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LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

EARTH
SC E EM‘CES
UBRARY
Class

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INDEX TO THE FOSSIL REMAINS

0F

AVES, ORNITHOSAURIA,

AND

REPTILIA.

 

@ambrihgz :
PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, 31.3..
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

INDEX TO THE FOSSIL REMAINS

0F

AVE S, ORNITHOSAURIA,

AND

REPTILIA,

FROM THE
SECONDA R Y SYSTEJl 0F STRA TA

ARRANGED IN THE VVOODWARDIAN MUSEUM OF THIS
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.

BY

HARRY GOVIER SEELEY,

()F ST JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.

VITH A PREFATORY NOTICE BY
THE REV. ADAM SEDGWICK, LL.D., ERS.

\VUODW‘ARDIAN PROFESSOR AND SENIOR FELLOW 0F TRINITY COLLEGE.

Qfambrfagz :

DEIGHTON, BELL, AND ()0.
LONDON: BELL AND DALDY.

1869. C

 

       

. THE expense qf jm'ntz'ng this volume has been»
  defi’ayed out of the Funds (f the SYNDIOS'
' 0F TEE UNIVERSITY PRESS. '

   

 

PREFATORY NOTICE.

WITH a strong emotion of pleasure I write these prefatory
remarks to accompany the following Catalogue of the Fossil
Reptiles in the Woodwardian Museum. It is, I trust, a
prelude to other works of a like kind; but it is in itself one
of the scientific results of a labour continued through several
years by my friend and assistant, H. G. Seeley, Esq. of St
John’s College. Of the value of his work, the readers of the
Catalogue—those especially who read it in our Geological
Museum with the arranged specimens before them—will be
the best judges; and that it will be of great use to the aca-
demic student I cannot for a moment doubt. He may see
the specimens one by one, and side by side with the printed
lists; and be enabled in that way to comprehend the evi-
dence on which the several arrangements are founded: and,
thereby, he may be led to grasp the anatomical reasoning of a
more detailed Catalogue, which will I trust soon follow. The
great scientific labour bestowed upon this Catalogue has not
been at the cost of the University. I wish the cost to be
regarded as a contribution of duty from myself, made in the
fifty—second year of my public service as a Professor of the
University, when from infirmity of sight and feebleness of
health I was utterly incapable of undertaking such a task
as my friend and assistant has now very nearly accomplished
in my behalf.

This thought, among others of a like kind, has enabled
me, through three or four past years, to retain with a clear
conscience the Geological Chair of the University, though

2,.1394

iv PREFA TORY NOTICE.

disqualified by the infirmities of old age for the discharge
of some of its laborious and more active duties.

It would be an idle act of folly to put the Cambridge
Fossil Reptiles in comparison with the magnificent Reptile
series in the British Museum. And there are several pro-
vincial and private Collections which contain important Ge-
nera of which we have no specimens; and, it may be, which
also contain better illustrations, than we are able to exhibit,
of certain Genera that do appear in our Catalogues. Still,
we have ample, well arranged, and good materials for the use
of the academic student; and in the great abnormal and
difficult Sub—class of Ornithosaurians (or Pterosaum'mzs, should
that name be preferred) wehave a great series of specimens
(derived from the, so—called, “ Coprolite Diggings " near
Cambridge) of perhaps unrivalled interest in the illustration
of the osteological structures and true relations of the Sub-
class.

While unavoidably absent from Cambridge, and Without
access to my notes and books of reference, I am unable to
give a history of our Reptile collection in any detailed chro—
nological order. What I now write is a mere sketch, which,
should it be thought expedient, may be amplified and reduced
to a more exact order in the Introduction to future cata-
logues which are now in progress.

In the year 1819 I procured a few specimens of the
Ichthyosaur from the Lias of Somersetshire, which now ap—
pear in our arranged collection: and in the year following
some additions were made to the Reptiles of the Lias, during
an excursion along the coast of Dorsetshire. In several sub-
sequent years valuable specimens were purchased from Mary
Anneing of Lyme Regis, a collector of early celebrity. Among
them were two very good specimens of the Ichthyosaur; and
a very beautiful Pentacrinite, showing the animal structures in
great perfection. All these are now mounted in the Museum.

In 1821 our first Plesiosaur was obtained by purchase at
an auction of fossils which had been collected by a naturalist
of Lichfield. The Genus was at that time so little under-

PREFA TOR Y NOTICE. V

stood, that the specimen now mounted in our Museum was
put up in the same lot with a very fine portion of the head
of a small Ichthyosaur; and the two had been catalogued as
portions of one animal! In the same year I collected some
good reptilian remains and other fossils from the Lias cliffs
near Whitby; among which were two jaws and other charac-
teristic bones of the Teleosaurus Chapmanni, now mounted
in the Museum.

On revisiting the Yorkshire coast, after the lapse of
nearly twenty years, I first saw the Plesiosaurus macropterus
—-now the grand ornament of our Museum—~which had, with
much labour and skill, been dug out of the neighbouring
cliffs by some of the well-known jet-collectors of Whitby.
It was purchased at the cost of more than £200 by a sub-
scription, generously headed by Dr Clark, at that time our
Professor of Anatomy, But the grandest addition to our
Reptile series was made a few years afterwards in the form of
a munificent gift from T. Hawkins, Esq—the naturalist and
collector, well known by his published works; and who, by his
scientific labours and persevering manual skill has so largely
helped to adorn the walls of the British Museum.—This noble
series of Reptilian fossils (specimens of Ichthyosaur and Ple-
siosaur obtained by him from the Lias quarries of Street,
Somersetshire) was, I believe, from the first, destined for the
Cambridge Museum. It was however made over without any
reserve to the late Master of Trinity College (Dr Whewell);
and was then, after a short correspondence with Mr Haw-
kins, transferred to the Cambridge Geological Museum. The
mounting of Mr Hawkins’ fossil Reptiles was a rather costly
operation. The cost was, however, in a good measure met by
a surplus left in my hands from the previous subscription for
Mr Image’s miscellaneous (but chiefly cretaceous) collection;
in which was one specimen of an Ichthyosaur, now mounted
among the Cambridge fossil Reptiles, which very well exhi—
bits the sternal bones of the Genus.

Several good remains of the Ichthyosaur and Plesiosaur
were secured by me during two visits to the Lias quarries of

vi ' PREFA TORY NOTICE.

Barrow-on-the-Soar: and from the same quarries a nearly
perfect specimen of an Ichthyosaur was obtained by Mr
Packe, formerly Fellow and Vice-Provost of King’s College,
and generously presented to the University. From the same
locality a fine specimen of I. tenirostris was purchased by
my late honoured friend, Mr Alsopp (a man of letters, a
lover of science, and one of the early reclaimers of Charn—
wood Forest), and by him given to the University Museum.
This valuable specimen, being imbedded in soft crumbling
shale, suffered greatly in its transport to Cambridge; and
still more from an accident arising out of its incautious
mounting for exhibition on the walls of our Museum.

Among our larger illustrative specimens, upon which a
considerable cost has been bestowed, we may mention two
articulated skeletons of the Plesiosaur derived from the clay-
pits near Ely—one presented by Rev. S. Banks, Rector of
Cottenham—the other by the late Stead Jones, Esq. of Ely.
Both these gentlemen have been zealous benefactors of our
Museum.

In, this place may be noticed some valuable reptilian re-
mains (including a new Plesiosaur and a new Ichthyosaur from
the Oxford Clay near Peterborough), which I purchased of
Dr Henry Porter and presented to the Museum. Also an
08 pubis and a coracoid of an enormous Pliosaur from the
Oxford Clay near St Neots; presented, along with the cer-
vical vertebrae and other valuable organisms, by J. J. Evans,
Esq. Lastly, among the Enaliosaurs exhibited in the Mu—
seum I may notice a very fine portion of the jaws of the
Ichthyosaurus campylodon, from the Chalk—purchased of Mr
W. Farren by the University, along with his grand series of
Ornithosaurian and other remains from the pseudo-coprolite
diggings in the Upper Green Sand in the neighbourhood of
Cambridge.

Of Palaeozoic Reptiles we do not possess one single British
specimen. All, or nearly all the fossils, alluded to in this
Notice, were obtained from our Secondary or Mesozoic for—
mations: and before I quit the Mesozoic Reptiles which adorn

PREFA TORY N0 7701?. vii

the walls of our Museum, I must notice the beautiful fresh-
water Chelonians of the genus Pleurosternon, from the Pur-
beck beds; one of which, perhaps the finest in the series, we
owe to the generosity of A. A. Vansittart, Esq. formerly a
Fellow of Trinity College.

With the exception of some good fossil Chelonians (which
I collected many years since on the Suffolk and Essex coast),
we did not, till quite a recent period, possess any good rep-
tilian remains from our Tertiary formations. But since
Mr H. Keeping became an Assistant in the Woodwardian
Museum, we have—partly through his intervention, partly
by his own skilful labour, and partly by diggings con-
ducted under his personal direction, obtained very valuable
remains of Mammals, Reptiles, Fishes and Plants from var-
ious parts of the Hampshire coast: especially from the
celebrated cliff of Hordwell (often noticed in the Old Wood-
wardian Catalogues) and from the rich deposits of Hamp-
stead on the north-west coast of the Isle of Wight.

Along with this remark I may especially notice the Cro—
codilian and Chelonian remains from the Hordwell cliff,
obtained by him during this and the preceding year, with
the liberal permission and kind assistance of Colonel Clinton,
by help of diggings conducted within the estate. The rep-
tilian remains dug out last. year were in multitudinous frag—
ments that seemed to defy any attempt at reconstruction.
They Were, however, hardened, secured, and put together
with such hopeful and patient skill by Mr Keeping, that they
at length found a place among the goodly ornaments of our
Museum and among its best-defined species: and he is now
employed on a like task among the Crocodilian and Che-
lonian spoils he has gained from the same locality during
the present summer.

It is not, however, among the more perfect specimens of
the reptilian species—such as have been referred to in the
previous notice—that the Cambridge naturalist and compara-
tive anatomist will seek his best materials for study. He
will rather dwell upon the great collection of reptilian bones,

viii PREFA TOR Y NOTICE.

fragments of bones, and teeth, in the vertical and table-cases
in the S.VV. closet of the Museum; and in the vertical cases
that form the exterior of the closet. Reptilian remains are
there to be seen in thousands ; as will appear in Mr Seeley’s
elaborate catalogues. Among these organisms are some in-
structive remains of Dinosaurs, Crocodilians, Enaliosaurs, &c.
&c. from our older Mesozoic rocks. But, by much the most
numerous and instructive specimens are derived from the
(so—called) “ coprolite diggings ” in the Upper Greenscmd, still
going on in many open works near Cambridge. This deposit,
though very degenerate in thickness, seldom much exceeding
a single foot, abounds in organic remains. Several hundred
species of Mollusks; fragments of the bones of Reptiles——
Dinosaurs, Crocodiles, Enaliosaurs, &c. &c.; countless bones
of Chelonians, of many species; countless bones, broken
jaws, teeth, vertebrae, &c. of Ornithosaurians (Pterodactyles);
—such is the wonderful ancient Fauna of our degenerate
Upper Greensand, which lies between our Galt (the well-
known brick-earth of Cambridge) and the lower, flintless
Chalk. Little would have been known of these fossils but
for “the diggings” in search of the phosphatic nodules which
are distributed in millions through the formation, along with
the organic fossils.

Under the Galt is the brown ferruginous sand (sometimes
though rarely tinged green by silicate of iron) which holds
the water of our Artesz'an wells. It caps the hills at Ely and
Haddenham, and may be traced towards the N.E., skirting
the dead level of the fens, by Downham ; by the sandy hills
south of Lynn; and thence along the base of the sandy
country that extends toward Hunstanton. In this course it
appears to rest chiefly on the Kimeridge Clay; but near the
“ Upware diggings ” it, for a short distance, appears to over—

, lap the Coral Rag.

Towards the SW. it may be traced, though not at first
continuously, breaking out here and there from under the
glacial drift. It gradually increases in thickness till it forms
a continuous feature in Bedfordshire; and in its course, after

PREFA TOR Y NOTICE. ix

overlapping the Kimeridge Clay finds its base at length
upon the Oxford Clay.

All the above deposits of the lower sands were classified
by Dr Fitton with his Lower Green or Shanklin Sand.
Little was, however, known of the fossils in the Cambridge-
shire and Bedfordshire sands at the time when his celebrated
Paper was first published.

The economical success of the “diggings” near Cam—
bridge—and of similar works which had been long carried on
in Suffolk, among the phosphatized nodules and bones at
the base of the Crag—naturally led to. further searchings
and to new discoveries. Such are the works near Potton,
in the ferruginous sands, which are well exposed in the line
of the Bedford rail—road: and such also are the diggings near
Upware, on the banks of the Cam, between Cambridge and
Ely. At both these digging/s the works are still in progress,
and have afforded rich spoils to our Museum. ‘

The first fossils from these localities were brought to the
Museum by Mr Seeley. Since then Mr H. Keeping has
visited the works again and again, and’not only bestowed
great personal labour upon them, but has obtained by pur-
chase, in behalf of the Museum, from collectors and labourers
in the “diggings,” a multitude of reptilian remains; which
are now arranged in their nearest anatomical relations; are
well exhibited; and are described in this Catalogue, after a
patient study, by my friend Mr Seeley.

Among these organic spoils are the bones and teeth of
the Iguanodon and other large Dinosaurs, which seem to
point to a Wealden fauna for their origin. Are we then to
conclude that only the upper part of the Bedfordshire sands
is the representative of the Lower Green (or Shanklin)
sands of Dr Fitton? and that the middle and lower part
(with the Dinosaur remains, &c. &c.) are to be classed with
the formations of the Weald or Isle of Purbeck? Or may
the organic difficulty be met by the hypothesis that the
Dinosaurian bones (undoubtedly much rubbed and rounded)

have been drifted out of an older deposit into the middle and
Z)

X PREFA TOR Y NOTICE.

lower portion of the Shanklin sand? If the first and cer-
tainly the most direct conclusion be accepted, there must be
some break of continuity, or some discordancy of position
among the sand-beds which escaped the notice of the early
observers. Should no such break of continuity be established,
some might still perhaps hold to Dr Fitton’s classification.

This Preface may convey some notion of the extent of
our collection of reptilian remains: but no idea can be con-
veyed, by these introductory pages, of the great scientific
labour bestowed upon the specimens by the author of the
Catalogue. Those only can comprehend the labour and the
value of the conclusions derived from it, who have previously
studied the details of a very difficult department of Palaeon-
tology ; and are thereby enabled at once to grasp the evidence
on which the several conclusions are founded. With honest
expressions of gratulation and good will to the members of
the University, and with grateful thanks to the Vice—Chan-
cellor, and the Syndics of the Press, and to the gentlemen
who form the Syndicate for the study of Natural Sciences,
I here bring my remarks to a closef“

A. SEDGWICK.

NORWICH, Aug. 20, 1869.

* The commencement of our great series of Ornithosaurian Remains was
made by the Rev. H. G. Day, late Fellow of St John’s College. He carefully
watched the early “coprolite diggings and washing works,” near Cambridge;
and made a good collection of the organic spoils brought to light by them.
Before he left the University he generously transferred his collection to the
Woodwardian Museum. In a subsequent note it will, I trust, be my grateful
task to give a fuller list of those who have been benefactors to this department
of our Museum than I am now capable of doing while absent from the
University, and without any books of reference.

TABLE OF THE DISTRIBUTION

OF THE

LARGER GROUPS OF ANIMALS IN THE
SECONDARY STRATA.

ORNITHOSAURIA :
From the Chalk, p. 4.
From the Cambridge Upper Greensand, pp. 4—18.
From the Wealden Series, p. 84.
From the Purbeck, pp. 89, 90.
From the Stonesfield Slate, p. 119.
From the Solenhofen Slate (casts), p. 142.

AVES:
From the Cambridge Upper Greenaand, pp. 7, 8.

DINOSAURIA:
From the Cambridge Upper Greensand, pp. 18—24 3 p. 45.
From the Potton Sands, pp. 78—80.
From the Wealden Series, pp. (SI-85.
'IFrom the Kimeridge Clay, pp. 94, 95.
From the Oxford Clay, p. 93.

DICYNODONTIA :
From rocks of uncertain age, South Africa, p. 136.

ICHTHYOSAURIA :
From the Chalk, p. 3 3 p. 141.
From the Hunstanton Red Limestone, p. 57.
From the Cambridge Upper Greensand, pp. 53—-—7 2.
From the Galt, p. 73.
From the Potton Sands, p. 74.
From the Wealden Series, p. 83.

b2

xii

001V TENTS.

From the Kimeridge Clay, pp. 106, 107, 141.
From the Ampthill Clay, p. 109.

From the Oxford Clay, pp. 110—115.

From the Lias, pp. 123—132, 138—9, 142, 143.

CROCODILIA :

From the Potton Sands, p. 80.

From the Wealden Series, pp. 81, 82.

From the Kimeridge Clay, pp. 92, 93.

From the Ampthill Clay and Coral Rag, p. 109.
From the Oxford Clay, p. 140.

From the Lias, pp. 121, 122.

PLESIOSAURIA :

From the Chalk, p. 3. .

From the Cambridge Upper Greensand, pp. 38
From the Potton Sands, pp. 75—77.
’lFrom the Wealden Series, p. 84.

From the Portland Stone, p. 91.

From the Kimeridge Clay, pp. 96—105.
From the Coral Rag, p. 109.

From the Oxford Clay, pp. 116—118, 139.
From the Great Oolite, p. 119.

From the Lias, pp. 120—122, 137, 143.
From the Trias (foreign), pp. 133—136.

52.

 

CHELONIA :

From the Chalk, pp. 3, 4.

From the Cambridge Upper Greensand, pp. 25—37.
From the Galt, p. 73.

From the Wealden, pp. 83, 85.

From the Purbeck, pp. 86—88.

From the Kimeridge Clay, p. 108.

From the Solenhofen Slate (cast), p. 142.

LACERTILIA :

From the Chalk, p. 3.
From the Purbeck, p. 88.

OPHIDIA :

N one.

CONTENTS. xiii

TABLE OF SECONDARY STRATA,

SHOWING THE LARGER GROUPS OF ANIMALS WHICH THEY
CONTAIN.

CHALK:
Ornithosauria, p. 4.
Ichthyosauria, pp. 3, 141.
Plesiosauria, p. 3.
Chelonia, pp. 3, 4.
Lacertilia, p. 3.

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND:
Ornithosauria, pp. 4—18.
Aves, pp. 7, 8.
Dinosauria, pp. 18—24, 45.
Ichthyosauria, pp. 53—7 2.
Plesiosauria, pp. 38—52.
Chelonia, pp. 25—37.

GALT:
Ichthyosauria, p. 73.
Chelonia, p. 73.

POTTON SANDS:
Dinosauria, pp. 78—80.
Ichthyosauria, p. 74.
Crocodilia, p. 80.
Plesiosauria, pp. 75—77.

WEALDEN SERIES:
Ornithosauria, p. 84.
Dinosauria, pp. 81—85.
Ichthyosauria, p. 83.
Crocodilia, pp. 81, 82.
Plesiosauria, p. 84.
Chelonia, pp. 83, 85.

xiv

CONTEN’ S.

PURBECK SERIES:
Omithosauria, pp. 89, 90.
Crocodilia, p. 88.
Chelonia, pp. 86—88.
Lacertilia, p. 88.

PORTLAND SERIES:
Plesiosauria, p. 91.

KIMERIDGE CLAY:
Dinosauria, pp. 94, 95.
Ichthyosauria, pp. 106, 107, 141.
Crocodilia, pp. 92, 93.
Plesiosauria, pp. 96—105.
Chelonia, p. 108.

CORAL RAG AND AMPTHILL CLAY:
Ichthyosauria, p. 109.
Crocodilia, p. 109.
Plesiosauria, p. 109.

OXFORD CLAY:
Dinosauria, p. 93.
Ichthyosauria, pp. 110-115.
Crocodilia, p. 140.
Plesiosauria, pp. 116—118, 139.

}REAT OOLI'I‘E:
Ornithosauria, p. 119.
Dinosauria, p. 100.
Plesiosauria, p. 119.

LIAs:
Ichthyosauria, pp. 123—-1 32, 1 38,139,142,14 3.
Crocodilia, pp. 121, 122.
Plesiosauria, pp. 120—122, 137, 143.

TRIAs:
’lOrnithosauria‘, p. 133.
Dicynodontia, p. 136.
Ple‘sinsauria, pp. 133—136.

LIST OF SPECIES.

AN APPROXIMATE LIST OF THE SPECIES

XV

included in the following Catalogue, with provisional names*
for new species and reference to the specimens on which
they are founded, and to the pages of the Index in which
they are described. [Thus Ptenodactylus Sedgwicki (Owen)
J . c. 13. p. 6, signifies that the type-specimen is tablet 13
of compartment 0. of cabinet J ; and is catalogued at p. 6

of this Index.]

FROM THE CHALK. J./e.10.
1 lPterodactylus ClCuvieri (Owen), p. 4.

Palaeontographical volume, 1860 ; 3rd Supplement to Fossil

Reptilia, Pl. 3.
2 Ichthyosaurus campylodon (Carter), p. 3.

Owen, Cretaceous Reptiles, Pl. 4; Carter, London Geolo-

gical Journal, p. 7.
3 Ichthyosaurus angustidens (Seeley), p. 3.
4 Polyptychodon interruptus (Owen) 'l‘. Index, p. 3.

Palaeontographical Society’s volume for 1851; Cretaceous

Reptiles, P1. 11.
5 Chelone Camperi (Owen), p. 3.
Owen, Cretaceous Reptiles, Pl. 5.

6 Saurospondylus dissimilis (Seeley), p. 3; Annals of Natural

History for September, 1865.
Mosasaurus stenodon (Charlesworth), p. 3.
8 Mosasaurus gracilis (Owen), p. 3.

Owen, Cretaceous Reptiles, Pl. 9.

q

* These names are only intended for the convenience of students using the

Museum, and not necessarily to take rank as names of described species.
1‘ These references are selected with a view to the wants of students.

xvi LIST OF SPECIES.

FROM THE CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND.
ORNITHOSAURIA.
Ptenodcwtylus (new genus).

1 Ptenodactylus Sedgwicki (Owen). J. c . 13, p. 6.
Owen, Palaeontographical volume, 1859 ; 1st Supplement
to Fossil Reptiles, Pl. 1.
2 Ptenodactylus Fittoni (Owen). J. c. 14, p. 6.
Owen, 1st Supplement, Pl. 1.
3 Ptenodactylus Woodwardi (Owen). J. c. 18, p. 6.
Owen, 1860 ; 3rd Supplement to Fossil Reptiles, P1- 2.
4 Ptenodactylus Cuvieri (Bowel‘bank). J. c. 15, p. 6.
Owen, Palzeont. 1851.; Fosril Reptiles, P1. 28.
5 Ptenodactylus Oweni (Seeley). J. c. 20, p. 7.
6 Ptenodactylus polyodon (Seeley). J. c . 21, p. 7.
7 Ptenodactylus microdon (Seeley). J . c. 29, p. 7.
8 Ptenodactylus scaphwkynchus (Seeley). J . c. 22, p. 7.
9 Ptenodactylus macrorhinus (Seeley). J . c. 31, p. 7.
10 Ptenodactylus brac/Lyv'hinus (Seeley). J . c. 24, p. 7.
11 Ptenodactylus massidens (Seeley). J. 01 . 2. 2, p. 8.
12 Ptenodactylus dentatus (Seeley). J . cl . 9. 1, p. 10.
13 Ptenodactylus nasutus (Seeley). J . c2. 11 . 1 p. 10.
14 Ptenodactylus tenuirosto'is (Seeley). J . c2. 12. 1, p. ll.
15 Ptenodactylus capito (Seeley). J. 63. 14. 1, p. 12.
16 Ptenodactylus eurygnatkus (Seeley). J .03. 16 . 1, p. 12.
17 Ptenodactylus mac/acerofloynchus (Seeley). J . c6. 33. l, p. 17.
18 Ptenodactylus platystomus (Seeley). J . c6. 32. 1, p. 17.
19 Ptenodactylus enc/Lorkynckus (Seeley). J . c. 25, p. 7.
20 Ptenodactylus colorhinus (Seeley) J. c. 17, p. 6.
21 Ptenodactylus oacyflu'nus (Seeley). J . c2. 13. 1, p. 11.
Owniflwcheirus (new genus) 7“.
22 Ornithocheirns simus (Owen). J . c . 16, p. 6.

Owen, 1860 ; 3rd Supplement to Fossil Reptiles, Pl. 2.
23 Ornithocheirus Carter‘i (Seeley)+. J. c. 19, p. 6.

* This genus has no teeth anterior to the palate.

T With two exceptions, all these species are founded on Upper Jaws; to
them might be added several others less well defined, and three or four more
known to exist in other collections.

24

“KO"

(fix-POOL:

LIST OF SPECIES. xvii
Ornithocheirus plenty/Minus (Seeley)"‘. J. c. 1, p. 10.

AVEs.
Enaliomis (new genus).
Enaliornis Barretti (Seeley). J . d, p. 7.
Annals of Natural History, August, 1866.
Enaliornis Sedgwic/ci (Seeley), p. 8.

DINOSAURIA.
Acanthopholis (Huxley).

Geol. Magazine, Vol. IV. p. 65, 1867.
Acanthopholis platypus (Seeley). J. c. 23, 24, p. 21.
Acanthopholis ma-crocercus (Seeley). J . g . VIII.
Acantllopholis stereocercus (Seeley). J . 9. VII.

flIacrurosaurus (new genus).
llVIacrurosaurus semnus (Seeley), p. 45.

ICHTHYOSAURIA.
Ichthyosaurus campylodon (Carter).
London Geological Journal, p. 7.
Ichthyosaurus Walkeri (Seeley), p. 65.
Ichthyosaurus Doughtyz' (Seeley).
Ichthyosaurus Bonneyi (Seeley).
Ichthyosaurus platymerus (Seeley).

CROCODILIA.
Crocodilus Cantabrigiensis (Seeley).

PLESIOSAURIA.
Plesiosaurus planus (Owen). 90 . e, p. 41.
2nd Supplement to Fossil Reptiles, 1864 ; Palaeontogra-
phical, P1. 1—3.
Plesiosaurus ickthyospondylus (Seeley). Case 91 . b—-g, p. 40.
Syn. Pl. Bernardi (Owen), 1864 ; not P1. Bernardi (Owen),
1850.
Plesiosaurus cycnode'irus (Seeley). 91 . a, p. 41.
Plesiosaurus latispinus (Owen). 90 . a, b, p. 40. _
2nd Supplement to Fossil Reptilia, 1864, P1. 7, 8.

* Since the. Catalogue was printed 24. new species of Pterorlactyle of this

genus has been obtained from the Upper Greenszmd of the Isle of Wight.

xviii LIST OF SPECIES.

HowQOm

Hb—l

13
14
15+
16

Plesiosaurus microdeirus (Seeley). 90. c, p. 40.
Plesiosaurus euryspondg/lus (Seeley). 90 .f; p.41.
Plesiosaurus platydeirus (Seeley). 90. g, p. 41. -
Plesiosanrus pachyomus (Owen). ’l 93. a, p. 43.
Plesiosaurus neocomiensis (Campiche). J .64 . 6, p. 47.
Plesiosaurus ophiodeirus (Seeley). 94 . d, p. 44.
Plesiosaurus constrictus (Owen). 92 .j, p. 42.

Dixon’s Geology of Sussex, P1. 37.
Plesiosaurus pwcilospondylus (Seeley). J . e5 . 5, p. 48.

Stereosaurus (new genus) 9‘.
Stereosaurus platyomus (Seeley). 93 . b, p. 43.
Stereosaurus cratynotus (Seeley). 94. c, p. 44.
Stereosaurus stenomus (Seeley). 93 . d, p. 43.
Polyptychodon interruptus (Owen). 95, p. 45.
Suppl. 3 to Cret. Rept. 1860 ,' Palaeont. P1. 4——6.

CHELONIA.

Rhinoclwlys (new genus).

Rhinochelys mastocephalus (Seeley). J . k. 3, p 25.
Rhinochelys eurgcepkalus (Seeley). IL. 4, p. 25.
Rhinochelys pulchm'ceps (Owen). lb. 5, p. 25.
Cret. Rept. 1851 ; Palaeont. P1. 7, fig. 1—3.
Rhinochelys stenicephalus (Seeley). h . 6, p. 25.
Rhinochelys cardiocep/zalus (Seeley). h. 12, 1)‘ 26.
Rhinochelys spkenicephalus (Seeley). h . 16, p. 26.
Rhinochelys Dag/13 (Seeley). h. 21, p. 26.
Rhinochelys platyrhinus (Seeley). h. 23, p. 26.
Rhinochelys rheporkinus (Seeley). k. 25, p. 26.
Rhinochelys graptocepkalus (Seeley). h . 32, p. 26.
Bhinochelys dacognatkus (Seeley). k. 36, p. 26.
Rhinochelys colognathus (Seeley). k. 39, p. 26.
Rhinochelys dimerogmtkus (Seeley). k . 42, p. 26.
Rhinochelys gym/pus (Seeley). k. 56, p. 27.
Rhinochelys platycepkalus (Seeley). k. 52, p. 27.

