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FORESTRY MB8ARY
APR 6	883
HMV. OF CAW. BERK.
fr/izForm A—lnt-10,'32
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION	HQQ
PROJECT No.-.-QOO
subject Properties and. Us.ea...o.f ..3e.c.ond-Grcw.th..Redwo.o.d........
..........^ '1...^)
Research Committee:	Chairman
(Signature)
Approved	......., 193. .....................................................Director
(Date)	(Signature)
Conducted by......Emanu.el.Fr itz................ Reporting to...Walter Mulfor.d...................
(Head of Division)
Location of work:.....Redwood .timber . re^i on ..o.f ...Californ.i.a..............................
Funds used:.Divi si on. of -Forestry...operat ion
Date suggested:.....March 1922.................. By whom ...Staff .-??-Divisi.on...of...Forestry
Date begun:.....May...l y 19 &2.................
Date concluded:........................................
OUTLINE OF THE INVESTIGATION.—On a succeeding page give the following items:
1.	Reasons for the investigation.
II.	Points to be investigated. Specific questions to be answered.
III.	Plan of organizing work, or methods of procedure. (Samples of record blanks may be useful to show methods).
IV.	Literature. Give list of existing publications or leading references to the subject.
PROGRESS REPORT: Forward to the Director's office from time to time copy of all pages which have been completed.
UN)VERS!TYOFCAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AGR!CULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPERtMENT STAT!ON
REPORTED	Fritz
PROPERTIES AND USES OF SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD

FW
2J22S
Reasons for the investigation.-
The University of California in pointing out to lumbermen of
the redwood, region the desirability of practicing forestry on their
timber lands, thns to make their business permanent, must be able to
tell them, (1) how much timber they can expect to grow on their cut-
over lands in a definite time,^(2) and,equally important, how the
lumber made from this "second-growth" will compare in quality, pro-
perties and utility with lumber made from old virgin growth for which
their markets are now developed*
Part (1) is already being studiedas Project #663 under Prof.
Bruce* The determination of the qualities, properties and utility
of second-growth redwood, part (2) above, shall be the object of
the project here presented. The data obtained should be informa-
tive to those redwood operators who look_askance at the practice of
forestry in the belief that the,second-growth has little or no com-
mercial value.
4^
4F


II. Points to be investigated.-
(1)	Physical properties.
(2)	Mechanical properties.
(3)	Quality or grades of lumber produced*
(4)	Character of defects in the wood*
(5)	Reasons for the difference between old growth and
s ec ond-gro wth.
(3) Adaptability to certain important uses.
(7) Present and probable future value.
[II. Method of procedure.-
(1) By correspondence and thru press publicity determination
of where, when and by whom second-growth redwood has been cut or used.



(8^ A personal visit to those places, or people, to Obtain
first hand information concerning:

a# Idoatifioatloa of material as genuine eeoond-grovth*
b* Age sdien cat#
0* ^oent cat*
d* Character of the forest growth*
e* Probable donsi^r and yield of stand*
f* Character of trees as to clear length and fora*
g* Methods of catting or monofactaring, difficulties
enoonnterod.	*^(
h* Character or quality. qpenti^' of lumber predooed*
i.	Character or qaality'of other MMorial prodaced, oroas-
ti^, poles, piles, shingles, etc*
g* Method of oeasc^ing and diffiealtios enooantored.
k* WMt the la^^er was need for*
1* Shat satisfaction the lasher and products gave or
are giving*
o* Persoi^-l osaaination of products Bade*
(8) Collootion of speoimeno of Itaaher and other prodaots made*
a* For neohanioal and physical tost a,
b* for exhibit and laboratory mao in forestry classes*
o* Photographs takes on the operations*
(4) Seating of specimens for strength, dorability, etc*
(8) She ontting of about an acre of second-growth redwood
from a good growing site and of about 40-60 years of ago, and the
conduct of a "mill scale study" to determine amounts and grades of.
lumber prodeoed and for chock on volace tables*
IV* Literattn-e.-
Mteretnro bearing on this project is wry limited* She fol-
lowing are of interest*
"The Ra-dwoad,* Bol* #38 Boreas of ^ res try 1903*^
JEwpe2?ti$s of	#3*98^
U* 8* Forest 8eryioo, 1918*
"The eaiifomia Redwood," Report by D* T* Bsaos,
Forest i^ginoor, 1923.	,	'
"Volame Table for Hooond-Growth Redwood, Bnl* y^se, ^ _
College of Agriculture, University of Calif omia, 1931*
"Virgin Growth" and "Second Growth," Teoimioai Bote yloB,
U. 8. Poraet Prodwts Laboratory*
UN!VERS!TY OF CAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AGR!CULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPER!MENT STAT!ON
PROJECT NO. ...60Q.... PG.S.
DATE..Juno_—
The best parts of two research semesters were
applied on this project, and a final report is being writ-
ten, with bulletin on the utility of second-growth redwood
as a possible finale of the project.
In Santa Crus, Sonoma, Mendocino and Humboldt
Counties personal visits yield^muoh information as to the
present uses of second growth redwood. Although cutting
of this class of material was reported to have been carried^
on a fairly large scale in some regions this was found to
be false, and what was referred^as second growth by the
reporters was found to bo old growth which had been left
*
by a previous operator. Among the uses to which this mat-
erial is already put are lumber, piles, poles, ties, posts,
rustic fences, rustic cabins, and fire wood. In Santa
Cruz and Sonoma Counties, from which the old-growth red-
wood is practically entirely removed, the second growth
has already been made into lumber and sold in a competit-
ive market. Piling has been made from 30-80-year-old
second growth for over 20 years and has given satisfaction,
telephone pole lines have been built of it but gave poor
satisfaction because of the small size of the poles. The
The large amount of sap^in a small pole leaves but little
of the piece as heart wood, consequently when the sap
y	2^ <2f
UN!VERS!TY OF CAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AGR!CULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPERtMENT STAT!ON
E. Frit*.
^	^	688 "..	4

^ June 28, 1923.
portion is decayed there is not enough &ohnd wood left to
offer the requisite strength. Rustic fences and log cab-
ins made of second growth redwood with the bark intaot are
becoming very popular. In some oases such uses were dis-
appointing to the owners because the sapwood rots away so
quiokly or because beetles loosen the bark. Firewood is
quite generally made of second-growth redwood in regions
where it is more aooessibla than better woods. It is not
regarded very highly for suoh use.
To better determine the character of the lumber
yielded by seoond-growth redwood a quantity of suoh growth
was out on the lands of the Mendooino Lumber Company and
The Pacific Lumber Company, in oo-operation with these
The results of these two cuttings are being written up in
separate reports to be made part of the general projeot
report. In brief, over 80,000 feet of second growth red-
wood was out on Mig River in Mendocino County and about
2000 feet on Freshwater Creek in Humboldt County. The
timber proved, as was expected, to be of a muoh different
character than that out from old growth. Only a very
small paroentage of dear lumber was obtained, the great-
est bulk of it being a distinctly common grade. However,
it is of suoh a oharaoter as to warrant the oonolusion
that it will have a fairly high value in years to come
when old growth lumber begins to beoome scarce.



!



:
)B
3.Fritz.
680
July 25. 1923.
SECOND-GROWTH CUTTING. EXPERIMiR!?
FagSHKATSa CRERN.SUHBOLDT CO. CAL.
June 1-14,1923
Purpose of the Wtudy.- To determine the quality and
quantity of lumber produced by second-growth redwood. Sitka spruce,
Douglas fir, and white fir. The study is as integral part of U.C.
Experiment Project #688 "The Properties and Uses of second-growth
Redwood." In this report greater attention is paid to redwood
than the associated species.	..
Looation.—	Several typical trees of each species were cut
on Freshwater Creek, on the Mo Cready Unit near Eddyvilla, Humboldt
Co., on lands owned by the Pacific Lumber Company and war: sawed
into lumber at the company's mill "A" at Scotia, Calif. This
region was selected because of its accessibility and because
second-growth had here already attained an age exceeding 50 years.
The trees came out of an area which had been "thinned" the prev-
ious year by the company's forestry department. They were scat-
tered as much as possible to avoid leaving too big a "hole" in
the recently thinned forest. Even this disrupts somewhat the
forester's plan in thinning the area but it was felt inadvisable,
because of the greater ooat and time involved, to select the ex-
perimental trees from an unthinned portion.


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6
R.Fritz.
#688
July S6, 1923*
Description of Forest.- The forest from which the specimen
trees were cat borders the road running through Hddyvilla-Freshwater.
Judging frost the large stsrsps, the original forest was a very
heavy one. It waa believed, before the work began, that the old
foreet had been eat about 60 years ago: however, examination of
the apeoiman trees indicates that a light calling along what is
now and probably waa then a road, preceded the logging of the
* rAc--------- ------
balk of the old tiaber/10 or more yeara^lrter, or about SO years
ago. A few old trees still remain, scattered here and there.
After the main logging operation the area was apparently left to
nature for thirty years for until twenty years ago) when there
must have been a calling of the second-growth, presumably for
piling. It seems that all redwood trees at that time of pilewj
size we a removed. This operation is a very significant factor
in the life of the young forest and will be considered again later.
A year ago the entire stand was thinned by the company's forester
so that now only the better trees remain.	changed the per-
oent of redwood and Influenced the growth of the trees left standing.
The young forest is now a mixture of Sitka spruec, white fir,
Douglas fir, hemlock, and redwood. The spruce makes up but a
very small percent of the stand and is found only near the foot of
the slope; the hemlock oooura only spasmodically. White fir is
very abundant and shares importance in the struoture of the forest
with the redwood.	Douglas fir seems to occur in groups and
makes up a conspicuous proportion of the forest.	Redwood,of course.A .
3 3

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ee^eY edt Y%*%:	a,;	/j nJ ee4.r.	3 ^1','f.!'f*\ 1 (y		bnY!" Jad	-Me'd.4. Y''e
	ai ^caoa		-.; r. f .-a	'.a.;'!	. iAayiei; '.;,	;^. AYi
eawee-	. 3ea*xeY ed/j Ya t.raH'^-3^0^	.aR. frits.
#686	7
July 26, 1926.
Is tbs most abundant, most of the trees be tag of sprout origin,
bat many are undoubtedly the resalt of natural seeding. Where
piles hare been removed there are two ages of sprouts- a 60 yr.
class and a 20 yr. class- the latter standing very dense where
it ht.s not been removed in the thinning of a year ago. Spruce
appears to be the fastest grower in volume but it is very branchy
and both the dead and green branches are very hard and flinty.
Douglas fir exceeds all apeoies in height growth but not in dia -
eter. White fir is not far behind Douglas fir in height growth
and exceeds it in diameter and volume growth. So similar com-
ments oan be made for redwood because the specimen trees were
found to have come into the dominant class within only 20 years,
due to the culling for piles, previous to which they were either
suppressed or nearly so. Their rate of growth is therefore quite
different than if they had been in an upper crown class through-
out life. See "Effects of thinning."
It was established in the Mendocino County experiment that
the young forest following the logging of old growth cannot be
expected to be even-aged. The old redwood stumps sprout at
once but the area is not fully stocked thereby. Very gradually
white fir, Douglas fir, and spruce,and some redwood seedlings
become established and these will continue to enter an area until
the shade from the sprouts and earliest established seedlings
shut off the light. This may continue for as much as 20-30 yra..s.sei
irfstra ? , '%,-ia-J	&.Iy lu' (..'vs	y.-r^r- *..1 ai
03 a	'"nu "."	9 . c-u oia.J ;:9i aat^o e?.!^
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.'w 'o'l	e$^JC&y w#saaai&	sM$ox9 j&ao
aa^ioaqa adt	AtcovM T.c<l a-i)H!K t;d ,:!.^a
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*y.'.ii-' t'K.-A* v'-.y	.s&fl" icH -.-^'.ilia's Ani a,' Mir.
am '.-* .-.t * i dji'/.i*.*!<.:: '.:<.- ciui Hod.' .a& -^.Iimn. sc
-.ds^nnif a;."*.f'J a:*t'.39 '*-?nnr oa ni aaed	aa&? lai'j'ral'rib
"^y;aiaaid$^ lo	ac& .elM ioc
y^r	y.yy .rr!s'.
ed	dis#0T.f; tc	a/M	y-m*-..&5' yHYr.*^ aai-
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.	y,i)- aoia s-jf j-u< ocxo
'y ./4S -"<.	,'^ii '.:i-.'(	.--J' Jins*?
t,...;',-".^^4;ip!.acl iruyhissiitssft."''. j ...^	t)r.ra:d
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E.Frltz.
#688
July S5. 19S3.
Obviously the cut-over area when left to nature will produce an
anevenaged forest with the consequent complications incident to
MaTassociation of trees of different ages, sizes and species.
Fire.- This area has been spared from disastrous fires
since the old timber was logged but there is ample evidence that
at least one and perhaps more ground fires ran through a part of
the forest. There is a too general belief that such fires do
no harm. That this is quite contrary to the facts was borne
oat amply by an examination of the specimen trees and others in
several parts of Humboldt County. Forest pathologists seem to
have established the fact that the dry heart rot or spot rot so
prevalent in old growth enters very largely thru fire injuries.
This is even sore true in young growth. Every tree which was
found to have suffered a fire soar was also found to be infected
with a decay very similar fprobably the same species) to the
one in old growth. The specimen trees, except one Douglas fir,
were however free from injury. A sprout older than SO years
may suffer injury but may still survive. A younger sprout how-
ever, is very apt to succumb, making it necessary for nature to
replace such sprouts with new ones, thus further disturbing the
age characteristics of the sta**d. Fire plays worse havoc with
white fir and Douglas fir than with redwood, twenty years old
or oMer^ Examination of this area gives further proof that
fires must be kept out at all ages if a thrifty and valuable
second crop is desired.st ii" „:i
38.'- g
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cd	^^fnncU #di^^y?n^a a^?.eq faT^va^
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wf oiw^a.!	n^df ulegial	Lla nl i;.^iav^i.q-
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ad	^.:y^ ^f§oa	^	av^d Riava*
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a^i^edy* ,fp^ux^	*,-id'	f?ie ni <&nc
'i!.3f^a?j;ta*q^A
-ivr-d	^e?yn^0Y A .aviv-ire 11;! #e ^arr fad	3.;.^
c^f .p*!:7'-..3ii %ol 'd^'.^a^e.aan fi
ea\f	id'i^i-^,i,6 .^e.d;j%t?l a.aa„t ,B=eno.	ib^ ^aaiqa".
n#lw ^e'9*aa ee/iaw a^alq	.b**-.^a ea? lo aoid^di^^rF^^.pada
„Ma	awj	djl'-a aadf a^.3 ^al-q.aa.; aa...v "sia ^tidw
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e-Jd.auiaY f-na	n a^;-.^ I.I.a	sb ^
y;i qeq^ 5neoeeR.Pritz.
#688	9
July 26, 1923.
Procedures.- Instead of selecting an area of one-half to
one acre in a typical stand, cutting it clean and milling every
tree as was done in an experiment in Mendocino County, it was
felt that in this ease the purpose would he served sufficiently
well if there were selected only a few trees of each species of
a type that the forester can produce in about a 80- year rotation,
Special care was taken therefore to select only such dominant
and co-dominant trees that were not abnormally large at the
expense of their neighbors. In the case of spruce however,
there was such a limited number of trees available that one of the
two selected is undoubtedly larger than this species ooald be
expected to average in a well managed and well stocked 80-year
old forest.
The following trees were selected:
Species	#0.0 f trees	: Diameters : inches	"Height's feet	Logs	%'oluae logs sent to mill
Sitka spruce	2	: 31,28	127, 124	f, 8	,1931-
White fir	4	:19,26,22,23	111,130,128	sj6,6,6	'2883
Redwood	8	:23,22,23,24,2^	2:78.96.99,94.	4,4,4,4,3	1981 ,2%fy
			103		-A?
Douglas fir	3	: 26,19,22	137.124,130	6,8.8,"	i 1993 ^ v
Redwood wint	t falls (see below).			1,3	^499
—ggggr-
Board feet
* One white fir and one redwood were rendered	Spaulding
partially useless by the fellers, but in the case	log rule
of the redwood,the three logs total 68' in length,
16 ft. being lost by breakage.
** In addition to these 19 redwood logs four logs were
taken from 2 windfalls, the diameters of which were
about 18" and 22".
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^iao #oafaa. o3 ei-olai^dl	MW #1^0 faioaq^
^nt 3^	3^^ %%-w# 3an3	3naalr;o&-co
,	aoniqa lo	nl' .aiedd^ie^ li^df lo
e'-l lo - 00 3 'tn3 ^Idaliava aamr# St v-tataa	^ i^tua oaw ai%r3
_ ad 6fuoo aaloaqa aid'3 na,d3	ni&a3dao^m ^.i	ew#
iaai-C3-	.1.1#^ 5an 5a^an^a flaw ^ a3 a^a^.e.v.a a# j&^3oeqxe
^3a^ibl Mo
:5e3a^iaa ^iew aa#i3 ^ilwoilol
^aidla^q^ * Ra??*Ratri aaa# Mn^3ei ^a<.- .aaa .e.3id^ o^O ^
alR*x 30!	ed3 iii 3^^	'^3
^d3^tel 'ni ^68 i,AJo3 ^ei ao^.-I3. a.r3^.aco^-&ai ali3 So
. %3x;njaid -;d .'aol :^.ai^<3 *31 31
030!	a^ei &oo^9^ ^1 Mt o 3 n.oi#i5E/a nl
aiaw da.'', d# So ai.^'oyold odt ^ -aflalRaiw d moil .ao,/^3
^ "S'l ana "df #^oda
E3. Fritz
#688
10
July 26, 1923,
These trees were felled end bucked by a crew froa the company*a
Freshwater Camp. Before a tree was felled it was carefully des-
cribed on U.C. Forestry fora 4, and after bucking, each section
was examined and measured for growth data which was entered upon
the Base fora. Copy of this data is in the files of the Com-
pany's forester.	Bach log was given a number for identificat-
ion in the mill.	The logs lay less than a half amile froa a
a siding at Eddy villa.	They were skidded by two two-horse
teams concurrently with the falling,hy a local man working^ under
contract. The sane contractor loaded the logs-^70 - of them)on
the cars, four cars being required. Loading was by "parbuckling".
The logs were delivered to the pond at Scotia and sawed into
lumber at Rill "A". Grading and tallying was made a separate
operation, this permitting very careful examination. About 2400
Board feet (196 boards of all species) were kiln dried and the re-
mainder piled for air drying. ^Below is some general data concern-
ing progress of the atadya
Area examined and marked Ray 80, 1923.
Falling and bucking, Ray 81, June 1 and 2.
Logs hauled to R.3. June 1,2,4,6.
Logs loaded June 6,7.
Railroaded to Sootia June 8.
Run through Mill "A", Saw #3, June 12,13 (4 hrs. § sin.)
Graded and tallied June 13,14 (6 hra.)
2400 ft. placed in Dry kilns June 19, removed June 28.a?

.ssei ^es sfat'
e.%	8,'eqt. ^	i-4'j:	^-.g^	e$&^T
. -aa& ^Ifslp'iaa	j*	Rjm'	..g ?.-. iyA.v€ . .q&aO
HcZtsas de:,S'&	hna mYnl	*0#U HO AadiTus
RCqg	"nl	aajt i'&aat^ta aA.?
*-.*-..0:' f-.i* "'-"	^p..'.i'°: -:.if^ ai ai a;%a& si.yi	,3Yol	PP?
T?'i:. msds^n. .s, n9'.*iA:	-;.&l	.wisssol a'^K^q*
a .-.\*.'^i alii a ttad 4.. an.* s^tuJt	t-%ei 1;/..* .fiis. s.-(i Hi %ti
.	*!*{ s{.d	^e^'J .,'sil.i.v^ias ia:	s
*$Av? .'hlt^-'''- !{,;-,, i. .S'	;ih'.'.-T^e.a-"e e.t.ni
ba^scl	nY.i.r-. '.hi..:	.
^-i ar'A- ?.{'i.U'.A.J	'-,u.i;j.J Mim s:i.*'yir ,a*ins- s^'j
aiai	Si?oea -^3^ ^-:oq	.Stsuyrii''^ '3-YHfF f^el aaT
3 SUMS	L?:.;	liig M
COi-S	. .gt'i^aaioaxa Inta-Y.aa -.^07	^-s ,;, ^i.;.it .aoiigY^o
—JT u.i*	;; -!*i.u nii:' ^ a',	ii -,	aa*^'^	o-^cS
-sp
-inaonao -ti.T.!)	t-r.c&.si T-Ti<ri ^	*!i,i Y*.'i L^fiq ^aMi^
4'5,3ai&	.H/ B8aT3<-'.*3 gai
. :.- .:.t'i	.fii'ifit Jy'jttniSiAXa a^-'SCj**
*h	-titigw 4-*--^' ^;:L'. ,^n	:,'.)im
**' ,v	&^AncI e^oJ
vd AqA?t ^l*{,-t)..y oi
.gl.ai .5^	n:.^.
.P.':	Aav^cs	{-ay!.'- t ?Ii.-	ji	0043E.Fritz.
#608
July 88, 1923.
Balance piled for storage and drying July 9.
Dry kiln stock run through planer July 12.
Falling and backing.- The falling crew was quite inexper-
ienced, otherwise the specimen trees would have been felled with
almost no breakage. One white fir after felling,was rendered
useless in part'by saw^thru it between log lengths in backing
an adjoining prostrate tree. One redwood tree was thrown so a3
to hit a large stub-topped tree, breaking the specimen tree at
several points, involving a loos of a full log. Second-growth
redwood, it was proven in the Mendocino Experiment and also on
Freshwater Creek, is not at all so difficult to fall without
breakage as it is reported to be. The tops are branchy and
large but comparatively light; this,combined with the "springy"
bole,makes breakage in falling a very small item - under 4% of
the total volume to 5" -n in the Mendocino Experiment, most of
it being in the small tops. Breakage in the other species
felled on Freshwater Creek ia too small to be of consequence.
The ground conditions were not at all good and it was difficult
to find a good landing place.
16-ft. logs were made as far as possible, varying from
this only to avoid the few breaks and to obtain better utilisat-
ion. Trimming allowance was 0.3 foot for a 16* Jog. In all
there were seventy logs, totaling 1128 lineal feet and a scale
of 9268 ft. (Spaulding).
The refuse resulting from logging second-growth redwood is
^ t x I ^	L	^ a j *a 1 ^^ (A * r -a ^
,:..i	ia;aala	n*n*i ^ueic niil n*sS,
3;? i^:> ?.e^	^df -^
a/-', b^Ii^rafa^d	/adJ* ef;ifn.^yo
!*3':t"*....	"laj'Ta Ti'i	9ft
".,-;,fj;\--=j n"; -^r-';'	niaaai^^Ai
j:..3;.<'eo*6? bcc'.7b.^ t<R-/
j	b^qqe:t-da'^	a
#.'^e-l	a tti ei.ol ^ ^ai^ fe^^i ^aiaicq
*	bna ^a^^-iioq^K	at a^3^i aaw.fi ^ ^oo^rbe^.
^JC4Ki^' Hal .w#	ua l..:.a ^cn wi
&-Lu	ana eqof ed'i ' J o.} be.^^rq?^*i a f ii *:^a
^\^rda":?/L&a.f dHw AwqMsM^airL* ;^.Hii \;Iavih,i'q^iKO^ ind
'b*.' '-.^ i'o - a?Rj I It^g	^ ?-^tiiI^t ai	^i-ed
lo	'r.^.L-YJ^J^;''',,^;'
ai	^aqoi fi'e^t ai ^aiM ii
^-e.^npa^a^/cr,	f iiaaa
fi 7?n.n bccrg'fid faa:	i ^ i §ae ^	'.
^ r;- awl.q gn f wn	f?.3^3. - ^ ^a i 0 -f
*ee^l	^0id.:,^Laq	Ma^ol +?Y**dI
fai.a a^hr-'n-d	eb %ino ei^i
II"' ai	: '^1 ^ ir.-l :'cel b.f 5$'^
^	3*^4.J
.#i 66SC
a.I L^w&aa a:f	^aii^.ge.L J^:^.@nTritz
#688
July 28, 1323.
af a type that will introduce vary little fire hazard after several
years of exposure. it is made up of very small limbs l:rgly, the
upper end of the trunk being too small under close utillzation
standards to cause much trouble. The reel fire hazard la still
This refuse is also a serious impediment in the falling a:<d skid-
ding of the second-growth.
was mentioned above. Mo difficulties were experienced here except
as the large chunks and logs of the original logging interfered
Seven logs sank - the top logs of one sprase and one white
fir- and the first sad seoon& cuts in 8 white firs. None of the
redwood logs sank. This does not mean that young redwood is
always light, because la the Mendocino experiment nearly 10% sank.
Volume.- The volume of each tree was obtained up to a
point y in diameter. Such close utilization nay be expected at
the time when second-growth redwood beeoaea marketable bn a large
scale. Logs were not made as far aa the 8" point however, be-
cause such snail logs cause &uoh difficulty on the present type
of sawmill carriage designed for large logs. The international
X
Log Rule ^was used because it gives more accurate figures far
contents. It is based on Tory careful sawing, a saw kerf of
l/8", a minimum board of 3"x8* or 4"x6'. it gives practically
100% values for log contents of all sizes, after l/8* sawkerf and
small slabs are deducted. The volume of all trees by this rule
Skidding and transportationX. Fritz
#688	13
July 25, 1923.
/2^/V<f
ia 12233 Board feet, which, after deducting 425 Board feet for
//7**-$
breakage and an-ctilizad top portions, becomes -1181-5 Board feet-
the soale of the logs sent to the mill. By the Bpaulding log
rule the scale is 9267 board feet, or-
H81# B.y. International jtule
7f<n.	923? 3.P. Spaulding Rule
2326
The Spaulding rule is too conservative and permits of too much
waste, furthermore, it is not correct for small logs. The pract-
ice of deducting 25-30% from the Spaulding scale as in old growth
is not warranted in young growth.
Milling.- The logs were sawed on rig #3 ia sill "A" in a
straight ran, no old growth or other logs being mixed with them.
Before a board was allowed to pass the trimmer it was numbered
to correspond to its log number. On the sorting table the ex-
perimental lumber wao pulled off into special boxes.according to
species and roughly to size. One inch boards were made exclus-
ively except the last cat which dropped as a 4" plank. The
edgerman was instructed to get the largest volume regardless of
grade except where wide boards were split, and was told to let
a small strip of bark or wane on one corner go by if by doing so
he could save 2" in the width of a board. This is justified on
the basis of future standards. The trimmermanwas told to cut
off only the worst defects.
No difficulties were experienced in any of the milling op-
erations exoept that the small logs, as might be expected, caused
r


t';"!

