn.; L. Hzelava, FUTS‘IG. ,-
Atriplex dimorphostegium, Km. et Kir. ; Kochia latifolia,
Fresen. ; K. muricata, L. The majority, however, of the
desert plants are perennial herbs or shrubs, as Farsetia ovalis,
Buiss. ; Reseda muricata, Presl. ; and R. pruinosa, Del. ; several
species of Zygophyllum and Fagonia; Nitraria tridentata,
Desf., the Gharqod of the Arabs; Astragalus Sieberi, Del.;
Acacia Seyal, Del. ; Lithospermum callcsum, Vahl. ; Phelipea
lutea,De.s:f. ; and Ph. tubulosa, Schenk. ; Statice pruinosa, L. ;
Atriplex Palestinum, B02733. ; and Ephedra alata, Decaz'sne.

The following species have their centre of dispersion in or
not far from the Tih, although all are not Wholly confined to
our deserts :—

Delphinium deserti, Boiss. Koniga Arabica, Boiss.

,, anei, Dec. Isatis microcarpa, J. Gay.
Glaucium Ambicum, Fres. Moricandia duinosa, Boiss.
M orettia canescens, Boiss. Schimpera Arabica, H.
Nasturtiopsis Arabica, Boiss. Dianthus J udaicus, Boise.
lIussonia uncata, Boiss. Reaumuria Palestina, Boiss.

42 ' DR. rosr ON THE BOTANICAL

Moringa aptera, Gum-tn. Salsola tetragona, Del.

Crucianella membmnacea, Boiss. ,, . lancifolia, Boiss.

Scabiosa eremophila, Boiss. Ephedra Alto, 0. A. M.
,, arenaria, Forslc. Iris Helenze, W. Barb.

Anthemis microsperma, Boiss. Pancratium Sickenbergeri, A sch. et
,, melanopodina, Del. at G. Schwciwf.

Chamaemelum auriculatum, Boz'ss. Allium Sinaiticum, Boiss.

Brocchia cinerea, Del.

. . ' ,, modestum, Boiss.
Artemlsm J udalca, L.

,, hirsutum. Zucc.

Atractylis prolifera, Boiss. ,, Rothii, Zucc.
Centaurea ammocyanus, Boz'ss. Mnscari longipes, Boiss.
Carduncellus eriocephalus, Boiss. Trisetnm glumaceum, Bowlss.
Leontodon Arabicum, Boz'ss. Avena Wiestii, Stead.

lrepis Arabica, Boiss. Boissiera bromoides, Hochst.
Pentatropis spiralis, Forsk. . anpia pectinella, Dal.
Boucerosia Aaronis, Hart. Sclerochloa dichotoma, Forsk.

Traganum nudatum, Del.

The following plants are peculiar to the as yet almost un-
known. Syrian Desert, which is, however, more to be regarded
as an extension of the great plains than a proper desert :—

Reaumuria Billardieri, Jarub. ct Sp.
Haplophyllum Blanchei, Boiss.

Trigonella Blanchei, Boz'ss.

Astragalus ancistrocarpus, Bofss. at Haws/c.
'Ferula Blanchei, Boz'ss.

Picris Blancheana, Boiss.

Scleropoa procumbens, Curt.

X.—’I’Izc Great Plains of Coele-Syria, Hauran, Damascus,
Aleppo, and Aintfib are extensive prairies, often broken by
ranges of hills or isolated eminences. On these breezy
uplands grow a great number of species not found in the
mountain, coast, or desert regions, but having a wide range
to the eastward, which the journeys of successive travellers
are ever extending. These plains are in many places exceed-
ingly fertile, and once supported a teeming population, as is
testified by the ruined cities of Haur‘an and the vast territory
to the north-east of Aleppo.

The most characteristic genus of these plains is Astragalus,
with a list of about thirty species. After it come Verbaseum
and Phlomis.