* In this genus the limb-bones develope neither heads nor trochanters.
'1‘ To these might be added half a dozen others, less satisfactorily indicated.

16
17

18
19

LIST OF SPECIES.

Rhinochelys leptognatkus (Seeley). h. 48, p. 27.
Emys sploenognat/ms (Seeley). g9 . 1, p. 36.
Trackyderwwokelys (new genus").
Trachydermochelys pklyctwnus (Seeley). g7 . 11, p. 35.
Testudo Cantabm'giensis (Seeley). g4 . 17, p. 32.

FROM THE GA LT.

1 Ichthyosaurus, spp. 73.
2 Chelone, 8p.

FROM T HE WEALDEN.

1 Goniopholis crassidens (Owen). J . i. 8. 9, p. 81.
Owen, Brit. Ass. Reports, 1841, p. 69.

2 Iguanodon Mantelli (v. Meyer), p. 83.

Owen, VVealden Rept. 1854 5 Palaeontographical.
3 Iguanodon Phillipsi (Seeley). J . 2'. 9 . 34, p. 82.
4 Suchosaurus cultridens (Owen). J . 2' . 9. 11, p. 82.

Rep. Brit. Ass. 1841, p. 67.
5 Megalosaurus, n. Sp. p. 84.
6 Hylaeosaurus, sp. p. 85.
Ichthyosaurus, sp. p. 83.
8 Plesiosaurus, sp. p. 84.
9 Pleurosternon, sp. p. 83.
10 Platemys, sp. p. 85.
11 ?New genus Chelonian, sp. 1). 83.
12 Pterodactylus, Sp. p. 84.

FROM THE PURBEOK.

1 Pterndactylus macrums (Seeley). 88. a, p. 89.
2 Telensaurus, sp.

Macellodus Brodei (Owen). 88. b, p. 88.

Pleurosternon Sedgwicki (Seeley), p. 86.

Pleurosternon Vansitmrti (Seeley), p. 86.

6 Pleurostemon Owem' (Seeley), p. 87.

Pleurosternon typocardium (Seeley), p. 87.

”mu->0:

‘1

* Nearly related to Holochelys, von Meyer.

xix

XX

#0353)“

C}!

\1

10

LIST OF SPECIES.

FROM THE POTTON SANDS.
About 18 Species.

Iguanodon, 2 species. VII.——VIII. p. 78.
Megalosaurus, sp. p. 79.

Hylaeosaurus, sp. p. 78.

2Pelorosaurus, sp. p. 78.

(Steneosaurus, or) Dakosaurus, 2 sp. pp. 77, 88.
’l Goniopholis, sp. p. 80.

Pliosaurus brachyspondylus. VI. 6, p. 77.
Pliosaurus microdeirus (Seeley). VI. a. 9, p. 76.
Plesiosaurus, about 4 or 5 species. V, p. 76.
Ichthyosaurus, 4 species. IV. I) . c, p. 74.

FROM THE PORTLAND.

Pliosaurus, Sp. p. 91.

FROM THE KIMERIDGE CLAY.
Gigantosaurus (new genus).

Gigantosaurus megalonyw (Seeley). 84. a, p. 94.
Ichthyosaurus chalarodeirus (Seeley). 86. a. 12, p. 106.
Ichthyosaurus hygrodeirus (Seeley). 86 . b . 3, p. 106.
Dakosaurus lissocepkalus (Seeley). 82 . cl, p. 92.
Dakosaurus maximus (Quenst.). 82 . e . 3, p. 93.

Der J ura, P1. 97, fig. 11; J. W. Mason, Quart. J our. Geol.

Soc. Vol. XXV. p. 218.

Plesiosaurus megadei'ms (Seeley). 85 . a. &c. p. 97, &c.
Plesiosaurus stewodeims (Seeley). 85 . d, p. 98.
Pliosaurus brachyspondylus (Owen). 84 . b . c, p. 102.

Brit. Ass. Reports, 1839, p. 78.
Pliosaurus brachydeirus (Owen). 84 . j; p. 104.

Brit. Ass. Reports, 1841, p. 64.

Vnaliockerc/s (new genus).

Enaliochelys Ckelonia (Seeley). 86 .j; p. 108.

LIST OF SPECIES. xxi

FROM THE CORAL RAG AND AMPTHILL CLAY.

Ichthyosaurus, sp. J . b. 2, p. 109.
Dakosaurus, sp.
Pliosaurus, Sp.

FROM THE OXFORD CLAY.
CTg/ptosam‘us (new genus).

Cryptosaurus eumerus (Seeley). 82 . g, p. 93.
Ichthyosaurus megalodeirus (Seeley) ’2 I . II . a. I), p. 110.
Ichthyosaurus, sp. II. c, p. 114.

Pliosaurus Emmi (Seeley). III. a. b. c, p. 116.
Pliosaurus packydeirus (Seeley). IV . a, p. 118.
PlesiOsaurus, sp. III . e, p. 118.

Plesiosaurus philao'chus (Seeley). D, lecture~room.

MQGDUI-F-DOLOH

Steneosaurus dasyceplmlus (Seeley). D, lecturedoom.

FROM THE LOWER OOLITES.

Pterodactylus, sp. J . b. 2, p. 119.

’1 Cetiosaurus, sp.

Plesiosaurus Oxfordiensis (Phillips, ms).
Plesiosaurus, sp.

FROM THE LIAS.
20 Species.

Ichthyosaurus, about 9 species. C, lecture-room, p. 138.

Teleosaurus, 4 Sp. 87 and D, lecture-room.

Plesiosaurus macropterus (Seeley). A, lecture—room, p. 137.
Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, Vol. XV. p. 49.

Plesiosaurus eleutheraxion (Seeley). A, lecture-room, p. 137.
Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, V01. XVI. P1. 14.

Plesiosaurus cliduchus (Seeley). A, lecture-room, p. 137.
Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, V01. XVI. P1. 15.

* At p. 114, for Ichthyosaurus dolichodeirus, read Ichthyosaui‘us megalo-
deirus.

xxii LIST 01? 5131101155.

Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus ((301be,). LOWer room, 1). 143.
Geol. Trans. Series 2, Vol. I. P1. 48, 49.
Plesiosaurus Hawkinsi (Owen), p. 143.
Geol. Trans. Series 2, Vol. V. pp. 43—45.
Plesiosaurus macrocephalus (Conyb.), p. 143.
Geo]. Trans. Series 2, Vol. V. P1. 43, 45.
Plesiosaurus megacephalus (Stutch). E, p. 142.
Quart. J our. Geo}. Society, Vol. II. P1. 18.

FROM THE TRIAS.

Phytosaurus Kaupffii. E.
Dicynodon lacerticeps (Owen). XII . d, p. 136.

Geol. Trans. Series 2, Vol. VII. Pl. 3.
Dicynodon testudiceps (Owen). XII . d, p. 136.

Geol. Trans. Series 2, Vol. VII. Pl. 5.
Dicynodon strigiceps (Owen). XII . d, p. 136.

Geol. Trans. Series 2, Vol. VII. Pl. 6.
Dicynodon Murrayi (Huxley), p. 136.

Quart. J our. Geol. Soc. 1859, p. 649.
Rhynchosaurus articeps (Owen). XII . d, p. 136.
N othosaurus mirabilis (Miinster). XI . c, p. 136.

Von Meyer Saurier des Muschelkalks.

N othosaurus venustus (Munster). XI. 0, p. 134.
Nothosaurus giganteus (H. v. Meyer). XI, p. 134.
Placodus gigas (Ag) XII . a . b. c, p. 135.

Agassiz, Poissons Fossiles.

Placodus Andriani (Ag) XII. a. I). c, p. 135.
Pistosaurus, sp. p. 135.

Conchiosaurus clavatus (V. Meyer). XI . i, p. 135.
Charitosaurus Tschudii (v. Meyer). XI. i, p. 135.
Mystriosaurus, sp. XI. p. 135.

FROM THE SOLENHOFEN SLATE.

Pterodactylus suevicus (Quenst). E, p. 142.
Ueber Pterodactylus suevicus Tiibingen, 1855.
Pterodactylus rhamphastinus (Wagn). E, p. 142.

Abhand. Bayerischen Acad. 1852, Vol. VI. Pl. 5.

LIST OF SPECIES. xxiii

Pterodactylus Miinsteri (Gold) E, p. 142.

Abhand. Bayerischen Acad. 1852, Vol. VI. Pl. 6.
Pterodactylus medius (Munster). E, p. 142.

N ova. Acta. Acad. N at. Curios. Vol. XV. Pt. I. Pl. 6.
Rhamphorhynchus longimanus (Wagn). E, p. 142.

Abhand. Bayerischen Acad. 1860, Vol. VIII. P1. 16.
Rhamphorhynchus longicauda. (v. Meyer). E, p. 142.
Euristernon Wagleri (Munster). E, p. 142.
Pleurosaurus Goldfussi (v. Meyer). E, p. 142.
Gnathosaurus subulatus (v. Meyer). E, p. 142.

 

TABLE OF THE LARGER GROUPS OF ANIMALS
I IN OLUDED IN THIS CATALOGUE.

ORNITHOSAURIA.
AVES.
DINOSAURIA.
DICYNODONTIA.
ICHTHYOSAURIA.
CROCODILIA.
PLESIOSAURIA.
CHELONIA.
LACERTILIA.

OPHIDIA.

TABLE OF SECONDARY STRATA.

South of England Section.

Upper Chalk.
Lower Chalk.
Chalk Marl.
Chloritic Marl.

Upper Greensand.

Gault.

Lower Greensand.
Wéalden Series.
Purbeck Series.
Portland Series.

Kimeridge Clay.
Coral Rag Series.

Oxford Clay.
Kelloway Rock.
Cornbrash.
Forest Marble.
Bradford Clay.
Great- Oolite.
Stonesfield Slate.
Fuller’s Earth.
Inferior Oolite.
Supra—Lias Sands.
Upper Lias Clay.
Marlstone.
Lower Lias.
Penarth Beds.
Keuper.

Dolomitic Conglomerate.

Bunter.

East of England Section.
Upper Chalk.
Lower Chalk.

Hunstanton Red Limestone.

Cambridge Upper Greensand.

' Gault.

Potton Sands and Wicken Beds.

Kimeridge Clay.

Upware Limestone.

Clay equivalent of Coral Rag.
Elsworth Rock.

Oxford Clay.

Cornbrash and Forest Marble.
Bradford Clay.

Great Oolite.
Collyweston Slate.

Northampton Sands Series.

Lias.

REP"ILES FROM THE CHALK.

[J is the name of the Cabinet; h is a compartment of cabinet J ; to is the
tenth drawer of compartment 71 ; the specimens are arranged in drawer IO as

numbered .]

Specimen

1—5

Case. Comp. Drawer.
1 0

9—15

16—20

21'

27—28

29

30

teeth of Polyptychodon
(Owen).—Halling and Ofl'ham.
Forbes Young Collection] '

teeth of Polyptychodon interruptus (Owen).
Cherry Hinton.

teeth of Ichthyosaurus campylodon (Carter)
Cambridge.

portions of upper and lower jaws and teeth
of Ichthyosaurus.—Near Cambridge.

tooth of Ichthyosaurus angustidens (MSH)
Hunstanton.

vertebra. of Saurospondylus
(Seeley).—Cherry Hinton.

tooth of Mosasaurus.—Norwich.

smaller tooth of Mosasaurus.—Norwich.

post-dorsal vertebra of
Norwich.

tooth of Mosasaurus gracilis (Owen)
Halling. [Dr Forbes Young 001-
1ection.]

two vertebrae probably of a small Mosa—
saurus.—Halling. [Dr Forbes Young
Collection.]

cast of a tooth of Mosasaurus Maximiliani
(Gold).

under side of left humerus of a. Chelonian.
Kent.

marginal plates of Chelone Camperi?
(Owen).—Burham.

interruptus

[Dr

dissimilis

Mosasaurus.

1—2

4s ORNITHOSA URIA FROM THE
ease. Co)‘np.1)r:twer. Specimen.
J h 10 32 marginal plate of Chelone. [Dr Forbes
Young Collection]
33—34: costal plates Chelone.—Burham.
35—37 marginal and costal plates Chelone.
Burham.
38 shaft of a bone of Pterodactyle (probably
humerus) .—Cherry Hinton.
39 cervical vertebra of a Pterodactyle.
Dorking.
40 proximal end of humerus of Pterodactyle.
Lewes.

In the drawers above are placed the basioccipital bone, the
atlas and axis anchylosed, the third and fourth cervical
vertebrae of an Ichthyosaur, and some of the facial bones
from the lower Chalk, over the ‘ Coprolite’ bed of the Upper
Greensand, near Cambridge. Also a few teeth in badly
preserved fragments of jaws from the lower Chalk of Beach.

The remainder of the Chalk Ichthyosaurs are in a cabinet
in the East room (Lecture room.)

‘ ORNITHOSAURIA
(or Pterodactyles)
FROM THE CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND.

Index to the Osteological Collection of Pterodactyle Remains
exhibited in the Table-case over Cabinet J .*

Pastoral and Pelvic girdles and limbs.

l fore part of sternum.
1—23 coracoid.
1 «>17 scapula.
1—— 6 distal end of scapula.

9899

Patch-I

* For descriptions and figures of the bones in this Collection see the
Memoir on the Osteology of the Cambridge Fterodactyles.

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND.

Case. Comp. Tablet. Specimen.

Ox

 

J a 5 1— 4 proximal end of scapula.
a 6 1—46 humerus. [No. 2 & 4 presented by C. J.
Parker, Esq. No. 5 presented by C. S.
Perceval, Esq. No. 35 presented by
Rev. G. H. Day]

a 7 1— 3 proximal end of humerus.

a 8 1 portion of shaft; probably of a large humerus.

a, 9 1— 6 lproximal end of ulna.

a 10 1—10 distal end of ulna.

a 11 1— 7 Zproximal end of radius.

a 12 1— 4 distal end of radius.

a 13 5— 6 another form of distal end of radius.

a 14 1— 2 undetermined fragments. [Cl pterygoid end

of palatine bone].

a, 15 l— 2 epiphyses, apparently proximal of tibia.

a 16 1— 2 fragments in shape like furculum, but pro-
bably scapulae.

a 17 1 fragment probably of a distal carpal ; re-

sembling the long bone of the tarsus in
Pterodactylia with the tarsus composite.

a 18 1 fragment probably of a scapula.

J 1 1—13 proximal carpal [No. 7 pres. by Rev.
T. G. Bonney.] ‘

I) 2 1—18 distal carpal, with casts from proximal end
of wing—metacarpal bone and from
distal end of proximal carpal.

b 3 1— 8 distal carpal [No. 5—8 distal carpal pre-
sented by Rev. T. G. Bonney.]

b 4 1—10 lateral carpal [2 & 9 presented by Rev.
T. G. Bonney.]

b 5 1—31 wing metacarpal bone.

6 6 1—11 first phalange of wing finger.

I) I 7 1—15 second phalange of wing finger.

I) 8 1— 7 distal end of metacarpal or metatarsal bones.

b 9 1— 4 claw—phalange.

b 10 1— 9 cs innominatum.

b 11 1—2 6 femur.

b 12 1—11 2 tibia.

6

ORNITHOSA URIA FROM THE

 

Case. Comp. Tablet. Specimen.
J b 13 1 distal end of left tarsus.
Vertebral column and head.
J c 1 1—15 atlas and axis [No. 15 presented by Rev.
T. G. Bonney.].
c 2 1——41 cervical vertebrae.
c 2 42—43 cervical vertebrae.
c 3 1—20 pectoral and dorsal vertebrae [N o. 19 pre-
sented by Rev. T. G. Bouncy].
c 4 1— 7 sacrum. [No. 3 presented by H. C. Raban,
Esq.]
c 5 1—13 caudal vertebrae.
c 6 1— 4 reputed caudal vertebrae.
c 7 1 basi-occipital and basi—temporal bones.
c 8 1— 2 occipital and parietal segments of Skull.
6 9 1— 2 orbito-ethmo-sphenoid and cast of anterior
part of brain—cavity.
c 10 1— 3 '! neural arch of sacrum [Na 3 presented by
Rev. T. G. Bouncy].
c 11 1— 4 distal end of quadrate bone with quadrato-
jugal.
c 12 1— 6 0s articulare and proximal end of lower jaw.
c 13 1— 2 premaxillary and dentary bones of
Pterodactylus Sedgwicki (Owen).
Presented by Rev. G. H. Day*.
0 14 1— 2 premaxillary of Pterodactylus Fittoni
(Owen). Presented by Rev. T. G.
Bonney.
c 15 1— 3 premaxillary and dentary bones of
Pterodactylus Cuvieri (Bowerbank).
c 16 1— 3 Cipremaxillary bones of Pterodactylus
simus (Owen).
c 17 1— 2 premaxillary bones of Pterodactylus.
c 18 1— 4 Zpremaxillary of Pterodactylus Woodwardi
(Owen). [N o. 4 presented by A.
Colvin, Esq.]
c 19 1— 2 premaxillary of Pterodactylus Carteri (MSU)

* These animals are distinct from the Pterodactylus of Cuvier, and belong to

new genera.

Case. Comp. Tablet.

J

6

(30060 600

GO

20
21
22
23

24
25
26
27
28

29
30
31

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND. 7

Specimen.

1

1
1
1

REMAINS OF

&&1&

&&&&&&4

&&&&&

DOM

{DOOKTC>UI)-F~

11

12

13
14
15
16
17

«waNH 00

1—!

Hp—tp—Ap—I...‘

premaxillary of Pterodactylus Oweni (MS).

premaxillary Pterodactylus Hopkinsi (MSH)

premaxillary Pterodactylus.

dentary bone of a Pterodactyle With a single
tooth terminating the jaw in front.

premaxillary.

premaxillary.

premaxillary.

teeth.

a symmetrical bone, either a phalange or
a toothless jaw.

premaxillary pres. by Rev. T. G. Bonney.

premaxillary pres. by Rev. T. G. Bonney.

premaxillary.

BIRDS FROM THE CAMBRIDGE
GREENSAND.

fragments of bone apparently metacarpals.

fragment of a curved bone.

distal end of humerus [No. 8 presented by
Rev. T. G. Bonney].

proximal end of coracoid.

distal end of metacarpal.

proximal end of right femur.

proximal end of femur.

femur.

distal end of femur [No. 5 presented by
Mr R. Farren].

undetermined.

proximal end of right tibia, Without
patelloid process.

proximal end of right tibia, with patelloid
process.

distal end of left tibia.

distal end of left tarsus.

distal end of right tarsus.

distal end of left tarsus.

sacrum.

8 ORNI TH OSA URIA FROM THE
Case. Comp. Tablet. Specimen.
J d 18 1— 4 dorsal verterbrae.
d 19 1— 2 (if of bird) caudal vertebrae.
d 20 1 distal end of left tibia.

ORNITHOSAURIA FROM THE CAMBRIDGE UPPER
GREENSAND TO ILLUSTRATE SPECIES AND
GENERA.

Index to the associated collections of Pterodactyle remains
contained in drawers of compartment 0 of cabinet J.
(Farren Collection.) Each set of bones is presumed to be
part of the skeleton of one individual, the remains having
been found in the same place and at the same time.

Comp.&
Case. Drawer. Series. Tablet.

J cl Series 1, from Ground’s washing, Coldham
Common.
c 1 1 l distal end of ulna.
c 1 1 2 cervical vertebra.
c 1 1 3 caudal vertebra.
c l 1 4 tooth.
c l l 5 proximal end of first phalange.
Series 2, from Shillington.
c 1 2 1 three cervical vertebrae.
c 1 2 2 premaxillary and three teeth.
0 l 2 3 distal carpal.
c l 2 4 proximal end of first phalange of Wing finger.
c l 2 5 claw phalange.
c 1 2 6 fragment.
0 1 2 7 undetermined. [Cl pterygoid end of palatine
bone]

0 1 +2 8 fragment.

0 1 +2 9 part of quadrate and quadrato-jugal.
c 1 +2 10 distal carpal.

c 1 +2 V 11 fragment. [2 of ulna]

f Probably parts of another individual.

Case.

cl
cl
cl
cl
cl
cl
cl

cl
cl
cl
cl

cl
cl
cl

cl
cl

cl
cl
cl

cl
cl
cl
cl
cl
cl
cl

3

03000503090:

civic! Hum-Hunk

6')

«1‘7

00000000000000

qamfiri—t

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND.

Comp. .9:
Drawer. Series. Tablet.

ammpwww

Series 3, from Eversden.

premaxillary.

cervical vertebra.

proximal end of humerus.

distal end of coracoid.

distal carpal.

proximal end of wing metacarpal bone.
two proximal ends of first phalange.

Series 4, from Barton (reputed associated).

”>me

USED"

proximal end of humerus.
proximal end of humerus.
proximal end of humerus.
wing metacarpal bone.

Series 5, from Barton.

cervical vertebra.
distal end of Wing metacarpal.
fragment of ulna.

Series 6, from Haslingfield.

proximal end of first phalange of wing finger.
proximal end of wing metacarpal.

Series 7, from the Fens.

axis
cervical vertebra.
shaft of coracoid.

Series 8, from Ashwell.

centrum and neural arch of axis.
centrum of dorsal vertebra.
proximal end of humerus.

distal end of humerus.

shaft of coracoid.

fragment.

proximal end of wing metacarpal.

10 ORNITHOSAURIA FROM THE

Comp. &
Case. meer. Series. Tablet.

J c 1 8 8 first phalange of wing finger.

c l 8 9 second phalange of Wing finger.
c 1 8 10 'lfragment of rib.
c 1 8 11 Zproximal end of first phalange.
Series 9, from Granchester.
c 1 9 1 premaxillary.
c 1 9 2 scapula—arch.
c 1 9 3 shaft of coracoid.
c 1 9 4 proximal end of Wing metacarpal bone.
0 1 9 5 proximal end of second phalange of Win g
finger.
Series 10, from Coldham’s lane.
0 1 10 1 cervical vertebra.
c 1 10 2 cervical vertebra.

c l 10 3 centrum of dorsal vertebra.

Portions of jaws.

 

c 1 1 premaxillary from Bassingbourne.

c 1 1 premaxillary from Coton.

c l 1 premaxillary from Harlton.

c 1 1 premaxillary from Haslingfield.
Series 11, from Haslingfield.

c 2 1 1 1 premaxillary.

c 2 11 2 proximal end of mandible.

c 2 11 3 four cervical vertebrae.

c 2 1 1 4 sternum. '

c 2 11 5 proximal end of humerus.

c 2 +11 6 distal end of humerus.

c 2 11 7 proximal end of coracoid.

c 2 11 8 shaft of coracoid.

c 2 11 9 proximal end of scapula.

c 2 11 10 two distal ends of scapulae.

c 2 11 11 right and left proximal carpals.

'I‘ Part of another skeleton.

Comp.&
Case. Drawer. Series. Tablet.

J

02
02
c2
c2
c2
c2
c2
02
c2

c2
c2
02
02
c2
c2
c2
c2
c2
c2
c2
c2
c2
c2
c2
c2

c2
c2
c2
c2
c2
c2
c2
c2

11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
+12
+12
+12

13
13
13
13
13
13
+13
13

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSA ND. 11

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

(DRIQCJXHKODMl—I

D—‘P-‘D—‘I—ll—‘r—‘H
mclhkmmr-JOCQ

acumen-Foam"

two distal carpals.

lateral carpal.

fragment.

proximal end of wing-metacarpal.
2 distal ends wing-metacarpal.

2 proximal ends first phalange.
proximal end of second phalange.
claw phalange.

femur.

Series 12, from Coton.
premaxillary bone.
five cervical vertebrae.
four dorsal vertebrae.
caudal vertebrae.
two proximal ends of coracoid.
distal end of scapula.
distal end of radius.
right and left proximal carpal.
two distal carpal.
two distal end of wing-metacarpal.
two distal end of first phalange.
proximal end of second phalange.
distal end of femur.
’lshaft of femur.
distal end of femur.
distal end of wing-metacarpal.

Series 13, from Smith’s washing, Coton.
premaxillary bones and tooth.

dentary bone.

cervical vertebrae.

two dorsal vertebrae.

proximal end of humerus.

distal end of ulna.

distal carpal.

lateral carpal.

‘|‘ ?Parts of another skeleton.

Comp. &
. Drawer. Series. Tablet.

ORNITHOSA URIA FROM THE

 

Ca“
J c 2 13 9 metacarpal.
c 2 13 10 distal end of femur.
c 2 13 11 proximal end of tibia.
Series 14, from Chesterton (by the bridge).
0 3 14 1 premaxillary and tooth.
c 3 14: 2 proximal end of humerus.
c 3 14 3 2shaft of scapula.
c 3 l4 4 distal carpal.
Series 15, from the Fens.
c 3 l5 1 premaxillary bones.
c 3 15 2 axis vertebra.
c 3 15 3 two cervical vertebrae.
c 3 15 4 centrum of dorsal vertebra.
c 3 15 5 caudal vertebra.
c 3 15 6 distal end of humerus.
c 3 15 7 lateral carpal bone.
0 3 15 8 proximal carpal bone.
6 3 15 9 distal end of ulna.
c 3 15 10 proximal end of first phalange.
c 3 15 11 shaft of a long bone. [2 wing metacarpal.]
c 3 15 12 shaft of a long bone.
0 3 15 13 shaft of a long bone.
Series 16 from Ditton.
c 3 16 1 premaxillary bones.
c 3 16 2 Clposterior end of maxillary bones.
c 3 16 3 neural arch of axis vertebra.
c 3 l6 4 cervical vertebra.
c 3 1 6 5 left coracoid.
c 3 16 6 distal end of humerus.
c 3 16 7 distal end of ulna.
c 3 16 8 carpal proximal row.
0 3 16 9 proximal end of wing metacarpal bone.
6 3 16 10 two distal ends of wing metacarpal bones.
c 3 16 11 proximal end of first phalange.
c 3 16 12 first phalange.

("omp. a
Case. Drawer. Series. Tablet.

0A M BR] DGE UPPER GREEN SA N1). 1 3

proximal end of second phalange.

 

J c 3 16 13

c 3 i 16 14 two fragments.
c 3 16 15 fragment.
6 3 l6 1 6 fragment.

Series 17, from Haslingfield.
c 3 17 1 premaxillary and dentary bones and tooth.
c 3 17 2 three cervical vertebrae.
c 3 17 3 two proximal ends of humeri.
c 3 +17 4 rlproximal end of humerus.
c 3 17 5 two proximal carpals.
c 3 17. 6 proximal end of wing metacarpal.
c 3 17 7 distal end of first phalange.
c 3 17 8 distal end of right femur.
c 3 17 9 fragment, rIof Pterodactyle.
c 3 1 premaxillary from the Fens.

Series 18, from Huntingdon Road Washing.

c 4 18 1 dentary bone.
6 4 18 2 five cervical vertebrae.
c 4 18 3 dorsal vertebra.
c 4 18 4 four caudal vertebrae.
c 4 18 5 right coracoid.
c 4 18 6 scapula arch.
c 4 18 7 two distal ends of scapulre.
c 4 18 8 proximal end of humerus.
c 4 l8 9 distal end of humerus.
c 4 18 10 distal end of ulna.
c 4 18 11 distal end of radius.
6 4 18 12 two proximal carpals.
c 4 18 13 two distal carpals.
c 4 18 14 two distal. ends of wing metacarpal bone.
0 4 +18 15 distal end of wing metacarpal bone.
0 4 18 16 proximal end of first phalange.
c 4 18 17 proximal end of first phalange.
c 4 18 18 distal end of “.lfirst phalange of wing finger.
c 4 18 19 claw-phalange.

1' Part of another skeleton.

14 ORNITHOSA URIA FROM r111;

Comp. &
Cue. Drawer. Series. Tablet.

J c 4 18 20 proximal end of femur.
c 4 18 21 two distal ends of femora.
c 4 18 22 two proximal ends of tibiae.
c 4 18 23 proximal end of tibia.

Series 19, from Coldham’s lane (second washing on the right).

0 4 19 1 two cervical vertebrae.

c 4 19 2 two proximal ends of coracoid.

c 4 19 3 two distal ends of humerus.

c 4 19 4 three distal ends of wing metacarpals.

c 4 19 5 proximal end of second phalange of wing

finger.
c 4 19 6 proximal end of first phalange of Wing finger.
Series 20, from Coldham’s lane (Walton’s washing).

c4 20 1 dorsal vertebra.
c4 20 2 right ischium.

Series 21.
c 4 21 1 atlas and axis.
4; 4 21 2 cervical vertebra.
c 4 21 3 proximal end of humerus.

Series 22, from the Fens.

c 4 22 1 cervical vertebra.

c 4 22 2 proximal end of coracoid.
Series 23, from Shillington.
c 4 23 1 two cervical vertebrae.
c 4 23 2 proximal end of humerus.
c 4 23 3 distal end of humerus.
c 4 23 4 2 proximal end of ulna.
c 4 23 5 proximal end of first phalange Wing finger.
c 4 23 6 proximal end of phalange wing finger.
c 4 23 7 distal end of femur.

