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MEASVRED - AND - DELINEATED 

JAMES : STVART - F.R.S. AND - F.S.A. 
AND + NICHOLAS - REVETT. 

PAINTERS + AND - ARCHITECTS. 

BY 

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PRINTED : BY - JOHN + NICHOLS - MDCCLXXXVIL 

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To THE PUBLICK. 

IT would be truly unpardonable, if I did not take 
this opportuzity of publicly teftifying my fenfe of the 
great obligations conferred on me, by the numerous 
friends of my late hufband Mr. STUART, in promoting 
the publication of this volume: my own eflorts to that 
end would have proved ineffe¢tual, had I not received 
their affitance. To the gentlemen of the Dilettanti 
Society I am greatly beholden, they having, with the 

utmoft liberality, prefented me with many of the plates, 

neceflary to compleat the volume, from original drawings 

“in their poflefiion. Iam likewife much indebted to Mr. 

William Newton, of Greenwich, for his affiftance by 

generoufly taking a very principal part in the completion 

of this volume, and thereby contributing to give the 
world the colletion of Antiquities, which, without fuch 

united aid, muft have been left in oblivion. 

EL1ZABETH STUART. 

Vor. IL a INTRO- 

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INTRODUCTION 

HE following work having been, by the fudden death of the author, left unfinithed ; and 

his friends judging that it {hould be publifhed without alterations or additions, excepting 
fuch only as were requifite to complete his intention, and for which the materials he left afforded 
authority ; it becomes neceflary to account to the reader for fome deficiences he may obferve, and 
apprife him of what has been done fince Mr. Stuart’s deceafe, that the known accuracy, tafte, and 
claffical knowledge of the able author may not undefervedly be impeached. 

Mr. Stuart, having been very infirm for fome years preceding his death, left his papers in great 
confufion and diforder; many were incomplete, and feveral were miffling. The firft bufinefs 
therefore was to difcover the atrangement, and, when that was obtained, recourfe was had to the 
original {ketch-books, and fuch authentic documents as could be found, in order to complete the 
examples that were unfinithed, and fupply thofe that were wanting. Where thefe authentic ma- 
terials have failed, the deficiency has been left remaining, except that, inftead of fome of the views 
which could not be found, others relative to the {fubjet defcribed have been fubftituted. The 
work is very highly indebted to the liberality of the Society of Dilettanti, who have been at the 
expence of engraving a great number of the plates, from original drawings in their poffeflion. 
Several of the members of the Society have interefted themfelves in promoting the publication of 
this volume, and have contributed to that end much of their time and knowledge. To them, 
therefore, itisin a great meafure owing, that upon the author’s death the work was not entirely 
relinquithed, and the honour and utility of fo valuable a performance loft to the Britith nation. 

The following are fome particulars of which it may be proper the reader {hould be apprifed. 

In the explanation of the Acropolis it has been omitted to note, that the afterifk (¥) in the plan 
marks the place of the little Ionic temple miftaken by Wheler and Spon for the temple of Victory 
Apteros. Mr. Stuart fays, it was probably the temple of Aglauros, and is now intirely demolithed, 
(See chap. V. pages 39 and 40.) 

In the defcription of plate IIL. chap. I. of this volume, it is faid fome triangular holes are 
marked on the architrave. The author probably intended {fo to do, but they are omitted. A re- 
prefentation of fome holes may be feen on the architrave in plate I.; they are however made 
quadrangular, whether by miftake or not, is uncertain. 

In page 12, it is faid, the plates XIV. XV. XVI, XVII. are taken from the northern fide of the 
Parthenon ; but it muft be obferved, that the firft and laft only are from that fide, and the other 
two plates, XV. and XVI. from the fouthern fide. 

The plates XXIX. and XXX. of chap. I. though defcribed in the letter-prefs; were not to be 
found: the firft of the two may be feen in Montfaucon’s Antiquities ; but it is there fo incorrectly 
reprefented, that a copy of it would be a difgrace to this work. Of the latter, all that could be 
found of the drawing for it has been engraved. 

of 

{1 1] 

Of the fecond chapter, the view, plate I. fo particularly defcribed in the letter-prefs, was mif- 
{ing ; its place, therefore, is fupplied by an engraving from a view of the fame temple belonging 
to the Society of Dilettanti, and drawn by Pars on the fpot. 

Plate IV. plate VII. and plate XX. of chap. II. have been engraved, fince the author’s death; 
from drawings in outline that he had left; but no drawings for plates V. VI. and X. of this chapter 
could be found : they have therefore been delineated by having recourfe to the original fketches 
and dimenfions. 

Of the third chapter, Mr. Stuart had intended four plates, as he exprefies In pid; neverthelefs 
but two had been engraved, nor were any drawings of thofe intended for the two others to be 
found : the word plate, therefore, at the bottom of that page, muft be confidered as an erratum. 

The letters S and T, in plate IL. of this chapter, were inferted by Mr. Stuart, but not explained. 
The former, without doubt, diftinguifhes the apartments behind the fcene wherein Vitruvius 
(lib. v. cap. g.) fays the chorus was prepared. The latter probably marks the porticus Eumenici, 
mentioned in the defcription of the plan of the Acropolis annexed to this volume. In p. 24, line 

26, the letters c, b, d, referring to this plate, thould be read D, b, B; and in line 28, the letters 
¢, f, thould be g, f. 

All the archite@ural engravings of the fifth chapter have been copied from the drawings of Mr. 
Revett, belonging to the Society of Dilettanti. Mr. Stuart had not prepared any drawings relative 
to the Propyléa, except a view : this he mentions, p. 38, but it could not be found; another 
view, therefore, of the fame obje&, belonging to the Society, and drawn by Pars, has been in~ 
ferted in its ftead. ; 

In the firft volume, the vignettes are explained at the end of the feveral chapters; this, how- 
ever, had been omitted in thofe chapters of this volume which were printed before Mr. Stuart’s 
death ; it has therefore been thought moft proper to omit them alfo in the other chapters, and to 
annex the explanation of the whole to the end of the velume. 

¥ 

~The errors of Mr. Le Roy, which Mr. Stuart has particularly expofed in his firft volume, he 
determined in the fucceeding volumes to omit noticing, exprefling himfelf, in a paper that he has 
left behind him, thus: ¢ Mr. Le Roy, during a fhort ftay at Athens, made fome hafty fketches, 
¢ from which, and the relations of former travellers, particularly Wheler and Spon, he fabricated 
¢ a publication, in which the antiquities, that even at this day render Athens illuftrious, are 
« grofsly mifreprefented. This performance was cenfured in our firft volume, and fome of his 
“ errors dete@ed and expofed : he has highly refented this in a fecond edition, but deeming his 
¢¢ attempts at argument, as well as his abufe, undeferving an anfwer, I fhall not detain my reader, 
¢ or trouble myfelf, with any farther notice of him, but fubmit my opinions and works to the 
¢ judgement of the public.” 

OF THE ANTIOUITIES OF ATHENS 

VOLUME THE SECOND. 

Vou, 1. B 

ADV I BR. TT 15 E MM EN T, 

HEN Mr. Revett and ¥ returned from Athens, and received Subfcriptions for our firft 
Volume, uncertain whether we fhould be encouraged to proceed farther with this Work, we 
fele@ed {uch Buildings for our propofed publication, as would exhibit {pecimens of the feveral kinds 
of Columns in ufe among the ancient Greeks; that, if, contrary to our wifhes, nothing more fhould 
be demanded of us concerning Athens, thofe who honoured us with their Sublcriptions to that 
Volume, might find in it fomething interefting on the different Grecian modes of decorating 
Buildings. ; 
But the favourable reception that Volume met with, having encouraged me to go on with the 
work (now my {ole property); I {hall publifh the remainder in the following order, with as much 

difpatch as is confiftent with that accuracy and elegance which are indifpenfably requifite in a Work 
of this kind. 

The prefent Volume will treat of Buildings ere®ed while the Athenians were a free people, 
chiefly during the adminiftration of that great ftatefman Pericles. 

The third Volume, which is intended to complete the ¢ Work, and which is at prefent in great 
forwardnefs, will contain defcriptions of fome Buildings ere&ed after the time that Athens became 
{ubje& to the Romans. For though deprived of its liberty, and greatly fallen from its ancient 
fplendor, it was flill a refpe@able City, to which the principal men of Rome fent their fons 
for education; it fill produced Artifts, and had a tafte for magnificence. To thefe will be added 
fuch other remains of Antiquity, as in our different excurfions appeared to us not unworthy the 
notice of the Public, on account either of their excellence or their fingularity. 

® 

JAMES STUART. 

¥ The quotations from Paufanias refer to the edition of Kuhnius, and thofe from Vitruvius to that of the Marchefe Galiani, 

rug) 

OF THLE ACT OPOIL IS 

THE Acropolis furnifhes materials for the principal part of this Volume; I have therefore given 
a Plan and a View of it in its prefent ftate. It is built on a rock; which is on every fide a precipice; 
and acceffible only at one entrance. The fummit is fortified by a Wall built on its extreme edge; 
encompafling the whole upper furface, which is nearly level. 

The natural firength of its fituation is faid to have induced the firft inhabitants to fettle there; 
and when in procefs of time; their numbers increafed, they began to build on the adjacent ground 
below; till at length the Acropolis, being furrounded on every fide, became the fortrefs of a large 
and populous city. 

Here flood their moft ancient Temples, the Panathenai¢ Feftival was here celebrated, their 
Archives and their public Treafure were depofited here; and it was, on thefe accounts, efteemed 
the moft facred part of the city. 

It was richly adorned by the Athenians, in the days of their profpérity, with Temples, Statues; 
Paintings, and votive Gifts to their Divinities, but is now in a moft ruinous condition ; though 
the remains of the famous Propylza, the little Temple of Victory without wings, the Doric 
Temple of Minerva called Parthenon, and Hecatompedon, and the Ionic Temples of Erechtheus 
and Minerva Polias, with the Cell of Pandrofus, are ftill to be feen. 

Its Walls have at different times been rudely repaired, or rather rebuilt, very little of the ancient 
mafonry remaining; numerous fragments of Columns, Cornices, and Sculptures, appear in feveral 
parts of them, which make an uncouth and ruinous appearance. 

The Turks keep a fmall garrifon here; and it is the refidence of the Difdar-Agi or governor 
of the Fortrefs, as alfo of the Afap-Aga, and other inferior officers belonging to the. place; all of 
them, except the Difdar-Aga, are meanly cloathed, and ill accommodated with lodgings; whence 

we may conclude, that their {tipends are very moderate. 
5 

A View 

1v Explanation of the View of the Acropolis. 

A View of the Acrororis, taken from the Situation of the ancient Piraic Gate. 

A. 5. The Areopagus, a naked rock. 
B. 4. Mount Pentelicus. 

C. 3. Mount Anchefmus: on the higheft point of it is a little church dedicated to St. George, 
formerly the Temple of Jupiter Anchelmius. 

D. 5. A Turkith fepulchre All the little Columns, and Buildings near it, are Turkifh Sepul- 
chrés; and the place 1s a Turkith Burying-ground. 

B.2 The Temple of Victory Apteros, at prefent a magazine of military flores. 

F. 1. A modern Tower, now a Prifon. It is built on an ancient ruin. Between this and the 
laft-mentioned Temple, are feen the remains of the Propylaa. ris, 

G. 1. ‘The Parthenon. 

H 3. A Column which formerly fupported a Choragic Tripod; this with another of the fame 
kind ftand over the Choragic Monument of Thralicles, now the church of our Blefled Lady of 
the Grotto. 

I. 4 and 5. ‘The Theatre of Bacchus. 

K. 6 The entrance to the Stadium Panathenaicum. 

L. The entrance to the bridge over the Iliffus. 

M. 6. Columns of the Temple of Jupiter Olympius. 

0, 4. The Gani of St. Cyriani on Mount Hymettus. 

O. 7. The Kiolc, or Summer Houfe of the Vaiwode; with a little garden adjoining. 

P. 6. The Temple defcribed in the fecond chapter of our firft Volume. Under it are two 
{prings, one of which is called Callirrhée, the other I have fuppofed to be the fountain of 
Panops. | 

Q. 1. The higheft point of Mount Hymettus. The flones on the fore-ground are ruins of 
the ancient City walls. The figures reprefent fome of the principal Turkith inhabitants, diverting 
themfelves at their favorite exercife, the Jereet. On the right hand is the Difdar Aga, at whom 
the Vaiwode is about to throw his Jereet, and refcue his Kaiyah from the Difdar, who purfues him. 
The next is the Mudereefe Effendi, who is converfing with Achmdlt Agi, the richeft and moft 
refpedlable Turkifh gentleman of Athens; the other Figures reprefent their attendants. 

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Explanation of the Plan of the AcropoLIs. 

a. A little Gate lying North of the Acropolis: it is the entrance to a kind of Outwork, through 
which it was - neceffary to pafs before we came to the Propylza, and got up into the F ortrefs. 

b. A {mall Fort facing that Gate, 

c. c. ¢. The Wall of the Outwork rudely built, and of little ftrength, but with a number of 
{mall Apertures in it, evidently left, that the garrifon might difcharge their Mufketry through them 
on the enemy in cafe of an attack. This will is continued till it joins another, reaching from 
the Fortrefs to the Theatre of Bacchus. 

d. Another little Fort. 

e. A Grotto dire@ly under the Temple of Victory without wings. This is probably the Grotto 
of Apollo and Creufa; and in it were the Temples of Apollo and Pan (2). Juft before it is a 
{pring of running water, which is foon joined by another {maller rill, rifing at a little diftance 
beyond it; this united little fiream, near which flood the Temple of Afculapius, is at prefent cona 
veyed to the great Mofchéa; paffing in its way near the Tower of the Winds, in which I have 
fuppofed it anciently gave motion to the Machinery of a Clepfydra, and afterward ran under ground 
to the Phalerus (4). 

f. Another little Fort. 

g. A Gate from this Ortho to the Turkifth burying-ground. 

A. The lower grand Basten . 

h. c. i. A Wall extending from the lows grand Battery to the Theatre of Bacchus. 

k. A Gate in that Wall ; over it isa very clegant little Brllreliow, mentioned by Wheler and 
Spon (¢), and given as a tail-piece to this defcription of the Acropolis, 

1. A ruined Mofchéa ; this I imagine was once a Chriftian church, raifed on the foundation of 
an ancient Temple; near it are the ruins of feveral ill-built habitations, now abandoned, and in 
great part demolifhed, thefe we were not permitted to examine; there was in truth little in their 
‘appearance to excite our curiofity, but we withed to beftow fome attention on them, becaufe 
Paufanias mentions feveral Buildings that feem to have occupied this Situation ; particularly the 
Temple of Aglauros (d), near which the Perfians mounted up an unguarded part of the rock, 

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(0) KllStirs on 7 Agia) ob 3s rls leis ier, S000 Spey Be 2% mgenlimsny (3) "Eumeocder dy meo 74s angewihiog, Smiley & viv wunfur, nad wis evédov, Th 
5 . ~ M..3 Hea / ® ~~ , 
soy 58 Lali sry nad Whalen "Aceinnumas iegdy bv ommhadw, nas Taig. Bxoté Tis iQiaocs, WT Ay MATTE wanori wie xara Taira avabain aboomwr, TaiTe 
Paufan. Attic. c. xxviii. p. 68. &viGnodr Tires xara 70 por wis Kéngomos Svlarpos *Alhadps xai roiwep amonghuvs ivros vi 

s¢ Defeending ( from the Acropolis) not into the lower City, but a litle under X*¢%: Herodots 1 vill, & Paufen. Avie. e. xvii. p. 41. 

<¢ the Propylaa, there is a [pring of water, and near it the Temple of Apollo ¢ In the front of the Acropslis therefore, but behind the gates, and the way 
¢¢ leading up to them, no guard was kept, no one [ufpeciing any man would 

<< attempt to get up there; yet there fome of the barbarians mounted up, near 
(4) Sec the third chapter of our firft Vol. p. 16. €¢ the Tsk y f Aglauros the daughter of Cecrops, although the place is a pree 

€¢ in a cavern, and of Pan.” 

ge cipice.” 

(¢) Wheler, p, 258. 
Vou. 11. C and 

vi Explanation of the Plan of the Acropolis. 

and feized on the Acropolis; near that Temple likewife flood the Prytaneum (¢), from whence 
there was a fireet called the Tripods, with Temples in it on which the Tripods were placed, that 
gave name to the fireet and to the adjacent tract of ground (/). 

m. 

The Guard-houfe. 
B. The upper grand Battery. 

Another gate. Pafling through this, we arrived at the Propylza. 

n. 
C. The Propylxa. 
D. The Temple of Vi&ory without wings. 

E. A high Tower, now a Prifon, built on an ancient Ruin, which feems to have been exactly 
{imilar to the laft-mentioned Temple, 

o. Another Gate. 
F. The Parthenon. 
G. The Temples of Erechtheus, Minerva Polias, and Pandrofus. 

We fhall now return from the Acropolis, to the Gate (g.) already mentioned, leading to the 
Turkifh burying-ground. Going out of this Gate, we had juft before us the Areopagus, a hill 
which gave name, as every one knows, to the moft celebrated Tribunal of Athens, built either on 
it, or contiguous to it. ‘This Hill is almoft entirely a mafs of ftone; its upper furface is without 
any confiderable irregularities, but neither {o level, nor lo fpacious, as that of the Acropolis, and, 
though of no great height, not eafily acceffible, its fides being fteep and abrupt. On this hill 
the Amazons pitched their tents when they invaded Attica in the time of Thefeus (¢); and in after- 
times the Perfians under Xerxes began from hence their attack on the Acropolis (5). Here we 
expefted to find fome veftiges of the tribunal, and that certain fteps hewn in the rock, marked 
p. p- in the Plan, would have led us up to them; we were difappointed, for we did not difcover the 
leaft remaining trace of building upon it. At the foot of this rock, on the part facing the north- 
caft, there arc fome natural caverns, and contiguous to them rather the rubbifth than the ruins of 
fome confiderable buildings ; from their prefent appearance it is fcarcely poflible to form a probable 
conje@ure concerning them; that neareft the Acropolis, marked (q.) in the Plan, tradition fays, 
was anciently the palace of St. Dionyfius the Areopagite; after Chriftianity was eftablithed at 
Athens, it became a Church, and was dedicated to him. Wheler faw it above an hundred years 
ago, and it was then a heap of ruins (7). Near it, that gentleman informs us, flood the Arch- 
bithop’s palace, but that alfo is at prefent utterly demolifhed. It is not improbable, that both the 
Church and the Palace were built on the ruins of the ancient Tribunal called the Areopagus. 

Near this Tribunal ftood the Temple of the Eumenides or Furies, of which I {hall have occa- 
fion to fpeak hereafter (£). 

r.1.1. Foundation of an ancient Wall, perhaps the Pelafgic: it is of hewn ftone, well built, 
and though level with the ground, we were able to trace it to a confiderable diftance. 

« Near (the Temple of Aglanres) is the Prytancum. 
: “Pauf, c. xvii p. 41. 

(¢) Mnoloy 3%, Hevraveioy isin 

(i) Wheler, p. 384. 

(/) Paufanias, fce note (#). 

(k) Tanglor & (v8 Ages mayw) isgdy Sedv iru, Be xanBow "Abmvalos Tewrtig, Holodog $) 
(gz) Afchylus in Eumenidibus. 

Paufanias Attic. ¢. xxviii. p. 68. 

AREY. 

. ns / ’ ~ 
(Fh) Oi & Toros, ilimevos imi wv navavrion 77s angowarsos Sxfor, Tov "Adwaios naré- 

3 ~ 
Eguilis by Ozoyovia. 

3 if 2 > Z 4 , / 3 
Bay Agnioy Tayovs EWOAIOPKEOY TEATOY T0IVOE, 

<« The Perfians pofled themfelves oppofite to the derapolisy on a bill called by 
8s the Athenians the Areopagus, and began in this manner ta beflege it, ¢” 

Herodot. 1. viil. 

““ Near the dreopagus, is the Temple of the Severe Goddeffes, as they are 

“¢ called by the Athenians, but Hefiod in the Theogonia calls them the Erinnia, or 
$ Furies,” 

/ 

H., The 

Explanation of the Plan of the Acropolis. Vil 

H. The Theatre of Bacchus. 

L.I. The Remains of an ancient Portico; perhaps part of the Peribolus of the Temple of 
Bacchus (7). This Wall and the Theatre of Bacchus form a kind of Outwork on the fouth fide 
of the Acropolis, which we were not permitted to vifit. 

K. An Excavation in form of a Theatre, probably the veftiges of the Odeum of Pericles, as it 
1s to the left of thofe who came out from the Theatre of Bacchus (). 

L. The Choragic monument of Thrafycles, &c. now the Church of our Lady of the Grotto. 
It is built againft the rock of the Acropolis; above it ftand two Columns on which Tripods have 
cen placed, and on each fide of it the rock has been chifelled away in {uch a form as evi- 
dently fhews that more {uch little buildings have been ere@ed contiguous to it. Near it fome In- 
fcriptions have been cut in the Rock, they are now almoft entirely effaced, but the words TPINIOS 
and ANEOHZAN, with feveral proper names, are in different places fill legible. 

s.. A Sun-dial, defcribed in Chapter IV. of this Volume. 
M. The Choragic monument of Lyficrates, defcribed in our firft Volume. 

I muft here refer the Reader back to the ruins marked (l.) amongft which I have fuppofed wete 
the Temple of Aglauros and the Prytaneum, and obferve, that there is a Path, now little frequented, 
pafling from them at the foot of the rock, through the outwork on the fouth of the Acropolis, 
and continued thence almoft in a dire line to the Choragic monument of Thrafyllus, and thence 
again nearly in the fame dire¢tion to that of Lyficrates. This path I imagine traces out the ftreet 
I have already mentioned, note (f), called by Paufanias the Tripods, which he fays began from the 
Prytaneum (2). The Monuments above-mentioned, it is fill evident, have had Tripods placed on 

them, and are probably two of the Temples on which, {peaking of that fret, he tells us the Tripods 
were placed. 