The following list of plants thus far found only in these
plains, but in many cases doubtless found also in the Syrian
Desert, which shades ofl' into them by imperceptible lines.
The peculiar genera are in italics :—

Malcolmia Anranitica, Post. Habrosia spinuliflora, Ber.
(712.7‘3/suchamcla velutinn, l). U. Hypericum retusum, Aueh.
Brassica Aintabensis, Post. Erodnun Gaillardoti, Bows.

Isatis cochlearia Boiss.‘ F agonia Olivieri, l).(}.

 

GEOGRAPHY 01‘ SYRIA AND PALESTINE. 43

Haplop‘ayllum fruticulosum, Labill;
,, villosulum, Boiss at
Haussk.
Medicagq Shepardi, Post.
Trifolium Aintabense,
Haussk.
Psoralea Jaubertiana, Fenzl.
Ast-ravgrilus triradiatus, Bye.

Boa'ss. e:

,, pauciflora, Post.

,, Damascenus, Boiss. et
Gail].

,, aulacolobus, B01193.

,, conduplicatus, Best.

, Dorcocems, Bye.

,, chrysophyllus, Boiss.

,, Rousseanus, B01733.

,, lepidanthus, Boz'ss.

,, Aintabicus Boiss.

,, deinacanthus, Boiss.

,, dipodurus, Bge.

,, oxyphyllus, Boc'ss. ct
Haussk.

,, Russelii, Boiss.

,, Oocephalus, Boz'ss

Trachoniticus, Post.
Hedysarum atomarium, Bozss.
Unobry Chis meganaphros, Boiss.

,, galegii’olia, B0185.
Vicia. mollis, Boiss. et Haussk.

,, Aintabensis, Boiss. et Haussk.
(Incumis trigonus, Roeb.
Actinolema eryngiodes, Fenzl.
(mum polyphyllum, Boiss. et Bl.

,, brachyactis, Post.

,, nudum, Post.
Conandrum tordylioides, Boz'ss.
Uniladonia Aurauiticay, Post.
Suiyrniopsis cacln‘oides, Boiss.

F erulago Aumnibica, Post.
Ferulago Truchoniticn, Post.
Galium Syriacnm, Boiss.‘

,, bractearum, Boiss.
JIericm-pwa vaillaunimdes, Boz'ss.
Achilluea membranacm, Labill.

,, oli-rocephula, 1). C'.

Anthemis Haussknechtii, Boiss. et
Bul.

,, Dumas-ma, Boz'ss. et
Guill.

Uhumazmclum grandiflorum, B0155.
_ at Haussk.
Dlpterocome pusilla, F. et AI.

Echinops Blancheana, Boiss.
Cousinia. Aleppica, Boiss.
,, Aintabensis,
Haussk.
Centaurea. laxa, Boiss. et Haussk
,, thrinciaefolia. D. C.
,, Onopordifolia, B0153.
,, polycephala, Post.
,, Trachonitica, Post.
Postii, Boiss
Zoegeh leptaurea, L.
Garhadiolus hamosus, Boiss. at Bl.
Picris Kotsch‘yi, Bozss.
Scorzonera Kotschyi, Boiss.
Trachelium Postii, Boiss.
Convolvulus scachydlfolius, Clwz'sy.
Verbascum simplex, Labill.

Boz'ss. et

,, Syriacum, Schrad.

,, pnychophyllum, Boz'ss.
,, Damascenum, Boz'ss.
,, Germaniciae, Haussk.

,, Aleppense, Benth.
Liumia. D1m11s0ena,Boiss. at Gaill.
Scrophulnria scariosa, Boiss.

,, tagetifulia, Boiss. et

flayussk.

Zizyphom acutifolia, Montb. et Auch.
N epeta, cryptantha, Boiss. et Haussk.

,, bhepardi, Post.

,, Trachonitica, Post.
St whys satureoides,M011tb. etAuch
Lumiiim Aleppicu111,Boiss. et

Haussk.

Teucrium Auraniticum, Post.

Pulygonum Aleppicum, Boiss. et
Haussk.
Euphorbia Chesneyi, Kl. et Gike.
,, Postii, Boiss.

Biarum Russelianum, Schott.
Arum melanopua, Boz'ss.
Iris fumosa, Boiss. et Haussk.
Uolchicum fasciculare, L.
,, bracllyphyllum, Boiss. 65
H 11/115515.