Series 24, from Coldham’s lane (Smith’s washing).

c4 24 1 dentary bone.

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND. 15

Comp.&
Case. Drawer. Series. Tablet.

 

J c 4 24 2 atlas and axis.
a 4 24 3 three' cervical vertebrae.
c 4 24 4 dorsal vertebra.
c 4 24 5 shaft of coracoid.
c 4 24 6 proximal end of scapula.
c 4 24 7 proximal end of humerus.
c 4 24 8 distal end of humerus.
c 4 24 9 proximal end of first phalange of wing finger.
c 4 24 10 distal end of first phalange.
c 4 articular end of right ramus ‘I
of mandible. probably from
c 4 articular end of left ramus Coldham’slane.
of mandible.
Series 25, from Granchester.

c 5 25 1 four cervical vertebrae.
c 5 25 2 caudal vertebra.
c 5 25 3 two shafts of coracoid.
c 5 25 4 proximal end of humerus.
c 5 25 5 two distal ends of ulna.
c 5 25 6 rlproximal end of radius.
0 5 25 7 proximal end of tibia.

Series 26, from Harston.
c 5 26 1 atlas and axis.
0 5 26 2 four cervical vertebrae.
c 5 26 3 two caudal vertebrae.
c 5 26 4 scapula-arch.
c 5 26 5 distal end of scapula.
c 5 26 6 proximal end of Wing metacarpal bone.
6 5 26 7 two distal ends of wing metacarpal bones.
c 5 26 8 @shaft of first phalange.
c 5 26 9 second phalange wing finger.

Series 27, from Barrington.

c 5 27 1 four cervical vertebrae.
c 5 27 2 caudal vertebra.
c 5 27 3 proximal end of humerus.

16 ORNITHOSA URIA FROM THE

Comp. &
(me. Drawer. Series. Tablet.

J 05 27 4 two proximal car-pals.

c 5 27 5 two distal carpals.

c 5 27 6 proximal end of Wing metacarpal.
c 5 27 7 distal end of first phalange.

c 5 27 8 fragment.

0 5 27 9 distal end of femur.

Series 28, from Coldham’s lane, first washing.

0 5 28 1 premaxillary bones.

c 5 28 2 articular part of right mandible.
c 5 28 3 three cervical vertebrae.
c 5 28 4 shaft of coracoid.
c 5 28 5 ’ proximal end of humerus.
c 5 28 6 distal end of ulna.
c 5 28 7 distal carpal.
c 5 28 8 lateral carpal.
c 5 28 9 two distal ends of wing metacarpal bones.
c 5 28 10 proximal end of first phalange of wing finger.
c 5 28 11 phalange or metacarpal.
Series 29 from Chesterton.
c 5 29 l caudal vertebra.
c 5 29 2 proximal end of coracoid.
c 5 29 3 two distal carpals.
c 5 29 4 fragment.
0 5 29 5 fragment of shaft of phalauge.

Series 30 from Chesterton.
c 5 30 1 two cervical vertebrae.
c 5 3O 2 distal end of coracoid.
c 5 3O 3 proximal carpal.
c 5 30 4 distal carpal.
c 5 30 5 proximal end of second phalange.
c 5 30 6 distal end of femur. ’

Series 31, from Harston.

c 6 31 1 atlas and axis. \
c 6 31 2 three cervical vertebrae.

Comp. 6:
Case. Drawer. Serlea. Tablet.

J 06
c6
c6
c6
c6
06
c6

06
c6
c6
'06
c6
c6
06
c6
c6
06
06
06
c6
06

c6
c6
66
06
c6
c6
06
c6
c6
c6
06
(:6

31
31
31
31
31
31
31

32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32

33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSA ND. 17

3

CDUJ‘JGU‘lv-P

)-I
OCDMNQUIH‘WNH

I—dr—Ir—tH
FFWBDH

mK‘IGUKDPDOwr—I

two proximal ends of coracoid.

distal end of radius.

two distal carpals.

distal end of wing metacarpal.

two distal ends of first phalange of wing finger.

proximal end of tibia.

undetermined fragment. [ipterygoid end of
palatine bone]

Series 32 from Horningsea.

premaxillary bones.

articular end of left ramus of mandible.
three cervical vertebrae.

two caudal vertebrae.

proximal end of humerus.

distal end of humerus.

distal end of ulna.

two proximal carpals.

three distal carpals.

Cl proximal end of wing metacarpal.
distal end of wing metacarpal.

distal end of femur.

shaft of a long bone, [probably femur].
proximal end of tibia.

Series 33 from Ashwell.

dentary bone.

four cervical vertebrae.
dorsal vertebra.
sacrum.

three caudal vertebrae.
shaft of coracoid.
proximal end of scapula.
shaft of scapula.

distal end of humerus.
distal end of humerus.
distal end of ulna.
two proximal carpals.

18

Comp. 5:
Case. Drawer. Series. Tablet.

J 66 33
c6 33
c6 33
c6 33
c6 33
06 33
c6 33
c6 *33
06 33
06 *33

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
2O
21
22

DINOSA URIA F1303! THE

carpal.

lateral carpal.

distal end of wing metacarpal bone.
proximal end of second phalange.
undetermined.

os innominatum.

proximal end of femur.

shaft of femur.

proximal end of tibia.

proximal carpali.

DIN OSAURIA,

FROM THE CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND.

Index to the Remains of Dinosaurs and Dinosauroz'd ani-
mals, mounted to illustrate the Osteology of the Order
as exemplified in the Cambridge Greensarnd. -

Exhibited in Compartments d and e, of Table-case J.

Case. Comp. Tablet. Specimen.

J2d

l

1 probably a tooth. It no way resembles the

teeth figured by Profr. Owen (2nd Supt.
to Iguanodon, pl. 7 f. 15—16, f. 17) of
which the former as remarked by Profes-
sor Leidy nearly resembles Hadrosaurus
(Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge
Vol. XIV. p1. x111.) while the other is
like Iguanodon. It shows no indication
of the Dinosaurian lateral serrations, and
the crown, if it be a crown, is laterally
expanded, and of a compressed trapezoidal
form.

* ?Part of another skeleton.
’r The fragments rejected from the foregoing associated sets of bones are
preserved in the upright Cabinet LXXXIII.

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSA ND. 19'

Case. Comp. Tablet. Specimen.
J 2d 2 1—4 a cervical, dorsal, early caudal or sacral, and

late caudal vertebrae reputed associated.
N o. 1, posterior cervical, shows the two
tubercles for the rib, one on the side of
the centrum in front, and the other given
off from under the prozygapophysis which
does not extend in front of the centrum.
The intervertebral surfaces are flattened
and slightly concave; between them the
centrum is much compressed towards the
base.

2 d 3 1—7 an associated series of posterior dorsal vertebrae
from Burwell presented by C. M. Doughty
Esq. The centrum is rounded on the
under side.

2d 4 1—10 dorsal vertebrae. N0. 1 is early dorsal and
has the neural arch preserved; it shows
the lateral platform at the base of the
neural spine; from the middle of the under-
side of the platform is given off the pro-
cess which supports the rib. The centrum
is laterally compressed and forms a sharp
ridge on the visceral aspect.

2d 5 1—5 early caudal vertebrae. Large bones with the
centrum oblique in side outline, the
posterior intervertebral surface being much
larger than that in front, to give attach-
ment at its inferior margin to the chevron
bone. The centrum is rather short from
front to back, and at its junction with the
neural arch gives off a strong transverse
process. The neural arch is small.

2d 6 1—7 posterior caudal vertebrae. The centrum is
more elongated than in early caudal ver-
tebrae; ridges are developed on the sides
and under surface of the centrum. The
chevron bones still continue, the facets
at the back of the centrum being close

2—2

20

DINOSA URIA FROM THE

Cue. Comp. Tablet. Specimen.

J2d

2d

ole

2d

together. The neural arch is small and
very much depressed.

7 1—4 caudal vertebrae anchylosed, with chevron bones
and neural arches preserved.

8 1—4 sacral vertebrae probably Dinosaurian; both
neural {arches and transverse processes are
wanting.

9 1—8 caudal vertebrae, centrum depressed and slightly
oblique, flattened or cupped in front, ball
behind; neural arch on its anterior half;
zygapophyses long, no chevron bones.

10 1—5 dermal armour of a dinosaur. l, 2, and 3 show
the under sides of plates; 4 and 5 the
outSides. 1 and 2 show the scars of the
muscles to which the plates were attached.
The plates all have an elevated crest,
sometimes as in 5 produced into a spine.

1 1—2 a very large rib imperfect at both ends ;
characters chiefly crocodilian. A small rib
with two tubercles at the proximal end.

2 1 tibia" 5% inches long. Slender in the shaft,
curved and compressed. Testudinarian in
character, distal end well preserved.

3 1 tibia" of an animal nearly allied to the last:
the bone is 8% inches long, and worn at
the proximal end.

4 1 ulna" straighter in its outlines and more mas-
sive than the 'ltibia, 6 inches long, proxi-
mal end worn. Distal end relatively large.

5 1 ulna* similar to last, showing form of proximal

end. It is 8% inches long.
1 middle metatarsal bone 7% inches long.

—4 three phalanges and a claw-phalange associated.

—5 three metacarpal bones, a phalange and an

elongated claw-phalange associated.

1
1

* On the hypothesis of Chelonian affinities predominating in the animal.
If the affinities were chiefly Crocodilian, then the supposed tibia would be

an ulna.

Case. Comp. Tablet. Specimen.

J

e

‘3 QQQQQ

Q66“

9
10
11
12
13
14

15
16

17
18
19
20

21
22

23

24

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSA N1). 21

1—5
1

1
1—4
1—3
1—6
1
1—4
1

1

1
1—2
1
1—1 3
1—6
1—7

middle phalanges.

cast of a first phalange.

a middle metatarsal bone.

various phalange bones.

tarsal bones.

undetermined bones, having much the form
of teeth, but probably dermal armour.

metatarsal of first digit.

three tarsal bones and a cast of No. 3. This
bone presented with others by 0. Spencer
Percival, Esq.

proximal end of metatarsal.

undetermined.

proximal end of ulna.

claw~phalanges ; one compressed from side to
side, the other compressed from above
downward.

2 fragment of distal end of tibia.

associated bones of a foot from Haslingfield,
comprising 6 fragments of metatarsals,
6 phalanges, and a claw-phalange.

a phalange, and the five metatarsals found
associated. The longest (3rd) measures
6 inches, together they measure over the
proximal ends nearly 11 inches. The
first four are sub-crocodilian, the fifth is
sub—lacertian.

six caudal vertebrae and a chevron bone, found
associated with e 23, from Bottisham.

1 first metatarsal bone.

22 DINOSA URIA FROM THE

ASSOCIATED REMAINS OF DINOSAURS,

FROM THE CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND.

Arranged to illustrate Species and Genera. Each Series of
bones is presumed to be part of the skeleton of one indi—
vidual, the remains having been found in one place and
at the same time.

Exhibited in compartments f and g- of table-case J.

Series I.* 28 Specimens.
Case. Comp. Tablet. Specimen.

J f 1 1—3 three dorsal vertebrae.

f 2 1—2 two halves of dorsal vertebrae.

f 3 1—4 early caudal vertebrae.

f 4 1———3 late caudal vertebrae.

f 5 1 dorsal vertebra.

f 6 1 ’l transverse process.

f 7 1 proximal end of a middle metatarsal bone.
f 8 1 distal end of a metatarsal bone.

f 9 1 proximal end of 1st ’lmetatarsal bone.

f 10 1 claw-phalange of depressed type.

f 11 1 ——2 phalanges.

f 12 1 undetermined fragment, probably metatarsal.
f 13 1—2 dermal plates.

f 14 1—2 dermal plates.

f 15 1—3 dermal plates.

" On the Tablets the number of the Series is placed after the Compartment

letter and before the Tablet number. Thus, in the eighth Series,— ‘7 vm -I~.

Case. Comp. Tablet. Specimen.

Jfl

Series III. 11

f 1
2

CDQCIOVHKW

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSA ND. 23

1—3
1
1
1—4
1
1—2
1
1
1
1
1
l
1
1
1——3
1—3
1—2
1—3
1~3
1—2

1

ppHp—tHHHp—t

1—

Series II. 36 Specimens.

dorsal vertebrae.

dorsal vertebra.

dorsal vertebra.

early caudal vertebrae.

early caudal vertebra (reputed associated).

chevron bones.

terminal caudal vertebra.

proximal end of metatarsal bone.

rib 3 proximal end, single head.

fragment of a symmetrical bone.

phalange.

claw phalange.

undetermined fragment.

fragment of lilium.

2 fragments, transverse processes.

dermal plates.

dermal plates.

dermal plates.

dermal plates.

dermal plates: in this species they are nearly
smooth.

Specimens, reputed associated with Series II.

fragment of jaw showing grooves for 8 teeth.
distal end of metacarpal bone.

phalange.

proximal end of phalange.

undetermined fragment.

'lchevron bones.

undetermined fragment.

terminal caudal vertebrae.

Series IV. 9 Specimens, presented by C. M. Doughty, Esq.
f 1 1—«3 dermal plates.
2 1—3 dermal plates.
3 1—3 dermal plates.

24

Case. Comp. Tablet. Specimen.

ngl—5

gll—6

g 1 1—12

9 1 1—17

2 1
3 1
4 1
5 l
6 1
7 1
8 l
9 1
10 2
ll 1
12 1
13 11

DI N OSA URIA.
Series V. 5 Specimens.

two posterior dorsal and three caudal vertebrae.

Series VI. 6 Specimens.

caudal vertebrae.

Series VII. 12 Specimens.
1—2 dorsal; 3—4 post dorsal; 5—11 caudal;
l2 dermal bone.

Series VIII. 4O Specimens.

l cervical vertebra ; 2—5 early dorsal verte-
brae; 7—10 dorsal; 11—-12 parts of sa-
crum, including remains of four vertebrae;
13—17 early caudal vertebrae.

’l distal end of tibia.

proximal end of metatarsal.

proximal end of metatarsal.

proximal end of metatarsal.

lst metatarsal.

large phalange.

small phalange.

undetermined.

right and left ’I distal ends of humeri.

undetermined.

undetermined.

dermal armour.

CHELONIA. 25

CHELONIA,

FROM THE CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND.

Index to the bones of Chelonians, from the Cambridge Green-
sand, mounted to exemplify the Osteology of the Order.
Exhibited in Compartments h, i, j, of Table-case J.

The majority of the skulls belong to a new genus which
may be called RHINOCHELYS, having for its type Chelone
pulchriceps (Owen). It is Emydian in its affinities, and well
characterized by having the nasal and pre-frontal bones dis-
tinct; by the posterior nares being formed by the maxillary
and palatine bones, and divided by the whole length of the
vomer which extends on the palate between the palatine
and premaxillary bones; and by the temporal region being
covered by an arrangement of bones like that in Chelone.

Cue. Comp. Tablet. Specimen.

J k 1 l worn skull of Rhinochelys.

anterior region of skull, Rhinochelys.

skull of Rhinochelys (type for a species).

skull of Rhinochelys (type for a species).

skull of Rhinochelys pulchriceps (Owen, sp.).

skull and lower jaw of Rhinochelys (type for a
species).

hinder region of skull of Rhinochelys.

8 1 left anterior region of skull of Rhinochelys.

§*§‘§*§‘§*
GUI-F0910
I—lI—li—IHN

§"
.4
H

26

Case. Comp. Tablet. Specimen.

J

h
k
k

k
h
k
h
k
h
h
k

h
h

§e<es§essuase~§§§§§se~§

wesw

9
10 1
11 1

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

Ho—IHv—II—lr—ti—Ir—I

20
21

HD—l

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

I—lI—‘D—lI—Ip—lp—Il—Ji—lr—‘y—Il—dI—lI—l

)—l
:‘l
was

37 1
38 1,2
39 1
40 1,2
41 1‘3
42 1,2

O'HELONIA FROM THE

worn upper part of skull of Rhinochelys.

anterior palatal region of skull of Rhinochelys.

anterior region of skull of a large Rhinochelys
(distinct species).

small skull of Rhinochelys (type for a species).

skull of Rhinochelys.

skull of Rhinochelys.

skull of Rhinochelys (type for a species).

skull of Rhinochelys (type for a species).

skull of Rhinochelys.

snout of a blunt-nosed Rhinochelys.

basi-occipital and basi—sphenoid of a large Che-
lonian skull.

skull of Rhinochelys.

skull and lower jaw of Rhinochelys (type for
a species).

skull of Rhinochelys.

skull of Rhinochelys.

skull of Rhinochelys (anterior part).

anterior region of a large skull of Rhinochelys.

anterior region of a large skull of Rhinochelys.

anterior region of skull of Rhinochelys.

anterior region of skull of Rhinochelys.

anterior region of skull of Rhinochelys.

anterior region of skull of Rhinochelys.

anterior region of skull 0f Rhinochelys.

posterior part of a large Emydian skull.

posterior part of a large Emydian skull.

posterior part of a smaller Emydian skull.

small mandibles, sharp in front.

broad mandible, compressed in front, with a
mesial ridge.

mandible.

mandibles.

mandible with small symphysis.

larger mandibles.

thin mandibles.

thick mandibles with external mesial groove.

0A M BRIDGE UPPER GREEN SA ND. 127

Case. Comp. Tablet. Specimen.

J k 43 1—3 large massive mandibles.

lb 44 1 massive mandible.

k 45 1—4 broad small mandibles.

k 46 1, 2 mandibles broad in symphysis. .

lb 47 1—3 similar mandibles narrow in symphysis. .

k 48 1—8 compressed mandibles with smooth palatal sur-
face. V

k 49 1 the largest mandible in the collection.

It 50 1—3 mandibles of a compressed type.

II, 51 1—4 similar mandibles with a slight external mesial

groove.
k 52 1—-3 mandibles indicative of a broad short head.
It 53 1 small massive mandible.

h 54 1 large mandible.

k 55 1—4 massive mandibles.
k 56
k 57

1 sharper massive mandible.
1

lo 58 l malar bone of a large skull.
l
1

massive mandible.

k 59
60 slender mandible.
k 61 1—5 small mandibles.

snout of a small Rhinochelys.

§l

h 62 1 narrow mandible.

k 63 1 broad small mandible.

k 64 1 mandible with small symphysis.

IL 65 1, 2 mandibles of a narrow compressed type.

b 66 1, 2 broad, small, incurved mandibles.

k 67 1, 2 mandibles with ridges on the palatal surface.

 

J i 1 1—47 cervical vertebrae, most of which display ordi—
nary Chelonian characters.

73 2 1—26 dorsal vertebrae; the dorsal vertebrae of Chelo-
nians and Dinosaurs approximate, so that
it is often difficult to distinguish between
them.

i 3 1—14 caudal vertebrae.

i 4 1—25 modifications of humerus. N 0. 25 exhibits in
the proximal end of the humerus a conical
epiphysis like that seen in Plesiosaur.

28

Case. Comp. Tablet. Specimen.

CHELONIA FROM THE

 

J i 5 1—26 modifications of femur.
i 6 1—12 phalanges.
i 7 1—18 costal plates.
13 8 1—4 episternal and entosternal plates.
73 9 1—8 pygal plate.
J j 1 1—45 anterior middle and posterior marginal plates.
j 2 1—7 associated middle marginal plates.
j 3 1—2 nuchal plates.
j 4 1—16 neural plates; 15 and 16 have a Dinosaurian
aspect.
j 5 1 neural plate thin and longitudinally carinate.
j 6 1—9 scapula.
j 7 1—2 right and left coracoid.
j 8 1—4 ulna.
j 9 1 Clradius.
j 10 1—3 proximal end of tibia.
j 11 1 ’lanterior part of pubic bone.
j 12 1 ’lsymphisial part of right ischium.
j 13 1—9 ilium. [Ischium and ilium interchange charac-

ters in different families, and probably
some of these specimens, if better preserved,
would have been identified as ischium.]

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSA ND. 29

C H E L O N I A,
FROM THE CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAN D,
Illustrative of Genera and Species.

Index to the Associated Remains of Chelonians, from the
Cambridge Greensand. Each series of bones is regarded
as part of the skeleton of one individual.

Exhibited in the Drawers of Compartment g of Cabinet J.

Series 1. 51 Specimens.

Comp. &
Case. Drawer. Tablet.

J g 1 1 anterior part of mandible *.
g l 2 malar bone.
g 1 3 dorsal vertebra.
g 1 4 dorsal vertebra fractured in middle.
9 1 5 two cervical vertebrae which have lost their
neural arches.
g 1 6 right and left humerus.
g l 7 coracoid.
g 1 8 ilium.
gl 9 two marginal plates.
9 1 10 marginal plate.
9 I 11
Z i i: marginal plates.
9 1 14

" On each Tablet the number of the Associated Series follows that of the

Drawer, and comes before the Tablet-number. Thus, gill.

J

3O

 

Case. 9.1%: Tablet.
J 91 15
91 16
91 17
g1 18
91 19
91 20
g1 21
91 22
91 23
g] 24
91 25
g1 26
91 27
gl 28
91 29
91 30
gl 31
91 32
91 33
91 34
91 35
91 36
gl 37
91 38
91 39
J 92 1
g2 2
92 3
92 4
92 5
92 6,7
92 8
92 9
92 10
g2 » 11

CHELONIA FROM THE .

two marginal plates.
undetermined.

costal plate.

marginal plate.

two marginal plates.
marginal plate.

marginal plate.

two marginal plates.
marginal plate.

2 neural plate.

marginal plate.

two marginal plates.

costal plate.

costal plate.

anterior marginal plate.
two marginal plates.

three middle marginal plates.
two middle marginal plates.
marginal plate.

two middle marginal plates.
undetermined plate.
anterior marginal.
marginal.

middle marginal.

pygal plate.

Series 2. 48 Specimens.

'1 shaft of scapula.

'I shaft of coracoid.

’l proximal end of radius.

'2 scapula arch.

’l ischium.

right and left humerus.
proximal end of ulna.
undetermined fragment of shaft.
articular end of a long bone.
distal end of radius.

Comp. &

Case. Drawer.

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND. 31

Tablet.

 

 

J g 2 12 neural arch.
g 2 13 two undetermined fragments.
g 2 14 5th cervical vertebra.
g 2 15 late cervical vertebra without the neural arch.
g 2 16 Cl ilium.
g 2 17 ? neural arch.
g 2 l8 marginal plate.
g 2 l9 neural plate.
9 2 20 two costal plates.
g 2 21 costal plate.
9 2 22 ? pubis.
g 2 23 marginal plate.
9 2. 24 two marginal plates.
9 2 25 two marginal plates.
J g 3 26 two marginal plates.
9 3 27 two marginal plates.
9 3 28 marginal plate.
9 3 29 costal plate.
g 3 30 costal plate.
9 3 31 two costal plates.
9 3 32 five fragments of costal plates.
9 3 33 costal plate.
9 3 34 ’3 marginal plate.
9 3 35 marginal plate.
9 3 36 two marginal plates.
Series 3. 15 Specimens.
J g 3 l cervical vertebra.
g 3 2 distal end of humerus.
g 3 3 proximal end of femur.
g 3 4 ilium.
g 3 5 marginal plate.
9 3 6 marginal plate.
9 3 7 eight costal plates.

32

Comp. a;
Cue. Drawer. Tablet.

CHELONIA FROM THE

Series 4. 27 Specimens.

 

 

J g 4 1 skull and lower jaw.
g 4 2 three cervical vertebrae.
g 4 3 mid-dorsal vertebra.
g 4 4 two posterior dorsal vertebrae.
g 4 5 undetermined.
g 4 6 proximal end of humerus.
g 4 7 proximal and distal ends of llumerus.
g 4 8 proximal end of femur.
g 4 9 distal end of femur.
g 4 10 ? distal end of tibia.
g 4 11 fragment of small scapula and coracoid arch.
g 4 12 neural plate.
9 4 13 two costal plates.
9 4 14 two marginal plates.
9 4 15 three marginal plates.
9 4 16 four mid-marginal plates.
Series 5. 15 Specimens.
J g 4 l7 mandible, articular parts broken.
g 4 18 anterior cervical vertebra.
g 4 19 posterior cervical vertebra.
g 4 20 ? fragment of pubis.
g 4 21 fragment of scapula arch.
g 4 22 fragment of long bone undetermined.
g 4 23 scapula arch.
g 4 24 humerus.
g 4 25 proximal end of humerus.
g 4 26 fragment.
9 4 27 fragment.
9 4 28 proximal and distal end of radius.
9 4 29 proximal end of femur.
g 4 30 ’1 distal end of femur.
J g 4 31 maxillary bones of a- large Chelonian.

0A M BRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND.

Series 6. 20 Specimens.

33

The remains in this Drawer belong to a new Emydian genus
which had an exterior pustulous ornamentation not unlike

Trionyx, and was covered with scutes.

It may be named

 

TRACHYDERMOCHELYS.
Case ggm‘r’er Tablet.
J g 5 1 three cervical vertebrae.
g 5 2 posterior dorsal vertebra.
g 5 3 proximal end of humerus.
g 5 4 proximal end of femur.
g 5 5 ilium.
g 5 6 marginal plate.
9 5 7 six fragments of marginal plates.
9 5 8 five fragments of costal plates.
9 5 9 [undetermined].
Series 7. 10 Specimens.
The following are associated.
J g 5 10 anterior part of skull.
g 5 ll fragments of seven marginal plates.
g 5 l2 marginal plate.
9 5 13 marginal plate.
The following are not associated.
J g 5 14 four neural plates.
9 5 15 four marginal plates.
g 5 l 6 two marginal plates.
9 5 17 three marginal plates.
9 5 18 marginal plate.
9 5 19 marginal plate.
9 5 20 two fragments of oostal plates
9 5 21 two fragments of marginal plates
g 5 22 fragments of costal plates.
9 5 23 centrum of sacral vertebra?

24 centrum of sacral vertebra?

34

Com

. &
Case. Drawer.

Tablet.

C’HELONIA FROM THE

Series 8. _

 

 

J g 6 These vertebrae and ribs of a gigantic Chelonian
came into the Museum at intervals during
many years, without record of the exact
pits Where they were found.

9 6 1 cervical vertebra.
g 6 2 cervical vertebra.
g 6 3 dorsal vertebra.
g 6 4 dorsal vertebra.
g 6 5 neural arch of a dorsal vertebra.
g 6 6 neural arch of a dorsal vertebra.
g 6 7 two ribs with costal plates.
9 6 8 rib with costal plate.
Series 9. 15 Specimens.
J g 6 9 two dorsal vertebrae.
g 6 10 broken scapula and clavicle.
g 6 11 three costal plates.
9 6 12 five mid—marginal plates.
9 6 13 marginal plate.
9 6 14 pygal plate.
9 6 15 *pygal plate.
9 6 l6 *‘pygal plate.
Series 10. 27 Specimens.

J g 7 1 skull.

g 7 2 cervical vertebra.

g 7 3 dorsal vertebra.

g 7 4 distal end of humerus.
g 7 5 acetabular end of ilium.
g 7 6 proximal end of femur.
g 7 7 distal end of femur.

g 7 8 two ribs:

9 7 9 three neural plates.

9 7 10 three costal plates.

9 7 11 three marginal plates.

9 7 12 four mid-marginal plates.

* Of another skeleton.

Comp. &
Case. Drawer.

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND. 35

Tablet.

 

 

J g 7 13 two marginal plates.
9 7 l4 pygal plate.
9 7 15 *pygal plate.
g 7 16 *pygal plate.
Series 11. 30 Specimens.
TRACHYDERMOCHELYS.
J' g 7 17 nine fragments of costal plates.
9 7 18 ten fragments of marginal plates.
9 7 19 marginal plate.
9 7 20 three marginal plates.
9 7 21 '.l ilium or scapula broken.
9 7 22 Cl scapula or ilium broken.
9 7 23 distal end of femur.
g 7 24 two distal ends of humerus.
g 7 25 proximal end of humerus.
g 7 26 undetermined.
Series 12. 31 Specimens.
J g 8 1 mandible.

98

g 8 2 fifth cervical vertebra.

g 8 3 dorsal vertebra.

g 8 4 neural arch of cervical vertebra.

g 8 5 Cl scapula.

g 8 6 Cl shaft of coracoid (Parker and Owen, not
Huxley).

g 8 7 7 ilium.

g 8 8 two proximal and two distal ends of humeri.

g 8 9 femur.

g 8 10 neural plate.

9 8 11 six fragments of costal plates.
9 8 12 five marginal plates.

9 8 13 four mid-marginal plates.

9 8 14 two marginal plates.

' g 8 15 marginal plate.

g 8 16 ’l marginal plate.
17 proximal end of rib.

 

* 0f another animal.

36 CHELONIA FROM THE

Series 13. 49 Specimens.

Comp. &
Case. Drawer. Tablet.

cervical vertebra.