N. A Grotto at the eaftern end of the Acropolis, great part of which had recently fallen in. 

t.t.t. A level {pace cut at the foot of the Rock, not ten feet broad, but of a very confiderable 
length; on this, it is evident, a wall has been built of no mean ftrength. I imagine this to have 
been another part of the Pelafgic wall; between which, and the Rock of the Acropolis, a {pace of 
ground called the Pelafgicam was enclofed; and from the near approach of the Wall in this place 
to the Rock, it feems to have terminated at no great diftance eaft from hence. Not far from this 
fitvation, we may conclude, flood the Temple of Eleufinian Ceres, for on the day of the greater 
“Panathenaic Feftival, the proceflion attending the Peplus went from the Pompeium, or building 
in which the apparatus for religious proceflions was kept, through the Ceramicus, to the Eleufinium, 
and paffing on beyond the Pelafgicum proceeded fouthward to the Pythian Temple, and thence 
continued their march by the Portico of the Hermes, up to the Acropolis, where the Peplus was 
confecrated to Minerva. For an account of the Peplus, fee note (24) of the next Chapter. 

(I) TE Asvlos ¥ io mpos To Jearow To agymidralor fegos do & Bow ivrog & wegibong €¢ There is alfo near the Temple of Bacchus and the Theatre, a building, faid 

vaols Paufan. Attic, c. xx. p. 46. “¢ to have been made in imitation of Xerxes's pavilion.” This was certainly 
<¢ There is near the Theatre the mofl ancient Temple of Bacchus, within the the Odeum of Pericles, which Vitruvius tells us was on the left hand of 
<< Peribolus, or enclofure, of which are two Temples.” thofe who went out of the Theatre. See note (2) over leaf, See likewife 

: : Plutarch in the Life of Pericles. 
(m) "Eg 3% wancioy 78 Te ito 78 Arora, nak 8 Seaton, wilacrsioopa womdnvas OF Tig 

~ 3 2 7 tas uy x ~ ’ ’ . 
®xnyis avTo is wiunay vig Eégke Aéyeraus - Paufan. Attic, c. xx. P47. (7) "Eg dt 800 ams 78 Nedlariie, narspern Telmodise Paufan. Attic. ¢. 48. 

4 <¢ From the Prytaneum there is a_fireet called the Tripods.” 

v. A grotto 

viii Explanation of the Plan of the Acropolis, 

v. A grotto near our firft entrance at the little Gate marked (a), it is yet plainly to be dif- 
cerned, that fome ornament has anciently been beftowed on it. 

This Plan receives fome illuftration from Vitruvius (0), and at the fame time affords a corre&ion 
of his text. 

~~ It will appear on infpe@ion, that the Temple of the Eumenides, built near the Tribunal of 
the Areopagus, can hardly be fuppofed more diftant from the right hand fide of the Theatre, 
than the Odeum of Pericles was from the left; I fhall therefore propofe, that inftead of Persicus 
Eumenici, as it now ftands in the paffage cited, we read Porticus Eumenidum ; and {uppofe that 
{uch of the theatrical audience as iffued from the right hand fide of the Theatre, would go for 
thelter to the Eumenides, while thofe who came out on the left would go to the Odeum; and 
that the Portico of the Temple of Bacchus, which was fituated between thofe two places, and 
was nearer to the Theatre, afforded fhelter to thofe who were not obliged to feck it at a greater 
diftance. 

(¢) Poft fcenam porticus {unt conftituende, uti cum imbres repentini €¢ Behind the Scene porticos are to be built, that when fudden fhowers inter- 
ludis interpellaverint, habeat populus quo fe recipiat ex theatro, chora- ¢ rupt the play, the people may have a place to which they may retreat from the 
* giaque laxamentum habeat ad chorum parandum, uti funt porticus pom- ¢ theatre, and the managers fufficient [pace to prepare the Chorus; fuch are 
pejane: itemque Athenis porticus eumenici, (1 would read eumenidum), <¢ the Pompeian porticos at Rome; alfa at Athens the porticos of the Eumenides 
patrifque Liber phanum, et exeuntibus a theatro finiftra parte, Odeum, ¢¢ or Furies, and of the Temple of Bacchus; and for thefe who go out from the 
quod Athenis Pericles columnis lapideis difpofuit, Vitravius, Lv. c.g. Left hand fide of the theatre, the Odeum which Pericles built at Athens, &¢.” 

in 

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co... 555500, Nii, he dd 
I cont 
JH ny 

QP 

Of the Temple of Minerva, called Parthenon and Hecatompedon. 

THIS Temple was built during the adminiftration of Pericles, who employed Callicrates and 
I&inus as Archite@s, under Phidias, to whom he committed the direction of all works of Elegance 
and Magnificence (a). 

It has been celebrated by forne of the moft eminent writers of antiquity (4), whofe accounts 
are confirmed and illuftrated in the defcriptions given us by thofe travellers, who faw it almoft intire 
in the laft century. Even in its prefent flate, the {peGator on approaching it, will find himfelf 
not a little affe@ed by fo folemn an appearance of ruined grandeur. Accuftomed as we were 
to the ancient and modern magnificence of Rome, and by what we had heard and read, imprefied 
with an advantageous opinion of what we were come to fee, we found the image, our fancy had pre- 
conceived, geatly inferior to the real olen. 

| When Si7 George Wheler and’ Dr. Spon vifited Athens in the year 167 6, his Temple was 
entire; and the former has given the following defeription of it: 

“ It is fituated about the middle of the Citadel, “and ~confifts altogether of admirable white 
¢ marble. The plane of it is above twice as long as it is broad; being 217 feet g inches long, 
“ and 98 feet fix inches broad. It hath an afcent every way or five degrees, or fteps; which 
¢“ feem to be fo contrived, to ferve as a Bafis to the Portico; which is fupported by chanelled 
«Pillars of the Doric order, ere@ed round upon them, without any other Bafis. Thefe Pillars are 
‘¢ 46 in number, being eight to the front, and as many behind, and 17 on each fide, counting the 
« four corner ones twice over to be dedu@ed. They are 42 feet high and 17% feet about. The 
¢¢ diftance from Pillar to Pillar is 7 feet 4 inches. This Portico beareth up a Front, and Freeze 
“ round about the Temple, charged with hiftorical Figures of admirable beauty and work. The 
¢ figures of the Front, which the ancients called the Eagle, appear, though from that height, of 
¢ the natural bignefs; being in entire Relievo, and wonderfully well carved. Paufanias faith no 

(a) Plutarch in the Life of Pericles. © Attic, printed in the IVth and Vth volumes of Grongvius’s 77 hefanrus 

(4) The reader will find an ample colleGtion of what the ancients have Antiquitatum Gracarum, 
faid concerning this Temple in Meurfius’s Cecropia, and his Leftiones 

Vor. II, | D more 

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2 Of the Temple of Minerva, 
more of them, than that they concern the birth of the Goddefs Minerva. What I obferved, and 
remembered of them, 1s this: 

~« There is a figure that lands in the middle of it, having its right arm broken, which probably 
held the Thunder. Its legs ftraddle at fome diftance from each other, where without doubt 
was placed the Eagle: for its Beard, and the majefty which the fculptor hath exprefled in his 
Countenance, although thofe other ufual chara&ers be wanting here, do fufficiently thew it to 
have been made for Jupiter. He ftands naked, for {fo he was ufually reprefented, efpecially by 
the Greeks. At his right hand is another Figure, with its hands and arms broken off, covered 
half way the legs, in a pofture as coming towards Jupiter ; which, perhaps, was a Vi&ory, 
leading the Horfes of the triumphant Chariot of Minerva, which follows it. The Horfes are made 
with {uch great art, that the Sculptor feems to have out-done himfelf, by giving them a more 
than feeming life, fuch a vigour is exprefled in each pofture of their prauncing and ftamping, 
natural to generous horfes. Minerva is next reprefented in the Chariot, rather as the Goddels 
of Learning than of War, without Helmet, Buckler, or a Medufa’s head on her breaft (¢). Next 
behind her is another Figure of a woman fitting with her head broken off, who it was is not 
certain. But my companion made me obferve the next two Figures, {itting in the corner, to 
be of the Emperor Adrian, and his Emprefs Sabina; whom I eafily knew to be fo, by the many 
Medals and Statues I have feen of them. At the left hand of Jupiter are five or fix other 
Figures; my Companion taketh them to be an Aflembly of the Gods, where Jupiter intro- 
duceth Minerva, and owneth her for his Daughter. The Poftick, or hind-Front, was adorned 
with Figures, exprefling Minerva’s conteft with Neptune, about naming the City of Athens; but 
now all of them are fallen down, only part of a Sea-horfe excepted. The Architrave is alfo 
charged with a Baffo-relievo at {everal diftances, divided into {quares of about two or three feet 
broad, and three or four feet high.—Within the Portico on high, and on the outfide of the Cella of 
the T emple itfelf, is another border of Baflo-relievo round about it, or at leaft on the North and South 
fides, which, without doubt, is as ancient as the Temple, and of admirable work ; but not fo high a 
Relievo as the other. Thereon are reprefented Sacrifices, Proceflions, and other Ceremonies of the 
heathens Worfhip. Mott of them were defigned by the Marquis De Nantell; who employed a Painter 
to do it two months together (¢), and fhewed them to us, when we waited on him at Conflanti- 
nople. The Cella of the Temple without is 158 feet long, and broad 67 feet. Before you 
enter into the body of the Temple from the Front, 1s the Pronaos, whofe roof is fuftained by fix 
chanelled Pillars of the fame order and bignefs with thofe of the Portico, and contains near 
the third part of the Cella; to wit, 44 feet of the length. We obferved, in place of one of the 
Pillars, a great Pile of Stone and Eime, of moft rude work; which they told us the Kiflar- 
Haga had ordered to be fo done, to help to fupport the Roof; ‘becaufe he could never find a 
{tone big enough to {upply the place of the old Pillar broken down, although he had {pent two 
thoufand crowns to do it.—From the Pronios we entered into the Temple by a long Door 
in the middle of the Front. But my Companion and I were not {fo much furprized with the 
obfcurity of it, as Monfieur Guiliter ; becaufe the obfervations we had made on other heathen 
Temples did make it no new thing to us.—When the Chriftians confecrated it to ferve God in, 
they let in the light at the Eaft end, which is all that it yet hath; and not only that, but made 
a {emicircle for the Holy-Place, according to their Rites; which the Turks have not yet much 
altered. This was feparated from the reft by Jafpar Pillars; two of which on each fide yet re- 

(c) Perhaps her Helmet, Buckler, and gis, were of gold, or of bras (d) Magni, who accompanied the Marquis in his trilels, in his fixth 

gilt: for we obferved this kind of decoration to have been pra&tifed in the 
baflo-relievos remaining on the freeze which furrounds the Parthenon, and 
on that within the Portico of the Temple of Thefeus ; if fo, the Goddefs 
would certainly have been defpoiled of thole ornaments long before Wheler 

and Spon vifited Athens. 

Letter, fays, The Embaflador obtained leave for the young Painter to make 
drawings on the fourteenth of November, and this letter is dated, Athens, 
the fifteenth of December; in the conclufion of it he fays, I reckon we 
fhall delay but a fhort time to re-imbark, as we are to repafs into Afia; 
and in his feventh Letter he fays, he kept his Chriftmas at Scio; therefore 
the Painter could be employed in this work only part of two months. 

‘¢ main, 

called ithe Parthenon, and Hecatompedon. 3 
“ main. Within this chancel is a Canopy fuftained by four Porphyry Pillars, with beautiful 
“ white marble Chapters of the Corinthian order: but the Holy Table under it is removed. 
“ Beyond the Canopy are two or three degrees one above another in a femicircle, where the Bifhop 
¢ and Prefbyters ufed to fit in time of Communion, upon certain folemn days. The Bifthop 
¢ fat in a Marble Chair above the reft; which yet remaineth above the Degrees, againfl the window. 
¢« On both fides, and towards the Door, is a kind of Gallery, made with two ranks of Pillars, 
“ twenty-two below, and twenty-three above; the odd Pillar is over the arch of the Entrance, 
“ which was left for the Paflage.—They (hewed us the place where two Orange-trees of Marble 
¢“ had ftood, which being taken thence to be carried to Conflantinople, the veflel mifcarried with 
¢¢ them. The Roof over the Altar and Choir, added to the Temple by the Giecks, hath the 
“ pi¢ture of the Holy Virgin on it, of Mofaic work, left yet by the Turks.—This Temple was 
«¢ covered outwardly with great Planks of Stone, of which fome are fallen down, and are to be 
“ feen in the Mofque (¢).” 

Thus far Sir George Wheler, who has copied this account from Dr. Spon, and added to it 
fome miftakes of his own, which I have omitted. Dr. Spon tells us the mealures were taken in 
French feet; therefore reckoning the diameters of the Columns gs. 55 fuch feet, the extent of the 
Front between the outer furfaces of the angular Columns, reduced to Englith meafure, will be 
found nearly 102 feet two inches, that of the fide 225 feet 10; inches, But meafures obtained 
by girting the circumferences of Columns are little to be depended on. 

In the year 1687 Athens was befieged by the Venetians, under the command of the Proveditore 
Morofini and Count Koningfmark ; oth an unlucky bomb, falling on this admirable Stru&ure, re- 
duced it to the ftate in which we {aw 1t. 

In our way to it from the City, we pafled by the T heatre of Bacchus, and came to the Pro- 
pylea, which are miferably ruined, and thence through a ftreet of fcattered houfes to the weftern 
Front of the Temple, the Majeftic appearance of which cannot eafily be defcribed. 

On this Front the Walls with their Antz, and all the Columns of the Portico, with their Ente 
blature and Pediment, are ftanding; and the Architecture has fuffered little; but the fculptures in 
the Metopes, and the Figures in the Pediment, are defaced and ruined. 

The Columns of the Portico fland on a Pavement, raifed three fleps above the ground; and 
there are two more from the Portico to the Pronaus (or rather Pofticus, for the Pronius was 
in reality at the oppofite Front); from this there is another ftep, little more than an inch in 
height, into the Temple; fo inconfiderable a rife has occafioned this ftep to remain hitherto unno- 
ticed. 

The infide of the Temple was divided by a crofs wall; and the leffer divifion, the Pavement of 
which is level with the top of the little ftep laft mentioned, is the part into which you firft enter; 
Wheler and Spon have called it improperly the Pronaus. 

This was undoubtedly the Criithatems, where the public Treafure was kept. Here the Co- 
lumns, mentioned by thofe travellers, are no longer remaining; but part of the rude Mafs, faid to 
have been erected by a Kiflar-Aga, is flill to be feen. Hence you pafs into the greater divifion; at 
the weftern end of which, and on both the fides, the pavement of the Opifthodomus is continued on 
the fame level, to about 15 feet from the Walls, enclofing an area funk a little more than an inch 

(¢) Wheler’s Journey into Greece, from p. 360. to p. 364+ 
below 

4 won OF Cgbe Temple of Minerva, 

below it. Near the edge of the little ftep down into this area are flill to be feen, diftincly 
traced, certain circles; on thefe doubtlefs the Columns of the Periftyle were placed, which fup- 
ported the Galleries mentioned by Wheler; at prefent not only thofe Galleries are entirely de- 
ftroyed, but the Walls of this part, with fourteen of the Columns of the Peripteros, are no longer 
ftanding ; and the Pavement is flrewed with pieces of fculpture, fome of which are very large, 
and all of them of excellent workmanthip. 

‘In this divifion ftood the Goins ftatue of Minerva, of ivory and gold, t the work of Phidias. 
Paufanias fays, it was ftanding ere®, her garment reaching to her feet; the had a helmet on, and a 
Medufa’s head on her breaft; in one hand fhe held a fpear, and on the other flood a Victory of 
about four cubits high. Pliny tells us the ftatue was twenty-fix cubits high, in which he perhaps 
included the pedeftal; whereon they both fay, the birth of Pandora was reprefented (/). We are 
not told whether the ivory was painted ; but by what Strabo fays, that Pantznus, the brother or 
nephew of Phidias, affifted him in colouring the flatue of Jupiter at Elis, which was likewife of Ivory 
and gold, it probably was (g). ‘The reafon why ivory was ufed in flatues of this kind, rather than 
wood, feems not to have been on account of its colour, but becaufe wood is apt to crack, and to 
be deftroyed by worms: For ivory is not of an uniform colour, being yellow near the outfide of the 
tooth, and white in the middle; it therefore would require painting on that account, and likewife 
to hide the joinings of the pieces. | 

Thucydides fays, the gold about it weighed 40 talents (5), which, according to the value 
of Gold at that time, was worth above 120,0001. fterling. Lachares ftript it off about 130 years 
after the death of Pericles (7), and we do not read that it was ever replaced. 

The Eaftern front of this Temple hath fuffered more than the Weftern; all the Walls and five 
of the Columns of the Pronaus are down; but the eight Columns in front, with their Entablature, 
remain pretty entire in their original fituation, though much the greater part of the Pediment is 

wanting. 

The Metopes on the South fide were adorned with fculptures in Alto-relievo of Centaurs and 
Lapithw, feveral of which are not yet entirely defaced, 

The outfide of the Cell was furrounded at the top with a continued Freeze of about three feet: 
four inches deep, reprefenting the panathenaic pomp or proceffion, in Baflo-relievo; part of which 
was copied by a young Flemifh Painter, employed by the Marquis de Nointel in the year 1674; 
two or three of whofe drawings are reprefented in Montfaucon’s Antiquities (£). 

Paufanias gives but a tranfient account of this Temple; nor does he fay whether Adrian repaired 
it; though his ftatue, and that of his emprefs Sabina in the Weftern Pediment, have occafioned a 
doubt whether the Sculptures in both were not put up by him. Wheler and Spon were of this 
opinion, and fay they were whiter than the reft of the building; the Statue of Antinous, now re~ 
maining at Rome, may be thought a proof, that there were Artifts in his time capable of executing 
them; but this whitenefs is no proof that they were more modern than the Temple, for they might 

(f) Paufanias Attic. ¢. xxiv. p. §8, & Plinii Nat, Hift. 1 xxxvi. c. 5. Pantanus the Painter affified Phidias in fini/bing the Statue, by beautifying 
where for Ibi ii funt triginta numero nafcentes,” perhaps we thould read, it with colours. See alfo Plin, Nat. Hift.. 1. xxxv. c. 8. 

¢ Jhi dii [unt porrigent #1.” See Hefiod, "Boy. = 5m. ver. 81. : 
i dii [unt porrigentes munera nafcenti efiod, "Epy. » 7p. ver 5 I 

(g) Tloas: i ovyimpads Tw Gedo Tlalais®- 6 Coyed pe wpb we Tuy 78 Eodkvy xalaonsuny (i) Paufan, in Attic. c. xxv. p. 61. 
Si why Ty Yeopdrew abopnow. Strabo, 1 vill. p. 354 : 
i (#) 1’Antiquité expliqué, vol. ITI, 

be 

called the Parthenok ind Hecatompedoi, i 

bé made of a whiter Marble; and tlie heads of Hadrian and Sabina might be put on two of thé 
ancient figures, which was no uncommon practice among the Romans: And if we may give credit 
to Plutarch, the buildings of Pericles were not in the leaft impaired by age in his time (/), theres 
fore this Temple could not want any material repairs in the reign of Hadrian; unlefs the damage 
the Opifthodomus once {uffered by fire, for which, Demofthenes tells us, not only the Treafurers of 
the Goddefs, but likewife thofe of the other Gods; were imprifoned (#2), had remained fo long un: 
repaired, which is riot probable: 

Ihave faid that the leffer divifionn of the Temple was called the Opifthodorntis, where the public 

treafure was kept. Thucydides tells us it was kept in the Acropolis; and having reckoned up what 
it amounted to, he fays, ¢ the riches out of the other Temples may likewife be ufed (n); which implies, 
that the treafure he had been {peaking of was kept in a Temple. Ariftophanes places Plutus, 
the God of Riches; in the Opifthodomus of the Temple of Minerva (0): His Schohiaft, indeed, fays, 
that this was the Temple of Minerva Polias; which is a miftake; for that Temple had only a fingle 
Cell, as will appear hereafter; nor could it be the Temple meant by Thucydides, fince it was not 
finithed till after the death of Pericles, as appears by the Infeription brought from Athens at the 
expence of the Society of Dilettanti. Demofthenes calls the Treafury Opifthodomus (p), which pro- 
perly fignified the back of a Temple (¢); and Hefychius, Harpocration, Suidas, and the Etymologift (), 
agree that the Athenian Treafury was in the Opifthodomus of the Temple of Minerva; which could 
be no other than this. | 

The nid, 1vth, and vth marbles, i in de fecond part of Dr. Chandler's Inferiptions, are regifters 
of the Delivery of Donations 1n this Temple, by the Treafurers, to their fucceflors in office. The 
111d and 1vth were found among its ruins. It is called Hecatompedon in both; and its Opittho- 
domus is exprefsly mentioned in the latter. The vth calls it Parthenon. 

There is a paflage in Vitruvius which if it relates to this Temple, as I am perfuaded it does; 
would prove it to have been an Hypwthros; that Author fays, ¢ The Hypathros bas ten columns in 
¢ the Pronaos and Pofticus, in all other refpets it is like the Dipteros; within, it has two rows of 
Columns, one above the othery at a diffance from the wall; fo that you may pafs round it as in 
the Portico of Periftylesy but in the middle, it is open to the fky without a Roof; the entrance is af 
each end, by doors in the Pronaos and the Pofticus. There is no example of this at Rome, but as 
Athens an Octaftyle; and in the Olympian Temple (s).” 1 

a 

& 

*~ 

© 

on 

I fhall now remark the particulars in which the Parthenon agrees with what Vitruvius hath 
here delivered. 

The defeription 1 have quoted from Wheler, fhews that this Temple, when he faw it, had within 
the Cell on each fide, two rows of Columns one above the other, flanding at a diftance from the 
Wall; the decorations on the Eaftérn front, prove the principal Entrance to have been originally 

in prondo & poftico. Plujus autem exemplar Roma non eft, fed Atheris 
o&aftylos, et in Templo Olympio. Vitr. L iii. ¢.'1. 

(!) Plutarch in Pericle; p. 3g2. Edit. Bryani. 

(m) Demofthenes, c. Timocratem, ps 46%. n. 216, Edit. Paris, 1570, 
where fee the Scholiaft, The edition of Jocundus, printed at Venice in the year 1511, is, I 
think, the firft printed copy in which Templo Olympio is changed for 
Templo Fovis Olympii; and Philander 1s the firft who has omitted the cori- 
junion et, and by that means refers to one temple only, what in tlie 
preceding editions Vitruvius evidently applies to two. 