[These two species are probably
one, and identical with C. Ritchii, in
which case they are not peculiar to
this region]

Allium Noéanum, Rent.
Bellevaliu densiflora, Boiss.
Asphodeline Dainascenu, 11025:

Besides the above list; of plants thus fa1 peculiai to these
plains, the follmvimr plants, although found faibher east and
north, ale highlv chzuflactelistic: ——

\i)‘ a‘

s.

44 on. rosr ON THE BOTANICAL

Delphinium Cappadocicum, Boiss. ' Onnbrychis Gaillardoti, Boz'ss.

bterigma sulphnreum, Russ. Lathyrus chrysanthus, Boiss.
Crambe ()rientalis, L. Asperula Urientalis. 30583. et Holt.
l lleonie ornithopodoides, L. Postia lanuginosa, D. C'.
Trigonella Aleppica,Boiss. at Haussk. ,, microcephala, Boiss.
Astragalus Aleppieus, Boe'ss. Aeantholopis Orientalis, L.

,, Echinops, Boiss. Phelipea salsa, C. A. RI.
Onobrychis Kotscuyana, Fenzl. Bellevalia nervosa, Bert. ‘

The isolated range of Jebel-ed-Durfiz might almost be
erected into an eleventh botanical subdivision of the lands
which form the subject of this article. This range, which was
called by the Romans Alsadamus, and by the Hebrews the Hills
of Bashan, is one of the most remarkable geological features of
Syria. Set back forty miles from the main chain which bounds
the great longitudinal cleft to the east, it differs from the other
mountains in that it is volcanic in origin. Jebel-Quléb, the
highest peak, 5,400 feet above the sea, is a long extinct
crater, with its steep cone still formed of pumice. El—Jawalil,
the next in height, is not crater-like, but is none the less
volcanic. Tel-Shihan, at the eastern angle of the Leja, is
one of several craters, formed of pumice and lava, the im-
mense stream of which has. flowed across the plain, and
formed the strange sea, amid the solid waves of which are
the crevasses and caverns in which the rebellious Druzes
have often been able to defy the military power of Turkey.
The black basalt, which is scattered freely over the plain, and
of which the solid stone doors and windows of the giant
cities of Bashan are formed, extends more or less northward
to Aleppo. Doubtless the whole of the region from Callirrhoé to
Aleppo was once a seat of volcanic disturbance and erup-
tions. In this respect it is in striking contrast with the
regions west of the Jordan, and Cele—Syria, and the valley
of the Orontes. Only at Sat'ed, at the base of Cassius, about
Antioch, and in portions of the Anianus chain is there
evidence of volcanic disturbance, and that of the highest
antiquity. Nevertheless, the periodical earthquakes at
Safed, liattakia, and Antioch show that some vestiges of
subterranean activity are still at work.

The flora of the Hauran Mountains and the continuous
ranges of hills to the north and south is as little explored as
that of the surrounding plain. Nevertheless, it is certain that
the woods which once covered the higher regions of these hills
are all cut down. A scanty fringe of l'istacia terebinthus, L.,
only remains on the cone of Jebel-Quleb. There are, how-
ever, extensive oak scrubs along the western foot of the range.
Of the herbaceous flora, in addition to other peeulia of the
trans-Jordanie region, the writer noted Thalictrum isopy-

\

GEOGRAPHY or SYRIA AND PALESTINE. 45

roides, 0. A. 17., and Anthriscus nemorosa, M. B., on the
northern declivity of the cone of Jebel—Quléb. These plants
have not before been observed in Syria. He also observed
an immature Dianthus, perhaps D. libanotis, Labill. The
summit of El-Jawalil, is almost totally bare of vegetation.
Two new species, Trifolium Alsadami, Pas-hand Alopecurus
involucratus, Post, were discovered near the base of Jebel-
Quléb, and Verbascum Qulebicum, Post, near its summit.