J g 9 l ’9 right frontal bone.
9 9 2 left quadrate bone.
9 9 3 right quadrate bone.
9 9 4 squamosal bone.
9 9 5 ex-occipital and supra-occipital bones (right).
9 9 6 pre-maxillary.
g 9 7 2 mandible.
8
9

two neural arches of cervical vertebra.

g 9 10 right and left humeri.

g 9 ll ’2 distal end of humerus.

g 9 l2 proximal and distal ends of right and left
femora.

g 9 13 left ilium.

g 9 l4 2 ilium.

g 9 l5 undetermined.

g 9 16 carpal.

 

g 9 17
g 9 18
g 9 19 undetermined fragments, chiefly of scapula arch.
g 9 20
g 9 21
g 9 22 four neural plates.
9 9 23 seven fragments of costal plates.
g 9 24 five fragments of marginal plates.
g 9 25 five fragments of mid-marginal plates.
9 9 26 four posterior marginal plates.
Series 14. 28 Specimens.
J g 10 1 six fragments of dorsal vertebrae.
g 10 2 four fragments of costal plates.
g 10 3 fragment of plate.
9 10 4 2 carpal.
g 10 5 carpal, or tarsal bones.
g 10 6 six articular ends of slender bones, probably

fore-arm, &c.

Comp. 4:
Case. Drawer.

J 910
glO
glO
910
910
910
910
glO
910

011 M BRIDGE UPPER GREENSA ND. 37

Tablet.

7W

8

9
1 0
1 1 undetermined fragments.
1 2 i
1 3
1 4
l5 .

 

With this Series was found a multitude of other fragments too
much mutilated for determination.

On Shelf a, Cabinet LXXXIX., are placed the head and shaft of
an enormous Chelonian humerus and two associated carpal bones.
Coldham Common. Presented by Rev. H. G. Day.

38 PLESIOSA URIA FROM THE

PLESIOSAURIA

FROM THE CAMBRIDGE GREENSAND.

Exhibited in the upright Cabinets which face Cabinet J.

CABINET LXXXIX.

HUMERUS AND FEMUR.

Case. Shelf. No.
89 b 1 A11 elongated narrow femoral bone with

trochanter developed, very thin at dis-
tal end ; apparently worn and broken:
anterior side nearly straight ,' posterior
outline slightly concave.

2—6 Various examples of humerus and femur
of the shert, broad, massive type, some-
what Pliosauroid in form, which never
developes smooth articular surfaces
or a trochanter, the ends apparently
remaining cartilaginous.

o 2—6 Other examples of these massive limb—bones,
apparently indicating with those on
shelf 6 two or three species. The cir-
cular pits at the proximal and distal
ends should be noticed ,' as also the
large perforations at the middle of the
concave posterior border for the nutri~
tive artery and vein of the bone.

Case.

89

Shelf.
6

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSA ND. 39

N0.

1
1—6
1—6

1
2—6
1—6
1—6

A small bone, unusually slender and cylin-
drical in the upper part of the shaft,
slightly expanding into an ovate boss
at the proximal end.

Various examples of slender e10ngated
bones expanding but little at the
distal end, mostly worn.

1—4 humerus; 5, 6 femora. 64 shows
in the proximal end the conical epi—
physis descending half-way down the
middle of the shaft. e 6 is singularly
truncated at the distal end.

Humerus of the massive type, split verti-
cally to show the enormous proximal
and distal epiphyses and the small
girdling shaft. It also shows the cen-
tral arterial cavity and the course of
some of the blood-vessels which tra-
verse the epiphyses to their proximal
and distal terminations.

Humerus and femur, mostly worn.

Humerus and femur, mostly worn at distal
end.

Humerus of types broad at the distal end.

40 PLESIOSA URIA FROM THE

PLESIOSAURIA

FROM THE CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND.

Index to the Associated Remains. of Plesiosaurs, from the
Cambridge Greensand‘. Arranged to illustrate Species and
Genera. The remains are for the most part vertebrae, and
the great bones of the limbs. No part of the skull is met
with, except the basi—occipital bone. Each Series is re-
garded as part of the skeleton- of one individual.

Exhibited on the Shelves of the upright Cabinets
XC.—XCV.

CABINET XC.

Series 1. 8 Specimens.
Case. Shelf. Spun.

 

90 aa 1—8 1—6 posterior dorsal vertebrae; 7, 8
caudal.
Series 2. 23 Specimens.
a 1—10 1—3 posterior cervical; 4 pectoral; 5—

10: dorsal vertebrae.

6, 1—13 1—7 posterior dorsal 5 8 sacral; 9—13
caudal vertebrae.

Series 3. 24 Specimens.
e 1—24 1 basi-occipital; 2 free axis ,- 3—11 cer-
vical ; 12, 13 pectoral; 14—17 dorsal;
18 cervical neural arch; 19—21 frag-
ments of bones of the pectoral arch;
22, 23 femora 5 24 humerus.

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND. 41

Series 4. 14 Specimens.
Case. Shelf. 5pm.

90 (Z 1—14 (1 l, 2 cervical; 3, 4 pectoral (in 4 the
rib appears to have had two heads);
5—14 dorsal (13, 14 are one vertebra
sawn in halves).
a! 15—18 four vertebrae, a cervical and three dor-
sal, Which resemble in preservation and
characters the foregoing series.

Series 5. 36 Specimens. Plesiosaurus planus (Owen).

e 1—36 1—8 anterior cervical vertebrae; 9—14
middle cervical; 15, 16 posterior cer-
vical ; 17 pectoral; 18—29 dorsal;
30—36 caudal.

[This series appears to include the re-
mains of more than one individual]

Series 6. 16 Specimens.

f 1—16 1—12 dorsal; 13, 14 parts of coracoids ;
15, 16 proximal ends of humerus.

Series 7. 13 Specimens.

1; 1—13 1—4 cervical; 5—8 pectoral; 9—12
dorsal; 13 caudal vertebrae.

CABINET XCI.

Case. Shelf. Spin. Tablet.
91 (m 1 humerus of a Plesiosaur.
aa 2 ten phalanges of a Plesiosaur.

Series 8. 2’0 Specimens.

a 1—20 1—11 cervical; 12, 13 pectoral; 14—18
dorsal vertebrae ; 19, 20 femora.

 

Series 9. 72 Specimens.
b 1—2 femora.
6 1—11 0 1, 2 humerus; 3, 4 parts of pubic arch;
5 carpal; 6—11 phalanges.

42

PLESIOSA URIA FROM THE

 

Case. Shelf. Spm. Tablet.
91 d 1—18 1 basi-occipital ; 2 atlas and axis; 3—18
cervical vertebra.
6 1—15 1—7 cervical; 8, 9 pectoral; 10—15
neural arches and ribs.
f 1—13 1 pectoral; 2—13 dorsal.
9 1—18 1—18 caudal.
CABINET XCII.
92 cm 1 humerus.
2 femur.
3 humerus, reputed to be the type of
Plesiosaurus pachyomus (Owen).
Series 10. 41 Specimens.
a 1—3 1, 2 femora; 3 humerus.
,5 1—22 1 basi—occipital; 2—22 cervical.
6 1—16 1—5 cervical; 6—9 pectoral; 10—14
dorsal; 15, 16 caudal vertebrae.
Series 11. 35 Specimens.
d 1—15 1 femur; 2 coracoid ; 3 humerus; 4 atlas
and axis; 5—15 cervical vertebrae.
6 1—19 1—5 dorsal; 6 sacral; 7—15 caudal; 16,

17 neural arch; 18 rib; 19 epiotic?

 

Series 12. 11 Specimens.
1—11 1—6 cervical vertebrae; 7—10 dorsal;
11 femur.

Series 13. 16 Specimens.

1—16 1 atlas and axis; 2—5 cervical; 6—16
caudal vertebrae.

 

Case. Shelf.
93 aa
aa
aa

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSA ND. 43

CABINET XCIII.

Series 14. 8 Specimens.
Spm. Tablet.
1 1—6 cervical vertebrae.

2 humerus.
3 femur.

Series 15. 9 Specimens.
1—9 1, 2 cervical; 3, 4 pectoral; 5—7 dorsal;
8 sacral; 9 caudal vertebrae.

Series 16. 18 Specimens.

1—18 1—6 cervical; 7—11 dorsal; 12 sacral;
13—15 caudal vertebrae; 16 humerus;
17, 18 femora.

Series 17. 11 Specimens.

1—’11 1—3 cervical; 4—10 dorsal; 11 femur.
Series 18. 15 Specimens. "‘fl . A M 1 1..»
1—15 1—5 cervical vertebrae; 6—12 dorsal; incluxl/lll

13 humerus; 14, 15 femora.

Series 19. 29 Specimens.
1—29 1—20 cervical; 21—26 dorsal; 27—29
caudal vertebrae.

Series 20. 10 Specimens.
1—10 1—3 cervical; 4—6 pectoral; 7—9 dor-
sal vertebrae; 10 femur.
Series 21. 15 Specimens.

1—15 1—13 cervical vertebrae; 14, 15 pectoral
or dorsal.

 

44

Case.

94

PLESIOSA URIA FROM THE

CABINET XCIV.

Spin. Tablet.
1 an elongated femur.
2 ’1 femur of the Pl. pachyomus type.
3 humerus With a large head and truncated
distal end.

Series 22. 55 Specimens.

1—8 1, 2 humerus; 3, 4 femora; 5—7 carpal
bones; 8 neural arch.
1—26 1—17 cervical; 18—20 pectoral; 21—
.23 dorsal; 24, 25 ischia; 26 ilium.
1—21 1—12 dorsal; 13—15 sacral; 16—21
caudal vertebrae.

Series 23. 45 Specimens.

1—45 1—13 cervical; 14—16 pectoral; 17—
30 dorsal; 31, 32 sacral; 33—40 cau-
dal vertebrae ; 41 humerus; 42—45
fragments of bones of pelvic arch.

Series 24. 26 Specimens.

1—26 1—7 cervical; 8—13 dorsal; 14—16
post dorsal; 17—26 caudal vertebrae.

Series 25. 13 Specimens.

1—13 1—6 cervical; 7 —10 dorsal; 11 caudal
vertebrae; 12 femur; 13 humerus.

Series 26. 8 Specimens.

1—8 1—8 cervical vertebrae.

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSA ND. 45

CABINET XCV.

POLYPTYCHODON. w." ‘ ' ’ ' ‘A’ ‘

Cue. Shelf. Spm. Tablet.

95 a 1—8 1 reputed atlas and axis; 2—4 cervical
vertebrae; 5 larger cervical; 6—8 frag-
ments of ribs.

1) 1—49 l—49 teeth of Polyptychodon.
1—~14 50—63 teeth of ,Polyptychodon.
(Z 1—40 64—103 teeth of Polyptyehodon.

Associated Series of POLYPTYCHODON.

1—5 1 atlas and axis 3 2—5 cervical vertebrae.
f 1—5 6 cervical; 7—10 dorsal.

m

g 1—5 11—15 dorsal vertebrae.

MACRUROSAURUS.
89 73 1—4 caudal vertebrae.
90 it 1—4 caudal vertebrae.
91 b 1—4 caudal vertebrae.
92 b 1—4 caudal vertebrae.
93 k 1—5 caudal vertebrae.
94 it. 1—6 caudal vertebrae.

95 It} 1—1 1 caudal vertebrae.

The first 23 vertebrae of this series were found on Coldham
Common. The small part of the tail is from Barton, and was
presented by the Rev. W. Shaw. It may be part of the same
individual. The last three vertebrae are part of another indivi-
dual : one vertebra is biconcave, and appears to indicate the begin-
ning of the biconcave part of the tail.

The early caudal vertebrae are procaelous, with the cup and ball
well developed; the sides of the centrum approximate inferiorly
to a rounded ridge, and they give off strong transverse processes
below the neural arch. The transverse processes soon disappear,
and the centrum is rounded and smooth like a dice-box. There
are no chevron bones. The centrum of the earliest caudal ver-
tebra preserved measures in length 7% inches.

4:6 _ PLESIOS’A URIA FROM THE

PLESIOSAURIA

FROM THE CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND.

Index to the Plesiosauria from the Cambridge'Greensand.

Associated sets of bones, illustrations of Plesiosaur Osteology,
&c. '

Exhibited in drawers of Compartment e of Cabinet J.

Case. Comp. Drawer. Tablet. No.
J 6 1 170 teeth, chiefly duplicate, of Polypty—
chodon.

 

Associated Series of Plesiosaurus.

J e 2 1 1—11 sacral and 7 early caudal vertebrae of
a Plesiosaur, and 3 fragments of
2pubic bones associated.

e 2 2 1—10 associated cervical and dorsal vertebrae.

e 2 3 1—7 associated vertebrae ,' 1 and 4 cervical,
2 and 3 pectoral, 5 dorsal, 6 caudal,
7 neural arch of dorsal.

e 2 4 1—6 1 and 2 cervical, 3 and 4 caudal ver-
tebrae, 5 and 6 carpal.

e 2 5 14—3 1 and 2 pectoral, 3 dorsal vertebra.

e 2 6 1—2 dorsal vertebrae.

 

0.4 MBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND. 47

Case. Comp. Drawer. Tablet. No.
J c 3 1 1—11 10 cervical and dorsal vertebrae and a
worn femur.

e 3 2 1—7 1—3 cervical; 4, 5 dorsal; 6 caudal
vertebra; 7 humerus. »

3 1—7 cervical vertebrae.

m
03 03
,4;
y—J
J.

dorsal vertebrae.

dorsal vertebrae.

(\
93
UK
p—l
I
00

e 3 6 1—3 dorsal vertebrae.

 

e 3 7 1—3 caudal vertebrae.
e 3 8 1—5 1—4 dorsal vertebra ; 5 sacral.

e 3 9 1—6 dorsal vertebrae.

 

e 3 10 1—4 cervical vertebrae.

 

 

 

e 3 11 1—2 cervical vertebrae.
e 3 12 1—3 cervical vertebrae.
J 6 4 1 1—3 1, 2 cervical; 3 dorsal.
e 4 2 l——4 1—3 cervical; 4 pectoral.
c 4 3 1—4: 1—3 cervical; 4 pectoral.
e 4 4 1—6 dorsal vertebrae.
e 4 5 1—3 cervical vertebrae (presented by W.
and R. Farren).
e 4 6 1—6 1 pectoral; 2—6 dorsal vertebrae. ‘ 'A; , .
e 4 7 1—4 cervical vertebrae.

e 4 8 1—6 cervical vertebrae (presented by W.
and R. Farren).

48 PLESIOSAURIA FROM THE

Case. Comp. Drawer. Tablet. No.

J 6 4 9 1—6 cervical vertebrae (presented by W.
and R. Farren).

e 4 10 1—4 1, 2 cervical; 3, 4 dorsal vertebrae.

e 4 11 1—4 dorsal vertebrae (presented by W. and
R. Farren).

e 4 12 1—4 dorsal vertebrae.
e 4 13 1—4 dorsal vertebrae.

e 4 14 1—3 dorsal vertebrae.

 

J c 5 '1 1—5 .1—3 cervical; 4, 5 pectoral.

e 5 2 1—4 dorsal vertebrae.

e 5 3 1—4 cervical vertebrae.

e 5 4 1—’l cervical and early dorsal vertebrae.

e 5 5 1——8 dorsal vertebrae. . . — " ’ ’ ' ‘ U
e 5 6 1—7 dorsal vertebrae (reputed associated

with e. 5 . 5).
e 5 7 1—4 dorsal vertebrae.
e 5 8 1—5 pectoral and early dorsal vertebrae.

e 5 9 1—-2 dorsal vertebrae.

 

e 5 1 0 1— 2 dorsal vertebrae.
e 5 1 1 1—2 dorsal vertebrae.
e .5 12 1—3 dorsal vertebra
e 5 1 3 1—3 dorsal vertebrae.
e 5 14 1—3 cervical vertebrae.

e 5 l5 1— 3 pectoral vertebrae.

Case. Comp. Drawer. Tablet.

J

e

e
6
6

5

010101

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND. 4:9

cervical vertebra.
cervical vertebra.
dorsal vertebra.
dorsal vertebra.

 

J

Drawer 6 illustrates points in the osteology of the genus.

6

6
e
8
e

QQQQQQQQQ

”~31

GAOEGQ

mamammmam

examples of cervical vertebrae.

examples of dorsal vertebrae.

examples of caudal vertebrae.

basi-occipital bone.

anchylosed atlas and axis found with
e. 6 . 4.

basi—occipital bone.

a tooth.

teeth, probably of Plesiosaur.

proximal end of coracoid bone.

proximal end of coraccid.

proximal end of lcoracoid.

proximal end of lcoracoid.

los pubis.

phalanges.

 

Drawers 7 and 8 contain chiefly odd vertebrae of various species.

J

6

QQQRQQQQQQQQQQQ

NNQQQQQNKTQQQQQQQ

No.

16 1
17 1
18 1
19 1
1 1——8

2 1.40

3 1—40

4 1

5 1

6 1

7 1

8 1—43

9 1

10 1
11 1
12 1—2
13 1
14 1—_15
1 1

2 1

3 1

4 2

5 1

6 2

7 2

8 1

9 1

10 1
11 1
12 1
13 1
14 1
15 1,2
16 1

cervical vertebra.
cervical vertebra.
cervical vertebra.
cervical vertebrae.
middle cervical vertebra.
cervical vertebrae.
cervical vertebrae.
cervical vertebra.
cervical vertebra.
cervical vertebra.
cervical vertebra.
pectoral vertebra.

dorsal vertebra

dorsal vertebra.

pectoral and dorsal vertebrae.
dorsal vertebra~

50

Case. Comp. Drawer. Tablet.

PLESIOSA URIA FROM THE

2
o

 

e 7 17 1 first caudal vertebra.
e 7 18 1 late dorsal vertebra.
e 7 19 1 early caudal vertebra.
e 7 20 1, 2 early caudal vertebrae.
e 7 21 l dorsal vertebra.
e 7 22 1—3 cervical vertebrae.
e 7 23 1 cervical vertebra.
e 7 24 1, 2 dorsal vertebrae.
e 7 25 1—~4 a cervical, a caudal, and a caudal sawn
in halves.
e ' 7 26 1, 2 early dorsal.
e 7 27 1 dorsal.
e 7 28 1 early dorsal.
J 6 8 1 1—3 cervical vertebrae.
e 8 2 1 cervical vertebra.
e 8 3 1, 2 cervical vertebrae; 2 is fractured.
e 8 4 1 similar triangular cervical vertebra.
e 8 5 1 cervical vertebra.
e 8 6 1 cervical vertebra.
6 8 7 1 cervical vertebra.
e 8 8 1 late cervical vertebra.
e 8 9 1 cervical vertebra.
e 8 10 1 cervical vertebra.
c 8 11 1—5 vertebrae ’lcaudal.
e 8 12 1 fine triangular cervical vertebra.
e 8 13 1—6 dorsal vertebrae, two of them sawn in
halves.
e 8 14 1 vertebra.
e 8 l5 1 dorsal vertebra.
e 8 16 1 ’2 cervical vertebra.
e 8 17 1 vertebra Cl caudal.
e 8 18 1 cervical vertebra.
e 8 19 1 dorsal vertebra.
e 8 2O 1 dorsal vertebra.
e 8 21 1 dorsal vertebra.
e 8 22 l, 2 dorsal vertebrae.
e 8 23 1 2 dorsal vertebrae.

u

Case. Comp. Drawer. Tablet.

0.4 M BR I DGE UPPER GREEN SA ND. 5 1

N o.

 

J as 8 24 1 dorsal vertebra.
e 8 25 1 dorsal vertebra.
e 8 26 l dorsal vertebra.
e 8 27 1 dorsal vertebra.
e 8 28 l dorsal vertebra.
e 8 29 l dorsal vertebra.
e 8 3O 1 ’l caudal vertebra.
e 8 31 1 caudal vertebra.
e 8 32 1, 2 ’lpost dorsal.
e 8 33 1 caudal vertebra.
e 8 34 1 caudal vertebra.
e 8 35 1 caudal vertebra.
e 8 36 1 caudal vertebra.
e 8 37 1 caudal vertebra.
e 8 38 1 caudal vertebra.
e 8 39 1, 2 anterior caudal vertebrae.
e 8 40 1 caudal vertebra.
e 8 41 l vertebra.
e 8 42 1 dorsal vertebra.
e 8 43 1, caudal vertebra.
e 8 44 1 lsacral vertebra.
e 8 45 1 ? sacral vertebra.
J c 9 1 1 humerus.
e 9 2 1 humerus.
e 9 3 ' l femur.
e 9 4 1 femur, a singular modification of the
massive type.
e 9 5 1 humerus.
e 9 6 1 humerus.
e 9 7 1 'l humerus.
e 9 8 1 femur.
e 9 9 1 femur.
e 9 10 1 humerus.
e 9 l 1 l humerus.
e 9 12 l humerus.
e 9 13 l distal end of humerus.
e 9 14 1 proximal end of 2 femur.

4—2 >

52

Case. Comp. Drawer. Tablet.

PLESIOSA URIA FROM THE

No.

 

 

J 6 9 15 1 proximal end of femur.

e 9 16 1 femur.
e 9 17 1 worn humerus.
e 9 18 2 worn ? femora.
e 9 1 9 1 shaft and proximal epiphysis of rlfemur.
e 9 20 1 ’2 ilium.

Drawer 10 chiefly contains vertebrae too large for the other

drawers.
6 10 1 l cervical vertebra.
e 10 2 1 cervical vertebra.
e 10 ‘ 3 1 cervical vertebra.
e 10 4 1—4 _ 1—3 early, 4 late cervical vertebrae.
e 10 5 1 cervical vertebra.
e 10 6 1 dorsal vertebra.
e 10 7 1, 2 dorsal vertebrae. Presented by the
Rev. Dr Cookson.

e 10 8 2 dorsal vertebrae.
e 10 9 4 neural arches of vertebrae.
e 10 10 1 ?proximal end of femur of Polypty-

chodon.

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND. 53

ICHTHYOSAURIA

FROM THE CAMBRIDGE GREENSAND.

THE remains of Ichthyosaurs have been less perfectly
collected than those of any other order of reptiles; so that,
although these animals were the most abundant of the verte-
brata, the collections are small, and illustrate but imperfectly
the correlation of characters in species.

These bones are contained in Cabinets IX. X. and in
drawers of Compartment f of the Table-case J. They com-
prise about 870 specimens, of which more than 4:00 are teeth.

These fossils, more than others, have come to the Museum
as isolated specimens; so that the collection is rich in ex-
amples of boneslike the basi—occipital, every one of which
must have belonged to a separate animal. There are also
series of bones which have been found associated together;
and these have been preserved associated, and mounted, to
accumulate materials for determining the characters of spe-
cies. The isolated bones have been put together chiefly in
Cabinet X. to illustrate the osteology of the genus during
the aera of the Cambridge Greensand. In Cabinet IX. are
examples of the associated sets of bones, almost exclusively
vertebrae. In one of these sets nearly 50 vertebrae were
found, but the majority were badly preserved.

In Cabinet J, Compartment f, the specimens are partly
osteological, illustrating teeth, vertebrae, and the smaller
bones of the paddle; and partly associated sets, making,

54 IC’HTHYOSA URIA FROM THE

With those exhibited in Cabinet IX., a total of 16 associated
series.

The University has been indebted to the Rev. H. G. Day,
to the late Lucas Barrett, Esq., to Charles Montagu Doughty,
Esq, to C. Dewick, Esq., to J. F. Walker, Esq., and other
gentlemen, for the gift of Ichthyosaurian specimens. But
the bulk of the collection was gathered by Mr William Far-
ren, and purchased from him.

The remains afford evidence of the existence of at least
four or five distinct species in the Cambridge Upper Green-
sand. The finest of these, exhibited in Cabinet IX., shelves
a, b, c, somewhat resembles the figure given by Prof. Owen
of a trunk vertebra of Ichthyosaurus campylodon, and for
that series Mr Carter’s name may be retained. But neither
teeth nor vertebrae afford the best characters for species,
though with care the vertebrae might be made to yield dif-
ferential characters; and Mr Thomas Hawkins, to whom the
University is indebted for the gift of most of the Liassic
Ichthyosaurs in Compartment c of the East R00m,—With
the insight which comes from daily familiarity,—in his
memoirs on Ichthyosauria and Plesiosauria, drew distinctive
characters from the limbs. The provisional species to which
the remains must be referred will be founded on the humerus
and femur.

CABINET IX.
ICHTHYOSAURUS.

[Associated series illustrative of species]

Case. Shelf. NO.
I X a 1—4 Caudal vertebrae.
b 1—5 Late dorsal vertebrae.
c l, 2 Late dorsal vertebrae.
3—4 Mid-dorsal vertebrae.
5—7 Early dorsal vertebrae.

These bones were found associated. They
are arranged in their natural sequence.

 

Case. Shelf.

IXd

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND. 55

NO.

I, 2 Early dorsal vertebrae, reputed to be part of
the foregoing series, but showing characters
that might belong to a difl'erent species.
They are intermediate in osteological posi-
tion between the series on Shelf 0, called
mid and early dorsal.

3—9 An associated series of vertebrae of a dif-
ferent species, including cervical, early
‘ dorsal and mid-dorsal bones. The species
is characterized by greater antero-posterior
length of centrum, by stronger processes
for ribs, and by lateral compression on the
under side.

10—13 Atlas and axis, 3rd cervical, early dorsal,
and late dorsal vertebra of a small species

distinct from the foregoing.

 

1———6 Cervical and early dorsal vertebrae.

1—7 Early dorsal, mid—dorsal vertebrae, and ribs.

 

1——14 Late dorsal, early middle and late caudal
vertebrae, fragment of humerus, epiotic and
undetermined bone.

This is a selection from an associated
series numbering nearly 50 vertebrae.
They are badly preserved, and, from
some of the bones being invested with
iron pyrites, appear to have lain on the
Galt. They are regarded as a distinct
species from the series a, b, c, and from
d.3——9: differing from the former in
greater breadth, and rotundity of trans-
verse outline, especially on the ventral
part of the centrum; and from the
latter in wanting the pinched aspect of
the ventral surface of the centrum.

g. 1 shows on the left side three articular
tubercles for the rib.

56 IOHTHYOSAURIA FROM THE

Case. Shelf.

N0.‘ .

IX 9 1——14 The vertebrae (9.10 and 11) are worth
examination, as they are from near the
most flexible part of the tail, having the
intervertebral articular surfaces round-
ing and extending to the mesial part of
the centrum. It was on the evidence
of such like vertebrae that whales were
attributed to the Cambridge Greensand
fauna.

 

IX h 1—6 Cervical, early and late caudal vertebrae.

These most resemble in form and size the
series on Shelf 9, but in antero-poste-
rior extent are shorter; the neural arch
also is smaller, and the costal tubercles
are relatively large, though not elon-
gated as in 0!. 3—9. h. 6 is a very
cetoid-looking bone.

h 7—12 Early dorsal, mid-dorsal7 and caudal.

An animal with the early and mid-dorsal
vertebrae broader from side to side than
in any of the foregoing series. The
elevated rounded bosses for the ribs are
Wide apart; the neural arch is wide.
The haemal surface is rounded.

h 13——17 Examples of caudal vertebrae.

13 and 14 are vertical sections through an
early caudal vertebra, to show the con-
vexity of the outer two—thirds of the
cup characteristic of caudal vertebrae.

16 and 17 are from beyond the region of
ribs, near the termination of the tail.
They differ from most of the vertebrae
from that region in their remarkable
shortness.

 

0A M BR] DGE UPPER GREEN SA ND. 5 7

Case. Shelf. No

IX

2'. 1—4 Atlas and axis anchylosed, cervical, mid-
dorsal, and early caudal vertebrae.

These bones are rather larger than the
dark series k.7—12, but show essen-
tially the same characters. The atlas
and axis are not well preserved; the
axis has two tubercles for the rib, the
upper one so large that but a very small
part of the rib could have been sup-
ported on the neural arch. The broad
cervical vertebra. similarly shows the
upper facet large, concave, and entirely
on the centrum.‘ This structure prevails
in all the cervical vertebrae of Cretaceous
Ichthyosaurs in the Woodwardian Mu-
seum, and no indications are seen of the
upper rib-head being supported on the
neural arch, as described from Lias spe-
cimens by Professor Owen.

1' 5—9 . Early and late dorsal and caudal vertebrae.
They are short from front to back. The
caudal vertebrae are shorter than those
from the dorsal region; vertically they are
very high, narrow from side to side, and
flattened on the ventral surface.

1' 10—14 Examples of early and lower dorsal vertebrae.
Well preserved bones belonging to dif-
ferent species.

1' 15 [Cl cervical] vertebra of Ichthyosaurus from
the Hunstanton limestone of Hunstanton,
not well enough preserved to determine.

Under 75 are 4 large vertebrae rejected from
the foregoing series.

58

Case.

IX

Shel 1’.

N0

1011 TH YOSA URIA FROM THE

1—14 Over Shelf at is an associated series of 14

small thin vertebrae from the Galt of Ches-
terton, apparently immature and not well
preserved.

Cervical to caudal.

CABINET X.

Osteological series illustrative of the modifications of the genus

X

a

in the Cambridge Greensand.

1—18 The basi-occipital bone of Ichthyosaurus.