Three Manufcripts in the Britifh Mufeum, another in St. John’s Col- 
lege, Oxford, and the Arundelian Manufcript in the library of thé Royal 

(n) Thucydides, Lorn $s 13: Es xh 70 ix TY GANGY Segre %. 7, As 

(0) Arift. Plutus, v. 1194. 

(#) Demofthenes, Tei ould deus, p-98. n. zx. & c. Timocrat, p. 467. 1. 216. 
(¢) Jul Pollux, L 1. c. 1. § 6. 

(r) In the word ‘0miofidopes. 

(s) Hypethros vere decaftylos eft in Prono et Poftico + reliqua omnia 
eadem habet qua Dipteros, fed interiore parte columnas in altitudine du- 
plices remotas a parietibus ad circuitionem, ut porticus periftyliorum : 

medium autem fub divoeft fine te&to, aditus que valvarum ex utraque parte: 

Yor. 1. 

Society, all which I have confulted; and two in the Vatican cited by the’ 
Marchefe Galiani, all read Templo Olympin as do, I think, all the editiods 
- before Jocundus. 

placed 

. Of the Temple of Minerva, 

‘placed there; though it was moft probably clofed by the Greek Chriftians, becaufe otherwife they 
could not have placed their Communion Table at the eaft end of the Temple, a cuftom they always 
religioufly obferve; it is likewife evident, that the Door we now fee in the Weftern front, was 
originally there, for the threfhold or ftep into it flill remains; and thus far the conftru@ion of 
this Temple agrees with what Vitruvius has delivered, and favors my opinion. It 1s true the Roof 
with which it was completely covered, when Wheler and Spon, and other Travellers, examined it, 
may feem to furnifh a plaufible objeétion to what I have here advanced; but as great additions 
and alterations have certainly been made, to adapt it to the performance of the numerous ceremonies 
of the Greek ritual, and the pompous fun&ions of the Archbifhop and his attendant Clergy, it is ex- 
tremely probable that the Roof was completed at the fame time; and this fuppofition will acquire 
additional fupport, when we confider that the {pace between the Columns did not much exceed thirty 
feet, and muft have been covered in, before it was fit for the reception of a Chriftian Congregation; 
and that this work would not have been of a more expenfive kind, nor have required greater fkill in 
the execution, than the alterations which Wheler and Spon inform us were made in the Eaftern 

end (2). 

Another obje@®ion may be deduced from what Vitruvius himfelf has faid, (Book IV. Chap. 7.) 
where enumerating feveral deviations from the ufual form of Temples, he tells us, « Temples are 
““ alfo built of other kinds, ordered with the fame proportions, but differently difpofed, as that of Caflor 
“ in the Circus Flaminius, and that of Vejovis between the two groves; alfo, but more ingenionfly, 
“ that of Diana Nemorenfis, with columns added to the right and left on the [boulders of the Prondos; 
but this kind of Temple, like that of Caflor in the Circus, was firft ereded in the Fortrefs of bens 
7 Minerva, &e. (u). 

Vitruvius having already told us, that there was no Hypzthros at Rome, feems, by remarking 
the fimilarity between thofe Temples he has here enumerated, and that of Minerva in the Acropo- 
lis, to furnifh a proof that the latter was not an Hypethros ; but it muft be obferved, that in this 
place he is treating of the difpofition of the external Columns only. : 

It appears extraordinary, that in the account Vitruvius has given of the Hypzthros, the exam. 
ples he produces are exceptions to his doétrine; but we may be the lefs furprifed at it, as the fame 
unufual proceeding occurs in his account of the Peripteros; and it is obvious, that an Hyp=thros, 
having eight Golumns in Front, differs from one having ten, only in this particular, that the 
exterior Columns form a Peripteros inftead of a Dipteros, round the Cell of the Temple; as the 
Marquis Galiani hath well obferved in his comment on this place (x). 

Hitherto my remarks on what Vitruvius has {aid concerning this fpecies of Temple, regard only 
that part of it which, I fuppofe, relates to the Parthenon; but I find myfelf obliged to add fome 
farther remarks on that paffage, on account of an error I have committed in the fifth Chapter of 

(t) The following extra of a letter will affift us in this difquifition: 
it was written by a Captain in the Venetian army, who was prefent at 
“the fiege and the furrender of the Acropolis in the year 1687 and 1688. 

<¢ Era detto Tempio in forma di Parallelogrammo: le mura tutte com- 
<¢ pofte di famofifimo marmo bianco, le colonne che ’accompanavano erano 
¢¢ a] numero di 60, fopra le quali pofava un Cielo di grandifima mole; in 
¢¢ alcuni luoghi per ornamento, vi erano alcune cupole le di cui eftremita 
¢¢ {i componevano di mattoni a mufaico, in una di quefte cadde la bomba.” 
Lettere memorabile di Bulifone, raccolta feconda, p. 86. 

"The Cupolas here mentioned fufficiently prove, that this cieling of the 
Parthenon was no part of the original Temple, but that it was the work 
of more modern Greeks; for thus they decorated the Church of St Sophia 
at Conftantinople, and many other churches built by them during the 
time of the Conftantinopolitan Emperors, 

(2) Item generibus aliis conflituuntur des, ex iifdem fymmetriis 
ordinata, & alio genere difpofitiones habentes; uti eft Caftoris in circo 
Flaminio, et inter duos Lucos Vejovis. Item argutius nemori Dian, 
columnis adjeftis dextra & finiftra ad humeros Pronai. Hoc autem 
genere prima facta eft des, uti eft Caftoris in circo, Athenis in arce 

Minerva, &c.” Vitr. Liv. c. 7. p. 158. 

(x) Bifogna che quefto Tempio (I'Hypetro in Atene di otto colonne) 
non fofle Diptero, cio¢ con doppio colonnato attorno, ma Monoptero, o 
come egli ha detto Periptero. Vitr, 1. iii. cap. 1. p. 102. n. 6. 

“¢ The Temple (the hypathros of eight columns at Athens) could not have 
been a Dipteros, that is, with a double range of columns about ity but a Ms- 
nopterosy ory as be (Vitruvius) calls ity a Peripteros. 

, 

our 

7 

our firft Volume, which treats of a ruin fuppofed by me to have been the Poikile. Wheler and 
Spon have called it the Temple of Jupiter Olympius; and Monfieur Le Roy has followed them 
in this, as well as in many other miftakes. I have there thewn, that neither the {ituation nor the 
dimenfions of this Ruin anfwer to what the Ancients have delivered concerning the Temple of 
Jupiter at Athens, which I have inadvertently faid was an O&aftyle, when it certainly was a Decaftyle. 
I was led into this error by Philander, and thofe Editors of Vitruvius, who fince his time have, as 
before obferved, followed his conje€tural emendation; and who, inftead of, * But an OQaftyle 

¢ at Athens and in the Olympian Temple,” read, ¢ But an OQaftyle at Athens in the Temple of 
“ Jupiter Olympius.” 

called the Parthenon and Hecatompedon. 

The Plan of the Athenian Temple of Jupiter Olympius, which I thall give at the end of this 
Chapter, will thew that it was a Decaftyle, and therefore could not poflibly be that meant by Vi-. 
truvius, but fome other; how then are we to underftand him? I hall venture to fuppofe, that it 
is the Olympian Temple, in the territory of Elis, he has here mentioned ; it was of great magni- 
ficence, the Olympic games were celebrated there, and a prodigious concourfe of people from every 
part of Greece attended their folemnization. It {feems to have been ere@ed immediately after the 

Parthenon, at a time when the ftudy of ArchiteGture was highly cultivated, and therefore, might 
well deferve to be cited as an example by Vitruvius. 

Paufanias has given a more particular delcription of this Temple, than of any other he had feen; 
he fays it was a Doric ftructure, that it was 68 feet from the pavement to the top of the Pedi- 
ment, and that the breadth was gj5 feet (y); whence it is evident, there could not have been 
more than eight Columns in its Front; for, if we fuppole the Entablature and Pediment occupied 
two-fifths of its height, as in the Parthenon they nearly do, the Columns being of Doric propor- 

tion, muft have been more than fix feet in diameter, and eight fuch Columns would not have 
left more than feven fect for each Inter-columniation. 

The fame Author, continuing his account, defcribes the two Doots, one in the Prondos, and 
the other in the Pofticus; and tells us that there were, within the Cell, Columns which fupported 
lofty Porticos, through which you paffed on to the image of the God : this, like that of Minerva 
in the Parthenon, was of a Coloflal fize, and made of Ivory and Gold by the fame great Artift. 
Thefe circumftances anfwer to the defcription Vitruvius hath given of the Hypathros: there is 
however one particular mentioned by Strabo, which may appear to contradi@ this opinion; he fays, 
this Statue of Jupiter was of {fo great a magnitude, that though he was reprefented fitting, he almoft 
touched the Roof, and it feemed if he were to rife, he would uncover the Temple, which, he 
adds, was of the ampleft dimenfions (=). 

Hence, indeed, it is plain, that the Statue was under cover; nor can it be fuppofed that {fo mag- 
nificent and coftly a work, compofed of Ivory and Gold, and delicately painted, was expofed in the 
open air to all the varieties of weather. Yet thofe who would contend, that the Temple of Jupiter 
Olympius at Athens, and not that at Elis, 1s the Hyp=thros which Vitruvius meant to exemplify, will 
be under the fame difficulty; for Paufanias informs us, a Coloffal Statue of the God, formed like- 
wife of Ivory and Gold, was placed in it (2). We muft therefore allow, that in Temples of this 
kind fome effe@ual covering was contrived to fhelter {uch Statues from duft, fun, and rain; though 
we are no where told, nor is it eafy to afcertain, the precife manner in which this was effected. 

It muft be obferved however, that the Periftyle, or internal Colonnade, fupported a Roof 
which fheltered great part of the Area of the Cell, and feems to have projected over the Statue; 
this perhaps was the Roof, which Strabo thought would have been in danger, if Jupiter had 

(3) Paufanias Eliac. Prior lv. cap. x. p. 368. Edit. Khunii. (z) Strabo, 1. viii, p. 353. 
(2) Paufanias, 1. 1. c. 18. p. 42. 

rifen 

3 | : of the Temple of Minerva, 

rifen from his feat. And may we not conjecture, that the Peplus of Minerva (4), in the Parthenon 
and the Parapetafma of Jupiter (¢) Olympius in Elis, mentioned by Paufanias in his defcription of 
that Temple, were each of them fufpended in their refpective fituations, fo as to afford the requifite 
thade or fhelter to thofe moft celebrated ftatues. 

Thus I have faid what has occurred to me on the {ubje& of Temples without continued Roofs, and 
with only eight Columns in Front; of which kind both the Parthenon at Athens, and the Olypicum 
at Elis, two of the moft celebrated Temples in Greece, feem to have been. And if I am right in 
my conje@tures concerning them, might not Vitruvius think himfelf obliged to acquaint his 
reader with thefe exceptions to his general do&rine? 

The name of this Temple (Hecatompedon) implying that it extended a hundred feet, led me to en- 
quire into the meafure of the Attic Foot. For which purpofe I compared the length of the lower Step 
in front, with its length on the fide, and found them incommenfurable; neither were the front and fide 
lengths of the ftep above it commenf{urable with each other. But the third Step, on which the Columns 
of the Portico ftand, meafured 1o1 feet 1% inch Englith in front, and 227 feet 7.5 inch on each fide, 
which are {o nearly in the proportion of rco to 2235, that, had the greater meafure been ; of an 

inch lefs, it would have been deficient of it. 

(¢) Meurfius has colle&ed from ancient Authors many particulars 
concerning this Peplus : See his Panathenaica, and Reliquie Att. &c. It was 
the work of young virgins fele€ted from the beft families in Athens, over 
whom two of the principal, called Arrephore, were fuperintendents. (See a 
plate at the end of this Chapter, and likewife the tail-piece at the end of it). 
It was a principal ornament of the Panathenaic feftival; on it was em- 
broidered the battle of the Gods and Giants; amongft the Gods was Jupi- 
ter hurling his Thunderbolts againft that rebellious crew, and Minerva 
feated in her Chariot appeared the vanquifher of Typhon or Enceladus. 
(See the Chorus at the end of the fecond A& of the Hecuba). The names 
of thofe Athenians who had been eminent for military virtue, were alfo 
embroidered on it. When the feftival was celebrated, this Peplus was 
brought from the Acropolis, where it had been worked, down into the 
City ; it was then difplayed and fufpended as a fail to the thip, which, on 

that day, attended by a numerous and fplendid proceflion, was conducted 

through the Ceramicus and other principal ftreets, till it had made the 
circuit of the Acropolis; the Peplus was then carried up to the Par- 
thenon, and there confecrated to Minerva. That it did not ferve to 
clothe or envelope the ftatue of the Goddefs, but to hang over it, is evi- 
dent from what Pollux has obferved on this word : 1iézaes, {lume rad v& duoc 
Iémawy & isi Smhoty Tv yeeiave @s vdlvau 7e xal imGaaredas, nal ors dmiCAnpue irs 
Fexphers dy wis Bx vay vhs abmac wim. Jo Polls Lvil. c. 13. Peplus, a 
<< garment and the like, the ufe of it is two-fold, to wear as a garment, or to 
<¢ cover fomething ; that it fignifies a covering, we may conclude from the Pepli 
$< of Minerva.” Had the Peplus been intended to clothe the ftatue, or to 
hang before it like a curtain, Pollux would not have ufed the words 
2mCoaneolas, and iriCanue; thercfore it muft have been intended to hang 
above it as an awning to keep off the duft; and if the Temple was an 
Hypathros, to prefetve it from the weather. Homer likewife ufes Peplus 
in the fame fenfe, when Pandarus tells ZEneas he had left his Chariots at 
home covered with Pepli. lliad E. ver. 194. But it no where appears 
more clearly, than in the following quotation from the lon of Euripides, 
that the word Peplus is fometimes ufed to fignify a covering, or what in 
our fea-phrafe is called an awning, {pread over an open fpace to keep off 
the fun. For the better underftanding of this paffage, it feems not amifs 
to premife, that Xuthus, induced by the anfwer of the Oracle to acknow- 
ledge Ton for his fon, prepares to go from Delphi to the top of Parnaffus, 

and there, grateful for the difcovery, offer a facrifice to Bacchus. Before 

his departure he commands Ion to eret a tent, and therein feaft, during 
his abfence, what friends remain at Delphi. 
sn stauslne 

Tepviis drolyoie TegiGoros rNIOUETYY 

Opfosarais idp0ed’, mrig Proyos 

Karas urate, Bre woos mira Bonds 

Axli®-, #7 ab pos redevTwoas Bioy, &Co 

Inftant at his beheft the pious youth 

Uprears th’ enclofure of the ample tent, 

Fram’d to exclude the fun’s meridian blaze, 

Or the mild fplendor of his parting Ray. 

§ No wall he rais’d; the neighb’ring woods afford 

Supporters apt, without the mafon’s aid. 

Rang’d in right lines, the numerous ftakes extend 

Is length a hundred feet, in breadth a hundred; 

Enclofing, as the fkilful fay, a fquare 
10 Of full ten thoufand feet; in which to feaft 
All Delphi, he prepares the genial board. 
Then from the treas’ry of the God he takes ‘ 
The confecrated tap’ftry, fplendid woof! 
To clothe with grateful fhade the wondrous fcene, 
15 Firft o’er the roof he fpreads the fkirted Peplus 
(The fkirts on ev’ry fide hang waving down), 
Spoil of the Amazons, the votive gift, 
That Hercules, heroic fon of Jove, 
Return’d from conqueft, ofter’d to Apollo. 
20 On this rich produce of the loom are wrought 
The Heav’ns, within whofe fpacious azure round 
The num’rous hoft of ftars colletive fhine; 
His courfers there, down to his weftern goal 
The Sun has driven; his laft expiring beams 
25 Draw forth the radiant light of Hefperus ; 
In fable ftole Night urges on amain 
With flacken’d reins her fteeds and dufky cary 
The Conflellations on their {warthy queen 
Attend ; there thro’ the mid heav’ns win their way 
30 The Pleiades ; his fword Orion grafps; 
Above them fhines the Bear, circling around 
Heav'n’s golden axis; while the full-orb’d Moon, 
That halves the varying months, darts from on high 
Her grateful fplendor ; there the Hyades, _ 
35 To mariners unerring well known fign, 
Appear ; and glowing in the eaft Aurora 
The harbinger of day, that from the ky 
Chafes night’s glittering train, 
Ion, A& the IVth, Scene the Ift. 
Here we fee, without a comment, the ufe to which this fpecies of the 
Pepluswas apphed, and the magnificence with which it was fuppofed it might 
be fometimes adorned. I muft neverthelefs add, that «though the defcription 
I have quoted may appear to us at firft fight, firangers as we are to this 
fumptuous kind of apparatus, to be merely a licentious fition of the 
Poet, it muft have had a different effet, when recited to an Athenian 
audience, accuftomed to view with delight the decorations wrought on 
the Peplus they confecrated to Minerva, and fufpended in the Parthenon, 

(¢) This ParapetafmaPaufanias informsus (1.v. p. 405.) was a magnificent 
purple veil, the offering of King Antiochus; it either hung down from the 
Roof of the Temple, and was {pread before the Statue, or it covered the open 
fpace of the Hypzthros. The Romans had Velaria firetched aloft over their 
Theatres and Amphitheatres, they were extended over a much larger 
fpace than the aperture of an Hypat" ros; and we find the purple Velarium, 
which Nero fpread over the Theatre, is called Parapetafmata by Xiphi- 
lin; on ity he fays, Nero reprefented a Heaven fpangled with ftars,. and 
his own portrait in the middle, figured like Apollo driving his Chariot; 
taking the idea perhaps (as Euripides feems to have done before him) 
from the Pepli, or the Parapeta{mata, that were {ufpended in fome of the 

Grecian Temples. 
Thefe 

called the Parthenon, and Hecatompedon. 9 

Thefe meafures were taken from a brafs fcale of three feet, divided by that eminent Artift Mr. 
John Bird, whofe works are known all over Europe. 

The front meafure give an Attic Foot of 12,137 London inches and decimals; the fide meafure 
one of 12,138. 

Hence the Roman foot, which, ‘according to Pliny, was to the Attic in the proportion of 600 
to 625 (d), or of 24 to 25, will be found to be 11,651 London inches and decimals, or g71 fuch 
parts, as the London foot contains 1000, which does not fenfibly differ from what has been 

determined by other methods (e). 

I cannot conclude this Chapter without mentioning, that while I meafured the Steps of this 
Portico, I obferved the blocks of Marble, of which they are compofed, appeared to be united and 
grown together, on their contiguous edges, the whole height of the ftep; and this apparent junc- 
To fatisfy myfelf mn this particular, I traced 
the joint till no doubt remained of the feparation; then returning to the edge of the Step, I broke 

tion continued to fome diftance within the Portico. 

off a plece acrofs the joint with a hammer, which verified my conje&ure; for in the piece thus 
broken off, one half of which was part of one block, and the other, part of the block next to it, 
the two parts adhered together as firmly as if they had never been feparate. 

Other inftances of this coalition we meet with, which were always as here, in the perpendicular 
joint, never in the horizontal, 

PIL. ATE 1 

A View of the Eaftern Portico of the Parthenon. 

THIS Front was more injured by the explofion of the powder, which happened during the 
Siege already mentioned, than the Front facing the Weft, for here much the greater part of the 
Pediment is wanting. In the {pace between the Columns is {een the prefent Mofchea, built within 
the area of the Parthenon. 

PLATE -H 

The Plan of the Parthenon. 

A.A. The Eaftern front, in which was the principal entrance. 

~ 

B. The Pronius.—In this the difpofition of the Columns may help us to explain an obfcure 
paflage of Vitruvius, where, {peaking of fome deviations from the ufual manner of conftruéing 
Temples, he informs, that Columns where fometimes added to the right and left on the fhoulders 
of the Pronius; and that this addition, of which he inftances fome examples, was firft praQifed 
at Athens, in the Temple of Minerva in the Acropolis (f). In effe®, we here {ee two additional 

(d) Plinii Nat. Hift. 1, ii. c. 23. Strabo, I. vii. p. 322. fay 585 (f) Item argutius nemori Diane, columnis adjefis dextra ac finiftra 
Roman miles, according to the common reckoning of eight ftadia to a 
mile make 4280 ftadia. But if with Polybius we reckon 8% ftadia to a 

ad humeros Pronai. 
Caftoris in circo, Athenis in Arce Minerve & in Attica Sunio Palladis, 

Hoc autem genere prima falta eft ades, uti eft 

mile, we muft add 178 ftadia to that number. The ftadium was 600 
Greek feet, and Polybius did not allow for the difference between the 
Greek and the Roman foot. For if the two feet were equal, as Polybius 
fuppofed, 8% ftadia of 600 feet each would be equal to sooo Roman feet, 
or 1coo paces, which was a Roman mile: but if the ftadium mea- 
fured 625 Roman feet, as Pliny fays it did, eight ftadia would be equal 
to a Roman mile, which Strabo fays was the common reckoning. 

(¢) See Philofophical Tranfactions for the year 1760, p. 820. 

Earum non alie fed eadem funt proportiones ; celle enim longitudines, 
duplices, funt ad latit@dines, ef uti religue exifona qua folent efle in fron- 

tibus ad latera funt tranflata. Vitr. lL. iv. c. 7. 

The words printed in Italics are manifeftly corrupt, no fuch word 
as exifona being elfewhere to be found; nor does the whole fentence give 
any idea of what it feems intended to defcribe. I fhall therefore fup- 
pofe that originally the text ftood thus: ef ati re liguet dloodu que Jolent offe 
in frontibus, ad latera funt tranflata. 

F Columns, 

fo. | Of the Temple of Minerva, 

Columns, one on the right, and the other on the left, placed on what he calls the thoulders of 
the Pronius, and occupying the ufual place of the Ante, before which they here ftand at fome 
diftance, fo as to leave on each fide a lateral entrance into it. Thefe lateral entrances conftitute 
the only difference between this part of the Parthenon, and the fame part in Temples conftru&ed 
after the ufual manner, for thefe had their Pteromata prolonged, till their Antz ranged with the 
Columns of the Pronius, as we {ee it in the Temple of Thefeus at Athens, and of confequence their 
entrances could then be in front only. Thefe entrances therefore appear to be all that Vitruvius 
has meant by the word ex:fona, in the place I have quoted from him. 

b.b. The Ante. 

c. c. The additional Columns on the fhoulders of the Pronius. Between b. and c. are the 
lateral entrances, continued from the front to the fides. 

