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THE

F I R s T B e K
Architeé’cure:

ANDREA PALLA 010.

Tranﬂated out of I TA L I A N,
With an A P P E N D I X touching "
4D OORS and W {NDOWS’
By PR- Le M UE T Arehiteﬁ to the Frank King.

 

Tranﬂated into Englﬂ by G o D Ens-Y R I c H A R D s.
The W bole,c illuﬂrated with .a/bovaﬁevenry Copper Cuts. ‘

»A L 80
Rules and Demon/irationo, with feveral Deﬁgns for the Framing
of any manner of Roofs, either Above Pitch, or Under Pitch,
~ whether Square, or Bevel, never before Publifh’d: By that
Ingenious Architeé’r Mr. William Pope of London.

WITH

Deﬁgns of Floors, of Variety of Small Pieces of Wood Inlaid,

lately made in the Palace at Somerfct-Hozxfe, a Curioﬁty never
praE‘tifed before in England.

The 33mm @Uititm, Correafd and Enlarged : With a new .Model of
the Cathedral of St. Paul, London, as it is now Rebuilt.

LONDON,

Printed for S. H. and H. T. And Sold by ﬂnzes Knapton, Robert
Knnplock, fobn Sfrint, Daniel Midwinter, Ranew Robin/on, Wil-
lzanz ﬁylor, Wzllzanz and fobn Innis, and fobn Osborne. 1721. ‘

 

 

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Z "’15: '2!)

The PRE FACE to the R BADE R.
doth, in the Opinion of Sir Hem Worton, need no Commenda-
tion,;’.ohere there are Noble Men or Noble Minds: There-

ﬁtre I ﬂmll onty give you an Account of the Author’:, and my own

Concernments herein .- He was Andrea Palladio a Famous Architet?
of Italy, where taking Notice of the Irregula’rities and Deﬁtrmities
in Building, introduced by Invaﬂons of the Goths, and other Bar-
barians; to prevent thoﬁt Inconveniences for the future, he thought
ﬁt to itjiruéi the World in the Rules and Pralfices of the Learned
Antients, having Opportunity to ob/erve the Foot-ﬂops of their La-
bours, ev’n at Rome itfelf, where being/ the greate/l Concourfe of
Noble Men and Noble Minds, they ﬂared neither Care nor Coﬂ in
Building : And in Imitation of them, our Author is exat‘i in his Di-
ret’iions touching every ‘Materiol, as in the Choice ofStone, Timber,

Metals, Sand, Lime, Brick, fﬂ’c what good, and what not, how

to be prepared, and put in uje. ”'17s olﬂtrv’d, how careful they were it:

making their Brick and Lime, not forbearing the horde]? Stone;
for as Sir Hen. VVOtton obferveth, that the Italians to this day,
and much more the Antients, did burn the ﬁrmcji Stone, and ev’n

Marble it/E’lf, where it was plentiful, which in time became Marble

a ain, or at leaﬂ (findtﬂoluble Durity, a’s appeareth in the ﬂanding

heatres. And other Learned Men have required that all the Timber
be cut out 0‘ the fame Forty}, all the Stone out of the ﬂzme'Qz/arry,
and the Lime be made out of the fame Stone of which the Building is

intended, imagining that they will Sympathize and foyn better, by a

kind of Original Kindred. But inﬂead of this Curiofity, we too often

maize Lime without any great Choice, and of Refufe Stuﬂ , which is
an Englifh Error of no [mall Moment in our Buildings. After'the/e

Particulars, our Author proceeds to treat of the Five Orders of

Columns, whcfe Members and Proportions, ’as he hath laid them

down, are, by the fudicious, e/ieemed the mo]? Excellent in their

kind 5 and forfen‘ze of their Terms, which I have changed, it was not
without the Advice of Ski/ful Artﬂis, thereby to conform to tho/E

Terms 7720]? familiar to our Workmen.

To thtfe are added Defigns of Doors and Windows by Pr. Le Muet
ﬂrchitet? to the French King which I thought good to prefent, (Pal-
ladio only dyiour/ing of them) they going well approved by all Artbi/ls,

, 2 \

‘ oth
V a; . 608

’ i ‘ .[3'3‘ Cg"... / uni} .
THE'Subiez? If this Than/lotion, being ARCHITECTURE,

t"

The PRE FACE. ' \_ :
hath fhr the Manner and Proportions, and the fame which are at
- the Louvre at Paris 5 and out ofhim, I havegiven the Proportion of
Halls and Chambers, tho’ it little diﬁering from Palladlo; hecanje
mojl agreeing to the prefent Practice both in England and France. And
for the ﬁnite rayon, I do, itg/Iead of Mon/T Muet’: Delfgm- ofFrame:
of Hon/es, pot in fach as are nﬁd in England, by the Direction of
ﬁnite of oar Able/l Architeﬂs 52 which (I hope) will he grateﬁel, and veé
ry ajtfnl, notonly to ottr“;/irti[te, hnt Gentlemen and Other: which
may have Occaﬂon to Bnild ; giving an Account of all the Names pro-
jler to each Member and Principal of the Honfe; and al 0 jhew the
‘ manner of Boating, with their feveral Scantlings and Butments.
Altho’ we want not jitch Ingenious Artﬂls, whcfe Names de/Erve
to be "celebrated for many ﬂanding .x'amples of their Skill, which do
better deferve De/cription, than niz‘iny; pnhlijhed with much Pomp,
beyond the Sea: 5 yet we have hntfew Books which we can recommend
to yon, and“ the Excellent Difcontﬂs of Sir H. Wotton and John
Evelin Efg; the former? on the Elements of Architet‘i‘nre; and the lat-
ter, in his Account ofArchiteclnre and Architeﬁs, ( added to his ele-
gant Tran/lation of the Parallel) where they have comprifed folly and
\ clearly the mo]? weighty Olgferpation: of the Art in general: The Stu-
dion: will need only to ferve hintfelf if the particular Part: thereof,
according to his own Occaﬁonr; \ ‘ -
ﬁnd fach Piece: as are here prcj/ented, the Reader cannot think
utﬂezfonahle, heing again]? the Rehnilding affo great a City a: London,
wherein the King having jhewn his particular Care of keeping the Trade

in informer Channel, hyﬁxingthe Exchange, Cul’tom;[.[0ufe7 {526 a” _ 2-"

their Old Foundations; and their Lam: having provh‘led for jitch a
‘Way of Building a: may joyn together (what our Author requires to
‘he oljerved by every Undertaker) Accommodation, Handﬁimenefs,
and Lallingncfs, and prevent that Deformity and Danger which we
have ﬁrmerly been liable to, by Irregnlar and Slight Buildings, Nar-
row Streety, Intolerable Encroachmente, "letting7 Windows, and what
not, that might make it Combo/fibre. I hope hath Old and lining do re-
joyce at the Rebuilding of London, a Second happy Re/ioration, itg’eriox
only to that ofhi: Maze/lye Petfon and Government.

Godfrey Richards.

 

THE

 

 

 

 

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“5’wa "1 avva EH7?

 

ARCHITECTURE;
By ANDREA PALLA D10.

 

CHAR I.

W hat ought to be Confidered and Prepared,_
before you begin to Build. 7

*7“- EFORE you begin to Build, you ought careful-
' 1y to conﬁder every Part of the Foundation and

 

railed. x Three Things in a Building (as faith V-
tmvz‘m) ought to be conﬁder’d, without which

"" it will not deferve Commendation; thofe are,
Uﬁefulnefs or Accommodation, Laﬁingnefé, and» Handfomnefs:
For that Work cannot be accounted PerfeEi, which is uiéful but
only for a {hort time, or not convenient for a longer; or ha?
ving theietwo, hath not alfo Decency: It will be Commodious
when every Part hath its due Place and ﬁt Situation, not below
its Indignity,‘ not above what its UR: requires 5. and they will
be ﬁtly dilbofed, when the Galleries, Halls, Chambers, Cellars,
Granaries are in their proper Places. As for the Laﬂingnefs, you
regard that, when all the Walls are right by the Line, thicker
below than above, and have good and fufficient Foundaticﬁisd:

n

 

armament: "" '

3nd beﬁdes, the Pillars above- mull bedireilly over the Pillars--
below; and all the Apertur'és (as; Doom and 'Wit‘idows)‘ innit
Beam aboV'e the other, f0 that the saw be upon the 561%,
, and‘t‘he Vacant upon the Vacant. The Handfomnefs“ will arife.
— from the fair Form and the Correfpondence between the Whole
and its Parts, of the Parts among themﬁelves‘, and of them to.
the Whole -,,becaufe that a Building ought to appear an intire
and perfeél Body, wherein each Member agrees-with the-others,
and all the Members be neceiTa‘rTy to what y'oudeﬁgn. .. _ .

T hefe-Things conﬁder’d in the Delign and Model, iyou onght"
then diligently to calculate all the Charge that may arile, and
make timely proviﬁon of Money, and prepare what Materials
{hall ﬂeem requiﬁte, to that in Building nothing may be deﬁ-
cient, or hindetthe Compleating of the Work, it being no little
Braife to the Builder, nor fmall Advantage to the Work, that it
be ﬁnilh’d. with due7Expedition:.And that all the Walls be at
once. laid out,._ and equally difpatched, from whence there will.
be none, of thoie Clefts which uﬁtally are feen in Fabricks ﬁnifh’d
unequally, and at divers times-z

And therefore having choién. the, mof’t skilful Art-ills that you-
can get, that fo the Work may be the better carried on by their
Advice, you are to provide Timber, Stone, Land, Lime, and
Metal 5 concerning which Proviﬁon' you {hall have fome Adver-
tii’éments; as, to frame the Joilis- of the Hall and.»Ch'ambers-’
provide yourfelf with fo many joil’ts, as, When framed, there
may remain between-them the Space of a Ioili and half.
~ In like manner concerning Stone, you are to take Notice, that
to make the jaums of Doors and Windows, ybu- are not to have
Stone bigger than a Fifth, or lei‘s than a Sixth part of the Light 5.
and if you intend to adorn the Buildings with Pillam‘ or Pilaf’ters,
make the Baits, Capital's and Architraves of Stone, and the other
parts of Brick. ' , ; '_

Beﬁdes, as for the Walls, you are to conﬁder-that they ought:
to diminilh according as they. rile; which InitruEtiOn will hate
the Ac'count right, and leﬂengreat part of the Charge: And be-
cauie, all thefe Parts may be difcomléd of in their" articular
Places, it {hall lhfﬁce to3have here given-this genera Advice,
which is as a rough Draught of t’hewhole Building. B

‘ , ut

0f Architeﬁure; ' 3

“But belides therQuantit-y, you are alto to conﬁdet the Quality
and Goednerls of the Materials, to chute the .. belt ; Experience
gained from the Building. of others, will‘he a great help, bee
caule thereby we may eaﬁly know how to determine what is ﬁt
and expedient to our om: Purpofe.‘ And although Vitmviw,
Leon Battyia, .dll‘erti, and other excellent Writers, have taught
_ what is requiﬁt-e in the Choice of Materials scyet that nothing
may be'wanting it: thefe Books of mine, I {hall fpeak of fome,
conﬁning my ﬁelf to the troll zreceﬂ’ary.

 

C H .A P. 11.
0f Timber.

’ Imbe't (Vin‘uvz'w hath it, Book II. Cap. 9. )’ ought [to be
fell’d inlszmn, and through all the Winter, becaufe then
the Treestrecover from the Root, that Stren 'th and Soundnefs
which in the Spring and Summer was difper ed into Leaves and-
‘Fruit; and you are to cut them in the Wain of the Moon, be
caufe the Moiliure which is molt apt to rot Wood is then con-
fumed ; from whence there will not come the Worm to hurt it.
, It fhould be cut but to the middle of the Pith, and f0 left until
it be dry, becaufe by Dr0ps there will pals away that Moiﬁuret
'Which Would caufe Putrefaélion; being cut, let it be laid in 'a
Place free from the Exrremity of the Sun, Wind and Rain 5 and
thofe ought chieﬂy to be kept‘dry whith are of Spontaneous
Growth ,5 and to the end thatthey may not cleave, but dry equal-
ly, you are to dub them over with Cow-dung, it lhould not be
drawnthrough the Dew, butin the Afternoon, not to be wrought
being very-wet, or too dry; becaule the one makes it apt to rot,
the Other hard to /work-, not will it in. lefs than Three Years
be dry enough, to 11123 in Planks, Doors, and Windows. It is
convenient for thoie who are about to Build, to inform them-
felves from Men skilful in the BNature of Timber, what Wood
' 2 15

0f Hrcbiteélure;

is ﬁt for limb Ufe, and what not; mewz'm, in the Chapter
above mention’d, gives good Inﬁruéiions'gg and to other Learned-
Men, who have written thereofat large. ' ‘

 

CHAR m;
Of Stone.

Ome are Nataraf, fome Artificial: The Natural are hewen out
of the Quarry, and are either to make Lime, or to build
Walls: Ofthofe which are ufed for Lime, (hall be fpoken hereaf-
ter. Thofe of which Walls are built, are either Marble and hard
Stone, or cite foﬁ and pliant; Marble and hard Stone is to be
wrought as foon as digg’d, for it will be at that time more eaﬁe to
work, than when it hath remain’d a while in the Air -, feeing the
longer theyare out of the Quarry, they become the harder, and
muﬁ fuddenly be put in hand. But the foﬁer the Stone (efpeci-
ally where its Nature and Sufﬁciency is not undetl’tood, as when
’tis digg’d in a Place from whence formerly mine has been taken)
ought to be diggid in Summer, and ,expofed to the Air, and anot
to be uled within two Years: It mull 'bev di-gg‘d in Summer, to
the end that not being uféd to Wind, Rain, and Froﬂ, it may
by degrees grow hard, and enabled to reﬁll thole Injuries of the
Weather; and it {heuld be left f0 long, that thoie which have
been prejudiced may be put in Foundations; and the others not
fpoiled (upon Trial) are to be uiizd above Ground in Buildings,
becaule they endure longeli. ’

Artiﬁcial Stones, are, from their Form, cOmmonly call’d
Quadrant, theie are made of a chalky, whitifh, and pliable
Earth; you mull by all means avoidthat which is gravelly and
ﬁrmly, the Earth mult be digged in Autumn, and temper’d. in
Winter, and fo they may be well made in the Spring; but. if
Neceflity forces you to make them in the Winter or Summer,
cover them in Wzmer with dry Sand, and in Summer with 81%;“

«» en

_ 0f Architerffure.

When made; they require. a longer time to dry ', and ’tis helli
that they dry inthe Shade, fo that not only the Outﬁde, but
the Middle, and all Parts may be equally .hardned; which can-
not be“ done in left. than .two Years. They are made bigger or.
leis, according to ‘he quality of the Building, and the ufe to
which they are intended, therefore the Antients made their
Bricks for Publick and Great Buildings larger than for fmall and
Private: The bigger fort ought to be hollowed in many Places;
that 1?) they may dry and bake the better. ‘ _ -

C. H A P. IV.
of Sand.

Here are three ibrts of Sand, that. is to... lay, Pit-Sand,
River-Sand and Sea-Sand. Pit-Sand is, of all, the bell,

and is Black, White, Red, or Cindry, which is- a. fort of Earth
burnt by Fire, incloléd in the Mountains, and digged up in Ta]:
, may. There isalio digged in Term (Ii Lavoro, in the Territories
Barn and Cit/71d, a Band called (by Vitmvius) Pozzolana, which
fuddenly knits together in Water, and makes Building very
ﬁrong; it hath been found by long Experience, that of all Pit-
Sand the White is the worth, and of River Sand, that from
the Stream which is found in-theFalls of" Water is the hell, he-
cauie it is more purged. The Sea-Sand is- worl’t of all, and black~
ens and fhines like Glafs; but that is better which is neareﬂ the
Shore and bigger. The Pit-Sand, becaufe ’tis fat and tough,
(but apt to cleave) is therefore uﬁad in Walls and long Vaults.
The River-Sand is very good for the Covering or Rough-calling
of Walls. Sea-Sand, becaufe ’tis Ibon Wet and, fbon dry, and:
moulders away by reafbn of the Salt, therefore is unﬁt to beat
Weight. All Sand is bell inits Kind, if being. fqueezed and.
handled, it crackles ;- and if being put upon a White Cloth, it nei-
ther-Rains, nor leaves it foul: That is. bad, whichis mingled with
' ’ Water...

0f ﬂrchiteﬂure.

Water makes it dirty and; muddy,.-and which has for a
time been in the Air, Sun, Moon, anthroll, becauﬁit will re-
tain much Earth and rot—ten Burnout, aptro bring forth Shrubs
and wild Fig-trees, which are greatly hurtful to Buildings.