They may be referred to at least three
species. In the larger forms the posterior
aspect of the bone is sub-spherical ; in the
smallest it is transversely elongated. The
large forms differ; some have the ex-occi-
pital facets parallel to the neural canal,
while in most those facets are concave
from side to side and make a great angle
with the neural canal. The condyle varies
in form and in its ligament—markings.

 

Atlas and axis, basi-occipital and basi~sphe~

noid bones.

1 A large atlas and axis, pentagonal in form,

with the sub-pentagonal posterior cup as
large as the sub-circular anterior cup for
the basi—occipital. The sutural line be-
tween the bones is almost obliterated; the
atlas is the thicker bone. The two infe-
rior sides are flat and meet at a right
angle. >

2 A small atlas and axis, with the sutural line

distinct in the upper half of the specimen,
showing the axis to be less than two-
thirds the thickness of the atlas. The
posterior cup is smaller than the anterior
cup and much smaller than the transverse

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND. 59

Case. Shelf. N 0.

X

b 2 outline, which decreases in size posteriorly.
The two lower sides are rounded and
round into each other at the base. The
heads for the ribs are wide apart; on the
left side the lower tubercle is seen on the
atlas near the suture.

b 3—4 An associated basi-occipital and atlas and
axis, reputed to have been found with the
specimen in Case IX. 6. f . 9, but differing
in mineralization. The basi—occipital is of
the large type, with the eX-occipital facets
cutting off the anterior part of the neural
canal 3 it is wide transversely in front of the
condyle. The atlas and axis much resem-
ble the specimen 6 .1 ; but while this spe-
cimen is smaller than that, it is of greater
antero-posterior length. The posterior cup
is relatively smaller and deeper. The lower
bosses for the ribs run a line through the
vertebra above the central depression of
the posterior cup, instead of through it as
in specimen 6 . 1, or below it as in speci-
men 6 . 2.

b 5—6 An associated basi—occipital and basisphe-
noid, presented by C. Montagu Doughty,
Esq., as part of the Doughty Collection.
The basi—occipital is of the type of the
species a . 3 , it has the eX-occipital facets
parallel with the neural canal and below
it. The condyle is made circular by
deep grooves at the sides, which make a
crescent-shaped part on each of its sides:
mesially the condyle has a short vertical
ligament—marking in its upper half. An—
teriorly the bone is sub-hemispherical, in-
stead of being flat at its junction with the
basi-sphenoid.

The basi—sphenoid is of the usual form,

60

Case. Shell.
X b
b

IOHTHYOSA URIA FROM THE

N o.

5—6

7—11

trapezoidal in inferior outline and in an-
terior outline; and from behind subquad-
rate, sending off inferior lateral wings in
front. The small cup-shaped facet for the
basi-occipital makes an angle of 45 degrees
with the triangular palatal surface of the
specimen. The inferior aspect shows im-
pressions at the sides, for the pterygoid
bones which converged behind and appear
to have nearly or quite surrounded the
posterior outlet of the large sub—cylindrical
channel which passes obliquely backward
and downward from the base of the sella—
tursica. This tube is described by Prof.
Owen as the Eustachian tube ; it appears
to be the perforation for the carotids.
Anteriorly the straight palatal borders

”extend but little in front of the cranial

border. The rostrum which supported the
pre-sphenoid is broken away.

Examples of the basi-sphenoid bone, of which
, 6.7 and 6.11 are well preserved. They are

all smaller than I). 6, and indicate a well—
marked distinct species. In I). 8 the quad-
rate articular facet for the basi-occipital,
which is concave from side to side, makes
an angle almost of 90° with the slightly
convex inferior surface. This surface is
made slightly sub-pentagonal by a short
mesial rostrum in front. Between this
rostrum and the perforation for the carotids
is the ovoid articular facet for the (elon-
gated) pre-sphenoid. The cranial surface
is rough, suggestive of a cartilaginous box
for the brain. The pterygoid bones do
not impress the inferior palatal surface.
The anterior aspect is convex from side to
side and concave from above downward.

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSA ND. 61

No.
12 An atlas and axis badly preserved, but with

the posterior cup very deep, as in b . 4.

13 This is an atlas to which the axis was only

anchylosed at its inferior border. It is
the only specimen showing such a separa-
tion. It is remarkable for the great length
of the flat inferior sides, which meet at an
angle much less than a right angle. High
on the right side may be seen the elon-
gated tubercle for the rib. The species
appears to be distinct from all others.

14 A small atlas and axis, very short from front

to back, and at both ends heart-shaped,
with the very long inferior sides convex.

 

Case. Shelf.
X b
b
b
X c
C

1——l4 Sclerotic bones defending the eye. They ap-

pear to have been slightly connected and
are usually separated. Each bone is thin
in front and thickens behind, the outer
and back part being convex, the inside
flat or concave ; they are joined by an
irregular sutural union or obliquely over-
lap. c. 12 is an example of three bones
remaining united, and illustrates their
irregular consecutive form and size. The
bones are unusually thick, Lias speci-
mens rarely attaining half their thickness.
About 20 would complete the orbital cir-
cle. c . 14 is unusually thin.

15—22 Examples of the quadrate bone. (Tympanic

of Owen.) This is a bone of a quadrato-
reniform outline, thickening distally to
form the elongated crescentic longitudi—
nally grooved condyle for the lower jaw.
The specimens vary in form, and may be
compared with the Chelonian quadrate
bone.

a . 15 and c. 16 are right and left quad-

62

IOHTHYOSA URIA FROM THE

No

15422

rate bones from the same animal. 0.16
(right) is mounted to show the articular
facets on its inner side for the pterygoid
and the deeper pit for the epiotic bone
[par—occipital of Owen]. c. 15 shows the
smooth concave unarticular outer side of
the bone. 6. 17 and c. 18 are examples
of left quadrate bones of more elongated
type, with the articulation for the lower
jaw sub-ovate, with the pit for the epiotic
bone descending nearer to the condyle, and
with the outer side less concave. In 0 .19
the epiotic pit is exceedingly deep and in
the middle of the bone. 0. 20 is a dis-
tinct species, with a sub-circular condyle
and a. sub—circular facet for the pterygoid
placed far back. 0. 22 is remarkable for
the great transverse and short antero—
posterior extent of the condyle.

23—24 [Undetermined]

 

Case. Shelf.
X c
C
, X d

1—32 Teeth. It has not been found possible to

discover the same evidence of a variety
of species from the teeth, as from other
bones. Where the function was so similar
as it must have been in the different
species, it is hopeless to attempt to find
an index whereby to differentiate struc-
ture in the teeth. (1 . 1—14 are from the
jaws of one individual. The curved teeth
from the lower jaw generally have the tips
of the crowns worn. Both crown and
fang vary much in form and size. d. 17
shows the immature tooth on the inner
side of the pulp—cavity. Sometimes, as in
(Z . 21 and d. 22, the pulp-cavity is closed
below. A few specimens have the sub-
quadrate fang irregular and ridged.

 

Case. Shelf.

X

8

8
6

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND. 63

N o.

1

2

3

5—1 2
13—14

Part of the bone forming the outer sur-
face of the lower jaw, apparently the
dentary bone. The elevated ridge on the
lower half of the inner side makes the
bottom of the socket-groove for the teeth.

A tooth with crown and part of one side
worn down with use in the animal’s life—
time.

Part of the pre-maxillary bones of a large
Ichthyosaurus, presented by the Rev. T. G.
Bonney, M.A. The transverse section above
the teeth is semi-circular; a deep groove
runs along each side at about the line of
the base of the fangs, dividing the lower
third from the remainder of the bone.
The palatal surface, as usual, rises high
above the outer alveolar border; it is
deeply grooved mesially, and the two
halves of the palate are convex. The in-
terspace between the upper and lower
jaws, as fossilized, is little more than an
eighth of an inch.

Left pre-maxillary bone of a small Ichthy-

osaurus with a narrow palate.

Small teeth, worn While in use in the jaws.

lilium.

 

X

f

1—14

Humerus. Nos. f. 1—6 are examples of
right humerus. Nos. f. 7—14 are left
humerus. The head of the humerus is
massive, oblong and rounded with a tro—
chanteroid process descending forward half
way down the short contracted shaft, from
the superior posterior angle, and similar
trochanteroid processes project from both
the inferior lateral angles. The under
side of the bone is concave. The distal
end is ovate, or an elongated oblong, much

64

Case. Shell.

X f

IOHTHYOSA URIA FROM THE

No.
1—14

smaller than the proximal end, rather
larger than the adjacent part of the shaft ;
it is oblique to the head. These bones
demonstrate at least three well defined
species; f. 10, ll, 13 illustrate them.

 

X f 15—28 Femur. The femora are all as large as the

humeri ; and the largest femora, f. 15, 16,
are much larger and more massive than
any known specimen of humerus of Icthy—
osaurus from the Cambridge Greensand.
Nos. f. 15—22 are left femur. Nos. f . 23
—28 are right femur. They indicate at
least five well defined species; f. 15, 17,
18, 21, 28 illustrate them.

The under side is usually flattened, the
upper side convex, with a more or less
defined longitudinal ridge, which slightly
curves so as to indicate that the greater
part of the head lies behind the plane at
right angles to the distal articulation.

The proximal end is circular, sub-rhomboid,
or crescentic, it is convex, and sends off
on each side a trochanteroid process which
makes the head massive; they extend
down the short shaft towards the under
surface, but do not reach the distal end.

The distal end is usually small and com-
pressed, of an elongated ovate form, and
shows two or three articular facets; its
greatest extension is at right angles with
the greatest width of the head.

f. 28 is a cast of a specimen in the collection
of J. F. Walker, Esq. It differs more from
the other specimens than they do among
themselves, chiefly through the suppression
of the trochanteroid processes at the prox-
imal end making the head circular, but

Case. Shelf.

Xf

0A M BRIDGE UPPER GREENSA ND. 6 5

No

15428

the wing-like trochanteroid processes per-
sist down the Whole length of the shaft;
the posterior process is the most elongated.
The species may be named Icktkyosaurus
Walkem'.

 

‘Q‘QQQ

1—7

8—10
11—16
17—28

Coracoid. g1 left, and g 2 right.

As preserved these are sub-quadrate bones,
very thick at the mesial suture; more than
half as thick at the glenoid cavity, and
much compressed in the middle and at
the anterior and posterior borders; they
are imperfect, but do not appear ever to
have had so much of the Dinosaurian
form as Lias specimens. g. 7 is reputed
associated With f. 16 and a. 20.

[undetermined] ?pro-otic.

Clarticular bone.

eriotic.

 

1—45

Phalange bones With ulna and radius all from
one specimen. They are chiefly brick-
shaped. Those from the margin have
their free edge compressed and rounded.
And the thin bones from the distal ex-
tremity are losing their quadrate form.

 

9—14

15—18

Phalange bones united during the lifetime of
' the animal, end to end, forming transverse

rows in the paddle.

portions of the paddle of one Ichthyosaurus
in which all the bones are united by in—
tervening osseous tissue into a solid sheet
of bones.

the larger bones of the fore-arm of Ichthyo-
saurus.

66

1 0H TH YOSA URIA FROM THE

ICHTHYOSAURIA

FROM THE CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND.

Exhibited in Drawers of Compartment f of Cabinet J.

Case. Comp. Drawer.

J f

i

Teeth, from many different individuals,

presenting every attainable modification
of size and form. It has not been found
possible to recognise more than one
specific shape; and as no characteristic
teeth of Plesiosaurus have ever been
found it has been suspected that While
this form of tooth, known as Ichthyo-
saurus campylodon, must have been
common to several species of Ichthyo-
saurus, it may also have pertained to
some Plesiosaurs.

 

 

J f

ii

Specimen.
1—398

1—43
44—46
47—50
51, 52
53—56

57, 58
59—61
62—65
67—70

The whole of the vertebrae in this drawer

are from the terminal part of the tail.
They are quite unlike the ordinary type
of Ichthyosaurus. The larger specimens
make an approximation to the form of
the caudal vertebrae in Cetaceaus, and
were formerly supposed to be the verte-
bree of whales. They are sub-circular,
with a small central depression on the
articular intervertebral face of the cen-
trum, which has its outer part tumid,

Case. Comp. Drawer.

J J"

J f

ii

iii

‘1

‘1

(IA M BRIDGE UPPER GREENSA ND. V 67

Specimen.

‘1

CD

00‘]

r—wp—

and rounding into the free external sur-
rounding side, which is short and rugose ;
sometimes the intervertebral articular
surfaces of a centrum are so convex as

, to meet each other. Occasionally there

is a slight indication of a small tubercle
for a rib. These vertebrae are from the
most flexible part of the tail, near to
its termination. Beyond them the Ver-
tebrae are compressed from side to side,
and elongated in antero—posterior ex-
tent. Then the articular intervertebral
surfaces again become flattened, and the
vertebra is constricted in the middle, so
as to be not unlike in form to the dorsal
vertebra of a small crocodile. The
neural arch is not preserved, but per-
sisted nearly to the end of the tail. The
smaller sets of bones are associated
series.

.ii. 45, 47, 48 are worth examination

from the concentric ridged markings on
the articular surface, so noticeable in
vertebrae of Whales.

1—7 An associated series of bones of Ichthyo-

saurus from the upper chalky part of
the Cambridge Upper Greensand. They
are imperfectly mineralized with phos-
phate of lime, and have suffered from
abrasion in the washing mill.

iii. 1 is a large globose basi—occipital bone.

The sub-circular saucer—shaped facets

for the eX-occipital bones are below the

plane of the neural canal, and appear

to truncate it behind. Anteriorly the

facet for the basi-sphenoid bone is

divided into two equal lateral parts by
5—2

68

Case. Comp. Drawer.

J f

iii

IOHTHYOSAURIA FROM THE

Specim en .

1—7

a deep vertical groove which superiorly
encroaches between the ex-occipital fa-
cets in front.

iii. 2. A large broad basi-sphenoid, [ap—
parently showing that the pterygoid
bones embraced it behind]. The pos-
terior facet for the basi-occipital bone
makes an angle of about 45° with the
palatal surface, and like the opposed
surface of the basi—occipital has a verti-
cal mesial groove, deepest superiorly.

‘iii. 3. Quadrate bone mounted to show

the exterior surface and the sub-quad-
rate articular condyle.

iii. 4, 'lsupra-occipital. This bone is in
shape not unlike half a link of a chain.

iii. 5, not determined [2 pro-otic].

iii. 6, left femur.

iii. 7, undetermined [’9 fragment of quad~
rate bone].

 

8, Basi-occipital bone. 9, distal end of
quadrate bone. Both these bones indi-
cate a species very unlike the foregoing.
10, undetermined [2 pro—otic]. 11, 1111-
determined. 12, distal end of humerus.
13, right scapula mounted to show the
external side. It corresponds closely
with Liassic specimens, and approxi-
mates nearly to the Dinosaurian and
Crocodilian form, difi‘ering chiefly in a
straighter anterior border. l4, 15 are
early mid-dorsal vertebrae, noticeable for
the convexity of the outer border of
the cup, and the prominence of the
tubercles for the ribs, which are con-
fluent with the border of the anterior
intervcrtebral articular cup. The ex-

Cm. Comp. Drawer.

J f

iii

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENS/1ND. 69

Specimen.

8—18

ternal surfaces are concave from front
to back, and on the haemal angle round
into each other from side to side. 16 is
a late dorsal vertebra with the two
tubercles almost confluent on each side
and but little above the flattened ex-
ternal haemal surface of the centrum.
l7, 18 are respectively early and mid-
caudal vertebrae, and are attaining a
more circular outline. 16 is largest in
outline and longest from front to back
of these vertebrae, 18 is shortest from
front to back, but is larger in outline
than 14 and 15.

 

J f iii 19—44 Bones illustrative of the hand of Ichthyo-

saurus ; brick-shaped bones, and less re-
gular bones from the borders.

 

J f

iii

45—55 Phalange bones, being those called ulna

and radius and carpals. It is difficult
to assign names to the bones seve-
rally.

 

J f

iii

56—65 Teeth. 56 and 57 show the varying
, extent to which the sub-quadrate fang

is absorbed by the external pulp which
develops the new tooth. They also show
the proper internal pulp cavity of the
tooth filled with iron and crystals of
lime. 62 shows the germ tooth in its
pulp cavity matrix on the inner side of
the fang. 63, 64 is a tooth split open
to show the internal conical pulp cavity,
which may be observed to be entirely
closed at its base with osseous matter.
65 is a fragment of a jaw with teeth
in aim. That one with the number 65

70 IOHTHYOSA URIA FROM THE

Case. Comp. Drawer. Specimen.

J f iii 56—65

upon it is a partially developed tooth
with a circular base, still surrounded
with the walls of the old tooth fang,
now absorbed to extreme thinness. On
the left is the smallest of germs just
growing in a cavity on the fang, to
which it appears to be adherent. 58—-
61 are teeth of Ichthyosaurus which
have lost their external enamel and so
present smooth crowns.

J f iv 1—23 Associated vertebrae, chiefly neck and tail

bones of an Ichthyosaurus. They in-
clude basi—occipital, atlas and axis, 9 ‘
cervical vertebrae, 3 dorsal and 9 early
caudal vertebrae. With them were found
as many more of the bones of the back
in a bad state of preservation. The
cervical vertebrae have the heads for the
ribs wide apart, the lower one below
the middle of the bone and adjacent to
the anterior border, while the superior
one is much larger, a little further
backward, and so placed that while the
upper head of the rib must have touched
the base of the neural arch it was yet
chiefly supported on the centrum. The
caudal vertebrae numbered 20, 21 and
22 are remarkable for the flatness of
the outer part of the articular cup. As
usual the caudal and dorsal vertebrae
are larger in the outline of the cup than
the cervical vertebrae.

 

J f v 1—25 Much of the vertebral column of an Ich-

thyosaurus, presented by J. F. Walker,
Esq. 1, atlas and axis. 2—9, probably
cervical vertebrae, though from the low

Case. Comp. Drawer.

J f

V

CAMBRIDGE UPPER GREENSAND. 71

Specimen.

1—25

position of the upper tubercle for the
rib in Cretaceous Ichthyosaurs the
neck is not always easily distinguished
from the back in worn specimens. The
centrum enlarges in size in passing back-
ward from the head, becomes longer
from back to front, and exchanges
the sharp mesial angle made by the
haemal surfaces for a regular semi-cir-
cular outline. 10—17 are dorsal verte-
brae ; 10—12 early dorsal, 13—15 mid-
dorsal, 16, 17 late dorsal. 18—24 are
caudal vertebrae. 25 is a femur.

 

Drawers VI., VII., VIII., IX. of Compartment f of Cabinet
J are at present unfilled.

 

J f

. X

1—4 Examples of early cervical vertebrae

mounted to exhibit the form, size, and
position of the tubercles for the ribs,
especially the large upper head confluent
with the neural arch and the small tuber-
cle below. In No. 2 the lower tubercle
is so small that it might be overlooked.
Early cervical vertebrae usually have a
somewhat heart-shaped form.

 

X

5—7 Early, middle and late dorsal vertebrae.

The two tubercles for the ribs will be
seen to descend on the side of the cen-
trum in passing from the pectoral to
the pelvic region, and with this change
comes a corresponding change in the
outline of the cup for the intervertebral
substance, the cup being always widest
from side to side between the tubercles
for the ribs.

 

72 1011171 YOSA URIA.

Case. Cunm.1)rawer. Specimen. '

J f x 6—12 Caudal vertebrae from the post-pelvic re-
gion, where ribs are developed and sup-
ported from a single tubercle. The
tubercles are as low on the sides of the
centrum as can be without passing on
to the base. The bones are short from
front to back.

 

J f x 13—16 Associated. 13, coracoid. 14, articular
end of lower jaw. 15, articular end of
quadrate bone. 16, undetermined [2 post
frontal]. The coracoid is the largest yet
found. The lower jaw is not deep at
the articulation.

 

In the supplementary series, LXXXII., are two drawers of
odd bones of Ichthyosaurus from the Cambridge Greensand,
chiefly vertebrae.

 

‘1
03

GA LT.

REPTILIA FROM THE GALT.

THE only Reptilian fossils hitherto obtained from the
Galt are a large Chelonian humerus from Barnwell, placed
in Compartment j of Table—case J; and the series of four—
teen associated vertebrae of a small Ichthyosaur from Ches—
terton, placed over Shelf a of Cabinet IX.

74 IOHTHYOSA URIA FROM THE -

ICHTHYOSAURIA

FROM THE POTTON SANDS.

Index to the Remains of Ichthyosaurs from the Potton Sands
of Potton and the adjacent country in Bedfordshire, and
from the Wicken beds of Wicken on the Cam in Cam-
bridgeshire. The sands in these localities are overlain by
the Galt, and appear to rest for the most part upon the
clay—equivalent of the Coral Rag [Ampthill Clay], well
seen upon the Bedford and Luton Railway. The speci-
mens are mineralized with phosphate of lime, and occur in
ferruginous sand. They are in general but little worn.

Exhibited on Shelves b and c of Cabinet 1V. to illustrate the
osteology of the genus at the aera of the Potton Sands.

ICHTHYOSAURUS.
CABINET IV.

Cabinet. Shelf. Specimen.

IV b 1—2 coracoid of Ichthyosaurus.

3—17 examples of humerus of Ichthyosaurus
indicative of four species.
18 femur of Ichthyosaurus.
c 1—7 cervical vertebrae of Ichthyosaurus.
8—9 anchylosed atlas and axis of Ichthyosau’rus.
10—11 early dorsal vertebrae of Ichthyosaurus.
12—14 mid dorsal vertebrae of Ichthyosaurus.
15, 17 late dorsal vertebrae of Ichthyosaurus.
16, 18—24 caudal vertebrae of Ichthyosaurus.

POTTON SA NDS.

PLESIOSAURIA

‘FROM THE POTTON SANDS OF POTTON AND WICKEN.

Exhibited on the Shelves of the upright Cabinets IV., V., VI.

Cabinet. Shem Specimen.
IV d 1
2——1 1

12—1 3

1 1—1 6

17

6 1—1 1

12——‘?1

f 1.34

V a 1—68

PLESIOSAURUS.

right scapula of Plesiosaurus.

fragments of humerus or femur of Plesio-
saurus.

proximal epiphyses of humerus or femur
of Plesiosaurus.

fragments of os pubis of Plesiosaurus.

ilium 0f Plesiosaurus.

larger bones of the wrist and fore-arm of
Plesiosaurus.

phalanges of Plesiosaurus.

phalanges of Plesiosaurus.

CABINET V.
Genus Plesiosaurus.

cervical vertebrae of various species of
Plesiosaurs, varying much in size, in
the length of the centrum, and the
depth of the intervertebral cup. Only
one specimen, a. 45, is from Wicken,
and indicates e species different from
all the Potton forms.

76

Cabinet. ShelL

V b

(1

VI 0.

PLESIOSA URI A FROM THE

Specimen.
1—1 2
13—34

small cervical vertebrae of Plesiosaurs. b. 6,
a well-marked species, is from Wicken.

pectoral" [and sacral] vertebrae of various
species of Plesiosaurs, some of them
remarkable for the large N othosauroid
aspect of the tubercle for the rib.

35——45 dorsal vertebrae of Plesiosaurs. b.40 has

46—48
1—55
1—33

34—67
1—19

a Dinosaurian depth of centrum. b. 41
is remarkable for the shortness of the
centrum, as b. 44 and 45 are for the
length of the centrum; an example of
this latter form, from the Kimeridge
Clay of Ely, is contained in Case LXXXII.
Shelf h.

neural arches of dorsal vertebrae.

dorsal vertebrae of various species of Ple—
siosaurus. c. 8 and c. 53 are from
Wicken.

dorsal vertebrae of various species of Ple-
siosaurus. d. 5 is an instructive example
of Pliosaurus. Several specimens are
from Wicken.

caudal vertebrae of various species of Ple-
siosaurus.

worn specimens of humerus and femur
of Plesiosaurs. 8.1—3 are probably
Pliosaurs. e. l and 8. 16—18 are from
Wicken.

left scapula of Plesiosaurus.

CABINET VI.
Genus Pliosaurus.

cervical vertebrae of various species of Plio-
Saurs. a. 9 is a. peculiar new species
from Wicken. a . 5 is caudal.

* The pectoral vertebrae are those in which the rib is supported partly on
the neural arch and partly on the centrum. From front to back they are
longer than the sacral vertebrae.

Cabinet.

VI

Shelf.

b

Specimen.
1—30
1—27
2 8—32

POTTON SANDS. 77

dorsal vertebrae of Pliosaurs ; they all
have the centrum rather short, and dis-
play less variety of form than the cervi-
cal vertebrae. They are analogous for
the most part to the form of vertebra
called by Prof. Owen Pliosaurus brachy-
spondylus. b. 13, b. 22, and b. 24—-
27 may be Plesiosaurs.

dorsal vertebrae of various species of Plio-
saurs. c. 8 is probably Plesiosaurian.

caudal vertebrae of Pliosaurus.

 

Teeth of Pliosaurus and Dakosaurus and Ichthyosaurus.

VI

d

1—46
17..32
33__43

4r45

46,47
48——54
55——77
78——82

83——106
107——127
1——6

7

large circular teeth of Pliosaurus, . like
those in the Cambridge Greensand
called Polyptychodon.

large Pliosaur teeth, with a. smooth flat-
tened area, like those from the Oxford
and Kimeridge Clays.

smaller Pliosaur teeth, curved and with
coarse ribs.

small Pliosaur teeth, with the smooth area
convex.

worn teeth, with two strong lateral ridges.

thick teeth of Dakosaurus, with inflated
sides.

more slender and curved teeth 'of Dako-
saurus.

teeth of Dakosaurus.

straight teeth of Dakosaurus.

teeth of Ichthyosaurus.

humerus and femur of Pliosaurus.
c. 4, presented by M. R. Prior, Esq.

carpal bone of a Pliosaur.

DINOSA URIA FROM THE

DIN OSAURIA

FROM THE POTTON SANDS OF POTTON.

The remains are for the most part those of Iguanodon
and of animals nearly allied.

Cabinet.

VII

Shelf.
at

(I;

I)

Z‘:

Exhibited in Cabinets VII. and VIII.

Specimen.
1—3
4—15
1—30
1, 2
3—34
35—42
1—31
13 & 19
14

15, 16
17, 18
1—12

CABINET VII.

large early caudal vertebrae.

mid caudal vertebrae.

mid caudal vertebrae.
b. 27 is undescribed. 6.5, from Wicken,

is Z Polorosaurus.
b. 2 and b . 3 are early mid-caudal ver—
tebrae.

neural arches of dorsal vertebrae.

caudal vertebrae, chiefly from the later
part of the tail.

earlier caudal vertebrae.

early caudal vertebrae. The earliest have
the centrum very short, but it gradu-
ally elongates, and the transverse pro-
cess descends and becomes a median
ridge in the middle caudal, and makes
the side of the centrum angular in the
tail vertebrae.

appear to be portions of right and left
ilium.

is a sacral vertebra.

are sacral vertebrae, anchylosed, of two
species.

are separate sacral vertebrae.

are dorsal vertebrae, With the neural arches
preserved.

POTTON SANDS. 79

DINOSAURIA AND CROCODILIA.

Remains indicating two species of Iguanodon.

Cabinet. Shelf. Specimen.
VIII a 1—25
a 26, 27
6 1—22
0 1—41
d 1—26
d 27—28
(I 29
d 30—32

CABINET VIII.

dorsal vertebrae.
cervical vertebrae of two species of Igua-
nodon.

phalanges of Iguanodon:
comprising examples of 1st phalange, of
2nd, 3rd, and 4th digits.

phalanges, chiefly of Iguanodon:

1—3, conical claw phalanges of an un-
figured type.

4, 5, short metatarsal bones of a species
of Dinosaur.

6—10, 17, phalange 1 of digit 2.

11, 12, 14, 19, 22, 2nd phalange of
digit 2.

13, 18, 20, 25, phalange 1 of digit 4.

26, phalange 2 of digit 4.

21, phalange 2 of digit 3.

23, 24, phalange 3 of digit 3.

30, 33—35, claw-phalange of digit 2.

36—39, claw-phalange of digit 3.

31, 32, claw-phalange of digit 4.

40, 41 are claws of Megalosaur or Ptero-
dactyle type.

teeth of Iguanodon.

fragments of Iguanodon jaws.

basi-sphenoid bone, probably of Iguanodon.

teeth of Megalosaurus. No. 30 presented
by I. K. Esdaile, Esq.

80

Cabinet.

VIII

Shell.

d
d
d
d
(l

d
d

DINOSA URIA AND 0R000DIIJA

Specimen.
34—45
46—48
49—53
54—57
59-—61
69—66
67—77

1
2
3—20

dermal armour of a large Crocodile [2 Go-
niopholis]. ~

procaelian cervical and dorsal vertebrae of
a Dinosaur.

elongated caudal vertebrae without chev-
ron-bone facets.

cervical vertebrae of a small Crocodile.

cervical vertebrae of other Crocodiles.

caudal vertebrae of a Crocodile.

dorsal vertebrae of Crocodiles.

distal end of left femur of Iguanodon.

distal end of right femur of Iguanodon.

undetermined [chiefly fragments of meta-
tarsal bones of Iguanodon].