^ <*



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dA		1,		33 i
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at'-


^ jp ^ ^
W ' ;,	.44.. ^ .^-4

ef3	^ tin ^	.-r*r ?' . t.&t 3*	."'A j! ^
	-t .4.J^ t. / ^		,^'--*4*3 ^
^a^^dryn saw ji	aaaq e.^	^
a
/Adf.#	f n^"'	g,rl	t-i
J	Sic .nef lirq	^
^;;'T	^''^ a	a(N- aw j*u^	^rfy
lf^	a,^3 -:h'3ip	*3%x^'3:ng3
4ii /A s#J
, ', 4
"''.as	^

A'.'"* /? -*.<
3a,		iiiq		a #3-1^	A ^	y i ^	^a'13
"^* ^ ^ ^	f;'	:$tt TC	a -^.4a no #^.aw do		ki J! -J	^ . L	
	C	4 I?*!'	a lo 0,^'"	.A-!? ^d? ai ' ^3	6^ a a		y^ (.? .0 tv '4*,4
<''!**'	P'. "'X^-		..4 ^.2, .-. i. * ;	.a§fr',.da t'^ia:j:/	A'		Md
			)-	a t^e	^ ^,"i#	..^ .0^ V-	i?*". * ' 1A 0
A* lb3	-'^. PN't	"*?- - A. *it ,.-		a& i f iro-	i '. 3.A4?		
Xiy			3 ^eqei Ii^.r		o§?	anod	3.fritz.
?6S8	14
July 25, 1923.
a lit tie loss of time because the equipment is acre suited to
handling largo logs. The redwood logs were not peeled hut the
bark gate no trouble; it did however, "sees up" the deck and
carriage bed because it ia soft and easily torn off, and because
it carries water like a sponge. It took 4-5/12 hrs. to saw
these logs and oake 11309 feet of lumber. This indicates that
the present equipment oaanot saw up small logs fast enough. In
the Mendooino experiment many of the email logs were slabbed
lightly on one aide and turned over to the horizontal resaw
which proved itself well adapted to small logs. Since the grade
cannot be improved upon such by turning the logs, a light gang
saw, similar to those used in Sweden and Germany, may be found
suitable for reducing the smaller lags economically.
Lumber Tally.- A tally by species and logs was made
following sorting. Below are the totals only, a very detailed
list of the product of each log having been prepared by Mr. w.G.
Corbitt and now in the company's forestry fileat
Species
Log Scale (Board
Spaulding Rale
Gross
Sitka spruce

Phite fir
Redwood
Douglas fir
^<7 2-
feet)
International Rule
; Mill tally
:fBoard feet;
	2446
	33p3
.3 2./0	^28 3c3o
,2<f7P	
		3SHS-
<'\<	
36,3^ a.M;-',	o\^t,
\	
	
	g. Fritz.
688
15
July 25, 1923.
These figures are proof of the statement above that the Spaulding
rale is too conservative when aaed on small logs.	In this case
the mill tally over-rana the Spaalding scale by	It was
not expected that the mill tally would approach so closely t!^
Intornatioiml scale beoatme of this rule being based on a 1/8"
saw kerf, while rig #3 oats a g/16" kerf. The mill tally under-
runs the International scale by only-4.3%. This is rather re-
markable and indicates that, even with present equipment a very
heavy yield can be obtained from small second-growth logs. This
is gratifying also because it moans that tha volumes of the yield
of second-growth redwood given in U.C. Experiment Station Bulletin
#361, are quite possible of realization.
Grades.- It was expected that only a small percentage of
the lumber out from second-growth logs would bo of the clear or
sap clear grades, based on the present day grading rules aa inter-
preted by the company. It was gratifying however, to discover
that there was a larger proportion (11.6%) of upper grades in
these specimen redwood trees than was obtained in the Mendocino
experiment; on the other hand, it was disappointing to find guoh
a small percentage of upper grades in the other species, e.g.
0.1% in spruoo, 1.6% in white fir, and 0.8% Douglas fir. The
greater proportion of uppers in the redwood is due, it is be-
lieved, entirely to the thinning operation(unconsciously applied
as such)20 yrs. before when piling was cut out. The small
proportion of upper grades recorded for the other species may be

^!*-4? &voJa	o.ii lC' ^oe*n	asti.t?
ai.; j i:I	nc b&RH na.i? svi*,-:VYncKo& ec# si ^s,;s
a a'#


.-' -rr.^	oL,-3{- ^aH'Isjuq-i	nu;.-1, ;..i.a^ liim 3^*
(a',	YJdfOW	ih;"'^
* , ^ ^
^'3^	'^,Lr'j."	,r' .in*"f- ^la-e oi .-.-tt^
^	.? j'^ j.nf?% jui3-ai
,ei,A '*%'<'.oJ[	eJ ^..s^
.,	a .MtHlev	^o^fa
f:i*U.'d r^. a^i%	1'
,	e-.fd^ar,cu	Ma .^1^%
Ye	-i If^ti a ^I^t:	^1
Ya	ta n.d'My?f--^ a-^^1	a, f
*4^&	q^a
n^"yeca^5 ^F ^	*^a.	.?-"J..;fH3-..4^ a,^# ^ I * ^saat'^o a;i^ <gj
n^qqn	a	Fad#
'^dT	s-'^aeG ^3,0;FaY ^r.?	y^t.I	ai
"-ad ai ^i	a./,? ni aagir^- lo n<.fj-<iaqa*r;
i,uii-^-a	.. 3iSHi'.'-'oqa. :^!iH:t:ri.} 3;^	i,iI
-' jj;..^,.,	na^t^' s.,i;^^;	03(r:oi*s e^
Bs 'a,--i'.'' c^i^-r' ^	ceiiitu-. Cif I:-g.Fritz.
680 16
July 26, 1323.
laid in pert to^application of the gradi:^ rules. The grading
was done by an experienced company grader who, upon request, ap-
plied the present apacifications to this lumber just as tho* he
mot it in the course of a regular day's ran. The Redwood Assoc-
iation grades are not at all adapted to second-growth redwood
nor the other species. When second-growth becomes merchantable
It will certainly be graded by a different rule cr set of speci-
fications- what these will be cannot be foretold- but as a matter
of interest, a act was fabricated based largely on present day
x
grading rules for white pine. The application of this rule to
the redwood alone raises the amount of uppers to 85%.
A table follows, giving the percent of each grade obtain-
ed from each species:
Species	Uppers :Sx.March.		Construct.	#3	Shop	Total Mill Tally
	Amt.	% * s. %	Amt.: %	Ast: ^	Amt: %	
Spruce	3	0.1:1114:48.6	1160:47.0	187:6.8	23:0.9	2446
White fir	83	1.6:2137:63.1	896:26.4	191:6.7	107:3.2	2383
Redwood	362	11.6: 166: 6.2	2228:73.8	138:4.8	188:6.2	3028
Doug.fir	130	0.8:1279:62.2	1065:43.0	97^4.0	8:0.3	2462
ifotal	42l	^7!4685:4Y.<f	"8'38n:477F	880:*8.1	296	TT3S9	
It is notioeuble that the balk of the redwood, 75.5% of it,
is of "Oonatraction" grade and only 6.2% of #1 or Extra March.
This appears inoongrona but ia due entirely to the grading rule-
only a small amount of sap being permitted in the Extra Maroh.


?a.i	gk/Mu
t.*^3,^''.'<	43 It	^3,? ni
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if ^ *0.0 . ; ^^-S<,:.l y	iiJ
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Jip y ^ ^
0,-00? **;.;,
,00^1^	an.Y '?00 f	1^

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e.30'3"			3Cj03,30R;;.'lS;		: ^4i	^ f 1 : X-3^: b o-e wb <3k'
-01 ^	^t,0*8	0..b*		;.<l + '.'?'i		3*.;'- if:

TS'S



Wg^r
'r.-s^H-S *),':*	(',.i ?I
^ '.	qrr.c n., a^.	"^, ^..., ^.,.i^9-.	.,= i
^'*' 1,'- ^gg'i'^S*'	' **< Mi
''-i-yn.-.- 3.1? -'g&s^i.tmT:,q'-3iU^d'^sc0!: #t3'.'s:a fi.e^, ^ .^aca*Fritz.
688	17
July 26, 1923.
Second-growth carries a large percentage of anp wood and is
therefore barred from the Extra March, grade, otherwise the
defects would admit a large proportion of the 73.5% to this
grade.
In the case of the other species, the common grades-#!^^**=L
#2- again make up the bulk of the ont. But here also the grad-
ing rule id unnecessarily severe and, in fact, not at all adapt-
ed to this character of material. Figures baaed on the present
day grading rule are therefore not a good criterion of the future
grading and market value of second-growth lumber of all four
species. The present day rale does not even give a good con-
ception of what the lumber looks like, beoaaae its grain, texture
and defeats are quite different from those in old growth.
Second-growth redwood resembles old growth redwood closely
as to color but looks like a wood of another species when one
considers the grain. The growth rings being very wide the
grain appears coarse. The late-wood portion of each ring is
very narrow and rather hard; the early- or spring-wood- is wide,
very soft and homogeneous. The knot dofeots differ from those
in old growth principally in size and abundance. Knots are the
chief cause of degrade in all species, with sap an additional
cause in redwood. The spruce, white fir and Douglas fir all
resemble very closely old growth of the same grade.qaa la	a	n3'^e-^-baoa^^
^^t^&d'jQ'	ad 3	M*^nad ^^ol^^ea3
3 o3 33^Ss' -r^f^'lt- aoij^oqtMfq %$Y.aI a 3^:3-^ ^itraw a3ael%*&
^1" ^ee,',	-cn arJ ,r ^ aleaq^ 'in,-; -'. .,..^ '"',..- i:... :P*, ^.r;..t nl
-linn t'al^	3d-)' la .Ifhxf ad? q^*	-11
U.e j 's ?ott t^RRl nl , 3.na
^',,.-:-..'t^-q <* 13 no .&3MJ	lo ^nie^rmplo el'di e# .5a
5ocf) n :h:n anbJ?''alu^.
*xW" ffn lo '^^d.?ru.I d4'?/o%^5aoa-au lo enl^ry	6a^
-noa br.nn ^ e?i^ aavo- ?aa	aiu% ^^5 ^nitnniq a.l? ^naiaeq^
^nia^ a#.i	^	3^w la neiiqep
^	^5ia aaa^3 ^e-il ;3a3.'.115 ^iA!p	n#oala5 bn.a
Y.Ia$oI& Ln .	13*paa^ ale ^n^bd^.yfr'v-i" la-aaba^ d t *: €- *.^:.^ ^ .5i i a a aR
ana	man?ena la	a a;iil a^c-al 3#d	oj ea
ea.t e'bt^ \rfn," ad ?qyii**	aa-y a*rJ?If,nae
ai ^r.t-i aaea 1 a ^b	bnaw-c3.ef ell wan^aM bi^eqq^ niang
ai	^.13 ;RT'^k	wo^%4a
!S-ia^^5 #0^:1 ad?	1.^ 3to&i
^13	^aea^5n:ad'.^ bnn	3.1 qIl^'n^.uiiYq ^3^Mr^,5fo <ti
' .f^,.:d.tl3^ ne q^e	H.^ nl eiM^.tjSP iPP	ledao
f.La ^l.'i	ill e3J;..i.?	.b'p-pp-ae^ ni ocn,^o
.1-'.L.sn P? 1-n It'/r.-il 11a	v:av .RldRiOER'SK.frits.
608 18
July SO, 1923.
Defects.- Sapwood should not be classed us a "defect'^
however, far in a wood like redwood it will always be an import-
ant factor in the grading. Its strong color contrast and its low
.53/9
durability sake it unsuitable for many purposes.	However,^grades
even in old growth, bring nearly as high a juries as all heart-
grades: and no doubt this will hold true in the future. Sapwood
is spoken of in much too disparaging terms even by manufacturers
and salesmen. &fft seems^to have "come into its own". In the
Ran Francisco 3ay region, ^ere redwood is used for siding of
residences, stores, garages, etc., it is not uncommon to find a
very large proportion of the exposed surface to be anpwood.
One store, noted in particular recently, sided with a sap clear
grade of channel rustic reveals about 40% of aapwood over the
entire side wall, while several 16* boards are all sap. nhere
the surface is to be painted, sapwood is perhaps more desirable
than haartwoed,eapecially when the paint is white. Sapwood
is admittedly unsuited for any use where conditions for decay
arc favorable- fence posts, poles, sills, etc. In the future
however, it may be confidently expected that the creosoting of
all wood to be used where there is danger of decay will be very
general practice. Since aapwood is easier to creosote than
neartwood, and especially easy in redwood, a^sappy piece, orao-
aoted, should be ^superior wood where durability is a factor.
Sapwood is wider in second-growth than in old growth, varying
from 1" to 3" wide, while in old growth it is from less than 1"
^ ^4'$	U ad	^COV/'Y-r.:^ ,	^ +
**3',*. -*t.? nitn?;;\''t"t*. fH*.	..s ^	^^4 ,a.aYa;^d
si	?.a.^.	wlaa :.4a	ai
"' -*aH .4*'.^a'r	^i
11^	a ^ - M	at^d
^ ft*?	\ 4 ^ *: at ^	4 %'s* nidi id^a & on ht:H
^a^v-a	aat	ai lo	si
'-i:
? &I	sti f iai	av^?/
T"?3 -^ail. 5iq	ei Lse-v-^ ^a^dw ^aoi:%a^
ja &ni^ ft nn.f',noonn tan. ai t i ^ata	v*t^e
r?d -:**	ba^dqxo f dt ^t- nai3^*'jqa*sq ^3^1
a di' ,b' 5-^jin ^.vifaaaai	ni fasten,	aa('
ad) **QZ^ d	If ' ,0**. t^ada nlnava^	fann^no !e ab.,r^
e^'fa'l'-	.Clg^ a*s.3	lai^vas oli,^ ilj, .-r^ abis aaijfas
a t de\^r:^c ^&atn.Mq ed r-i-ni	aai
5o"^-r-jn. a^iiN^ al	t-;ff tiada? ^flnla^rj.r^h^f-^iar^ar^ a.^n,-
*w^ aac iti^.00-	xol'	si
a-dt'al	^.3t r-	.Los	a?;^,;/': -ald.rJ'J.-.'raia
) ?'	j ^ .,'ii g^aaq	ad.	ii ,aa7 -^?aif
^aav i	* 1 aaaSj	.J^o at	113
a'.ti'j	do^''-.''.'.j j^ddi	^^\,itaaaq
-C!. -*3	nl	Lau
^ ^'1	heow	a ad al^ads ,^-ataa
bi-D ai	ntwa^q-aueoa^	.jI nad-iv ai	L-oaaq^S
'"I'andi nr.',''.:^ai a? ti	^Ifsc-'fiS.Pritz.
688	19
July 25, 1923#
to-at times- 2-1/2". It averages about 2" vide In the seeand,and
1 1/2" in old growth. Tko logs being small eg&cc the percent of
sapwood In a log of young growth much greater than the same width
Jth a log of old growth.
Knots.*- Second-growth redwood has many small knots and most
of these are soft and rotten. This type of knot is the most ser-
ious defeat. Even tho' the branches are vary small- 1/2" to 1"
in diameter, when they die end become rotten end worm eaten they
adhere for many years and thus prevent the formation of olear
trunks. Unfortunately, these branohea when they become enclosed
by the expanding trtmk continue to rot uht.il they are very soft
and punky and, as knots, are easily pushed out of a board. The
tight knots caused by the living branches are sound, dark red'and
very hard. On drying they check severely but do not "break out.
knots are very uniformly and so etiraos thickly scattered over a
board bat in this experiment they were found much loos abundant^
than in the Mendocino experiment. See "Effects of thinning".
Other defects in redwood are not Important. However there is
one that may be Important locally. It appears that a rodent-
squirrel, rat	or mouse- relishes	the sweet layer under the bark.
It strips off	the	bark and gnaws	away this layer.	The tree may
thereby be girdled. Wherever the wood is exposed by much peel-
ing, a decay starts in the sapwood but apparently it cannot go
farther after	the	wound is healed. The result is	a narrow rot-
ten streak in	the	center boards.	3y "boxing" the	heart or aak-

	
	
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3-«?.3'*2r; ui# ^e-	r ai.
J;?/;J,i?n

j*a	e"<"X'33	*r-d$- tn;3?;-;	'	^a?
	an.a ^R'.,'.	
	and..* at:,/ rn.:	HjB Y-.'t 6t!$
at-*'*?	f)4'	-..tiRaa^^a aaiig^
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<& "A-jR-tR
^.; .... '
		^EWJ.3						YtM.YY'	-r	
uha^'			4'^	. - a					ni #ud	..&T.Rcd
". '3^'&'			^ #R		?V'i			, ? ^' *' n^o-<..'	43^ jt. J &*..	t na, :
			'^S	.41^3 R.				-OT t'		
i	SS'. ?	t' .-. -.^		^:oI				tq'RijE	Y'*i3, :A.i.3' ^RO	


			*		i	7R 9*w*a	f.<4'f..t;?.				
	g			aeqx				*n	alR%.		
E	rt	RR			*t <?'-<<-''?4t *'-'-$	g f'(PS^i	BS; '-?,(?				&*L'
	a.		ai	.#i.R		*P-3l,a					lt'$ "
			E^g"	% -S'.,...	.'.?2'X'"Yd*' Y*I		aFgn i			ai	3.Fri tz.
608 SO
July 26, 1923.
lag it into small dimension the importance of this defect is
minimized.
piles twenty years ego is equivalent to a thinning of a special
type. As a result, there is evident a very marked stimulation
lags made* Undoubtedly the pile trees were of the dominant ol&ss
and their removal liberated many suppressed trees. These seem
to have responded at oaoe and vigorously, and in 20 years rose
from the lower crown classes to the dominant or codominant class.
There is thus available for the immediate use of the company's
forester, absolute assurance that young redwood trees of the
lower crown classes will respond to a thinning operation with
greatly accelerated diameter growth. That this accretion is also
of a better quality was evidenced by the clean boles and the
greatly reduced number of knots in the lumber. It wtll be noted
that the specimen redwood trees are considerably shorter than the
specimens of the other specie a. This caused disappointment at
first,but examination indicated that the trees were exceptionally
short twenty years ago because of their suppression by the larger
trees.
The knots on the other species are very similar to those
in older trees but small. In fact, the lumber from these three
in the growth of the trees left, which i s** inf luetic od by the openOR