 

'C'HAP. V. _
0f Lime, and bow to work it. -

;' "Tones, whereof Lime is made, are either digg’d out of the
S Hills, or taken out of the Rivers: All Stones of the Hills are
good which are dry, without any moillure, and brittle, having

no Material in it, which when it palléth the Fire (hall leave the
”Stone let‘s; therefore that Lime will be belt which is made of
cthe hardel’t, ibund, and White Stone, and being burnt, remains a
wrhird part lighter than its Stone. There are alto certain forts of
Stone, the-Lime whereof is 'very good ﬂat the fetting of Walls.
In the Hills ol'Par‘lmz they dig a rugged Stone, whofeLime is
*very good in Works which lie open, and in the Water; becauie
it prefently hardens, and endures very long. All digg’d Stones
are better to make Lime than the gather’d; and from a ihady
and moiit Pit rather than a dry: The White is better to work
than the Brown. Stones which are gather’d in Rivers and
Brooks, that is to ﬂy, Pebbles, make excellent Lime, and
very white and neat Work, therefore ’tis generally us’d tbr
'Finifhing of Walls. All Stones, as well of the Hills as Rivers,
arefooner or later burnt, according to the Fire which is given
”them, but ordinarily they are burnt in Sixty Hours: Being
burnt, wet them, but don’t pour on the Water all at once, but at
divers times, and frequently (that they may not burn) tillthey.
be well temper’d: Afterwards put them in a moil’t and fhady
Place without any Mixture, only cover them lightly with Sand 5
and by how much the more thoroughly they are ileeped, 'fo' much
the more tough and better they will be; exceptthole Which

are

0f Himﬁi’egttre; ‘

are made, of roughStOnes, as the Patina», becaufé they as thou.

as they are Wet-mull be‘erught, 'othetwiie they waﬂe and burn
away,vzwhence they will not hold, "but become ufeleis: For to

make the Mortar, you mult’fo mix the Sand, that takiniofl’it»
1

Sand you muﬁ put three parts thereof With one of me; if;

River-or Sea-Sand, two partstheteof with one of Lime. \_

 

CHAR w-
5 0f Metalr. ‘

THE Metals uféd in Buildings, are Iron, Lead, and Copper:

Iron ferves to make Nails, Hinges, and Chains to faﬂen the ~
Doors, to make Doors themfelves, Suites, and. the like Works.-

It is no-whe‘re found, anddigged pure, but when digged is
purged by the Fire, to the end it may he f0 melted that it may

run, and that before it be cool the Fouliiefs maybe takenaway ;;

but after it is purged and cooled it heatswell, and becomes foft
and eaﬁe tobe wrought, and beat out with a Hammer.» But it
will not eaﬁly» melt if: it he not again put into a Furnacemade

for that purpole: If being red-hot it do not work, nor yield to . '
the Hammer, it walies, and is-fpoil’d. Tris a. ﬁgn of'the Goodv
nefs of {Ion if in the Mafs ‘ you fee the Veins continued ﬁraight, _
without interruption, and‘if the 1ﬁnds of the piece be clean, and-

without foil; becaufe the faid Veins ihew if the Iron be without

Knots and Pu‘ﬁ's, and you may underliand the Middle by the Ends. . 1

Being wrought into Plates fquare, or any other Figure, if the
Sides be even, you may conclude ’tis all alike good, having
equally‘endm'ed the Hammer. . » » -

With Lead they cover ﬁately Palaces, Churches, Towers,

and other Publick Buildings, and Gutters and Pipes to convey
Water, and therewith they fallen theHinges and Iron work in‘

the Jaums of'Door‘s ,and 'Winrl0ws. _\T here are three forts
thereof; White, Black, and of: a Colour between .both; and
- ' by

0f Architeffure.

by fome called Afh-ctﬂour, the Black is R) called, not becauié
=tis really Black, but becaule being White, with form: Blacknels
init, therefore, in refpeél of the White, the Antients with tea-
fon gave it that Name. The White is more perfeEt and precious
than the Black, the Alb-colour is between borh: Lead is digged
either in great Lumps found by themfelves, or in fmall Pieces,
which {hiue with a certain Blacknefs, or elfe in very thin Flakes,
amongl’t the Rocks, Marble and Stones. _ All forts of Lead will
eaﬁly run, becaufe with the Heat of the Fire it melts before it is
zared-hot: But put it into a very hot Furnace, it loléth its Nature
,and Strength; for one part is changed into Litharge, and the
other into Drofs. Of there forts of Lead the Black is loft, and
therefore ealily wrought with the Hammer, and dilates much,
and is very heavy. The White is harder and lighter, the Alh-
colour is much harder thantlie White, and of middle Weight
between borh. ‘ '

With Copper {ometimes they cover Publick Buildings; and
the Antients made Nails, or Bolts, which fal’tned in the Stones
above and below, kept the Stones from falling out of order, and
the Clafps or Hooks placed to hold two Stones together; and
they ufed thefe. Nails and .Claf‘ps, becaufe that Buildings which
Icann‘t polﬁbly be made without many pieces of Stones, may (by
being thus join’d .and bound together) as it were, become one
Stone, and fo more ll—rong and durable. They alib made Nails
and Cla’fps of Iron, but more often of Copper, becaule the ’
will laﬁ longer, not being fo fubjea to rull. Alfo they. made ‘
Letters for Infcriptions, which "they placed on the Borders of
Buildings: And we read, that of this Metal were the Hundred
famous Gates of Baby/022; and in the Illes of Codes, the two
Pillars of Hercules Eight Foot high. That is eﬁeemed the belt,
which, burnt and extraé‘ted from Mineral by Fire, is Red, incli-
ning to Yellow, qf a good Grain, and full of Holes, for that is a
ﬁgn ’tis well purged, and free from. Drofs. Copper may be heated
like Iron, and made liquid, ('0 that it may be call; but in ex-
treme hot Furnaces it will not endure the forced" the Flame,
but totally conﬁrms. Altho’ it be hard, neverthelefs it fubmits
to the Hammer, and dilates it felt" into thin Leaves; it- is belt
preferved by Tar: And althof it doth not ruﬂ like Iron, .

yet

0f Arc/titeﬁure:

yet it hath a kind ofRuﬂ which is call‘d manna/a, efpecially
if it touch (harp and liquid Things 5 of this Metal, mixed with
Tin, or Lead, or Latten, (which is alfo Copper,) and colour’d
with Lapis Colimz'noris, is made a Metal commonly call’d
Brals, which often-times Architeéls do 'ufe, as in BaTeS, Pillars,
Capitols, Statues, and fuch-like. In Rome are four Columns of
Brafs, (as St. Giovanni Loteronno) of which one only has its
Capitol, and were made by Auguﬂus of Metal which was taken
from the Stems of Ships, which he took in Egypt from M. An-
tonio .- There remains alfo in Rome to this Day four Ancient
Gates, which are thole of the Rotunda, which formerly was the
Pantboon; that of St. Adriano, which was the Temple of 84--
1117721“; that of St. Gym and Damiano, which was the Temple
of E‘a/ior and Pollux, or rather of Romulus and Remus; and that
which is in St. Agnes without the Gate Vintinolir; but the moﬂ:
beautiful of all thefe is“ that of St. Moria Rotunda, wherein thoﬁe
Antients did endeavour to intimate by Art that kind ofCorintbion
’Metal,‘ in which the natural Yellow of Gold prevailed: For we
read'that when Corinth was deﬂroyed and burnt, (which now
is called Coronto) thus they‘ melted and mixed in one Mafs
Gold, Silver, and COpper, and Fortune tempered; and made
the Mixture of three Sorts, which was afterwards called
Corinthian .- In» one of them the Silver prevailed, whence it
remained White, and very near it in Lul’tre: In another the
Gold prevailed and remained Yellow, and of a Gold Colour:
And the third was where all thefe three Metals were of an
equal Temperament: And theie Species have been ﬁnce divers
ways imitated. Hitherto I have difcourfed of thofe Things
léeming molt neceﬁary to be conﬁdered and prepared before
Building :. It now remains that fomething be {aid of Foundai
:ions; the Materials whereof being prepared, the Work may

he proceeded on.

C CHAR

IQ.

Ofﬂrcéiteﬁme. , ,
C HA P. V11. ;

. 0f the Qualities (y Ground wberein.

_Foundaziom' are to be. laid,

H E. Bate of the Building, is that which we call the Foundaé
tion, which is to fay, the part which is under Ground, up-

holding the reﬁ of the Building that is aboVe Ground; therefore
tofall the Errors which do happen in Building, thoie are the moﬂ
pernicious which are committed in the Foundation, becaufe they

bring with them the Ruin of the whole Fabriek, nor can without
great Diﬁiculty be amended: Whence the Architeéls ought to ufe
their utmol’t Diligence; becauie in fome Flaces they have a Na-
tural Foundation," and, in other Places it is neceﬂary to ufe Art.

A Natural Foundation is, when we Build on Stone, a foil, Iandy,
or mouldring Stone or Gravel 5 for thefe,’ Without digging, or Other
helps of Art, are of themf'elves excellent Foundations, and moi-ls
ﬁt to uphold the greatefl Building both in Land and in'Water.
But if Nature aﬁords not a Foundation, it muﬂ be attempted by
Art, and then the Place you have to Build on is either a folid Earth,
0): a. gravelly, landy, molly, foft, and moorilh Place. If the Earth
be fail and ﬁrm, you may dig to fat as to a diﬁzreet Architeé‘t may
ﬂeetn requiﬁte for the Quality of the Building, and Soundnefs of
the Earth-, and (when you intend not to make Cellars, or other.
ﬁn‘derigrOUnd Ofﬁceslyour Depth is to be a ﬁxth part'of the
Height of the Building. To know this Frmneis, Obfervation
from the digging of Wells, Ciﬁerns, and fuchhlike, will help
well 5 and ’tis lalfo known by Herbs growing there, if they
ufually fpring up only in ﬁrm and fall Grounds 5. and halides,
’tis a figrrof ﬁrm Ground, if a great \Weight thrown thereon, it
neither founds nor (bakes; and from the Report of Drums
being ﬂat on the Ground, and lightly touched, it does not
retound again; and ifWater put into a VeﬂEel, doth not {baker
The neighbouring Blaces- will alfo give you to underl’tatngt t1};

a “CS

ra- ' 0f Architeﬂure;

rangers and ﬁrmnei‘s of the Earth. But if the Place he randy,
or gravelly, obfetve‘ whether it be On Land or in Water: For if
it be on Land, you mull take notice what hath been before di-

reEled concerning fal’t Ground; and if you build in a River, the.

Sand and Gravel is altogether ufelefs: becaufe the Water, with
its continual Stream and Flood, often changes its Bed: Therefore
dig ”till you come to aBottom found and ﬁrm; or if that be
diﬂicult, dig fomewhat in the Sand and Gravel; and then place
Piles, whole Ends may reach to the found and good Earth, and
_ upon thofe y0u are to Build: But it you are toBuild upon a
molly and loofe Ground, then you mull dig ”till you ﬁnd Ibund
Earth, and therein alfb fo much as the bignefs of the Walls and
the greatnefs of the Building require. ' ' ,

This Ibund Ground (and ﬁt to uphold Buildings) is of divers
forts, for (as Alberzi well faith) tomewhere fo ‘ hard, as ”Ii:
ﬁerce to be \cuz- with Iran, fomwhere very ﬂiﬁ; fomewhere
blackifh, fomewhere Whitiih (which is accounted the we'akell )i
ibmew‘here like Chalk, fomewhere Sandy; of all theie, the bell
is that which is cut with molt Labour, and when wet doth not
diffolve into Dirt. _

You {hould not build upon a Ruin or old Foundation, i'f‘ﬁrll
of all you know not its Depth, and whether it be fuiﬁcient to bear
the Building; but if the Earth be ibit, and fink much, as in
mooriih Grounds, then you mull place Piles, whofe length mul’t‘
be an Eighth part of the height of the Wall, and in thicknefs
a Twelfth part of their length : The Piles mutt be placed as clofe
as one can ﬂand by the (Other, and are to be rammed in With
Blows rather quick than heavy, fo that the Earth may the
better confolidate and fallen. You muﬂ place the Piles not on-
ly under the Out-Walls, upon the Trench or Gutters, but alfb un?
der the Inner-Walls, which divide the Building : For if you
make the Foundation for the Inner Walls different from thofe‘
‘Without, then laying Beams along one by the other, and
others, a-fhwart them above, often-times it‘happens that the
Inner Walls fall down; when thofe Without, being placed on
Piles, ﬁir not: ,Whence all Walls come to cleave, the Which
render the Building ruinous, and is very uncomely to look on ,
twh‘ere‘for‘e you mull avoid this Dénger, making the Piling VVOIl;

2 o-

n

1.2

3* T‘iverrine, a
certain Stone
brought from
Tivoli.

‘\

V 0f Architeffure.

of lefs Charge; for, according to Proportion of Walls, the
Piles in the middle may be placed thinner than thole without.

 

CHAR wu
0f Fonnddtz'unr.

f Oundations ought to be twice f0 thick as the Walls to be
r’ai’fed thereon, and therein the Quality of the Earth, and
the Greatnefs of the Building, is to be regarded, making them
more large in foft and looi‘er Ground, and where there is a great
Weight to be ful’tained. The plain of the Trench mutt be Level,
f0 that the Weight may prefs equally; and not inclining to
one part more than another, may prevent the cleaving of the
Walls. For this reafon the Antients uléd to pave the Plain with
*Tz‘vertine, and we lay Planks and Beams, and build thereon.
Foundations are made ﬂ0ping, that is to ﬂy, to diminiih as
they rife; yetifo, as that there may be to much left on one lide
as on the other, fo that the middle of that above may fall per-

pendicularly upon the middle of the lower Work; which mull

be alfo oblétved in the Diminution ofWalls above Ground 5 be-
caufe by this means the Building becomes much ﬂronger, than
by making the Diminutions any other way.

There is fometimes made, (efpecially in Mooriih Grounds,
where there is need ofPiIes) to avoid Charge, Foundations dif-
continued, but with certain Vaults, upon which they afterwards
Build. In great Buildings ’tis very commendable to make Vents
through the Body of the Walls, from the Foundation to the
Roof, becaufe they let forth the Wind, (which is very prejudi-
cial to Buildings) lellen the Charge; and are of no fmall Conve-

nience, if in them you make Winding Stairs from the Bottom
to the Top.

CHAP.

. . ‘ * ' } . " '* Pagzl'i

 

 

/

. ‘ 0f Architeﬁure.

:CHAhIX §
0f the Fajhz'on of Wallr. /

HE Foundations being laid, it remains that we treat of
‘ The Superﬁruélure. The Antients had ﬁx fbrts ofWalls;

One call’d Reticalata, or Net-work; anorher” of Quake/r, or
Brick; a third of Cement, which is of rough Stones from the
Hills orRivers; a fOurth of various Stones, a ﬁfth of fquareéh
Stones, the ﬁxth Rimpiztta, which is alfo call’d Coﬁ’r-work.
Of the Net-work there is no uﬁa at all in thefe Days; but be-
cauieVitruvt'z/r relates it was common in his Time, Ido here
put alib that Deﬁgn. They made the Coignes and Corners, of
their Building of Quadrelr, and every two Foot and half toOk

up three. Cough: onzttzdrcls, which bound the whole Thicknel's ‘

of the Wall.

Cagney, or Corners of Qttadrelr.

Cbmfer of Quadrelr, which hind the whole Wall.

The Net-work. V ~

The Comfc’: onszrcls through the Title/emf: of the Wall.
The inner part of the Wall made ofCemem.

Edam»

Walls of Brick, or Quadrels, both thofe about Cities,» and
other great Ediﬁces, mui’r be fo made, that the inﬁde'and'outﬁde
may be of Quadrels, and in the middle ﬁlled up with Cement,
and with Brick, Earth, and Stone, ramm’d together 5 and to
every three Foot in height there muft'he three Courfes of 2m:-
drez: of the biggel‘t, lbrt, which may take the whole breadth of
the Wall. And the ﬁrft Courfe mul’t be- laid with the length
inWard, that the lell‘er part of the Brick be e'xpolEd: The fecond
the length laid ﬁdewife : And the third as the (Mt. Of this ﬂart
are the Walls of the Rotunda in Rome, and the Baths oth'oclcjﬂatt,

and all other ancient Buildings which are there.
E The

1'3

'14 0f- Axe‘bz’teﬁurég
E The Cour/es of Qtiadrels, Whirl) biﬂd'tbe Whole W (11!.

.F Tbe middle P4” of tbe'Waﬂ made of Cement, between one
, Cottijﬁ: and the ether, end tbe outwards Quadrelr.

The Walls of Cement muﬂ be made f0, that to every, two Foot
at leait there be three Courfes of Qaadrels or Brick, and that
the Qaadeels or Brie/t be prepared according to the manner
aforefaid. Such are the Walls of Term in Piedmont, which are
made ofRiVer Pebbles fplit in the middle, which being placed
with the fplit ﬁde outwards, make very even and fmooth Work.

eﬂhe Walls of the-Arena of Verona are likewiie of Cement, and ,
’ there are three Courfes of Quadrels to every three Foot: And

in like manner are made other ancient Ediﬁces, (as appears in
my..Books of Antiquities.) - '

G ‘Cemem. or River Peblber. I - _
H Cour/es of Qaadrels wbiebibiﬂd the .wbole.Wall.

~.

The Walls of Irregular Stones were {‘0 called, becaufe they
were made of Stones of unequal Sides and Angles; and to make
thefe‘rWalls they ufed a Plumb-Rule, which applied to the Place
where the Stone was to be put, ferved to place them ﬂraight and
even, thereby to try, time. after time, if the Stone 'ﬁ’ood right
in thedeﬁgned Place. 'Of this fort may be item Walls at Pre-
me/Zeg and ancient Streetswere paved in this manner.

I Irregular Stowe

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

. 0f Architeﬁure.

AtRme may .113 {Teen Wall's bf: fqu‘alred Stones, where was.

the Piazza, and the Temple ofA‘uga/im, in which they locked 7

in :the._leller'Stones with Couriés ’ot greater. .: »_

K emewr_s,oag;. -
L- Comﬁ’: qf bigger Stones.

The manner Rim-gm, or ﬁlledWalls, which is arro called
Coﬂer-voork, which the Antients did uﬁe; taking Planks, and“
placing them edgewife, allowing fo much Space as they would

have the Thicknefs of the Wall, ﬁlling it with Mortar, and;

Stones of all forts mingled together; and fo they went on from
Courfe to Courie.. There is feen fuch’like Walls, at Sermon.
upon the Lake De Gfade: ' ' -

M Plan/wax edgewya.
N The Iimer .part.-of.'2he Wall.
‘0. The Face of .the Well, the Plan/Er taken away.