D.D. The Cell in which the Statue of the Goddefs was placed. The circles on this part are 
{iill vifible, and mark the places on which the Columns. of the Periftyle ftood. 

d.d. The middie of the Cell open to the tky, in which the pavement lay about 1} inch below 
the pavement on the fides. 

E.E. The Opifthodomus, the Roof of which was originally {upported by fix Columns, one of 
which, as Wheler and Spon inform us, was wanting; its place being fupplied by a rude mafs of 
fone and lime, ere@ed at the expence of a Kiflar-Aga. At prefent no traces of thefe Columns are 
to be feen. | 

c.e. The remains of that rude mals, ereted by the Kiflar-Aga. This, we fuppofe, gives nearly 
the place of the ruined Column, mentioned by the above cited travellers; and affifts in determining 
the fituation of the other five ; for which we have no other authority. 

PL AT HE NIL 

The Elevation of the Portico of the Parthenon. The dimenfions marked on this Plate were all 
taken on the weftern Front, which is fimilar to the Front facing the eaft, except only, that on 
the eaftern architrave certain triangular holes are cut, at regular diftances, which are not repeated 
either on the fides, or on the front facing the weft. They are inferted here, becaufe I had no 
other convenient opportunity of introducing them. It is difficult to aflign any ufe for thefe holes, 
unlefs we fuppofe that cramps were fixed in them, to fupport fome kind of ornament, probably 
Feftoons; with which the eaftern Front, and that only, has been decorated. Of the figures in the 
Pediment and in the Metopes of this Plate and of thofe in the Freeze of the following Plate, I 
{hall fpeak more particularly, when I come to treat of the fculptures of this Temple. 

PD LATHE IV 

A tranfverfe Se&ion of the Portico. Here the exterior Columns are removed, to thew thofe 
of the Pronidus; they ftand on two fteps raifed within the Portico, and fupport an architrave, 
and the weftern end of a Freeze enriched with fculpture, which is continued quite round the 

Temple. 

PLATE 

called the Parthenon, and Hecatompedon. ¥ Ii 

PLAT EV, 

Fig. 1. A Se&ion lengthways through the Portico and the Pronius; b.b. one of the Ante; c. ¢. 
one of the Columns of the Pronius; the fpace between b. and c. is one of the lateral entrances. 
See the explanation of the Plan, letter B. and the note accompanying it. 

Fig. 2. A Section of the Pediment. 
Fig. 3. The Fillet and Cyma reverfa under the Doric cymatium marked A. fig. 2. 

Fig: 4» The Moulding on the Corona of the Cornice marked B. fig. 2. 

PL ATE Vi 

The Capital and Entablature of the Columns of the Portico: 

PLATE. VL 
Fig. 1. The Capital and Entablature of the Columns of the Pronius and Pofticus. 
Fig. 2. The Capital of the Antz, and the Section of the Entablature of the Pronius: 

Fig. 3. The Mouldings of the Capitals of the Antz, on a larger fcale: 

pL AT BB: VII, 
Fig. 1. The Mouldings of the Capitals of the Columns of the Portico. 
Fig. 2. The Mouldings of the Capitals of the Columns of the Pronius; both on a large fcale. 

Thus much concetning the archite@ture of this Temple; it now remains to {peak of the fculps 
tures that adorn it. 

Tn the weftern Pediment, which extends almoft one hundred feet, the figures are fo ruined, as to 
| prevent my making any particular drawings from them; I have, neverthelefs, from the fragments 
we {aw there, and the deferiptions of Wheler and Spon, attempted in Plate III. to give a general 
idea of its appearance when entire; not from any opinion that I was able truly to reftore what is 
wanting, but merely to fhew the effe& of fo ample a Pediment filled with fuch a quantity of 
excellent fculpture. In Plate IX. are the figures which Spon and Wheler fuppofe, perhaps without 
fufficient authority, to be the portraits of Adrian and Sabina, 

The greateft part of the Pediment, fronting the eaft, 1s demolifhed, the figures remairing in its 
extreme Angles are fo far diftant from any place where they could be diftin&ly feen, that no par- 
ticular drawings from them have been made, though, as this was the principal Front, there can be 
no doubt, but that the fculpture here, was at leaft equal both for compofition and execution, to 
that in the weftern Front. 

All the Metopes in the Freeze (in number 92) have likewife been enriched with Sculpture; 
thofe on the fouth fide had each a groupe of two figures, reprefenting a Centaur combating a 
5 ; Lapitha; 

12 Of the Temple of Minerva, 

Lapitha; a few of thefe remain, and I have given three plates of them, numbered X, XI, and XII; 
they are in Alto Relievo, moft of them miferably broken, though not fo entirely defaced as 
thofe on the Metopes of the northern fide and the two fronts. 

But the principal piece of Sculpture we faw here, is the remaining part of the Freeze imme- 
diately under the Soffit or Cieling of the Peripterus; it is three feet four inches in height, and was 
continued quite round on the outfide of the wall of the Temple; fo that the ‘whole length 
muft have meafured at leaft 520 feet: the work is admirable, and the fubject interefling. It 
reprefents the Panathenaic Proceflion, as will be evident on comparing the following Plates, with 
the accounts yet remaining of that fplendid folemnity. 

Of this I have engraved fixteen Plates, beginning with the weflern Angle of the fide facing the 
north. On this Plate numbered XIII. we fce two youths preparing to mount their horfes and fol- 
low the Proceflion; others are juft mounted, and are beginning their march; more than 60 feet on 
each fide have been occupied by the horfemen who attend on this feftival, amongft whom three 
varieties of drefs are particularly diftinguifhable; fome are cloathed in a Chlamys and Tunic, fome 
in a Tunic without a Chlamys, and others, excepting a little Joofe drapery, are quite naked. 

I have contented myfelf with giving only four other Plates of this cavalcade, N° XIV, XV, XVI, 
XVII, they are all taken from the northern fide, and I think include all the varieties of drefs 
reprefented there in the original. 

The Horfemen are preceded by Charioteers; of thefe I have given three Plates, N° XVIII, 
XIX, XX, being all I was able to recover; in the laft is a youth, whom I fuppofe a Victor in the 
Charlot race, a man is about to crown him (jg). Between thefe and Plate XXI, there is a great 
chafm, the intermediate part of the Freeze being deftroyed; 1n Plate XXI, are three Scaphephori, 
or men carrying trays (4); there is another great chafm, between this and the Sacrificers and Ox (7), 
on the fame Plate, which is the northern face of the ftone forming the north-eaftern angle of this 
Frecze, 

In Plate XXII. is the other face of this angular ftone, making the northern extremity of the 
end facing the ealt; two young maidens are there reprefented, carrying dithes or pateras; on the 
fame Plate are Hydriaphora, or women carrying pitchers of water, and one aflifting to {fupport 
a Candelabrum. After another great chalm follows Plate XXIII. part of the longelt piece in the 
whole Freeze, and probably that which was in the middle of this Front; on it are a God and a 
Goddefs, perhaps Neptune and Ceres, and two other figures, one of which is a man who appears 
to examine with fome attention a piece of cloth folded feveral times double; the other is a young 

girl who affifts in {upporting it: may we not {uppofe this folded cloth to reprefent the Peplus? 

Plate XXIV, is the remaining part of this ftone; here the Prieflefs places a bafket on the head 
of a young Virgin (4), and puts a torch in her hand; another young female figure has a bafket 

( 3) “Hy yop Oovabmaioy voy peyarwy ixmobpouiz. Xenophon in Sympofio. «¢ In the Panathenaic fe Jeftival all the cities that were colonies Jrom Athens Jent : 

« an Ox to be facrificed, 

«¢ There is a horfe-race on the greater Panathenaic feflival. 

(%) Tlapbévos do 18 val Ts womddo: aides 8 win xaos 88 "ABavalss oPas xayn- 
Qégovs. x. 7. A. Paufan. Attic. c. xxvii. 

Kai & vixiy ceQuvdtas ihc TAEKT Suidas in voce TIzvabryaia. 

¢ And the Vicor is crowned with a wreath of olive. 

““ Two virgins inhabit near the Temple of Minerva Poliasy the Athenians 
call them Canephorae (bafket-bearers) ; they remain.a certain time with the 
« Goddefs; and, when the Feftival comes, at night, they are employed in the 
“ following manner : They take on their heads what the Prieflefs gives them to 

Athenz quoque vi&tores ded coronant. Plinius, lib, xv. c. 4. 
/ 
(hr) XX. Mpooéalaley 6 vipos Toi pevolnois &v Tals woumwals, auras wiv oraQas Qipesr® 

Tog OF Svyalépas aula, peta, zal owadiz. Harpoc. in voce TraQnogos. 

«« The law has ordained that in the proce(fions, the [ojourners themfelves fhould 
€ carry trays, and that their daughters fhould carry pitchers of water and um- 
¢¢ prelias.” 

° . ~ " ~ e ~ ? ~ 3 ~ ~ 
(i) “Ev vais Navabmdiois miaas wires aw amo var Abnviy “amoimicbeitas Biv Svabuevor 

wepwor. Scholiaftes in Nub. Ariftoph, 

“ carry, neither the Prigflefs knowing what fhe gives, nor the Virgins what 
“¢ they receive. There is an enclofure in the City not far from the Temple of 
“ Venus in the Gardens, and in it a natural fubterrancous cavern; bere they 
“ defcend, and having depofited the things they have brought, take up others, 
“ which are likewife covered up and concealed; from this time they are dif~ 
$¢ miffed, and twa other Virgins are conduited to the deropolis in their place. 

already 

called the Parthenon, and Hecatompedon. 4 3 
already placed on fei head, and holds a tablet in her hand; there feems to be fomething | carefully 

Tobe up mn thefe bafkets. The young figures are the two Arrephorz, or Canephore, cefohail to in 

page 8, note (6), who, at the clofe of this Feftival, are difmiffed from the Acropolis, after having 

remained there a certain time to work on the Peplus. In this Plate dre three divinities, perhaps 

Vulcan and Juno fitting, and Iris ftanding by her. Vulcan, the limping God, feems to be diftin- 
guithed by having one fhoe much higher than the other. 

Plate XXV, like the former two, exhibits only part of another large ftone ; in this are repre- 
fented Jupiter and the two Diofcuri; the other fitting figure is perhaps Thefeus; of the two ere 

figures, one feems to be an Hierophant explaining fome myfleries, and the other a Myfta to 
whom the myfteries are explained (7). 

Plate XXVI, completes the former fone; and that contiguous to it; Tek two other My fle are 
initiated, and {ome women, whom I take to be Sciaphorz, or Umbrella-bearers, appear to lead the 
Proceflion. This is all I could find of the eaftern end, and it may be remarked, that feveral 
female figures are reprefented on it, and that none appear on any other part of this Freeze. 

Plate XXVIIL Sacrificers and Oxen: thefe were on dhe fouthern fide of the Temple. In 

Plate XXVIII are Horfemen, introduced here from the cavalcade on that fide, becaufe their drefs is 
different from any that I faw on the northern, 

We were not able to difcover that part of the Freeze, frou whence the Marquis de Noluteld 
painter, copied the two groupes publithed by Mountfaucon (72); they are probably deftroyed. I 
have therefore in Plate XXIX, copied them from the work of that diligent colle&or. As there are 
female figures in them; I muft fuppofe they were oh the eaftern end; and I fhould have at once 
concluded, that the little figure attended by two women, one on each fide, reprefents the ancient 
ftatue of Minerva; fuppofed to have fallen from heaven, were it not that this ancient flatue certainly 
flood in the Temple of Minerva Polias, where I had not till now the leaft doubt, all the ceremonies 
with which it was honoured were performed; but this groupe, together with a paflage in Hefychius; 
cited by Meurfius, may, perhaps, to fome of my readers, fuggeft a different opinion (7). Indeed 
I think it not improbable, that the Statue, which; for its fuppofed fandity, the Athenians muft have 
honoured above any other, was during the Panathenaic Feftival, placed on a bed made up with 
flowers, and conveyed on a litter from it§ ufual fituation to the Parthenon ; and the expofition of it 
there, might make part of that great {olemnity. 

Plate XXX. All the remaining pieces of this Freeze on a faiiile fcale, brought together in 
one view, and ranged in the order in which they driginall y flood. A. A. the weft end, B. B. the 
north fide, C.C. the ealt end, D. D. the fouth de, 

(!) Meurfius, in the Jat chapter of his Panathenaia, produces the fol- 
lowing quotation from Pi oclug, to thew, that fome myfteries were taught 
in this Feftival, 

‘H.8% 7ov Havebuwaluy (foprn) Fors Sadr viv amd 78 v3 nalimecar vrabiay bc wiv 
bouon, xa} Thy MidreiTiy THY RoUyUTOY Fy xoTpiniy Baldo ewy, DibooPos yag Gua xa 
Piromirepos nde 7 feéc. Proclus, comm. I. in Timzo. 

« The feajt of the Panathenaia feems to manifeft that perfect order which 
<< pxtends from the ( divine) mind, to the (material) world; and likewife the 
<< unconfufed diftinétion of the mundane contrarieties; for this Goddefs is the 
¢ Goddefs of Wifdom as well as of Wars” 

By this it appears to have been the opinion of Proclus, that fome pious, 
though myfterious philofophic dorines were then taught. Thefe figures, 
and thofe of the following plate, confirm that opinion : we there fee, 1f I 
miftake not, the Hierophants explairiing and inculcating thefe dotrines 
to the Wives or perfons to be initiated. 

(m) L’Antiquité expliqué, vol. IIL pl. LY, 
Vor. IL 

©) NX, As ly xorsonsvacisio e& &bsy hn gr TWy i Treluritote 
Hefychius, in voce Marly, 
« Placis, a little bed made up with flowers on the fe ¢ftival of the Panathenaia, 

Meurfius, I think, fuppofes the ftatue of Minerva was laid on this bed ; but 
as a little bed could not receive the coloflal ftatue of Minerva made by Phi- 
dias, may it not be conjetured, that the ancient Statue made of wood, and 
fuppofed to have fallen from heaven, was laid on a portable bed or litter; arid 
carried intothe Parthenon at thetime of this feftival; where, with folemn rites 
and myfterious ceremony, we may fuppofe it unveiled, to excite the devotion 
and gratify the cutiofity of thofe who affifted at this magnificent Fun&ion 3 
In Roman Catholic countries their moft venerable relics are thus expofed 
on the greater feftivals. In thofe countries likewife we fee proceffions, in 
which their facred images are borne about on litters; particular] y at Naples, 
where the images of their principal Saints are taken from the Churches 
dedicated to them, and carried in this manner with great folemnity, to 
vifit St. Januarius; whenever the liquefaltion of his blood is to be ex= 
hibited. 

G ; Ic 

14 Of the Temple of Minerva, 

It is remarkable, that the harnefs of the horfes in this Freeze was of metal, the holes by which it 
was fixed to the marble are ftill diftin&ly vifible. The Thunderbolt likewife in the hand of 
+ Jupiter, Plate XXV, and the ornaments of ak other figures, have been covered with the fame 

material. 

The difpofition of thefe figures, particularly thofe of the Divinities on the part facing the eaft, 
and the march of the proceflion on the north and fouth fides toward that part, the holes alfo which 
are cut in the Architrave of the eaftern Portico, mentioned in the explanation of Plate III. wherein 
apparently Cramps have been fixt, for fupporting fome kind of ornament, with which that Front 
alone has been decorated, are circumftances concurring with what has been already faid, to prove 
that the principal entrance into this Temple was through the Portico fronting the eaft; and of cons 
fequence, that the Opifthodomus was in the fituation I have affigned to it in a former part of this 

Chapter. 
b.L AT BE .XXYI 

The Plan of the Temple of Fupiter Olympius at Athens. 

1 HAVE here, according to promife, inferted the Plan of this Temple, and fhall give fod 
account of the ftate in which we faw it. 

In the year 1753 there remained feventeen of thefe Columns, thirteen of which, ftanding tos 
gether in one groupe, without any intervening cha{m, but connected together by their Architraves, 
appear evidently to have formed the fouthern angle of the Front which faced the eaft, and furnith 
an unequivocal proof, that this Temple was a Dipreros (a); that is, the Cell was furrounded by 
two tows of Columns. Thefe Columns exceed fix feet in diameter, and appear to be near fixty 
feet high; they are of Pentelic marble, are fluted, have beautiful Corinthian capitals (4), and 
Attic bafes, the outward row of which, I muft obferve, are diftinguithable from thofe of the 
Columns next the Cell. 

Three other Columns, belonging to the inner fow of the fouthern Flank of the Temple, were 
flanding at fome diftance from thofe above-mentioned; and there remained one, marked F. in this 
Plan, which originally ftood in the weftern Portico. The laft-mentioned Column proves, that when 
this Temple was entire, it had one and twenty Columns on its Flank ; for if a right line is drawn 
from eaft to weft, through the centers of the outward Columns, it will be cut exa&ly in the center 
of the twentieth Column of that row, by another line drawn at right angles to it from the 
center of the Column F. the bafe of which proves it was not in the Front of the Portico, but had 
another row of Columns ftanding before it. There will therefore have been one and twenty 
Columns on the Flank of this magnificent Temple; and of confequence it will have been a 
Decaflyle (¢), or have had ten Columns both in the Portico, and in the Pofticus; which is the 
number that Vitruvius has affigned to the complete Hypathros. On this {fuppofition, the Front muft 
have extended at leaft 167 feet, and the length from eaft to weft, muft have meafured 372 

(a) Antiochus Rex cum in id opus impenfam eflet pollicitus, celle 
magnitudinem, & columnarum circa dipteron collocationem, epiftyliorum 
& caterorum ornamentorum ad fymmetriarum diftributionem, magna 
folertia feientiaque fumma civis Romanus Cdffutius nobiliter eft archi- 
te@atus. Vitr, in procemio, l. vii. p. 260. 

When King Antiochus had promifed to be at the expenfe (of completing 
this Temple of Jupiter Olympius) that work was magnificently performed by 
Cofutius a Roman citizen, who adjufled the dimenfions of the Cell, the arrange- 
ment of the Columns round the Dipteros, and the difiribution of the Architraves 
and other ornaments, with great JRill and profound judgement. 

(3) In Aly vero Jovem Olympium amplo modulorum comparatu, 
corinthiis fymmetriis & proportionibus, uti fupra fcriptum eft, architec< 
tandum Coflutius fufcepifle memoratur, Vitr, in procemio, l, vii, p. 262, 

7 

But it is faid, that Coffutius was the Architect employed at Athens to build the 
Temple of Jupiter Olympius, on a feale of great dimenfions, with the Corinthian 
ornaments and proportions, defcribed by us in a former part of this work. 

(¢) Both Greeks and Romans placed an odd number-of Columns on 
the flank of their Temples, but with this difference, the Greeks to twice 
the number of Columns in front, added one; fo that an Odtaltyle Temple 
had 17 Columns on the flank, and an Hexaftyle had 13; whereas the 
Romans from double the number in Front took away one; and the O&ta- 
ftyle with them had only 15 Columns on the Flank, and the Hexaftyle 
only 11. 

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called the Parthenon, and Hecatompedon. is 

feet and fome odd inches. Within this Temple was a ftatue of Jupiter of ivory and gold (4), 

which, by what can be gathered from the account of it given by Paufanias, was of a Colofial fize, 
though not equal to fome that were at Rome and at Rhodes. 

The Peribolus, or wall which enclofed the confecrated ground in which it was built, Paufanias 
tells us, was about four ftadia, or half a mile in circumference, this we could not entirely verify ; 
the extent from eaft to weft meafures 682 feet g inches, and the diftance from the outward face 
of the fouthern wall of the Peribolus, to the bafement on which the Columns of the Dipteros are 
fet, meafures 146 feet 2 inches, but we were not able to afcertain its extent towards the north, as 
there is not the leaft trace of building to be feen on that fide. Paufanius enumerates other Tem- 
ples, Statues, and Monuments, which were within this Peribolus, fome of them accounted in his 
time, to be of great antiquity; and it can hardly be doubted but that the infide of this wall was 

adorned with a Periftyle, or continued colonnade, with Porticos and other ornaments in {uch fort, 
that the bare wall did not in any part appear. 

(d) *Adperds & Pupaler Bacihsvs 70y ¥e vady avis, xad 78 coyerum Bias cbiov, Adrian the Roman Emperor dedicated the Temple, and the flatue, which de- 
wemolnras 0 Ee Te DNiQarros wai ypuood, al Exes véxms fu woes 76 péyibos Spice ferues to be [een ; it is made of ivory and gold, and is well wrought, confidering 
—0 wiv & wa wepiSutos sadly pdr ssoodgwy ive Paul Att co xviil, Po 428 jis magnitude, ~The entire circuit of its Peribolus, or enclofure, is about four 
43 Sadia. 

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CHAPTER 

of the Temples of E rechiheus, Minerva Polias, and Pandrofus. 

T O the north of the Parthenon, at the diftance of about one hundred and fifty feet, are the 
remains of three contiguous Temples. That towards the eaft was called the Erechtheum; to the 
weftward of this, but under the fame roof, was the Temple of Minerva, with the title Polias, as 
protedrefs of the City; adjoining to which on the fouth fide is the Pandrofium, fo named be- 
caufe it was dedicated to the nymph Pandrofus, one of the daughters of Cecrops. 

Paufanias has not given a more particular defcription of this building, than he has of the Parthe- 
non (2). He tells us it was a double Temple, and that in the Erechtheum was the {pring of fea- 
water produced by the firoke of Neptunes trident, when he contended with Minerva for the pa- 
tronage of the City. Before the entrance was an altar of Jupiter the Supreme, and within the 
Temple an altar of Neptune, on which, by command of an Oracle, they facrificed likewife to 
Erechtheus; whence we may conclude, it was not originally dedicated to him, but to Neptune: 
Here was likewife an altar of the Hero Butes, the brother of Erechtheus; and another, on which 
they facrificed to Vulcan. On the walls were paintings (inlcriptions) relating to the family of 
Butes, in which the Priefthood of thefe Temples was hereditary. Near thefe ruins we found a 
marble fragment, infcribed IEPEQS BOYTOY, as reprefented at the end of this chapter. 