WEA L DEN SERIES. 8 l

DINOSAURIA AND OTHER REPTILIA

FROM THE WEALDEN SERIES.

Index to the remains of Dinosaurs, Crocodiles, Ichthyosaurs,
Chelonians, &c.; from the VVealden strata of Tilgate in
Sussex, and of Brook in the Isle of Wight.

Exhibited in Drawers of Compartment i of Cabinet J.

Cue. Comp. Drawer. Specimen.
J i 8 1—6 dermal scutes similar to those attributed
to Hylaeosaurus.

2' 8_ 7 portion of upper and lower jaws of Gonio-
pholis with teeth.

13 8 8 longer portion of jaws of same individual
of Goniopholis.

i 8 '9 back of the skull of the same Goniopholis,

exhibiting in the basi—occipital, parie-
tal, post-frontal, quadrate, &c., ordinary
Crocodilian characters.

 

i 8 10 eight teeth of the same Goniopholis: all
from Brook.
i 8 11 perfect axis of a Dinosaur.
z' 8 12 dermal plate of a Dinosaur.
J i 9 1—4 teeth of G‘oniopholis. Brook.
2' 9 5, 6 teeth of Goniopholis. Brook.
13 9 7 tooth of Goniopholis. Brook.
73 9 8 tooth.
i 9 9 three teeth of Goniopholis. Tilgate.
i 9 10 tooth of ?Suchosaurus. Sussex.

6

82

DINOSA URIA, «to. FROM THE

Cue. Comp. Drawer. Specimen.

9 11——13 teeth of Suchosaurus cultridens (Owen).

J

1'

en. O. O. 9. Q'- Q. @- 0. 8- 6. 1°. 8.

9

{DCDCDCOQDQDEDQQDQDQDCD

14—19

20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

32

33
34

Tilgate.

teeth of Goniopholis crassidens (Owen).
Tilgate.

caudal vertebra. Tilgate.

sacral vertebra lHylaeosaurus. Tilgate.

dorsal vertebra. Brook.

caudal vertebra. Tilgate.

dorsal vertebra. Tilgate (compare 23. 9. 22).

dorsal vertebra. Tilgate.

caudal vertebra. Brook.

phalange of a Crocodile. Tilgate.

cast of phalange 5 of digit 4 of Iguanodon.

phalange of a Crocodile. Brook.

undetermined. Brook.

fragment of a rib? Tilgate. Presented
by the executors of Dr Forbes Young.

slender humerus of a Crocodile, imperfect
at proximal end. Brock.

undetermined. Brook.

maxillary bone of a small Iguanodon.
Tilgate. This specimen formed part of
the Dr Forbes Young collection. Being
in a soft matrix, the yellow sandstone
has been removed. The bone is five
inches long, and in the greater part of
its length is about an inch deep, except
towards the middle, Where it sends up
a nasal process comparable to the nasal
process of the maxillary bone in Che-
lone, and there the bone is two inches
deep. The outer side is convex from
above downward, and gently curved
convexly from back to front. In front
it terminates in a truncated sharp
wedge-margin, which appears to have
been slightly overlapped by the pre-
maxillary bone. Backward the bone

use. Comp. Drawer. Specimen.
J i 9 34
J a 9 35, 6
i 9 37
i 9 38
i 9 39
i 9 40—42
i 9 43

10
10
10

10

44

45

46
47

WEA LDEN SERIES. 83

thickens, and is produced outward and
backward, away from and beyond the
alveoli, in a compressed claw-like pro-
cess. The upper nasal process is wide
and thin, and appears to constitute the
outer margin of the narine, which was
large and looked forward, upward, and
slightly outward. The longitudinal ex-
tent of the alveolar border is 41} inches,
and in that distance are the sockets for
17 teeth. No teeth are preserved.
This species appears to be new. It

may be compared with Mr Fox’s man-
dible of Iguanodon from Brook, figured
in the Paleeontographical volume for
1864.

teeth of Iguanodon. Tilgate.

tooth of Iguanodon. Brook.

tooth of Iguanodon. Brook.

tooth of Iguanodon [partly worn]. Tilgate.

cast of three teeth of Iguanodon.

fragments of two early caudal vertebrae of
Ichthyosaurus, from Tilgate. Dr Forbes
Young collection.

fragment of a plate, probably of an Emy-
dian Chelonian.

fragment of a large thick plate, apparently
of Goniopholis (displaying under sur-
face). Tilgate.

marginal plate of an Emydian Chelonian.

phalange of a 'lmarine Chelonian.

 

Mr—l

dorsal vertebra of a Dinosaur, from Brook.
part of sacrum of a Dinosaur, from Brook.
early caudal vertebra of a Dinosaur, from
Brook. _
late caudal vertebra of ‘IStreptospondylus,
from Brook.
6—2

84 DINOSA URIA, ac. FROM THE

Case. Comp. Drawer. Specimen
J i 10 5 undetermined fragment [’1 neural arch of

sacral vertebrae], from Brook.

73 10 6 fragment of rib of a Dinosaur, from Til—
gate.

i 10 7 fragment of a large jaw, from Tilgate.

i 10 8 large dorsal vertebra of Pliosauroid cha—
racter, from Tilgate [imperfect].

i 10 9 early caudal vertebra of a Dinosaur, from

,, Tilgate [imperfect].

i 10 10 cast of left coracoid of Iguanodon.

.5 10 11 cast of phalange 3 of digit 3 of Iguanodon.

.i 10 12 cast of phalange 1 of digit 3 of Iguanodon.

i 10 13 cast of the reputed horn of Iguanodon,
now regarded as a claw-phalange.

i 10 14 cast of phalange 2 of digit 2 of Iguanodon
or Hylaeosaurus.

i 10 15 cast of phalange 2 of digit 4 of Iguanodon.

i 10 16 cast of claw-phalange, attributed to Mega-
losaurus.

i 10 17, 18 two teeth of Megalosaurus. Brook.

72 10 19 tooth of Iguanodon. Brook.

,5 10 20 shaft of a long bone of Pterodactyle. Til-
gate.

WEALDEN DINOSAURIA.
Arranged over Cases LXXXIX.——XCV.

1 cast of the foot of a small Iguanodon, from Brook.
Presented by S. H. Beckles, Esq.
Figured by Prof. Owen in Monograph Qf Wealden
Reptiles, Part IV. 1857.
2 cast of phalange 1 of digit 3.
Figured by Prof. Owen in illonogmpk of Wealden
Reptiles, Part 11. pl. 16, 1854.
3 cast of large right tibia of ”guanodon. Cuckfield.

10—15
16
17
18
19

20

WEA LDEN SERIES. 85

cast of distal end of a large right femur of a Dino—
saur. Tilgate.

cast of tibia of Hylaeosaurus.
Figured by Prof. Owen in Monograph of Wealden

Reptiles, Part II. pl. 7, 1857.

cast of metatarsal bone. ‘

distal end of right femur of a Dinosaur, allied to
Iguanodon. Supposed to be from Brook.

proximal end of tibia, apparently associated with
No. 7.

dorsal vertebra of Iguanodon.

dorsal vertebrae of a Dinosaur. Brook.

early post sacral vertebra of a Dinosaur. Brook.

early caudal vertebra of a Dinosaur. Brook.

ilium of a Dinosaur, of mammalian aspect. Brook.

early caudal vertebra, ’l Iguanodon. Brook.

large part of an Emydian plastron, apparently of a
new Platemys. Tilgate.

OHELONIA FROM THE

CHELONIA

FROM THE PURBECK SERIES OF SWANAGE,
IN THE ISLE OF PURBECK.

Exhibited on Shelves in the First Compartment on the
South side in the West Room.

1 Pleurosternon Sedgwicki.

Perfect carapace, nuchal plate very slightly emarginate.
Length 18% inches, breadth 15% inches ; resembles in
aspect Pleurosternon ovatum, but is shorter and broader.
The first neural plate subdivided, as in Pleurosternon
concinnum and P. emarginatum, with posterior impres-
sion of the first vertebral scute passing over the poste-
rior part of the anterior subdivision. The second neural
plate is narrow and four-sided. The eighth neural plate
is fi- of an inch long, and the ninth, which widens behind,
is 1% inch long. The third, fifth, and ninth neural plates
are crossed by vertebral scutes, as in Pleurosternon
emarginatum. The first vertebral scute is narrower than
the second and third, which are of equal Width. The
other characters approximate it to the species P. emar-
ginatum and P. ovatum. The marginal plates are much
broader than in the former species, and display no trace
of the posterior emargination. The surface ornament is
of the usual kind in Pleurosternon.

2 Pleurosternon Vansittarti.

Perfect carapace ,' presented by Augustus Arthur Van-
Sittart, Esq. It resembles in aspect Pleurosternon emar-
ginatum, but is broader in front. Length 19—3- inches,
breadth 17§ inches. The marginal plates and scutes are
very broad. As in Pleurosternon ovatum and P. lati-

PURBEOK SERIES. 87

scutum, the first neural plate is not divided. The ims
pressions of the vertebral scutes pass over the first, third,
fifth, ninth, and tenth neural plates, as in Pleurosternon
emarginatum and P. Sedgwicki. The costal scutes are
very narrow, the second being 4 inches long and 2%
inches wide, and the fourth scute is very small. It is
readily distinguished from Pleurosternon emarginatum,
the only species with which it could be confounded, by
the absence of the emargination, the undivided first
neural plate and the broad marginal plates.

3 Pleurosternon Oweni.

This carapace has lost the nuchal and most of the mar-
ginal plates. Length from pygal plate to anterior margin
of the first neural plate (which is undivided) 19 inches,
breadth over the third costal plates 14% inches ,- from
which the perfect specimen may be presumed to have
measured 22 inches by 17 inches, and to have had much
of the form of Pleurosternon ovatum, being relatively
almost as narrow.

The carapace appears to have been more than usually
convex, for, though it is now more convex than any
other specimen, the costal plates have all parted from
each other at their marginal borders from compression.
The first vertebral scute is half an inch narrower than
the second.

It is readily distinguished from Pleurosternon ovatum
by the marginal scutes extending far on to the costal
plates, while in that species they are almost coincident
with the marginal suture. The costal scutes are rela«
tively narrow. The eighth neural plate is very small
and quadrate, and only half the length of the ninth
plate.

4 Pleurosternon typocardium.

Perfect carapace, with deep and wide nuchal emargi-
nation and well—marked pygal emargination. Length
along the neural plates 11% inches, breadth over the
region of the fourth costal plates 11;} inches. It differs
from all other species in having the sutures between the

88

OtDmKIO'h

ll
12
13

CHELONIA FROM THE

scutes. raised instead of excavated in the bone. They
cross the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 8th neural and apparently
the pygal plate. It is gently convex and has the outer
border of the anterior marginal plates more than usually
turned up. There is a nuchal scute. The first vertebral
scute is about half as long as the second, but as wide.
The vertebral scutes are narrow, being narrower than
the costal scutes, which are unusually large and encroach
upon the marginal plates. It approximates to Pleuro-
sternon latiscutum (Owen), which is the only other spe-
cies with a nuchal scute, but is readily distinguished by
the proportions of the vertebral and costal scutes.

impression of the interior of sternal plates of a 2Pleuro-
sternon. ‘

As the bones are gone, and have left sutural markings
scarcely to be distinguished from the cracks, it is not
very evident whether the intercalated bones of the
plastron in Pleurosternon are present.

two portions of carapace of Pleurosternon typocardium.

marginal and costal plates of Pleurosternon.

costal plate of Pleurosternon.

costal plate of Pleurosternon.

hyposternal half of the plastron of Pleurosternon, showing
the intercalated plates.

It approximates towards the species P. emarginatum,
but appears to be distinct.

interior of hyposternal plate of Pleurosternon.
interior of hyposternal plate of Pleurosternon.
scapula of a small Emydian, probably Pleurosternon.

The remainder of the Purbeck Reptiles are in Cabinet LXXXII. I).
They comprise a portion of the head of Macellodus Brodiei (Owen)
and the impression of its lower jaw ; and a scute of a Crocodile,

probably Goniopholis.
In the same Cabinet are the lower jaw and caudal vertebra of
Pterodactylus macrurus, and a phalange of a small Pterodactyle.

PURBEC’K SERIES. 89

ORNITHOSAURIA

FROM THE PURBECK SERIES, NEAR SWANAGE.

Exhibited in Cabinet LXXXII., Shelves a. and b.

Cm. Shelf.
82 a On this shelf are temporarily placed the cervical
vertebrae of a Whale (Palaeocetus Sedgwicki,
Seeley) reputed to be from the Kimeridge Clay
of Ely.
PTERODACTYLUS MACRURUS.
a lower jaw of a Pterodactyle, from Langton, near

Swanage, presumed to belong to the same ani-
mal as the vertebra 82.6.4. The specimen is
slightly imperfect in front, and the rami do not
extend so far as the articulation behind. So
much as is preserved measures in length 12%
inches; and where fractured behind, the rami
measure 2% inches from side to side. The sym-
physis is 5 inches long, at its anterior termina-
tion the jaw expanding a little is nearly § of an
inch wide ,' at the termination of the symphysis
behind it is an inch wide. The rami are marked
in the anchylosed part by a deep palatal groove.
Behind the symphysis the rami narrow from
side to side. The teeth were very small, have
all fallen from their sockets and extended on

90

Case.

82

ORNITHOSA URIA.

each side along at least 8 inches of the jaw;
in the middle of the jaw there appear to be
7 teeth in the space of an inch.

caudal vertebra of Pterodactylus macrurus, from

Langton, near Swanage. Purbeck beds. This
vertebra is 5 inches long, and conforms in
general structure to the plan of caudal ver-
tebrae of the Ornithosaurians from the Cam-
bridge Greensand, difi’ering chiefly in being

_ narrower at the articular ends. The largest

caudal vertebra hitherto known is 1% inch
long, figured by Prof. Owen in his account of
Pterodactylus simus.

5 phalange Of wing finger of a small Pterodactyle

from the middle Purbeck of Durlstone bay.
Presented by Rev. 0. Fisher.

PLESIOSA (/1214. 9 1

PLESIOSAURIA
FROM THE PORTLAND SERIES.
Exhibited on Shelf b of Cabinet LXXXII.
. Gus. Shell. No.

82 b 1 late dorsal vertebra of a small Plesiosaur or
Pliosaur from the Portland stone of Whitmore,
near Weymouth.

1) 2 worn shaft of 'l femur which has lost its epiphyses.
Upway Hill, near Weymouth, Portland stone.
b 3 '1 humerus of Pliosaurus from Upway Hill. On the

distal end is a cast of Lucina. Portland stone.

CROCODILIA FROM THE

CROCODILIA"

FROM THE KIMERIDGE CLAY, CHIEFLY OF ELY.

Exhibited in Cabinet LXXXII., Shelves 0, d, e, f.

Cue. Shelf.

82c

1

Specimen.

four dorsal vertebrae of a small 2Dakosaurus+
from the Kimeridge Clay of Cottenham. The
vertebrae are biconcave, with the margin of
the centrum adjoining the intervertebral cup
wrinkled.

Associated bones of Dakosaurus lissocephalus from Ely.
A smaller and probably immature example of the same species.

 

c 2 two cervical, one dorsal, and one caudal vertebrae.
c 3 nine fragments of dorsal and cervical ribs.

0 4 posterior dorsal vertebra.

c 5 2 scapula.

c 6 ’l coracoid.

c 7 an undetermined sub-quadrate bone.

c 8 fragments of right and left premaxillary bones.

c 9 left nasal bone and five fragments of jaw.

c 10 five fragments of jaw bones.

c 11 frontal bone.

c 12 heel of mandible.

d 1 Skull of Dakosaurus lissocephalus from the Ki-

meridge Clay of Ely. It displays eX-occipital,
supra-occipital, squamosal, quadrate, quadrato-
jugal, epiotic, alisphenoid, parietal, frontal, post-
frontal, malar, lore—frontal, and nasal bones.

If the vertebrae in the series 0. 2—12 are
parts of the same animal with the head-bones,
then to this individual must have belonged
vertebrae like the series 0.1. The external

* It. may be doubtful whether the term Crocodilia can be so far extended
as to include the transitional group to which these remains belong. The
Teleosauria have strong affinities with Plesiosaurs and Dinosaurs.

1‘ The generic distinction between Dakosaurus and Steneosaurus remains to
be established. The form of the skull in these specimens is that of Cuvier’s
Crocodile, ‘ Téte a museau plus allongé.’ The specimens in the Oxford Museum
which are referred to Steneosaurus have the same form of skull.

Cm. Shelf.

82d

Specimen.

KIMERIDGE OLA Y. 93

surface of all the cranial bones preserved is
smooth. The frontal bone is shaped like an
arrow-head, with the lateral barbs extending
backward and outward to meet the post-frontal,
which with the malar, quadrato-jugal, squa-
mosal, supra-occipital and parietal enclose on
each side the long sub~triangular temporal foss
broad behind. The part of the frontal which
runs back like the haft of an arrow-head is
narrow and flattened with parallel sides.

portion of maxillary bones, probably of Dako~
saurus, from the Kimeridge Clay of Cotten—
ham. Presented by Rev. S. Banks.

anterior end of mandible of a large Dakosaurus
from the Drift of Bourne.

 

(\QQQQ

QIerMr-I

left scapula of Dakosaurus from Ely.

right scapula of Dakosaurus from Ely.

five large teeth of Dakosaurus from Ely.

lumbar vertebra of a Crocodilian from Ely.

two early dorsal vertebrae of a small Dakosaurus
from Ely. Presented by W. Marshall, Esq.

two dorsal and a caudal vertebrae of a small
Dakosaurus from Stretham.

dorsal vertebra of a large Dakosaurus from near
Ely.

 

R‘skaka‘s‘s

GUIDACJOMr—I

femur of Dakosaurus from Ely.

four dorsal vertebrae of Dakosaurus from Ely.

four caudal vertebrae of Dakosaurus from Ely.

dorsal vertebra of ’l Dakosaurus from Ely.

caudal vertebra of Dakosaurus from Ely.

proximal end of femur of a Crocodilian distinct
from f. 1, probably Dakosaurus, from Down-
ham Market.

On Shelf g is temporarily placed the right femur of a Dinosaur

from the Oxford Clay, Cryptosaurus eumerus.

On Shelf h are placed six vertebrae, probably of Plesiosaurus.

94 IDINOIS'A URIA FROM THE

GIGANTOSAURUS MEGALONYX,
A TERRESTRIAL REPTILE,

FROM THE KIMERIDGE CLAY.

Exhibited on Shelf a of Cabinet LXXXIV., and over
Cabinet LXXXII.

These bones were found at different times in different loca-
lities. They are the only remains from the Kimeridge
Clay of the Ely district which are not referable either to
Ichthyosauria, Plesiosauria, Crocodilia, or Chelonia. And
as the bones are such as might pertain to one animal, the
genus Gigantosaurus is constituted to receive them.

Cue. Shelf. No.

84 a 1 centrum of icervical vertebra, very slightly con-
cave in front and very slightly convex behind;
it hangs a little forward, like a Pliosaur. The
intervertebral articular surface is 8% inches
deep, and appears to have been as wide, and
circular: in part the posterior surface is rugose
and pitted asiwith small-pox. The neural arch
was supported on short pedicles, between which
is a narrow neural canal. Below the pedicles
is on each side a large impressed facet for the
rib, subdivided by a transverse ridge into a
small upper part and a large lower part. Below
the ribs are deep large holes, two smaller ones
in front and a larger one behind 9‘, which pene-
trate far into centrum and are lined with
smooth bone surface as far as excavated. They
have the aspect and the position of air-cells,

4‘ In the absence of the usual aids, the front and back determinations are
conjectural.

One.

84

Shelf. N0.
a

KIMERIDGE OLA Y. 95

but the bone is dense. 0n the ventral and
neural surfaces are many considerable perfora~
tions for nutritive vessels. The ventral sur—
face is concave from front to back and convex
from side to side. From front to back it mea—
sures 4’; inches. From Stretham. Presented
by Rev. S. Banks.

a 2 caudal vertebra from Cottenham. Presented by

Rev. S. Banks. It is hour-glass shaped; 6 inches
long, with the intervertebral surfaces very
slightly concave, 3% inches high, 4 inches Wide.

a 3, 4 two casts of a claw-phalange from Ely, much

a 5 a

compressed from side to side, with the articular
surface rugose and convex from side to side.
4 inches high, and 2 inches wide; and 5% inches
long at the base.

dermal plate from Cottenham, presented by
Rev. S. Banks. It has the form of the side
plates of a. Teleosaurian, with a truncating
sutural surface at each end, and it is com-
pressed to a sharp border at the back and in
front. The outer half of the upper surface is
pitted with large holes, like those on scutes of
Crocodiles. It is more likely to have belonged
to Dakosaurus, but may have pertained to this
genus.

 

Over Cabinet LXXXII. are a cast of the fibula, and the proximal

end of the tibia ; both are solid bones. The fibula is 27 inches
long, somewhat flattened, curved a little towards the tibia, and
expanded laterally at the articular ends, which are rugose ; proxi-
mal end reniform, distal end long ovate.

The portion of tibia preserved is 17 inches long, gives ofl‘ a

sort of patelloid prominence, measures 9 inches in one direction
and' 5% in the other over the rugose sub-rhomboid flattened arti-
cular end.

96 PLESIOSA URIA FROM THE

PLESIOSAURIA

FROM THE KIMERIDGE CLAY, CHIEFLY FROM NEAR ELY.

Exhibited in Cabinets LXXXIV.—LXXXV.

CABINET LXXXIV.

PLIOSAURUS.
Cm. Shelf. Specimen.

84 b 1—7 ribs of Pliosaurus.

 

b 8 first dorsal of Pliosaurus brachyspondylus
(Owen), sawn in halves to show osseous
structure.

b 9 dorsal vertebra of Pliosaurus brachyspondylus.

c 1 large flattened rib.

c 2 anterior end of mandible of a sharp-nosed
2Pliosaums, from Haddenham.

c 3 articular end of mandible of rlPliosaurus, from

Haddenham. (c. l, 2 and 3 presented by
J. W. Clark, Esq. M.A.)

 

c 4, 5 9 carpal or tarsal bones of a ’lPliosaurus, from
Ely.

d 1 fragment of J aW-bone, showing grooves for teeth.

d 2 larger fragment of jaw-bone and two crushed
teeth of Pliosaurus, from Ely.

d 3 six teeth of Pliosaurus.

d 4 a large and typical tooth of Pliosaurus.

KIMERIDGE OLA r. 97

 

 

 

Case. Shelf. Tablets.
84 (l 5 two teeth of Pliosaurus with circular crowns,
from the back of the jaw.
11 6 tooth of Pliosaurus in which the ridges are
obliterated.
d 7 tooth of Pliosaurus with the ridges very strong. 1
d 8 two teeth of Pliosaurus with the area usually ' i
flattened here convex, and the ridges narrow, ‘
wavy, and few ; new species. 1
e 1 early cervical vertebrae of Pliosaurus, showing .11, o
2} the double Confluent tubercle for the rib at l j
3 the base of the side of the centrum. 5. 1
e 4 late cervical vertebra of Pliosaurus. W37
e 5 late cervical vertebra of Pliosaurus brachy- m MW
spnndylus, showing on the left side two 5*"?
tubercles for the rib and on the right side
one large tubercle: associated with the thirty 4
vertebrae over Cabinets LXXXII.—LXXXIV.
e 6 pectoral vertebra of Pliosaurus, a little crushed.
e 7 early dorsal of Pliosaurus brachyspondylus.
e 8, 9 dorsal vertebrae of Pliosaur.
e 10 neural arch, probably of a Pliosaurus vertebra.
f 1 pectoral vertebra of Pliosaurus. if A14 ' {14,267 i I‘ mil) )‘J '/O 1:] I
f 2—6 early dorsal vertebrae of Pliosaurus 3 they over- I 2?; 7 O
. fr ‘1
hang each other 1n front. L‘,;Hflfl. . 7-0419}
9 1 four phalanges.
_ These bones appear to be as-
g g g p halanges. J sociated with the series a. 4,
g P aanges. i and c. 5.
CASE LXXXV.
Genus PLESIOSAURUS.
Case. Shelf. Tablet.
85 a, 1 right coracoid.

((x

2 left coracoid.

Associated with specimen pre-
sented by Stead Jones, Esq.
7

{Plesiosaurus megadeirus. Ely.

98

PLESIOSA URIA FROM THE

 

 

Cm. Shelf. Tablet.
85 a 3 right coracoid. } .
a 4 left coracoi d. Plesmsaurus. Ely.
a 5 right coracoid. } .
a 6 left coracoid. Plesmsaurus. Ely.
85 b 1 cervical vertebra of a long-necked Plesiosaur.
Ely.
b 2 three associated cervical vertebrae of a long-
b 3 necked Plesiosatu‘, with flattened interver-
tebral surfaces. From Downham Market.
I) 4 pectoral vertebra. l
b 5 dorsal vertebra. .
b 6 dorsal vertebra. Ples10saurus. Ely.
b 7 dorsal vertebra.
b 8 dorsal vertebra, with neural arch anchylosed.
b 9 late dorsal vertebra.
b 10 early caudal vertebra. VVitcham.
85 c 1 girdling shaft of a femur from which both
epiphyses have come away.
6 2 ilium.
c 3 fragments of right and left 05 pubis.
c 4 right ischium.

The foregoing, o. 1—4, are from Cottenham, and associated.

Presented by Rev. S. Banks.
left ischium. Ely.
os pubis. Ely.
0s pubis. Ely.
cervical vertebra. Near Ely.

 

85

Hooqcacn

3
4

0s pubis, imperfect. Cottenham. Presented by
Rev. S. Banks.

phalange. Ely.

phalange, probably of Pliosaurus.

two early dorsal vertebrae of a small Plesiosaur,
with flattened articular face to the centrum.

The next 7 specimens are from Ely and associated. They indicate
a well—defined new species, Plesiosaurus sterrodeirus.

d

5

a large basi-occipital bone, like that of Ichthyo-
saurus.

KIMERIDGE OLA Y. 99
Case. Shelf. Tablet.
85 d 6 two early cervical vertebrae, short from front to
back, with the centrum flattened.

7 two later cervical vertebrae; the progressive elon-
gation of the vertebrae in backward succession,
as in Pliosaurus, should be noticed.

8 pectoral vertebra, with the centrum cupped.

9 pectoral or dorsal vertebra.

The next 7 specimens are associated. From Cottenham. Pre—
sented by Rev. S. Banks.

d 10 dorsal vertebra of Plesiosaurus, with neural arch.

e 1—6 dorsal vertebrae of Plesiosaurus, with their neural
arches anchylosed.

 

dorsal vertebra of a large riPlesiosaur. Ely.
femur. .

Z humerus. } Phosaurus. Ely.

femur.
femur, ? Plesiosaur.

\\\\\
QIFPOOMH

CASE LXXXII. Shelf h.

82 h 1 dorsal vertebra of a Plesiosaur or Teleosauroid
crocodilian, with unusually elongated centrum
flattened at both ends. Presented by O. Sal-
vin, Esq.

k 2 caudal vertebra, probably of an unknown Plesio-
saurian, with large articular facets on the base
of the centrum, not reaching so far back as the
intervertebral margin.

h 3 dorsal vertebra of a Plesiosaur, with elongated
flattened centrum, and the processes for the
ribs directed upward at a great angle.

h 4 cervical vertebra, in excellent preservation, with
flattened intervertebral surface and rugose mar-
gins.

]; 5 two cervical vertebrae similar to 70.4.

7—2

100

REPTILIA FROM THE

REPTILES FROM THE KIMERIDGE CLAY.

Arranged over Cases LXXXII.—LXXXVIII.

l——33

’lproximal end of tibia of Gigantosaurus.

?cast of fi‘bula of Gigantosaurus.

three caudal vertebrae, and a cast of a larger cau-
dal vertebra of Cetiosaurus. lLocality.

dorsal vertebrae of Pliosaurus brachyspondylus

(Owen), from Roswell Pit, near Ely. Reputed

associated. 1 and 2 are on Shelf e, Case 84.

vertebrae of Ichthyosaurus, from the Kimeridge

Clay of Ely: 1—8 dorsal, the remainder caudal.

proximal end of humerus of a large Pliosaur.
dorsal vertebra of a large Pliosaur.
right and left quadrate bones of a Pliosaur.

In the lower room (South side Compartment 8)
are parts of the frontal and nasal bones of
the same Pliosaur.

humerus and femur and other paddle bones of a

Plesiosaurus megadeirus, mounted on board.

They were associated with the series of 56 cer-

vical and dorsal vertebrae mounted on a stand

in Compartment A of the Lecture-room, and

with the coracoid bones in Case 85.11.], 2.

All are from Ely, and presented by Stead

Jones, Esq.

a femur of Plesiosaur.
six vertebrae of Pliosaurus or Polyptychodon
without locality.

KIMERIDGE CLAY. ’ 101

Arranged over Cases V.—VIII. are

12 dorsal vertebrae of Pliosaurus.
small femur of Plesiosaurus.