--j	f^,r
c /df ^^ *i.oif^i4-.'t,^-'t iiCVi$^€,*it
t^.-^;i.i	i "al .	:fnd
oit. .::a %rnJs:&i
r "-	---d' t ^	%''?	_______ til. t
-i-. ^ ^ ^ q.'^	'!', Ct ^ ^ I ^ ^ ^ -'" ^ ^ a - d. B "7 i U p 3 a i - 0 :.,?, a, ?TB f n ^	H ;' -1 i q
:3i'^R,f	a %-.-...
...Se'Slj	dy dJ'^OT^ ^nf ni
?:r*.t. ;.	.. -.d :c	-,Lo, aif *:	w S	j o—-n R",":tt4r
tWat, 3"-;\l''j	5oa^*.wq^m
na0-3 ni !Mu:	^ f ^	a3
w&as't.
^ na-1 oi dad	J;
a d j l o a a $- *s y a* o^ ^^	e^	^	Ai ^ ^ c	t ^.-1 n R d .,:„% ^ if a i -ol
nif.^ ncifa^aao	^ o#
t4-af -;:I i j	^ad? . ^. --'OH".	' vJ
erl baa a^Iod aa^fD Rd	Jy-.i a 3*-^
A^ien ad .ff j	jl -	f ni M Jaa.	-.^?n	^1 taa'sg
€'Jt!,tj^t*?\My-';d.	? hra^
^	#n 1 ftqq^aAb b"#a..:r:(y aidT ' .a	^:^i..je eua So ^a^io^qa
^I..f ,h\y .t r'. ^	^	.^- ^ a n ^ #r. -' f a a* ^	3 a -f^	no i j ,^.. ^ f f.: a.^a f nd ^ ^ ^13
<'<;:.1	ncie.at--nqqu^	It
..-.
Frits.
68a	21
July 28, 1923.
The pickup in height, an average of 2 feet per year, which,
while not as good as 4 feet as in the case with trees enjoying
full light, may be considered exceptionally good considering the
shade still oast over the liberated trees by neighboring fir trees.
Had some of the pile trees been left they would have served the
purposes of this study better. The trees selected are maoh
smaller than would be trees of the same age th:.t have been in
dominant class all their life.
Properties.- Ho strength tests were made on any of the
material oat, largely because of the limited amount from which
^standard test pieces could be selected. Proa its behavior in
handling however, it is believed that the lumt	his young
timber, of all four species, differs very	ut all from
lumber of old growth. Only the Douglas fir is really a structural
wood,the other species,even in old growth, will never be used
mush where strength figures greatly. The Douglas fir. it was
found, produces lumber or dimension material that will pass the
density grade rule test of architects and engineers. Its Hate
wood makes up from 26-80% of the width of the growth rings.
The spruce and white fir are quite similar in strength, apparently,
to old growth of these species. The redwood,it is believed from
its behavior,will split less in nailing than old growth. The
early wood" portion of each ring is quite soft and "corky"; very
easy to work, and nail. It looks to be better than old growthe^ 3ogl* r, i'-(-^ o ?nn taJM'w
t'- t	Farin'),5iaai?^ &J	,$^..^1 <M.tf*r
*\'?$;'.i a Li	IIi.$
^aa	^ j j ,.^I r^ad'	afiq 1%.:' e.i.ca .'-Lad
ecoH)' .-. 7	^jb	'a% La^ycqanq
i-:l. a^ad "L.'v ,^l J.aif ','^.a	\a MfMii qu
Ji^aa;a,. 5
^Li ia .yta ^ic.	^-ae^	, .a^a^^d ad
..^4.. -rr^.naaLi	^.i3. la ,a' nacaJ
a,#	It: iv	,:-.^^3Q	aaj			-.iid	'^In	ac, vra'jt: G^		r, /a ^ F a	"i ? &i
jR'*		nii	1^-	^1	^ ^ y . ^ ^ . ^, . ^	y ^.-j .1	.; :L'"	ai .1-	1 , ^	aV3-'d.* -	
		L									
				il	',-.St-v 'i"-: ?':2:i	& i -*	J ^		%.. :L '.'	^ ^	
		^*	-A**	%h		'..t * Y-t	aO		/Fao^	rayf?,lo	
		:f =-p.t'	v^. lii	".v .,	.::.h';;' ' IR				: "	, 3 ^	
	y					aa, %	-haa	jH	nry?	..^yg csa	y'.y
n a'y		Rl'f	g ^	,r.,^.i	'X'J ^ ':^.f3 ?-11 ''-U^ {?,' 1 .b		. a.:)	. nad	r.,fj 1	8S8MJ&OT3r	, Lin.) o7:
		.			aitayi La	f/'m		,baaF	-a,fyf		--*i',n.^A
		KBHB		'ii:^ -			-tO-	a-3R		st-.t	:4t4 ftet sd
^vj? :r.r",	^ rL 3 a Hi	G - 7 hay. a*./^ ah?. rOi.hfa	-3-^<
^1^75ce'*?5^is ^-7.A
aaT	lio a.Hat "aii.hh^n a.i naci iniia
' -^:--'v {'-^ttesl' L';„i'	y:#tn... si ^n.i^' rtc^e.'l^ ;,^-^T.'^'''^'"'- 'il*^^'
rii?-*sg ''.ie	*::sj.t;i& :.r. t-2 t;:soe^ yy. ,j.'- u ^.'. .-^s^ <'i S--^?2.!'ri tz.
688 22
July 25, 1923.
for such an exacting use as pattern stock- it is however softer.
Durability.- There is a very general belief that second-
growth redwood is very perishable. This belief is entirely er-
rpneous. A test ot its durability would take 20 years or sore
to complete but fortunately there was found available for examin-
ation, such second-growth that had been wind thrown or had been
left on the gro nd by pile cutters 10-20 years ago in Mendocino and
Humboldt Counties. The sapwood of this material is very rotten
end in some cases has completely rotted away, but the haartwood,
save in a few instance^, was found to be quite bright and sound.
It cannot be proven from thisTaecoad-growth is as durable as old
growth, but its resistance to fungi for 20 years would easily
class it as a very durable wood.
Seasoning.- Here again the old-timer will voice prejudice
against second-growth redwood. It is hie belief, exaggerated no
doubt, that second-growth will warp, twist and split beyond
belief. This has already been proven incorrect. Some specimen
boards collected at Mendocino and dried in the air under severe
drying conditions, have behaved particularly well- t e only notice-
able change is their loss of weight. About 6000 feet were kiln
dried in Mendocino County and it withstood a schedule used on old
growth perfectly. At Jeotia, 136 boards of redwood were kiln
dried along with 60 boards of the other species. Mr. Corbitt
reports that after 9 days drying the lumber was in first-class
condition, only the top board3 of the pile being capped. The
.nofloa novawod ai" #1 ^^no#a ana'liaq ^R #a^ gM#a.^xa M de^a nol
.**?.''.-M€ #\ff l&Ofod Ir.wn^' '^"^7 a ei ^^jedT -.t^lfldaTR'T
^*ne	el lolled %eMT '.efd^d^lnaq ^nav	nf^ung^
ana^ no g*ia-an OR y	^#lfld,^nn& all fa #nof A .ana^qn
-nf/^'o.Y#^nel ^fd^flav^	' snaa?	f^d ^faftatoa'a#
r*o %	.^^nd#a;a ^	oaf fad#	,<aal#R
^eo	&*r';0'% 0^-01 ^neffao ailq ^d &R.'0*13'any f^c fl^-.l
a^##en	t,l faFneiee* ---L " \e ac&t'.qiia ^KT	f^fedm^^
#rq.	^##en nfM^fqrrte	h,'<„
* .&nro^	#dq.i"t# afijo;? ad"' ay &'naatj..n^w ^§^ea^#aal wa3 n ni avan
j..fr, eo	.^F^ <-?i d*fren^^foo','Oe^.aL\y rt^nf ff-^^enq^d #oe,n:.:u # 1
'	OR not	-ef	e3l #r;d ^f#./ong
afdon^B ^naif R an #i ^enfa
aalM^anq ^el^wlffw	HlR!gR"^^,^3.."'
an bai ana^^&axe .tatla# a-id ai #1	diwoi^Nicaaa fa^iag^
- §ne^ad fllq^ On.^ #al^f ,qn^ Ifiw	ly+di ,Id^cA
nemie#qa ara€ .foannooni aovonq r^aj	aod 3ld? ' .lolled
' axa^vaa	*tln ad# ni	^aa ealeeMeU #a &a#aaflaa a.anRed
-qln^ - a '# -Ifa# nlnafnal#n.^q	bvaa ^eaelflBwe
- *nfl:(	t^-el OOOB'fifca'A ^ Id^lad 1c aaal nlo.d# ^1 egn^do aid.n
ne Raan af^B^-dae^ Beofadtify #1	'^#^€-0 ealoo^no^ al j&aliA
alf:l enow 5oc^6an Te ^Bn^.od 5-RI ,'^r. ^"'u... fa .^I#ael:neq d#:-on$
ffldnet) .eU .uoiey.".:	ad# lo M&n^ed 0-u d#i%	^ln&
eaRle^#<r:.ft ni nedmaf ody	0 Yw.#la fad# ^fncqon3.Fritz.
688 2S
July SB, 1923.
knots withstood the drying well. In the Mendocino experiment it
was found that the rotten knots shrivelled and might as well hare
fallen out, but the tight knots either remained in perfoot condit-
ion or in ^ome cases became badly checked (this might be remedied
by using a different drying schedule.) Drying of second-growth
of all four species should present no difficulties whatever.
Machining.- Seooad-growth redwood is easier to surface than
old growth. The finished surface is soft, smooth and bright.
The knots surface smoothly but they are rather harder, according
to the planar man, in the earlier experiment than in the old growth.
Utility of hacond-Crowth Redwood.- This class of redwood
has not yet come into general, use as lumber,but for piling its use
has been established for over 20 years. In Sonoma and Santa Crus
Counties small circular mills have made and sold some second-growth
lumber. The prices obtained varied from f25-$30 per N. 3.M. mill
run in Sonoma County, to $32-$38 for #3 and #2 grades in Santa
Cruz County. The time is not yet opportune, nor is it desirable
to try to market second-growth redwood, except in localities Where
the old growth is exhausted and the young growth has already
A	' * -
reached saw log size. In Occidental, in Sonoma County, there is
a store building built inside and outside of seoond-growth lumber.
Some of this however, is not genuine second-growth and very likely
came out of trees left by the early loggers. In Humboldt County
the use of second-growth redwood for marine piling is well estab-
lished. It was reported by one man that he recently cut 18000i ini
-
'
i;,	tnIao.L.!.^Z al .	^81	aOea^,
nva,^! Het	py?^lai tyit r ,j.,t ^:arel
ai	ie- a#tn,l ^^-iy -^dt	a^ JLlx -:^
td	^iij)	fW^&	ai at aoi
dOaea^a It-	.#at	b a	id
. a-^-y	I A. an laaa^^q fa ,^'.'da	^.nol 11a It
ui ^0t- -#A^n
\^yyiY0 ana	tal ,, %d^#C"^i\^. ^io
<	,-^^Oiari yj?,"t^ 5'an.	#ad Ylf-Jt-eMK	a^f - -
*d'H3Tj bit? iti -n.^-4^ #a^H^,aq^e	^dj ni	Taaa-'-lq €"#
bot.^a- ,^Mle %^idT . ^
aaxt a#I	txe-1	aa	e-^a^ t^a.^ io^ - '^a ea.d
^.tr^O a.hml, &aa	t:l - *8*a-n^ uS	itO ^ JHI^tag at^d^aed.
ii)wt'^r.^&aao^u	Ilea Ian a. ^ a*?ad altly	^y^ara ar^-hiueO
fLL^	fd- 0S,)-*3K;-	avails
n#0^T) --^	S-%	ty -^inapp pinaatd fti nam
tld^laen ?! ai ^,ca'\aaa^i€.qqt ?ai ni tH j ttT	my a O' ^P**0
^4 Jr ?! 1	P:< ^ q.4, cx^ ^	-e#
^e'd	at di,o^^ bit an#
p*K3;tf /i^'^e".' /s.-.en,oe a,l	ay i&aH ael baaea€^.
?*(.	bfa:-	tltad aa-lbii^d a-"itOe ^
(/iov fm^ .djh^.^R^t&<&R ^tljern^ yta, ti ,ayv^'^ed airiy Oj eyrtd
Ilay tl yn tlia e :	^ee yd-.i. i ?	.-L-y.^^eu It ^n;
UG€6I jpy	^ r,,..': aem ^ae td	tat" M ^^oatHE,fritz
688	24
July 35, 1933.
lineal feet from & selected acre near Pidgeon Paint. At 3/ per
feat stuapage this yield if correctly reported, returns a hand-
some income for 80 year-old growth. Redwood piling is not as
strong as Bouglas fir, but it is reported to withstand driving
well and to repel, if ^*3%^lod, the attacks of marinas. The salt
water probably decreases the susceptibility of the sapwood to decay.
In Mendocino County s logging railroad has about 20 trestles built
mainly bn second-growth piles and caps. After 13 years of service
the piles are just beginning to need replacement and then only be-
cause the decay of the sapwood left too small a oroaa-section to
carry the loads. Only a few of the piles examined showed that
the heartwood was beginning to decay. A telephone line in Sonoma
County about SO miles long is strung mainly &n second-growth poles.
They gave no satisfaction however, because they were too small, no
allowance having been made for the decay of the aapwood. Had
these poles been creosoted at the butts they would have given
perfect satisfaction. The demand for telephone poles and for
marine and trestle piles seems to be a permanent one. With north-
ern cedar for poles rapidly becoming depleted, it seems that in red-
wood we hate, a possible substitute, provided the poles are creo-
so ted. This, it is believed, can be done at a very reasonable
cost. Since redwood can be made to produce many trees of pole
sice on an acre, it seems that its use for poles should demand the
particular attention of a redwood forester. It would at least#.3	833
..-nsef ,^s
i*;?-" ^ #A *^0^33 W'. s&J}*: ^'SH' a^oa fs$isales rs c.ast *aa't Iasai!
-RMS'i ^ saiaiisit	-^jr^o&Tt<33 'H Rlei^ Biify a^os^is #C3l
,:^a ion Hi:	3oaw&e& .iHwo'-E* Ma-saav 03 sot sscsai aetoa
".niTisa	1 ^.-** Cj	si ?i iod ,*!it 'S;..f^CO<I Ka 'M'-OSjg
il^a od'r .Msi^sea aMaaita eiii	ti	a? fie-?
**.^oa& ci 3?H:a:!.? io	i.f idiiqaes&e	s^asa*taa§ ^itfaccsq* seiaw
-	f.'iTi ealia^ti 03- icoda e&d &acsfia*t .^n'i^'of a	eaiae&'.!a;NnI
M	<a8qao ^e?fiq dihfus8&*s
J	S^aa*' oi ^ainjtlJrg^d
.a	oa# #1^1 Ltawqaa o,;^ 1-e	#.d#
:h^< f	1;,-	,.^ $InP
a^tna6 ni.	A	o F ^aM'al^ed aa.w	ad^
+aeleq	n^b slal^r- pr.n^'^a a I	05
ca	ea#	Ji a*..n^aed ^Y^vewad	on	S!MT
ed<?	nol	n#ad,	^Maw^Ila
tw#'T bliro	a.?iad adJ	ae-^d aafr.q'
i§1 .baa aal-oq aaodqale^ Yel fataaa.& -3dT #ae
-d#noa d^iW	a ad e# aa^ea a^Hq	M.n da i Yam
ni idd# aaaaa ^&atafqa5 ^aineaad	a^ioq n^l' Ya.wo n^a
s*sa a^i'aq 5^&ivoaq	^Idiautq c ,av.er:. ,^w
%'tav a &naR ad a^a	ai ji
a&a*E$ ^a-." aw^oiq	e-dnaa ^a^w^-aY aoaiU '^iaee
-	^a-.^.f/ab - MY^da ^alaq w'i a^u afi iaaf	li	a% rm
iea&I *a M,ncw #1	.^^-^a#^cl'6oow.5aY ^ ta aeita^'^ja Yeinai^Yj.,q
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
REPORTED BT^S^Fr itZ. -.........
PROJECT No_____ggg_____ Pt%g....
DATE Ja2,y
give him a splendid outlet for trees eat in thinnings.
Second-growth redwood "in the round" and unpeeled is becom-
ing popular for rustic bungalows, oabina. fences, and portals.
But much diaappointaent may la soae oases be experienced, first,
because in the spring a small bark beetle, which, working under
the bark of a cut tree will very rapidly and vary thoroughly
loosen it and oauee it to drop off. Second, logs placed next
to the ground may soon become rotten and soft in the sap portions.
Soae ties have been made in Sonoma and Mendocino Counties of
second-growth. Shore the sap portion was limited they were eaid
to have given good results. About 300 are being laid now in
Mendocino County and will be observed oarefully during their life.
This material judging from a small test has as good spike holding
power as old growth and is no more apt to split.
Second-Growth redwood for firewood is used in large quantit-
ies in all the redwood cotmties, but it makes an inferior wood
for suoh purpose and can be sold in competition wi^ Douglas fir
only if l/4 to l/8 cheaper.
In Santa Cruz and San Mateo Counties a small quantity of
second-growth has been made into berry and artichoke orates and
apple boxes. It seems to be giving satisfaction in suoh usee
but in the oase of the apple boxes, Douglas fir is used sometimes
for the ends.TOM.LCT't
Y^e^3VS^!U
H8m^Tj:j^naA ^D^jjco
HO^TATS TH3M!H3'-4X3 JA^UTJUqS^AS.Fritz.
608 B6
July SS. 1933.
Old Growth Left on Looted Areas.- Bo such old growth'trees
were out in this experiment, but three were included. In the
Mendocino,experiment. The date there obtained, and examinations
sade of lumber oat from each trees in other regions is of such
interest that it deserves some commonta here.
The early loggers left old trees here and there where they
were too small or otherwise failed to serve their purpose. Where
these trees survived subsequent fires they continued their growth,
but at a much Moderated rate and produced a large amount of
remarkably clear and beautiful lumber. One example in Humboldt
County may be of interest because,,in the region of this study,
of
In the course/pursuing studies on Project 688,many reports ware
received of the cutting of second-growth redwood. These ware all
investigated and only a few^found to refer to genuine second-
growth. In the dther cases the term "second-growth" was incor-
rectly applied. This happened in the case of a report that a
Mall mill near Alliance.pperated by Blok Lucheai. was cutting
young growth. Upon investigation he was found to be cutting some
old growth trees that were left on an area logged 60 or more years
before. At that early date they were 13 to SO inches in diameter
but when cut they had reached a diameter of 36" and over. Their
release from the competition with other and larger trees gave
them more growing space which stimulated them to more rapid growth.
The lumber thus produced had wide rings and therefore a coarsesea
+	^3^ ^la'b
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	ss	\	dd M b%:;\u s.r,' d	td.	
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668	27
grain leading to ita designation as "second-growth".	As a mat-
ter of fact the added growth laid on the outside of trees already
12" to 20" in diameter was absolutely clear of knots. Soso of
,
this liraber used in the cabin of Mr. Barter on Bull Creek.for^
ceiling, eta. was examined in 1922 end it caused surprise because
of its beauty. The wonderful ability of even a cull old-growth
tree of small diameter, left after logging off the merchantable
timber, to continue growth at an accelerated rate and to produce
clear lumber should bo of the greatest interest to the owner of
timberleads about to be logged. It seems worthy of a careful
study of the feasibility of protecting in present logging oper-
and damage in the logging^ Such trees would serve as an im-
portant nucleus for a second out and, furthermore, they would
furnish the clear grades that will be mighty scarce when old-
growth forests begin to give out.
iaaauel Frits,
Asst. Prof, of Forestry,
University of California.TABLE SHOWING AMOUNT AND GRADES OP LUMBER SECURED FROa SECOND GROWTH TREES CUT ON THE
MeCREADY UNIT, FRESHWATER, CALIFORnA, JUNE 1, 1933
ree 3. Species	Sap Clear %			Extra March.	%	Construction %			No. 3	' %	Shop	%	Total Mill Tally B.M,
Spruce	8.8	.2		614.6	40.5		720.0	47.4	167.4	10.4	32.8	1.5	1,517.2
Spruce				539.2	62.7		474.8	47.3					1.003.10
Total	2.8	.1	1	.143.8	45.4	i	.194.8	47.4	"167.4	6.2	22.8	.9	2.521.0
White Fir	5.0	1.8		177.4	63.1		13.4	4.8	69.4	24.6	16.0	5.7	281.0
White Fir	7.0	.6		816.6	67.5		336.4	27.8	13.41	1.1	37.0	3.0	1,210.2
White Fir				511.0	60.0		295.4	34.6	32.0!	3.8	13.8	1.6	853.0
White Fir	41.4	3.9		631.8	69.6		361.0	24.6	85.4	8.1	40.0	3.8	1.059.4
Total	53.4	1.6	3,	.136.6	63.8		906.0	26.6	300.0 i	5.9	"156.8	3.1	3.402.6
Redwood.	10.0	2.0		46.8	9.6		396.8	80.6	30.0	6.1	9.0	1.8	492.4
Redwood	7.4	1.5		11.8	2.4		366.4	74.5	80.8	16.3	26.0	5.3	493.0
RedwoGd	61.0	11.6		4.0	.9		360.6	81.6			25.8	5.9	441.2
) Redwood	64.10	13.6					354.8	75.1			52.8	11.3	472.3
Redwood	148.6	29.1		18.8	8.7		307.2	60.3	35.4	6.9			509.8
! Redwood	57.6	11.0		72.0	13.8		349.4	66.7			44.8	8.5	523.6
} Redwood	10.10	10.8		2.0	2.0		86.0	87.2					98.10
Total	350.0	11.6		155.0	6.1	2,	.320.8	73.3	146. (j	! 4.8	168.0	5.2	3.029.8"
DouglasFir				630.6	48.8		630.4	49.6	20.0	1.6			1,270.10
DouglasFir 6.0		1.0		391.0	75.7		130.2	23.3					516.2
DouarlasFir 8.0		1.1		276.10	39.8		324.0	46.6	79.0	i 11.4	8.0	1.1	695.10
	T5tS		13.0		-g—	i,	.288.4	61.8	1,	.074.6	e	99.0	) 4.0	8.0	.3	2.482.10
GRAND TOTAL 419.0		3.6	4,	,723.6	41.4	6,	,395.10	47.2	602.4 5.2		295.4	2.6	11,436.0
# Windfall trees from which only a few logs were taken.	;
The fractional board, feet are in twelfths instead, of tenths.	Example, 974.10 5 974-10/13d

a.ET	HO WO %^S.XT 3H0CSB .*.			OKm*			^0 8&CM	1:0 OKA	A ^ A ^	VCRS SIKAS	
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3.713,1	3.1		1.01	6.731			o.os?	3.06	c.613	S. 8*3	e ;;
01.300.1						#6	8.676	7.88	S.8S3		
O.J'33,S	e.	*"""8".3"8					6.1^1"			8.601,1 6.66				".GVcT "* '
0.183	?.a	o*&.r			1	0	6.SI	i.	6.771	8.1 o.a	ii*E elidO,'
o.ois.i	o.s	0.73	I*,!	6.61	8.73		6.&SB	3 ,?6	3.618	5. 0.7	
0.368	3.1	3.31	8.6	o.ss		.60..	6.303	0.08	0.113		Yl'l 11^
6.680,1	3.S	0.06	1.8	^ ^^B	i ^	.63		 0.183	8.03	0.1S3	$.3 6.16	if-- [
*" * "a.srayts *	1.6			..y^,		ol^oT*	'""1	i?r"	BTeW	8 *So		' 8.1 6.53	
	8,1.'.	0.0	1.3	0.^3		.08	8.305	3.S	8.36	0.3 0.01	
o.s$6	e.o	o.as	3.81	8.08'		.67.	6.333	6.3	.8*11	3.1 ' 6.7	AcawJ&eH
a.166	0.3	a.as				. 18,	o.ooa	e.	: 0,6	8.11 0.13	&;0WMR'7
a.s?6	S.ll	8.33				.37	0.63K			3.31 01.63	j^cew6&3.„':
8.603			e.$	6.55			a.voa .	7.5	8.81 .	1.6S 3.861	6oc?.'i)@H' ^ '
3*888	a.s	8.66						8.51	9.37	0.11 3.73.	600%?As3,:'.' .
01.38						!..?8	0.8S	0.3	0.3 :	8.01 01.,.01	.&OOW1&?;" !
		'	"""		7-^831"'		g.--.	-	^.361,		L^r"					
01..07 3,1			a.i j	).08'		^	6,053	8.86	S.CS8'	TlSsalgw^,;	
S.RI8							3.031	7.8.?'	0.165	J.l 0.3 -$i%.Eal:gro-T, .	
01.366	1.1	0.8	6.11 <!	).??			.0.6S3	6.63	01.37S	1.1 0.8 ,	
_01.8a6,3				"5.6^	0*#*"**				' *^f:#s-u7r	""*g7B	""?rgg'&7"			0.31	tawi''.
0.666,11	a.s	6.aea	a.8 6.S08			3.76	01.365,3	6.16	a.as?,6	3.5 9.016	JATOT am; ^
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3
TABLE SHOWING LENGTH OF TREES USED AND COMPARATIVE LOG SCALE RESULTS WHEN APPLIED TO
SECOND GROWTH TREES CUT ON MoCREADY UNIT, FRESHWATER, CALIF.
ee o. Species	Total Length feet	Log Length Used	Age on Stump Years	JUNE 1923 % No. Length Logs Used		Average Mill Annua 1 Tally Growth.B.li. B.M.		Spauld- ing Log Rule	% Over Run	Inter- national Log Rule	% Over Run
Spruce	126.9	96	50	75.5	6	30.3	1,517.2	1,149		1,375	
Spru ce	123.9	80	46	64.5	5	21.8	1.003.10	843		1.015	
erage & Total			48		11	26.6	2.531.6	17992	-36. S	3.390		
White Fiy	110.6	32	50	29.1	2		281.6	188		260	
White Fir	129.5	96	64	74.0	6	18.9	1,216.3	1,128		1,350	
White Fir	124.1	94	83	72.5	6	16.1	852.6	715		900	
White Fir	125.4	96	53	76.5	6	20.0	1.659.4	846		1.040	
erage & Total			85		20	18.3	3.402.6	2,874	-18.3	"*37?60"	-4.1
" Redwood		48			3		493.4	422		525	
Redwood	78.2	64	49	81.9	4	10.0	493.0	389		510	
Redwood	96.0	64	50	67.7	4	8.8	441.2	356		450	
Redwood	99.2	64	49	64.6	4	9.7	472.2	364		485	
) Redwood	93.8	64	61	68.3	4	10.0	509.8	378		500	
# Redwood	103.3	58	52	56.4	3		523.6	601		635	
y Redwoo d		16			1		98.10	77		105	
rage & Total			60		23	9.6	8.029.8	2748 V	-21.7	8.210"	-6.6
} Douglas Fir	137.4	96	54	70.1	6	23.5	1,270.10	1,038		1,260	
S Douglas Fir	123.9	80	53	64.5	5	9.7	516.3	410		555	
! Douglas Fir	129.7	80	53	61.6	5	13.1	695.10	601		755	
tage &			53		16	15.4	2.483.10	2.049	-21.2	2.570	-3.4
and Total 1	,601.9	1,128	52		70	16.0	11,436.0	9,402	-31.6	11,720	-2.4
Windfall trees from whioh only a few logs were taken.
A ten foot log out out due to break in falling.
The fractional board feet in the Mill Tally are expressed in twelfths instead of tenths as are all other fraction-
al measurements.
The per-cent of over run expressed as plus or minus indicates the percent the mill tally is above or below the
amount given by each log rule.
Willis G. Corbitt,
Forest Engineer.^-".1.1 AAO < ^jJj.TAs

40A HYITJsj-iA^lOO GBA (E.8U 8EE2T %0 E$3!-S.l D^'A0K3 EJRAS'
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	88'.'		103		1.81	a	8-18
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ae	A.s*8i Yi? asig^ea
ne	8.881 Yi'l aalg-poa
06'___' ?.3S1 ijSL a^lproa .
,	.	^	_^ esse
081,1	8.103,1 Isio'i J&m-
, ,	^-r -,,s. -	^oMV scuA ae'essf
.nc:ie# anew sgol^Mait a	.	-.	--	.
-RCidoeyi *TefivO Ils eiB ga sl^nov lio AgHdatci. ad^kleW ci Aaeaaicqpts
^e^d o? eyi ^ S^l ^.w? A
iliH en# si	Aicrod	odi
.o^wcsaYJaBeeH: Is
odd* unaled io evoda- ei ^llad Ills ad# dxteawq'edd- aeifaolAaA Basils w s^lq Ls	dcsa nevig d'ojmma
.yFidsoO .0 siifiw
.mwnig^O. #sa*xo'l2.Fritz. -
aao HHao
The Freshwater
Creek forest of
mixed second-
growth from which
the specimen trees
were cat.E.Frita
603
Freshwater Creek forest from
which specimen trees were cat*
Showing character after the"thin-
ning^ of the previous year.
Bote the long no&ee of the white
fir at the left.
-

	

^—


S.i'rits.
038	32
The felled trees were
made into 16 ft. logs
and each log was given
a serial number.
#6 is a white fir and
#14 a Douglas fir, both
6-log trees.Cross seotion of one of the redwoods
cat at Freshwater. Shows accelerated
growth rate as a result of removing the
neighboring dominant trees 20 years before.^	^ jL tf % m
608	OS
Showing character of
wood in the Douglas fir.
A large per cent of
"late wood" in each ring
indicates high value for
structural purposes.
The experimental logs were skidded to the Railroad siding
by horsa-teaaa. #8 is a redwood.The second-
growth logs
at the sid-
ing and on
the cars at
Eddyville.