In the Temple of Minerva. Polias was the ancient Statue of the Goddefs; it was of wood (4), and 
faid to have fallen from heaven; this I {fuppofe to have been one of thofe ancient ftatues, which Pau- 
{anias tells us were entire but black, and fo fcorched with the flames when Xerxes burnt the Temple, 
that they would not bear a blow. Here was likewife a Hermes, or flatue of Mercury, dedicated 
by Cecrops;.it was almoft hid from the fight by branches of myrtle (c), on account, it fhould 

fa) Paulan, Attic, c. 3%V1. p.62 (¢) Paufanias Attic. 1bid. where I read 2x #vsdrorles, or with Kuhnius, 
(5) Tpix dydypara hy v5 axgomores tis Abméic, & pin, i apxis yerbuevoy if dala, & ovvorlos. For the indecency of thefe ftatues of Mercury, fee Herodotus, 
Smee tnaneito Tlohidos "Almas, Scholiaftes Demotfth. L.ii. § 51. and v. 1096, of the Lyfiftrata of Ariftophanes, which thews, 

There are three flatues of Minerva in the deropolis, one of obi placed there that not only the faces (according to Thucydides) but other parts of the 

from the beginning, is of olive tree, this is called Minerva Polias. Herma were mutilated by the Hermocopidze, 

{eem, 

Minerva Polias, and Pandrofus. 17. 

feem, of the indecency and ablardity of fuch an image in the Temple of a Virgin; fuperflitioh alone 
could have prevented the Athenians from removing it, for an Hermes appears to have been ag 
obfcene a figure as a Priapus. Here alfo was the golden Lamp made by Callimachus, who 
invented the Corinthian capital (¢): 1t was faid to burn all the year without frefh {upplies of oil; 
this Lamp was placed under a brazen Palm tree, the branches of which extended up to the roof 
and conveyed away the fmoke; | | . 

The Pandrofium is the only ancient example we know of, in which the entablattire and toof 
is fupported by Caryatides. Paufanias has not mentioned them, though they are certainly more 
ancient than the time in which he wrote. Vitruvius probably. alludes to this building, when he 
tells us, that after the defeat of the Perfians and the deftru®ion of the city of Carya, the Architeéts 
of thofe times placed female figures of this kind in public buildings (¢), to perpetuate the igno- 
miny of thofe who deferted iy caufe of liberty and their country. 

Within the Pandrofium was the Olive tree (£); faid to have been produced by Minerva in her con- 
tet with Neptune above-mentioned, it was called Pankyphos (¢) (incurvited) from its branches 
being bent downwards after it had grown up to the roof. Under this Tree flood the Altar of 
Jupiter Herceus (4). Some have imagined that an Olive tree erew in the Temple of Minerva 
Polias; but it is quite improbable that any tree fhould grow in a place fo unfavourable to vege- 
tation; for it appears to have been a clofe room, illuminated only by a lamp; whereas in this 
of Pandrofus a free admiflion was gua to light and aif, the {paces between the Caryatides being 
left entirely open. 

The Olive and the Spring of {ea-water prove this to be the fabulous feene of contention be- 
tween the two Divinities; they allo prove that thefe Temples were rebuilt on the fame {pot, where 
thofe ftood that were burnt by Xerxes, which doubtlefs were of great antiquity, probably the moft 
ancient in Athens: Homer meations that of Minerva (7), under which name he feems to include 
them all, as Herodotus afterwards does under that of Erechtheus (£). 

An Infeription brought from Athens at the expence of the Society of Dilettanti, and pub- 
lithed by Dr: Chandler (/), contains a furvey of fuch parts of thefe Temples as were at that time 
unfinithed, with what {eems to be an eftimate in Attic Minas of the expence of compleating them, 
amounting to between three and four hundred pounds fterling. 

This {urvey was taken by order of the people of Athens when Diocles was Archon, which was 
in the 23d year of the Peloponnefian war; hence it is not improbable, that this building was begun 
during the Adminiftration of Pericles; and a flop put to it, either by his death, or the calamities 
and expences of that war. | 

(4) Paufan: ibid. & Viet, Liv. ¢ 1: p. 130. 
(¢). Vituv, LL. 1. ci 1. p. 6: j 

(f) Mids 3% zEroy, seey TABmar wal womiouévn Ths xallarnl ews Kéxgows praglupee 
Apollodorus, 1. iii. 

y Cp ~ 
1pdrevoey aay, 1 10y i 79 Tavdpeoie Jebeyvras, 

Then came Minerva, and das a teflimony to Cecrops of ber vifit, produced the 
olive trée now fhewn in the Pandrofium: 

(g) Hefychius, v."Agn. & v. Tafevpos. 

bh) Kiwy, gic voy 5c Tlomadog viaw sicend3oa, nar dvoa ds 70 oydoiaidy, in) 7o9 
g 
Ruud arabica 58 ‘Egrelz Aids, TOF Om Ta iAaia, xlinerto. 

Dionyfius Hal. in Dinarcho, p. 113. edit. Sylburgii. 

A Bitch entering the Temple of Minerva Polias, got down into the Pandrofium, 
where leaping on the altar of Fipiter Herceus, which is under the olive tree, 
Jhe lay down there, 

Vor. II. ' 

‘CN / 
Twy Bageepwrs 

{i) Homer, IL. B. v. 540. Od. H. v. 81. : 

(k) "Eqs 8 bv 77 axgomihs Tadrn Epex ioc 78 ynyeri®: Aeyoudvs elias nic, iv To Daly re 
wat Sdraooa Int Ta Adyog wrap *Abmyaiwy Tlocaidémvd ve no *Abnvainy Ylravras nels 
x pms, paprigie Séclai. vatrny Gv vay Iabny dua To AMG ipa xeTénabe dumpnabias. Iw 
Herodotus, 1 viii. § 55. 

«< There is in the Acropolis, the Temple of Erechtheus, who is faid to be born 
c¢ of the earth 5 in this is the Olive and the Sea, produced there, as the Athenians 
“< relate, by Neptune and Minerva, in tefiinony of their contention about that 
« country. This Olive tree, together wiih the reff of the Temple, tvas burnt 
“by the barbarians.” 

Herodotus is fuppofed to have recited his hiftory at Athens, the 4th year 
of the 84th Olympiad, that is, before Phidias had fet up his flatue of 
Minerva in the Parthenon; and perhaps the Temples of Minerva Polias 
and of Pandrofus were not then rebuilt, 

(1) Infcriptiones Antique, &c, Oxonmiay 17745 p. 37. 

By 

8 Of the Temples of Erechibeus, 

By the grammatical inaccuracies in this infcription,. it feems to have been drawn up by the 
Mafon employed in the furvey. And the terms, of architecture not to be found in any writer now 
remaining, together with our ignorance in what manner the {urvey was taken, whether by going 
regularly round the building, or by clafing {imilar deficiencies together, render it very obicure, 
and in a great meafure unintelligible. 

The fituation of {ome of the moft unfinifhed parts, is defcribed as being near the Cecropium; 
of others near the Pandrofium, {ome on the fouth wall, others on the eaft. By the Cecropium I 
underftand the Temple of Minerva Polias, which might be fo called, from the opinion that Cecrops 
was buried there (#2), asthe contiguous Temple of Neptune, probably for a like reafon, was called 
the Erechtheum. 

We read of no other building called Cecropium; the Acropolis, which was the ancient City, and 
faid to have been built by Cecrops, was called Cecropia. 

In this furvey no part of the Cecropium, or of the Pandrofium, is faid to be unfinithed. In the 
44th line it mentions Columns on the Wall next the Pandrofium; and in the 62d, Pilafters next 
to the Cecropium; fome other particulars occur in it, which feem to belong to the prefent building, 
but the meafures afligned to them prove the contrary. This circumflance is a confirmation of a 
paffage in Xenophon (#), where this Temple is faid to have been burnt about three years after this 
furvey was taken, though the names of the Archon and Ephorus are generally believed to be 
interpolated (0). 

Thefe Temples are now in a very ruinous condition. Thofe of Erechtheus and Minerva have 
at prefent no roof or covering of any kind. The wall which feparated them, and that by which 
the Pronius, or paflage to the Pandrofium, was parted off from the Temple of Minerva, are fo de- 
molifhed, that hardly any traces of them remain, except where they joined the fide walls. The 
pavements are {o encumbered with large blocks of marble and variety of rubbifh, as to render the 
infide almoft impaffable, and a more particular di{quifition there fruitlefs. The Pandrofium, though 
it has fuffered leaft, is filled up to a great height in the fame manner, and one of the Caryatides is 
wanting. We found the Portico of Minerva Polias walled up, and being a magazine of military 
flores, all entrance into it was denied us, 

In the time of Wheler and Spon this building was more entire (p), for it was then inhabited, a 
Turkith officer having made it his Seraglio; but that circumftance was an infurmountable obftacle 
to the curiofity of thofe Gentlemen, who had they viewed the infide, might poffibly have given us 
{ome information which we now want. | 

Although thefe three Temples compofe one body, they are not on the fame level; for the 
pavement of the Temple of Erechtheus is about eight feet higher than that of the reft of the 
building. Neither has the Archite® attempted to form them into one regular whole, but feems 
purpofely to have kept them, as we now fee them, in three diftin& forms. | 

(m) Meurfius cites feveral authorities to prove that Cecrops was buried in (0) See Dodwell’s Annales Xenophontii, & De cyclo Lacenico. 
the Temple of Minerva. See his book de Regibus Athen, Lib. I. c, 12. Ineptiffima illa Olympiadum, Archontum & Ephororum sosyshwoic que in 
Hellanica Xenophontis irrepfit, gloflatoris cujufdam infcitiam prodit. 
Marfhami Canon chronicus, in Seculo xvi. de prima Olympiade. 

(»n) Xenophontis Hellanica, Lib. I. c. 6. § 1. 

(2) ‘Wheler's Journey into Greece, p. 364. 

PLATE 

Minerva Polias, and Pandrofus. 19 

PicAT Bow 

A View of the Temple of Erechtheus. The Portico of four Columns on the right hand, was the 
only approach either to the Temple of Minerva, or to that of Pandrofus. Towards the left hand 
is part of the Parthenon, and of the Mofché¢a built within its walls. ‘The fpot from whence this 
view was taken, is rather a fequeftered part of the Fortrefs; here two pious Turks are reprefented, 

performing a devout exercife; which confifts in counting over a firing of beads, and at every bead 
they drop, repeating an attribute of God; as, God moft holy—God moft mighty—God of infinite 
wifdom—God moft merciful—one God—God the glory of true believers—God of truth—the 

avenger of innocence—the detefter of iniquity, &c. Thefe they repeat with great fervour, and a 
countenance that befpeaks a mind abforbed in contemplation. 

P L-A XT EE MW 

A View of the weft end of the Temple of Minerva Polias, and of the Pandrofium. The Turkifh 
Gentleman fmoaking a long pipe, is the Difdir-Ag4, he leans on the fhoulder of his fon-in- 
law, Ibrahim Aga, and is looking at our labourers, who are digging to difcover the Bafe, and 
the fleps of the Bafement under the Caryatides. He was accuftomed to vifit us from time to 
time, to {ce that we did no mifchief to the Building; but in reality, to fee that we did not carry off 
any treafure; for he did not conceive, any other motive could have induced us, to examine fo eagerly 
what was under ground in his Caftle. The two Turks in the Pandrofium were placed there by 
him to watch our proceedings; and give him an account of our difcoveries. The little girl 
leading a lamb, and attended by a negro flave, is the daughter of Ibrahim Aga. The lamb is 

fatted to be eaten at the feaft of the Beiram, which was not far off at the time this view was 
taken. 

PLAY Tm 

The Plan of the three contiguous Temples. 

A. The Temple of Erechtheus, or of Neptune, in which was the well of {alt-water, and the 

altars of Neptune, of Vulcan, and of the hero Butes; before it ftood the altar of Jupiter the 
Supreme. 

B. The Temple of Minerva Polias, perhaps the Cecropium of the Dilettanti infcription. 

a. a. The wall which feparated the two Temples, diftinély vifible where it joined the late- 
ral walls. 

C. The Temple of Pandrofus, in which was the Olive produced by Minerva, and the altar of 
Jupiter Herceus. 

D. The Portico, common to the Temple of Minerva, and to that Pandrofus. 

E. E. A kind of Veftibule or Pronius, which was likewife common to the two laft-mentioned 
Temples, and the only approach by which they could be vifited. 

b. b. Veftiges of the wall, which feparated the Veftibule from the Temple of Minerva. 

The 

20 | Of the Temples of Erechihens, 

The part fhaded with Diagonal lines, lyes about eight feet lower than the unfthaded part, and dif 
tinguifhes the level on which the Temple of Minerva Polias is built, from the higher ground on 
which the Erechtheum ftands. 

F. F. Foundations of a wall continued from the bafement of the Pandrofium, to fome diftance 

weftward; it ftood on the extreme edge of a Yetle precipice, which, in this part, feparates the 
upper level from the lower. 

d. d. Veftiges near the Portico of the Erechtheum, of a divifion between the upper and owes 
ground, fimilar to that mentioned in the preceding reference. 

PL A T BE W 
The Elevation of the Portico of the T emple of Erechtheus. 

On the right hand is the Flank of the Portico of Minerva Polias, the dotted line a. 4. marks 
the level on which that Portico is built. On the left hand is the Flank of the Pandrofium. 

P.1,. A T ££ Y¥. 

The Bafe, Capital, and Entablature of the Erechtheum, with the Capital and Bafe of the Anta 
of that Portico. 

PL AT & WIL 

The Plan reverfed, and Se&ions of the Capital. 

PL. ATE VU 

Elevation of the North fide of the Temples of Erechtheus, and Minerva Polias. 

= 

PL AT EE VIL 

Fig. 1. Capital, Bafe, and Entablature of the Portico of Minerva Polias. 
Fig. 2. The Capital and Bafe of the Antz. 
Fig. 3. Profile of the moulding under the Corona, with the ornament carved on it. 

Fig. 4. The fame viewed from below, to thew the efte& of the flower on the Angle, 
P&L A TE 1X 
The Plan reverfed, and the neceflary Sections of the Capital. 

PLATE 

Minerva Polias, and Pandrofus. | 2x 

Pils A T:E X. 

The Hlevntion of the Weftern Front of Minetva Polias. 

PL ATE Xi 

Fig. 1. The Capital and Bafe of the Columns on the Weftern Bronty with the mouldings of 
the Bafement on which thofe Columns ftand. 
Fig. 2. A Section of the Bafement, &c. 

P IL AT BE Ji 
oT he Plan reverfed, and SeSions of the Capital. 

PLATE XIII. 

A Se&ion through the Vellibule or Pronaus common to the Temple of Minerva, and to that of 
Pandrofus ; fhewing the internal face of the weftern front of this Building. It is remarkable that 
the windows in this Front have their apertures fomewhat enlarged on the infide, that is, they are 
recefled, or, as our artificers call it, reveeled, apparently for the reception of a window frame, 
which we may fuppofe glazed (if I may be allowed the expreflion) with fome fuch kind of 
~ tranfparent ftone as that obferved by Wheler and Spon (7), in the windows of the Tribune at 
the eaftern end of the Parthenon. 

A. One of the Antz in the Portico leading to this Veftibule. B. The Section continued through 
part of the Temple of Pandrofus. 

Fig. 2. A Setion through the Wall of the Waders Front. 

PLATE Mv 

Fig. 1. The Capital and Bafe, &c. of the Pilafters of the preceding Plate. 
Fig. 2. A Se&ion, fhewing the profile and proje&ion of the Pilafters. 

Fig. 3. A Se&ion of the lower Torus of the Bafe on a larger Scale. 

Fig. 4. The ornaments on the mouldings of the Bafement. | 

PLATE on, 

Fig. 1. The general form of the window. Here, as in the Door and Window of the Temple 
of Vefta at Tivoli (7), the Jambs are not perpendicular, but incline towards each other, fo that 
the aperture is narrower at the top than at the bottom. This contraéion, and the knees, as our 
artificers call them, proje@ing on each fide, fo as to be perpendicular to the outward extremity 
of the footing of the Jambs, are particulars in which thefe windows agree with the defcription Vi- 
truvius has given of the Doric door (sr), from which likewife their general proportions differ but 
little. 

Fig. 2. One of the Knees, : 

Fig. 3. The Profile of the Architrave and its Mouldings. 

Fig. 4. A perpendicular Section through the window-ftool, fhewing the depth of the Jamb (a. b.) 
before the reveel takes place; b. c. the reveel. 

(g) ¢ Towards the bottom are thofe marvellous ftones Monfieur Gui~ * a reddifh, or yellowith colour.” Wheler’s Travels, p. 363. See likewifs 
¢ liter makes fuch a wonder of, they are only of a tranfparent Marble, Spon’s Voyage, tome Il. p. 156. 
~ ¢ which Pliny in the 36th Book of his Natural Hiftory calleth Phengites (r) Defgodetz, Les edifices antiques de Rome, p. 95. & Palladio, 1, 4. 
¢ by reafon of its natural tranfparency, an obfcure light paffeth through p. 34. 
“ it, and feveral holes being made deep in it, it makes the light look of (s) Vitruvius, Lib. IV, ¢. VI, p. 149. 

Vou. IL 2% Fig. 5. 

22 Temple of Erechiheus, $e. 

Fig. 5. A horizontal fection through the Wall. The letters a. b. mark the outward face of the 
Jamb; b. c. the depth of the Jamb; c. d. the Reveel; d.e. the fpace reveeled ; . f. the face of 

the Jambs within the Veftibule. 

X 

P- LL AT EE . XVi 
The Elevation of the Front of the ‘Temple of Pandrofus adorned with Caryatides. 

PL AT E XVII 

Fig. 1. The head of one the Caryatides, with the mouldings of the Capital and Entablature on a, 
Dias Scale, that the ornaments with which they are enriched, might be more diftinétly reprefented. 

Fig. 2. The Mouldings of the Bafement. 

P L AT BEB XVill 

The Capital of one of the Antz of the Pandrofium, with a Plan and Se&ion of the Soff, a or 
Glellig - 

Pi ATE "XIX 

One of the Caryatides viewed in Front and in Profile. 

PL ATE XX 
View of the Back and of the Profile of another of the Caryatides. 

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CHA PT ER. 1 

Of the Theatre of Bacchus. 

T HIS Building is in fo ruinous a fate, that I have been fome time in doubt, whether I 
fhould attempt to give any defcription of it, feeing it muft at beft be very imperfe®, on ac- 
count of the obftacles that oppofed our enquiries. For as the front of the Scene forms part of an 
outwork to the Fortrefs, and lies dire@ly under the only entrance to it, in full view of the 
garrifon, our operations excited their jealoufy ; they were not able to comprehend our motives for 
withing to meafure, and to fet men to dig in this place, which, defpoiled of all ornaments, feemed 
fo little to deferve our attention; and they would not be perfuaded that we came fo far, and 
engaged in fo much fatigue and expenfe, merely to fatisfy what appeared to them an idle and ufe- 
lefs curiofity. 

~ This was the more mortifying to us, as there is a confiderable depth of earth and rubbifh, 
which covers the Profcenium, Logeum, Orcheftra, and other the more interefting parts of the 
Theatre; and we had perfuaded ourfelves, that on removing it we fhould have difcovered, at 
leaft, the rudiments of thofe parts, hitherto perhaps not perfectly underftood. Befides which, as 
the ranges of feats one above the other, the general {lope of which till remains, form a pretty fteep 
femicircular declivity, much of what has been demolifhed in the upper part of the Theatre, and 
the buildings which were fituated immediately above it, muft have rolled down into the Orcheftra, 
or againft the front of the Scene; where it muft have ftopt, and where apparently it has formed the 
level fpace we now fee, which is raifed many feet higher than the ground behind the fcene. We 
therefore thought there was a probability, that fome architectural ornaments, {ome fragments of {culp- 
ture, or fome unpublithed infcriptions, were buried there, and would have accompanied the more 
interefting difcoveries we wifhed to make, concerning the conftru&ion of ancient Theatres: but 
this tafk, defirous as we were to accomplith bs muft be referved for more fortunate adventurers. 

Difappointed in our principal objec, we neverthelefs beftowed fome time in taking the general 
dimenfions, and in digging behind the Scene, where we proceeded without interruption; and, by 
clearing away a great quantity of earth and rubbifh, difcovered the fituation and communications 
of the Stair-cafes, the plan of the Poftfcenium, with fome other particulars, which had efcaped 

| | the 

2.4 Of the Temple of Bacchus. 

the notice of others. As thefe may prove acceptable to fome of our Readers, I have given the four 
following plates, in which all the obfervations we made on this building are inferted. 

PLATE LL 

A view of the front of the Scene. In the diftant horizon appears part of the Sinus Saronicus, 
‘or gulph of Athens, and the mountains near Hermione and Troezene, in the territory of. Argos; at 
the extremity of thefe mountains is the promontory Scyllzum, and the ifland Calaurea in which 
Demofthenes died. Nearer is a part of the Attic fhore about Aexone, now Hafline, maintaining 
fill its ancient reputation for red mullets (2). Juft over the cyprefs tree, on the right hand, is 
the monument of Philopappus; the hill on which it ftands is now called To Seggio, but anciently 
the Mufeum, from the Poet Mufzus, who Paufanias informs us was buried there ; and that on the 
place where his fepulchre had been built, the monument of a Syrian (evidently Philopappus) was after- 
wards ere@ed (4). The front of the Scene occupies the principal part of this View ; the area, in which 
were the feats of the fpe@ators, neglected for ages, has at length acquired a furface of vegetable earth, 
and is now annually {own with barley, which, as the general cuftom here is, the Difdar-Aga’s horfes eat 
green; little or no grafs being produced in the neighbourhood of Athens. The fore-ground is 
a recefs, or little grotto in the upper part of the Theatre, whence this view was taken; it is marked 
A. in the following Plate; here Sir G. Wheler imagines, not improbably, a Tripod was placed, on 
which was wrought the flory of Apollo and Diana, {laying the fons and daughters of Niobe (¢). 
In this place I have endeavoured to reprefent my companion Mr. Revet, who from hence did, with 
great patience and accuracy, mark all the mafonry in the front of the Scene. 

PLATE 1. 