In closing this article it may not be amiss to allude to the
range and number of plants cultivated with ease in the open
air in Syria and Palestine. Nigella arvensis, L., is raised
from the black seeds which are known as the El-Habbat-es-
sauda (the black seed), or Habbat-el-Barakat (the seed of
blessing). These seeds are sprinkled over the surface of the
flat loaves of bread. They are the fitches of Is. xxviii. 25, 27.
Paeonies grow wild in the northern mountains. The opium 4
poppy, Papaver somniferum, L., is common in cultivation, "
though opium is not made in Syria. The capsules are used
in making sedative infusions. Of crucifers we have black
and white mustard, cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, cresses, and
radishes.

Flax, rue, sorrel, and Cactus Ficus-Indica grow wild. The
vine, with an endless variety of fruits, is universal, even to
a hei ht of 6,000 feet above the sea. There are ma 1e, _ .
tamarfisk, terebinth, Schoenus, Pride of India, and jujipibeii/lflfiz!m
trees. The lemon, orange, and Citron are cultivated every-
where along the coast from Tripoli southward.

Of Leguminosae the number of cultivated plants is very
large,—lupine, beans, horse-beans, peas, lentiles, Cicer
arietinum, mash (a species of Phaseolus), carob-trees, acacia
(the Shittim of Scripture), and the locust, the latter
introduced.

Of Rosaceous plants, the strawberry, blackberry, peach,
plum, almond, apricot, nectarine, apple, quince, medlar, and
Photinia J aponica, all flourish. Syria is pre-eminently a rose
country, most cultivated varieties attaining an excellent
development.

Of Grossulaceaa there are none which succeed well in this
land, although gooseberries and currants have been cultivated.

The pomegranate is indigenous in the north, and the myrtle =
everywhere. Eucalypti flourish in marshy ground. Water-
melons, musk-melons, squash, pumpkins, and cucumbers all/MA/IC
reach a fine development.

Of Umbellifera), the coriander, dill, fennel, caraway, anise,
celery, parsley, parsnip, and carrot either grow wild or flourish
under cultivation.

p 46 DR. ros'r ON THE BOTANY or SYRIA.

Valerian grows wild, as also carthamus, chicory, and
lettuce of several kinds, and artichokes are cultivated.

Of Solanaceous plants the potato, tobacco, tomato, and
egg-plant are cultivated, and henbane and nightshade grow
wild.

The sesame forms a considerable part of the produce of
the plains.

The olive flourishes everywhere, and yields a considerable
part of the wealth of the country. Figs, sycamores,
mulberries, hemp, and the ramié (Chinese silk) plant all
flourish. The plane tree, the walnut, the edible pine, and a
considerable variety of oaks, the hornbeam, and the beech
are abundant, the latter two especially in Northern Syria.
The castor-oil plant is almost universal.

Of Monocotyledons the palm, the banana, many liliaceous
flowers, the Colocasia antiquorum, Schott (which is cultivated
in marshy ground), many kinds of iris, tulip, and crocus
flourish in appropriate situations. .

Grass is not cultivated for hay, except on the farm of the
Damascus ‘Road Company at Shetoorah, in Code-Syria.
Nevertheless, the success of this company, which makes the
hay there raised a considerable part of the food of its large
number of horses and mules, warrants the belief that hay
could be made one of the staples of Syria.

Maize, wheat, barley, sorghum, and sugar-cane are staples.
The papyrus is now confined to the Hfileh, and perhaps to the
marshes of the Kishon. Arundo Donax and Saccharum
Egyptiacum, the gigantic grasses of the country, are put
to numerous uses. They are everywhere cultivated as hedge

lants.

p In conclusion, although this list is illustrative, but by no
means exhaustive, it will be seen from the foregoing sketch,
that the variety of the flora of Syria and Palestine corre-
sponds with its central situation and diversity of soil,
climate, and surface, and the extreme inequality of the
meteorological conditions of its different though not distant
regions. It will not escape the thoughtful observer of these
facts, that the microcosm selected for the development of the
chosen people and the revelation of the Word was thus
eminently suited to be the physical basis of the world-
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O z e -e cs .
JOURNAL OF TRANSACTIONS.
VOL. XVIII.
69. On Misrepresentations of Christianity. By Lord O’NEILL (the late).