E.I'rits.
6C3	33
The experiaental legs at the sill. The lower picture
gives a good idea of the sizes. All the logs on the deck
are second-growth. The onnaabered log is spruce #1.t^**..-*..,.,.,	., .......,„..................-.................... .................................... .''	..................................................... ..............................................E.Fritz.
688	36
Re-examining the lumber, grading and tallying*
One-inch boards were cut throughout the exper-
iment, bat the last piece was dropped as a
4" cant*Showing the yearly nodes
and the whorl of thick
branches at the beginning
of each node and the small-
er and less important branch-
es between the principal
whorlsi. Redwood has a sim-
ilar characteristic but the
secondary branches are heav-
ier. This causes the knots
to be spread uniformly and
thickly over the boards in-
stead of bunching the knots
as in white pine.1







<7/7	Z7y//%/
X
<7^t


/?/e</	64%)	^/'Ty^/p*^ ^-V*n
{


/A23


UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

35. Frits
SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD CUTTING RXPERL.SNT
3IG RIVjgR. MENDOCINO CO. CAL.
INTRODUCTION:
PROJECT No. ..68.8_ P0...88
July 12. 19C3.
It was discovered early in the course of conducting Project #688
Properties and Uses of Second-Growth Redwood), that little if any
very useful information bearing on the quality and usefulness of se-
cond-growth redwood could be obtained without actually cutting a fairly
large quantity for suoh determination. Many re orts &a$e been receiv-
ed of the outt iag of young redwood into lumber but very few of them
were found to be correct. Rhat was called "second-growth" almost in-
variably proved to be old timber that was left by earlier loggers and
wag now made merchantable by better market conditions. The Division
cf Forestry is indebted to the Union and Mendocino Lumber Companies of
ort Bragg and Mendocino for their wholehearted interest, cooperation
and assistance in the conduct of an experimental cutting of about three-fy
quarters of an acre of 66-year-old second-growth. A plot^waa selected
on lower Big River on lands of the Mendocino Lumber Co. because of the
renter age and abundance of second-growth redwood there. Selection
is made by Professor Donald Bruce md Forester Y.B.Davis, Union
umber Company since the plot was to serve the double purpose of check-
ng studies on the yield of this character of timber. Project 663(Bruoe)
ud of furnishing data on the quality of the lumber. Project 688(Fritz).
JRPOSE:
The specific purposes to be served were the checking of tha-
1.	Methods of estimating used in the yield study.
2.	Age.
3.	Volume tables used; comparison of estimated volume with actual.
4.	Application of International log rule. Comparison vith

UN!VERS!TY OF CAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRtCULTURAL EXPERtMENT STAT!ON
PROJECT NO.
B. Fritz
888 -
........Pc.S?.? .
^ July 12, 1923.
DATE.... ....*...ZJ .*
Spaulding rules.
ttd observation or determination of the following:
8.	Factors affecting falling Mid log making.
6.	Fallin^t breakage.
7.	Loss due to rot, ineeots, shake, etc., and effect of past fires.
8.	Relation between sapwood and heartwood.
9.	Suitability of yarding and loading methods used.
10.	Logging refuse.
11.	Transportation, ainkaga mid other losses.
12.	Adaptability of present mill equipment.
13.	Methods of sawing. Effect of bark.
14.	Amounts and grades of lumber, ties, etc. produced. Comparison
with log scale.
18.	Appearance and defects of product.
Id. Mechanical Mid physical properties.
17.	Effeot of air and kiln drying.
18.	Ease of machining.
19.	Utility of this class of material.
20.	Present and future markets.
21.	Douglas fir second growth.
22.	Response of old growth to liberation and character of lumber
produced.
5^
&//%7f</%%%


E-E
UN!VERS!TY OF CAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AQR(CULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPER!MENT STAT!ON
REPORTED BY___................
PROJECT NO.___-------- PG.40 -
DATE..{July 12^............
LOCATION:	/y
^ ......
The plat is located in See. T 17 3. 3 17 W, and adjoins the
eoupany'a logging railroad. The site is a high river bench of fine
gilt, and ia reported to be inundated onoe every four or five years.
The mod line on the trees is in many oases 7 feet off the ground.
Judged by the stumps, the original stand must have been quite heavy.
Following the loggers of 1367, by about 60 years, tie makers went
orer this area and split ties, shakes, etc. from the material left on
the ground. About the sane time, or a few years later when the logging
railroad wag built through the tract, some aeoond-growth trees were re-
moved for piles and used under the treaties nearby. Much of the refuse
from these three operations still remains, large ohunks, tie slabs, pile
butts, etc. including a six-foot windfall. This stuff is in large
part sound, though not of merchantable character, and proved to be an
important factor in causing breakage in the falling and delay in the
yarding.
The plot, which is nearly square, contained 0.72 acre and was cut
from near the heart of the "flat".
iThiSER:	...	hr.

^ <7^ ^ '

Every.tree bat one, a Douglas fir (Oregon Pine), in this plot was
Gtr), <^3<? ^
(redwood.	Three^of the redwoods however were "old growth".trees having
mean left by the early loggers, very likely because then too small,
phase three trees as will be pointed out later, yielded some exception-
ally interesting and valuable information, and I believe as iiaportaat
aa that yielded by the genuine second-growth. The seoond-growth redwood{

I
.uP? TOiit&aX
^ *30 YT^^ViMU .
-310TJU.u!r?DA^0 303JJ?.)3
MOrfAYa Ti^3M^3^X3 JAH'JTJ'JO^OA
SS^I	virjL
-?TX.?
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
PROJECT NO.....6R8-___Po.41-
DATE
July 12, 1923
wan found to have a gross volume, standing, of 68226 3.F. (by Internat-
[ io:ml Rule and to a 5" top.) The Douglas fir and old growth add# 10976
9#F* staking a total of 69200 S.F. The stand was somewhat open, not
fully stocked, and quite irregular as to the sizes of the trees. There
i Here 130 trees on the flat including the 3 old growth trees and the
Douglas fir, but 23 of them were under 10 inches in dia-eter at breast
! height. The largest seoond growth tree was fannd to be 37.7" in diam-
eter, breast high, and 181 feet high and yielded logs scaling 2800 3.?.
International Rule (2460 8.P. by Spaulding Rule). The old growth trees
measured 42,48, and 64 inches in diameter. The photographs indicate how
strai ht and slender the young trees were, also how branchy. Where the
i trees stood in close clumps, the face toward the center of tho clump in
many cases carried no branches or twigs from the ground to nearly the tip
I but away from the center, branches were very numerous and almost invariab-
ly were scattered all along the trunk to within a few feet of the ground.
Par 60 to 70 feet from the ground these branches were dead, and altho'
mined by worms they persisted. These dead branches result in the most
serious defect in second-growth redwood lumber- the soft, rotten knot.
The branches are also exceptionally nuaerCus because redwood has no^inter-
; nodes like a white pine. The second-growth trees were found to be free
from rot altho' in several instances, injuries by fire or by bruising
gave rise to a rot that would in time have spread over much of the heart-
eood. It was found also that young redwood trees seem to provide a
"side dish" for rodents (squirrels or rats) in the spring when the cambium
is active. Their work results in a seam and a streak of rot which how-
ever does not seem to be of a type that spreads after the wound is healed.
aesss^Bg

^	/&. -5?^



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!<?Form B-20m-3,'23	UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA	REPORTED	....
C.LLE.E OP A.R,CULTURE	^ .. .663  P^R--
,	AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
i"
DATE...Jpiy..is,....i$^A......
CONDUCT OF TH.3 IHV^STIGATIIN:
Following selection of the plot in November, 1922, it was at once
estimated by the same methods used in the yield study. Project 663. In
March, 1923 the plat waa "chopped" and the atom analysis made. In the
latter part of April the logs were yarded, loaded in oars and transport-
ad to the mill where they were sawed May 6 and 7. Approximately 6000
feet were taken to Fort Bragg and there kiln dried. The remainder-
lumber, ties, and dimension- was left at Mendocino for air drying or im-
mediate use. About 1000 feet of the lumber kiln dried at Fort Bragg
twi..s surfaced or manufactured into aiding. Recommendations governing
N
tthe disposition of all lumber were left with Mr. Y.3. Davie. '
Following are comments and data on the results of the investigation
of the items on pages 1 and 2. The paragraphs on items 1,2,3 and 4 were
a taken in large part, from a progress report on Project 663 by Professor
S Bruce.
CHECK ON MKTR3DS OF K3TBATING:
In genoral it appears that the methods of estimating used in pre-
paring the yield table are reasonably well confirmed. The total error
M not great and on analysis the plus errors are more largely accidental
tn nature, while those which may be oxpaoted to exist throughout the
field data are predominantly negative. The method of obtaining heights
)y hypaometaring only normal trees and less than 20% of the total number
is essentially correct. In measuring the diameters with a diameter
tape a small error, amounting to -2%, is introduced. The original seaa-
treatents were made with the tape but during the cutting the check was
sade with calipers. It is known that the tape gives consistently high
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

a. its
—588------IJ"
PROJECT NO.____ Po.43
July IK, 1923.
DATE	__-------
results largely because it spaas the depressions in a tree's circumference
Redwood besides diverging, widely at times, froa a smooth or circular
cross-section possesses a very soft bark necessitating great care in the
use of tape or calipers. Calipers at best are difficult to apply to
obtain correct average diameters and their results arc not consistent.
It seems more logical that the tape should become the standard diameter
instrument, largely because of its consistency and ease of application.
ASS {
As nearly as can be determined the plot was out in 1857, making the
eldest of the young growth 58 yra.(Cnt in early Spring 1923 bafore^^rowth
commenced}. The best check on ago was a count of the rings on the
stumps of genuine sprouts in the dominant crown class. Evidently other
sprouts, perhaps froa roots, and some seedlings gradually sprang up so
tint some of the trees were only 80 years old at stump height and a few
as young as 20-30.	74% of the trees were over 80 yrs. of age, the re-
mainder, 26%, were froa 20 to 49 yrs. old. 26% were 64 and 68 yrs. old.
The big difference in age may be the result of culling the old growth
several times which would show up in the ages of sprouts, or what is
more likely, seedlings became established'gradually between the widely
separated stump sprout clumps or until toe much shade prevented further
reforesting by seed. Fires may also have been and very li ely were
a factor in making this an uneven aged stand. There is evidence of
several light fires. It was the belief before this plot was out that
its age was fairly uniform but the cutting proved conclusively that
even under excellent conditions the second crops when left entirely toFormB-20m3,'23	UNtVERStTY OF CAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPER!MENT STAT!ON
nature will be uneven-aged. It was discovered early in the study that
great care aunt be exercised in countin' the growth rings of any but
trees that have been dominant throughout their life. Borings made in-
to standing timber to obtain its age ore unreliable if made into only
intermediate and suppressed trees. If such trees must be selected be-
cause the center of dominant trees ia beyond the—reach of the increm-
ent borer, they should be isolated. Cltenpa should be avoided or the
borioigs should be made in the faces away from the center of the clump.
This difficulty win be made the subject of a separate paper Inter.
voLUM'; TA3L-: c!-,:ch:
The volume used in estimating was that baaed on total height pub-
lished la U. of Cal. Hxp. hta. Bulletin 334, "Preliminary Volume Tables
for Second-growth Redwood ". Both tables therein were, however, check-
ed, using the aoaled volumes of all the normal trees on the plot. The
table used for 62 trees gave 44,350 ft. B.H. while their actual gross
scale was 46,050 ft. The table was therefore 3.3% low. The ether
table, which should be the more accurate since it was that originally
prepared, was 0.7% high, a very satisfactory figure. The data on which
the first table was based was very weak above 20" in diameter and it
had been necessary to tremendously exterpolate its values. A separate
check was therefore made of all trees above 20", and for these the table
was 8.0% low, or strangely enough, slightly more accurate than for the
lower sizes.
A check was also made of the results of estimating the volume of
forked and otherwise abnormal trees by means of a height curve and a
volume table based bn normal trees. Twenty-eight abnormal trees act-
rttz
PROJECT NO.____	___... 1*0- 44
DATE.
July 18, 1923.
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S -* yiS \F y - ^ sj ,y- #.^syys*it3Form B-20m 3/23	UN!VERS!TYOFCAL!FORN!A	REPORTED BY	___
COLLEGE OF AGR!CULTURE	^	688	^ AR
AGR!CULTURAL EXPERIMENT STAT!ON
July 12, 1923.
Rally scaling 13,465 feat were estimated by curve and table at 12,596
an underestimate of 6.1%. Since each trees included less than one-
qaarter of the total volume of the stand, this error introduces a
factor of conservatism of about 1 l/2%. It ahoold be noted that these
errors associated with the volume tables probably appear in all the
yield plots and affect the yield tables.
The original estimate of the plot and the actual scale thereof are
as follows, the three old-growth redwopd trees and the single Douglas
fir being of course excluded:
Original istimate	Actual Gross	% Error
Scale
60994 ft. b.m.	68226 ft.	+ 4.76
This error is a little high but is within the limits of reasonably
good estimating. It is a composite of the factors already discussed.
Of these factors there are three that are now-compensating and which
any be expected to appear throughout the yield study and to affeot the
final tables. These are-
Volume table error for	normal trees	-3.3%
Volume table error for	abnormal trees	-6.1%
Error caused by use of	tape	+2.0%
The total effect of these three is obviously negative and it seems
a safe conclusion that the yield table is aa a whole slightly conser-
vative.
LOG RULE USED :
The International Rule based on one-eighth,, saw kerf and close util-
ization was adopted because it was thought consistent with future stand-
ards of manufacture. This is almost a 100% rule, that is, it gives
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COLLEGE OF AGR!CULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPER!MENT STAT!ON


E. Frit?*......
PROJECT NO-888______ Pa.-46.
T-.T. July 12. 1923.
values for log contents which can be approached only if the logs are
carefully sawed and with a minima# of waste in slabs and sawdust, but
its values should be easy of realization in the future with finer saws,
s better market for shorts and narrow widths, greater skill in sawing
snail logs, and machinery better adapted to handle small logs. It was
expected that the Mendocino mill, because of its thick head saw blade,
(it outs a 3/16" kerf) and because the crew was not accustomed nor the
sill designed to handle small logs, would not approach the Internat-
ional Rule scale by a wide margin. However the under-run proved to
be very small, 5.1%, Thus:
Second-Growth Redwood Only
Srosa scale	68226	3*y	.(Internet i onal	Rule)
Losses, woods and mill	8608	t!	"	
Seale of loga actually sawed	"EEinr	4?	tt	*1
Lumber tally	80083	M	*	**
Under-run	'"266?	4?	or 8.1%	
If the Spaulding rule is used in place of the International, the
42478
scale of the logs actually sawed la	ft. b.m., aM Instead of an
mtdor-run we have an over-run of %.
The reason for this good performance lies-
1. In the free use of a horizontal resaw with l/8" kerf far re-
ducing planks, salvaging boards from thick slabs, and for reducing
entirely many of the smaller logs.
2. In the uniform soundness of the logs.
8. In the commendable cooperation of the mill crew in using care to
reduce waste and in sawing, edging and trimming carefully.
4.	In the saving of boards as short as 8 ft. and as narrow as 3",
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COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
.	AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
DATE July My 192gy -
eves though such small sizes ore difficult to market at present.
6. In the sawing of a considerable part of the logs into 2", and
into dimension and ties.
The Spaulding Rule is too conservative for scaling small logs even
under present standards of utilization. It was to be expected therefore
that the mill would over-run the Spaulding scale. The comparison is as
follows:
Scale of Logs Actually Sawed (Second-growth redwood only)
International scale	62720 ft.
Spaulding scale
Lumber tally	60063 ft.
The deduction of 26% from the deck scale, as is the practise at this
uill, is unwarranted in this case as the logs are not at all comparable
in anyway to the logs of old growth.
FALLING ASP LOGRAKrSG:
"Chopping" or Falling in this class of timber is net a difficult op-
eration, it certainly is not laborious. The wood is soft, easy to chop,
aM saw,and very little if any preparatory work is necessary. Unless
obstructions prevented it, the choppers cat the stumps uniformly 1 l/2 ft
high bat without much added effort and if utilization conditions warrant
it, they could be cat much lower. Some difficulty is introduced because
of the sprouts growing in close groups, necessitating in some eases the
falling of two trees at the same time. In this experiment the choppers
6ere permitted to chop down some sprouts that were crowded against
nether stumps. This introduces a loss in the best part of the tree,
hat could be avoided by some additional work of preparation.
The branchy character of the trunks adds appreciably to the cost
REPORTED	^	...
PROJECT NO...--------- PG..&?.E+ Fti
Form B-20w: 3/23	UN)VERS)TYOFCAL!FORN!A	REPORTED BXL.
COLLEGE OF AQRtCULTURE	^
PROJECT NO______ Po4& ..
AGR!CULTURAL EXPERHV!ENT STAT!ON
July 12, 1923
of log staking. While comparatively small and.easily removed they are
very numerous.
la this atMy only two sen were seed and these did the falling,
liabing and backing. This plan worked oat well bat only because oon-
enrrently with this work, fritz and Davis made many measurements on each
tree, somewhat delaying the chopping. Under normal conditions the limb-
ing and backing should be done by a separate man, but chopping should not
he allowed to progress too rapidly in one place because the crowns, being
large and branchy, would cover up un-bucked trees. There will be con-
siderable loss by splitting if, in the log making, tha sections on either
side of the saw tending to fall away are not carefully "blocked up".
?AhhMG BREAKAGE:
Previous to this cutting there was vary general prediction that the
trees in falling would smash up badly. This proved to be an unfounded
belief. There was really very little breakage especially when one con-
siders the ground conditions. The flexibility of the trunks and the
light tops had much to do with this. The surface of the plot, though
nearly flat, was heavily strewn with refuse and stumps from the original
logging and in addition there were a number of abandoned chunks and logs
from a pile cutting operation of some ten or twelve years before. It
ess very difficult therefore to fall a tree without throwing it across
some hard debris. Aa chopping progressed breakage became heavier be-
cause of falling trees striking across and breaking logs already made.
In spite of this, the breakage of young redwood was only 2636 ft. or
k.5% of the gross scale. Under closer standards of utilization, per-
mitting shorter logs in the mill than 12', 510 ft. of this breakage could
pave been salvaged reducing the loss by breakage to 3.6%. It must beL *


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					E.Frits
Form B-20m S,'23	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA	REPORTED BY___________
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE	_	688	o -
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Jaly I?!, 1923.
DATE -.................
regarded that the two choppers assigned to this job were a very expert
set.
htQT.iN330'?S. 3HAKE. ETC.:
Losses due to these causes were exceptionally small. Special in-
terest was taken in the rot because of the desirability of ascertaining
if the fungus causing the serious spot rot in old-growth would be prev-
alent also in the young-growth. Altho* a rot was fdund in several young
trees, closely resembling the rot common in old trees and very lively ^3
the same thing, it was very limited and was found only in conjunction with
injuries, notably fire scars. Mid in one case in the top of a stab-topped
tree. It is difficult to determine the classification of this fungus be-
cause no spare bodies were found. The amount culled for rot in the scal-
ing was only 170 ft.(second-growth redwood only) or 0.3%. Another type
of rot found in these logs but not taken account of in the cull for rot^
is one resulting from the work of rodents. These animals,(squirrels,rats
[or mice) atrip the bark from tranks in the early spring, apparently for
[the sweet layer under the bark. Their attack is usually at a point where
the trank is from 1 to 4 inches in diameter. If the trunk is girdled
[entirely the portion above the wound dies and the tree is apt to become
[forked. If not entirely girdled, the great vitality of the tree quickly
[heals over the wound bat not before a decay has begun. This decay seems
to lose its virulence as the wound is rapidly closed over, and it does
[act seem to spread very far, and not at all into the new and covering
pood. No deduction was made for this decay because it was not well un-
derstood at the time and in fact it will entail no loss if the hoarts of
[tr.e logs are made into small dimension.
!