Arranged over Cases IX.—X.

humerus or femur of Pliosaurus from Aylesbury. Presented by
Rev. C. Erle. ‘

distal end of a large lfemur of Pliosaurus from Roswell Pit.
Presented by Rev. Richard Taylor.

2humerus of Pliosaur.

The other Plesiosaurian remains from the Kimeridge Clay are
an almost perfect vertebral column of a. new species Plesiosaurus
megadeirus, from Haddenham, in the Lower Room; presented
by Rev. S. Banks. The vertebral column of the specimen pre-
sented by Stead Jones, Esq., in Compartment A of the Lecture-
room; and some bones of Plesiosaurus and Pliosaurus arranged
in Cabinet D in the Lecture-room.

102 PLESIOSA URIA FROM THE

NOTE ON THE VERTEBRZE OF TWO SPECIES OF
PLIOSAURUS.

PLIOSAUBUS BRACHYSPONDYLUS.

IN his additional notes on Ichthyosaurus and Plesiosaurus,
Vol. I. Series 2, Transactions of the Geological Society, Mr Cony-
beare figured certain vertebrae (pl. 22) three inches in diameter,
which in his paper on Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus were referred to
the Market-Raisin fossil at Oxford, and named P. giganteus.
Mr Conybeare thus recognised it as a Pliosaur, but it probably
ought not to have been referred to a species to which Prof. Owen’s
descriptions assign cervical vertebrae having a diameter of 5 or
6 inches. .

Prof. Owen refers to the same vertebrae as evidence of his
Plesiosaurus brachyspondylus,~ but they are Plesiosaur in that
general sense only in which Pliosaur itself may be so named.
The description is scanty, and the only character of importance
mentioned is, that the “articular surface is very slightly con-
cave, with a small round depression at the centre.”

Of such vertebral bones there is in the Woodwardian Museum
an associated series of 30, arranged over Cabinet LXXXIII. 3 and
there are 7 more unassociated in Case LXXXIV., and except a cer.
vical among the latter all are dorsal. There is one character in
these and all other dorsal vertebrae of Pliosaurus from Ely very
peculiar, in that from the neural arch being placed so far forward
the upper part of the anterior articular surface of the centrum
projects and hangs over the corresponding part of the posterior
surface of the adjacent vertebra, which retreats; hence the whole
vertebra is oblique and leans forward.

K I MERIDGE C’LA Y. 103

The first bone of the series of 30 is an early dorsal, its
articular surfaces are 3 inches high and 3 inches wide and slightly
ovate in outline vertically. Unlike Conybeare’s figure, the peri-
pheral margin is rounded. The articular surface is very nearly
flat, though a little depressed in the central part, and at the
centre there is a Small conical pit, which a transverse section
(Case 84. b. 8) shows to taper to a line which runs through the
vertebra. Its thickness at the base is 1% inch; length of the
neural canal is Hg inch; the thickness in the central pit is lg
inch ; the [might from the middle of the base to the middle of the
neural canal is 2% inches. The articular surfaces are minutely
punctate, and the outer surface concave from front to back. The
neural canal 1% in. broad behind; in the middle it is g. The
extreme width across the centrum at the facets for the neuro-
pophyses is 3% inches; they are concave, transversely oval, and
measure 1% inch wide by 1% inch long. There are 3 small fora-
mina on each side. An earlier vertebra, seemingly the first dorsal,
is only 1% inch in length. The measurements vary a little with
different specimens, but the proportions are preserved.

The last of the 30 dorsal centra shows no sign of being near
the end of the back. It has the same shape of articular surface,
but it has increased half an inch in Width and gths of an inch in
height; its front to back thickness is a little less at the neural
canal than at the base, Where it is greatest and measures 2%ths
inches. The intervertebral surface is more decidedly concave
than in the early dorsal.

The cervical vertebra, Case 84 . e. 5, measures 35 inches broad,
2% inches high, and 1% inch thick. The outline is transversely
ovate, the articular surfaces are flattened with the characteristic
central pit. The facet for the cervical rib adjoins that for the
neurapophysis, being nearly 2 inches long and an inch wide.

In section the vertebrae show no sign of epiphyses. The
texture is dense under the neural canal and round the outside.
The cancellous structure is coarse in the centre, but finer near the
articular surfaces.

The anterior zygapophyses are just below the upper boundary
of the neural canal ; the posterior zygapophyses are just above it,
they are oval facets projecting §~ of an inch, with a. little depres~
sion under them in the neural arch.

104 PLESIOSA URIA FROM TIIE

The reason for thinking this a good species is that many
specimens have been found exactly of the same size, while there
are no examples of sizes intermediate between this species and the
next. The larger specimens almost invariably show a central pro-
minence where this is concave, and difi‘er a little in the proportions
of the centrum.

PLIOSAURUS BRACHYDEIRUS.

Of this form the Museum contains but one neck vertebra,
Case 84 . f . l, which, from the way the facets for the pleurapo-
physes adjoin those for the neurapophyses, appears to be the last
cervical. It was obtained from the Kimeridge Clay of Cottenham,
and presented to the University by the Rev. S. Banks. It has the
same concave exterior and. the same flattened ends, with a large
elevated central boss an inch in diameter, between which and the
peripheral margin the surface is concave. It is nearly 5 inches
wide, nearly 4% inches high, and nearly 2% inches thick.

The sub-circular facets for cervical ribs are not on the surface
of the centrum, as in Pliosaurus brachyspondylus, but on pedicles
an inch long. From one pleural facet to the other it measures 6%
inches. The neural canal is 2 inches wide behind. Another cer-
vical from nearer to the head has all the same characters, except
that the bone is half an inch deeper. Of this species the collec-
tion contains 11 dorsal vertebrae in Case 84 . f

The largest has the articular surface circular and measures 4%
inches deep, and nearly 5 inches broad, and 3% inches long.

The smallest dorsal has the articular Surface vertically ovate
and measures 4—;- deep, and from side to side nearly 3 inches long
at the base, and a little less at the neural canal. As in the other
species, the bones show an anterior obliquity.

It is evident from Mr Conybeare’s figures, pl. 22 (100. cit),
that the cervical vertebrae of Pliosaurus, like those of Plesiosaurus,
elongate as they near the back, and do not, as stated by Prof.
Owen", maintain the same length. There is an anomaly in Prof.
Owen’s measurements, for, though stating that as the cervical ver-
tebrae recede from the head they increase in breadth and depth

* P. 63, Report on British Fossil Reptiles, Part 11., 1841, British. Associa-
tion churls.

KIMERIDGE OLA Y. 105

(Ice. cit), the cervicals of P. brachydeirus are given a length of
1% inch, breadth 5 inches, depth 6 inches 5 and yet the dorsals are
4 inches 3 lines broad, 4 inches deep, and 3 inches long.

Besides these there are in the Collection two anterior cervical
vertebrae which appear to belong to a third species. (Case 84. 9.)
One is 6% inches deep, 6% inches broad, 2% inches long. It has
a double articulation for the rib, which is below the centre of the
centrum. From one rib facet to the other it measures 7% inches.
The other centrum is 6 inches deep, 6% inches broad, and 2% long.
In all other respects it is like the first one.

The most important parts of the skull preserved are the quad~
rate bones with the articulations for the lower jaw (over Cases 87
and 88). The more perfect of these fragments is 19 inches long and
a foot wide. The quadrate of Plesiosaurs, Steneosaurs, and allied
forms is a pedicle projecting backward, while in the N othosaurs
it is a pedicle projecting downward and united with the bones at
the'back of the skull, so that, by the union of the ex-occipital with
the quadrate near the condyle, and of the parietal and squamosal
bones above, a large foramen, which looks backwards, is made on
each side of the occipital surface.

In Pliosaurus the quadrate bone is a slender style which unites
with the bones of the back of the head exactly as in Nothosaurus,
only with this difference, that the ex-occipitals encroach much more,
and produce a smaller “quadrate foramen,” judging from the form
of the condyle and the general analogy to Nothosaur.

IOHTIIYOSAURIA FROM THE

ICHTHYOSAURIA

FROM THE KIMERIDGE CLAY.

Index to the Remains of Ichthyosaurus from the Kimeridge
Clay of the country near Ely.

Exhibited in Cabinet LXXXVI., Shelves 5;, b, c, d, e.

 

Caeo. Shelf. Specimen.
86 a, 1 19 teeth of Ichthyosaurus. Ely.
a 2—6 three cervical and two caudal vertebrae of
Ichthyosaurus, from Ely.
a 7 early dorsal vertebra of Ichthyosaurus. Ely.
a 8 early caudal vertebra of Ichthyosaurus. Ely.
a 9 pelvic vertebra of Ichthyosaurus. Hadden-
ham. Presented by W. Marshall, Esq.
a 10, 11 caudal vertebrae of Ichthyosaurus. Chet-
tisham“. Presented by W. Marshall, Esq.
a 12 free unanchylosed axis vertebra of Ichthyo-
saurus, from Chettisham. Presented by
W. Marshall, Esq. It may be named
Ichthyosaurus chalarodeirus.
86 b 1 sclerotic plate of Ichthyosaurus. Cottenham.
b 2 early cervical vertebra of Ichthyosaurus.
Haddenham. Pres. by W. Marshall, Esq.
b 3 axis vertebra of Ichthyosaurus, free. Stret-

ham. This species is distinct from a. 12.
Ichthyosaurus hygrodeirus.

* The specimens from Chettisham were all obtained at one time.

KIMERIDGE OLA Y. 107

 

 

 

Cm. Shelf. S ecimen.

6 F4, 5 two cervical vertebrae. Stretham and Ely.

b 6, 7 late dorsal and lower dorsal vertebrae of
Ichthyosaurus. Ely.

b 8 late dorsal vertebra. Chettisham.

86 c 1 caudal vertebra of Ichthyosaurus. Ely.

c 2 early caudal vertebra of Ichthyosaurus. Ely.

c 3 late dorsal vertebra of Ichthyosaurus. Ely.

c 4 mid-dorsal vertebra of Ichthyosaurus. Ely.

c 5 early mid-dorsal vertebra of Ichthyosaurus.
Ely.

c 6 mid-dorsal vertebra.

86 d 1 late dorsal vertebra.

d 2 late dorsal vertebra.

d 3 late dorsal vertebra.

d 4 mid-dorsal vertebra.

86 e 1 left humerus of Ichthyosaurus. Chettisham.
Presented by W. Marshall, Esq.

e 2 left humerus of Ichthyosaurus of a distinct
species from e. 1. Chettisham. Presented
by W. Marshall, Esq.

a 3 well preserved basi-sphenoid of Ichthyosaurus.
Chettisham. Pres. by W. Marshall, Esq.

e 4 corresponding basi-occipital of Ichthyosaurus.

. Chettisham. Pres. by W. Marshall, Esq.

e 5 fragment of jaws of an Ichthyosaurus. Ely.

e 6 left scapula of Ichthyosaurus. Ely.

108 CHELONIA.

CHELONIA

FROM THE KIMERIDGE CLAY.

ENALIOCHELYS CHELONIA.
Case. Shelf.
86 f remains of a Chelonian from Ely, mounted

on a large board, comprising

9 neural plates,

12 costal plates,

scapula,

right and left coracoid,

humerus,

ischium,

5 caudal vertebrae,

neural arch of cervical vertebra,

two marginal plates,

right and left tibiae and fibulae,

4 phalanges indicative of terminal claws,

10 fragments, chiefly of marginal plates
and plastron.

Under f are other fragments found with these.

This remarkable Chelonian presents many affinities. The
scapulaarch is similar to that of the land Tortoises ,- the humerus
is very peculiar, but suggestive of Emydian affinities; the tail is
long, and suggests Chelydra, there are no chevron bones; the
carapace is impressed with scutes, but considerable intervals were
left between the costal and marginal plates, as in the marine
Chelonians 5 the plastron was imperfectly developed.

It appears to have been one of those lost forms which connect
the now aberrant Sphargis with its allies Trionyx and Emys.

CORAL RAG AND AMPTHILL OLA Y. 109

REPTILIA

FROM THE CORAL RAG AND ITS CLAY-EQUIVALENT

[AMPTHILL CLAY].

IN Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and
other parts of England the Coral Rag as a Limestone dis-
appears, and is replaced by a Clay which is well seen in the
cuttings on the Bedford and Luton Railway near Ampthill,
where the Oxford and Kimeridge Clays are displayed below
and above the Ampthill Clay.

Case. Comp. Drawer. Tablet.

J b 2 19
20

21—_22

23

24

25.

basi—occipital bone of Ichthyosaurus.
Ampthill.

cervical vertebrae, probably of a Steneo-
saurus. Ampthill.

teeth of Pliosaurus. Coral Rag. North
Grimston.

worn tooth of Pliosaurus. Coral Rag.
North Grimston.

worn tooth of Dakosaurus (new s11). Coral
Rag. North Grimston.

caudal vertebra of a reptile (new). Malton.

In this Drawer are the Reptiles from the Great Oolite.

110 IC’HTHYOSAURIA FROM THE

ICHTHYOSAURIA

FROM THE OXFORD CLAY OF PETERBOROUGH.

Exhibited in Cabinets I. and II.

THE fossils in Case I. and shelves at and 6, Case II. are
the bones of one Ichthyosaurus from Woodstone Lodge near
Peterborough, and a portion of the Collection formed by the
late Dr Henry Porter. They comprise on Case La and
I. b separate'bones of the head, and on the remaining shelves
of Case I. vertebrae, of which the atlas and axis were anchy-
losed; there was an inferior wedge-bone, which was not
anchylosed. These are followed by 244 other cervical verte-
bra, in which the centrum gradually enlarges in passing back-
ward, and in which the upper head for the rib was entirely
supported on the neural arch in all except the last. With
this character in all known animals is associated a four—celled
heart. The neck vertebrae are about twice the usual number.
Twenty-three vertebrae, progressively enlarging, have gradu-
ally descending down the side of the centrum the double
tubercle for the double-headed rib. Then come 32 caudal
vertebrae, decreasing in size, with a single tubercle for the
rib, at the base of the side of the centrum, and these are
succeeded by 14 terminal caudal vertebrae, which do not sup-
port ribs, and continue to diminish in size.

OXFORD OLA Y. 1 1 1

On shelf a Case II. are placed the right and left coracoids,
right and left scapulae, left humerus, right and left femora,
hyoid and carpal or tarsal bones. On shelf b are ribs.

The species, which is new, may be named Ichthyosaums
megalodez'rus.

Case. Shelf.
(6

b

O‘Q‘Q‘O‘D‘

Specimen.

CABINET I.

1—12 dentary bones and other elongated head—bones.
1 back part of the skull crushed, showing the

00.4mm».

H

upper half of the eye, defended with large
thin sclerotic plates. It apparently shows
the post~frontal above, the supra-quadrate,
and the quadrate bones behind. On the
under side is seen the basi—sphenoid, badly
preserved, and a bone under the eye-hole,
presumed to be the articular element of the
lower jaw.

other bones of the head anterior to these.
They comprise the premaxillary, showing
the anterior boundary of the exterior narine
and extending nearly to the end of the
snout; the maxillary, the lachrymal, part of
the nasal, and the malar forming the anterior
border of the orbit.

right premaxillary.

right nasal bone.

right malar bone.

’lfrontal.

undetermined.

anchylosed atlas and axis and third cervical.

four succeeding cervicals, the last two with

their neural arches preserved and shifted to
the side of the specimen. The neurapophyses
are broad and the zygapophyses long and
oblique, looking forward upward and inward,
and it results that the passage for the inter-

112

Case. She'f. Specimen.

I 0

3—21
I d 1
d 2
d 3—5
d 6—17
I e l
e 3—18
f 1—3
4—12

1 CH TH YOSA URIA FROM 7']! E

vertebral nerve is not large. After the third
all the cervical vertebrae have the ventral
side rounded, and differ from each other
chiefly in size.

cervical vertebrae, in which the only noticeable
change is, that the pit for the neurapophysis
comes to look more and more outward.

the last cervical or pectoral vertebrae, and the
first dorsal. In the former the upper head
for the rib will be seen to be partly on the
centrurn, while in the succeeding vertebrae
both tubercles are for the first time entirely
on the centrum.

four early dorsal vertebrae, showing the rapid
descent of the uppei tubercle for the rib
down the side of the centrum.

early dorsal, the ventral part of the centrum
between the tubercles still convex from side
to side.

mid and late dorsal, in which the outline of the
centrum becomes sub—hexagonal, the ventral
surface flattened, and the approximating
tubercles are at the base of the side.

late dorsal. .

last dorsal; on one side the rib-tubercles are
distinct, on the other side they are welded
into one oblique tubercle directed downward
and forward.

early caudal, differing but little in characters,
, though the later vertebrae have the centrum
a little smaller, and the early vertebrae have
the tubercle for the rib elongated instead of
ovate. In outline they are sub-quadrate
with the corners taken ofi“.

early caudal.
late caudal; more quadrate in outline, with
the intervertebral cup less deep than in the

base.

I

II

Shelf.

f

Specimen.

13—19

OXFORD C'LA Y. 113

early caudal vertebrae, with concentric
ridges of a somewhat cetacean aspect. The
articulation for the rib is a groove which
extends from the front to the back margin.
These vertebrae steadily decrease in size.

later caudal vertebrae with convex margins,
rapidly diminishing in size. They recall the
aspect of late caudal vertebrae among ceta—
ceans, and are identical in form with the
bones from the Cambridge Greensand which
were supposed to belong to whales [Lyell,
Sup. Elements, 1859]. The rib is last seen
on f 15, the 81st vertebra of this series.

20*30 These terminal caudal vertebrae are without

ribs, and have the intervertebral. surface only
slightly impressed in the centre, are much
elongated from back to front and compressed
from side to side. They rather resemble the
dorsal vertebrae of a Plesiosaurus than any
other Ichthyosaurian bones. f 30, the 96th
vertebra preserved, is about half an inch in
diameter, and must have been nearly the
last.

CABINET II.

right coracoid, Much expanded, so that to—'
left coracoid. }
16 inches from side to side. The articulation
for the scapula is unusually extended. The

gether they measure nearly

posterior emargination is deep. a 2 displays
ribs on its under side.

left scapula, Unusually expanded at the

right scapula. } humeral end, and unusually
broad from side to side. a 4 shows ribs
on its under side.

left humerus, rather crushed at the proximal

end; distal end expanded.

8

114:

IUHTHYOSA URIA FROM THE

phalange bones, rounded at their adjacent
margins, with irregular surface, as though
separated by cartilaginous substance.

parts of the hyoid arch.

right and left femora. The femur is about two
thirds of the length of the humerus.

undetermined.

fragments of ribs, some nearly entire. They
Show the double head and the longitudinal
groove characteristic of the genus.

 

Case. Shelf. Specimen.
II a 6—18
19—21
22—23
24
b >1—16

II 6
1—11
12—14
16
17—19
20—30
31—32
33—45
46—54

On this shelf is an associated series of vertebrae
of a new species of Ichthyosaurus from near
Peterborough (Porter Collection).

are cervicals, with the upper head for the rib
partly on the neurapophysis. c 9 is uncom-
pressed and shows the tubercles for the ribs
to be close together, indicating a different
species from I c/at/zyosaurus dolic/wdeims.
c 15 is also cervical. ’

are very early dorsal, the upper head for the
rib barely upon the centrum.

mid dorsal, with both heads for the rib in the
middle of the side of the centrum.

late dorsal, both tubercles for the ribs on the
lower part of the side of the centrum; the
upper head unusually small. The centrum
has the usual sub-trapezoidal form.

may be considered as sacral; on one side the
rib heads are confluent, on the other side
they have blended into an oblong tubercle,
which instead of being oblique is vertical.

centrum sub-hexagonal, with a single rib-head,
early, caudal.

late caudal centrum, becoming sub—quadrate;
articulation for rib extending across the cen-,
trum from back to front.

 

OXFORD OLA Y. 115

 

 

Case. Shelf. Siecimcn.

II (1 l On 6!, e, f are placed vertebrae and other bones
of Ichthyosaurus. The vertebrae are so small
compared with the limb bones on shelf f as
to make it improbable that they could have
belonged to the same animal.

(l 1 basi—sphenoid bone.
2 anchylosed atlas and axis.
3—18 cervical vertebrae.
19—20 dorsal vertebrae.

II e l-—l3 early caudal vertebrae.

14—24 late caudal, at first triangular, and then un-
usually expanded from side to side.

II f 1—2 ribs.

3 vertebra.
4 proximal end of left scapula, well preserved.
5 meimal end of right scapula.
6 right cor-acoid.
7 left humerus.
8 right humerus.
9 ? left femur.
10—28 phalange bones, rounded and apparently sepa-

rated by cartilage.

116

Case.

III

Shelf.

PLESIOSA URIA FROM THE

PLESIOSAURIA

FROM THE OXFORD CLAY.

Specim en .

Exhibited in Cabinet ITI.

On a, b, c are the remains of a Pliosaurus from
the Oxford Clay of St Neots. In the Lee—
ture-room, between Compartments B and C,
is an OS pubis of the same animal. They
were collected and presented by J. J. Evans,
Esq., and may be named after the disco-
verer, Pliosam‘us Evansi.

fragments of ribs.

neural arches of vertebrae.

coracoid ; it is two feet long, and thirteen
inches broad at the glenoid cavity.

 

 

atlas and axis, apparently not anchylosed ;
there is a large subvertebral wedge bone
which does not appear to be anchylosed ; and
the lateral elements of the atlantal cup are
lost with the neural arches. Each centrum
is an inch and a half long from back to front,
3 inches wide from side to side, and 2}: high
from the neural to the haemal surface. The
second vertebra has a large tubercle for a
rib at the base of the side of the centrum.
The second wedge bone is lost.

Case.

III

III

Shelf.

b

(‘4

Specimen.

OXFORD OLA r. 117

2—14 cervical vertebrae, gradually elongating and

enlarging as they pass backward. The 20th
vertebra is 2 inches long, 3 inches deep and
4% inches wide. The intervertebral sur-
face is slightly depressed, sdmetimes with a
minute central pit. The tubercle for the
rib is very large and elevated, and sub-
divided into an upper and an under part
from the third to the fifteenth vertebra.
It gradually ascends the side of the ver-
tebra till in the twentieth, which may be
considered the first pectoral, it is partly on
the neural arch. With the ascent of the
tubercle the mesial ridge on the haeinal side
of the centrum disappears.

vertebrae 21st to 35th are dorsal.

may be considered pectoral, the rib being still
partly supported on the centrum.

measures 2% inches from back to front.

measures 272— inches from back to front ,' 3%
inches high and 3% inches wide. The in-
tervertebral surface is flattened, nearly cir-
cular in outline, and hangs a little forward
as in Kimeridge clay Pliosaurs.

 

 

III

On this shelf are placed remains of the skull
probably of a Pliosaurus from Lattenbury
Hill near Huntingdon, presented by Arthur
Sperling, Esq.

There are four fragments from the region of
the anterior nares, and showing the pre-
maxillary and nasal bones.

The principal fragment, 15 inches long, shows
on the left side the sockets for 15 teeth.
The sockets are as close as possible together
without being confluent. Except in this
character the remains correspond with Ich-
thyosaur in the form of the face, &c. .

118

Case.

III

Shelf.
6

Specimen.

1—26

\

27—29

30—41

42—43

PLESIOSA URI A FROM TH E

On this shelf are associated vertebrae of Ple-
siosaurus from Stanground near Peter-
borough. (Porter Collection.)

are cervical vertebrae. e 1 is an inch and a
quarter from side to side and less than an
inch and a half long; 6 26 is two and a
half inches long. The intervertebral surface
in all is quite flat, with a small central boss,
except the first two or three, in which it is
a little cupped. The body of the vertebra
is compressed from side to side. The neural
arch is anchylosed.

pectoral vertebrae. The vertebrae are impressed
at the sides, below the tubercle for the rib.

dorsal vertebrae, with the rib on the neural
arch. The last three are shorter and pro-
bably from near the sacral region.

are large dorsal vertebrae, probably from a dif-
ferent specimen.

 

III

VI

f

a

I‘POOMn—A

10—1 1

1—17

right coracoid, ]

left coracoid, l associated with the Plesio-

right scapula, l saur on e.

undetermined, J

small rounded single-headed ribs 9‘.

two slender lower jaws of a Crocodilian ani—
mal 9‘.

CABINET IV.

unanchylosed atlas and axis and fifteen cer-
vical vertebrae of a Pliosaurus from the Ox~
ford Clay of Great Gransden. The wedge
bone is anchylosed to the atlas. It is much
larger than, and distinct from, Pliosaurus
Evansi. Presented by L. Ewbank, Esq. It
may be named Pliosaums pachydeirus.

* The remainder of the Plesiosaurs and Crocodiles from the Oxford Clay
are in Cabinet D in the Lecture-room.

GREA 2' OOLITE. 1 19

PLESIOSAURIA AND OTHER REPTILIA FROM THE
LOWER OOLITES.

Case. Comp. Drawer.

J b 2

1—2

13—18

Specimen .

GREAT OOLITE.

teeth, probably of Plesiosaurs. Hampton
Common.

teeth of Plesiosaurus : Hampton Common
Great Oolite.

smooth tooth of an unknown animal.
Hampton Common.

small teeth, probablyof Plesiosaurs. Hamp-
ton Common.

distal end of first phalange of a Pterodac~
tylian. Stonesfield.

part of an elongated caudal vertebra col—
lected in 1809 from Dorchester, 6 miles
south of Oxford. Allied to Cetiosaurus.

dorsal vertebrae of a. rigid-backed Plesio-
saurus, apparently P. Oxfordiensis (Phil-
lips, MS.), from the top of the Corn-
brash or base of the Oxford Clay near
Olney.

120

Case.

Shelf.

PLESIOSAURIA AND CROCODILIA

PLESIOSAURIA AND CROCODILIA

FROM THE LIAS.

Exhibited in Cabinet Lxxxvrr.

 

87 a 1 slab, including dorsal vertebrae and pha-
langes, &c., of Plesiosaurus.

a 2 slab, including dorsal vertebrae and ribs of
Plesiosaurus.

b vertebrae associated with the foregoing spe-
cunens.

b 1—4 cervical vertebrae of Plesiosaurus.

b 5——14 dorsal vertebrae of Plesiosaurus.

b 15, 16 sacral vertebrae of Plesiosaurus.

87 c 1 section through femur of Plesiosaurus, show-
ing the conical proximal epiphysis and the
sub-ovate distal epiphysis with their ra-
diating nutritive vessels. The small girdle
of the shaft is seen, and the section passes
through the perforation for the artery.

0 2 femur of Plesiosaur, narrow at distal end.
0 3—4 cranium and early cervical vertebrae of a

Plesiosaurus, from the Lias of Street. Pre-
sented by T. Hawkins, Esq. It is most
nearly related to P1. Hawkinsi (Owen).

 

 

Case.

87

Shelf.

d

d

C

N o.

1

2—3

LO

FROM THE LIAS. 121

crushed skull of Plesiosaurus macropterus

(Seeley), belonging to the skeleton in the
Lecture—room, Compartment A.

cranial region of a large and undescribed

Teleosaur, from the Lies of Whitby. It
corresponds closely with the cerebral part
of a Plesiosaur head. It has been sawn
through to show the brain cavity, in which
may be distinguished cerebral lobes, optic
lobes, and cerebellum, also olfactory and
optic nerves. It differs much from Cro-
codiles, and makes some approach to ser-
pents and turtles, and probably differs but
little from the brain of a Plesiosaur. Te—
leosaurs make so many approximations to
Plesiosaurs, as to show that they form a
group of Crocodiles of equal value with
the Crocodiles now living.

anchylosed atlas and axis of Plesiosaurus

megadeirus, from the Kimeridge Clay of
Ely, presented by Stead Jones, Esq.

anchylosed atlas and axis of Plesiosaurus

megadeirus, from the Kimeridge Clay near
Haddenham, presented by the Rev. S.
Banks, M.A. It is sawn in halves to
show the union between the bones.

separated atlas and axis of Plesiosaurus eleu-

theraxion (Seeley), from the skeleton in
the Lecture—room. Presented by T. Haw—
kins, Esq. They were figured by Mr Lucas
Barrett in the Annals of Natural History
for November 1858.

anchylosed atlas and axis of a small Ichthyo-

saur from the Lias, sawn through to show
the union between the bones.

anchylosed atlas and axis of a small Ich-

thyosaur from the Lias, of a different

122

Case. Shelf.

87 e

PLESIOSAURIA AND CROCODILIA

No.

species to the last, sawn through to show
the imperfect union between the bones.

basi-sphenoid of Ichthyosaurus from the
Lias, worn 3 and sawn in halves to show
the passage of the carotid artery through
the bone.

basi-occipital of Plesiosaurus, sawn through
longitudinally; it shows uncertain indica-
tions of a distinct anterior part.

basi-occipital of Plesiosaurus sawn in halves.

 

87f

longitudinal section through six dorsal
vertebrae of Plesiosaurus, showing the
epiphyses and the intervertebral spaces,
from the Lias of lStreet.

pectoral vertebra of Plesiosaurus, showing
the broad tubercle for the rib, made partly
by the neural arch, and partly by the
.centrum.

longitudinal section through two Plesiosaur
vertebrae 7‘.