The Plan. On this we muft obferve, that the exterior wall is the portion of a circle, the 
centre of which being found, it will follow from the precepts of Vitruvius, if we fuppofe what he 
has faid concerning the Greek Theatres applicable to this building, that the extent of the Profce- 
nium, with the fituation and dimenfion of the Orcheftra, may be determined For the diftance 
a. b. from the centre a. of the exterior circle, to the front of the Scene c.b. d. will be the radius 
of a lefler concentric circle, in which three fquares being infcribed, after the manner he has dire@ed, 
the fide of the fquare e. f. neareft to the Scene and parallel to it, will then mark the limit of the Pro- 
{cenium, and the remaining part of the ¢ircle, if we do not miftake Vitruvius, will form the {pace affigned 
by him to the Orcheftra;. within which fpace, I am perfuaded, the Pulpitum or Logeum proje&ed at 
leaft as far as to the centre a. for I cannot imagine, that the a&ors were confined to the narrow {pace 
afligned by this {cheme to the Profcenium, or in other words, that the Pulpitum and Profcenium 
were, as Galiani has imagined, only different names for the fame place (d). Pollux, whofe evidence 
will have great weight in this difquifition, enumerating the parts of a Theatre, fpecifies the Or- 
cheftra, the Logeum, the Profcenium, the Paralcenia, &c. as different, and diftin& places (e); 
befides, if they were not, and the Logeum was only a part of the Profcenium, it would follow, that 
many of the SpeQators would be in a fituation where they could fee but very little of the aQors, 
and others would not fee them at all, during the whole reprefentation; a defe& which it is not eafy 
to conceive could exift in a building, where great art and expence were employed, principally with 
intention to accommodate the Audience in fuch manner, that they might all fee and hear, to the 

beft advantage, whatever was produced on the Stage. : 

(a) 008 Aikwnid’ Epolpl gen eluy ire : (c) "Ev & 5 nopu@n Tod Sedreon, eminasty Bow By wal: wirpass Swd wu axgb mori, 
Teiyam.— Cratinus Trophonio. Teimovs 3% Fwegs nad vévrw "Amérre & iy avry xa "Apress 10ds waidas dioly araigadivreg 

Nor any more to eat the red mullets of dexone. vovs NicGng. Pauf. 1. c. 31. p. 49. 
Aiburldu wglohnys donor xahisas tivo ai Alkwrnal olyrate Hefychius in (4) 11 pulpito o fia profcenio Greco. 

voce Aitoyida. Vitruv. Galiani, L Y. C. 6. not, 8. p- 189. 
Aexonian mullets. Aexonian mullets are reckoned the moft excellent, The pulpitum, or, in other words, the Greek profcenium, 
(4) Paul. 1.3 co 25. p. 61. (2) Migs Sedreov, nad worls, sal ¥arls, xad xaloalow, xeguidec, oxnym, Spxhreas 

Avysio, mooaniviar, Tapaouivia, Umeaxianas xe To Av Jo Poll Liv. c. 19. § 123. 

2 | | PLATE 

Of the Theatre of Bacchus. . Bé 

1 am aware of the difficulty of explaining the parts of a theatre appropriated to the a&ors; and 
it is with great diffidence I produce the ideas {uggefted to me by the view of this ruin. 

D. b. B. The front of the fcene. 
b. The royal folding door. 

c. One of the Hofpitalian doors. 
B. C. The verfura. 

E. F. G. The orcheftra: 

d. e: The katatome, pracifion; or fection, dividing the extremity of tre pulpitum next the ore 
cheflra, § 

H. H. The parafcenia. 

K. L. M. The external wall, encompafling the feats of the fpe&ators; 
L. N. The portico, in which were the feats for the women. 

N. O. The upper ranges of feats. 

O. P. The pracin&io, or femicircular corridor, feparating the upper from the lower ranges of | 
{eats. 

P. F. The lower ranges of feats. 

The feats for the {pe&ators were in this theatre cut in the folid rock; of confequence there 
were no {tair-cafes under them, by which the {peétators were conduéted to the upper ranges of feats, 
as in the theatre of Marcellus, and the amphitheatres of Rome and Verona: and therefore there 
were not vomitorios by which they emerged from thofe ftair-cafes into the places affigned them. But 
there were ample ftair-cafes at each extremity of the front : thefe are marked Q. Q. in the plan. 

R. An aperture leading from the ftair-cafe to the femicircular corridor O. P. 

I do not any where find fpecified the precife time when this theatre was erected, nor who was 
the archite& employed in its conftru&tion. Thus much however we are told, a Tragic Poet named 
Pratinas (2), who flourithed in the 70th Olympiad, or 498 years before Chrift, exhibited one of his 
producions on the ftage, in a theatre framed of boards, for as yet the Athenians had not eredted 
one of {tone ; on this occafion the concourfe was fo great, and the fpectators were fo eager for places, 
that the over-crowded building fell, and many were hurt. To prevent fuch accidents for the fu- 
‘ture, the Athenians were induced to fet about ere@ing a flone theatre. Lycurgus the Athenian 

(a) Tpalivas. Tluppuwvids, 7 Exwpis. Dridoios. wombs rpafuding aVln- fatyrs. Exhibiting one of bis dramas, it happened that the boards on which 
fonldlo d¢ Aloy dng 7e xa Xospiahy x3 Trg $6dounnosts oAvumindos. xo wpi- the fpectators flood fell in, and after this the Athenians had a theatre built 
7 ’ 9 3 2 / 
ros pale ocolipss. mide wvuuévs dt 1878, cwibn Tal inplacy £9 Wy Esinecay Jor them. 

of Seclod, weasiv, wad bx riz Halper dxodowtin abmaiais. Suidas. 

“ Pratinas, fon of Pyrrbonides, a Pbliafian, a tragic Poet, competitor ee likewife Libanius’s argument to the firt Olynthiac of Demo- 
with Efchylus and Cherillus, in the feventicth Olympiad 5 he firfi wrote SASS 

Vou. II. K erator, 

26 Of the Theatre of Bacchus. 

orator, it is faid, compleated it (4). He died in the 113th Olympiad, or about 170 years after the 
misfortune which befel the fpe@ators at the exhibition given by Pratinas. 

But it is furely not credible, that this building fhould have remained fo many years unfinithed as 
this account feems to imply ; and we may with more probability fuppofe, what Lycurgus performed 
here was rather an improvement, or perhaps a repair, than that the Athenians, vain as they were of 
their magnificent ftru&ures, and delighting in dramatic entertainments, fhould, for fuch a number 
of years, a period including the mol profperous times of the republic, during which their moft 
illuftrious poets wrote, and their moft fplendid buildings were erected, pay fo little attention to 
their theatre. And it appears fomewhat ftrange, that Paufanias, {peaking fo highly in praife of a 
theatre at Epidaurus, built by Polycletus, who flourifhed in the 88th Olympiad, fhould have faid fo 

little concerning this Theatre of Bacchus at Athens. 

From what has been faid it appears, that no great difcoveries are to be expected from the obferva- 
tions we were permitted to make on thefe ruins; and I think I may add, that even were it poffible, 
from future refearches, to reftore all thofe parts of a theatre Vitruvius has mentioned, and to exem- 
plify every precept he has given on this {ubje&, we fhould not, even with thefe advantages, be able 
to form a complete idea of the apparatus and ceconomy of the ancient flage : there would {till re- 
main many effential particulars to be defcribed and accounted for, before we could comprehend the 
contrivances of their machinery, or in what manner the fcenes were c difpofed, which they adapted 
to the various dramatic compolitions they exhibited. 

The front of the fcene, as defcribed by Vitruvius, was highly decorated with columns, and other 
architeGural ornaments ; and the remains of ancient theatres publithed by Serlio and Delgodetz (¢) 
prove, that what he has taught, was in that refpe& the actual practice of the age he lived in. In 
this all his commentators agree, but neither the elegant defigns they have given to illuftrate this 
part of his do@rine (4), nor the ancient remains that have been publithed, convey to us any idea of 
The front of the {cene feems to have been a dif 
tinét {pecies of compofition, by no means refembling any place in which the {peétators could fuppole 
that the imaginary bufinefs of the drama was tranfaced ; and fhould we allow it to have reprefented 
a palace, as the Marchefe Galiani has fuggefted (¢), it muft have appeared an infufferable abfurdity, 
had Prometheus chained to a rock, or Philo&etes crawling out of his cavern, or Ele@ra iffuing from 
her cottage, uttered their groans, or bewailed their diftrefles, in the midit of a magnificence totally 
repugnant to the fituation in which the poet has placed them. Or if, on thefe occafions, we fuppofe 
a rock, or a cavern, or a cottage, were for the time brought on the ftage, they would haveill con- 
Bo with the archite€ural ornaments of the front of the fcene ; {uch heterogeneous objets could 

t, furely, have exifted together, during a theatrical reprefentation LA, 

a temple, or a palace, or a private habitation. 

(4) Lycurgus the Orator, amongft his other virtues, is celebrated 

| (f) This will be rendered fufficiently evident, if we barely enume- 
for his munificence and public fpirit. See Plutarch, in The Life of 

rate the fcenes of fome of the moft celebrated tragedies of antiquity ; 

the Ten Orators, and Paufanias’s Attics, cap. XXix. p. 7§. 

Philo, the archite®, who built the naval arfenal, or repofitory for 
fhips, in the Pireus, was probably the perfon who repaired and improved 
this Theatre of Bacchus. 

(c) See the theatres of Marcellus, of Pola, and of Ferentum, given 
by Serlio, and that of Marcellus publithed by Defgodetz. 

(4) Barbaro, Perrault, Galiani, Newton, 

{¢) Vitruv. Galiani, p. 190, n. 1, 

for inftance, that of Prometheus in Chains, is a very dreary part of 
Mount Caucafus ; of the Perfians, a temple near the fepulchre of Da- 
rius at Sufa ; of the Eumenides, the temple at Delphi, and, by a change 
of fcene as it thould feem, that of Minerva in the Acropolis: all thefe 
are of ZEfchylus. The fcene of the Philo&etes of Sophocles, that of 
his Ajax the Scourge-bearer, a camp and diftant fhips ; his (Edipus 
Coloneus, a grove and a temple. The fcene of the Ele@ra of Euripi- 

~ des, and of his two Iphigenias, one a temple, the other a camp. 

In all thefe inftances, the painter, it muft be allowed, was a ufeful 
afliftant to the magician, who, modo me Thebis, mods me ponit Athenis. 

I muft 

Of the Theatre of Bacchus. 27 

I muft therefore fuppofe this ftately front was entirely concealed during the time of a&ing, and 
that fome painted {cene, and other decorations, were introduced, which, having relation to the {ub- 
jec exhibited on the ftage, by reconciling the eyes of the fpeators to the requifite ideas of locality, 
contributed to add a fpecies of theatrical probability to the reprefentation, which the invariable 
front of the fcene, if produced on all occafions, would unqueftionably have deftroyed. 

And in fa&, Vitruvius plainly tells us, there were three different forts of fcenes, the tragic, the 
comic, and the fatyric (g) : each of them doubtlefs appropriated to the fubje& of the fable repre- 
{ented on the ftage. He alfo informs us, that when Afchylus, the great improver of the Grecian 
ftage, exhibited one of his tragedies, he introduced for the firft time a painted fcene, the work of 
Agatharcus, from whofe writings on the fubje&, the art of perfpetive was afterwards infti- 

tuted (4). 

(¢) Genera autem funt fcenarum tria, unum quod dicitur tragicum, (b) Namque primum Agatharcus Athenis, Afchylo docente trage- 
alterum comicum, tertium fatyricum. Horum autem ornatus funt inter diam, fcenam fecit, et de ea commentarium reliquit: ex eo moniti, De- 
fe diffimilcs difparique ratione. quod tragice deformantur columnis et mocritus et Anaxagoras de eadem re fcripferunt. Proem to lib. VII. 
faftigiis et fignis, reliquifque regalibus rebus; comice autem =zdificio- p. 258. 
rum privatorum, et menianorum, habent fpeciem, &c. Vitr. lib, V, 
cap. 8. 

- CHAP- 

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Of the Choragic Monument of Thrafyllus, Ee. 

Jor above the place on which I have fuppofed the Odeum of Perricles to have been built (2), 
there is, in the rock of the Acropolis, a cavern or grotto, the entrance into which is fronted, 
and completely clofed up, by the building here treated of. The cavern is now a Chriftian church, 
called the Panagia Spiliotiffa, or the Blefled Lady of the Grotto. On the front of the building 
are three infcriptions, recording viQtories obtained either in the Odeum or in the theatre, which 
prove it to have been a Choragic monument ; not indeed fo highly ornamented as the monument of 
Lyficrates, given in our firft volume: but wrought neverthelefs with great accuracy, and deferving 
our notice both for the fingularity of its compofition, and the form of its mouldings. Befides 
which I muft obferve, that the mutilated ftatue yet remaining on it is the work of an excellent 
fculptore The following infcription is cut on the middle of the architrave : 

OPASYTAAOS ®PASYAAOY AEKEAEEYS, ANEOHKEN 
XQPHI'ON NIKHZAS, ANAPASIN ITTO®OQNTIAI YAEL 
EVIOS XAAKIAETS HYAEI NEAIXMOX HPXEN 
KAPXIAAMOS, 30TIOS EAIAASKEN 

This is the moft ancient of the three inferiptions above-mentioned, as Wheler and Spon have 
already obferved, and was doubtlefs made when the monument was firft ere@ed. By it we learn, 
that ¢ Thrafyllus, the fon of Thrafyllus of Decelia (a demos or townfhip of the tribe of Hippo- 
« thoon), dedicates this building, having been at the expence of exhibiting the games, in which, 
¢¢ with the men of his own tribe, he obtained the viory ; that Evius (6) of Chalcis was the mufi- 
“ cian; and Karchidamus the fon of Sotis compofed the piece, Neaechmus being Archon.” This 
was in the firft year of the hundred and fifteenth Olympiad, or about three hundred and eighteen 
years before the Chriftian ra; fo that this building was erected above two thoufand years ago. 

(a) See the explanation of the plan of the Agtopalis, p. 75 (2) It is remarkable; that Julius Pollux, lib. IV. £ 79, mentions 
letter K. ; Evius as compofer of mufic in the cyclic cheorufes. 

Vou. IL. L | | The 

30 Of the Choragic Monument of Thrafyllus, &e. 
The other two infcriptions record vi€ories of the fame kind with the former, obtained about 
fifty years afterwards, when Pytharatus was Archon (c). T he following is on the left hand, or to- 

wards the weft: 

O AHMOS, EXOPHTEI IITOAPATOS HPXEN 
ATONOGETHS, OPASYKAHS OPASTAAOY AEKEAEETYS. 
ITIIICO0QNTIS, [TAIAQN ENIKA 
OEQN GHBAIOS, HYAEI 
IIPONOMOS, ®HBAIOS, EAIAASKEN 

The people gave the games, Pytharatus was Archon, 
Thrafycles the fon of Thrafyllus, a Decelian, was Agonothetes, 
The boys of the tribe of Hippothoon got the vi&ory, 
Theon the Theban performed on the flute, 
Pronomus the Theban compofed the piece. 

Pronomus was a celebrated mufician of Thebes, remarkable for having a great beard. He was 
contemporary with Ariftophanes, who took occafion to fcofl at Agyrrhius, an Athenian magif- 
trate, ludicroufly fuppofing he had borrowed his beard from Pronomus (4). As the piece which 
gained the prize in thefe games was compofed by a mufician, it feems to prove that the infcription 
relates rather to a mufical than a dramatic performance; and that the viory it records was ob- 
tained in the Odeum, not in the theatre. -Itis alfo to be remarked, that thefe games were given 
more than a hundred years after the time when Ariftophanes made free with our mufician’s beard : 
may we not therefore conclude, that on this occafion, long after his deceafe, fome favourite com- 
pofition of his was performed with great applaufe? Nor fhall we find this to have been without 
a precedent; for by what Paufanias relates to have happened at the rebuilding of the walls of 
Meflene, in the third year of the CIId Olympiad, it appears there were at that time two parties 
among the frequenters of mufical entertainments, fome deciding in favour of Pronomus (¢), while 
others continued to prefer the more ancient compofitions of Sacadas(f), a mufician of Argos, then 
doubtlefs many years dead, for he had gained a prize at the Pythian games in the XLVIIIth 
Olympiad : and although the works of his antagonift had long enjoyed great reputation, Pronomus 
appears to have had the fuffrages of a majority in his favour. 

— for Seilful artifls on the flute 
All Greece adjudg’d pre-eminence to Thebes, 
And Thebes to Pronomus, fon of O:niades. 

(c) Pytharatus was Archon in the fecond year of the CXXVIIth 
Olympiad. | 

(4) See Suidas on the word Pronomus, The paflage in Ariftopha- 

ias, defcribing the Temple of i i 
aes chase alladed to trative thas Paufanias, defcribing the Temple of Apollo in Thebes, mentions 

fome other particulars concerning this Mufician. He fays, There is 
¢ alfo the ftatue of Pronomus, a performer on the flute, who fupremely 
~ ¢¢ delighted the many. Before his time, three forts of flutes were in 
+ ¢ ufe: the Dorian mode was performed on one kind, the Phrygian on 
¢¢ another, and that called the Lydian was performed on one different 
¢ from either. It was Pronomus who firft invented a flute adapted to 

Firji Lady—For when we have tucked up our garments, have 
Taken our feats, and have tied on our beards, 
Who that fees us but will fuppofe we are men ? 
- "Twas thus Agyrrhius concealed his fex : 
He got Pronomus’s beard ; till then he 

Was a woman, but now behold he firuts 
The firft ftatefiman in the city. : 
Ariftophanes, the Female State Orators. 

(¢) When Meflene was rebuilt, the walls and temples were ereted 
to the found of flutes ; Beeotian and Argive mufic, to the exclufion of 
all other, being employed on that occafion. Then it was, fays Paufa- 
nias, that the airs of Sacadss and thofe of Pronomus were firft put in 

competition. Meflen, c. xxvii. p. 345. This contention produced the 
following epigram : 

"Enna piv @ii€as wodlipas wpdupiey 8 alas 
©@7Cou & Hpovdpoy wade Tov Olviads. 

¢ all thofe fpecies of melody. They fay allo, that by his looks and 
¢¢ geftures he marvelloufly entertained the Theatre. There is likewife. 
“ an air he compofed for the people of Chalcis on the Euripus, which 
¢¢ they fing while they approach the Temple at Delos. The Thebans 
‘“ have here dedicated this ftatue to him, and another to Epaminon- 
“dn.” Beetle, c. xii. p. 734. 

(f) The fame author has alfo related fundry particulars that do 
honour to Sacadas. He won three prizes in the Pythian games, the 
firft of which was, as already mentioned, in the XLVI1ilth Olympiad. 
(Phocica, c. vii. p. 814.) His flatue was placed on Helicon, in the 
Grove of the Mufes, with thofe of Thamyris, Arion, Hefiod, Or- 
pheus, and other illuftrious Poets and Muficians (Beeotica, c. xxx. p. 
768); and he was honoured with a fepulchral monument at Argos. 
(Corinthiaca, c. xxii. p, 162.) 

On 

Of the Choragic Monument of Thrafyllus, $c. 31 
On another Choragic infeription we faw at Athens, Pronomus is faid a@ually to have performed 

on the flute, Diotrephes being Archon, which was in the firft year of the XCIXth Olympiad, or 
nine years after the time when the comedy of the Female Orators is fuppofed to have been aed. 

IIPONOMOZ HYAEI AIOTPED®HS HPXE, 
~The following is the eafternmoft infeription, or that oppofite to the right hand of the {peQator : 

O AEMOS3 EXOPHI'EI IIYOAPATOS, HPXEN 
ATQONOGHTHS OPASTYKAHS @PASTAAOY AEKEAEEYS 
IIANAIONOS ANAPQN ENIKA 
NIKOKAHS AMBPAKIQTHS HYAEI 
AYSITIIIOS, APKAS EAIAASKE 

The people gave the games, Pytharatus was Archon, 
Thrafycles the fon of Thrafyllus, a Decelian, was Agonothetes, 
The men of the tribe of Pandion got the vi&ory, 
Nicocles the Ambracian performed on the flute, 
Lyfippus the Arcadian compofed the piece. 

Over this building, but higher up the rock, ftand two columns of different heights: the dia- 
meter of the talleft meafures four feet two inches and two-tenths ; of the other, three feet and 
four-tenths of an inch. They have never made part of any building, but are each of them infu- 
lated, and have evidently been ere@ed for the fole purpofe of fupporting a tripod, for fo the form 
of their capitals plainly thews. They are: triangular, like that of the flower on the dome of the 
monument of Lyficrates in our firft volume, and like that have cavities funk in their upper furface 
at each of their angles ; in which cavities, there can be no doubt, were fixed the feet of the tri- 
pods they fupported, Thefe capitals are of uncommon forms; but, though adorned with foliage 

and volutes, are not to be admired for any extraordinary elegance of invention, or delicacy of 
workmanthip. 

On the plinth of the eaftern and talleft of thefe columns is infcribed STPATONEIKOS, probably 
the name of the perfon who dedicated the tripod ; but as the name of the Archon is wanting, its 
date cannot be afcertained, unlefs we fuppofe it ere@ed in the year of anarchy, that is, in the firft 
of the XCIVth Olympiad : for even at that difaftrous period the Athenians feem to have folemnized 
their feftivals, and to have indulged themfelves in their accuftomed amufements. Suidas mentions 

a tragic poet named Diogenes, fome of whofe productions, as we may judge by his mode of ex- 
preflion, were exhibited at that time. 

More fuch columns we may fuppofe to have been ere¢ted in the fame range. To fatisfy myfelf 
in this particular, T climbed fo high up the rock, that fome Turks in the fortrels took umbrage at 

it, and by dropping down ftones from the top of the wall, feveral of which were large, and fell very 
near me, obliged me to a precipitate retreat. 