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UN!VERS!TY OF CAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AQR!CULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPER!MENT STAT!ON
REPORTED BY..
PROJECT NO..
fritz
"6ee J
___PG.
.50
July 12, 1923.
DATE........!........
No insect damage to the wood wa3 noted except to a very alight ex-
tent in the rotten portions.	the deed branch etuba were however quite
generally found to have boon galleried by borers. This dlsoovery a&de
it aoem all the acre stranpo that the branch stabs should persist so low?.
After the troea were felled and the logs made, tiiroo weeks elapsed before
the yarding began. At the latter time it was noted that bark beetles
were quite aetive. This is the same beetle,Phloeosinua sequoiao, that
works under the bark of old-growth logs, though vary rarely on green
trees. This is of no consequence if the logs are to be made into lumb-
er, but it is of some ooaoem to the mart oho uses second-growth redwood
logs for a rustic log house, because this beetle very effectively loosens
the bark from the wood and in time It may fall off. It was interesting
is find also some beetles of the genua Clems on the logo.	The so beetles
are predacious, preying on the edult and larvae of the sequoia bark beetle
A rift? crack, very.similar to the big rift-eraoks in old-growth
bat on a miniature scale, was found in many of the larger logo. It is
however of no consequence. ^ A number of logs 6"' and A" at the ascii end
wore found to give considerable trouble on the carriage, and, since it
tea felt also that their sawing served no useful purpose, instructions
ware given to consign those to the slasher. Thirty logs containing
885 ft. were thus discarded.
Other losses recognised in title study are included in the resume
following:
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
E. ?rit:
PROJECT No._________ Po...:51
July is, 1923.
DATE..................
RKSOMg OF LOSSES
Gross Scale 50226 Board feet.
1. 2.	Falling breaks Culled m/o nails	2638 ft.	Described above
	and glass	190 "	Insulator pins
3.	Chopping down	480 "	Described under "falling"
4.	Rot .	170 "	Described above
6.	Soars	30 "	a/o skidding piles
6.	Crook and swell	110 "	Caused by injuries mainly
7.	High stuapa	295 "	Standard height 1.6 ft.
8.	Logs loft in woods	700 ft.	Too small to take in
9.	Lost off haul up	70 "	Rolled off car at mill
10.	Logs sent to slasher	028 " 	5608	Toe small for handling or 9.4% of the total gross seala.
With better utilization standards, as			will certainly prevail when
second-growth becomes merchantable, the locoes duo to 2,7,0,9,and 10,
totaling 2080 feet will be eliminated, and of the 2636 ft. charged as lost
by falling breaks 510 ft. oould be salvaged in abort lengths. Half of
the loss due to chopping down rather than sawing the trees could be avoid-
ed. The total thus certain of salvage in the fatwe is 2830 ft., redac-
tor the total loss to 2702 ft or 4.6% of the gross scale, certainly a
pry small loss.
kaaat
There is evidence that several fires have ran through at least
parts of the plot. In every case the fire scar healed over very rapid-
C.y but not until a fungus found it possible to attack the wood. The
Effect of this fungus, in several oases, resembles closely the effeot of
the fungus causing the dry heart or spot rot in old-growth. This rot
pews signs of a power of spreading more widely in the heartwood once it
keta started. Two tracts of second-growth, one studied in Santa Cruz
t
UN!VERS!TY OF CAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERtMENT STATION
Cotmty and one in Humboldt, which were horned more severely than the Big
River tract showed mnoh more rot. It is obvious therefore that fires
aust he kept oat of second-growth in every stage of its growth. The theory
that fires do no harm in redwood ia proven absolutely falsa. Fires on
this plot have already caused two kinds of damage; 1- they caused in part
the unovon ages; S- they have injured the merchantable wood and caused rot
to enter.
SAPMOOB:
Residents and woodsmen of the redwood region are so aoonstoced to
Mying or hearing the statement that redwood aeoond-growth ia"all sap" that
they believe it. In feat the width of the ring of sap wood is. not mnoh
Bidor than it ia in old growth. The aapuood of several hundred old
growth trees was measured in 1921 and 1928 in Humboldt and Mendocino
Counties and was found to vary from 1" to 2 1/2" in thickness, but aver-
aging between 1 l/S and 1 3/4 inches. The aapwood on this plot of young
growth varied from less than 1 inch in the case of suppressed trees to
5.0" in dominant trees. The sap in dominant trees alone varies from
1l/2 to 3 inches	in	thickness and averages 2	1/4 inches.	But	for all
trees the average	is	approximately 2 inches.	v.hile the sap is	not much
thicker in young growth than in old it makes up a larger percentage.of
toluene. Thus a five-foot old-growth tree with sap 1 l/2 " thick has
19% of its volume	in	sapwood, while a 24-inch	second-growth	tree with 2"
of sap has S0% of	its volume in aapwood, Sapwood, even in	old	growth,
te spoken of disparagingly, yet sap clear lumber brings only a few dollars
fer thousand less than all heart clear lumber. Ho aapwood, unieas treat-
e&, ia sni table where conditions for decay are favorable^ a-& in interiors
E+ Frits!
REPORTED BY...---	^
PROJECT NO.________ PG&l* .
July 12, 1923.
DATE........................
UN!VERS!TY OF CAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AQR!CULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPER!MENT STAT!ON
E.FTTi ts
PROJECT NO____________ PGJP*?.
DATE Jaly 12. 1923.
whore a natural finish ia deaired, bat for very many uses, sapwood
serves the purpose as well as haartwood. I have particularly noted
recently the large percentage of sap in the aiding and rustic used
arornd the Bay region. A store building being built in the Borthbrae
section of Berkeley is sided with C inch rustic of sap, clear grade,
40% of the exposed surface is sapwood and several of the boards are
all sap on the face side. If sap lusher is so valuable new there
should be no concern about its future value, furthermore, ia it not
aa advantage to have a wood with redwood qualities but lacking the
deep color? "White" redwood is now largely burned op in the slash
fires, but it seems that it should be saved and a market developed
for it.
It might be said here that a trial of creosote on dry aapwood
of second-growth redwood, indicates that it is very easy to creosote
the sap. By the time young redwood forests become merchantable it
is certain that creoaoting or otherwise preserving wood will be very
common practise. happy second-growth will thus still be available
for such uses as sills, posts, poles, etc.
YARDING AND LOADING:
It is impossible to say what method of yardinr and loading
will be beat when second-growth becomes merchantable. The method
here used was hardly well adapted. If machinery is to be used in
the future a method similar to those used in the south and the Lake
States should, with decreased speed, be well adapted. On this Job
a small 9 1/4 x 10 Willamette donkey engine of old design was used
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Fritz
688___p.54
DA^..J'Hy IS. 1923.
in conjunction with a shear leg, the block being about 40 feet off the
ground. Logs were for the moat part yarded and loaded in a contin-
uous operation! Only one log, a small one, was broken in the yard-
ing. More would undoubtedly have been lost had not the loggers sac-
rificed speed to save the logs.
LOGO .INS REFUSE:
The refuse aceusmlating in logging second-growth redwood is
large in quantity because of the rather large branchy tops, but, with
close utilization of the trank, it ia of a type that would rot away
in a very few years. However it may be found the best insurance to
"pile and burn" or "broadcast burn" it to free the land of a fire haz-
ard and prepare the site for the seoond crop. The refuse on this
experimental plot was piled where very dense but most of it was burn-
ed broadcast. Being too green, a good barn was not effected. On
this particular plot, as may be noted from the photographs, the re-
fuse still remaining from the original logging, 65 yra. before, and
from subsequent tie making and still later pile cutting, is even at
this date the greatest obstruction on the ground and the moat serious
fire hazard.
TRANSPORTATION:
"Bob" cars, standard on this company's logging railroad, were
used to haul the experimental logs to the dump from which they were
rafted to the mill. There was no breakage in the loading or unload-
ing. This type of equipment is ill adapted to small logs. Many
factors entered to deity the loading, worn equipment, lack of a pro-
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Form B-20w 3/23	UN!VERS!TY OF CAL!FORN!A	REPORTED BY.......
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE	^	608	- ec
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
July 12, 1923.
pared landing mid inexperience with small logs. In the future if
such logs are to be loaded on a large soale special loaders like the
Ho differt, American, etc. may be found better adapted than the donk-
ey engine and shear leg scheme here used. The unloading was several
hundred feet below the regular log dump, where logs could be rolled
into the river. It was not possible therefore to observe how these
logs would withstand a high fall as at the regular dsxap*
It was predicted by many that most of the logs would sink.
However only SI of the 880 logs sank. The fact that most of the
logs were out 82 ft. long may have been an influence in reducing
sinkage. Three of the 31 sinkers were from the old growth redwoods
on the plot. All the sinkers except one were butt logs, eleven of
them from dominant, and 12 from co-dominant trees. The greater
width of sap on ouch trees evidently is the cause of the heavy sink-
age in the two classes. Curiously enough logs from the largest
young redwood on the plot, with sapwood 2.3-2.6 inches thick proved
to be exceptionally light.
ADAPTABILITY OF	UIH'HQUIPR-.HT:
No unusual difficulty was experienced in the saving, edging
and trimming, except in holding the smaller logs on the carriage.
A peavy was found necessary. The mill equipment except for the re-
saw is ill adapted to sawing small logs with little waste. The
deck equipment is entirely unauited; the head saw is unnecessarily
large, and its blade is too thick; the carriage is also larger than
necessary and not equipped to hold small logs; the edger wastes too
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UN!VERS!TY OF CAUFORN!A
COLLEGE OF AGR!CULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPER!MENT STAT!ON

*
PROJECT NO.
Fritz
608_____p.,-56.
— ^ Jttly 18, ,1988.......
much in sawdust; the trimmer proved entirely satisfactory, but it is
probable that trimaera of the future will permit of sore economical
trimming as is the oa.ia in hand-trimming. The horizontal resaw
proved itself par tionlarly well adapt d to this job and due to its
very general nae the loss in slabs mtd sawdust was very greatly
reduced. Logs up to 10" in diameter were slabbed lightly on one
side and sent to the resaw; heavy slabs also went to it. The re-
saw transfer table was always filled, and I feel safe in sayinf that
the head saw could have kept two resaws busy.	^
8ARK:
The logs were not peeled. The bark of second-growth is very
soft and fibrous. It is easily torn off and therefore caused a very
great amount of refuse on the deck. As far as the edger the mill
was quite wet on aocount of the water carried in the spongy bark.
The bark fibers are short and weak; the sawyer reported no difficulty
with it but the edgerman found that it occasionally wedged between
the saws and guides. It seems therefore unnecessary to peel the
logs before sawing.
iidTHODS OF SARlJH:
The crew was instructed to make cite inch lumber as far as
possible but the hearts were to be boxed for ties or dimension.
This was not strtotly adhered to and consequently some of the heart
defeots appeared in inch boards, instead of being hidden in dimens-
ion stuff. At the resaw very little two inch staff was made, re-
sulting in the heart appearing in boards instead of dimension.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
S. Fritz
{jQQ	. c fy
PROJECT No._________ Pa.fp'.
^ July 12. 1923
Large logs were turned for grade and many flitohea were out for the
resaw.	Small logs were slabbed on one or two sides and sent to the
resaw.	Thick slabs were sent to resaw, thus permitting the salvage
of many boards.
The edgerman was instructed to edge closely; to leave on a
small corner of bark or wane if he could thereby save 2" in width.
The trlmmeraan was instructed to simply square the ends or to trim
off only the worst defects. Odd widths down to 3" and odd and even
lengths down to 6* were to be saved. The percent of odd dimensions
made was small, however. A few boards smaller than 2"x3"x6* found
their way to the sorting table. This close utilization was just-
ified in so far as it was desired to ascertain the maximum amonnt
of lumbar that could be made under future standards. In the future
the hearts should more consistently be made into dimension. If
made into boards the hearts would make only #3 lumber, whereas the
dimension made from it would be #2 grade.
GRADES ASP AMOUNT OF LCUB IR PRODUCED:
The lumber was graded by the company grader on the sorting
table bat it was not tallied until it had been delivered to the
Gantry yard. The grader graded this lumber just as if it passed
him in a regular day's run. Following is indicated the amount of
each grade:H


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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
REPORTED BT-.E.Sni.tZ-....
PROJECT No. ...688-_ Po.68
DATE.....July.. .12^. 1923
Second-Growth Redwood Only
Grade	Amount (Board feet)			-	Percent of
	1 inch :2 inch	3x4 & larger	Ties	Total	Total
Clear'	4 : 10		<*	14	
Sap Clear	1029: 132	—<**	w*	1161	2.3
Select	91:		-	91	0.2
Standard	786:		we	786	1.6
#1(Extra March)	272: 164			436	0.9
#2(Const- ruct ion)	14973: 10494	2964		28431	66.8
#3	6393: 2778	620	-	9791	19.6
#1 Ties	- : -	-	2272	2272	4.6
#2 Ties	- ; -	**	4672	4672	9.3
#3 Ties			2400	2400	4.8
	23647: 13678	3684	9344	60063	100.0
It was not expected that these lops would yield mnoh clear
limber but it was disappointing to find only 2.3% in clear and sap-
ole ar grades. The reason for this is the widespread presence of a
small but rotten knot, described later, also beoause the boards were
not trimmed for grade. Extra merchantable and construction grades
are here called #2 and #3 for brevity. Over 75% is of #2 and #3
grade, and if the ties had been reduced to lumber they would have
made very little better than #2, thus swelling the total of #2 and #3
lumber to 95%. The uppers thus amount to only 5%. The large amount
of sap excluded all but a few boards from the extra march, grade,
even tho* otherwise mnoh of what wan graded #2 could have gone into
#1. The present official grading rules are not at all adapted to
lumber from second-growth, and without doubt there will bo an en-
tirely different rule in use when seoond-graw th becomes merchantable.
Realizing this, it was decided to make up a rule that makes a finer
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
PROJECT NO----688----- PC"
69
DATE Jfuly IP, L988.-
distinction between grades and is at the same time somewhat more
liberal. E&oh board as it was tallied was graded under this special
rale. The usefulness of this second grading is questionable be-
cause no one can predict what the grades will be in the distant future.
In fact as the work of regrading progressed it was increasingly felt
that even this special rule was not well adapted to this olass of
lumber.
In the special rule eight grades were recognized- S uppers
and 6 commons. Altho' the nomenclature is similar to that of the
offioial there is little similarity between grades of the same names.
The special rule follows:
CLEAR:	The highest grade, intended to furnish a good grade
of finish lumber. It may contain 18% of sap-wood Mid not
more than 8 half-inch tight knots in a board 1x6x16.
SAP-CLEAR:	Identical with the CLEAR grade but admits any
amount of sap.
SELECT:	Admits of any amount of sap and, in addition, five
half-inch tight knots, scattered, in a-board 1x6x16.
NO.1.COMMON:	The best grade of common. A water tight dur-
able board. Permits 10% of sap and any number, if scattered
but sound, tight knots, 1/2" - 8/8".
NO.2,COMMON:	Identical with #1 but admits of any amount of
sap.
NO.3.COMMON:	Admits of any amount of sap and any number of
round and spike, but tight knots that do not weaken the board

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Fritz.

688
..P°- 6^

30.4.COMMON:	Same as No. 3 but knots may be soft and rotten
or fallen oat.
HO.8.COMMON:	This grade is eqaivalent to a #5 board of
standard fine grade and is useful for temporary work. It
admits of all the defects mentioned above pins rotten streaks
and patches which with careful handling will not cause the
board to break.
Under this rale the classification is as follows:
: Second-growth only. :					
	Amount (board feet)				Percent :
: Grade					of :
			3x4 and:		Total :
	1 inch	2 inch	larger : Ties	Total	
:Clear	117	100		217	0.4 :
:Sap Clear	8988	292	52 : —	3312	6.8.)?.^ :
:Seleot	849	247	260 : —	1346	2.7 :
:#1	7M	1636	489 : —	2848	6.8 :
:#2	2948	6462	1979 : —	11383	23.2 ! :
:#3	9892	2840	648 : —	12780	26.1 :
:#4	6448	608	179 : —	6238	12.7 :
:#8	865	666	78 : —	1596	3.2 :
:#1 Ties	—	—		 : 2272	2272	4.6 :
:#2 Ties	—	—		 : 4672	4672	9.6 :
:#3 Ties				 : 2400	2400	4.9 :
Totai	2^32i	12841	gggg i 9344	49068	ggg-g
Loss a/c trimming for grade	996
60088 Ft. Hill tally.
The discrepancy in the total is caused by an assumed re-trim-
Ring where a grade might have been improved. Only 996 ft. were re-
moved in this way showing that even though the boards were not trimmed
UN!VERS!TY OF CAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AQR!CULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPERtMENT STAT!ON


DATE .Julyl.2^,1923,
for grade in the mill, there weald have been but very little differ-
ence if an effort had been made to raise the grade by more trimming.
It indicates how well scattered were the defeats in the lumber from
all parts of the trees.
Comparison of the scale of the logs actually sawed- 52720 ft.-
to the tally of the lumber produced therefrom - 60053, gives a good
indication of the intensity of the utilization possible without obtain-
ing grades too low for the future market.
APPEARANCE AND DEFECTS:
Second-growth redwood lumber, to one accustomed to seeing only
old-growth lumber, looks like a different species. This is so, largely,
because of the coarser grain. The color is somewhat lighter than that
of old growth. The defects, principally knots, and the large amount
of sap gives the general run of second-growth a different appearance.
Another important defect is a series of rotten streaks and seams in
the inner 2" to 4* of the trunk caused by the work of rodents and
mentioned earlier herein. It is not serious if the hearts are
"boxed" or sawed into dimension stuff. The knots are of several
types, a) soft, rotten knot, b)hard, encased knot, c) hard, tight
knot. All of the knots are small, well under 1", except where cut
on an angle.
Redwood has a very branchy habit. Instead of producing only
one principal whorl of branches each year as does the white pine withForm B-5wt-l,'21	UNtVERStTY OF CALtFORNtA	REPORTED	---
R,CULTURAL EX^MEN^STAT.ON	N....68.3.._ Po.62..
ebaolutely clear lumber within the nodes, this tree produces branches scat-
tered all along the nodes and the principal whorl is often not distinguish-
able as such. To make matters worse redwood does not shad its branches so
readily as do most pines, consequently the branches that have died because
of shade persist for many years. Soon after dying they begin to decay
somewhat and also to be galleried by borers. Yet the branohes retain enough
toughness to continue to adhere. The bases of the branches as they become
covered by the growth of the tree, continue to rot and this produces a
soft,black knot. This type of knot is the moat serious defect in second-
growth lumber, and is the one factor which cawed such a heavy percentage
of grade #8 and #8; otherwise muoh of what was so graded would have belong-
ed in the "Standard" grade. The hard encased knots when dry may in some
eases be knocked out by a sharp blow. They are rather black and are very
flinty. The hard sound knots are bright red and rather flinty; upon dry-
ing in the kilns they beoosse severely checked causing a further degrads
where a watertight board is required. The knots are very close together
in a large percent of the boards discouraging to some extent the possibil-
ity of making many short clear cuttings. However, note effects of thinning
the forest observed in Humboldt County, described below. (Page 63)
If sap is considered a defeot (and it should not be so classed) it
is a serious one because the wider aap ring on a small cross-section makes
the percent of sappy boards very high. The presence of sap prevented
3Eay otherwise suitable boards from being classed as grade 1 or extra
ierch. The fact that leas than 1% of extra march, was obtained indicates
the prevalence of asp. Sap is objectionable
UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OP AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
REPORTED BY ..11*....
PROJECT NO.______&83._______ PC.
63
DATE ...yuly—3LE.,...	..
in really only a few uses, principally where the piece ia to be need
where conditions for decay are favorable or for interior trim in the
natural finish. In the former ease, ereosoting, whioh will undoubt-
edly become more common, will make of the aap portion a material equal
to or superior to the heart itself. See also paragraph on SAPWOOD,
page, 63 .
It is,possible to record here an interesting observation
concerning the possibility of controlling the number of knots.
Following the work at Mendocino, a similar experiment but on a much
smaller scale was conducted on the Freshwater Creek lands of the
Pacific Lumber Company, Humboldt County. The second-growth here is
not much over 80 yrs. eld and started out much the same as did the
second-growth on 3ig River except that there was mixed with it a con-
siderable amount of spruce, white fir and Douglas fir. Twenty years
ago however, the second-growth had been very thoroughly culled for
piling. The best trees were thus removed leaving the suppressed and
intermediate trees of small diameter. Such trees are apt to have
very small branches which when dead break off more easily than when
larger as on dominant trees. Furthermore, the felling of the pile
trees cleaned many of the smaller trees of their dead limbs. The
trees left standing were thus cleaned to a great extent of dead bran-
ches. They quickly responded to the decreased competition for light
and growing space and made very rapid growth in the past SO yrs. It
is obvious that this SO yrs. growth will be much more free of knots... .oK Y
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EsaFormB-20mS,'2S	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
DATE....J^.y...-l.g......^.9g3,..
than the growth on trees on which the dead branches persist* Thus,
by accident, is made available far immediate consideration and a^e^.
data on at least one important reanlt of one class of thinning in a
young forest, without waiting 20 yaars. The percent of upper grades
(Association rales) obtained in Humboldt was 11.6%- very favorable
as compared to the 4.1% obtained on Big giver. A thinning exper-
iment should be started on Big River.
PROPERTIES:
Unfortunately it will not be possible to make strength tests
on the samples of seoond-growth until after the school year opens
again in the fall. It will be possible to sake these tests on only
a small scale. Judging from the behavior of the trees in falling,
the wood of second-growth is very little, if at all, inferior in
strength to that of old growth. There is a widespread belief that
second-growth ia extremely weak. Such ah-estimate of the strength
of second-growth is unwarranted. Its behavior in rough handling
is equal to that of old growth.
Shrinkage and moisture content tests are not completed but
a preliminary examination indicates that the moisture will vary very
greatly in different trees. No measurements were made to determine
if seoond-growth will shrink as much endwise as does the old growth, a
but it happens that a board containing a corner of bark acted in such
a way as to indicate endwise shrinkage to be as serious as it is in
old growth. See photo.
PROJECT NO....&&Q_____
UN!VERS!TY OF CAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AQR!CULTURE
AGRtCULTURAL EXPERtMENT STAHON
BeFrit

PROJECT No..........5.83.____ PG.$.^..
July IS . 19X3.
Second-growth is easily split and hewed bat of coarse the
knots cense a little interference, however; no spiral^grain was noted.
Woodsmen believe that second-growth lumber is not durable,
lasting only a few years when placed in the ground. This belief is
unfounded and is of course based on their observation of the short
life of the aapwood. The sapwood of any tree is very perishable,
even of old growth redwood. A tost of the durability of this wood is
ander way but it will take years to get much data. However, many
pieces of second-growth have been found that have been subjected to
very favorable decay producing conditions and in practically every
case the conclusion was reached that the heartwood is very durable.
Logs cut for piling on Sig River 12 years ago, and on Freshwater
Creek, 20 years ago, but left on the ground, reveal very sound heart-
wood. Several such logs were taken to Hendocino and sawed into
lumber along with the other logs. The sap has a very short life-
3 to 4 years. A telephone pole line built about 6 year ago entire-
ly of second-growth poles (in Sonoma County) was examined; the sap-
wood was found to have been very rotten and worthless but the heart
wood was bright and sound. The trestles on the railroad along
Big River are in large part built on second-growth piles and caps.
These piles were driven 12 years ago and have given satisfaction
until the present year when many of them needed repair or replacement.
The heart-wood of some of these piles was found to be rather rotten
but on the whole the heart-wood was found to be very sound.