70.

71

72.

73.

74.

Science not Opposed to Revelation. By J. L. PORTER, D.1)., LL.D., Pres. Queen’s Coll.

Recent Egyptological Research in its Biblical Relation. By the Rev. H. G; TOMKINS.

Cuneiform Inscriptions as illustrative of the times of the Jewish Captivity. By W. ST.
CHAD BOSCAWEN, F. R. Hist. Soc.

N ebuchadnczzar, King of Babylon—On Recently Discovered Inscriptions of this King. By
E. A. BUDGE, M.A., M.R.A.S.

Buddhism. By Rev. R. COLLINS. Remarks by Dr. LEITNER (Lahore), Professor RHYS
DAVIDS, Mr. RASSAM, Rev. S. COLES (Ceylon), &c. Also a Full Note on Krishna.

Pessimism. By (the late) W. P. JAMES, Esq.

On the Prehistoric Factory of Flints at Spiennes. By Rev. J. MAGENS MELLO, F.G.S.

The Evolution of the Pearly Nautilus. By S. R. PATTISON, Esq., F. G.S.

On “Prehistoric Man in Egypt and the Lebanon.” By Sir J. W. DAWSON, K.C.M.G.,
F.R.S., McGill University, Montreal. Remarks by Professors W. WARINGTON SMYTH,
F.R.S., W. BOYD DAWKINS, F.R.S., T. RUPERT JONES, F. R.S., T. WILTSHIRE, F.G.S.,
Colonel HERSCHEL, F.R.S., Dr. RAE, F.R.S.

VOL. XIX.
0n the Inductive Logic. By Prof. R. L. DABNEY, D.D., LL.D. Speeches by Sir H.
BABKLY, K.C.B., G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Sir J. LEFROY, K.C‘.M.G., F.R.S., am.
On Evolution by Natural Selection. J. HASSELL, Esq.
Remarks on Evolution by Professor VIRCHOW.
On the Recency of the Close of the Glacial Epoch. By D. MACKINTOSH, Esq., F.G.S.
Communications from Prof. T. RUPERT JONES, F. R.S., and others.

On the recession Of N lagara (with the United States Government Survey Diagrams).

"It" .1

THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE .

    

 

On the Religion of the Aboriginal Tribes of India. By ProfessorJ. AVERY. Remarksby :3
General H are, Mr. H. RASSAM, and others. .

On the Evolution of Savages by Degradation. Rev. F. A. ALLEN, M. A.

Some Thoughts on the Evolution of Religions. By Rev. W. R. BLACKE'I‘T, M. A. .

0n the Relation of Fossil Botany to Theories of Evolution. By late W. P. JAMES, F. L. S .1
Remarks by Sir R. OWEN, F. R. 8., Prof. W. CARRUTHERS, F. R. 8., Dr. J. Ban'roN I:
HIOKs, F. R S., &c.

75- Was Primeval Man a Savage? By J. HASSELL, Esq.

1 Remarks on Evolution and Development. By Rev. J. WHITE, M. A.

On' Some Characteristics of Primitive Religions. By Rev. R. COLLINS, M.A.

KHuman Responsibility. By Rev. G. BLENCOWE.

‘1:

76. On the Worship and Traditions of the Aborigines of America. By Rev. M. EELLS, M.A. 3
Remarks by Professor J. O. DORSEY, U.S .Survey. 2 ‘

Note on Comparative Religions.

. VOL. XX.