HOf this kind may be call’d- the ancient Walls of Nap/er,

which had two Walls of fquared Stones four Foot thick, and
ﬁx Font diﬁant the one from the other: Thole Walls were
hound—together with other Crofs-Walls; and the CzJer which

were between the Traverfe Walls and the Out-Walls were four

Foot fquare, andwere ﬁll’d up with Stones'and Earth.

'1’" The Outward Stowe We”.
_ Q The Traveife Walls.
R Cafes ﬁlled with Stone: and Earth;

Thefe were the Forms of which the Antients did {Ewe them}
Elves, and the Footileps thereof are yet to he feen; whence

it maybe concluded, that Walls, of what fort foever, ought to

have time Tires or Courfes,rwhich are like, Sinews that hglg
. . a

igﬂ

0f Architefiure. .

faﬁall other 'Parts together, Whichchieﬂy may be'obferved‘when
Walls are madeof Brick: For the Struﬂure, through Age, falling
afunder in the middle, the Walls may act become ruinous; as

hath hapned, and is feen in many Walls, efpecially On that ﬁde
which refpeéls the North. ~ ~ '

 

C H A P. X. a
£53 0f the ’, Method which the Antientr did
, praéﬁﬁ’ in making their Stone Buildings.

BEcaufe it happens that fbmetimes Buildings are made (the
whole, or good part) of Marble, or fome other great Stones,
:1 think it convenient, in this Place, to acquaint you What the
‘Antients did in fuch Cafes: For we may—obierve in their Work,
:that they Were f0 diligent in joining their Stones together, that
in many Places their Connexion can learcely be perceived. And
“beﬁdes, the Beauty, Fitmnefs, and Duration of the Fabrick is
very much to be regarded. '
.And, forafmuch as I can underﬁand, they ﬁrll fquared and
, wrought the Sides of the Stones which were to be placed one
upon the other, leaving the other Sides rough, and 'fo ufed them,
whereupon the Edgesof the Stones were beyond the Square; and
might manage them better, and more varioully attempt to
place them right, without danger of breaking, than 'if they had
een 'fquared on all Sides before: For when the Edges are made
fquare, or lefs than fquare, they are very weak, and iubjeét to
Accidents. In this manner they made all Buildings rough, or, as
one may fay, ruﬂick , and that being done, they go on working
and polifhing the Face of the Stone which is to be féen. It is true,
that the Rofes which are between the Matti/ions, and other fuch-
iike Ornaments of the Cornice, could not commodiouﬂy be done
when the Stones are ﬁxed 5 therefore they made them while

they

0f Arcbrteéi’ure.

7 they were on the Ground. This is well atteﬁed by many an-

cient Buildings, Where may be feen many Stones rough and un-
polifhed. The Arch by the old Qaﬁle in Verona, and all other
the Arches and Buildings there, Were done in the ﬁlme manner;
which is eaﬁly made but, by one curious in obferving the Marks
of their Tools, that is to fay, the manner how the Stones were
wrought. The Pillars of Trajan and Amom‘ne in Rome were
16 made; nor could they otherWiie have fo exaélly joinedthe

Stones that might to cloﬁely meet where they go crofs the Heads, _

and other parts of the Figures. And the fame may be laid of
the other Arches which are there. ‘

And, if the Works were very great, as ’the Arena? of Vanna, i ,
the Amphitheatre of Pole, and the like, to {aye Charge and Time,- ‘

which they would have required, they wrought-V only the Impoﬂs
o? the Arches, Capitols,'and the Corniches, and the rell they
left Ruﬁick, having only regard to the fair Front of the Building.
But in Temples and other Buildings, which required Curioﬁty,
they {pared no Pains in the working them, and glazing and
fmoothing even the very Fluces of the Columns, and polifhing
them diligently.. Therefore in my judgment, you ﬂrould not
make Walls of Brick, in the Ruﬁick manner, much leis Mantles'
ofChimnies, which require curious Work; for beﬁdes the Un-
handfomnefs, ”twill happen that they will fplit and divide
afunder, which naturally ought to be intire; but according to
the Greatnefs and Quality of the Building, you may make them
Ruflick- O’r Polite : And in a Work that requires altogether Neat-.
net‘s, we need not do ‘as the Antients ufed, with Reafon, and ne-
ceﬂitated by the Greatnefs of their Works. ‘

D ' CHAR

17

38

0f Architeﬁure.

C H AP. _ XI.

0f the Diminutian q)“ Wallr, - and, of
their Party. ‘

:T is to be obferved, that by how much higher the Walls are,
f0 much the narrower they muﬂ he; therefore that part
which is above Ground is to be one half thinner than the Foun-
dation, and the iécond Story :1 half Brick thinner than the ﬁrﬂ,
and f0 continue till you come to the top othhe Building, but with
Difcretion, that it be not to weak, The middle of the upper.~
Wall might to fall di'reE’t to the middle of the lower, that 12) all
the Walls’be in a Pyramidal Form. Butif you would make a

Super-(ides, or Face of a Wall, above, direEily over that below, it

will be on the inner part; becaufe the Raﬁings of the Floors,
the Vaults, and other Supporters of the Building, may not fat;
fer the Wall to fall, or give way. The diﬁsharged part, which
is on the ontﬁde muﬂ be fnpplied with a Border or Cornich, en-
compaﬂing the whole Building, which will be an Ornament and

Faﬂning to thewhole Fabrickr

, The Angles, becauie they partake of both Sides, and are to
keep them upright and faﬁ together, mull be very ﬂrong, and
held with long and hard Stones, as it were with Arms; there--
fore the Windows and Apertutes muf’t be, as far from them as
may be: or at leaﬁ fo much Space muﬁ be left between the
Aperture and the Angle as is the breadth of the Aperture.
Having Ipoken of meet Walls,.’tis convenient to pafs to the
Ornaments, the greateﬁ whereof are the Columns when they
are meetly placed, and have fair Proportion to the whole

\ ,Fabrick.

CHAP'

0f Architeﬁ‘ure.
‘CHAthn

Of the Five Order: uféd h} the Antientr.

Five were the Orders among the Antients,» that is to lay;
' the Tchan Derick, Ionick, Orimhiarz, and Compojim, which
ought‘to be lb difpoiéd in the Building, that the ﬁrongell be fet
loweﬁ ;>for then ’twill be more capable to beat the Weight, and
the Building will have a more ﬁne Foundation: Wherefore they
always place the Derick under the Ionic/E, the Ionic/é under the

Corinthian, and the Corinthian under the Compo/ita, the T1424», ‘

as being rude, feldom is ufedabove Ground, unleié in a Building
of one Order: only, as in Town-houfes, or in valt Buildings, as

Amphitheatres, and ﬁrchdike, where being many Orders, this,- ‘

'mitcad of the Derick, is placed under the Ionich; and if you leave
out onerof them, and place, for example, the Corinthian imme-
diately- over the Dorick, which may be done according, to the
Rule. aforeiaid, provided always that. the more Iblid be the loweﬂ,
l‘ ﬁrall fat down particularly the Meaﬁrre of each of thcf‘e Or-
ders; not 129 much according to the DoEitine of Vizruviur, as ac-
cording to my own Oblérvations in Ancient Buildings: But ﬁrﬂ:
I will fay thofe Things which belong to all in general.

 

1' .

T , CHAP. XIII.
0f the Swelling of Columm, and their
_- .(Dimirmtionr : 0f ‘ Inter-Column: and
‘Pz'laﬂerr. '

Olumns of every Order mull-be fo formed, that the upper
C part mull be leﬂEr than the lower, and the middle fome—

what thick: In Diminilhing, it mull be obferved, that by
D 2 how

19

20

“an,

0f Architeilure.

how much longer the Columns are, 1?) much the leis mull they be
diminifhed, in regard that the Height of itiélf works the Eﬁeét
of diminifhing by the Diﬂauce; therefore if the Column be
15‘ Foot high, the Diameter of the Column below muﬂ be di-
vided into 6 ; parts, and the Diameter thereof above {hall be
r; 3'. of thofe parts. If from 1; to 20, the Diameter below muft

_ be divided into feven parts, and fix a; mult be the thicknefs of

the;upper _part-, folikewiie thofe which are from 20 to go,
the Diameter below mult be divided into 8 parts, and 7 muﬂ

be the Diameter of the upper part; and fo the Columns which

,are higher are to be diminilhed proportionably by their iéveral

parts, as Vitmvim them in his fécond Chapter of his third
Book. But now- the Swelling is to be made in the middle,,we
have no more to thew from himrhan a bare Promiie, and there-
fore many have written variouﬂy thereof. I am wont to make
the Proﬁle of the faid Swelling, in this manner; I divide the Bo-
dy of the Column into three equal parts, and leave the lower
third' part perpendicular; at the end of which I lay along thin
Rule as long as the Column, on a little more, and move that art
which reacheth from the third part upwards, and bend it ’till the
end touch at the point of the Diminution, fat the top of the Co.
lumn under the Collarino or Aﬂfﬂgdlg according to that bend-
ing 1‘ proceed, and fo the Column becomes fomewhat fwelled in
the middle, and appears very .handlbme; and althoughl could
not have contrived (beﬁdes thisl a Form either (boner, or more
expedient, or that might be more acceptable, I am yet more
conﬁrmed in this my Opinion; ﬁnce it hath lo much pleaféd
Pr. Cattam’a, that (I. having told him of it) he hath put it into
one of his Works of Arcbiwt‘lure, with which he hath not a

little illuﬂrated this Prdéﬂion.

A B The third part (yr the Column, which" is perpendicular.
B C The two thirds diminifbed. ' ’

C The Point of 2b: Diminmion under the Collarino or
Aﬁragal. ‘

The

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0f Arabiieé‘r'ure. ‘1

The Inter-Columns, that is to fay, the Spaces between the ‘

Columns may be made of a Diameter and —;- of the Column;
and the Diameter is to be taken at the lower part of the Column,
of two Diameters of two and g. of three, and ibmetimes of
more. But the Antients were not wont to allow more than
three Diameters of the Column, except in the Tufam Order,
in which the Architrave is wont to be of Wood 3 they madethe
Inter—Columns very large, not lefs than a Diameter and half; and
this Space they allowed fometimes, efpecially when they made
the Columns very big: but thofe Inter-Columns were molt pre-
ferred that, were of two Diameters and ; of the Column,
and they accounted this the molt Noble and Beautiful manner of
the Inter-Columns.

And you'Ought to take notice, that between the Inter-Columns
and the Columns there ought to be Proportion and Correfpond-
ence 5 for leaving too much Vacancy between fmall Columns,

you will take away great part of their Beauty, becaufe the great ,,

quantity of Air that will be between them will diminifh very
much theirthickneis; and on the contrary, leaving too little

Space to the great Columns, by the Streightnefs and Narrownefs '

of the Spaces, they will appear Gouty and very Ungraceful:
Therefore if the Spaces exceed three Diameters, you mul’t make
the Columns in thicknefs a {Eventh part of their height, (asI
{hall obferve hereafter in ‘the Tufcan Order 5 ) but if the Spaces
{hall be 3 Diameters, the length of the Column mui’t be 7 g or 8,
as in the Doric/t Order; and if 2 g, the length of the Column
mui’t be 9 Diameters, as in the Ionic/é; if 2, 'the length of the Co-
lumn mull be 9 ; Diameters, as in the Corinthian .~ Laf’rly, if I +,
the length of the Column mul’t be 10, as in the Compoﬁta. Con°
cerning theie Orders, 1 have taken this Care, that they may be
Examples for all Other Inter-Columns, which Vztruvim intimates
in the Chapter aforefaid. ' , , '

In the Front of Buildings the Columns ought to, be an even
number, fo that the middle Inter-Column may be made bigger
than the tell, that the Doors and Entries may be the better icen,
which uﬁtally are placed in the middle: And thus much for
Pillar-Work only. .

.But if Galleries be made with Pilaﬁers, they mull be fb diift-i

. 130 e

93

.24

0f Arc-bitea‘ure.

pofed, that the Pilal’ters be net lefs than a third of the Vacancy
between Pilaﬁer and Pilaiier, and theft: at the Corners muli be
two thirds bigger than the Other, that fo the Angles of the Fa-
brick may be ﬁrm and ltrong, .andwhen they are to fupport an
exrraordinary great Weight, asdn very great Buildings, then they
mull be the half of the Vacancy, as more. of the Theatre of
Vicmm, and the Amphitheatre at Capmz .- Or elﬁe two thirds,
as thol'e of the Theatre of Marcellus in Rome, and of the Theatre

. of ngxlms, which now belongs to Signor Lodovz'co dc Gabrie/[i

a Gentleman of that City. The Antients alfo made them fome-
times as large as the whole Vacant, as in the Theatre of Verona,
in that part which is not upon the Hill. But in private Build-
ingsthey are not tofbe made lefs than a third of the Vacant, nor
larger than two thirds, and they ought to be Square; but to
rave Charge and to make Room to walk more freely, they may
be made lefs in the Flank than in the Front.

_ .' And to adorn the Frontifpiece, you may put in the middle of

the Front half Columns, or other Pilaﬁers, which may hear u

the Cornich which {hall be upon the Arches of the Gallery;
and theymuﬁ be as large as their height {hall require, according
to their-feveral Orders, as in the chilling Chapters and Deligns

. may appear, for the underl’tanding whereof, (that I may not repeat

the fame thing often) you may obferve, that I, in the dividing
and meafuring the faid Orders, would nor take a certain and de-
terminate Meafure, which is peculiar to any City, as Cubit, Foot,
or Span, well knowing that Meafures are as various as the Cities
and Countries. But in imitation of Vitmvius, who divides
the Doric/c Order with a Meaﬁire taken from the Thicknefs of
the Column, which is common to all, and by him call’d a Mo.
dale, Iiwill alfo Iérve my felf with fuch a Meafure in all the
Orders, and the Module {hall be the Diameter of the Column,

taken at the Bafe, divided into 60 parts, except in the Doric/t,

in which the Models is to be; the half Diameter of the Column,
and is divided" into go parts; for {b it falls more commodious in
the Compartiments of the {aid Order. Wherefore every one
may férve himfelf (making the Module greater ”or lefs, according
to. the Quality of the Fabrick) With the Proportions and Pro-
libies deﬁgned, convenient to every Order. \ C H A P

0f Architeﬂure;

; CHAP. XIV;-
Of the Tquani- Order.

THE Tufam Order, according to that which Vitmvizzse
writes of it, and is 1‘0 indeed, is the moﬂ ﬁmple and intire
of all the Orders of Architeﬁure, becaufe it retains the mof’t of
Antique way, and wants all thoie Ornaments which render the
others Ii) pleafant and agreeable. This had its @riginah in -’
Tufcana a Place very remarkable in Italy,whence the' Name
is derived; , ’ ‘ ._ . ' '

The Column, with its Bafe and Capitol, ought to be in Length
feven Models, and at the Top are diminifhed a fourth part of?
their Diameter, Having occaﬁon of a Row of Columns of. this
Order only, yOu may make the Inter-Columns very large; be-r
caufé the ,Architraves may be of Wood, and will be very comze.
nient for Country ufe, for the paﬂage in and out of Carts, and

other Country Conveniencies; and beﬁdes, the Charge will be

lefs: But if you make Gates or Galleries with Arches, you muﬁ-r
obferve the'Meafures that I have marked in thejDeﬁgn, in
which you may obferve the Stones 1?) difpofed or joined IOge-

ther, as when the Whole Work is of Stone, the which I have:

' alib direéled, inthe Deﬁgns of the other. four Orders..-

E: ‘ And.

as

:‘M....~M_4M\

' :6 ' ~ ’ V A Of Architegure.
And this way of difpeﬁng and faﬂning the Stones, I have
derived from many ancient Arches, as appears in my

Books of Arches 5 and herein I have uﬁad great Dili-
gencer , ._ _

.- A ArEBitMUe of Wood.

‘ B The Em]: of 2738 Summer: which bear up the Projeﬁmr:
qf zbe Cornice.

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7 Of Architefi’uite.

The Pagan which are made rider the Columns ofthis.

Order mui’r be the height of the Mo el, and made plain. The
height of the Bafe is’ to be the half Diameter of the Column.

This height muﬁ be divided into two equalparts; one is given -

to the Orlo or P/z'mb, which muff be made round; the other
is divided into four parts :. One for the Liﬂella or Gntiure,
which may be made a little leis, and is—allo calledCim/lbizz 3
and in this Order only is part of the Column,'the other tliree
are for the Torus. The Projetfure of this Bafe is a ﬁxth part of
the Diameter of the Column below. This Capital is the height
of half the Diameter of the Column below, and is divided in-
to three equal parts. One-is given to» the Abacus, which from
its Form is‘commonly called Dada, or Dye. The other to the
Ova/o or Ecbiﬁus : And the third is divided into Even parts; of
one is made the Liﬂella under the 071010, and the other ﬁx remain
to the (Marina or Neck of the Column; The Aﬂragal is dou-
ble the height of the Liﬂella under the Ovolo, and the Centre:
thereof is made upon the Line, which falls plumb upon the ﬂuid
Lzﬂella; and upon the fame Line dOth ran the Ptoieaure of the

Gmbia, which is as thick as the Lilia/la; The Proje‘t‘fzzre of" .

the Capitol anfwers to the Body of the Column below, its At-
chitrave is madeof Wood as high as broad, and the titeadth
ought not to exceed. the Body of the Column at the Top; The
Semen which carry on the Eaves, projeaeth a fourth part of
the length of the Column. Thefe are the Meafures of the Taf-
case Order, (as Vitmvius teacheth.) .

A A5417“:

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0f Architeflureg
may; . ' ‘ .‘ ' ‘ f , t I
Ecbz'ﬂm. » L I _ , _ .
Hypotmcbelium, or Prize oflbe Capital.
Aﬂragal. 7' ‘
Bad) (J the Colllmz above.
Body of the Column below.
Amulet Cinﬁure, or Lyle/la,
’Torm. ‘ ‘
Orlo or Plinth I “
Pedeﬂzzl or Sqlobhtaml ‘

The Proﬁles; which ‘are placed by the Plain of the Bafe and;
Capitol, are the Impoﬁs of the Arches.

But:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

36'

0f Architeélure.

(But if they make rhe.Architraves of Stone, it muﬂ be ob-
iérved, what was fpoken before of the Inter-Columns 5 there is
to be ﬁaen fome ancient Buildings, which may be ~faid to be built
according to this Order, becaufe they. retain in part the fame
Meafures as in the Arm of Vi’romz, and Theatre of P014, and
many others; ofwhichl have undertaken the Proﬁles, not only
of the Bale of the Capitol of the, Architrave of the Frizz, and
of theCorm'oe,’ put down in. the laﬁ Page of this Chapter, but
alfo ,thofe of the lmpollsof Arches; and of all theﬁ: Buildings

“ I {hall put the Deﬁgns in" my Books of Antiquities.

Schima R6674.
Corona.
The Projeél'ure of the Corona and the Schimo. R6474.
Cavetto.
Prize.
Architruve.
Ciuzotium.
, Ahuchus.
I Schimu’Rec‘i‘u.
K Iiypormcbelium, or Prize of the C'upz'toL
L A/Irogalur. »
M Body of the Column under the Capitol.
N Body of the Column below.
0 Amulet, or Ciuﬁure.
P 'er, or Sch-hue Rover/u. _
Q Orlo, or Plinth of Ihe BM.

EQW‘MUOW-th

Over-againﬂ‘the‘Archizrave marked F, is the Proﬁle or Deﬁgn
of an Archizmve very curiouﬂy wrought.

CHAR

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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0f Arcbiteél‘ure.

CH AP; , XV.
0f the Dorick Order. ,

HE Doric/é Order had its Original and Name from the
Dorian: a Grecian People which dwelt in Aﬁa; the

Columns, when made alone without Pilaﬁers, ought to be feven \

and a half, or eight Diameters long, the Inter-Columns are
little leis than three Diameters of the Columns. And this
Manner of placing Columns, by Vitruvim is call’d Dyaﬂylas,
but if they join to Pilaﬁers, they mull be, together with the

Bafe and Capitol, Eventeen Models and one third in length 3,
' and you muf’t obferve, that (as I have faid before in the
13th Chapter) the Model in this Order only is the half of
the Diameter of the Column, divided into thirty parts ; and
in all the other Orders it is the whole Diameter divided into
ﬁxty parts.

. Amongﬂ

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0f Architeéi’nre.

Amongﬂ ancient Buildings we lite no Perle/In]: to' this Or-
der; yet they are feen amonglt. the‘ modern: And if you join
a Perle/in! to ‘them, you mull make the Dado of the Pale/241a
perfeﬁ Square, and from it you muﬂ take the Meaﬁrres of its
Ornament, therefore it muﬁ be divided into four etiual parts,
the Bali: with its Zocca or Plinth mui’t be two of them, and the.
Cynzatiunz one, to which mull be joined the Grip or Plinth of
the Bali: of the Column. This kind of Perle/in! may all?) be feen
in the Corinthian Order, as .at Verona, in the Arch which is
called De Lionz'. l have ﬁat down divers Meaﬁrres of Deﬁgns,
which may be joined to the Perle/in! of this Order, which are
all very agreeable, and taken from Antiquity, and are very care-
fully mealiired. This Order hath no proper Bafes; wherefore in
many Buildings you may lee Columns without Bale, as in Rome,
in the Theatre of Marcellus, in the Temple De la Pintn near to
the {aid Theatre, in the Theatre of Vicenzn, and in divers other
Places. But fometimes the Attick‘Bzyé is joined to them, which
adds very much to their Beauty : And here is the Meaﬁire of'it;

The height is the halfDiameter of' the Column, and is divi-r
ded into three equal parts 5 one is given to the Zocca or Plinth:
the other two are divided into two parts, of one is made the
Torus ﬁrperiour, and the 'other which remains is divided into
two, and one is given to the Torn: inferiour, and the other to
athe Scocin or Cnvetto, with its Annular. Therefore if you di-
vide it into ﬁx parts, of one mutt be made the Annnlet above,
and the other that below, and four mul’t remain to the Stacie:
The Projeaure muﬁ be the ﬁxth part of the Diameter of the
Column, the C‘inﬁnre muﬁ be the half of the upper Thrm: If
it be divided from the Bafe, its Projeélure muff be the third
part of the whole ProjeEture of the Bale: But if the Bale and
part of the Column {hall be of one Piece, you mull make the
Cinﬂnre fmall, as you may fee in thethird Deﬁgn of this
Order, where are alfb two Manners Of Impq/i‘r’of Arches.‘

G 3 A Bay

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. "0f Architeﬁure.

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A F Plinth, or Z 0660-.

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0f Architgeﬁure.

The height of the Capitol ought to be the half Diameter of
the Column below, andlis divided into three parts; that. above:
{hall be divided into ﬁve parts, three fhall'be for the Abacus,
and the other two parts for the'Cymazium, the ,which mﬁﬂ'
be fubdivided into three parts; of one is made the Lzﬂel/a, or
Amulet, and of the other two the Scbimq Rena The fecond
part is divided into three equal parts 50116 is given to the Annular,
which are three, and )are equal; the other two which remains,
to the 012010 or Ecbimzs, whofe Projeéihre is two thirds-of its
Height.~ The third principal part of, the laid Capitol .is for
the Hyfolracbelium or Frize' of the Capitol, given to the Colla-
ﬁne; the whole Projefinre is the ﬁfth part, of the Diameter-
of the Column. The Aﬂmgal is as high. as all the three Amm-
leu, am is, in Projeéiure equal to the Body of the Column be-
low. The Amulet or Ciné't'ure is half the height of the 'Aﬂrm-
gal, the Projeé‘mre thereof is plumb. with the Centre of the ﬂuid:
Aﬂragal.

Upon the Capitol is made the Arabitmw, which is to be in;-
height half the thicknefs of the Column, that is to fay, one"
Model; it is divided into iéven, of one is made the Tania,
whole Projeﬂure mul’t be equal to its Height. The whole is die
vided into ﬁx parts, one whereof is given to the Game, the
which ought to be' ﬁx in number, and to the Liﬂella which is:
under the TZ’m'a, which is a third of the faid Guru. The reﬁ is.
divided into feven parts, from the Twin downwards, three where.
of is given to the ﬁrl’t mm, and four to the fecond. The Frize
is in height a Model and a half, the breadth of the Triglipb is-
one Model, and its Capitol is the ﬁxth partiof a Model. The»
Tivglipb is divided into 'ﬁx parts, two whereof is given to the-
two Channels in the middle, and one to the half Channels at
the Extremities, and the other three make the Spaces that are

' below the-laid Channel. The Metopa, that is to fay, the Space.
between two Trg/ipbr, ought to be as broad as high.‘

The Cornice ought to be in height one Model and a fixth
part, and is divided into ﬁve parts and a half 5 two whereof is

given to the Cavma and Ova/o :, the 02225120 is leis thans'

H 2 the

5'!

,5 2

0f Architefz’ure.

the 0min, as much as is the Lyra/a, ’the other three and half

is given to the Caronauand‘ for the Scbim Revwﬁ, and Scbima
Reﬂex. ' - * '

The Camila ought to have in Projeﬂure four ﬁx parts of the
Model, and on its Plain, which looketh downwards, and pro-
jeaeth forth, mull have in length ﬁx Game, and three in

breadth, over the Trg/gpbs With their Liﬂs, and over the
Metopa certain Rofes. -

The Game, or Bells, anfwer to thole which are under the
This, which are made in Form like a Bell.

The Qmm‘ium mull he an eighth part. thicker than the Corona,
and is divided into eight parts, two whereof is given to {the
Orla or Liﬂella, and ﬁx remain to the Cymtia, whol‘e Pro-
jetlure is feven parts and a half; whereupon the Architrave,
the Frize, and the Cornice {an out to be in height the "fourth
part of thelength of the Column; and theie are the Meafures
of the Comice, according to Vizmvz'm, from whom} have .a
littlefwerved, altering the Members, and making them ‘a little

bigger. , ‘

A ‘ Scbima

 

54

0f Architeffure.

A Sckima- R684.

B ScbimavReveIﬁ.

C Corona;

D 00010.

E " gavetto. T

F f be Capital: 0, the ri [i 5.
G Diglipb. f g P

H Metopa

I T672111. 4

K Game. ~
L Primal Fa c'ia.

M

Secmzda quez'a.

Parts of the Capitol;
N Cymatium '

- O Abagbuy.

F 00010, or Ecbims.

Q Annulcts.

R Ibpotracbelium, or Prize.

3 Aﬂragal.

T Liﬁclla, or C‘iﬂﬁare’.

V Badyo the Column.

X‘ Tbeiao lain qf the Capitol, and Model, dzvided‘ into tbirzy
arts.

Y The Under-part of 1b: Corona.

CHAR

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0f Architeé'r’ure; '

C H A P. XVI.
0f tbejlonick Order.

THE Ionic/e Order had its Original in Iom'a a~ Province in

riﬂe; and wearead, that the Temple of Diana at prefus

was Built of this Order: The Columns, with Capitol and Bafe,
are Nine Models long, ‘and by a Model is underﬂood the Dia-
meter of the Column below. The Architrave, Prize, and Cornice
are the ﬁfth Part of the Height of the Column, in the following
Deﬁgn, which is of Columns alone; the Inter-Columns are of two
Diameters and a fourth part. 'And this is the faireﬁ and moi}:
commodious Manner of Inter-Columns, and by Vizruvim is call’d
Euﬂiﬂor. In the other Deﬁgn, which is of Arches, the Pilaﬂets

are in Breadth a third part of the Height of the Arch, and the-

Arches are in Height two Squares.

327 If

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. 0f Arc/ritefz‘ure, ‘ A 6%;

If you put a Pedcﬂal to the Column of the Ionic/é Order, as in
the Deﬁgn of the Arches, it mull be made as high as half the
breadth of the Light of the Arch, and mult be divided into
fevent parts and arhalf; of two of them {hall be made the Bafe
of one; the Qmarium and a half, which remains [hall be for
the Dado, or Square of the Paddle]. ‘

The Bali: 0’: this, Order is in thicknef‘s half’ a Model, and is
divided into three parts; one is for the Plimb; its Projeé‘ture is
the fourth part of the {aid thicknefs, and confequently the eighth
part of a Model. The other two parts of the Bafe are divided
into feven; of three is made the Wiper Torus; the other four
are divided again into two parts, one is given to the Scan}: a-
boVe, and; the other to; that'below, which ought to have more
Projeé‘ture than the Other. '

The Aﬂragals ought to have the eighth part of the. Scotia;
the Cinéi'ure of‘ the Columh is the third part of the Tom: of the
Bafe: But if it be fo-thatyoumake the 82112: join With part of
the Column, you mull make the (inﬁrm fmall, 351 have alfor'
laid in the Doric/é Order; the Gnéi‘ura hath in Pro’eéiure half
_ the Projeéiureaforeﬂiid. Thefebe the Meaﬁires o the lamb/é” ,

Bafe, according to Vitmvim.. ' -

But becaule in many Antique Buildings are féen to this Order
Attic/E Bafes, and to me feems more agreeable; uponthe Per-
deg/Ia], I have deﬁgned the Attick Bale with a fmall Tomr or?
Aﬂmgal under the Cinéi'ure; not omitting therefore to make the
Deﬁgn thereof as Vitruvim teacheth us. I -«

The Deﬁgns L are two different Proﬁles for to make the.
Impoﬁs ofArches; and. of each there is fet down the Meai‘ures"
by Numbers, which thew the parts of aModel, as is done in:
all the other Deﬁgns; theie Impo/ir are in height half as much;

again as. the thicknels of the Pilaﬂer which _, fupports- the
Arch. " '

K x A‘ Body»

mp»

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“EQWVJUO‘

0f Architeﬂure.
Body of the Column. I

4;
Too Aﬁragal, with the Gnﬁwo, which are Momlm': of
tbe Column. » ‘

Upper Torus.~
The Hollow called'S'cotzitz;

The Lower Torus.

The Plimb ﬁlm’d to we Cyomiumoftbe Patio/fol.

‘ p

Cymaiium 1'22 two Form

. Dado, or Plain Sgaare of tbe Pedeﬁal. .

w

84-: in two Forms.

Orlo, or P1521273.

Impoﬂ: ﬁr the Arches.

T9

  

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0f Architeéi‘ure.

To make the Capital, the Foot of the Column muﬂ be divided
into eighteen parts, and nineteen of fuch parts is the breadth
and length of the Abacus, and the half is the height of the Capital
with. the Voluta; whereupon it becomes to be nine parts and
a half high: One and a half is for the Abacus, with its Cym-
tiam, the other eight remains to the Valam, which is made in.
this manner: From the extremity of the Qmatium within is pla-
ced one of the nineteen. parts; and from the Point which is there
made is let fall a Line-Plumb, which divides the Voluita' in the
middle, and is call’d Calbfta; and where the Point falls in this
Line whiCh feparates the four parts and half above, and the three
and half below, there is made the Centre of the Eye of the
Volum, whofe Diameter is one of the eight parts; and from the
laid Point is drawn a Line which interfeéis at Right Angles.
The Catheta divides the Valata into four parts, in the Eye of
\which is formed a Square, the bignefs whereof is the half'Dia—
meter of the {aid Eye. The Diagonal Lines being drawn in it,
in them are made the Point-s- whereon the ﬁxed Foot of the (70272124:
is to [land to make the Valata, and. they are. (computing the
Centre of the Eye) thirteen Centres; as to the Order which mul’t
be obferved in them, it appears by the Number placed in the
Defign. The Aﬂragal of the Column is right againli the Eye of
the Valura; the Valazar are as thick in the Middle as is the Pro-.
jeélara of the Ovalo or Ecbiam, which reacheth beyond the
Abacus {'0 much as is the Eye of the Volara, the hollow of the

5Volm‘a is even with the Body of the Column. The Aﬂragal of» ,

the Column turns about under the Velma, and is always feen, as
appears in. the Platform of the Column; and ’tis natuaral’, that
fo {lender a thing as is the Valata ihould give way to one lb
hard as is 'the Aﬂ‘ragal; and the Velma is always equally di-
, ﬂant from it. ,

They were wont to make in the Angles of Rows. of Columns,
or Porches. of the Ionic/é Order, Capitals, which had the Valata
not only in the Front, but alfo in that part, that making the Ca-
pitol as they were wont to do, would be the Flank; whereupon-
they come to have the Front on two Sides, and are called Aa—

galar Capitals; and how they made them, I {hall demoni’trate in '

V my Book (9‘ Rwy/er.

\

A Abacus:

7!

72‘

‘ 0f Architeﬁnm
A Abacus. ’ ,
B Hollow: 9‘ the Velma.

C 00010, or Ecbirzm. ' « *'
D Aﬂr’agal under the Ecbinw»,

E Cinfiure, or 117272241”.

F Body of the Column: '

G Line ca/l‘d Caz/Jam, ‘ ‘ .' I

On the Platform of the Capitol of theColumn the faid Meme

bers axe marked with. theﬁlme Letters.
3 The Eye of the Velma, Eda-1472c Farm.

Members of the 54/2,», acc’ording to Vitruvius.

K Body of the Columm.

L Cinélure, or Aweigh

M Toma: ,

. N Scozia printa; '

O Radian, or Aﬂmgal. _
P Scon'a fc’cmzdzz.

Q Orlo, ‘or Plimb.

R; Projcﬁure of If): Ede.

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0f Arcbzteﬁure.

The Arcbilrave, Frizz, and Cornice, make (as! have laid)
the ﬁfth partof the height of the Column; and the whole is
divided into twelve parts, the Arbcimwe four, the Frize three,
and the Cornice ﬁve: The Arcbz'zrave is divided into ﬁve pig;
of one is made the Cymtium, and the tell are divided into

twelve, three are given to the Exit Fafcz'a and its Aﬁmgal, four
to the fecond and its Aﬂmgal, and ﬁve to the third.

The Cornice is-divided into feven parts 3;, two are given. to
the Static and Ovolo, two to the Modiﬁom, and the % to the Co-
rona and Shim Katie, and projeéleth forwards, as much as its
thicknelé. ‘ - .

I” have deﬁgned the Front, the Flank, and the Platform, of

the quizog the Architrave, Prize, and Chrm'ce, with their con~
Venient Sculptures. ,

A Sabina

75'

61': Arcbitﬁ

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A Scb‘ima R6124.

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K L M are tbeﬁﬂ, ﬁcoml, and tbird‘Fq/dm

Members oflthe. Capitol.
N Abacus. ‘

O Hollow of tbe Valium
P 022010, or‘Ecbz'nm.

Q Aﬂmgal Jib: Column;
R Body qf £196 Colzmm

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’ 1 0f Arc/aireéﬁtret A

C H A P. XVII;
0f the COrinthian Order. .

A T (brimb a noble City of Pc/oponmfe, 6r Mom, ﬁrﬁ of

all was found the Order which is call’d Corinthian; ‘
which is more Adorned and Beautiﬁed than any“I have yet

treated on._ . _

The Columns are like the Ianicté, ,and with‘ the Rail: and
'Capitol joined to (them, they are nine Models and a half long.
If you make them ﬂuted, they muﬂ have 24 Flutes or Chan;

nels which mutt be made half fo'deep as broad: The Plains»-

or Spaces between one Flute and the other mull be a third part
of the breadth of the faid Flutes. The Architrave, Frize and

Cornice are a ﬁfth part of the height of the Column; in the \

Deﬁgn of Columns alone, the Inter-Columns are two Diameters,
as is the Portal of St. Maria Rotunda in Rome; and this Form:
of Rows of Pillars is by Vitmvz’m call’d Sy/lylos. And in
that of Arches the Pilaﬂers are of two parts of ﬁve of the
Light of the Arch; and the Light of the Arch is in height
two Squares and a half, the thicknels of the ﬁrﬁ Arch being.
comprehended. ' , .