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COLLEGE OFAGRICULTURE	^	._
PROJECT No.-ASA_ Po..^.^..
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION	OO
DATE	..-
Their failure at present is due Bore to the loss of the aapwood and
the consequent decreased size. The fact that the hearts of a few of
the piles are now rotten after 12 years of service must not he taken
too seriously because even old growth heartwood at times gives a life
of only a few years. Whether or not second-growth is quite as durable
as old growth is impossible of determination without a wait of many
more years.
SEASONING:
The bulk of the inch and two inch lumber was "stuck" on a
foundation near the Mendocino Lumber Company's office in Mendocino.
Checks and splits were, for the most part marked with a crayon, in
order to distinguish between these original defeats from those dev-
eloped during drying. It is too early to make any comments on
how this lumber will dry in the open. However, it is firmly be-
lieved, based on the portions dried in the kilns at Fort Bragg and
the few boards drying in a warm room in Berkeley, that seoond-
growth redwood will be no more difficult to dry than old growth.
Because of the large amount of sap and its tendency to decay, this
lumber should not be piled "solid"or left, even when stuck, in piles
too long. This, however, is true of old growth sapwood as well.
A little over 6,000 feet was selected for kiln drying at	}
Fort Bragg. This lot consisted largely of the better grades ob-
tained but also included a fair proportion of the poorer grades.
Every type of board is represented in the kiln lot. The report of
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
REPORTED
PROJECT No----gQg_____Pe-
at
DATE .-.July-lf-,19^3.
Utchig on this phase of the study is so complete and thorough
that it is attached herewith and nothing can be added here except
a general summary. Being the only load kiln dried it is impossible
to say how the lumber would behave under various schedules of drying
conditions. The one used (the same used for old growth inch lumb-
er) proved to be not far from the best schedule. The degrade due to
kiln drying was vary slight. There was very little cupping, warping,
or splitting. The soft rotten knots as might have been expected,
shriveled up and were easily pushed out. The sound encased and tight
knots very generally oheoked severely. A white mold was widely
spread over the sap portions but stained the sapwood only superficially
The mould difficulty; the checking of the sound knots; and the little
loss duo to warping, twisting, cupping and splitting can undoubtedly
be practically eliminated after experimenting with several different
schedules.
MACHINING:
About 1,000 feet B.M. were surfaced and a small quantity was
run to and bevel siding after removal from the dry kiln. It was
desired to determine how easily and smoothly this material machines
and how the knots would behave. Few species of lumber could be
machined more easily and nicely than this second-growth. It left the
machine smooth and bright and possessed a very pleasing appearance.
Some of the soft and the encased knots were further loosened and fell
out. The tight knots worked smoothly. The enoased knot proved to..0STSKMR3I
............OX T3SI,^I
A3MROHJA3 *!0 V7!^a3V:KU '
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		' ^-'--* - M ^^ Tr'			
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

60
DATE ..A.
be very hard and flinty as did also the tight knot to some extent,
working somewhat like similar knots in hemlock.
UTILITY 0? SECOND-GROWTH:
This claaa of redwood has already been used and found satis-
factory more or leas for several important purposes. Some of these
are marina and trestle piles; poles; posts; ties; lumber; rustic
fences, portals and cabins; boxes and crates; and firewood.
?or at least twenty years second-growth redwood has been an
important source of piling in the Humboldt Hay region^ and its use
for this purpose is increasing. It is there believed that the salt
water tends to preserve the sapwood against decay, and that the bark
(the piles are not peeled) repels marine borers, (xylotrya or Bankia,
locally incorrectly called Teredo, and Limaoria prevail in Humboldt
Bay^ These piles are said to withstand the driving very well but a
ring must be used on the tops^t It i^ not considered able to stead
the same loads as Douglas fir piles. On Big River many of the
trestles are of second-growth piles driven 12 years before. As prev-
iously noted, the sap portions are in a. bad state of decay and a few
piles show decay in the heart wood. This year many of the trestles
had to be strengthened. When second-growth ia used for piling, the
diameter inside the sap should be the determining factor in gauging
the service to be expected. The sap could be made as durable as the
heart by creosoting.
Second-growth redwood has not given satisfaction when used as
UN!VERS)TY OF CAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPER!MENT STAT!ON
REPORTED
PROJECT NO-----M3-_____ PG____
DATE	..19.23.*.___
polea or posts. The reason is simple. Invariably untreated mater-
ial was need and evidently with the thought that the strength and
service depended on the outside diameter. However, if a pole twelve
inches in diameter at the goand lice has/ring of sap 2" wide it is
quite evident that when the sap portion has lost its strength through
/Q <%%%!<>^	h.
decay^ there is not enough heartwood left to offer the needed strength.
It is my belief that the sapwood of redwood can be creosoted very
effectively at low oost, and no pole, pile or post should be used with-
out thorough preservative treatment with creosote.
Since redwood reaches pole and pile size so quickly; since so
many "sticks" ean be raised on a single acre; and with cedar from the
north becoming so scarce it seems that its growth for poles and piles
should receive the owner's serious attention. Such a use would also
offer an excellent outlet for trees of pole size removed in thinnings.
Rhat has been said of poles is largely true also for posts.
Cross-ties have been made of second-growth only for local con-
sumption but it was learned at several oamps that some such ties were
allowed to be sold along with old growth ties. Where used they seem
to have given satisfaction, but only where they did not include much
sapwood.	About 126, #3 ties were placed in a aiding in the Mendocino
yard and it was reported that the ties did not split in the spiking
and that a few spikes palled as a teat showed the wood to have good
spike holding power.	These ties were, however, quite green and were
of the lowest grade.	The #1 ties cut in the experiment were to be
UN!VERS!TY OF CAL!FORN!A	REPORTED BY.^m.EyJL.t.2L^._
COLLEGE OF AGR.CULTURE	p,.j,cT N.. ..68R. P.....7.9
AGRtCULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
DATE ...J.Uly...12^....13.23.-
sent to Boyle'a camp for use in the logging railroad. It hardly
seems possible that with such wide growth rings and such a large per-
centage of early or spring wood in each ring that second-growth red-
wood ahonld make a tie that will resist the ontting of the rails even
as well as old growth.	Ties do not sees to me a desirable produot
to make of seooad-growth except where very knotty hearts of large
logs can be boxed in the sawing.
Lumber has been made from second-growth on a small scale in
Santa Cruz and Sonoma Counties. In each case investigated it was
used largely for rough construction work and was felt to be entirely
satisfactory. For #3 and #2 it brought $32.00 to $38.00 per ii. ft.
in Santa Cruz in May. 1923 at the ynrds^and at Occidental in Sonoma
County it brought $25.00 to $30.00 mill run at the mill. At the
latter place a store building, diagonally opposite the 3.3.station
was^uilt entirely, indite and outside, of second-growth. Some of
this material however, was out from trees that were remnants of the
original forest and had made very rapid growth and hence coarse grain-
ed lumber since the first logging.
The lumber made at Mendocino, while poor looking stuff to the
eyes of one accustomed only to the wonderful boards cut from old
growth, is really of a character that makes it quite suitable for any
but the most exacting uses. There are many regions in the country
right now- the Middle west, the Northeast, etc. where this lumber
could easily be sold for over $40.00. One aooustomed to the general
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
E.Frits

PROJECT NO._______$98
DATE_____
run of locally out lumber in the East would be aroused to no derog-
atory comment. However, with such a small percentage of upper grades
to carry a big share of the coat burden, the cutting of second-growth
at this time is of coarse unprofitable, except in a region like Santa
Cruz where there is little to be added for transportation of locally
out lumber#
The siding made at Fort Bragg from the best boards ia of an
excellent character and there seems to be no reason why second-growth
ia not adapted to such use. A small amount, comparatively speaking,
of second-growth redwood has been made into berry and artichoke orates
apple boxes, etc# in Ban Mateo and Santa Cruz Counties# I have sev-
eral times seen auoh boxes at the fruit stores in Berkeley, in most
oases however, Douglas fir was used for the ends.
There ia a growing popularity of second-growth redwood** in the
round", and unpeeled, for use in rustic fences, portals and log houses
It is especially popular in Marin and Santa Cruz Counties. For pre-
senting a rustic appearance few trees can equal young redwood. But
there ia considerable disappointment to be expected under some con-
ditions. One of the most prominent men in Marin County calls its
use by real estate men for summer camps as a "barbarous swindle".
There are two reasons for this:	l)the work of insects loosening the
bark; 2)the rapid deoay of the aapwood in portions in oontaot with
the ground. Not every one has experienced the same difficulty with
insects and it is possible that the season of cutting influences theirUN!VERS!TY OF CAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AGR!CULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPER!MENT STATtON
PROJECT NO.......688**** PCy-13—-
DATE
their work. The insect damage would be difficult to combat, but the
decay difficulty can be minimized by keeping untreated wood away from
the ground. Rustic posts should be peeled to about 6" above what
will be the ground line and should then after seasoning be given a
thorough dipping or brush treatment of hot coal tar. creosote.
PRESENT AND FUTURE! MARKETS:
Future markets cannot be predicted but the faot that within
the redwood region itself second-growth redwood has-been pat into use
as lumber warrants the belief that second-growth, when virgin stands
begin to give oat, will experience no difficulty in becoming estab-
lished. Its cutting and marketing at the present time by a company
still producing old growth is unwise if only from the standpoint of
a possible market prejudice against the virgin product of the same
mill. The fields of products or uses open to second-growth should
be much the same as they are for old growth at present,
There was but a single Douglas fir tree on the experimental
area and unfortunately it was forked. Its growth however gives a
slight indication of what this species may do when mixed with redwood.
The diameter, breast high, of this tree was 33" and its height 145.5 ft
Normal trees of the same diameter outside the plot had a height of
up to 160 ft., thus overtopping the redwood. Douglas fir, it seems,
nay be expected to exceed redwood in height growth in a mixed stand.
It also produces a trunk much more free of branches than the redwood.
DOUGLAS FIR SECOND-GROWTH
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
PROJECT NO. ....6.88.......... PG..78.
The specimen tree exhibited the early stages of the work of Trametes
pini, a very serious fungus enemy of Douglas fir.
The total volume of this one tree was 2286 Board feet, Internat-
ional rule, but because of crooks and loss in the tops the logs reach-
ing the mill scaled 2140 Board feet. From these logs there was ob-
tained 1203 Board feet of lumber and ties, an apparent under-run of
44%, but it is believed that much of the fir lumber became mixed and
tallied with the redwood. The grades tallied were as follows:
%1-301 ft; #2-46 ft: #3-792 ft; ties 64 ft; Total-1203 feet.
The lumber produced by second-growth Douglas fir resembles very
closely that out ihrom old growth trees of the same diameter. The rings,
tho' wide, were made up of from 30 to over 40% of late wood, a very
important factor in grading fir for structural timbers. No wide
dears ware obtained because of a few scattered branches.
The cutting of this one Douglas fir would indicate that this
cpeoies can be depended upon to produee a large volume in mixture with
redwood, and that its product is of a good grade of dimension and
structural material.
OLD GROWTH REDWOOD
fits response to liberation and character of lumber produced)
As interesting and useful information was yielded by the three
old growth trees on the plot as by the second-growth itself. These
three trees were mixed in with the second-growth and were undoubtedly
left by the early loggers because they were at that time too small or
otherwise undesirable. Two of these trees were approximately 200
years old and the other over 400 years. Beoause of decay in the
UNtVERStTY OF CALIFORNIA	REPORTED BY A* AritZ,
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE	ARH	VA
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION	PROJECT No.M""....
centers the exact age could not be determined. Until the cutting
of $6 years ago however, their growth was very slow, but almost im-
mediately after the surrounding trees were out two of them continued
with greatly accelerated growth. The third showed little improve-
ment probably because it was a very defeotive and deformed tree.
Below are some speoifio data on these trees:
: Tree : Number	: Diameter : inches	Height feet
		
7 1	: 14": 45		-*Y3E
t 39	: 28?: 62	166
: 64	: 38 : 42	134
: Cross : : :
Tree Volume:Log Scale:Same by:Lumber:
Internet'1 : to mill ;Spauld-: Tally:
(Cross) :Internet'1: ing
*2435
4048
2276
"37BBT-*
f3gg
3860
2166
*3565*
3381 :
1967 :
S4KT* : 7453*:
*2390
2464
1422
*6066
-T9 46
#64 was a very abnormal and rotten tree.
#39 contained much rot and had a flaring butt.

In scaling no deduction was made for rot and since there was a large
amount of rot the heavy under-run is easily explained.
A record of the grades produced is of greater interest:
- Grade	: Amount :Board feet		Per-cent : of total :
iClear		298	375% ^
:8ap Clear		1137	19.1 :
:Seleot	3	122	2.0 :
:Standard	3	239	4.0....:
:Extra March:		237	4.0 :
:Construct.	3	2089 : 38.0 :	
:#3 ,		1492 ;	: 26.0 :
;Ties #1		128 :	: 2.1 :
: " #2	3	160 !	: 2.7 :
: " #3 :		64	1.1 :
		6966	100.0
/o rs- "innf










UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNtA
COLLEGE OF AGRtCULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
^E.Fritz.
..608 JJ 76
Except in the cane of tree #64, a very deorepit type, these old
trees underwent greatly accelerated diameter growth and this growth,
being laid on a trunk already of fair size and probably clear of
branches, was largely free from defects and therefore produced a
large amount- 30.1% - of upper grades. The sap wood was rather wide-
over S", g" in oase of #39, - thus accounting for the large percent-
age of the sap clear grade. Several clear pieces B"xl4"xl6' were
obtained and these proved to be of a very excellent character of lum-
ber, differing from the general run of old growth only beoauHe of its
coarser grain and because somewhat more homogeneous. Trees of this
out
character have been/by several small mills in Santa Cruz, Sonoma and
Humboldt Counties and in each case the lumber produced was very sim-
ilar to that obtained in this experiment. When surfaoed and put
into service it made a very beautiful type of clear lumber.
The significance of the observations on these few trees and an
some in other counties lies in the possibilities of unmerchantable
trees left by the logger and allowed to keep on growing. Such trees
if they survive the slash fires and if they are not of a too old and
deformed type can be depended upon to make great growth daring the
period a seoond crop comes up around them. On Sig River, on the
old cutting areas, they will play an important part in the second
cut. From them will be obtained not only quantity but the dear
grades and large sizes that will be mighty scarce when old growth
forests begin to give out and cutting begins on the second-growth.
Unfortunately on more reoently out areas there are few or no such
trees left. The wonderful ability of redwood to recover from long
UN!VERS!TY OF CAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AGR!CULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPER!MENT STATtON
PROJECT No..........683_______PO.....T.8
suppression after liberation and the possibility of obtaining from
such liberated trees a large percent of the valuable upper grades
should be an incentive toward leaving in the preaent-day logging such
trees that are now too small to be merchantable, and protecting them
from the slash fires. It seems at least wortWof careful study of
the feasibility of so altering logging methods that all trees that
are not to be made into logs and taken to the mill be left and
proteoted.
UN!VERS)TY OF CAHFORN!A
COLLEGE OF AGR!CULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPER!MENT STAT!ON
REPORTED BY....
PROJECT NO......8.8S.__ PG...T7.

DISPOSITION OF EXPERIMENTAL LUMBER
One inch 1amber.	6300 board feet were kiln dried at Fort
Bragg; a few hundred feet of this were surfaced. A small quantity
of this dried lumber is stored at Fort Bragg for demonstration pur-
poses, the remainder was to have been used at the forest nursery.
The 17,000 feet of green inch lumber left at Mendocino was piled
at the "Point" for storage and air drying. The 2-inch lumber -waa.
left n-t -'Met4dooino--#er--dryi^w.-"-The" TF* and thicker stuff was to have
been used in the Gantry orane runway extension. Of the ties, about
126 were placed in a aiding at the head of the incline at Mendocino.
The number one and two ties were to have been placed in main line
and spar track respectively at Boyle's Oamp. Further distribution
and use should be made of permanent record by the oompany'a forester.

-i-A-
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA	REPORTED BY.?
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE	p.MECT ^O.	688	p.78
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
SUMMARY
1.	A plot of #72 acre of second-growth redwood was out on lower
Big River.
2.	The plot had bean out 66 years before but the age of the plot
as a whole was aomewhat"ragged". Left to nature it is to be
expected that out-over lands will grow up to uneven-aged stands.
3.	The methods of estimating standing young redwood as develop-
ed in the yield study, Project 663,	are	proven essentially oorreot.
4.	The volume tables, Bulletin 334,	and	the yield tables in Bsl-
latin 361 were checked and found conservative.
5.	Palling breakage was found to be	4&%	of the gross scale.
6.	The young timber was found to be	very	free from rot and in-
sect damage, necessitating almost no deduction from the log scale.
71 Fires were found to have done little damage in this stand but
their bad effects were evident.
8,	Second-growth has wider sap wood than old growth, comparing
as H" to 1§* in old growth to approximately 2" in young growth
(averages).
9.	The refuse left by the earlier loggers is much greater and
a more serious fire hazard than the refuse from seoond-growth.
The refuse from old growth is an important cause of increasing
the breakage in falling young growth.
10.	The various losses acoount of rot, crook, high stumps, small
logs, breakage, etc., was 6606 feat or 9.4%.


——_________________s-i_______;_____





UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
REPORTED
PROJECT No....6B8______ PG....yQ
11.
12.
13.
14.
16.
16.
17.
/<%*:
About 10% of the second-growth.were sinkers.
Present woods and mill equipment ia largely poorly adapted
to handling second-growth.
Bark caused no difficulty in sawing, but it creates much re-
fuse #n the log deck.
In sawing, the hearts of all logs should be "boxed" for dimen-
sion material to avoid too great degrade and loss because of knots
and rot streaks.
The mill tally, 50063 feet, second-growth only, over-ran the
Spaulding scale of logs sawed (42478 ft.) by 18%, and under-ran
the International sdale (52720) by 5.1%.
The percent of upper grades produced was very small, 4.1%.
The bulk of the product was in the ^2 or Construction grade,
66.8%, with 19.6% in #3.
The following sizes were cut:
47.1% one inch
27.1% two "
7.1% three and four inch
18.7% ties
T0575
18.	A regrading under a rule designed to mere nearly fit this
character of lumber added little information of value, sdnoe
future rules cannot be foretold,
19.	The prinoipal defects are soft, rotten, blaok.knots, numer-
ous and widely scattered.
20.	Sap wood causes considerable degrade from Extra March, to
Construction under present rules.
&3S
/


UN!VERS!TY OF CAHFORN!A
COLLEGE OF AGR!CULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPER!MENT STAHON
REPORTED BY .
PROJECT NO.....PG...Q^
SI. Observations on another plot indicate that the grades of lum-
ber average higher in plots that have bean "thinned" than in
"unthinned" plots.
22. Strength testa have not yet been made.
S3. In appearance seoond-growth lumber resembles old growth only
in color. Its grain is coarser.but it is softer and more uni-
form in texture.
24.	Seoond-growth can be kiln dried satisfactorily and with very
little loss.
25.	Seoond-growth redwood has been used for marine and trestle
piling for twenty years. In other oountiea it has been made
into lumbar, box and crate shooks that have given satisfaction.
Poles end posts should he ereosoted before setting. For rustic
work, round unpeeled redwood is popular but may cause disappoint-
ment by decay or by beetle injury.
26.	Seoond-growth redwood heartwood oaa be classed as a very dur-
able wood.
27.	The rapid growth of redwood end the perfection of a cheap method
of butt-treatment with oreosote should point toward a possible
wholesale production of poles^^^
28.	Seoond-growth Douglas fir mixed with redwood makes very rapid
growth and produces saw logs of good form and large size in 60
years. The lumber is on a par with similar lumber from old growth.E.Fritz.
;..r]:-.H-10m-2,'22	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA	REPORTED BY.......—-...
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE	lsrn	y,,.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
29,	Old growth redwood trees left on cut-over areas by the early
loggers can be depended upon, unless too decrepit, to make ac-
celerated growth and produce wide, clear boards of very high
intrinsic value, but of coarser grain than slow-growing old
growth.
30.	Statistical summary:
A ....—................ ......;....^	.	" ......^
;Seoond Growth
:Redwood
^Board feet)
Gross volume of Plot,F:
(International Rule)
Loss aoot. falling :
breaks	:
Other losses in woods:
Volume of logs deliv-:
ered to mill	:
Tol. logs lost and dis-
carded at mill be- :
cause too small	:
Total, all losses :
Volume, logs sawed a? h'i(t:
(Spaulding Rule)	:
Dittoflnternat'l Rule}
Mill- Tally	:
(Board measure) :
88225
2635
1975
53615
895
5505
42478
62720
50053
Second Growth Douglas Fir (Board feet )	Old Growth: Total Redwood : (Board feet)Board feet	
2225 ^ ^	8750 ,v'	. A# 69200 )
	200	2835
85	140	2200
2140	8410	64165 895
85	340	5930
1908	7403	51789
2140	8410	63270
1203	5966	^ ^ 57222 !
Area of Pl&t .72 acres.
:Second*growth :	All logs
:redwood only : *________________
Over-run(mill tally over Spaulding Scale) :	18%	*	1G.5%	i
Under-run( "	"	International " ) :	5.1%	9.6%	j
*Note:	No deduction was made for rot in scaling the old logs.	7-}
Grades produoed:	See pages 58, 73 and 74.
Sizes sawed:	See #17 page 79.
-	i
t
v 9
PROJECT NO____68&—

Reduced to an acre basis, and assuming the losses to be at the same
rate: Standing timber per acre (all species)	96100	Board	feet.	Internet'1
Logs actually sawed	72000	-	M	Rule Spaulding Rule
or	87900	*	t*	Internet*1 "
Mill tally	79600	"		Board measure
The figures originally reported and Bade by the mill crew
are as fallows:
Deck scale, Spaulding rule, 63400 feet
Mill tally.	62000 feet.
They should now be discarded however because the figures
given in the table on page 61 were obtained more carefully and
by more accurate means#

UN!VERS!TY OF CAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AQR!CULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPER!MENT STATIONA

UN!VERS!TY OF CAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AGR!CULTURE
AGRtCULTURAL EXPER!MENT STAT!ON
^ *
PROJECT NO._____BBR...... Po....^^
DATE_____J.uly...lQ.,. Ifi23-
KILN DRYING SECOND GROWTH RKU*"OOD
First Expert:ent in Mendocino County
In the early p -.rt of May 1923, the Mendocino Lumber Company
in cooperation with the Forestry staff of the University of Calif-
ornia out into lumber about 54 M board feet second-growth timber
logged on Big River. The stand was about sixty five years old.
Sixty throe hundred feet of one-inch boards from this sample cutting
were shipped to Fort Bragg and kiln dried by the Union Lumber Company.
Due to lack of exact control over the drying elements within the kilns,
the resulta should not be considered aa final, but rather as an average
of present day commercial kiln drying. One test run was made.
Undoubtedly, future experience will determine the methods to use
in successfully kiln drying second growth Redwood. It is reasonable
to believe the problem will not be unlike the one recently undertaken
by the Forest Products Laboratory in drying Douglas fir, common in the
Northwest.
Preliminaries to Drying
The lumber was flat piled on standard trucks, the load being nine
feet wide, sixteen feet long, with square 'ends, and sixty four tiers
high, or about ten feet from the top of the rails. Four one inch
stickers were used per tier and at least one inch or more space left
between the edges of th3 boards. All stickers were surfaced one side
to seven-eighths of an inch in thickness. A central flue or chimney
sixteen inches at the base and narrowing to eight inches at the top
of the pile formed the passage for the entering air. The load was
UN!VERS!TY OF CAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AGR!CULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPER!MENT STATtON
PROJECT NO...6SR______ PG.—
DATE-July 10, 1833——
placed between two similar loads of soft,clear redwood, the front
end being butted close to the preceding load, while a two foot
space was left between it and the rear load, in order to leave the
entering air side samples accessible.
The balanoe of the kiln charge was made up of one inch soft,
dear Redwood, loaded in packages, aa ia the common practice at
the plhnt. A recording payohrometer was placed in the central flue
to give a continuous record of the temperature and humidity of the
entering air, while standard wet and dry bulb hygrometers were placed
on the leaving air side of the pile, adjacent to the leaving side
samples.
Ten kiln samples were cut as described in Table I, five being
placed in the center of the pile and the remaining matched samples
on the edge, near the bottom. These samples were placed where max-
imum and minimum drying would take place, thus representing extremes
(See Fig. 1).
Specific gravity testa were made simply to give comparison with
that of virgin growth.
The entire kiln was charged with 36 M board feet in all on
Saturday, May 13, 1933, and the run started at 3:00 P.M. Beginning
Saturday evenings at 6:00 P.M. and continuing until Sunday evenings
at 7:00 P.M., the mill ia shut down. During this period no exhaust
steam ia available for the dry kilns. The fan was kept running
and although live atearn supplemented, the temperature could only
be maintained at 110 degrees Fahrenheit, and the humidity fell to 35%.2.K=.rrj o .'.* ;xo3t -o s^ :^.t:c-o
^ e ? Y &Tt *;"M s tY';^ ^ %.^ JA n! j* a^