 

orbital region of the skull of a Teleosaur
from the Lias, sawn through longitudi-
nally. It displays frontal, prefrontal, na-
sal, lachrymal, maxillary and malar bones.

 

k

lower jaw of a small undescribed Teleosaur
from the Lia's of Whitby.

 

1

femur of a large Teleosaurus‘f from the Lias
of Whitby.

* The remainder of the Plesiosauria are in Compartment A in the Lecture-

room.

'1‘ In the Lectu1e—r00m, in Compartment B, are the skull and lower Jaw of
a large Teleosaurus from the Lias of Whitby.

FROM THE LIA s. 123

ICHTHYOSAURIA

FROM THE LIAS.

Remains illustrative of the Osteology of the genus in the
Liassic aera.

Exhibited in Cabinet LXXXVIII.

Case. She] f. Specimen.

88 a 1——2 mid‘dorsal vertebrae; the cupped articulation
subcircular in outline and 8 inches in di-
ameter 3 back to front measures 3 inches.
In Liassic Ichthyosaurs the tubercles for
the rib are near to the anterior margin of
the side, and the lower tubercle is more
anterior than the upper one. In these spe-
cimens both are at the middle of the side,
and, contrary to the usual arrangement, the
upper tubercle is the larger. The pits for
the neural arch are deep in front.

 

a 3 early caudal vertebra with a single large
tubercle for the rib at the lower third of
the side. The intervertebral surface is
flattened, of a broad ovate outline; narrow
above, 5% inches high 3 two inches from
front to back.

a 4 32 associated terminal caudal vertebrae of a
young Ichthyosaurus. These vertebrae are

124

Case. Shelf. Specimen.

88a.

IC’IITHYOSA URIA

unusually short from front to back, and
should be contrasted with the corresponding
vertebrae from the Cambridge Greensand.

a 5 longitudinal section through 6 associated verte-

brae of Ichthyosaurus [apparently mid-dor-
sal], showing the lozenge—shaped section of
the intervertebral space. It also shows the
section of the centrum like two cones op-
posed and meeting at their apices. The
osseous structure is well seen.

small caudal vertebra, with sub-circular
intervertebral articular side two inches in
diameter.

a 7 14 lower dorsal vertebrae (associated) of a

small Ichthyosaurus from Whitby. In the
last the two tubercles are blended into one
oblique tubercle, this vertebra is usually
considered pelvic or sacral. Both the ribs
and neural arches are preserved. The latter
exhibit the flattened neural spines adjacent
superiorly, and the front and back zygapo-
physes looking obliquely upward and down-

ward.

 

88 b 1 tooth of Ichthyosaurus platyodon. It is flat-

tened from side to side so as to form sharp
lateral ridges as in Dakosaurus, and as in
that genus the crown of the tooth.curves
inward. There is a resemblance in the
crown being nearly smooth. The fang is
very long, massive, and quadrate; on each
side it is vertically ridged, the ridges being
continuations of those folds of the dentine
which are seen in sections of the crown,
and covered with enamel. The folds become
rugose at the base, where the pulp-cavity
is closed. The hemispherical excavation at

FROM THE LIAS. 125

the middle of the basal part of the inner
side of the fang may be regarded as absorbed
by the pulp-cavity of the successional germ

two teeth of the Tchthyosaurus platyodon type,

crushed and associated with jaw-bones. Pre-

several smaller teeth of the Ichthyosaurus pla-

tyodon type, associated in a slab with jaw-

associated teeth of Ichthyosaurus in a slab.

The crowns are curved inward, and the
sharp subdividing ridges upon the crown
are continuous with the ridges on the fang;
and Where the thin enamel is removed from’
the crown there is no distinction between

 

jaws of a blunt-nosed Ichthyosaurus, teeth with

slender quadrate fangs, cut and polished to
display the folds in the tooth substance.
The denser substance of the crown may also

 

very slender tooth of lchthyosaurus, finely

 

Case. Shelf. Specimen.
88 b
tooth, just forming.
b 2
sented by Rev. W. Stokes.
b 3
bones.
b 4
crown and fang.
b 5
be observed.
(1 6
striated.
88 c 1

section through the jaws of a long-nosed Ich-

thyosaurus to show the arrangement of the
bones of the face and mandible. ps the
median bone is the pre-sphenoid somewhat
V—shaped in section, concave above, convex
below. 1; 13 on each side of the pre—sphe-
noid is the oblong section of the vomer, m 21
on each side of the vomer is the maxillary.
The cavity on the under side of m 21 appears
to be the groove for the teeth. These bones
form the palate at the upper and outer side
of the mouth in this region; m 21 gives

126

Case.

88

Shelf.
C

Specimen.

10H TH YOSA URIA

attachment to the flattened bone (pm 22),
the premaxillary, which on its inner side is
supported by a similar thin bone (n 15) on
each side, which arch over above and meet
in the mesial line , these bones are the nasals ;
they form three sides of the quadrate empty
space in the skull, of which the base is
made by the palatal bones.

The four bones on each side below are a section

of the lower jaws.

2 the ends of this section of jaws are polished.

The proximal end is cut ofi’ from %' In

the smaller end the pre—sphaenoid is seen
to have disappeared; the vomera. being ad-
jacent and sub—ovate. The pre-maxillaries
attain a greater developement and appear
to take the place of the maxillaries. The
teeth may be seen in the alveolar groove.
In the lower jaw three ,bones on each side
form the mandible.

section of jaws, chiefly valuable as showing

sections of teeth in 366%.

more distal part of the jaws c l and c 2,

polished at the anterior end, in which the
vomera and nasal bones are not prolonged,
and the jaw is formed by the premaxillary
bones. ’

anterior terminal part of the same jaws.

 

88

cranial region of skull of Ichthyosaurus from

Barrow-upon—Soar, displaying on the palatal
surface the basi—spbaenoid and connate pre—
sphaenoid style. On the right is seen the
pterygoid narrowing and emarginate exter-
nally as it passes behind the basi—spheenoid,
after which it again appears to expand and
become the outer inferior wall of the tem-

Case.

88

Shelf.
G

Specimen.

FROM THE LIAS. 127

poral foss. Where the pterygoid is fractured
in front it is seen to be underlain by a
lamellar bone which extends inward to the
pre-sphzenoid, and extends outward and
forms the bony floor to the orbit. This
bone externally meets the malar behind and
corresponds with the maxillary in turtles
and most reptiles. The malar appears to be
style-like, bent so as to curve upward behind
the orbit, where it is met above by the cres-
centic post—orbital bone, which makes the
back of the orbit, reaching up to the squa-
mosal, which forms the outer border of the
temporal foss ; below the squamosal and pes-
terior to the post-orbital is a squamous bone
imperfectly preserved, the super-temporal of
Owen, sometimes called supra-quadrate.

On the superior surface is seen the frontal in

front, giving off the post-frontals on each
side. And posteriorly it will be noticed
that the bones have been removed from the
mesial region so as to expose part of the
internal cast of the brain cavity, which is
partly cut away behind. Supposing the brain
to have filled the Whole cavity, the cerebral
lobes were large, high in front, and con-
vex.

In the orbital cavities are the remains of the

eyes, large sub-hemispherical organs defend-
ed with numerous thin plates of bone, which
overlap each other, and in front leave an
uncovered central part half the diameter of
the eye. The eyes are vertical and look
outward and forward.

The lower jaw is in situ; and the form of the

articular bone, which is partly exposed be—
hind, is worth examination, being character-
istic of all Ichthyosaurs.

1 28 IOHTH YOSA URIA

Case. Shelf. Specimen.

88 d 2 crushed head of a short-nosed Ichthyosaur,
displaying well the composite structure of
the lower jaw, and showing the nasal bones
to come far forward between the pre-
maxillaries. The cranial region is obscured
with what appear to be the bones of a
paddle. '

 

d 3 a section through the anterior part of the snout
of an Ichthyosaurus just before the dis-
appearance anteriorly of the nasal bones.
There is also a section of the dentary bones.
The species is reputed to be I. tenuirostris.

d 4 anterior part of the upper jaw of a very small
Ichthyosaurus polished in front and behind ;
showing in front the premaxillary and
termination of the nasals, and behind the
premaxillaries, nasals, vomera, and indica-
tions of other bones displaced. The teeth
are large and minutely striate.

d 5 section through the premaxillary and dentary
bones of an Ichthyosaurus with teeth in situ,
from Lyme Regis.

d 6 fragment of premaxillary bone with numerous
slender teeth closely packed in the alveolar
groove, from Lyme Regis.

88 e 1 portion of the jaws of an Ichthyosaurus crushed,
fractured in front and behind. On the left—
hand side, where the premaxillary is broken
away, the nasal bone is seen under it ; and
behind where the nasal bone is broken away,
it is seen to overlap the frontal. On the
right side the teeth with short crowns are
well seen.

Case. Shelf. ‘ Specimen.

FROM THE LIAS. 129

88 e 2 a similar but smaller jaw with more slender

e 33

teeth. It shows the maxillary and the na-
sal bones behind. From Tewkesbury near
Gloucester.

anterior part of the upper jaw of a short-nosed

Ichthyosaur with thin alveolar border and
teeth in situ, conical and apparently smooth.
The palate is flattened and covered with

vascular perforations. From Weston near

Bath.

6 4 anterior part of the snout of a long-nosed

Ichthyosaurus, a little compressed, reaching
back to show the maxillary bone on the
right side, but the nasal bones do not come
so far forward. The supra-alveolar and
infra-alveolar grooves in this species are
broken up into a number of elongated
foramina. From near Lichfield.

 

88f 1

f 3

f 4

the eye, 3 inches in diameter, of an Ichthyo-

saurus from Whitby. The sclerotic plates
which defend the eye are thin. They appear
to consist of two series, one around the cir-
cumference, and a more elongated series which
defends the front of the eye, and overlaps
these behind. From this junction radiating
impressed lines descend towards the unde-
fended central part of the eye. Several of
the front plates have come away, and show
casts of their under sides.

‘» compressed left humerus, showing the outer

side.

femur, probably left. The ends are vascular,

and the flattened proximal end unlike the
rounded condyloid end of specimens in the
Cambridge Greensand.

a crushed specimen of a small humerus from

0

130

Cue. Shelf.

88f

I OH TH YOSA URIA

Whitby 5 it is apparently left, and shows the
under side. It is remarkably expanded at
the distal end.

5—6 right and left humerus of a small Ichthyosaur

from Whitby. They differ more from the
specimens in the Cambridge Greensand than
these differ among themselves; but conform
in all the characteristic structures of the
bone.

cast of the basi—sphenoid bone of Ichthyosaurus ;

the original in the collection of Mr Wetherell.
Presented by Mr Charlesworth.

8 left coracoid of Ichthyosaurus, slightly crushed

at the humeral end, but showing the emar-
ginate and extended posterior border entire.
Anteriorly it is a little broken, but never
had the deep anterior post-scapula emargin-
ation near the humeral end which charac-
terizes some species.

 

889

1 the pick-axe or T-shaped bone of the pectoral

girdle of Ichthyosaurus, called the inter—
clavicle by Mr Parker, and episternum of
authors. The long haft-like part is com-
pressed so as to be expanded from side to
side; it overlaps externally the median
union of the coracoid bones. The cross—
piece corresponding to the iron of the pick—
axe is much thickened and narrow from side
to side ; this crosspiece is superimposed
externally on the clavicle. Between the
clavicle and the coracoids are the scapulae so
that the [episternum or] inter-clavicle is a
cross bracing bone which holds the pectoral
girdle together.

2 a large and instructive coprolite. It has a few

coils like a univalve shell, and shows a num-
ber of fish scales, &c. on the surface of the

Specimen.

a

FROM THE LIAS. 131

hardened phosphate of lime of which it is
formed.

large and instructive coprolite from Lyme
Regis. The first extruded part is conical
like a rifle-bullet, a form due to a powerful
anal sphincter muscle, and suggestive of a
rectum separated by some distance from the
arrangement which gave the coprolite its
spiral form ; for it will be seen that the first
formed coils are partly obliterated and their
direction apparently partly reversed ‘by the
passage down the rectum. For four inches
the coprolite continues to widen, and shows
the spiral well preserved, when it suddenly
becomes a loose and unconsolidated wide-
spread evacuation of undigested scales of
ganoid fishes, half formed coprolite, frag-
ments of shells and (Z) spines of sea-urchins.

These coprolites have been referred to Ichthyo-

saurus, but there .is .no evidence in the
Woodwardian Museum to substantiate this
view, which gained currency, probably, from
the supposition that Ichthyosaurs were low
reptiles which had strong affinity with fishes.
And even were these coprolites indubitably
Ichthyosaurian, they differ materially from
those of sharks and rays in the fewness of
the coils, which in the sting-ray are produced
by a valve with 22 coils, and in sharks by a.
valve with usually 9 or 10 coils, while in
the largest coprolites there are commonly
three or four coils, so it is equally possible
that they may be the result of the direction
in which the intestine opens‘into the enlarged
rectum, and the coprolite be no .more indica-
tive of piscine than of mammalian affinities.

 

(m. emu.
88 g
I;

1 coprolite from Lyme Regis with scales of Da:

pedium.
9—2

 

1 32 IOHTH YOSA URIA
Case. Shelf. Specimen. .
88 b 2—8 . various coprolites.
[L 9—17 coprolites cut and polished to display included
scales &c. and the spiral coil.
k 18 cast of a coprolite from the Lias of Lyme Regis.
i 1 cast of a. large basi-occipital bone of Ichthyo-
saurus from the Lias.
73 2 cast of a corresponding basi-sphenoid bone.
'5 3 cast of quadrate bone.
73 4 cast of '! ex—occipital.
i 5 cast of supra-occipital,

 

On the same shelf is temporarily placed a cast
of the vertebrae found in the coal measures
of South J oggins, Nova-Scotia, called the
Eosaurus Acadianus. Presented by Prof.
O. C. Marsh.

Case.

XI

XI

FROM THE TRIAS. 133

PLESIOSAURIA AND OTHER REPTILES

FROM THE TRIAS OF GERMANY.

Exhibited in the Wall Cases XI. and XII.

Shelf. No.
These Foreign Reptiles are chiefly Count
Miinster’s duplicates : such specimens
commonly have a label giving his deter-
mination, and correspond With the types
at Munich.
00 1—15 ribs of N othosaurus.
a. 5 is fragment of rib of N. giganteus from
Muschelkalk of Laineck near Bayreuth.
a. 9 is probably the anterior dorsal rib of a
Pterodactyle.
a. 10 is a median sternal rib.
The others are all single headed, and flattened.

 

XI

6 1—24 vertebrae and neural arches of Nothosaurus.

6.5 has the neural arch entire; it is a pec-
toral vertebra of N. mirabilis from the
Muschelkalk of Laineck near Bayreuth.

b. 7 a dorsal vertebra of the same species.

b. 13 an example of the massiveneural arch
of a Nothosaur.

b. 18 caudal vertebra of N. Munsteri.

6. 19—21 Clearly caudal vertebrae.

 

XI

0 1—5 casts of skulls of Nothosaurs.
6.]. cast of skull and lower jaw of Notho—

134:

Case.

XI

Shel f.

6

No.

PLESIOSA URIA

saurus mirabilis; the outlines of some of
the bones have been marked in ink.

. 2 lower jaw of same species. The first six
teeth on each side are large, behind these
the jaw contracts, and the teeth are small
and uniform.

O

c. 3 cast of skull of same species showing
palate. With the exception of three large
canine-like sockets on each side, the teeth
appear to be double as in the recent Hat-
teria or Sphenodon.

c. 4 anterior part of skull showing anterior
nares, and parts of orbits, the nasal bones,
and parts of premaxillary, maxillary, and
pre—frontal.

c ..5 cast of part of skull of Nothosaurus
venustus (Munster), from Querfurth, Thii-
ringia.

 

XI

d

1—1

1

4—5

9-1
6,

1

4

4

1
7

3

teeth, chiefly of Nothosaurus from the Mus-
chelkalk of Laineck near Bayreuth.
Dracosaurus Hoffinanni (Munster).
Dracosaurus giganteus (Munster.
Dracosaurus Bronnii (Munster).

N othosaurus mirabilis (Munster)

Nothosaurns Andriani (H. v. Meyer).
Nothosaurus giganteus (H. v. Meyer).
Nothosaurus venustus (Munster).

 

XI

e

1—5

LO

femora &c. of Nothosaurus.

cast of a larger and perfect femur of N. gi-
ganteus (von Meyer) 3 it is intermediate
between Plesiosaurus, Chelone and Ichthy-
osaurus.

fragment of a long bone, probably femur,
showing the elongated conical epiphysis as
in Plesiosaurus.

proximal ends of femora.

 

FROM THE mm s. 135

 

 

 

 

 

Cue. Shelf. No.
XI f 1— humerus of Nothosaurus.
l———3 proximal ends of humerus.
4, 5, 7 entire humerus. '
6 cast of a. large humerus. N. mirabilis.
the affinities of the humerus are with Che-
lonians, Plesiosaurs and Ichthyosaurs.

XI 9 1—9 1—2 and 4 are regarded as pelvic bones;
they present many characters which might
be expected in the coracoid, the others are
smaller bones of the limb and ribs.

XI 11. 1—7 fragments of pelvic bones and of smaller
bones of the limb.

XI 73 1—2, 6, 7 Pistosaurus.

i 3 cast of skull of Conchiosaurus clavatus (von
Meyer).

'5 4, 5 Charitosaurus Tschudii (von Meyer).

Under Shelf i are some remains of Mystriosaurus.
CABINET XII.

XII a 1—20 teeth of Placodus, referred to the species
P. Andriani, P. gigas, P. rostratus, P.
impressus, and P. Munsteri.

XII 6 1—24 36 teeth of Placodus referred to the species
P. gigas, P. Andriani, and P. Munsteri.

XII c 1 cast of left ramus of lower jaw of Placodus
gigas (Ag.).

2 left ramus of lower jaw of Placodus gigas
with three teeth.

3 cast of skull of Placodus Munsteri (Ag).

4 cast of skull of Placodus gigas (Ag).

5 three associated teeth of Placodus gigas.

"136 DICYNODONTIA .

Case. Shelf. No.

XII c 6 four associated maxillary teeth of Placodus
gigas.
7 two associated teeth of Placodus Andriani.

FOSSILS FROM THE ALEXANDER RIVER, SOUTH AFRICA.

XII cl 1 cast of skull of Dicynodon lacerticeps
(Owen).
2 cast of skull of Dicynodon testudiceps
(Owen). .

3 cast of skull of Dicynodon strigiceps (Owen).

4 cast of skull of Rhynchosaurus articeps
(OWen), from Grinsill, Shrewsbury.

5 fragment of a bone from Sandstone of Coton
end near Warwick.

 

On shelves 6, f, g, h of Case XII. are placed
11 large foot—prints, from the Connecticut
Sandstone.

Over Cabinet XII. are foot-prints from the New Red Sandstone.

On the left side of the entrance, under glass, is the cranium of
Dicynodon Murrayi (Huxley), presented by Prof. Huxley.

PLESIOSA URIA. 137

REPTILE REMAINS ARRANGED ROUND THE WALLS
IN THE EAST ROOM (OR LECTURE-ROOM).

Comp.

A

No.

Compartment A.

PLESIOSAURUS.

Plesiosaurus macropterus (Seeley). Lias. Whitby,
skeleton.

Plesiosaurus eleutheraxion (Seeley). Lias. Street. Greater
part of skeleton. Presented by T. Hawkins, Esq.

Plesiosaurus cliduchus (Seeley). Lias. Street. Dorsal
part of skeleton, with episternum and scapula. Pre-
sented by T. Hawkins, Esq.

Plesiosaurns sp. Lias. Dorsal and pectoral part of
skeleton.

2 fore limb of Plesiosaurus. Lias.

Plesiosaurus, Lias. Two femora and. a humerus.

 

Cast of the fore paddle of Pliosaurus brachydeirus,
from the Kimeridge Clay of Dorsetshire.

56 vertebrae of a Plesiosaur from the Kimeridge Clay
of Ely; 42 are cervical. Presented by Stead Jones,
Esq. They are mounted on a stand.

There are also arranged on the East side of the Compart-
ment five slabs showing foot-prints of various reptiles,
of a crustacean, and rain-prints and sun-cracks from
the New Red Sandstone of Cheshire.

In Compartment B are two slabs of footprints from the
New Red Sandstone. The skull and lower jaw of a
Teleosaurus from the Lias of Whitby. And the skull
(No. 16) of a large Ichthyosaurus.

 

 

138

Comp.

Obi

IOHTHYOSA URIA .

REMAINS OF ICHTHYOSAURUS FROM THE LIAS.

Exhibited in Compartments B, C, and F.
No.
1 skeleton of Ichthyosaurus. Street. Presented by T.
Hawkins, Esq.
2 skeleton of Ichthyosaurus. Street. Presented by T.
Hawkins, Esq.
3 skeleton of Ichthyosaurus. Street. Presented by T.
Hawkins, Esq.
4 skeleton of Ichthyosaurus. Lyme Regis. Presented
by Prof. Sedgwick.
5 skeleton of Ichthyosaurus.
6 skeleton of Ichthyosaurus. Street. Presented by T.
Hawkins, Esq. '
7 skeleton of Ichthyosaurus.
8 skeleton of Ichthyosaurus. Lyme Regis. Presented
by Prof. Sedgwick. ‘
9 skeleton of Ichthyosaurus.
10 scattered skeleton of Ichthyosaurus. Street. Presented
by T. Hawkins, Esq.
11 skeleton of Ichthyosaurus. Barrow. Presented by H.
Packe, Esq.
12 scattered skeleton of Ichthyosaurus. Street. Presented
by T. Hawkins, Esq.
13 remains of two skeletons of Ichthyosaurus. Street. Pre<
sented by T. Hawkins, Esq.
14 skull of Ichthyosaurus. .
15 skull of Ichthyosaurus. Presented by Earl Zetland.
16 skull of Ichthyosaurus.
17 skull and cervical vertebrze of Ichthyosanrus.
18 vertebrae, basi-occipital, and other remains of an Ichthyo-
saurus.

On the South side of the Room, in Compartment F, are

19 skeleton of Ichthyosaurus. Street. Presented by T.
Hawkins, Esq.

2O skeleton of Ichthyosaurus. Street. Presented by T.
Hawkins, Esq.

PLESIOSA URIA. 1 39
Comp. No.
F 21 part of skull of Ichthyosaurus. Street. Presented by
T. Hawkins, Esq.
22 part of skull of Ichthyosaurus. Street. Presented by
T. Hawkins, Esq.

FOSSILS FROM THE OXFORD CLAY OF PETERBOROUGH.
Exhibited in Cabinet D in the Lecture-room.
temains of a new species of Plesiosaurus (Porter Collection).

PLESIOSAURUS PHILARCHUS.

l 1 lower jaw 29% inches long, with sockets for 38
teeth on each side and some teeth in situ. The
teeth rapidly decrease in size, and the hindermost
are very small. Symphysis 9% inches long.

2 portion of anterior termination of head a foot long,
exhibiting sockets for 14 teeth on one side. The
first five are in the pre-maxillary bones, the fifth
and sixth are small.

3, 4 right and left humeri. The humerus is 14% inches
long, thick at the proximal end, thin and broad
at the distal end, like Pliosaurus.

5 scapula; it sends a strong process outward and
backward.

6—9 undetermined fragments, probably pubic bones.
10, ll right ischium and left ischium.

12—43 right and left femora. The femur is 17 inches long,
very strong, with a large head. On the middle
of the posterior border it gives off a small tro—
chanteroid process, which may be compared with
the middle trochanter on the femur of a Dino-

saur.
2 29 bones of the carpus, tarsus, and fore-arm, &c.
60 phalanges.
3 vertebral column.

1 anchylosed atlas and axis.
2—17 cervical vertebrae, very slightly cupped, with short
straight cervical ribs, expanding a little from side
to side at the terminal end. The early vertebrae

140 CROCODILIA

Case. Shelf. No.

D 3 send downward, from the middle of the ante-
' rior edge of the cup on the ventral margin,
3. small process which impresses the next ver-
tebra and suggests the intervertebral ossicle
of some lizards.
18—23 pectoral vertebrae.
24—45 dorsal vertebrae.
46—48 sacral vertebrae.
49—63 caudal vertebrae.

ZSTENEOSAURUS FROM PETERBOROUGH (Porter Collection).

2 specimen mounted in Roman cement.
Fore part of mandible, showing symphysis 17
inches long; in that distance are 27 teeth. The
teeth are round in section, curved, and closely
striated. Most of the bones of the head are im-
bedded so as to show the palatal surface. Also
four cervical vertebrae.

Remains of a new Steneosaur (Porter Collection).
. STENEOSAURUS DASYCEPHALUS.
4 the greater part of the skull anterior to the parietal

bones. The surface is rough and wrinkled.

basi-occipital bone.

anchylosed atlas and axis.

3 cervical vertebrae.

12 dorsal vertebrae.

3 sacral vertebrae.

20 caudal vertebrae.

right and left femora.

FOSSILs FROM THE KIMERIDGE CLAY.

On this Shelf are temporarily placed fossils from the
Kimeridge Clay, and from the Chalk.

5 0s pubis,

femur,
tibia,
3 tarsal bones,
12 phalanges,

i of a Plesiosaur from the Kime—
J ridge Clay of Ely.

Case. Shelf.

D 5

FROM THE KIMERIDGE OLA Y. .1451

6 associated cervical vertebrae of a. Plesiosaur.

2 cervical vertebrae of a Plesiosaur.

15 phalanges of a Plesiosaur.

ulna. of Pliosaurus from Cottenham. Presented by
Rev. S. Banks.

carpal or tarsal bones of Pliosaurus from Cottenham.
Presented by Rev. S. Banks.

humerus, ulna, 3 carpal bones, and 12 phalanges of
a Plesiosaur from Oxford or Kimeridge Clay.

2 lower dorsal vertebrae of an Ichthyosaurus from
Ely.

coracoid of small Ichthyosaurus.

jaw, portions of ribs of Ichthyosaurus, from Gotten-
ham. Presented by R. M. Prior, Esq.

Foss1Ls FROM THE CHALK.

Two specimens of the fore part of the skull of Ichthyosaurus,
showing upper and lower jaws, one with the jaws in juxta-
position, and extending from the tip of the snout to near the

orbit.

142 ORNITHOSA URIA, (a.

CHIEFLY CASTS-OF FOSSILS,
Exhibited on the Shelves of Cabinet E.

FOSSILS FROM THE SOLENHOFEN SLATE.

Shelf. No.
3 1 cast of Pterodactylus Suevicus (Quenst.)
2—3 cast of Pterodactylus rhamphastinus (Wagn), both

slabs.
4 cast of head of Pterodactylus Munsteri (Goldfi).
5 cast of Pterodactylus medius (Munster.)
6—7 cast of Rhamphorhynchus longicauda (Meyer.), both

slabs.
8 cast of Rhamphorhynchus longimanus (Wagn.).
6 9 cast of Euristernon Wagleri (Miinster).
3 10 cast of Pleurosaurus Goldfussi (von Meyer.).

11 cast of Gnathosaurus subulatus (von Meyer).
12 cast of Chelouemys ovata from Cirin.

FOSSILS FROM THE LIAS.

5 cast of skull and cervical vertebrae of Plesiosaurus.
cast of skull, and a cast of the fore limb of the same
animal, Plesiosaurus megacephalus (Stutchb).
two casts of the lower jaw of a Plesiosaur.
part of the vertebral column (split through), and
ribs of Ichthyosaurus.
4 pectoral part of an Ichthyosaurus from Tewkesbury.
5 two casts of skull of Ichthyosaurus communis.

Foss1Ls FROM THE TRIAS.

1 cast of skull of Phytosaurus Kaupflii. Stuttgardt.
cast of lower jaw of Phytosaurus Kaupffii.

PLESIOSA URIA, d’:c. 143

REPTILES IN THE LOWER ROOM.

North side. Compartment 2.

Cast of Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus (Conyb.).
Cast of fore paddle of a Plesiosaur from the Oxford Clay near
Bedford.

South side.

Cast of Plesiosaurus Hawkini (Owen).
Cast of Pleiosaurus macrocephalus (Owen).

Compartment 6.

PLESIOSAURUS MACRODEIRUS.

Remains of a Plesiosaur from the Kimeridge Clay of Wichford
near Haddenham. Presented by Rev. S. Banks. There are about
42 cervical vertebrae, 18 dorsal and 31 caudal, with numerous
ribs.

Compartment 7.

A short-nosed Ichthyosaurus with the ischium and pubis ancby-
losed, from the Lias.

Cast of a small Ichthyosaurus from the Lias.

A slab of stone with scattered Ichthyosaur vertebrae and ribs,
also a smaller slab with similar remains.

A slab of stone with scattered vertebrae of Plesiosaurus.

Two slabs of stone imbedding connected Plesiosaur vertebrae;
and sundry less important isolated vertebrae and fragments of
coracoid bones.

Compartment 9.

Parts of facial bones of a Pliosaur from the Kimeridge Clay.

.ms.
MS
yam
Wmm
wmm
mmm
mmm
mu

 

 

 

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