M The

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The Eddie] under the Garimbian Column mutt be in height l

a fourth part of the length of the Column; and beingdivided
into eight parts, one is given to the 'Gmriam, two to: its Bafe,
and ﬁve remains to the Dado or Plane of the Perle/la]; the Baji:
mull be divided into three pays, two for the Zorro or Plinth,
and one to the qum'ce. , 5

The Bqﬂ’ of the Column is the shtick, hut in this Order it
differs from that which is put to the Doric/t Order: In this the
Projetfiure is the ﬁfth part of the Diameter of the Column,
whereas in the Doric/t it is the ﬁxth part; it may alfo vary in
fome other parts, as may be feen in the Deﬁgn, where alto is
fet down the Impoﬂr of the Arches, the which is in height one
half more than the thicknefs of the Membrmo, that is, to fay,
the Pilqﬂer which bears up the Arch. , ‘

Alia-(by

88

0f Architeﬁure.

A Bab: of the Column. ‘

f3- Ceimﬁ'zére and Aﬂmgafs of the comm.
C The thief Tbrm‘ T I
D Stacie with the Aﬂragals.
E The Lower Toms.

F Orlo, or letb 0f the 84/2? f ﬂan d to the Cimatium of 1/26
Peddi‘al. , -

G Cimarium

H Dado, or Hm of the P69614241.
I Corona of the Bqﬁ: L

, K 0710,” Plinth d the Bch‘.

The Imp/is qubc AM) u a: the Side of the Column

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"Theiara‘Wtbim-ﬁapitol oughtatotbe as high’as fthe’ immerse?
.'thetColumn'below,fand'a ﬁxth part Emore,thich is alleviatedwo
the Abacus ,t'the treﬁ-is- diitide'd iintoi-three'egual part-sgthe Brit
reg-given roar-herﬁrlttkea'f, =the'ifecond to thekfecohd 5 and athe‘ftli'ird
is divided again - into *two, and of that part/next the mama's
‘made-'the~vGaulicoYiuWith the Leaves, which léem to ‘ﬁrpport them
whence =they grow, and therefore *the'JStalk f from whence they.
grow mullfh‘e made'thi-ek, and «in theiriFoldings mull ¥dimhﬁlh
by little and little: The Example hereof is taken L'frorri‘l’lan'ts,

which“ are bigger at, the Root than at the Extremity of the?

Branches. The Bell, which is the Body of the Capitol under
the Leaves, ought to be .direét to the Bottoms of the Flutesof
the Column.

T 0 make the Abacus, that it may have a convenient Projec‘i'ure,
make the Square AB C D, each Side whereof mull be a Model
and half, and the Diagonal Liner mult be drawn in it from one
Angle to the other; and where they interfet‘r each Other in the
Point E, which is the Middle and Centre of the {aid Square, the-

' ﬁxed’Foor 6f the‘CompaTs mU‘ll‘b'e ﬁlaced', and‘rowards' eaEh "An- /

gle of the Square mull be marked a Model, and where the Points
FGHI are, the Lines mull be drawn which interfeél at Right
Angles with the faid Dingonals, and that they may touch the
ﬁdes of the Square in LMN 0. Thefe {hall bet‘the Bounds of.
the Projcﬁure, and how much the length is, 16 much {hall be
the breadth of the Horns of the 111mm. '

The Curvature, or hollowing of the Adams, is made by laying

along a Thread from one Horn to the other, which is from the

Point L to the Point N, then from the faid Points draw two Arches-
of Circles, then let in.one Foot of the Compallés inthe lnterfeElion
thtl‘thePdint P; with the other defcribe the Arch, which will
make the hollowng or Curvature of the Aﬂmgal of the Column,
and is fo made, that the Tongues of the Leaves touch it, or rather
advance a little beyond, and this is their Projeﬁure. The Role
ought to be as large as the fourth part of the Diameter of the
Column at the Foot: The Architrave, Frize, and Cornice, (as I
have laid) are to be a ﬁfth part of the height of the Column,
and the whole is to be divided into twelve parts, as in the Ionic/é :
But here is the difference; in this the Cornice is divided into eight

N 3 '_ parts

9?

?4

Of‘Arcbiteﬁure.

parts and half 3 of one is made the Imablimm;' of the other
the Dmdz'culi, of the third the 012010, of the , {Ourthv and ﬁfth
the Modiliam, and of the other three and half the Corona and
the Scimat The Cornice hath as much Projeﬂure as it is high,
the Coffers or Places of the Rofes that go between the Modiliom
muﬁ be fquare, and the Modilz'om as big as half the Plain of the
ﬁid Roiés. The Members of this Order have not been marked
with letters, as. the foregoing, becauie by them theie may eaﬁly
be underﬂood. .

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1

Of Architeéfure. I

CHAR‘XWH’

I 0f the Compoﬁta Order.

THE Compoﬁm Order; which is alfo call’d Roman, hecaufc

it was an Invention of the Ancient Romam, and is fo call’d
hecaufe it partakes oftwo of the aforefaid Orders; and the molt
Regular and‘ Beautiful is that which is compounded of the Ionic/E
and Corinthian; it is more [lender than the Corinthian, and may
be made like it in all parts, except in the Capitol.

g Thefe Columns ought to bein length ten Models; in the
.Deﬁgn of Columns alone, the Inter-Columns are one Diameter
and a half, and this manner is call‘d by Vz'truvz'us, Pimoﬂi/oy.
In thofe of Arches, the Pilaﬂcrs are half the Light of the Arch ;

'and the Arches are in height under the Vault two Squares and

half, that is to fay, two Diameters and half of the Light of the:

.Arch.

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And becaufe (351 have faid) this Order ought to he made
more neat and ﬂender than the Corinthian, its Peale/2‘41 is to be
the third part of the height of the Column, and is divided into
eight parts and a half; of one part is made the Cymatizm of the
Bag/é, and five and half remains to the Dado or Plimb of the
Pedcﬂrzl; the BM:- of' the Peddial is divided into three parts,
two is given to the 20:00 or Plinth, and one to-‘its Toim with

ijmzium.

The Bafe of the Columnr- may he made Attic/h as in the Ca-
rimbian; and it may“ alfo be compounded of the Attic/E and
the Ionick, as appears in the Deﬁgn. The Pnﬂe of the Impoﬂ'
of the Arches is by the tide of’ the Plain of the P5516124], and its;
height is as much as the thiekgefs of the Membrane;

E“ 21’ ' The.

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0f Architeﬁure;

The Capitol of the Conga/[ta Order hath the fame Meaﬁires as
the Corinthian, but it diﬁets from it in the Valuta, Ovolai“*Fuﬂz-
rain or Fufe, which are Members attributed to the Ionic}, and
the way ‘of making it is thus: From the. Abacus downwards
the Capitol is divided into three parts, as in the Corinthian :
The ﬁrﬁ is given to the ﬁrﬂ Leaves, the Econd to the fecond
and the third to the Vo/uta, which is made in the ﬂame manner?
and with the fame Points with the which the Ionic/é is laid it;

be made, and takes up fo much of the Abacus, that it feems to‘

grow out of the Ova/o near the Flowers which are put in the
middle of the Curvatures of the faid Abacus, and is as thick in
the Front as the breadth of the Horns thereof, and a little more:-
T he 00010 is as big as three parts of ﬁve of the Abacus, and its-
lower part begins tight againli the lower part ‘of the Eye of'the
Vbluta: It hath in Projeﬁurag parts of its height, and is with
its Projeft‘ura perpendicular to the hollow of the Abacus, or a"
little more. '

The Fuji: is a third part of the height of the Ova/a, and hatlr
in Pioja‘iure fomething more than the half of its thicknefs,

and turns about the Capitol under the Valura, and is always.

feen. The Gardatten or Moulding, which goes under the Fufe,
and makes the Orla of the Bell of the Capitol, is the half of the
Fuﬁ': The Body of the Bell anfwers direét with the Bottom of
the Flutes of the Column, of this fort I have then one at Rome,
from which I have drawn the ﬁid Meafures, becaufe it appeared
to me very beautifhl and well order‘d.

There are Capitols made after another manner, which may be
call’d Campqﬁta, of which {hall be diﬁouriéd, and the Figures
thereof {hall be put in my Books if Antiquities.

The Arcbirrave, Frize, and Cornice are the ﬁfth part of the
height of the Column; and their Compartiments may be well
known by that which hath been laid before in the other Orders,

and by the Numbers placed in. the Deﬁgn.

Q CHAQ

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0f Arc/aireﬂure.
1 ~ C HA P: XIX.
A I . 0f Pedéyizrlr

_ HIthertoI‘ have difcourfed (what to me feemed convenient)
of Walls, and their Ornaments, and in particular trjucliiiig~

the Pale/i111: which may be applied to every Order, but
becaufe it appears that the Antients had not a regard to make
the Pedqﬂal bigger fbr the one Order than for the 'other, although
this part much adds to the Beauty and Ornament, when it is
made with Difcretion and Proportion to the other Parts, to
the end that the Archite‘é‘ts may take notice, and ferve them-
felves, upo’n Occaiion, and know that they, made them ibmetimes
Square, that is ﬂy, as long as broad, as in the Arch Di Liom' at
Verona. And theie I have aﬂigned to the Doric/t Order, becauie
~it tequiresSolidity; fometimesi they are made taking the Mea-
fure from the Light of the Arch, as in'the Arch of Tim; at Sanﬁa
Maria Now in Rome, and in that of Trajan on the Gate of
Antone, where the Bede/7a! is half the height ofthe'Light of the
Arch.‘ and of that kind of Pede/ia/I have put to the Ionic/c
, Order; and fometimesthey took the Meafure from the height
of the-Column, as is feen at Safa a City ﬁtuate at the Foot of
the Mountain which divides Italy item France, in the Arch made
to the Honour of Auguﬂus Cider, and in the Arch of Pole a City
of Dalmatia, and in the Amphitheatre of Rome, in the Ionic/é.
and Corinthian. Order; in whichBuilding the Pale/Li! is the
fourth part of the height of the Column, asI have made in

the Corinthian Order. .In Verona, in the Arch Di Caﬂel Veccbio, ‘

which is very beautiful, the Pedsﬂal is anthird of the height of

the Column, as I have put in the Compaﬁm Order; and theie

are the handfomeﬁ Forms of Fade/101:, and have the belt Propor-

tion with their Other Parts ; And when Vitruvim, difcourﬁng of'

Theatres, makes mention of the qugio, you may know' that the
R

Poggio

121

1 a 2 - * 0f ﬂrclyiteéi‘ure.

Poggz'o is, the fame with the Paddle], which is the third of the
length of the Column put for Ornament. of the Scene; but of
Peale/241:, which exceed 33 third of thetColunm, Inch are feen
at Romain the Arch ‘ afﬁx/igniting, Where the Pads/Ia]: are two
parts and:T half of the height of the Column; and almoﬁ in all
the anCi'ent Fade/2‘41: the Baﬁes are obferv’d to have been made
\ twice as" big as the ijm'um, as ‘is ﬂeet: in my 3001: of ’
Archer. ~~

‘C H A P. XX.
‘ _, " Of‘Eﬂ‘oﬂ’.‘

9

Aving i‘et down the Ornaments of the Architeéiure, that
H is to lay, the ﬁve Orders, and {hewed how they are
made, and laid down the‘Proﬁles of each of their Parts, which;
I found that the Antiens. did obferve; it feems to me not unﬁt
here to acquaint the Reader of many— Abufés, which being
brought in by the Barbarous, are yet oblérved; to the end that
the Studious in this Art may avoid them in their own Works,

’ and u derﬁand them in‘ others. ~ / ‘

I fay. then, that Architeéiure (as all other Arts are) being
Imitatrix of‘Nature, accountsnothingtole‘rable which is eliran—
ged, and diﬁers from that which is natural: Wherefore we ft:
that thofe Ancient Architeéts who built with Timber, wit
they. began to build with Stone, direﬂed that the; Columns
might be lefs at the Ton than at thefBoot; taking Example from
Trees, which are lefs at the Top than » in'the Trunk,'and neat
the Root. Likewife, becaufe it isi‘very convénient that thofc‘
Things upon which any great Weight is put, iho‘uld bepreﬂ‘ed,
under; the Column they put a Bzfe, which with their Thrust.
and Stacie: feem by, the Butcher], over them to be fwelied; lb alib:

m-

Q“ Ambrteﬁure 1' 2 3
in the Cornice: they bring in the ﬁgﬁpbr, Modilidm, and“ the" -
Dmtz'ls;_which fhould 'repreiEnt the Heads of the Joiil‘s, Whiéli
in the Ceiling are placed to bear up the Root, The ﬁnite may
be obferved: in-all other parts, if ym’a‘re Chriou's’: And being (6, -
you cannot but blame that Form-of Building which deviates from
that which Nature inﬁrué‘teth, and from that Simplicity which-
is direéied in Things by her predated, framing (as it were), ano~
ther Nature, and departs from the true, good, and hand'fome
manner ot'Buildings, for which reafon you ought not (inﬁ'e’adiof
Columns or- Pi/aﬂers, Which are to beat up fome great Weight) to.
place Car-touches, which are certainScroles, Which to the Iiitelli-
gent féetn Deformed, and to the Ignorant rather Confuﬁon than
l’leafureginor do they produce-other Eiiesits than encreaie the,

‘_\ Charge of the Builders. Likewiie you muft not. make any of
thoie Cartoacber come out of the Cornice s, for it is requiﬁte that
all the parts of the Cornice be made to fome End, and to make
appear what it would be if the Work were framed of Timber.
And beiides, being it is convenient that, to hphold a great Weight,
fomething felid and ﬁt to fbpport that. Weight be reguire'dg'
queftionlefs thoie Cartoucbc’: are altogether fuperﬂ'uous, 'be'caufe'

.it is impoﬂible that any Timber whatever could really perform »
What thefe feem -, for feigning it felf to he {an and" gentle,

I know not' by what Rule they put them ,under any thing

heavy and hard. But that which (in my Opinion) imports

much, is the Abuie in making Frontifpieces of Doors, Win-

dows and Galleries, divided in the middle, becauie they were

made to defend the Inhabitants from Rain 5 Iknow nothing

more contrary to natural Reafon, than to divide, and open

that'Part which the Antients, inﬁruaed by Neceiiity it fclf‘,

.did make whole, and raiiéd in the middle, to {how that it
ought to ferve to defend the Inhabitants of the Houfe, and

thofe that enter therein, from Rain, Snow, and Hail. And al-,

though Variety and Novelty [hould pleafe all, yet we are not to

go againﬂ thePrecepts of Art, and that which Rea-fan demons ,

ﬁrates; whence We fee, that although the Antients did vary, yet

they never departed from the eneral and neceﬂary Rules of Art,

as may be feen in my Book 0 "Antiquities: Ali?) concerning the

' . R ‘ 2 Projeé’ture

:24

0f Architeﬁure.

Egojeélure of the (bruit; and Other. Ornaments, _‘tis no ,fmall
Abufe in making. them come: too forward ghecanfe when they
exceed that which ateording,to Reaion‘ is ﬁt. for them, efpeeially
it they be in’a eloie Place, they ieem narrow and and uncomely,
and put Fear in thofe Which [land underneath, threatning always
to Fall 5, you ought asmuch to avoid making the Cornice difpro-
portionable to the Column putting great Cornice: upon little Co-
lumns, or upon great Columns. little Cornices, who doubts but
that fuch a Building will feem very. illrfavout’d ? Beﬁdes, to
make the Columns feem to be of feveral parts, making Rings,

and Wreathings about them, as it were to hold them together,

ought as much as may be to be avoided 5 becaufe how much the .
mote intire and ﬁrong theColumns appear, fo much the. more
they perform the Deﬁgnfor which theyare placed, which is to
tender the Work above fecute , and ﬁrm. Many Other-like
Abufes might be reckon’d up, as of fome Members which in the
Earn-ice; are made difproportionable to the other 3 which, by what -
I have lhewn before, and by that which is now faid, may be-
eaﬁly known; It’temains now, to come to the difpoﬁng of the

. Particular and Principal Partsof the Building.-

 

) .

i c H A, P. XXI.

0f Galleries, Entries, Halls, Anti-
Chambers and Chambers, and of

their Prqvortiomi

GAlleries, for the molt part, are wont to be made on the
Wings and Sides, or on the Front; they ferve for many Ac-
commodations, as ,Walking, Eating, and other Diverriléments,
and they are made bigger .or lelier, according to the Greatnefs
and Conveniency of the Building, but ordinarily they ought

not

0f Architeﬂure.

not to have leis thati 16, 18, aiid 20 Foot 1n breadth, and iii

great Buildings unto 271,; and their length at leaﬁ ﬁve times their.

breadth, ﬁx,- feven, or eight times at molt

Exompfe , _' e

Let A A repreﬁnt a Gallery; the breadth whereof" is A B you-'
muﬁ give it in length ﬁve times its breadth unto the Number ‘

marked 5', or ﬁx times unto the Number 6, or ﬁeven times unto

. 7 the Number 7, or lal’tly, eight times unto the Number 8, Which ,,

is the gteateft length allowed to Galleries. , .
A - —' , A:-;,_

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And heﬁdes, etery Houfe Well compofed, ought to have in

the middle and chiefeﬁ part iome place to the which all the

Other part of the Houfe may relate and appertain, which Place ..