FormB-IOm-7,'22	UN!VERStTY OF CAL!FORN!A	REPORTED	.........
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE	p,.jECT ^ . 888  p.. ^
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
DATE...July ..JLQ.,....1.S83.._-
The Test Run
The kiln In which the Itraber was dried la of the blower type
and is hand regulated. One fan and one set of steam ooila operate
chambers so that close regulation of any individual kiln is impos-
sible.
All samples were weighed daily during the run except on Sundays.
Table II gives the data in tabulated form.
A remarkable feature was the rapid loss in moisture of sample
E 1. This sample was entirely aapwood, containing 329.1% moisture,
and,in four days, dried to 15.4%, a loss of 313.7%. Figure II gives
the drying curves for all samples.
The rapid evaporation of moisture in the center of the pile,
together with a more or less sluggish circulation at the leaving air
side, caused a high humidity to exist on that side and consequently
the boards gave up moisture much more slowly. The temperature drop
from the center to the sides, a distance of four feat, was as mush
as 30 degrees Fahrenheit. These conditions gave rise to a luxuriant
growth of mold, which, however, seemed to attack only the sapwood.
No live ste m was available in the kiln to kill the fungi.
By the fifth day slight end checking and warped or cupped boards
became noticeable in the part of the pile receiving the hot air first.
It was not practical, during the first part of the run, to maintain
sufficient tumidity to keep these boards from drying below a certain
moisture content, lest the boards on the leaving air side be too
greatly retarded in drying. Had there been better circulation, a
higher humidity could have been maintained. Once the center of the
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA	REPORTED BY..________
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE	r„.j„CT No.......6a8. P...AT
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
DATE... J.ul.y...lO ,	—
pile became fairly dry, the outer boards began to lose moisture	!
more rapidly.
The run remained in the kiln fourteen days, the samples at the
end of that period showing an average moisture content of 12%.
Results of Teat Run.
On emerging from the kiln the stock showed an abundance of mold.
This was evident throughout the entire pile except that portion near
the central flue. Mold attacked the sapwood only. Several heavily
molded boards were surfaced to teat the depth of the discoloration.
The finished stock was as bright as any other kiln dried lumber, prov- j
ing the stain to be only superficial. Green lumber cut from the same
timber showed indications of mold after being solid-piled in the air
for two weeks.
With the proper treatment in kilns designed for exact control
mold can be killed, consequently it cannot properly be classed as a
defect of drying.
Many boards were warped, twisted and cupped. Bear in mind that
this lumber was out from datively small second growth timber. Logs
of small diameter produce a heavy percentage of quarter sawn and
flat grain boards. Since tangential shrinkage, or that along the
rings, is approximately twice that of radial shrinkage, or that across
the rings, it is evident that stresses will be set up in drying flat
and quarter sawn lumbar that will cause it to cup away from the
center of the tree. (See Fig. III).
It is claimed by some that the ahrihkage of sapwood and heartwood
is about the same. However, in drying redwood boards containing both
UM!VERS!TY OF CAL!FORN!A
COLLEGE OF AGRtCULTURE
AGR!CULTURAL EXPER!MENT STATtON
REPORTED BY^J5...JEC-it.!5......P'
PROJECT No. ...j6R3 -	Po...^^..
DATE —J.uIy...l:3.,....lL33.-
sapwood and he rt-vood, It has been observed that the twist or cup
will almost Invariably be toward the sapwood, regardless of whether
this eapwood is on the edge or face of the board. The writer has
seen 1 x 4 and 1 x 6 - 16* pieces containing aap on one edge com-
pletely pulled out at one end of a kiln load by this abnormal shrink-
age of the sapwood.
Warping and twisting can be allav^dted greatly by spacing the
stickers every t?o feet instead of foui or six feet, which is present
practice. Periodic steaming treatments to relieve set will also be
beneficial.
In nearly all cases, rotten and encased knots were easily knocked
out, while most of the sound knots were cracked. In surfacing a num-
ber of boards one side to seven-eighths of an inch, excessively
cracked sound knots '.--ere knocked out by the machine, while the ones



only slightly crooked remained in place. By drying this grade of
lumber under high humidities and not allowing the moisture content
to fall below 15 to 30% the number of cracked and loosened knots can
be greatly reduced, though,perhaps, not entirely eliminated.
Many boards containing the pith were surface ohecked. In drying,
it is almost impossible to keep the pith from checking, since the
shrinkage along the rings is greater than across them. Surface drying
helps to magnify this defect. Future sawing policies will probably
call for cutting that portion of the log containing the pith into
dimension and email timbers.
The following conclusion may be drawn from this single experi-B-10m-7,'22	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA	REPORTED BY,.E,....Er.i.t.<S..
COLLEGEOFAGRtCULTURE	^ RBi3 - jp-7
PROJECT NO..MS.H_ P0..^%../
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
DATE................12.23........
aent
(a)	Second growth redwood lumber contains an abnormally high
moisture content.
(b)	It should be sorted into various classes, each olasa re-
quiring & special drying schedule, to be determined by experiment.
(o) By intelligent operation and properly controlled equipment
second growth lumber can be successfully kiln dried,
(d) Special kiln drying problems will be met and solved by
experience, just as second growth drying problems have been in the.
East, and as the Douglas Fir manufacturers are non attempting with
apparent success to solve the problems of drying commons.
'	;.--C ^
; 'j rj u:'.) 4!. ;;-A *:o ^
r.:	^:s r; ^3 J A ;'-*! U ?* J U 0! R O
h	!l

-
						X	. 1 L N	8 A	M	P	L	E S										,		
!o *0 ?r4 .S3 *63		* *3 :,3 0 0.,. 0 SSt ' : ^ ^ e!		4^ 0 P! ^ 0 33 0 <r4 O	.0 e3 4* ,r4 r4 ,0	4S *§ . ^4 g * o p! ^ ! ^ O 6X8 ^ ^0 3	*	*4 *	O ^ ^ y4 0 0 44 KO ^ ^ &* 0 43 K3' 0 - , a ee o	O ^ >a t*rt<a*4 3HMQ ^4 eg 043 5 .P4 O		o s 0 *W			o n3 - ^		0 0 ^4 .54		o 4^ g	: 3 !4 * e!	o ;3	ta : to ^4 :	REMARKS	
; E	i	:1968		229.1	: 598	: 31.0	: .380	: .305		1	X	6 :	Sap		60		l	: Flat		—8"P'SY :inch	Entirely Sapwood Spying od pronounced	
: L	3	*1712	:	310.7	' 551	21.73	+ 288	+ 304		l		6			,60		i,			* tt		
* ,	s	:S689		206.1	:1207	: 2+^+ 78	: .313	: .324		1	x;	12:	Clr		1		i			:7pr :inch	Entirely Hear two od	
: L	4	3705		206.9	1207	24.0	.383	.3.36		„i„,		iV	n		„, ,A		i	n		* ^		
	5	:1672		130.9	: 724	: 39.04	: .435	: .618			X	6 :	Std		101		^		:3 R Bin	:8per inch	Pin knots punky Riece cut near center of	tree^
i L	6	17K7		135.1	738	_29_..2a^	*. .4,6.8.	.504		l	X	6	rt		101		l	t!	2 R Bin			
& E	7	.1305		69+9	: 768	: 22.80	: .329	: .380		l	X	8 :	#2			9		,2.,	:Vert+	:2 H 2 R	:4+5 per :inch	'" Ynot s sound Be. all heartwood Snrinprwood very pronounced.	
!,	8	*1327		67.7	791	23.40	.326	.337		1-	X	8	_		9		,8,	^ w	2 B :2 pin	* ^		
* E	9	:1398		67.4	: 856	: 24.73	: .346	: +582		1	X	8 :	.,#2		63		3	:Flat to :450	: IB 2 H	:4per ineh	B Knots email am punky H " " " sound Sap on both edpres 40% of	face
																			1 R		:Cnt nt?ar center of tree	
	10:1394			63.2	: 864	: 25.32	: .362	: .386		i	X	8 :	#2		63		3	: "	: 2 Bin		All &ots soand Sap On both edp;es 40% of	face
Note:	Weight per on* ft. at 0% M.C.
TABLE
I1 3 r4			ENTERING		AIR	SAMPLES							LEAVING		AIR SAMPLES			: 0	68 68	43 a 0 43 g 0 0	43 g 0 0'd	i *24 How : . -V. f 6ide !AveyAp* ^Av*.	9	
: J3 ^ 3 E		1	E	3	E	6 :	E	7	E	9:::L	2		L	4 :	L : 6 :	: L }' 8 :L^-	10	. Q ^ * ^ * P3	a g > * ^ 0 e	* 43 60 c8 a ) id 1-4 O ^ ^43 * g ^ e 3	58	^ieooy&ey ^ Si-ia	6 Pii*	
!=)	+3 69 O	^ ^ ' K) +3 *r! 3 O O	69 *H O	O 43 W ^ 43 43 M 3 1*4 O O O .gg	,3 *rl O	0 43 : 9§: C3 S! * 1-4 0 * :	43 O	3 O 43 §§ 43 43 Mg *r!0 O	43 *r4 O	0 ;: 4= 43 . ^3 3343** 63 *rtg++ *i*4 OO.. O ^ ^ ^	&43* g e* OB 8* -HO* O €3*		43 60* O	& 8 43 33 43 g O O	*	<P 43 ' ^3* 3 <9, 60 * 43 43 ' *	68 g < <9 .HO : 0 0:	! : ^ : ; ^ , ^, 43 Q ^3 ' 60* sa-g 63 ' * *rl g *rl O* OO O : as:: sgcE ^	e 43 ^ 68 4=j ga	: 1? 69 *rtg '1 Cg*rl ^ * 0 [= ga			K ^ 1-4 i-4 O > ^ 53 60 O	^ ^ : : 43' : . ^ ** p* :*gj :§< :g : § 1# :d :&(	^ # .	
Dry .<t.	598	!l207			724		768		835	::551		!l207			738 1 j	! 791! !854						! ! i *		
Orb. Wt.	19684	^29*l	3659	206*1	1672	130.9j	1305	639	1398	67*4::1712	210.	7!	3705	206.9	1737!l35.l!	!l327*67.7 !l394	63.2			140.7	136.7!	j * : i i		
: Ray 1 :13						: -					, ^ ^ : : : $: * :							:24.0	1.5				.9^-;:		
2! 14	1215	103.1	3207	166.0	1417	96.7:	1192	65*2	1200!	43.7::1670	203.	5*^	3580	196.6	1706!132.l!	!1367:72.8 !l399	63.8	:24.0	1.5	92*7	133.7:	jl28: 47 !lSO: 55:116	85::	
!l5	840	40.5	2946	144.2	1304	80.1 :	1105	43.8	1058!	!26.6: :1615	193.	.5;	3521	191*5	1668!l26.2!	!1297*64.0 !l373	60.8	!25.7	6.5	67.0	137^1	;l.r$: 39 :136: 46:115		
t 4il6	690	15.4	2668	121.2	1213	67.7:	1040	35.4	987:	;18.2::1540	179.	?!	3448	186.0	1620!ll9.5!	!1237!56.4 !l337	56.7	:15.4	7.8	51.6	119.4:	^ISl: 74 :130:' 45:118	72::	
! ":I?	663	10.8	2435	101.8	1138	57.3!	973	$7.7	95?!	:12.2: :1455.	!l64.	,2j§374		179.5	1566:112.2;	!1170^48.0 !l290	51.2	: 9.7	8*4	41.9	111.0:	: : "	 j.138:. 76 :135: 45:^15	76;:	
6:18	650	8.7	2212	83.5	1070	48.8 !	920	19.8	913!	- 9.3::134S	* 144.	.1^3272		171.0	1505:103.7!	!1108:40.2 :1243	45*5	: 7.9	11.1	34.0	99.9t	jl36: 3? :132: 44:120	90::	
	645	7.8-	2010	66.6	1008	39.2*	881	14.7	902!	! 8.0::1182	;114.	.2!	3188:	164.0*	1421! 92.5!	!1050*32.7 !ll96	40.0	: 6.8	11.2	27*2	88.?!	)l^6^ 46 45^122	, .88,::	
! :	636	6*1 	A!	 																	: 4.2	9.5			ma: S7 :iR5: 85:126	^,,73 ::	
!*	634	6.0	1728	43.2	920	27.0	848	10.4	895	7.1:: 920	67i	^0	2944	144.0	1333 80.7	988 24.6 1127	31.8	: 4.3	9.6	18.7	69.6	j:l-^2: 71 -180: 35:130	70::	
!i	630	5.3	1562	29*4	870	20.7:	830	8.0	890	6.5:: 774	40.	.5	2665	1^)*6	1278 73.2	947 19.7 1050	22.9	: 4*6	14.2	14.1	55*4	:M8: 66 :14h: 48:130	§2 : *	
), ,	626	4.7	1467	21.5	836	15.3	825	7.4	887	6.2:: 638	: 15.	.8	2442	102.3	1222: 65.6	918:16.0 :1000	17.1	: 3.0	12*1	11*1	43*3:	}:146; 71 :14J: 50:1^	71 ::	
	, , 6^8	, 3.3	1385	14.7	808	11.6	822	7.0	878	5.1:: 697	1 8+!	!	2172	80.0	1150: 55.8	894:13.0 : 947	10.9	: 2.5	:9.7	8.6	33.6:	,147 * 65 :144: 80:132	.82,::-.	
:13:25	615	2.8	1322	9.5	790	9.1	818	6.5	862	3.2!: 578	: 4.i		1926	59*7	Jb" 10756 45.7	870:10.0 : 912	6*7	: 2*3	8.2	6.3	25.4 :i	: 160.:. 64 :160: 47:184	88 ::	
:14:26		:1288		6.7	776	7.1	812	5.7	855	2.4:: 565	: 2.5		1740	44*2	1006: 36*3	855: 8.1: 894	4.6	: 1.4	6.3	^ 4.9	19.1:	:149* :152: 48:136	61::	
																		:Ave<		12i	.o :			
TABLE II

*_____________________________J

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		U-*I
r 1,11		1)
		
		a 21
	s';	
		A. K ^
rs *i{ ] y'l " !		A.I
,:M
4^::
(.r.'i; V.'l^^.y.- tA.U-: SSs.I^U-l_______;RRf< :
:;,..- uSj '.<' :	:u.'n:.(-.L? .SYIS: '.Al	v.-'.
M 'So :Si 4 :	SOi:Q';n .YSii. ;.rS'i.I,.WJ 4h4

'II
MIS AT
=.'.*	;;S*K ..^.;	..'A'-'- , ,(.& :0o? A .	:y::4;{.:S.S____;-.'fj' ; 3^:,I: <
: 3S:M:The egperlaaaHtal plot
adjoins the lagging
Railroad
g.ypits*
686 38
j?///
The experisontal plot
before cutting.j





s,fritz.
60S	89
MO ft. high, SO inches in
diameter, breast high.
A charaeteristio group of aprouta arotrnd
an old stump.
1.2//?


< i imf. <A<SMA,r<j!f ',,M^M)[<,

A J._____^/3-<7
The dominant trees overtop all
others. They have a fuller
trunk, and have not yet reached
their ultimate height. The tree
on the right is 160 ft. high and
37 in. in diameter at breast
height.
E.Fritz.
688	91
A olump of stump sprouts.R* Fritz
688
.2-/<3-^
Looking into the forest remaining after the ex-
perimental plot was out. The tree in the center
is a 83" second-growth Douglas fir. Tha^&tumps
in the foreground are from the original 'and vir-
gin stand, out 66 years before. The picture il-
lustrates alao the faulty natural pruning of
second growth.
& }
y
§


:


a! H t
n a .
MK!
^ W
Z ^
8 §'
'H
§
' ;
! W-
t m
! - *s
i -.j;

i/p 6<c/%'^/' tv%j /f/*7^'

H3.Fritz.
688	93
Looking aoroaa the experimental plot after cutting
to the forest of second-growth remaining.
The tall tree to left of center
ia t?n old growth redwood. The
pointed tree to right of center
ia a 33" second-growth Dongles
fir.overtopping by 10 ft. the
second-growth redwood. The hard-
wood trees are alders. In the
foreground ia aeen how an old
stump hinders the falling of the
sprouta, many of which had to be
chopped instead of sawed down.
)


§
§



(^r/ d? <^<?^/-^^f***%/'
r. J


A1


^,<7? ^!/^/<<74	^7/7^
/4%; r/<2/%!</ ^	^a6?/
7%^L /73?<?J'
'Y
#L
S.Frits.
668	94
#94 and 96
Showing difficulty
in cutting some aprcuta.
growing very close to-
gether or close to an
old stump.
Trees #69 and 70JL//9




?6^/3?r.
/?-y/7
//?
.^.3-
The growth of Douglas fir mixed with
redwood ia very rapid, overtopping
even the tallest of the aeeond-growth
redwood. This tree, the only Dougina
fir on the plot waa 83" in diameter
at breast height^ but an injury in the
top Kept it down ^o 14B' in height.E.Frits,
638	96
Appear tmoe of the plot after oattitig, Moat of the logs
ware made 36 ft, long, The old stamps suggest the else
of the original timber.

^/3/
Showing how the stamps and logs were numbered for later
identification, Showing also how closely adjoining
sprouts developed into large trees, #94 the largest on
the plot, joined at the base with #96.	#96 exhibits
an injury caused by wire rope made 12 yra. before when
piling was haulsd out.
*
^ ^
& -Jw/ - H
^	-* &k,J^gSSL-.	M	.^-V
F- -	.m
Sey^r-—-—^ <J^LL*4#"^ss*r



' '- mM.Fritz.
680	97
An old 6 foot windfall lying across the plot,
too rotten for salvage and the cause of some
The logging lay-oat. An old &3%10 Donkey engine eat
up along side the track, and a shear leg, with the
block about 86' above the track were need for yard-
ing and loading,
1
/
w
638 .	99


Nat a bad laad af laga etan far a wgatwa aparatten


^	<^<9f
g.Fritz
688
Appearanoe of the plot after logs were removed. The refuse
on the ground Is principally from previous operations, one
68 years ago for the old growth, two about 12 years ago for
ties from abandoned old-growth logs, and for piling from
second-growth. The §'tree is an old windfall too rotten
for salvage. The small logs are portions of piling left
by the pile cutters. This old refuse is responsible for
much of the breakage in falling the young growth.
100
1After logging the plot waa fired.
Type of refuse resulting from young growth.
S.fritz.
688 101
Appearance of plot after the fireS.Fritz.
688 102
Second-growth lags ahead, old growth behind on way
to log damp.
Unloading at the log dump.	%,?
S.Fritz.
688	103f
k.
688	104
g. Fritz.
668 106


§13. Fritz.
688	107
At ?*
From a log soale of 42,478 board feet by Spaalding rule,
or 82,720 beard feet by the International rale,of second-
growth redwood only, there were obtained 60,083 board
feet of inch and 2 inch Insaber, small and large dimension
and ties. The piles in the photo include also 6,066 board
feat of old growth redwood and 1,208 board feet of second-
growth Douglas fir oat from the same plot, making the mill
tally 67,322 feet from 61,789 feet log soale (Spanlding)
or 63,270 feet (International rale).
n
.... .





	
—
—.----

!-^l.!tMt^k<.-.i.^'.it-<.
B.Pritz
668
111


A small quantity of the kiln dried lumber was aerfaced.
j//-//7/f*%^d. .f^^Asis- .	71%7<7	A/
/%^/?	<?<^T0	/%v//7	/7?6a'/<^/'
A few of the kiln dried boards after aorfacing. #1-1 boards are from
an old growth redwood left on the plot and were ant from the enter por-
tion of the log grown in the past 65 years. #96-2 and 68-2 shows how
^tight knots checked on drying. #77-1 and 45-1 show the snail soft rotten
knots. #68-2 and 45-1 are fair examples of the bulk of the common lumber
made.



1

f
/ ^
\

1
4

t
?
—

--—--

F




§
Comparison of Sap-
wood in old-growth
and second-growth
redwood.
-2-/4? 6


—


^A—-


g.Frits.--
663
-2/3*7
The injury by firea to yotmg red-
woods is greater where the young
trees adjoin old stamps. The wood
behind this soar is rotten, and the
decay is spreading into sound heart
wood. Photo taken in forest adjoin-
ing experimental plot.g.E^ritz.
MO 114
Seoond-growth redwood piles under & trestle on Big River.
In service 18 years.
4 telegraph pole on
Austin Creek of second-
growth redwood. The
sapwood is rotten hut
the heart wood is still
quite sound.Mode with Spreckets Honey-Dew SugarW.B.L. OCT 19 !953
/row JOURNAL OF FoR^TRY	^	^	^
Vol. 43, No. 1. January, 1945	yV& N D F /? ! ^ ^ T
Twenty Years' Growth on a Redwood Sample Plot
Emanuel Fritz*
A one-JHHsample plotHpf 85-year-old CaliioMm coast redwqms on a high	on which growth
data have been recorded for 20 years, shows the phenomenal ^Mld of 223,034 board met, not
including an additional 21,400 board feet accretion on 5 old-growth residual redwoods and a small
amount of alder. During the decade when the stand ^as between Mr and 75 years of age, the
perioggp annual growth exceeded 5,000 board Ijna per acre.
A RECENT remeasurement of a permanent
sample plot in 85-year-old second-growth
^ California coast redwood (*Se<yMOMc yem-
perv/reny) has yielded data and information of
some value on the growth and development of
this species. Presentation of this material makes
it desirable to record, at the same time, some
related data and observations affecting the man-
agement of redwood cutover lands for future tim-
ber crops.
THE PLOT
The sample plot, a square figure of one full
acre, li^oTr*^\"flat" or a bench on the left bank
}ig River,) Mendocino County, California,
^oximately in the center of Sec. 36, T17N,
R17W, Mt. Diablo Meridian, and !sj less than
200 feet above sea level. The soil is a very deep
silt, and, although about 20 feet above the bed
of the river, is subject to inundation in occa-
sional years. Mud lines on the trees indicate the
level to have been 5 feet above the ground at the
highest point of the plot. The plot is thus on a
high Site I, but typical of the silt flats bordering
the streams in the redwood region.
As nearly as can be determined the area was
cut by "river loggers" in 1858. These loggers
took only the most easily reached timber along
the banks, rolled it into the river, and floated it
to the mill near Mendocino, at the river's mouth.
Equipped with only jack screws and animals,
they often cut very high stumps or left the butt
logs, which are usually sinkers, in the woods.
Many years later these butt logs were made into
split products—posts, stakes, ties, and the like.
Progress of the river loggers was so rapid that in
20 years they progressed up the river and its
branches more than 20 miles from the ocean and
found it necessary to build splash dams to wash
the logs a few hundred yards with each rush of
water as the gates were opened.
^Associate professor of fof&try, University of Califor-
nia, Berkeley, Calif., and general consulting forester;
former editor, JOURNAL OF FORESTRY, and former council
member, Society of American Foresters.
They often left undersize or rough trees which
fortuitously escaped lethal damage in the slash
fires and thus helped serve as seed trees. A
more important and abundant seed supply, how-
ever, was the neighboring uncut forest. The nar-
row cutover riparian areas were thus readily re-
forested, often with a density of stocking exceed-
ing 60 percent.glncidentally, the trees left stand-
ing responded to the release from competition
with a smartly accelerated growth rate, and now
add materially to the volume of the new growth
since logging. A sample cutting of such residual
trees has yielded signihcant data (7, 4, 5) basic,
in part, for present-day selective logging in old
growth and its management for future produc-
tion.
The plot was laid out and measured by Pro-
fessor Woodbridge Metcalf and the writer in
June, 1921. In March, 1923, the writer decided
to start a permanent record by individual trees.
Each tree was therefore remeasured, given a
number^ and its location indicated on a map with
a scale of 10 feet to the inch. This plot is No.
76 in Bulletin 361, PreZwnmary Y/eM TaMey
/or	jReJtcood, College of Agri-
culture, Berkeley, California. The bulletin data,
however, are for the 1921 measurement.
In May, 1933, and June, 1943, remeasurements
were made. There is thus available a 20 year
record for this plot. Assisting in the field work
were, in 1923, L. F. Kellogg, at present with the
Central States Forest Experiment Station; in
1933, J. L. Averell, currently in timber manage-
ment work, Region 8, U. S. Forest Service; and
in 1943, Professor F. S. Baker, University of
California. Between measurements, the plot,
which early came to be known as the "Wonder
Plot," was visited frequently by the writer for
general and specific observations.
The plot was deliberately located in what may
be the best of the second-growth on Big River
because it was in an area where stocking was
most nearly complete and because it was desir-
30TWENTY YEARS' GROWTH ON A REDWOOD SAMPLE PLOT
31
able to learn of what redwood is capable when
fully stocked and well managed.
The offal of twigs, poles, limbs, and split prod-
ucts was heavy in 1923 and may still be so
classed, even though some of the split-products
debris has floated out in Hoods. Evidence of Rre
damage to the young growth is slight, some small
damage probably dating to Rres in split-products
refuse in the 1910's(?). Ground cover is very
scanty—a few ferns and herbs, but no reproduc-
tion of tree species. Light intensity is approxi-
mately one percent of full light. The age, 65
years in 1923, was determined from stumps
of sprouts outside the plot. This checks with the
age of a plot across the river and cut in 1923
under the writer's direction (7). Increment bor-
ings are unreliable because of the prevalence of
discontinuous rings (2% ^
THE STAND
In 1923 the plot contained 273 trees, of which
9 were red alder	oregona) and 5 left-over
or remnant redwoods from the original stand.
All others were second-growth redwood of sprout
and seedling origins. By 1933, 5 of the 9 alders
had died, as had also 38 of the second-growth
redwoods. By 1943 only one alder was left and
68 of the 259 second-growth redwoods had diedy
Thus, of the 273 trees found alive in 1923, 197
were still alive in 1943. , When first examined m
1921 the ground was well strewn with smaB^
poles that had died and fallen in earlier years.
The plot must originally have been a thicket of
perhaps more than 500 trees, yet there is one
large thin spot, which made the early-age degree
of stocking 70 percent or less. At present, stock-
ing is close to being complete as judged from the
crown canopy. It is evident that competition in
the past was very severe and eliminated many
trees before the record was started.
Although judgment of crown classes of indi-
vidual trees differed at the time of the several
measurements, the comparison in Table 2 tor sec-
ond-growth redwood alone is of interest. Dom-
TABLE 1.—NUMBER OF TREES BY SEECHES AND YEARS
inant and codominant trees are lumped because,
especially in sprout-origin clumps, they are diffi-
cult to classify.
VOLUME
The breast-height point of measurement was
marked with a spot of white paint. Diameters
were measured with a diameter tape to the near-
est tenth inch. In several cases, however, calipers
had to be used because the sprout trees grew
too closely to leave a space between them at
breast height. In several other cases the point
of measurement had to be raised above the 4.5-
foot point. Since the bark of second-growth red-
wood is very soft, unlike that of old-growth, care
had to be taken to apply the same tension to
the tape during measurement.
Heights were obtained in 1923 with a Faust-
mann hypsometer; in 1933 and 1943 with a For-
est Service hypsometer and Abney hand level.
Much difficulty was encountered because of stand
density and the height of the trees. The tallest
old-growth tree measured 305 feet; the tallest
second-growth, 172 feet.
Volumes are from Tables 118 and 121, Part I,
Uohmte TaMes /or /mpor&m% Trees o/ %Ae
*S%a%es, by Munns and Brown, U. S. Epr-
'est Service, 1925.
In 1923 the sample acre was found to have \
139,939 board feet of second-growth redwood;
in 1933 this had risen to 190,678 board feet, and /
by 1943 it had reached 223,034 board feet. This/
sugasurement implies close utilization down to a
5-inch top, a standard quite likely when second-
growth becomes marketable on a large scale. To
the above volumes must be added the volume of
the 5 old-growth redwoods and the alder (Table
3).
The 68 dead redwoods (6 intermediate and 62
suppressed trees) represent a basal area of 51
square feet, a lost volume of 1,647 cubic feet or
9,706 board feet. The dead alders represent
a lost volume of 1,086 board feet since 1923.
Under future utilization standards these lost red-
woods could have been used for poles, piling,
lumber, or pulpwood. The alder has a current
value for furniture lumber.
Second-growth
redwood	Total
Died	Old-	Died