To give a more diftin& and comprehenfive idea of the Choragic games of the Athenians, I find 
it neceffary to relate fome particulars concerning them, in addition to thofe I have already col- 
le@ed, as well in this chapter as in the fourth chapter of our firft volume; and to this I am the 

rather induced, as the mode of conduéing thefe games exhibits a {pecimen, not altogether unin- 
terefting, of ancient manners. 

it 

32 Of the Cloragic Monument of Thrafyllus, {c. 

It fhould be obferved, that the greater Dyonyfia, or feftival of Bacchus, was celebrated by 
the Athenians with extraordinary magnificence. Tragedies and comedies were then exhibited in 
the theatre ; and hymns in honour of Bacchus, accompanied with flutes, were chanted by the 
chorus in the Odeum. On this occafion each of the Athenian tribes (they were ten in number) 
appointed a Choragus, an office attended with confiderable expence, as we may infer from what 
Plutarch has faid in his difquifition whether the Athenians were more illufirious for their military 
atchicvements, or their progrefs in feiencee When the feftival drew near, an emulous contention 
arofe among the Choragi, which fometimes proceeded to great violence, each ftriving to excel his 
competitors, and to obtain the tripod, which was the prize gained by that Choragus to whom the 
viGtory thould be adjudged (g). His difburfements did not finifh with his viory ; there fill re- 
mained for him the charge of dedicating the tripod he had won (5) ; and probably that of ere@ing 
a little edifice or temple on which to place it, fuch as I have defcribed in the prefent chapter, and | 
in chapter the fourth of our firft volume. Thus Nicias is faid to have erected a temple whereon to 
place the tripods he had won. (See vol. I. p. 30, note g.) Nor thall we wonder that the honour 
of gaining a tripod was fo anxioufly and earneftly contended for; fince, thus won and dedicated, 
it became a family honour, and was appealed to as an authentic teftimony of the merit and virtue 
of the perfon who obtained it; as we learn from Ifzus (7), in his oration concerning the inheri- 
tance of Apollodorus, where he thus addreffes his judges: “ What office did he not compleatly 
“fill? what {um was he not the firft to contribute ? in what part of his duty was he deficient ? 
“ Being Choragus, he obtained the prize with the chorus of boys which he gave ; and yonder tripod 
¢ remains a monument of his liberality on that occafion.” And again, in his oration concerning 
the inheritance of Diczogenes, he fays: “ Yet our anceftors, O Judges! who firft acquired this 
“ eftate, and left it to their defcendants, were Choragi in all the choragic games; they contributed 
“ liberally to the expences of the war, and continually had the command of the triremes which 
¢¢ they equipped. Of thefe noble a&s, the confecrated offerings with which they were able, from 
¢ what remained of their fortune, to decorate the temples, are no lefs undeniable proofs than they 
“are lafling monuments of their virtue; for they dedicated in the Temple of Bacchus the tripods, 
“ which, being Choragi and wicloriousy they bore away from their competitors, thofe alfo in the 
¢ Pythium, and in the Acropolis, &'c.” 1 fhould however obferve, that fometimes the public de- 
frayed the expence of the chorus, as appears by two of the infcriptions on this monument. There 
is a paflage quoted from Paufanias in our firft volume, p. 30, from which we muft conclude that 
thefe monuments were numerous. He there tells us of a place in Athens called the Tripods, with 

(¢) Oft have the jocund Nymphs, to Bacchus facred, 
Join’d in the ivy-bearing chorus 
Of the Acamantic tribe, fhouting joyous 
The Dithyrambic hymn ; oft have they fhaded 
With fillets, and with wreaths of frefh-blown rofes, 
Th’ anointed trefles of the Lkilful fongiters, 
‘Who dedicate this tripod, and who won 
“This witnefs of their Bacchic viftory. 
‘What thefe men fang, Antigones compos’d ; 
Argive Arifton {well’d th’ harmonious ftrain 
With Doric fymphonies, fweetly transfufing 
His tuneful breath thro’ pipes of cleareft tone. 
The fon of Strutho, Hipponicus, gave 
This cyclic chorus of rich melody ; 
He, in the chariot of the Graces borne, 
Receiv'd from them this fplendid victory, 
And amongft men a celebrated name : 
So will’d each Mufe divine, with vi’lets crown’d. 
Anthologia, Brunk, tom. I. p. 141. 

This ancient epigram of Simonides celebrates a victory of the fame 
fpecies with thofe recorded by the infcriptions on this building : and 
if we combine it with what has been already faid on the fubjed, we 

© cating my tripods, I expended five thoufand drachma.” 

muft conclude, that, in folemnizing the feftival of the Dionyfia, the 
cyclic chorufes of the feveral Athenian tribes, bearing thyrfus’s 
entwined with ivy, and having garlands with ivy on their heads, had 
cach chanted their Dithyrambic hymn, and that the viGtery in this 
inflance, as in fome which preceded it, had been adjudged to the 
chorus of the tribe Acamantis, who, crowned with rofes, bear off the 
tripod they have won to the place on which they are to dedicate it, 
finging perhaps thefe verfes by the way, not improbably what Julius 
Pollux calls the tripodophoric fong. Sce Onomaft. lib. IV. c. vii, 

(5) ¢¢ Under the fame Archon (Glaucippus) I was again a Chora- 
¢¢ gus, and provided a chorus of men on the Dionyfian feftival. Here 
“1 was victor; and in this chorus, together with the charge of dedi- 
Lyfias, 
quoted in p. 30 of our firft volume, note f£. 

“ And he (Andocides) was a Choragus for his tribe, in the dithy- 
““ rambic (Dionyfian) games; and having obtained the victory, dedis 
‘‘ cated his tripod in a lofty fituation oppofite the Porinus Selinus.” 
Plutarch, in the Lives of the Ten Qrators. 

(7) See the Greek Orators, publithed at Leipfic, ‘in 1743, by the 
care of J. Jacobus Reifke, vol. VIL p. 113 and p, 184. 

temples 

Of the Cloragic Fenn of Thrafjlius, Ge. 43 
temples i in it; not great ones, Ii imagine, as ha printed copies have it, but Choragic temples: for 
"on them, he fays, ftand tripods well worth feeing, a Ithough they are of brafs. Harpocration men- 

tions a treatife written by Heliodorus, Sefiting. thefe Chonle ipods of Athens, and cites it to 
prove that Onetor had been a Choragus. 

PLATE) 

A view of this monument, as it appears at prefent. The diftant mountain is part of Hymettus. 
Nearer in the fhade, dire@ly under the higheft point of Hymettus, is the church of St. George the 
Alexandrian. The little building ftill nearer, with a cupola, is the church of Hagia Parajceve. 
Between this and the rock appears at fome diftance a metochi, or farm, belonging to the convert 
of Hagio Afomato. The eaftern end of the fouth fide of the Acropolis occupies the left-hand 
~ fide of the view. The rock on which it was built is lower here than in any other part of its cir= 
cuit, Againft the rock ftands the Choragic monument of Thrafyllus and Thrafycles ; near which 
three Greeks are waiting the arrival of the Pappas, attended by a boy who carries a wax-candle, 
followed by a man and a woman leading a child, who, with thofe already mentioned, made his 
whole congregation. Higher up on the rock ftand the two columns with triangular capitals. On 
each fide the monument the rude rock has been chiflelled into a regular furface, that other little 
buildings, which (1 imagine) were alfo Choragic monuments, might be conveniently placed againtt it. | 

Over the head of the Greek who is fitting down to wait the coming of the Pappas, is the fun. 
dial, which makes part of the head-piece of this chapter: "immediately below it is the hollow 
which, I imagine, points out the fituation of the Odeum of Perricless This Odeum has fometimes 
been confounded with that of Herodes: I rather imagine them to have been two diftin& build- 
ings ; for Paufanias, in his account of Attica, mentions the Odeum of Athens (£), and tells us, 
that the ftatues of the Ptolemies and of Pyrrhus were placed before it. He then proceeds, in his" 
ufual manner, to relate their hiftory ; and, after a very long digreffion, refumes the {fubjed of the 
Odeum, which he then enters ; and amongft other things he faw there, but which he does not enu- 
merate, he takes notice of an excellent ftatue of Bacchus : afterwards, in his Achaics, he acquaints 
us, that in his defcription of Athens he did not make any mention of the Odeum of Regilla, 
though it was the moft magnificent of any in Greece, becaufe Herodes had not begun to build it 
at the time he wrote that defcription, 

Pil AT-B 

Fig. 1. The ground plan of the grotto, and of the monument placed before it. 
Pig: Il. The plan of the part above the cornice. 

P 1. A. T E IIL. 

The elevation of the front of the monument. 

PL ATE CIV 
The capital and entablature, 

(#) Paufanias, Attic. c. vii. p. 20, 

Vor. II. | M : PLATE 

54 Of the Choragic Monument of Thrafylius, £5, 
Pp LL. A T BE .. Y. 
Fig. I. The profile of the part above the cornice. ; ; 
Fig. I. The fe&tion of that part through the middle of the fteps on which the flatue is feated, 

Fig. Iil. The bale of the taller of the two columns with triangular capitals: 
Fig IV. The bale of the lefler. 

Pr. A TL Vi. 

‘The Ttatue on the top of the monument. The head and arms are wanting, they were origis 
nally feparate pieces of marble mortifed on to the body ; this muft have facilitated their removal, 
or their ruin. I have ventured to reftore the head, fince without it the reader would not {fo 
readily have formed a juft idea of the elegance of this figure. What is principally remarkable in 
her drefs is the lion’s {kin which is girt round her ; what other infignia may have diftinguithed het 
ate now loft: May not the fculptor have intended by this ftatue to perfonify Decelia, the demos 
or town of the Choragus who dedicated the building ? or perhaps the tribe of Hippothoontis, a3 
Decelia was a demos belonging to that tribe, and as the victory recorded in the more ancient inz 
{cription was obtained by the men of that tribe? But in whatfoever manner this may be deters 
mined, it cannot be doubted but that a tripod was the prize obtained by Thrafyllus in this con: 
teft. It was of courfe dedicated by him with the accuftomed folemnity, and fixed on fome con= 
fpicuous part of this building. I am of opinion, that the tripod thus won was placed in the hands 
g of, dnd {fupported on her knee ; and that two other tripods, the 
prizes won when Thrafycles the fon of Thrafyllus was Agonothetes, were alfo placed on the fame 

of the figure we are f{peakin 
building, over their refpedive infcriptions : that is, one on each fide the above-mentioned figure. 

Thus I have hazarded iy conjeftures on this flatue—A different opinion has however been 
advanced by that very ingenious and learned traveller Do&or Chandler, who has fuppoled it was 
probably intended to reprefent Niobe. (See his Travels in Greece, p. 64.) My realon for not 
adopting his opinion is, that among the excellent fculptures in the Mediceati garderis at Rome, 
there is 4 celebrated ftatue of Niobe, the attitude and countenance of which ate wonderfully ex- 
preflive of her anguith at the fight of her flaughtered children, and her apprehenfions for thofe 
who {urvive. 

The Athenian ftatue, on the €ontrary, is feated with {ome digtiity, and appears to be in a ftaté 
of perfect tranquillity. What gives additional force to my obleion is the lion’s fkin already 
mentioned, girt round her in a particular manner, apparently intended to chara&erize thie petfon 
or thing reprefented : the ancient painters and fculptors were fcrupuloufly attentive to thefe dif 
eiiminative fymbols ; but a lien’s {kin does not make any part of the drefs of the Medicean Niobe: 

At the bottom of the page dbove-cited is the following rote # ¢ If it be conjectured that this 
o figure reprefented a tribe, the anfwer is, that no inftance of fuch perfonification has been pro- 
¢ duced.—~Paufanias may be cited, as mentioning ftatues or piGtures of the people ; but this is a 
“ mis-tranflation. Demus was an Athenian of fingular beauty, the fon of Pyrilampes a friend of 
“ Pericles.” Meurlias, Pop. Att. 

This note, we fee, is intended to fecure the claim of Niobe to the ftatuwe id queftion, if the 
firft part, by guarding the reader againft an opinion that it might poflibly be the perfonification of 
an Athenian tribe. I do not recolleé that this bufinefs of a tribe has hitherto been difcufled, or 
that any former author has exprefled his belief or difbelief of fuch perfonification ; though, in 

tfuthy 

Of the Choragic Monument of Thrafyllus, &e. 33 

truth, the poets, painters, and feulptors of ancient Greece were fo addi@ed to allegory and per- 
{onification, that he muft be a bold man who will at prefent venture to pronounce of any ideal 
being, 7bis the ancients have never perfonified! The latter part of this note, as far as I can under- 
fland | it, afferts, that whenever the word Demus is ufed by Paufanias to exprefs the fubje& of a 
picture, or a flatue, it is not an allegorical reprefentation of the Athenian people that is meant, 
but a figure of Demus the fon of Pyrilampes ; and for this we are referred to Meurfius. Here it 
mufl be obferved, that Paufanias, in his defeription of Attica, has mentioned no more than three 
reprefentations of a Demus, and only one of thefe is {uppofed by Meurfius to be the figure of 
Demus the fon of Pyrilampes ; this was a ftatue in the Pirzeus, the work of Leochares (/). Now 
if we compare the time in which Demus lived with that of the artift who made the flatue, this 
opinion, though it has the learned Meurfius for its author, will appear liable to obje&ion 5 for 
Leochares was one of the {culptors employed to adorn the fepulchre of Maufolus, and that prince 
died in the fourth year of the CVIth Olympiad ('. The fame artift afterwards formed the fiatues 
of Philip of Macedon, Alexander the Great, and others of that family : they were of ivory and 
gold, and were placed in the Philippium, a magnificent building erected at Olympia (#) by Philip, 
after the battle of Chzronea, won by him in the third year of the CXth Olympiad. On the other 
hand, we find that Perricles died in the fourth year of the LXXXVIIth Olympiad (0), that is, about 
feventy- fix years before the death of Maufolus, and more than ninety before the battle of Che- 
ronea. It cannot therefore be fuppofed, that Leochares made a ftatue of Demus during the life 
of Perricles ; neither does it feem probable, that, fo many years after his death, his favourite was 
honoured with a public ftatue, the work of this eminent fculptor, May we not more reafonably 
conclude, that the figure we {peak of was a perfonification of the Pirzus, the Attic demos in 
which it was placed, the moft celebrated port of the Athenians, the receptacle of their navy, and 
the center of their commerce? The next figure which Paufanias has defcribed by this ambiguous 
word Demos was painted in a portico at Athens (p); the entire picture reprefented Thefeus with 
Democracy and a Demos, generally underftood to be allegorical figures, the one of popular go- 
vernment, the other of the Athenian people: and in truth it feems perfe@ly ablurd to fuppofe that 

a portrait of the fon of Pyrilampes was introduced there. For Paufanias explains the picture by 
telling us, it thews that Thefeus eftablithed a certain degree of equality among(t the Athenians, 
though the common opinion was, that it reprefented Thefeus furrendering the adminiftration of 
public affairs into the hands of the people, and infdeting the Democratic form of government 
they continued to enjoy. 

The laft mention Paufanias makes of a Demos reprefented by a flatue, was the work of Ly- 
fon (¢) : it was placed in the council-hall of the Five Hundred, where the moft important deli- 
berations of the flate were held. This ftatue was accompanied by two others, one reprefenting 
Jupiter, the giver of falutary councils, the other was Apollo. The portraits of their law-givers 
“were alfo painted here ; and in all this there appears the ftriGteft propriety, provided we allow the 
ftatue of the Demos to be a perfonification of the people : but there will furely appear fomething 
ridiculous in it, if we figure to ourlelves this venerable fenate, introducing among fuch company, 
‘and into this place of folemn debate, the ftatue of a youth diltinguifthed for nothing but his beauty 
and his having been the minion of Perricles. I may add to this, what 1s indeed more conclufive 
than all I have faid, Pliny acquaints us in unequivocal terms, that a reprefentation of the Athe- 
nian people (#) was painted by Ariftolaus, and another by Parrhafius. 

¢ 

From 

(7) Paufan. Attica, c. i. p. 4. (0) Thucyd. lib. IL, c. Ixv. - 

(m) Diodorus Siculus, lib. XVI. c. vii, death of Manfolus3 and ~~ (#) Paufan. Attic. c. iii. p. 9. 

C. viii, death of Artemifia, (gq) Paufan. Attic. c. iii. p. 10, 

(») Paufan. Eliac. c. xx. p. 420. {r) Paufiz filius et difcipulus Ariftolaus, e feveriflimis piforibus 
| tot 

46 i Of the Choragic Mondment of Thrafyllus, &c, 

From all this I muft corclude, that Demos, {poken of as a flatue ora pifture, does fiot, 23 the 
pote intimates, always mean the beautiful Athenian, the fon of Pyrilampes; but that, on the 
contrary, it never means him, nor any other. It was always an allegorical reprefenitation; either 
of the people colleGtively, or of fome particular Demos or Attic townthip; juft as we fee at pre- 
{ent flatues and pictures perfonifying the cities of Venice, Florence, Antwerp; London, Amfters 

dam, &c. or as the figure of Britannia is underftood to reprefent the fate of Britain. 

fuit, cujus {unt Epaminondas, Perricles; Medea, Virtus, Thefeus; The Demos painted by Parrhafius eelebrated for its ingenuity, was 

imagé Attica plebis, &c. Plin. Nat. Hift. lib. XXXV. c. xi. a fatirical performance, ridiculing the variable and inconftant humour 
“Ariftolaus, the fon and difciple of Paufias, was clafled among the of the Athenians : we do not read they were offended at it: Plin: lili 
XXXV. Ce Xs : 

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47.1 

CRAP ER 
Of the Propyla. 

HE ignominious death of Bechir (2), the Kiflar-Aga, happened while Mr. Revett and I were 

at Athens; and the difturbances it occalioned in feveral parts of the Turkifh empire, ex- 

tended to that place. The Vaiwode or Governor there, who was a creature of this Bechir, on re- 

ceiving the news of his patron’s fate, fled precipitately from the city, but was purfued, and brought 

back a prifoner. Another Vaiwode was appointed, who foon rendered himfelf odious by his tyranny 
and rapacity. | 

Having been guilty of many enormities, a deputation of the principal inhabitants waited on 
him, with a remonfirance againft his exactions, many of whom he caufed to be murdered on the 
{pot ; thofe who efcaped were inftantly joined by the difcontented, who formed a numerous body, 
and with great fury attacked the tyrant mn his palace, to which, after a fharp conteft, they {et fire. 
The Vaiwode fought his way through the incenfed multitude, and took refuge in the fortrefs, where 
he was clofely befieged ; till on the arrival of {ome troops fent by the Bafhaw of Negropont to quiet 
thefe commotions, he was delivered up to them a prifoner, and carried off in chains, 

The commencement of thefe difturbances alarmed and interrupted us; and the infolent rapacity 
of our conful, a Greek, in whofe houfe we lodged, drove us from Athens before we had completed 
all we had intended to perform ; for there flill remained the Propyl¢a and the Arch of Adrian to 
examine and delineate: of thefe we more particularly regretted the Propyléa. 

(a) Bekir, the Kiflar Aga, or chief of the black eunuchs, and favou- 
rite of Sultan Mamoud, was a black {lave, native of Borneo, about 
thirty-three years of age. ‘This flave, ignorant, and in the higheft de- 
gree daring, avaricious, and infolent, governed the Turkith empire 
during the fpace of fix years almoft without controul. The Sultan was 

at laft conftrained to facrifice him to the refentment of his people: he 

Vou. 11. 

N 

was put to death, and his body for three days lay naked on the fea« 
fhore, expufed to public view, and public execration. 

It feems proper in this place to obferve, that the revenues of Attica 
belong to the Kiflar Aga, being part of his appenage, and that the 
Vaiwode is appointed by him. 

The 

>» 

gg aE Of ihe Propylia. 

The elegant and learned Society of Dilettanti, in the year 1764, employed Meflieurs Revett, 
Pars, and Chandler, to vifit and defcribe fome of the moft celebrated antiquities of Afia Minor. 
A fpecimen of what they performed there was publithed foon after their return (4) ; a work which 
does great honour to the good tafte and Liberality of the Society, and to the abilities of the artifts 

they employed. 

From Afia Minor the above-named gentlemen, in their way homeward, pafled through Attica 
and the Peloponnefus. At Athens they ftopped for fome time, and made drawings of feveral anti- 
quities, which, during my expedition to that city with Mr. Revett, in the year 1751, we had been 
prevented from attempting. Thefe drawings being the property of the Dilettanti, it is owing to 
the generofity of that learned and liberal Society, that this fecond volume is enriched with the Pro- 
pyléa, and that it now contains every example of ancient art and magnificence which is at prefent 
to be found in the Acropolis of iad 

The archite@ural plates are engraved from drawings, the accuracy of which will not be doubted, 
when it is known they were made by my old fellow-traveller Mr. Revett. The baflo relievos are 
“copied from very elegant fketches defigned by the late Mr. Pars, whofe premature death, while he 
affiduoufly cultivated at Rome a moft promifing genius, will make his lofs long regretted by thofe 
who fhall fee his works. The view of the Propyl¢a is engraved from a drawing alfo fide by Mr. 

Pars on the {pot. 

As I was not prefent at the admeafurements taken, and the refearches made there by thofe gen~ 
tlemen, I have little opportunity of faying any thing new on the fubjec, or of making any remark 

that has not already appeared in the relations of other travellers. The prints form the valuable part : 

of this chapter : in my attempt to illuftrate them I fhall principally have recourfe to Meurfius, who, 
in his treatife on the Acropolis of Athens (c), has with his accuftomed diligence colleéted from 
ancient authors many particulars belonging to this building : fuch of his quotations as apply moft 
aptly to the fubjet I {hall here tranfcribe, beginning, as he does, with Paufanias, who fays, “There 
¢ is only one entrance to the Acropolis, it being in every remaining part of its circuit a precipice, 
« and fortified with ftrong walls. This entrance was fronted by a magnificent building, called the 
“ Propylia, covered with roofs of white marble, which fipatied for beauty, and the dimenfions of 
“« the marble, all that he had before feen,” ia 

Meurfius next informs us from Pludnch (@, that this building was begun during ther luni 
tion of Pericles, and that it was finithed i in five years, Mneficles. being the archite@. He after- 
wards cites Harpocration (¢), by whom we are told, the Propyléa were begun when Euthymenes 
was Archon (f), Mneficles being the archite@ ; ‘that the building was finithed in five years, at the 
expence of two thoufand and twelve talents (or very nearly 464;000l. fering) ; “and that the gates 
‘were five by which you entered the Actopoliy | 

Before he pile ftand two lofty piers, on each of which was Wie! an equeftrian flatue. 
~ Paufanias, peaking of them, fays, he is not clear whether they reprefented the fons of Xenophon, 
- or whether they were fancy-figures placed there merely for ornament. It fhould however be ob- 
ferved, that whatever might originally have been the intention of thefe figures, one of them appears, 

@) Tow TIAN Ktviqnirick &e by RB, Chandler, M.A. F.S.4. 0 In voce Propylaia. 
N. Revett, archite&, and W, Pars, painter, : : : 

(c) Meurfii Cecropia five de Arce Athenarum, ¢, vi. =~ AF) Euthymenes was Archon in die fourth year of the LEXXVib oa 
: Olympiad, or 435 years before Chrift, fe 
f 4d) Plutarch, 1n the life of Per cles, 

of dh Propyli a : rn 39. 