I 2 5

vulgarly is call d E7117}, Lobby, or Poﬂoge, if it be below, and - '

the Holl,if1t be above, and is in the Houfe as a common Place;

for it ferves to entertain thoie who attend the Matters going .

forth, to ialute him, and negotiate with him- -, and fueh Places
are the: ﬁtﬂ part of the Home that prelent themieltes to thofe
that would enter therein. The Holly ie‘tve .fOr Feaﬁs, Nupa

tials, and Banquets, to at} Comedies, and to take" ether fuch-K

like Pleafures and Enioyments, therefore it is that thefe Places

ought to be greater than other, and of a capacious Form, to the ~

End that many Perions may commodiouﬁy be there entertained,
and behold what' IS done. - .

0f the Proportion which 212611411: orig/aria have. ,
As for my part, I have not been accuﬂomed to allow to the

length of Hall: lefs than twice their breadth or twice and;
a third

m6

. 0f Ambiméfm‘g,
gland hartqf the. breadth, at molt. And to. gag Bummer You

y allow. thelehgt’hto bethree tunes the _ 7 th, Whereupon
they; will be To m‘u'Ch the more healthful andscohteqient. .

Examples:

__‘.

ﬂet AA prefent a.Hall,..the. breadth whereef 13,111), having
24 Foot, within the Work, you may allowth'e length twice the
breadth unto the Number marked 2, to wit, 48.]?0bt in length.
form, Foot in breadth, or twice the, breadth, and 3.. more unto
the Number marked 2 7;, . to wit, 54 Foot long for 24-100: broad,
or twice the breadth, and 3; more unto the‘N‘umber marked 2 g,
to wit 56 Foot long for 24 Foot broad; or laﬁly, to greapBuild- ‘
ings theHa/l may have ‘in length thLQQLimeS. W, unto the
Number marked}, to wit, 72 Foot long for 24 Foot broad.

A x. ,L ” _ mA.

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The Ami-Cbrmzbers and Chamber: ought to be f0 ‘di-vided,

that they fall on each Side of the E2212)», and of the Hall;

and yen mull take heed that thofe on {he-Right Hand may an-
iwer, and be equal to theft: On-theLeft, to the end that the Rudd

ing may be on one Side as on the other, and the Walls beat
equally the Burden of the Roof.

0f the Prapartioh of Anti-Chambers.

A well preportion’d Ami-Chamber ought 'to have in length

the Didﬁo’Z-dl'Line 0f tthquare of the breadth, or, the breadth

. and 7:. at moﬁ.

Example

Wifaraéﬁafrﬂ \Wgﬁ J (Aﬁi-C‘ﬁéﬁiﬁew.

Let. #11301) jbexa Square, whereiof each Side [is 24 Feet;

, and the; Diagonal-Line. thereofbging ﬂrawn A C, ,the‘iélme length

that thé Diagoml is of, you-muff give to the {aid Ami-Chamber
from A unto E, from D unto F, in thismamer. ‘

 

 

The Ami—member Will have 34 Footiniégth to 24 Foot:
in breadth.

it ' 1"
t.

Example

1;: 8 » OfAr'cbit‘eEhzm

Eframpleiyf the Sewn?! Bigneﬁ JAmiéCb'mbmr;

Let ABC D" be a-Square, of which each-Sideisv 24_7F00t, as
before, and- to the" faid‘~A{BCD-the half their—length, to wit,
12~Footgfrom B to-F, and; from C toG, you {hall make the
.Anri:§bambcr 363002 in length to 24~Fb0t in breadth.

 

431572.172 349. at
, ..l L . 1
ﬂ .

-3,61 . t
.D I c *Q

 

 

 

:;0f the Proportion: qf Cbambem.

As for the» Chambers, you may make therefore ﬁve Sorts and -
Proportions; for they are either Square, or they may be in
length their breadth, with an eighth part, a féventh, a ﬁxth, or
a ﬁfthgpart above their breadth. '

Exa mple

i-Of—erbiteﬁm‘.‘ " 4 f 1:119

Example of the Fit]? Biking/i If Chambers.

Let A B C D be a perfeE’t Square, of which the four Sides
and the four Angles may be equal, this {hall be the bigneﬁ of

the Chamber.

 

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‘ 3 £914»:er qf the Swami 1'

(Ll-245456781}
1.27 Bl"

 

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.D C'JE‘

Let A B C D be :1 Square, whereof each Side is 24 Footg
you may divide one of the faid Sides into eight equal parts,
whereof each may be three Foot, add one of the {aid parts to
the SideA B, and continue it to E, and as much to the Side
DC continue to F, and you will make the Chamber 27 Foot

l P tb d .
ong to the 24 oo ma 8 Example

“ " jafﬁw‘m

, Example e’tbeTbM ' ,‘

Let ' ABCDhe 3: Squats.-,s.as_fihefmeﬁ 0;? afoot to each
:Side; (Wide the Sidﬁ (if-AB inmjeuenequalg; arts; add to, 1:.
one, Centinuing the fame to E; and the Stde ' C unto F, the
faid ,dember will have 27 Foot, 5 Inches and '7, Bart 1n length,
to 24 Feet in breadth.

 

 

Example of. the Fourth.

I Let ABCD, as before, he a

_ Square, bavin on each Side 2‘
Foot: Divide one of the Sides, as A B, into ﬁxg equal parts; adg~ ‘
thereunto one of the faid parts, drawing the 12:.

id Side unto E,

8 Feet long to:

and DC unto F, you will make the Chamber. 2
24 Foot broad. .

A ‘ 13;sz
11234-56 {
28

‘1‘ .
ﬂ

 

 

(fihﬁwﬂm, 13F

Ekample 01-412; Eﬁﬁ and 14;]! 131324;: qubambers. ,

Let the Figure AB CD be as before, each Side. thereof to be
24 Foot: Divide one of the Sides into Five equaL arts; add
one of the faid parts, drawing the Side ‘AB untO ', and DC
unto. F, yQu will make the Chamber 28"Foot 9 Inches, and 7 L;—
in length to 24 Footin breadth. ' ‘ .

 

 

 

 

 

1 1'1!
1125-355
18-92 "
12. Q.
Du c 1‘
S; CHAR:

' - 713:2

_Q°-Archite5furé
* CH ATP," ' XXII.

0} Floors and ,Superﬁcies ; . of Depart-
'menta‘, Planchers, and FlatCeili‘ngs;

AFter having‘ Teen the F orms of Galleria, Ham, Anti—Chaﬁ-
herr, and Chamber:; -it is needful to difcourle of Floors--
or Superﬁcies, of chrarmmn, Plumbers, and Flat Ceilings.
Floors or Superﬁcim may be of S hare Tiles, or hard Stone,
oriof Marble, or fmall Squares of gamenters Work, and may

.be made of divers-Sons, and divers Colours, according to the

variety of the Materials, which renrler: them very agreeable-
to the Eye: In Lodging Chamber: they are feldom made of.
Marble, or other hard Stone, hecaufé in the Winter they. will
be too' cold; but in Galleries, or. OtherPublick Places, they,

' will agree very well.

This fort of Floors afﬁne/l Sguarcr d-‘Carpeutér: Work may
he few at Somerfét-Houfe; (f which, being (1 .Novelty in En-

gland, I though! good (a prtﬁwt the Delign Ihreoj; althozzgh not,
5722 my Amhor.

a You '

 

 

 

, x ..:.: ‘-

.3-

‘ k M'.‘ L“.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

_. walla-tame! ‘

a You mull take heed that the Hall, Ami-Chamberr; and: Chime:
667:, whichare of the fame Story, may have all 'the'Floors or .

Pavements equal, in fuch manner» that the Thtefholds may-not
\be higher than the tell.

The 'Plambem are alfo made '"di‘vers ways; for fame there ,

areLthat take oleafure to make them very handfome, of‘well-

‘ wrought Joiﬁs, where you may take notice, thatéthe Joills mult-
be dil’tant the one from the; other the thicknefs‘ of‘a Joiﬂ‘and»

half, and lo the Ceilinglwill be very ha‘ndfom‘e : ‘And there will
~ be fo much Wall betWeen the Ends of the Joiﬂs, ,as will be fulﬁ-

cient to bear‘up‘the Walls about it, whereas if‘ they {land wider:

one from the other, it will be very ill favour’d; and if clofer,

”twill be as a dividing of the ’upper’ Wall from the lower 5 and -,

if the JOil’ts rot, or be confumed by Fire, the Wall, of neceﬂity
mull be» ruin’d. -

Others. will have Compartments of Plaif’ter, or Wood, enrich-'-

ing them with Piaures,.and gilded Work," and‘ beautiﬁe them

according totheir various—Rumours, wherefore in this there can.»

be given no certain or determinate Rules.

 

C HAP. XXIII;

0f the Height of Halls, Anticham-bers, l

and Chambers.

Aﬂs,’ Ami-Chambers, and Chambers, are made either Arched
_ _ «or Flat: If you make them ﬂat, divide the breadth into
three-"parts, and two of thofé parts lhall be the height of the
Story, from the Floor to the Joilt.

Example

1:35 g

i136; _ ' 0f AgMiteEZgre:

Example of Ike Fir/1 rHeILebt of Halls, Anti-Chambers;
.qrzd Chambers: ' . ~

Let the Figure “M reprefént the member whole Height you
would ﬁnd, which ﬁrppofe to have in breadth 24 Foot within
(the Work, which .fhall be divided upon the Line AB into three

‘ equal parts, with Points, where ~is marked the Numbers 1, 2, g.
each-part being .8.Foot; ”two of each :parts {hall be the Height
30f the'ZCbgzmber, to wit, .16 .Foot from the.Floor to the Joiﬂ.

 

w—

3

And if you ’would have it Higher, the Breadth mutt be

divided into feven parts; take thereof ﬁve, which will give
:the Height. _ .

HEIGHT 76" ~ .

 

’ Ewmple

0f Hrqhiteﬁ’ure. . -i =1 37

“ 'Exemple'aftbe‘SétbndHfgbt; , :

Let the Figure N be of the time breadth as the foregoihg,’
to wit, 24. Foot within the Work, which {hall be divided upon
the-LineA B into Seven equal parts; take thereof ﬁve to make
the height of the StorykA C and 3D, the faid height fwill be
17. Foot 2 Inches from the Floor unto the Joiﬂs. “ [1,, ' _

.4

. .

 

CM N ‘ 'D

_.

20.

.J

—

amziuni I

 

A ‘ l O a l : .' 1E

 

/

0t divide the ﬁzid‘ height into four parts, and three of thoié
parts will likewife give a greater height. V

I. T I h »' Example

.138,

Q” ‘Arcbi’teﬁ‘ure‘.
\ ,
1‘3anng “fiber .T 111%} Height, yé‘t3~bz;gber.

Let r-the Figure 0 be of the ﬁme breadth as the former; to-
wit, bf 24'Eoot withi‘n theWork, which {hall be divided upon
the Line A B into but equal parts, three thereof yOu muﬂ
takefo‘r theih‘eightof the-Story, fo it will- be bf 18'Foot.from.
the Floor to the your; ' , " i e ‘

 

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. e»

f ‘5 ,

 

 

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j;

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A. 'tr

 

13,

 

: C. H AP. XXIV

Of the: Proportion oft/ﬂed Height of Chm-

'bers of the Second Story.

. H E'Hei‘ght of. Chamber-s of the Second 3th {ball be a;
I Twelfth part leﬁ thanthe Chambers Below. .

Example of the Height cf zbaSecoml Story in the

Figure marked M.

Be it, as it is‘ﬁid in the Figure marked M, its ﬁrﬁ Story
36 Foot from the Floor. to the Joiﬂ, divide the faid I6 Folot illlto
\ we ve

GfAchzteéi'ure

8 Inches fer the Height of the Second Story ﬁrm the Floor to
the Joiﬁ.

Example of the Second Story of the Figure marked N.

Be it, as it is j"ifaicl 1n the Figure marked N, its Firﬂ Story of

7Foot 2 Inches high from the Floor to the Joif’t, divide the
{laid 17 Foot 2 Inches into Twelve e ual parts, take thereof 11,
which 7will make 1; Foot 7 Inches, or the height of the Second
Story from the Floor to the Joiﬂr

Example of the Height of the Second Story of 27212 Figure 0.

Be it, as it is Iaid in the Figure 0, its Firﬂ Story of 18 Foot
from the Floor to the joiﬂ, divide the {aid 18 Foot into Twelve
equal parts, take thereof 11, which will make 16 Foot and
a half for the height of the Second Story from the Floor to
the Joiﬁ.

C HA P; 3‘4XXV.’

I 10f tbe Proportion of Halls, Anti-Cham-
bets, and Chambers, of the Firﬂ Sta-
ry, which are ﬂicked.

IN great Buildings, the Hall, Amri- Chambers, and other Rooms
of the Firft Story, may be Arched, whereupon they will be
much more handfome, and leis fubjeﬁ to Fire: Their Height is
madeb ~ ’viding the Breadth into ﬁx parts, and thereof take

 

live, 1111 ch will give the Height that it ought to have from the ‘

Floor or uperﬁcies unto the Bottom of the Key of the Arch.

T 2 Example

“fl-“3’9

Twe‘lve equal parts, take Eleven, which will make 14 Foot ’

1.49

height._

«Ofﬂrcibiteﬂure.

E ‘le 0 the d’r “Height of Halts," Anti-Chambers, ad. I
: x4721}? f Cflz'zlrlnbers, which fzreArcbed.

Let ’the Figure marked A be of 24. Foot 1n breadth, more or
iefs, and be ‘d’ix‘rided into: ﬁx equal Parts, take thereof ﬁve
which will make it - 20 Foot high from the..F}oor unto the, bot.
tom of the Key oftheArch.

 

 

 125¢56

.‘And if yog woutd haVe one higher; you 'mui’t divide the
feud breadth mto elght parts, and feven thereof {hall be the

Example

Of-Hrcbiteéi’ure; ‘ ' 141'

Example; of tbaﬂcondliegbi.

Let the Figure B, having the_\Iame breadth as the formers»:r
Foot within the Work, be dividedivinto eight equal parts, and
take thereof feven, which will‘g’make ‘21' Foot tor the height»
from the Floor unto the bottom of the Key oftheArch.

     
  

 

 

3‘1.-. l- 7r»! ,
4‘2 345'6‘78’ , _

And if you divide the ﬂame breadth into Twelve parts, you-*-
muﬂ take thereof Eleven, which will make it higher.

Example 3222;; third, ya higher.

Let the Figure C be of' 24 Foot broad within the Work; as A
the former, divide the 24 Foot into Twelve equal parts, take .
thereof Eleven, which make 22 Foot in height from the Floor:
unto the bottom of the Key of the 'Arch;

 

 

CHAR

14,2”. § _ of Archreem,

C H A P. XXVI.

1 0f theiproportion of the Height of Cham-
bers of the Second Story.

STHE comm of the Second Story mutt be raiféd a ﬁxth ’
. part leis than the Chamber: belQW; A

1 . - Example (3’ the Hezght of the Second Story of the
, ' , ~ Figure worked A.

‘Be it, as it is faid in the Figure marked A, its Frft Story of
20 Foot in height, from the Floor, unto the bottom of the Key
of the Arch, divide the ﬁid 20 F001: into ﬁx equal parts, take
thereof ﬁve, which will make the Second Story 16, Foot 8
‘ Inches from the Floor to the Joiﬁ. '

Eoeomple of the Height cf the Second Story of? the
_ Figure marked B.-

Be it, as it is faid in the Figure B, its Firfi Story of 21 Foot
in height from the Floor unto the bottom 0f the Key of the
Arch, divide the faid 21 Foot into fix equad parts, take thereof
ﬁve, which will make the Second Story 17 Foot 6 Inches in

, height from the Floor unto the Joiﬁ. ’

Ecomple of the Height of the Second Story of the
, Figure marked C. ‘

. \ Be it, as it is faid in the Figure marked C, its Firft Story is
of 22 Foot in height from the Floor unto the bottom of the Key
of the Arch, divide the {bid 22 Foot into ﬁx equal parts, take
thereof ﬁve, which will make the Second Story 18 Foot 4
Inches in height, from the Floor unto the bottom of the Key of

the Arch. A P
C H O

, anathema;
‘ ! C {-I 2A P. XXVI].
_ Oftbe Proforiion (f. the Third, Story.

Fyou would make above the Second Story an Attique or .

' Third Story, the second muﬂ always be divided into twelve

equal parts, nine whereof will give the height of the Third.

Story from the Floor unto the bottom ofthe Joiﬁ.
In the Building of'CIJamIm‘s, you ought to have regard as Well

to the Place oﬁrhe Bed,vwhich is; ufually ﬁx or Raven Foot.

Square, and the Paﬂage, as well as to the Situation of the Chim-

ney, which for this Conﬁderation ought not to be placed julti
in. the middle, but diﬁant, from it about 2 or 2 Poor and a;
half, to the end it may make room for. the Bed; and by this-
means the Inequality is little difcerned, if it be nor in Buildings--

the breadth at leaﬁ of 24 Foot within the Work, and in this
Cafe it may be placed qut- in the middle. ~

 

C H AP. Xxvnr
Of the Height of Galleries;

7 HR Lower 'Gal/eries mull be as high as- the Hal/r, Am?
Chambers, and Cbambam of the Firﬂ Story, to the“ end that
one may enter/therein on even Ground, which is to be under:

ﬂood then when the faid Lower Gal/cries have the fame framing;
which the faid Hal/s, Ami-Chambers, and Chambers, whoie/

Floors ought ordinarily to be raifed higher than theGroundé

,wor1g. of the Court about two Foot at leai’t; or of three orfour:

Foot,,and is afcended' by Steps, which ought» not to have more

than ﬁx Inches in height, nor leis than four, and in breadth one.

' Foot, or atthe molt I; or winches.»
, g ' Bar

= t4;

144

0f Arohiteffure.