77. Special Address by the Institute’s President, Professor G. G. STOKES, M. A., D. C. L. ., ,,
President of the Royal Society.
Egypt: Physical, Historical, Literary, and Social By J. LESLIE PORTER, D.D., D.C.L., .
President of Queen’ s College, Belfast. Remarks by the Earl of BELMORE, Right Hon.
A. S. AYRTON (the late), 8113.
On the Theory of Natural Selection and the Theory of Design, By Professor DUNS, D. D. ,
, F.R.S.E. Remarks by Right Hon. Lord GRIMTHORPE, &c.
78. On Agnosticism. By J. HASSELL, Esq.
On the Structure of the Gorilla. By‘ E. CIIARLESWORTH, Esq., F. GS. ; with illustration.
' Notes on the Antiquity of Man. By the EDITOR. The Chronology of Animal Life on the
Earth prior to the Advent of Man. By Sir J. WILLIAM DAWSON, K. C. M. G., F. R. S. ., .
President of the British Association.
Histoiical Evidences of the Migration of Abram By W. ST. C. BOSCAWEN F. R Hist. Soc.
with drawings. Notes by Professor SAYCE, F. R. S. E. A. W. BUDGE, Esq. ., &c.
A Samoan Tradition of Creation. By Rev. T. POWELL, F.L.S. ; Notes on the Islands.
79. The Fundamental Assumptions of Agnosticism. By Rev. H. J. CLARKE.
On Miracles. By Rev. H. C. M. WATSON. Remarks by Lord GRIMTHORI’E, &c.
On Accounts of the Creation. By W. P. JAMES, Esq.L F. LS . (the late).
80. On Final Cause. By Professor R L. DABNE Y, D 1)., ' g
011 Structure and Structureless. By Prof. LIONEL S. BEALE, M. B, F. R. S. -
011 the Meteorology of Syria and Palestlne. ByF Professor G. E. 1’0ng F. L. S‘. (with chart)”
Remarks by Sir JOSEPH FAYRER, K. C. S. I, RS., No.
On the Geographical Names on the List of Thothmes III. Bv Professor G. MASPERO ’
(with map). Remarks by Sir CHARLES WILSON, K. C 8., K. C. M. G., F. R. 8., Captain ~
C. R. CONDER, R. E. Dr. WRIGHT, Ste. Note on Excavations round the Sphinx. By:
Prof. MASPERO.

t

"5n

‘1‘

VOL. XXL—488718.

51. Results of an Expedition to Arabia Petreea and Palestine (with chart). By Professor E.
HULL, F. R. S. Director of the Geological Sui vey of Ireland.

Jewish, Phoenician, and Eaily Greek Ait. By Rev. Dr. PORTER, President, Queen's Col-
lege, Belfast.

82. The Discoveries at Sidon.

The Empire of the Hittites. By Rev. W. VVRIGIIT, D. D. Note on the Hittites.

Canaan, Ancient and Modern. By Professor TRISTR AM, F. R. S.

011 Caves. By Professor T. MCK. HUGHES, F. G. S. (Cambridge), with comments by Sir '
J. W. DAWSON, K. C. M. G., F. R. 8.. Sir VVARING’I‘I)N W. SMY'I‘H, F. R S., and others

Oriental Entomology. By Rev. F. A. WALKER, I). 1)., F. L.S. Notes byS .T. KLEIN, Esq. .,
F.L. S., and others.

Petra. By P10fessor E. HULL, F. R. S. (with chart).

S3. 011 Krishna. By Rev. R. COLLINS, M A. Notes by Sir M. MONIER- WILLIAMS, K. C I. E. ,
Professors MAX MiiLLEn, E. B. COWELL, DOUGLAS, DE L \COUPERIE, D11. LEITNER, and l
Dr.EDEnsHE1211.

The Pedigree of the Coral Reefs of England. By S. R. PATTISON, F. G. S. Remarks by 1
Professor G. G. STOKES, P. R. S.

Practical Optimism. By Canon SAUMAREZ SMITH, B D.

84. T1 aditions of the Aborigines of North America. By Rev. S. D. PEE'I‘ (with illustrations).

0n the Beauty of Nature. By Lmd GRIMTHORPE, with special paper by Rev. .
ARTHUR M. A. 2

Evolution. By Rev. H. J. CLARKE, M. A. Remarks by SirJ. W. DAWSON, K. C. M. G. F. R. S .1

The Jewish Nation and Diseases. Egy tiun Discoveries In 1888. (Library List, 8w. )

Appendices The Sacred Books of th ast. By Sir M. MONIER- WILLIAMS, K.C.I.E.

 

 

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