I an Infbription till legible, to have a lela to M. Agtippaf 2, as he Sa getilly was 
to Auguftus: a mode of flattery not unfrequently, and we may therefore uppofe not unfuccefs- 
lly print by the Athenians, in their fate of humiliation under the Roman government. 

On the elie of the Peoylls was the temple of ViGory without Wings, whence is a profpe of 
the fea: from this place it was faid that Ageus threw himfelf down headlong, and died (4). On 
the left of the Propyléa was an edifice adorned with paintings, the work of Polygnotus, of which, 
fays Paufanias, though fome are effaced by time, there flill remained Diomedes and Ulyfles, the 
“one bearing off the bow and arrows of Philo&etes from Lemnos, the other the Palladium from 
Troy. There were alfo Oreftes flaying Agifthus, and Pylades encountering the fons of Nauplius, 
who come to fuccour Agifthus ; Polyxena at the fepulchre of Achilles, about to be facrificed ; and 
Ulyfles addrefling himfelf to Nauficaa and her maidens, as defcribed by Homer. Several other 
pictures | in the fame place are deferibed by Paufanias. 

Thele three contiguous buildings originally formed one front, occupying the whole breadth of the 
rock from fide to fide at its weftern end, fo that the only admiffion into the Acropolis was through 
the middle building, the five gates of which are ftill remaining, and prove it to have been the Pro- 
pyléa. Here we muft fuppofe the Hermes Propyléus was placed, and perhaps the Graces, a piece 
“of. {culpture by the hand of Socrates, in which that celebrated philofopher, deviating from the prac- 
tice of the {cul ptors ‘who preceded him, had reprefented them not naked, but cloathed, Other 
fculptures are ealfo mentioned by Paufanias that feem to have decorated this ftately entrance. 

"When 53 Tike fired on Athens, they added to the Fortilieitions two batteries, which oceupy 
oy al the {pace between the piers abovementioned, and entirely conceal the ancient approach. They 
moreover clofed up, with walls very rudely wrought, the {pace between the fix columns in front 
of this building, which by that means was fufficiently fecured, and became their principal magazine 
~ of military ftores. The ancient entrance into the Acropolis being thus fhut up, the prefent entrance 

~~ was opened, by demolifhing the back part of the edifice decorated with the paintings juft before men- 

+ ra10Y we Thould read TON EAYTOY, which i is indeed, as be obferved, 

~ tioned : fo that when Wheler and Spon entered the Acropolis, it was not by the way Paufanias has 
deferibed, but by the prefent road ; and of confequence the Propyléa, with the two contiguous : 
buildings, were on their left hand, and a little Ionic temple, now utterly demolithed, was on their 
right: this laft therefore they, adverting to the words of Paufanias already quoted in note 4, mif~ 
took for the temple of Vi&ory without Wings (1), when it thould rather feem to have been one of = 
the buildings : noticed by Paufanias in his way from the temple of A fculapius to the Propyl¢a: for 
! although the prefent fortifications enclofe the {pot it flood on, it was not within the ancient walls 

(2) | : ttt AHMOS he ~ gure of Viftory was placed in it: this figure, contrary to the ulual 
: M APKON ATPIMI AN : | ‘practice, was reprefented without wings, becaufe the fame of this ex- 
- AETKIOT TION J Ch plot did fot arrive at Ayers: before Thefeus Junfelf who Jed at- 

TPIS TIHATON TON TAIOT ho le chiewdite. : | a 

EYEPT ETHN. Seti a “d) After we had pafled this gate we were quite within the Acro- 

polis, where the firft thing we obferved was a little temple on our | 

‘See Dr. Chandler’s Teavily, in Groth; pP. 43, “md his Infeript. Am 
right hand, which we knew to be that dedicated to Victory without 

P- 52. A very learned friend has fuggefted to me, that inftead of TON 

not above fifteen feet long, and eight or nine broad, but of white - 
marble, with channeled pillars of the Doric (he thould have faid 
SB) Tav'dd wpornadun & aed, Nixns is + arly yards Tonic) order. The architrave (he fhould have faid frieze) has a baflo 

: Pauf. Attic. c. xxii. p- 52 : relievo on’ vit of little figures well cut. ‘Wheler, P- 358. 

hes almoft- invariably the common formula. 

On the right of the Propyléa 15 the temple of Victary without Wings. EE “Spon i is more eoriett) when, {peaking of this temple, he fays, “Ce 

> * temple elt d’ordre. Ionique, avec de petites colonnes cannelées, et la 
“ frife chargée d'un bas relief de petits figures d’aflez bonne mairr.” 
He had before faid, ¢ Ce petit temple eft donc celuy que “aufanias ap- 
pelle le temple de la Victoire fans Ailes.” Spon, tome 11. p. 1 30. a7 

of 

Ftges, Bey fay, caft himfelf down from hence, and expired, at the 
~ fight of the black fails, which his fon Thefeus forgot to change, when 
having flain_ the Minotaur, he returned victorious from Crete. In 
memory of the event, a temple w was - afterwards erected here, ad a fie 

© ‘Wings: it is built of white marble, with one end near the wall.—It i is » : 

40 Of the Propylea. 

of the Acropolis, but in the fituation where Ulpian feems to place the temple of Aglauros (£). 
It has been adorned with baflo relievos on the frize, the remaining fragments of which are copied 
in the two laft plates of this chapter; the firft of which reprefents the battle of the Athenians 
and the Amazons, the other an encounter of armed men, in which feveral are flain: in this laft 
no particulars are exprefled that can enable us to decide what hiftorical fad it refers to, though 
perhaps it may be the battle in which Eumolpus and his fon were flain. The {ubjedts of thefe 
fculptures are fuch as we fhould not have exped@ed to find on a temple dedicated to a lady, but 
the ftory of Aglauros, as given by Ulpian, will perhaps thow them to have been ornaments not 

deflitute of propriety in that place. 

She was a heroine ¢ for when the Athenians were engaged in an unfuccefsful war, and the oracle 
of Apollo pronounced, that if any one would freely fuffer death for the profperity of the city, it 
fthould enfure fuccefs to their arms. On this Aglauros voluntarily caft herfelf down the precipice, 
on the brink of which this temple was afterwards ere@ed to her honour, and generoufly gave her 
life to fave her country. Here it was that every Athenian youth, when arrived to a certain age, 
took a folemn oath to lay down his life in defence of his country, its religion, and its laws, when- 
ever occafion fhould require it, taking to witnefs Aglauros, Enyalius, Mars, and Jupiter. 

T am aware of the confufion and contradictions we find in the different relations of this very 
ancient legendary tale concerning Aglauros, which, like others current among the Athenians, was 
doubtlefs meant to inculcate the duty of facrificing every confideration, and life itfelf, for the pub- 
lic good. Here it has no other bufinefs than to afcertain the fituation of the temple of Aglauros, 
which it {feems pretty clearly to point out. | 

Pi. AT Lk , 

A view of the Propylca, and the two contiguous buildings, in their prefent flate, taken from the 
fituation of the little Ionic temple of Aglauros, marked D in the following plate. 

The building on the left hand is the temple of Victory Apteros ; that in the middle is the portico . 

of fix columns; and that on the right is the building which was decorated with the paintings of 
Polygnotus. | 

PL ATT IL 

The plan of the Propyléa. 

A. The Propyl{a properly fo called; a, b,c, d, e, the five gates or entrances into the Acropolis 
B. The temple of Vi&ory without Wings. 

C. The edifice anciently adorned with the paintings of Polygnotus. 

(k) Moris’ ovpbovlos wap 'Admalog, cre Edworros ¢sparevoe wal’ Ee 
per Bis, wan pwavepdvs tds. Eyoncey Amoawy, amoraaynoeolu, dy Tig 
avéNy fadloy mip Trg wonewse n Tol "Alpavhos xsoa altiy iduxe eis 
Savelove Epprde yap iadlny ix 78 Telxns. dra amarhaydles TE @worius, iepoy 
trip ts Egioasle auth wep Ta wpomUAIa THIS axpom ihe. 

Ulpianus in Demofth, de falfa leg. 

The learned Dr. Chandler (Travels in Greece, p. 40) fays, that 
Wheler and Spon, not attending enough to the paflage in Paufanias he 

has quoted, and to which they refer, have mifiaken one wing for the 
other, [ubflituting the right and left of the human body for the right and left 
of the Propyléa. But in this the Do&or himfelf is miftaken ; it was 
the little Ionic temple above mentioned which they miftook for the 
temple of Victory without Wings,~—and the Propyléa, which fome 
have called the arfenal of Lycurgus, Spon fuppofes to be the build- 
ing adorned with paintings: Wheler indeed, after exprefling his 
doubts on that head, furmifes that it was the Propyléa. 

D. The 

Of the Propyka. 41 

D. The veftiges of the little témple of Aglauros, miftaken by Wheler and Spon for the temple 
of Victory without Wings. 

E. The pier on which an Tnfrlition is fill vifible in honour of M. Agrippa: it anciently fup- 
ported an equeftrian flatue. 

F. The pier on which another equeftrian ftatue has been placed. On this Dr. Chandler has 
with great probability {uppofed an infcription was made in honour of Auguftus. 

+ + +. The prefent way to the interior part of the Acropolis. By this way Wheler and Spon, 
and all modern travellers, muft have entered. 

P-L A TE IIL 
The elevation of the Propyléa, 
The temple of Victory without Wings; and, 

The edifice formerly decorated with paintings. 

P LA T-B IV. 

The {eion of the Propyléa, with the front of the temple of Victory, and the pier on which 
the infcription in honour of M. Agrippa may yet, though not without {ome difficulty, be traced. 

PL ATES Vv. 

The flank of the Propyléa, with a tranfverfe feftion of the temple of Vi&ory. Some traces of 
a building formerly adjoining to it, and the elevation of the pier infcribed to Agrippa. 

P LL. ATT YK Vi. 

Fig. I. The capital, architrave, and frize of the front columns. 
Fig. II. The upper part of the fhaft of the Ionic columns. 
Fig. III. The external cornice on the north {ide of this building, 

P LATTE VI 

Fig. I. The profile of the capital, on a larger {cale. 

Fig. II. Seion of the annulets and fluting, ona {till larger {cale. 

Fig. ITI. Setion of the beams which fupported the foffite. 

Fig. IV. A piece of external cornice, which perhaps was on the fouth fide. 
Fig. V. Cornice on the eaft fide of the temple. 

P-L ATZE VIII 

Fig. I. The capital of one of the ante, with a fedtion of the ichitrave and frize. 

Fig. Il. The profile of the capital, on a larger fcale. 
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1. vignette on the title-page exhibits medals of three Attic demos’s or townfhips, Marathon, 

Prafiz, and Rhamnus ; the principal is that of Marathon. On the face of this medal is the 
head of Minerva, particularly remarkable for that her helmet is fathioned into the portrait of the 
God Pan, to whofe affiftance the Athenians gratefully attributed a fhare of their fuccefs againft the 
Perfians in the glorious battle of Marathon. On the reverfe of this medal is the owl, fo frequent 
on the medals of Athens: it is encompafled by a garland of olive. On one fide of the owl is the 
letter M, and on the other is the letter A, which, I am perfuaded, were meant to indicate the name 
of the demos, where this medal was coined. 

It is remarkable, that near Marathon there is a cavern or grotto facred to Pan, which is mentioned 
by Paufanias, defcribed by Dr. Chandler, and celebrated in a Greek epigram publithed by Mr. 

‘Spence in his Polymetis. : 

The other two medals have induced me to make a digreflion touching the fituation of the de- 
mos’s where they were coined. 

~ On the eaftern coaft of Attica, looking towards the Cyclades and the Zgean fea, is the entrance 
of a fpacious haven, which, by a long narrow ridge of rock, ftretching nearly eaft and weft, is 
{eparated into two commodious harbours. That towards the north, into which you firlt enter, is 
called Porto Raphti, probably the ancient Alai Araphonides. The other harbour, now called 
Prafla, was apparently the ancient Prafiz : fome fcattered fragments of ruin on the fouthern fhore, 
point out its former fituation. From this place Erifichthon, who was the fon of Cecrops, and who 
firlt occupied Delos, and built the temple of Apollo there, failed in the thip Theoris with prefents 
to that divinity ; and returning from one of his expeditions there, died at fea, and was buried at 
Prafiz, where he had a monument ere&ed to him, as Paufanias relates; and here likewife was a 
temple of Apollo, where the myftical prefents from the Hyperboreans were annually received, and 

were tranfmitted in the Theoris from hence to Delos. 
In 

44 E xplanation of the Vignettes. 

In the left-hand corner of the vignette is the face of a medal which I fuppofe coined at Prafiz : 
on it is a head of Cybele crowned with towers, whence I am induced to believe, that a temple of 
this Goddefs allo was here, although Paufanias has omitted to mention it. On the reverfe of this 
medal, which is in the right-hand corner, is impreflfed a thip, probably the the Theoris: over it 
are the chara@ers IPAS, apparently meant to exprefs the name of this demos. 

I might have obferved in the beginning of this article, that on entering the northern harbour 
our attention was excited by two {mall infulated rocks, on each of which is a mutilated ftatue of 
pure white marble; indeed fo mutilated and defaced, that I was unable to fatisfy myfelf what di- 
vinities they were intended to reprefent. The largelt, which is really of coloffal fize, has probably 
been a Neptune, or an Apollo, although at prefent it is ridiculoufly called O Raphti, or the Tay- 
lor. The figure on the other rock is much lefs: it reprefentsa female, but whether a Thetis or a 
Diana, it is called E Raphti Poula, or the Taylor's Daughter; and both probably owe their pre- 
fent name to the demos Araphen, formerly fituated, I {uppofe, on the fhore of this harbour. 

The little medal in the middle of this lower range is imprefled with a monogram formed likean R, 
and with a {prig of buckthorn, which in my medal was but badly preferved. This, I {uppofe, was 
coined at Rhamnus, a demos on this eaftern coaft, celebrated for a beautiful temple and ftatue of 
Nemefis, the ruins of which are yet to be feen, and occupy a confiderable {pace, although not one 
column is ere&, nor one ftone in its place ; allis at prefent proftrate on the ground, and appears as 
if an earthquake had overthrown it. 

The Heap Pikck of the First Cuarrir is compofed of five Athenian medals. That in the 
riddle is generally fuppofed to have relation to the Panathenaic feftival, and the games celebrated 
on occafion of that folemnity. The Minerva to the right of this anfwers fo exadly to the de- 
{cription Paufanias has given of the ftatue of that Goddefs made by Phidias of ivory and gold, and 
ere@ted in the Parthenon (4), a defcription of which temple occupies the whole of this chapter, I 
thought it by no means an unfuitable part of this ornament, and it firengthens the opinion, that 
the figures we fee imprefled on the reverfes of the medals of Athens, reprefent fome ftatue held in 
veneration in that city : thus the figure to the left of the middle is perhaps the Minerva Promachas. 
Of the medals on the extremities it is fcarce neceflary to fay, they are heads of Minerva. 

Two ancient infcriptions form the Tair Piece of this chapter. The uppermoft is in honour of 
a young lady named Apollodora, who had officiated in the Panathenaic feftival as one of the young 
virgins called Cannephori, from their being employed in that folemnity to carry the myfterious baf- 
kets out of the Acropolis, and place them in another temple at fome diftance, whence they re- 
turned with other bafkets, which they delivered to the prieftefs in the Parthenon, after which they 
were difmiffed from farther attendance in the temple, and returned home to their family. On the 
difmiflion of this young lady fhe appears to have been honoured with this infcription, and perhaps 
with a ftatue, by a decree of the fenate and people of Athens. 

"The other infcription is much the more ancient: ir feems to be an inventory of certain coftly and 

facred offerings depofited in the treafury of Minerva, and delivered, by the treafurer whofe office 
was expired, to his {ucceflor in ofhce: 

(4) The ftatue of Minerva ftands ere, in a garment reaching to fhield is at her feet, and near the fpear is a ferpent, which you may 
her feet, on her breaftis a Medufa’s head made of ivory, and with a fuppofe is Erichthonius. 
Vi&tory about four cubits high, in her hand fhe holds a fpear, a 

The 

Explanation of the Vignettes. 4 

The Hiab Piece to the Second Cuapret exhibits five Athenian medals. That ia the middle 
reprefents the contention between Neptune and Minerva. On the right of ‘this is feen the golden 
lamp, which was made by Callimachus, and placed in the temple of Minerva Polias, Towards 
the left is the {mall crooked olive-tree; called Pankyphos, which grew in the temple of Pandrofus. 
The Jupiter on the left of thisis perhaps the ftatue of Jupiter Herceius, before which was placed 
the altar cafually prophaned by a bitch leaping on it, as mentioned by Philochorus. On the other 
extremity, next the right-hand, is another Minerva. 

The Tair Price is compofed of various fubjeds. Ti the upper part are the reverfes of three 
Athenian medals: the firlt reprefents a Jupiter Fulminans ; the fecond a Ceres, in a chariot drawn 
by winged ferpents, and bearing in her hand a lighted tocrh; and the third a Minerva; producing 
the Pankyphos in the Pandrofeum: Under thefe is the faicophagus of Butes, a prieft of Minerva 
and Neptune : this was found among the ruins in the temple of Ere&heus: Pandion, the fifth 
king of Athens, had two fons, twins; Erechtheus and Butes. Erechtheus, on the death of his 
father, fucceeded to the kingdom ; and Butes was made the prieft of Minerva and Neptune: this 
priefthood remained hereditary in his family, which was one of the moft illuftrious of Athens. 
Under this farcophagus is placed another marble, found near the temple of Minerva Polias: it has 
perhaps been an altar dedicated to Ceres and Proferpine, by Fabius the torch-bearer, an office of 

great dignity and importance at the celebration of the Eleufinian myfteries, and his perfon was 
held in great reverence: 

The Heap Prick to the Taird Capri reprefents a Bacchanalian dance (5), copied from an 
elegant marble baflo relievo found amongft the ruins of the theatre of Bacchus in Athens, and 
brought from thence to the houfe of Signor Nicolo Logotheti, our conful at that place, where we 
‘lodged during the greateft part of our flay at Athens: at the extremities are a Lyra and a vale, 
copied from marble fragments, nearly three feet {quare, inferted in a wall near the theatre. 

The TAIL Piece reprefents Minerva in the a&ion of cafting away her flutes ; the fatyr Murfyss 
appears to obferve the tranfadion.. This flory is told by Apollodorus, lib. i. c. 4; but more par- 
ticularly by Hyginus, fab. 165, nearly as follows: 

Minerva, they fay, invented flutes, and having performed on them at a banquet of the Gods, 
was ridiculed by Juno and Venus for the puffed cheeks and unfightly countenance that accompa- 
nied her performance. The Goddefs, fufpeéting they might have caufe for their mirth, retired to 
a fountain in the wood on mount Ida, and, while fhe played on her flutes; viewed her image in 
the water, and there faw fhe had actually deferved their mockery. On this fhe angrily caft her 
flutes away, imprecating fevere vengeance on whoever fhould find them. Marfyas unluckily 
picked them up, and, applying himfelf to pradice on them, was fo much delighted with their 
found, ‘and fo vain of his own performance on them, that he dared challenge Apollo himfelf to a 
trial of fkill. The Mufes were appointed judges of the conteft; Marfyas was vanquithed, and 
for his prefumption bound to a pine-tree, and configned to a Scythian, by whom he was flead 
alive, &c. 

The Heap Pikct to the Fourtu CrApTER is copied from a fragment of the frize of a Choragic 
monument. Other fragments of this frize are feen at Athens, in which thefe figures of winged 

(5) The Bacchus on the cheft of Cypfelus was figured with a beard ; he held a goblet in his hand, and was dreffed in a garment reaching te 
his feet. See Paufanias, Eliac. I. 416. 

Vou. II, p youths, 

: 46 Explanation of the Vignettes. 
youths, bearing alternately vafes and tripods, are repeated, without any variation in their form or 
attitude. | 

On the extremities are delineations of an ancient fun-dial, ftill remaining nearly in its original 
fitvation, placed on the rock of the Acropolis, near this Choragic monument. a, a, marks the 
equinodtial 3 b, b, the fummer folftice ; and c, c, the winter folftice. 

The Tair Pikck 1s copied from a ruined baffo relievo. The figures reprefent a man and woman 
{fupporting a tripod, which, we may fuppofe, was the prize won by a chorus given at their joint 
expence, 

The Heap Prick to the Fiera Cuaprer is engraved from a drawing which was affixed to the 
plan of the Propylca, and was undoubtedly intended by Mr. Stuart for the head piece of that 
chapter ; but he has left no defcription of it. The original fketch is in a book containing many 
other fketches that he copied from ancient baflo relievos remaining at Athens; and over it is written, 
Agio Nicolo Tenaas ; fo that he probably met with itin a Greek church of that name. | 

The medals on each fide are Athenian. That on the left-hand bears the reprefentation of the 
Acropolis, the Propylca, the Parthenon, and the coloffal ftatuec of Minerva made by Phidias from 
the fpoils at Marathon : the creft of the helmet and the point of the fpear of this ftatue were {een 
at fea (as Paufanias relates) by thofe who failed from Sunium. Below appears the grotto mentioned 
at (¢), p. 5, in the defcription of the Acropolis. The ftatue of Pan which was placed in this 
grotto fupported a trophy (fee Lucian’s dialogue between Mercury and Pan). He was thus repre- 
fented by the Athenians, becaufe they imagined he affifted them at the battle of Marathon, and 
contributed greatly to the viory they obtained there, by diffufing terror throughout the Perfian 
army. The medal on the right-hand reprefents the ftatue of Hecate, by Alcamenes, the difciple 
of Phidias, which flood near the temple of Victory Apteros. 

The Tau Piece exhibits the portrait of that illuftrious ftatefman Pericles, who governed Athens 
with furpafling wifdom and valour during the {pace of forty years, and adorned the city with its 
moft ftately edifices, the Parthenon, the Propyléa, the Odeum, the long walls, &c. This is copied 
from a fine antique but in the colleétion of Mr. Townley, who with great liberality has permitted 
an engraving of it to be made for the ufe of this work. 

- 

The following was omitted in its place : 

The TaiL Piece to the defcription of the Acropolis is copied from a marble mentioned by 
Wheler and Spon, as noted at (k) in that defcription. We found it ftill remaining in the place 
where they {aw it, inferted in the wall over the third gate we pafled through after entering the 
outwork of the fortrefs. It feems to be a fepulchral monument, reprefenting a deceafed husband 
and his wife meeting after their death in the Elyfian fhades. 

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