But if the Galleries be made all open, fo as they enter into it

from the Court, in this cafe you mayr‘l'ay the Floor lower than
-- the neighbouring Rooms, and ’twill ﬁiﬁ‘ice that the laid Floor be
one Foot higher than the Ground-work of the Court; thus do-

ing,‘?twill‘ appear very graceful; for by this meanstheycome
near to the rair ProportiOn Wthh they ought to have in their

. height from the Floor or Superﬁcies unto the bottom of the Key
‘ '_lot.' the Arch, and their Entrance is by'Steps Which are between
, the openingpof the Arches. , " '

if A

;.C H AP. ”XXIX."

0f the juﬁ Proportion which the Upper

Galleries ought .to have. .

TH E Upper Galleries are made either Flat orfArched; if
, Flat, they mult be as high as broad: Galleria: which are

' Arched mul’t be as high as broad, with a ﬁfth, fourth, orthird

part over andabove their ,faid breadth.

 

, C H A P, XXX;

0f the Meafures of 13-0“;th Windows “

‘THE Certain and determinate Meafures cannot 'be given of
the height and breadth of PrincipalGater of Buildings:
Not of Doors and-Window: of Chambers, becaufe, for to make
the Principal Gates, the Atchiteét muf’t accommodate them to
the Greatnefs of the Building, andthe Quality of the Matter,
and the U12: that is to be made of'themg neverthelefé, he will
not omit to give the Meafures‘tollowing.

. C H A P.

ogre/3m”;
C H A P. EXXXI
0f the Proportion [of Principol‘Gates. A

Rincipal Gate: of Entrance, where Coaches ‘and Waggon:

ought to pafé, and other fuch Neceﬂhries, muﬁ not have

1er then feven and a, half, eight or nine Foot; and to great

Buildings, unto ten or twelve Foot in breadth. ~ "

Their height mull, be‘ their breadth and half at leaﬂ; and

to have it Well preportion’d, you mu'ﬂ give it in height twice
their breadth.

 

, C HAP. VXXXII. ‘ '
0f "the PfoportiOn if Inner-Doors.

Oar: within theI-Ioufe, 'in the leaﬂ Building, ought not to
D have 1efs.thangtwo‘Foot. and a half in breadth, and ﬁve
Foot and a half in height: Thole from three to four Foot
broad muft have in height twice their breadth; and to great
Buildings you may- allow ev’n'to ﬁve or ﬁx Foot in breadth,
and the height double, and fometimes a ﬁfth or fourth part
lefs than their breadth. ~ ’ v

,The Antients were wont to make their Door: narrower above
than below, as may“ be feen in a Church which is at Dvoli,
(as vawim teacheth 5) and ’tis likely they did £6, to give
them more force.

0' CHAR

345‘!

346» afﬁrcéitaﬂﬁrei

. C H AP .. XXXIH,
“W 5:95;,» famfm’lmﬁf Windows.

THE Apertures' (o’f 'Mzzdowr ”mutt have 4 'Foot and 33‘, or
" y 3 Foot, and to great Buildings 'tmt'o 6; between the two '
Iaums t‘he'rt‘he‘ight muﬂ he at leaﬂ double their breadth; and to
make them {comely and well proportionea, .a' fourth 7;.part, a
third; or a- '11an part ”more than "the hteadth And according
to the ‘bigriefsof t‘heié, you may make a‘ll'the reft in the other
Rooms of-the lame Story 5/but thofe of the fécond Story’ought
_ to be lower by One twelfth Ppafjgtban thoie ofthcﬁrﬂg, and-if
you maké‘lt’irzdowg above them, you ought to make them a
fourth part lower than‘nhofe in the fecond. ~ .. ‘ ~ '

 

C H A P‘IN XXXIQV; "
0f the Prafartihtrz afsgﬂs {If Windows.

. T HE Sails of Window: muﬂ have .2 Foot 8 Inches, onto
3 Foot at moﬁ: .inheight. ‘Theliwzfm, or Croﬁpiece's

’ .:osz'22dom, mull he 4 or ; Inehes thick; gtheigstbezeu mull
be from I Inch and 3; unto 2 Inchesaat:moﬂ,,.to $116in they

may have greater Strength, _.ang~ that thengpames of Wood

which carry the Shutters may: have conveniept:§tt¢ngth. The

:Jaums of~WimIom mull the much rebuked, _, and Elwin from

2 Inches and g to 3 Inches at leaﬁ, to the end that the Wooden

Frames may be ﬁrOng, and join to the Wall 5 when the Wall is-

thin, the Shutters of the Window‘s ought to (but over the

Rebels: the half, or one third only; alfo it is needf'ul to divide

the faid Shutters, that they may not be a hindrance to the Cham-

ber, nor PObfcure the Light.
A C H A I".

afArcbzteéi’m
' C HA P. (xxxvg

. Q4154. 'Wiﬁdoﬁs;

Rule; to», he alaferved: m motmg Doors

- I "T h ' :1. . 'A ' ,
IN making Windows, you are to take heed that you do not

give them more or lefvaight than is ,neceﬂary, nor make them
wider or narrower thanris heedqu '; wherefore you ought to
have regard to the Greatnefs of the Places which {hould re-
ceive the Light, it being evident that a, great Room hath need of
more Light than a Eittle one: So that if ,the.Wimlow: be made
leis than. theyought to be, the Place will be obfcure‘and dark.
And becauie in Houiés ﬁ>me Chamber: are made large, fbme in-
~ different, fome little, you muﬂ take great care that all the Win-
dows may be equal one with the other, in their Rank, and Or-
_ der, ii) that thofe on the Right Hand may anfwer thofe on the
Left, and thdfe above may be right Over thofe below. Like.
Wife the Door: muﬁ be ri ht over one another, to the end that
the Void 'may be upon t ‘e Void, and the Full upon the Full:
moreOvet, letithe Door: be placed in fuch manner, that one
may fee from 'one end of the Houfe to the other, which is very

graceful: And beﬁdes,’ ’tis cool in Summer, and hath many ‘

other Conveniencies. . ‘

It is Very iécu're, to turn, Archer over Doors and Window,
which Arches do dif'charge'and hinder that the Door: and Win-
dow: be not preffed with too much Weight, which is of great
Importance fox the Laliingnefs of Buildings. .

The Window: muﬂ be conveniently difiant from the Corners
and Angles of the Building, becaufe that part ought not to be
open and infeebled, whoie ofﬁce is to, ﬁipport and rafien all the
reﬁ of the Building. ‘

U2" CHAR

.  147.

1
on
2

0f ﬂrcbiteﬁurei

c HAP. XXXVI.

0f t/aé juﬁ Proportion which 2122: matters
of Doors and Windows nag/2t to have
in Tbictmfr andil’rqjeéi’ure.~

Ila/Zen of Doors, and/ Windows ought ; not to be thicker“
P than the ﬁfth part of their Aperture, nor lefs than a
ﬁxth. - t 5 2 H:

The Projeé'e’ura “of- Pilaﬂ‘en "in general, is found, by dividing

’ their thieknefs into ﬁx parts, and one of. th fe parts .mult be‘

the Frqieéz’ure they ought to have. " - . .
vlt remains, to fee. their Ornaments. ‘ ’

 

‘ C H A P. XXXVIL. r

0f \ 110e- Ormzmentr of Doors and“
Windows. ‘

H OW to adbrn the Mndéwr‘ and Principal‘Daarr in Build-r
ings, may- eaﬁly be known, from that which Vitrwius
teacheth in the ﬁxth Chapter of his fourth Beck; adding there--
unto allthat the molt Reverend Daniel Barbara hath laid there-
on, and lhewn in Deﬁgn, and alfo of that which I_ have laid
before of all the Five Orders; therefore leaving that, I (hall
only put fome Deligns of the Ornaments oi- Doors and Windows
obeamIzcr: 1b as they may be inade divers Wayss andI {hag
‘ mar

j Ofﬂrclziteéiure

mark particularly every Member which is graceful, and how
much Proieﬂure is needful. t! ‘ '
The Ornaments Which ‘are given to Door: and Windows, are

\

the Arabitrave, Frize, and Cornice. N

The Arabitrave turns about the Door, and ought to be as
thick as the Pile/fer, which (as! have {aid ) ought not to be ,

lefs than. the ﬁxth part of the Aperture, nor more than a ﬁfth;
and from the Architrave, the Frizz, and Cornice'take their thick~
nefs, according to the two Inventions which follow.

Exmﬁice

Let the breadth of the Aperture of the Door-AA be divided
into ﬁx equal parts, one of thefe parts {hall be the Arcbiz‘mve B,’
which winds about the Deonand mutt be divided into four
parts, of three thereof is made the height of the Frize C,
andtof ﬁve that of the Cornice D. _

The

149':

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Of Arcbzteﬁure.

’The‘Mea‘iirree of each Member of the Ornaments may be found
in this manner: -- ' _ .
' The Arebirrave B muﬁ be dividedinto ten parts, three mutt
be for the Prime Faﬁia'G, for four the Econd V,-~and the three
which remain mutt be divided into ﬁve; three for the Scbz'mir
Reverfa P, and the other two for the Orio or Regain R, whoie
Projetiure is the fourth part of . its Thicknefs, the'Sebiem Re-
verfa P hath in Pro/'eilure ‘its Height, and is marked-in this
manner; They draw a ﬂrait‘Line, which terminates at the end:

133*

thereof under the Oria or Regain R, and on the feco'nd Fq/cia V, ' '

and is divided in half, ('0 as each 'of theie halfs is the Baie of a

Triangle of two eQual Sides; and on the Angle Oppofed to the‘

Bafe muﬂ be plac’d the ﬁx’d Foor of the Compqﬁ, and the Curve-
Liizer muft be draWn, Which make the faid Scbz‘mzz Reverjﬁz P.

. ' The Prize is three parts of four the Architrave, divided into
four, and is' deﬁgned of a portion of a Circle lefs than the Semi-
Greie,rhe fwelling whereof comes direélly over the Cymarium
of the Architrave. g ' ,

The ﬁve parts which are given to the Cornice dii’tribute them-
felves in this manner to its Members", one to the Sway: with
its Lyric/la, which is a ﬁfth part of the faid Scocizz.

The {Swain hath‘in' Projeﬂure tWo' thirds of its Height; to
deﬁgn it, theyiform a Triangle of two equal Sides, and to the
AngleG they place the Centre, ”and fo the Scocia becomes the
Bale of the Triangle; another of the {aid ﬁve parts is forethe
Ova/o,zan‘d hath in Projeéizere the tWo thirds of its Height,
and is deﬁgned making aTriangle of two equal Sides, and the
Centre is made at the Point 1-]; the other three parts are dii

vided again into ﬁsventeen, eight for the Corona with its Lilir, . r.;

of which'that above makes one of' the eight parts 5 and that
which is below, and makes the hollow of the Corona, makes
one of the ﬁx parts of the Ova/o .- The other nine are for
the Scbz'ma R684, and its Orin, or Regain, which is the third
of the {aid Scbima. To frame it ['0 as may be well and grace-

ful, they draw the Right Line A B, and 2tis divided into two ,

equal parts: At the Point C" one of thoie parts is divided

into feven, whereof ﬁx are taken at the Point D; then,

they form'tho Triangles, A E (33‘ and C B F, and on the

Points ,

0f Afﬁlﬂﬁgﬂﬂit

Points .13 and F the put the .tix’tl: 599$. of'the. and
di‘iaiv‘t‘h'e inortions if the Circles A t and CBeWmake
" The Air bdrm likewife m the fecond Invention, is divided
into four parts; of three is made the height of the 1%”, of
ﬁve that of the (Eunice; then the Arcbz’trave is divided into
three parts, two of them are divided again into Raven; of
1which feven, three are the 5.1355154, and four for the ieeond -,
and the thitd part of the A'Tbltf'ﬂw,’ is divided again into nine
parts; 01" two is made the Aﬂmgali the Other feven are divided
into. ﬁve. parts; three ate the Sabina Rwetfa, and two the 0m.
oi; Regain. ‘ , .
TheHeightf of the Comm: is divided into ﬁve parts and 3—;
one of which is divided again into ﬁx parts; ofﬁve is made
the Stbim Review: above the Frize, and oh the ﬁxth the Liﬂella ;
thestbz'm Revecfa, hath as much Prddgﬂré as it is High, and the
Lime 3115 bath the lei/@1145 the {econd part of the height of
the Corﬂice is for the Ovolo, which hath in Projeﬂure g. of its
Height. The Moulding above the Ova/0 is the ﬁxth part of
the,»Ouolq, and bath the ﬁme Projeﬁure; the other three parts
of the height of the faid Cornice are divided into iE-vemeen
parts, eight of which are for the Corolla, which hath in Pro-
jeﬁure three parts 0f four of its Height, the other nine are di-
vided into four parts, three are for the C‘imzium, and one fog
the 01‘10 Of Lilia/la s the 3: WhiCh‘. remain are divided intotﬁve
parts and h; of one is made the=.Moulding, and of four % the
Scbima Reverfa above the Corona : The. faid Comic: hath as

. much Projeéiute as it hath Thickneié.

Membeie

 

e-zrwr"

0f Areﬁitefﬁtm

Meml‘iers of the Comic: of? the. ﬁrﬂ Invention:

Scocizu

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Cororzm
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Orin, ,0? Reg-1114;

" Members ofrthe Arcb’itmve;

G Prime F4524."

R
S
T

Sammie Fzﬁiai

' Scb'imzz R-evwﬁz;

Orlo, or Regula:
Swel/iﬁg cf‘tbe Frize.

Part oftb‘efﬁze which enters into the M71211.”

By the Means of thefe Two, you may know the Members

» of the fecond Invention.

oe

 

 

___

 

0f Arc/Siteéi’nre.

0i theie two other Inventions, the Arabirmvo of' the ﬁrft’,
which is marked» F, is likewiie divided into four parts, of three
and g is made theheight of the Frize, and of ﬁve that of the
Cornice 5 the Archimwo is divided into eightparts, ﬁve are
for the Plain of the Archirrovo, and three are for the Cynzotinnz,
which is divided again into eight parts, three for the Sabina.
Rovorfo, three for the Scoria, and x-two for the (Dr/o or Rognlo :
The Height of the Cornice 5 divided into ﬁx parts, of two is

made the‘Scbimo Roc‘io, with its Orlo or Rogulo, and..of another

the Scbirno wafo -, the faid Scbinzo Reﬂa is divided again into
nine parts, of eight thereof are made the Corono and Mould--
ing; the Aﬂrogol, or Rondeon above the Frizo’, is a third of
one of the faid ﬁx parts, and that which remains between the
Corona and the Aﬂrogol is left for the Soot-1o.

. In the other-Invention, the Arcbiirovo marked H is divided;
into four parts, and‘ of three and 1,- is made the height of the-
Frize, and ﬁve the height of the Cornice The Architnove, is.
divided into eight parts, ﬁve of them are for the Plain of the.
Arobitrovo, and three are for the Cymotinm, Which is divided
into feven parts; of one is made the Aﬂrogol, and the reﬁ are
divided into eight parts; three of which are for ‘the Scbz'nzo Rea
veofo, three for the Scorio, and two for the Orlo or Rogulo .
the height of the Cornice is divided into ﬁx parts and 3;, of
three are made the Scbirno Revorfo. The Dentils and Ovolo;
the Scbimo Rover/4, hath as much Projetinro as it is Thick: The
Donn]: are two of three parts of their height, and the Ono/o
three of four parts. Of the ,3; is made the Sobinzo Revoﬂa, be-
tween rhe Scbimo Ratio and the Corona; and the three other
parts are divided into ieventeen; nine make the Sobimo Ratio,
and the Orlo or Regula, and eight the Corona.

This Cornice hath as much Projofi'nre as it'nath Thickneis, '

as all the otheraforeiaid.
[13" Hero follow Dofgm of Doors ,onol Windows, according

to the ﬁve Order: of Andrea Palladio, and one the fame:
which are in the Louvre in. Paris. *

CHAP’:

5‘,

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> - . A: Of Architeﬁure-

d“.

I C HA P.   = XXXVHL - -

0f Chimneys 5” H5115," Chambers, ”Stu;-

"‘ dies, and Wardrobes, art-dig“ their

~ Proportions.

HAN-Chimney: ought to be within. Work ﬁx ’or ﬁaven‘ Foot,
*and in great Buildings unto eight, between the two
Jaums: And ”twill be convenient to make their Funnel: in the
thicknefs of the Wall, if polhbly it can be; if not, they muﬁ
be ﬁt in a Place where they may correfpond to theft: of the
Chambers, the which fpreads it felf but little in the middle, as
it hath been faid; and if it be poiﬁble, it muﬁ be f0 difpofed,
that therimzoy be feen in the Front by them that ‘fhall enter
into the Ho”. "

Their Height mull be four Foot and g, to ﬁve at moﬂ, from
the bottom of the Plate-band to the Mantle-tree; they mull pro-
jeEi two Foot and a half; or three Foot at molt; from the Wall
unto the Mantle-tree. The Jaums muf’t be from eight to twelve
Inches in breadth; and in great Buildings, ev’n to twenty four,
or more, according to that Order of Architoﬁure with which
they are to be adorned. . ’

 

c H AP. XXXIX.- .
. 0f,Chamber-Chimneys, and of their

Proportions. '

Climber—Chimney: muf’t have in breadth ﬁve and '31., or ﬁx'

Foot, and in great Buildings unto feven, and muﬁ be placed

351 have {aid before, becaufe of the Place of‘ the Bed. Their
height mutt be four Foot, or 4 and —;. from the Mantle-rife or
— C c late-_

A ‘1
Ly, =_
a ,

1'91!

:2

0f Arcbzteffure, W ,

Plate- band, their Projeﬂare mui’t be two Footg'gr two and .g,
from the Back to the Foreﬁdes of. the Iaurr‘ts

 

CHAP.WXL
0f the Chimneys in Studies and.
, Wardrobes.