1923	259		9	5		
1933	221	38	4	5	230	43
1943	191	68	1	5	197	76
TABLE 2. :iGRpWK CLASSES, SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD
ONLY

Year	codominant Inte	rmediate	Suppressed,	Total
1923	144	48	67	259
1933	138	15	68	. 221
1943	115	29	47	19132
JOURNAL OF FORESTRY
TABLE 3.—BASAL AREA AND VOLUME IN DIFFERENT YEARS
	1858	1923	1933	1943	Net increment since 1858
Number of trees		5	273	230	197	
Basal area in square feet Second-growth redwood Dominant and codominant 			439.0	508.3	539.8	
Intermediate 	-			59.5	24.2	64.9	
Suppressed			38.7	61.7	49.5	
Total		537.2	594.2	654.2	654.2
	. 29.4	53.5		82.5	53.1
Alder		7.9	4.4	1.9	1.9
Total	29.4	598.6		738.6	709.2
Volume in cubic feet Second-growth redwood 			20,639	26,453	30,210	30,210
Residual redwood 		. 1,417			5,188	3,771
Alder		241	149	80	80
Total	. 1,417			35,478	34,061
Volume in board feet, Int. rule Second-growth redwood 			*139,939	190,678	223,034	223,034
Residual redwood* 		7,150	18,000		28,550	21,400
Alder Total 				7,150	1,476 159,415	940	540 252,124	540 244,974
^Volume is by Spaulding rule. These 5 residual redwoods have defective butts, reduction for which is'not in-
cluded. .
///
It is estimated that in 1953, when the stand
will be 95 years old, it will have a total volume
of 270,000 board feet, of whichJ240,000 feet will
be second-growth redwood; and that by 1958,
when the stand will be 100 years old, these Agures
will have increased to 276,000 and 245,000 board ^
feet, respectively.
The lumber is expected to be predominantly
of a common grade. In 1923 a less dense 65-
year-old stand across the river was logged and
milled under the author's direction (1). It pro-
duced 79,480 feet per acre,^ mill tally, but only
4.1 percent was of upper grades. It would be
expected that the additional 20 years of growth
had improved the grade considerably; natural
pruning was noticeably heavy during this period.
Redwoods of seedling origin appear to produce
trees of cleaner trunks than those of sprout
origin under conditions of equal start following
logging and on a rich site. A silt bench be5r&& 3
moist and deep presents an excellent site for
willows, alder, laurel, and maple, all of which
may be represented for a time after logging.
These species grow in height more rapidly than
the seedling redwoods, which may be one or two
decades in fighting their way up through the
hardwoods, losing their lower limbs more rapidly
and when they are smaller. Sprout trees on the
^The standing estimate was 96,100 board feet per acre;
other hand may exceed 6 feet in height the first
year after logging; they are always above the
[hardwoods, and their limbs grow large and very
long. Because of their greater diameter the
branch stubs persist longer. This is true, how-
ever, only of the trunk faces on the outside of the
sprout clump; the inner faces are usually clear.
SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD DEVELOPMENT
The dominant second-growth redwoods varied
from 140 to 172 feet in height, and from 22
inches d.b.h. to nearly 43 inches. Their diameter
increase during the 20 years varied from about
3.5 inches to 9.7 inches and they appear to be
still "going strong," as is indicated by increment
borer cores (Fig. 1). The dominants have aver-
aged approximately 2 feet in height each year.
The crowns are relatively short, from one-quarter
to one-third the length of the trees, and the tops
still show the trees to be far from having reached
their ultimate height. Branch stubs persist many
years before falling off. On old timber, branchy
stubs have been found by the author to have \
persisted more than 100 years from the time the \
branch died and until its remnant was com- \
pletely occluded. At 85 years the trees on this i
plot are in general still limby, but markedly less 1
so than in 1923. Some now have clean trunks h '
for 75 to 100 feet, and the dominants are making j)
quality growth very rapidly.TWENTY YEARS' GROWTH ON A REDWOOD SAMPLE PLOT
33
The codominant trees were often difficult to
distinguish from the dominants when they were
of sprout origin. Two or three dominants and
codominants of the same clump are likely to have
almost equal heights, and what was called a
dominant may not have had full light for all of
the circumference of its top. Each of a pair was
classed either as dominant or codominant. The
codominants varied from 17 inches to 35 inches
in diameter and from 120 to 170 feet in height.
The author believes that in redwood stands con-
taining a large percent of sprout-origin trees, the
dominants and codominants should be lumped or
no distinction made.
The intermediate trees varied in diameter
from 8 inches to 29 inches and in height from
80 feet to 150 feet. A few of them show promise
of remaining in the stand many more decades
but the rest are definitely retrogressing. Some
already bear the trunk sprouts that characterize
suppressed trees. The data show the basal area
to have changed erratically from 1923 to 1933
and to 1943, being, respectively, 59.55, 24.19,
and 64.92 square feet. The difference^ due
largely to a definite change in crown status of
some of the larger trees in the class and to a
difference in judgment in classification. Diam-
eters have been almost stationary or have in-
creased not over one inch for the typical tree
in the class.
The suppressed trees varied from 5 inches to
22 inches in diameter and from 50 to 140 feet
in height. Only 3 had reached or exceeded 20
inches. It appears to be characteristic of young
redwood, as it loses out in the competition, to
develop scattered short trunk sprouts and at the
same time to die back from the top. Just before
death a few green trunk sprouts, 6 inches to
about 12 inches long, and 6 to 8 feet above the
ground, may be all that holds life. Thrifty trees
do not have such sprouts, though they may de-
velop them in profusion as a result of heavy
damage to the crown or base by fire. The diam-
eters of suppressed trees remained either almost
stationery during the period or they actually
decreased. A smaller diameter measurement each
decade was so common that it could not have
been due to a difference in use of the tape. The
diameter decrease is due largely to thinner bark,
occasioned by a loss from erosion greater than
the replacement, and to shrinkage of the wood.
Typical examples of diameter decrease are given
un Table 4.
The trees on the sample plot appear to be, all
of them, quite sound and free from defects.
This was the case too when the previously men-
tioned plot across the^ver was cut in 1923 (7;;
however, a small amount of loss was noted then
and attributed to girdling by squirrels (5).
Although the wounds healed, there was some

Tree 124; Dominant- 36.3" d.b.h.
Tree339; Co-dominant; 22.7" d.b.h
TYee 26; Dominant; 28.4" db.h.
Tree 63; Dominant; 41.8" db.h.^
Tree 141;Dominant; 28.2".




Tree 110; Dominant; 36.9.

. ..Tree 69; Veteran; 59 at 16.- Note acceleration since release m 18^8.
Same tree 69 as above. Core to show irregularity of growth on different radii.
m M nn Min i! umtHu umMMm M M i
Tree 34; Veteron; 48"nt 14'.
0	1	2	3
^ "SCALE

Fig- 1-—Sample f$ores from spcond-growth and residual redwd5^2 Some dominants are maintaining
good diameter growth. Cores on different radii vary markedly due to very irregular width ok
identical rings. Note the exceedingly slow growth of the&Egsiduals prior to 1858, the year the
original stand was logged.34
JOURNAL OF FORESTRY
TABLE 4.—EXAMPLES OF DIAMETER DECREASE OF
^taBSHHSSED REDWOODS
Tree No.	1923	1933	1943
50	11.7	11.7	11.5
56	15.8	15.6	(P35.4
60	11.1	11.1	10.9
73	9.7	9.6	9.5
76	13.0	12.7	12.5
81	20.6	20.4	20.3\
176	13.2	13.1	13.0
216	5.1	5.0	4.9
250	6.7	6.6	6.5
267	14.3	14.1	14.0
decay at each girdle, the rot being in what was
sapwood at the time of girdling. The total loss
due to rot in that case was not over one percent.
VOLUME REALIZABLE
Close to 90 percent of the computed yield
should he realized from this plot. Breakage
/i/should be slight. On the plot cut in 1923 break-
77 age was 4.5 percent. Inasmuch as the volume
is by the International log rule a small underrun
might be expected. The loss due to breakage, rotS
and incomplete utilization should not exceed 10
percent. Using the 1923 cutting plot of Project
688 as a criterion, this sample, plot should yield
above 85 percent of the measured estimate. The
^ 1923 cutting plot yielded 82.5 percent, but some
^ logs were not utilized and a thick head saw was
used.
Should utilization be to a 10-inch top instead
of a 5-inch top, the volume will be reduced by
approximately 7,500 hoard feet, leaving 215,500
feet per acre.
Compared to the volume of the original stand,
which may have been 175,000 feet per acre,
but probably was less judging from the old
stumps, the volume of the 85-year-old second-
growth may seem fantastic. It will appear ra-
tional howeveS when these factors are consid-
ered: the young-growth volume is by the Inter-
national log rule to a 5-inch top; old growth is
estimated by the Spaulding log rule, and the top
diameter will vary from 20 inches to as much as
60 inches depending on the character of the top.
.The larger and older the tree the less of its top
f ^ is utilizable for lumber, consequently the top
? represents a tree of great volume itself and yet
is lost. A young tree has smaller branches and
^consequently more of its top can be utilized.
. In the cutting experiment of 1923, already noted,
! the small 5-inch, 6-inch, and 8-inch logs pro-
duced a grade of commoE superior to much of
the commons in the lower logs, primarily be-^
cause the knots were from rather small livings
branches instead of from decayed branch stubs.'
Obviously when old-growth redwood is described
as yielding 175,000 feet per acre, only the mer-
chantable produinis included. But should the
huge unutilized tops be included the footage per
acre would mount greatly.
OLD-GROWTH RESIDUALS
On the plot were 5 old-growth redwoods, rem-
nants of the original forest that escaped destruc-
tion but not injury in the slash fires following
logging. These trees were left, doubtless, be-
cause they were too small or too rough at the
time. True to the capacity of redwood to acceler-
ate markedly its rate of growth after release from
competition, these 5 trees added considerable
bulk in the 85 years since logging. Their 1858
diameters must be estimated from increment
borings. Only one of the borings revealed the
full 85 years of growth since release. This
agrees with the habit of redwood to produce dis-
continuous rings. The volumes computed for
these trees for 1858 and 1943 (Table 5) are
estimates but are believed to be conservative.
ALDER
On this plot there were no laurels or maples
although these species occur in the same tract
and must have been present when the plot was
younger. The only hardwood occurring is the
red alder	oregona). In 1923 there were
9 alders, in 1933 only 4, and in 1943 a single one
was still alive. The dead alders had reached
diameters of 15	^4 inches. The one remain-
ing alder is 18.8 inches d.b.h., 130 feet long, and
contains 540 board feet. The trunks at 65 to
85 years are clean except just before their demise
TABLE 5.—DIAMETER, BASAL AREA, AND VOLUME OF
REDWOOD RESmUALS
	1858'	1943	Increase Percent Amounm^er yr.	
DiHmfUnr	20-40	45-68	23-27	
Basal area, SSuare	29.38	82.50	53.12	2.13
Volume, cubic§B%t3&Lg3a!	1,417	5,188	3,771	3.13
Volume, board feet .	7,150	28,550	21,400	3.52
/For 1858 the diameters were estimated from incre-
ment borer cores; likewise allowances for bark had to
be estimated for basal area. All 5 of these trees had
been seriously injured by the slash fire of the original
loggers and their accretion is below what should be ex-
pected from uninjured trees. The present-day merchant-
able limit was used for a top diameter.TWENTY YEARS' GROWTH 0]
when they are likely to develop trunk sprouts.
As they age, their trunks bend and lean. The
top of the remaining alder, though 130 feet from
the base, is probably no more than 75 feet above^
the ground.
When first recorded in 1923 the crown classes
of the 9 living alders were codominant and inter-
mediate. Being intolerant, short-lived trees they
were doubtless dominants until they were 40 to
50 years old and then gradually lost thigttatus
as all the redwoods Anally overtopped them.
Since alder has a good market in California for
furniture, its presence in the second-growth is
desirable in that it helps prune seedling redwoods
and, more important, offers possibilities of Anan-
Fig. 2.—A view of the "wonder plot," 1943.
TABLE 6.—MEAN ANNU
A REDWOOD SAMPLE PLOT	35
cial returns before the redwood becomes market-.
able. From observations in the region in geneyal
alder should he harvested before it is 40 years
^old.
MEAN ANNUAL AND PERIODIC ANNUA^H
GROWTH
Since this plot is so close to being 100 years
old a graph was prepared to extend the growth
data 15 years. The results indicate that at 100
years it will probably yield 245,000 board feet
of second growth alone. The rate of growth ap-
pears deAnitely now to be decreasing. From
Table 6 it appears that the mean annual growth
in volume was still on the increase up to 1943,
but the rate for the last two decades has been
slowing down. The average annual growth seems
to have culminated at about 85 years.
From a time viewpoint the mean annual
growth is of course most signiAcant. From an
economic viewpoint, however, the periodic an-
nual growth is probably even more signiAcant.
This is shown for the second-growth redwood
in Table 7.
Whereas volume growth per year starts out
slowly it builds up to an amazing Agure. For
the Arst few decades the volume growth can be
expressed only in cubic feet since the trees are
too small for sawlogs, but during the decade 1923
to 1933 the average annual growth was 5,074
board feet per acre, though in the decade 1933 to
1943 it dropped to 3,236 board feet. Further-
more, lumber quality and therefore value has
been improving in the past few decades and will
continue to improve, probably more than com-
pensating for the decrease in rate of volume
growth.
Had the plot been under management from
the start an additional yieid would have been
possible through salvage of the trees that died
—the small redwoods for poles and pulpwood
and the alders for lumber. Also, if the plot had
L GROWTH SINCE 1858
Basal
area, sq. ft.. - Volume, cubic feet
To	No. of years	S^od	Second- growth	Residual redwood	Second-growth Residual redwood redwood		ternational rule— Alder	Total
1923	65	8.3	318		2,153	167	22	2,342
1933	75	8.0	353		2,540			
1943	85	7.7	355	44	2,620	252	6	2,878
1953^	95				2,525	245		2,770
1958'	100				2,450	238		2,688
'Estimated from graph.36
JOURNAL OF FORESTRY
TABLE 7. —PERIODIC ANNUAL GROWTH IN SECOND-
GROWTH REDWOOD
Period	No. of	Basal area sq. fgH	Volume Cu. ft. Bd. ft.	
1923-33 ....	.. 10	6.1	581	5,074
1933-43 ....	. 10	5.6	? 376	3,236
1943-53' ..	.. 10		179	1,700
1953-58' ..	5		100	1,000
1923-58' ..	.. 35	....	339	3,000
'Estimated from graph.
been thinned periodically, the removals should
have caused a material increase in the quality in-
crement. A total of many more trees could have
been removed to produce the volume on fewer
trees of larger sizes and cleaner trunks. The thin-
ning operation itself would have pruned off most
of the branch stubs. This was learned to he the
case when some 50-year-old trees were cut on
Freshwater Creek in Humboldt County (7).
Twenty years before, some dominant trees had
been removed for piling. Their falling cleaned
the trunks of the neighboring timber from which
the experimental trees were cut. The percent of
uppers was 11.6 in contrast to only 4.1 for the
untouched plot cut on Big River in the same year.
SUMMARY
A one-acre plot of second-growth redwood on
a high Site I on Big River in Mendocino County,
California, was measured for the third time in
20 years. At 65 years it produced 139,939 board
feet of second-growth redwood and 1,476 board
feet of alder plus 11,000 board feet that was
added to 5 old-growth residual trees after the
logging. Twenty years later, at 85 years, the
figures stood at 223,034 board feet of second-
growth redwood, 540 feet of alder, and 21,400
feet added to the 5 residuals for a grand total
growth in 85 years of 244.974 board feet per
acre or 2,878 board feet per acre per year ^The
highest periodic annual growth wa% 5,074 board
feet for the second-growth redwooa alone in the
decade between 65 and 75 years. In 1923 there
were 273 trees; in 1943 there remained 197 trees.
The dominant trees reached to 172 feet in height
and nearly 43 inches d.b.h. One of the veteran
residuals is 305 feet high. These figures appear
to he astronomic, even for California redwood,
but observations elsewhere in the region indicate
they can be exceeded somewhat on the highest
sites under intensive management, although the
percent of redwood land in this favored quality
class is not large.
Site II predominates, in the commercial limits
of the redwood region, and, if growth is only
750 hoard feet per acre per year, the financial
possibilities are worth consideration by the own-
er of cutover lands. But let no one assume that
any such yield is attainable without effort on the
part of the land manager to duplicate to some
extent the conditions that brought about the
yield in the "Wonder Plot" and on other old
second-growth areas—a plentiful seed crop, a
protected seedbed, and freedom from fire.
LITERATURE ClTED
1.	Fritz, Emanuel. 1923. Properties and uses
of second-growth redwood. Project 688. Col-
lege of Agriculture, Univ. of Calif. Berkeley,
Calif. Unpublished.
2.	—--------— and J. L. Averell. 1924. Dis-
continuous growth rings in California red-
wood. Jour. Forestry 22:31-38.
3.	-----------. 1932. Squirrel damage to red-
wood trees. Jour. Mammalogy 13(1) :76.
4.	-----------. 1938. Growth of redwood trees
left after selective logging. Timberman 39
(8) :14-16, 53-55.
5.	-----------.	1942. Selective logging in
redwood. Timberman 44(1) : 66.














g.Fritz
663
A Plot of second-growth redwood in Big River on opposite
Side from cutting plot and containing over 100,000 board
feet per aero. Observations made in Humboldt County in-
dicate that a "thinned" stand yields higher grades than
unthinaed stands. A thinning should be made in the young
growth on Big River to improve both growth and quality.

116
E.Frits
668
116
A dense group on Big River opposite
the experimental catting plot. The
grey halts mark the level of the flood
waters.
t
A
page 11^


-
3
t

___t
On old logging operations many small trees were left and are now still
alive and an important factor in the second crop. Three such trees
were found on this plot and yielded valuable information on their growth
after liberation and the grades produced* The photograph is of a sec-
tion cut from a tree on the Albion River in 1916. The surrounding
stand had been out about 1874. Previous to this date the tree was sup-
pressed and making very slow growth, but following the liberation it
jumped ahead very rapidly. When cut in 1916 the diameter breast high
was 48 inches and height 120 feet* In 1874 its diameter was about 33
inches. On such trees it may be expected that the growth following lib-
eration will be 90-100% of the clear and sap clear grades. (See bottom
of page 76.)1/7^ /V
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Reproduction, as of 1940, on Redwood Plot,
Project #688, Cut in 1923.
#1481.
Redwood Cutting Plot; 65-year-old second growth, cut March,
1923. Stand of sprouts counted and measured June 3, 1940.
Found the following sprouts:
2-	lOf			
3-	85	' 249		
4-	57J		and 2 seedlings	redwood
5-	27		(near railroad,	1-1"
6-	33			1-5"
7-	36		also California	laurel:
8-	20		5-2"; 4-3"; 5-4	3-5";
9-	20		1-6"; 1-7"; 1-8	" and
10-	18	, 177	alder: 2-2"; :	2-5";
11-	8	" 426	2-8" and	
12-	7		willow 1-4".	
15-	3			
14-	2		All but 5 of the 2" and	
15-	2		laurel were in	one clump
16-	1			
1.	Practically no seedling reproduction. Probably prevented by
cows which still roam through the plot. But that seedlings can
start there where cows can't reach them is evidenced by 2
clumps, one of 22, l/4" seedlings on a log and one of 4,
3/16" seedlings on a stumpn plus the 2 seedlings listed opposite
the sprouts, both of which started on the bank next the old
railroad.
2.	Area has standing water on it during river floods; the low
spot in back end of area shows a mud line on trees of about
18-20" off ground, but on higher area no mud line found, although
water must be high there too, since much debris, cross ties,
etc. have washed into the plot.
3.	One sprout clump was cleaned out—limbed to about 6' and sap-
lings removed. Just to learn how much time it would take and
if area can be improved cheaply for later studies (for access
to trees). Hope to clear out all 2" and 3" and some 4" trees
next winter.
4.	It was gratifying to note that the trees on the margin (out-
side) the plot, (the same age and type of tree as was cut) did
not develop stump sprouts as a result of the opening of the
stand.
These trees,.however, show strong acceleration in growth; e.^
25" d.b.h. 2-5/8" since 1923
28" d.b.h. 1-1/2" since 1923
26" d.b.h. 4-1/2" since 1923
24" d.b.h. 1-1/2" since 1923
52
6.	Trees not bored promise simila^ acceleration as evidenced by-
bark clefts.
7.	Back end of plot very open. Was open in part originally, ex-
cept for alders. These alders have not resprouted, but the
pepperwood (laurel) has.
8.	The sprout clumps are spotty. Not all of tie original redwood
stumps of 1923 sprouted.
9.	In 1923 girdling by squirrels was noted. Same today, June 3,
1940. Found a completely girdled top, the wood having become
dry, but the foliage still snapped off and lying on ground#
Broke off very recently. Top was 9' long and 2" at base.
10. Two sprouts found to have been girdled near base--rats?
11. Some of the stumps of the 1923 cutting are still very sound;
others quite rotten though sound in part. Sapwood of all very
pulpy.
12.	Sprout clumps near back edge (south?) have no large trees in
them, mostly 2"-3"-4". Caused by competition with older
sprouts (now 83 years) and denser shade from them?
13.	Sprouts are up to 65* high. One suppressed 3" sprout, cut
down was 33* high.
Z/7^ /'fy <a%ny/%?

UNlVERSiTY OF CALiFORNiA PiViSiON OF FORESTRY
GUIDE 70 THE LOCATION 0T7REE5 ON
SAMPLE PLOT N0.%fM*,MA<.rJ
SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD 60-65 VEAR5 OLD
BiGRiVER, MENDOCtNO COUNTY, 7)7 N, R(7W, 5cc.E5.MDM.
GAUFORNtA
RREA (ACRE ____ -SCALE ilN.= iOFT.
Piotiaidoff Junei9Zl by W.MetcalfandE.Erit^ Measured & mapped March H9Z3 byEEritz and LfhELLOGc. The circies
represent D.BH. as measured with diameter tape adhere possibte othenaise. Luith catipers he(d toward obstruction .
DBH. points marked with dot of white paint. Corners of piot marked by 4x4 Redwood posts painted u;hite. On Morth
and West sides M^htfaboutZXZ") redwpodstakes, ^setatZOfoof interacts. Piot lie^ 2^-3 mites below Boy!e!sCamp, (eft Bank.
Crown Classes # -Pominont, O = Codominant, 0 = intermediate, O * Suppressed
i