1122727213): 111 theie Reoms mutt be four Foot four and ,., or
C ﬁve Poor at- molt in Breadth: Their Height from the
Mantle tree muff be like to that above of four. Foot and-'— -,-, and
alfo their Projeéfare tWo Foot, or two and' 7, from the Back.

 

C11A1i XLL
0f tbeFunneis of Chimneys.

FUanels of Chimneys mul’t be carry’di thorough the Rooﬁ and
above the Ridge, three Foot, four, or ﬁve Foot at-moﬂ, that
they may carry the Smoke into the Air. You muﬁ take care
that they be made neither too wide nor too narrow, for if
theybe too wide, the Wind wilt drive back the Smoke into the

- Room, and will not permit it freely to afcend and pais forth,

and in Funnels too narrow the Smoke not having free paiiage:
is repulfed, and returns backwards: Therefore tis that Cham-
be: Chimneys are not made narrovver than ten or eleven Inches,
nor broader than ﬁfteen which is the ordinary depth of Fan-
ml: of gieat Kitchin Chimneys, by reafon of the great Fire
that is made therein: and for their breadth, they muﬁ be four
or ﬁve Foot at moﬁ within the Work, from the Place Where
the Breaﬁ ends, unto the top of the Flame]. Now the {aid Breaﬂ
reacheth from the Mantletree unto the Ceiling or Pitch of the
Arch, always diminiihing within the Work, until you come
for

/

‘ 'Of ﬂrchii‘eﬂure

to the Meaﬁttes of depth and breadth before~ mentioned; and
from thence a‘rifing unto the end of the funnel, it mull be car-
‘:ried up as-even as you can oiﬁbly, for failing in this, it often
happens the Smoke is oﬁen rve. ‘ ‘ ‘ “ “

 

CH A P.’H‘XLII.

..W/9zzt ir to be obﬁ’med in making Chim-
neys, and the FaﬂJion' which war pm-

éﬁﬁad among the Antientr.

THE fauna and Mamie-trees of Chimney: muﬂ be curiouﬂy
erught, for which Work doth not appear well, unlefs
it be in very great Buildings, for the Reafons aforefaid.

The An‘tients, to beat their Chambers, did ferve them in
:this manner: They, made their Chimneys in the middle with
“Columns or Cor/max which bore up the Architrzzve, upon
which were the Fume/s of the Chimneys which conveyed away
the Smoke; of which kind one may be then at Bay near the
Pifcine of‘JYero, and one which is not far from Civita Veccbid‘;
and when they wouldnot have Chimneys, they made in the
thicknefs of the Wall Pipesor Funnels, thorough, which afcehded'
the Heat of the Fire Which was under the Chamber, and'was
conveyed forth thorough certain Vents and Conduéis which was
on the top of the Funnels. Much like this the Tremz' Gentlemen
OFT/mice, in the Summer, reﬁefhed their Chamber: at Coﬂoza,
their Country—dwelling : For in that Place there are great Moun-
tains in which are certain great Caves, which in Times" pait
were Quarries, which (I fuppofe) Vitmv'zfm means, in his fecond
Book, where he treats of Stone. In thefe Caves are ingendred
extreme cool Winds, which thefe Gentlemen cauﬁsd to be
brought into their Houfés thorough certain Sﬂbttrraﬂean Vaults,
and by the means of certain Trunks, like to rhofe whereof
I have fpolgen before, make them run thorough all the Cham-
bers, opening and fhutting them at pleafure, to take more or

C c 2 lefs

'19;

124

Ofﬂrehiteﬁ'ure.

leis of Air, according to the Time and Seafon ; and this Place
would be wondetﬁil, were it only f'or~ this greatCommodit -

.. t ,.V . ._ . . _ , a
neverthelefs, that Wthll renders it .yet ,more,.adm.trable and

1worthy to be feen, is, the Prgﬂm of the Wind, Which is a certain

Chamber under Ground, made by“ the moﬁ Noble Seignieur
Iremi, and by him call’d Evie, where many of thofe Trunks
and ConduEis of‘WindT‘ are ’dil'chatged: and to render it beauti-
ful and Worthy of’this Name he hath given, it, he hath fpared

' neither Care nOILCharge.‘ ,

 

’- ‘ C H A, R. Xtm.

- 0f Stair-Cafes, and their diver: Men-

nere, and the Numhere em! Greatneﬁ-
of their Steps. a : ’

THere ought to be great Care taken in the well placing the
Steir-Ceﬂ: 5 for there is not a little D‘iﬁiculty to ﬁnd a
Place convenient, f0 as the Stein~ may be diliri’buted without
Prejudice or Hindrance to the tell of the Building -, ’tis therefore
that ordinarily they are placed in-the Corner of the Building, or
on the Wings, or in the middle of the Front, which is but fel-
dem, unlefs it be in great Buildings; becaufe much of the
Stone-work will be hindred by reafon of the Stairs being in the
middle, unlelsthe Houfe be Double. _

There are three Openings. necelfaty to the leait 'Smir-Cqﬂa;
the ﬁtﬂ, is the Door-way that leads to them, which is the better
when it is ipacious, and pleaf‘ethme moli, if it be in fuch a
Place, where, before one approacheth, one may fee the belt part
of the Houfe: For altho’ the Hou-fe be little, by this means it
appeareth much larger; neverthelefs, it behaves that the faid
Doorway be obvious, and eaﬁe to be found.

* [The

'7 OfArcbitééim.‘ A

- The {Eatond Opening, is that of the Wmdo‘m, which are need-

ﬁxl to give Light to the Stairs, and when there is but one, let
it be in the middle as near as you can, to the end that all the,

Smirfzy} may be enligbtned.

The third Opening, is the Landing-place, by'whic'h we are to»

enter into the Rooms above, and ought .to lead to places large,
fair, and well adorned. _ , '

Stair: will be well made. if they be‘fpaeio‘us, light, and
eaﬁe, f0 as they may invite People to go up:

They will be lightfome, when they have a: perfeﬁ Light“

that difperfeth it felf to all parts equally.

They are fpacious when they appear not little, nor narrow, in-
refpeéi of the bignefs and qualitiy of the Fabrick -,* but they muﬁ:
never be narrower than font Foot, to the end that if two Perions-

rmeet, they may commodiouﬂy pals one by the other; they- may

be made of ﬁve or ﬁx Foot, or féven and‘a half, and to great
Buildings unto ten or twelve Poor broad to every Flight,‘and
they muﬂ be made as commodious as poiﬁbly you can.

C H A Pf XLIV;
0f the Height and Breadth of Step3:_ -

HE Step»: ought not to be more than 6 lncheshigh; and ‘

and if they be lower, they mull chieﬂy be to'long and
continued Stairs, they will be fo-much the eaﬁer, becaufe one

needs not lift the Foot 1?) high, but they mull never be lower.

than four Inches. , ,
Their breadth ought not to be lefs. than 3 Foot, nor more than
ﬁfteen or ﬁxteen Inches. .

The Antientsobferved, not to make the Number of Step: even, ,

to the end that. beginning to afEend with the Right Foot, they
might end with the fame Foot, which they took to be a good
0mm, andwith greater Devorionfo to enterinto the Temples.-

CHAR

7196

Of Aréhifeﬂﬁre:
_ C HA P. XLV. 5,
0f die/err Manner: of Stairs.

Taz'rs are made Straight or Winding: The Straight are made
fpread abroad into two Branches or Paliages g'otqunere,

wwhich turns into four Branches or=PalTage55 and to make them

in this lafi manner, all the Space mull be divided into four parts,

gwhereof two mull be for the Staifr,-and tWo for the Vacancy; by

the middle whereof, if it be open, the Stairs receive .Lightn'They
may be made with a‘Wall within 3 and then within the two parts

Kwhich are taken for the Stairs, the thicknefs of the Walhought

to be comprehended and incl-ofed, which makes the sze or
New], they may alfo be made withOut a Wall within: Thefe

;twoibtts ot‘Stairr were made by the Invention of'Seignor Levis
Camera a Gentleman of excellent Judgment.

MndingSmirs, fome are made Round, fome Oval, fome with

a New! in the middle, and forne open; and ﬁrch Wine/ing-

Smirr are made chieﬂy where there is little Room, becaufe

they take up lefs Room than the Strait-Stizirr, yet not to eaﬁe

to afcend. Thoie which are Open in the middle are very
handfome, becauf‘e they may ‘have Light from above; and thole
who are above, may fee thofe who are coming up, and are feen

alfo by them.

Thofe which have a New! in’the middle, having but little

room, are made in this manner: You mutt divide the Diameter

into twelve parts, ten whereof are for the Stairs, and the two
which remainare for the New! in the middle; or, divide the
.faid Diameter into eight parts, ﬁx whereof are for the Steps,

and two for the New]; and if there be much. room, you mutt

divide the Diameter into three parts, whereof two are for the
“Starry, and one for the New], as in the "Deiign A, or other-
wﬁe you may divide the Diameter into iéven parts, of which take

wthree for the New! in the middle, and four for the Stairs.

Juli in this manner is.the Stair-Cw of the Column $1}qu
atRmegeand if you make Stairs Winding, as in the DeﬁgnhB,
t ey

_ 0f. Arcbtteﬁure.‘ ~ 1.971
they will beghandi‘orner and more agreeable}, and lenger than ‘if '
they had been iﬁﬁalghtg but reﬁne-Can; open in the middle,
the Diameter mull be divided into four parts, two whereof
mull befor the Middle, and Mo {Orsthe Stairs.

Beﬁdes theFafhion ofStaz'r: Which are in Praélice, there hath--
been a Winding’Stair, invented by. Mark Anthony Barbara, 3
QantIEman of Venice, of excellent Judgment, who made ex»
NoellemExperiments in very narrow Places, where there is no
News! in the middle; and the Stairs in their Turning are much
longer, and are divided after, the manner aforeiaid.

Thole which are Oval are divided in-rthe-fame manner as the
Round, they are-very handfome and pleaiant, becaule all the
Windows and Doors are ine'themiddle and head of the Oral,
and are very commo_dious.- I- have made one open in the.
middle in the Monaﬂery of Charity at Venice, which hath
fucceeded ’very well. ’ \

There is another very handfome' manner OFSmirs, which
King Emma's the ﬁrﬂ caufed to be made in the Callie of Cbzmr
bar near Bloyﬁ, and is in this- manner: There areifour Smir-
Cajér which have four Entrances, to wit, oneEntry to each,
and go up the one over the other in‘fuch manner, that being
made in the middle of the. Building, the four may leave for
four Apartments, lb ,that the Inhabitants of one need not go
up and down the Swim- of the others; and becaule it is open in
the middle, they all fee each other go up and down, without.
any hindrance the/one to the other. This‘Invention being new
and handfome, Ihave. placedivit here, and marked with Letters
from the Foot to the Head, to the end every one" may'fee Where
each Stair begins,- ‘and where. it ends. -

There were alfo the Porrico’: of Pompey at Rome leading to the
Place of the 7am, MndingStairr of an admirable Form; for
being placed in the middle, in ‘fuch manner that they could not
receive Light bur from on high, they'were fet upon Columns, to
the end-that the Light might diﬁribute it felt‘ to all parts alike -,
according to which Example, Brmmnfe, an excellent Architeé’t
in his Time, made one of them at Belvedere, and without Stein,
having" the four Orders of' Arehiteﬂure, Doric/e, Ionic/a,- Carin—e

Ibizm, and Compoﬁm. To make thefe Stair-CW5, you. mul’t dir-
vide

1

Of Architeﬂurea I - _

vide the Whole 'Space into four parts, two‘whereof' are fbr the
void place in the middle, and one on each ﬁde of the Step: and
Columns. ' . ‘ . ‘ ’7

There are many other Fafhions ofStair-Cq/E: in ancient Edi-
ﬁces, as ﬁz‘aﬂguhmg and of this:.fort are thofe of the Cupolo
of St. Maria Rotunda, which are open in the middle, and re-
ceive Light from above: Thole alfo which are at 847280 Ape/Io;
lo- in the iitmeCity, by which we go to Mount Gavel/a, which
are --very magniﬁck, and they are-Double. Many Perfons have
taken‘the Model thereof, and carried it to a Temple ,on the top
of the Mountain, as appears, in my Book‘of Dmples; and of
this fort is this lafl Deﬁgn. ‘

You mull nete, that in StdiﬂCq/é‘f which are fquare or ob-
long, when you are conﬁtained to place Step: in the Angles, in
turning you ca‘nnor make more than ﬁx in a Semi-circle, which
are three in .g of a Circle, and is‘ then when the Stair-C42:
{hall have but ﬁx or Iéven Poor in breadth within Work, which
is the leaﬁ that can be made. — 7

To SttzirngfeI of eight Foot broad, you mull put eight Steps

from the Angle, turning to 'a Semi-circle, which will be Four

to T' of‘xa Circle.

And to Stair—Ggﬂ: from nine to ten Foot broad, you mull
put ten Step: to a Semi-circle. 4

If they have eighteen Foot, more or lefé, you may make twelve
'Stepy to a Semi-circle.

You mul’t take heed that the Landing-place of the Stairs,
which ’is the Space between the Wall and the 5:53;; w‘nch
one a'fcendeth,'and which doth diiiribute to the Apartments,

in broader a fourth part at leaﬂ than the length of the

ﬁid Slept.

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RULES

AND

INSTRUCTIONS

FOR

Framing all Manner of ROOFS whether Square
or Bevel either Above pitch,J or Under pitch

according to the belt Manner praﬁifed in
England.

Alfo ”to ﬁnd the Length of the Hips and x
Sleepers with the Back or Hip-mould ,
‘ , never yet Publiﬂaed by any Architeét Mo-
dern or Antique; a Curiofity Worth the
Regard ev n of the melt Curious Work-
men ,exaé‘tly demonﬁrated in the following
Rules and Defigns by that Ingenious Archi-
te€t Mr. W 111mm Pope of London.

ﬁEe . C H A P

,"218

\Of Archit'efr'ure, ,
C H A P, XLVI.’ Q‘Roofs.

‘ AVing ra‘ifed the, Walls to ,their deﬁgued Height, and made
theJVaults, laid the Joiiis, brought up the Stairs, and per-

formed all thole things'fpoken ot’betOre; we are now to raife the
Roof, which embracing every part of the Building, and with its
Weight equally preliing upon the Walls, is as a Band to all the
Work, and beiides, defends the Inhabitants from Rain, from Snow,
from the burning Sun, and from the Moillure of the Night; adds
no fmall help to the Building, caﬂing off from the Walls the
Rain-water, which altho’ for a while léems to do but little Hurt,
yet, in procels of Time, is caule of much Damage. The ﬁrﬁ
Men (asléiith Vizmvz’m) built their‘Houfes with'Flat Roofs; but
ﬁnding that thereby they were'not defended from the Weather,
they :conlirained by Neceiﬁty) began to make them Ridg’d (that
is to fay) Railéd in the Middle: Thefe'Roofs are to be rallied to
a Higher or Lower pitch, accOrding to the Country in which they
are, wherefore, in Germany, by reafon of the great quantity of
Snow that falls there, they raile their Roofs to a very great pitch,
and cover them with Shingles, which are fmall pieces of Wood,
or of thin Slate or Tyles; fer if they lhould raife them other-
Wife, they Would be ruin’d, by reafon of the Weight of the Snow.
But we who dwell in a more temperate Country, ought to chufe'
fuch a pitch which may fecure the Building, and be of a hand-
fome Form; therefore we divide the breadth of the Roof into
four equal parts, and take three, which makes the moﬁ agree-
able pitch for our Country, and is the Foundation for the Railing
of any manner of Roof, whether Square or Bevel, as appears in
the following Deﬁgns and Defcriptions. ,
The manner of Framing 4 Floor, withithe Name: (I each Member.

I. The Thicknef: of the Wall, and Lime], or Wall-plate; and

if it he in Ember-work, then a Brelfummer.‘

2. The Summer.

3. Girders framed into the Summer.

4. Spacer between the foi :.

5. faiﬂs.

6. Dimmer: for the Chimneyway. '

7. Winner: for the Stair-aye, 'or Well-holeﬁr the gag-r121 P p

 

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l; a 2 2 ‘ e 1 ‘Of Architeﬁure. \
c H A P. XLVII.
0ft17e Deﬁgn A.

H E Breadth of the Houfe, Cantilivers, Cornicet, and Eaves;
the Length of the Raftings, ~and Furrings, which ought to
r be .3. of the Breadth of the Houie A A. . .

The principal Rafters to be cut with a Knee, (as, inthe Deﬁgn)
that they may the better ﬁipporr themfelves, and the Burthen over
them, upon the, Upright of the Wall, and alto Iécure that part
from the dripping in of the Rain; which otherwife would hap-
pen, if the Rafters were made Strait and Furred.

The Beam to. the Roof, or Girder to the Garret-Floor, ought
to Projeéi without the Work, as far as the Furring or Shreading,
which is the Prajeﬁure of the Cornice.

This manner of Framing the Roof will be ufeful?

from 20 to 30 Foot, or thereabouts. .
1. Ground-plate. '
2. Girder, _or Binding Iaterdnce, or Breﬂicmmer.
3. Beam to the Raj, or Girder to the Garret-Floor.
' 4. Principal Pal}, and Upright Brick-Wall. ~
5, Braces.
V 6. Quarters.»
7. Interduces.
8. Prick-pal}, or Window-174?;
9. faum or Door-1101?.
IO. Mag-piece, or faggle-picee;
1 I. Straits.
12. Collar.bcam, Strait-beam, Wind-beam, or Tap-beam.
13. Door-band. - > e
14. Principal Rafters.
15'. Furrings, or Sbreadingsi
16. End: of the Limelt, and Pieces. ’ '
17. Bedding-moulding cf the Cornice over the Windows, and ~
v pace between. - _ i
18. Knees of the principal Rafters, which are to be cf one Piece. =3:
19. Parline Morticee. ‘ a t
C H A P,

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