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XTHE LIBRARY OF
THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
PRESENTED BY
PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID*
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T HE
GENTLEMAN GARDENER
INSTRUCTED IN
Sowing, "Planting, Pruning, and Grafting
Seeds, Plants, Flowers, and Trees;
ALSO
In the Management of B E E S.
To which is added
The Gardener’s {Calendar,
SHEWING
The particular Work to be done every Month,
IN THE
Kitchen-Garden, Flower-Garden, and Orchard.
By the Reverend
Mr. Stevenson, of Eaft-Retford, Nottinghamfhire.
The Fifth Edition, with many new Additions and Improvements.
L O N D O N:
Printed for J. Hinton, in Newgate-Street. 1764. v JTC. *-r * X*v V;. it. -
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giftTO ALL
LOVERS
OF
GARDENING.
Gcmlctnen and Ladies, &c.
q omit a Preface might be reck-oned a Piece of Singularity m me ; but I have no Occajion to fay any thing in the Praife of Gard'ning, a Science that has fo many Advocates to fpeàk in its Behalf both living and dead: fhoji that have obtained their Knowledge by the Sweat of the Brow, a?id Gentlemen that A 2	have
330iV
ThePREFAC E.
hctvefpared no Expehce to make Expert-ntfnts thereinfuch as, Sir Hugh Platt, Mr. Evelyn, and others, to whofe ufeful and, judicious Writings the World is very miich beholden. Only 1 find myfelf necef-fitdted to anfver an Objection or two that fome indy make, i. Some may fay, Why do you pretend to -write after Men of Jltch Experience £■ Have'we not EreatiJ'es of this SubjeB'enough already, bothfinall and gredt ? \I grant there are fever al; but, rtot to derogate from the Praifes of a?iy of}foefearned and judicious Authors, there are none that I have had the Happinefs to fie, bud who have confined themfelves to foihe Particulars 'in the Art, as fome to Trees,'\ others to Flowers only ; or elfe have not dlfiovered fome Methods, which I perfuaded inyfelf they might have done, ef-pecially in the Culture of a Kitchen-Garden, (f he mofi profitable Part) as fome of my Friends, as well as' myfelf, expected, when we bought the Books on that Sub-jebl.	Ehough I do confefs, if a Perfon
that- would be a Gardner, will be at the Expence both of Eime and Money, andThe P R E F A C E. v
will make Experiments, he may find foine Things, in all the Gard’ning Books, 'ivorthy his Pains and Expence j but' every one has not Money or Patience to /pare firom other Concerns of Life j and my De-fign in publifhing this is to anfwer the Title, viz. to diredt all fiuch ds may, or are induced to divert themfelves this Wayt that they may reap Profit, as, well as PleaJ'ure, from their Undertakings: For every new Beginner in any Science cann&t but err in fome Points, if not in mofi, without fome InfiruBions, and in nothing foon-er than in fowing the Seeds of a Garden, becaufe three Things are, to be obferved, viz. Time, Soil, and Covering j for all Seeds will not come up at any Time, nor in any Kind of Earth; and too thick a Covering _ has often hindered Seeds' from fprouting, that have been fawn hr a proper Soil, and in a fit Seafon.. For which I have given Directions', and have printed it in fitch a Volume, as may be carried in the Pocket, as a Vade Mecum to a Young-Gardener, without either over-loading A 3 ...........................* him,vi The PREFACE.
him, \or emptying his Pockets too much in his Expence upon it.
I have likewife’ annexed fome Instructions far the Ordering c/’Bees, whether you-are pleafed to place them in your Orchard or Garden; tf you can but defend them from their Enemies, I do imagine you will from the Severity of the Winters Cold, and I do not fear but your Expence upon them will be fufjiciently repaid you. But I forget myfelf; for, if any Perf on has an Averjion to them, why fhould I ufe Argil-^ meats to perfuade him to buy them ?
.'The other Objection, which I prefume will be made, is this: Some may cavil and afz whether I had nothing elfe to do, or whether I might not have employed my vacant Hours in more ufeful Studies, and have left Works of Gardening to thofe whofe Province it is 11 anjwert May not any of .the Clergy, or Laity, lawfully divert themfelves, for an Hour or two in a Hay, or more, if he can fparefo much Time from the Works of his Calling; and, tf he makes Gard’ning bis Choice, where is either the Inconvenience, or Harm, in it ?
ButThe PREFACE, vii
But enough of ibis : Not to tnention the Proft to a Family, lam very fure nathifig conduces more to a Mans Healthy efpecially to one that lives a fedentary Life. IJpeak this from Experience too ; and ifthefe Ob-fervations and Experiments, which I have made in Gard'nirig, be ofUfe to anyt by drawing him to a Way of Fhverjion that will preferve his Healthy, and perhaps put him upon a Meditation on the great Works of the Creationy let him give the Creator the Praifey who hath given us every Herb bearing Seed, and every Tree.
Excufe but the Omfions, and pardon the Faults that occur y that will be Obligation enoughj after the Acceptance of
Yours and my Country’s Servant,
H. S.
A4
N. B*N. B. ' This Edition has been conjiderably improved by the Addition of the Culture „of ftr veral Flowers, not in the former Editions j and by a complete Kalendar, fhewing what IVork is to be done every Month in the Tear, Jit the Kitchen, Fruit,’ and Pleafttre GardensriGentleman Gardner’s
DIRECTOR,
BRICOrS the beft,Sorts are the 3* j 4 Fulhavty Mujky Orange, and the J*	Great Bearer: They are inoculated
on the White Pear-Plum-Stocks, ("vide Inoculation) and may be planted any time between Oftober .and Maub, if thq Weather permits, againft an 'Eaft and Weft Wall. The Time of Pruning and Nailing is February> before the Buds and Beafirs grow turgid. Vide Priming and Peaches.. ;
The Borders wheredlfrieot-Trees arc planted fhould be near four Feet broad, and,the Depth of the Soil about tw;o h'eet: If* the Ground is wettifh or clayey, raife it with A 5	' Earth2 The .Gentleman Gardner’s Direficr.-Earth, from Commons or Failure Grounds, that have not been tilled in the Memory of Man*, and lay Stones under the good Earth to keep the Roots from ftriking downward. J?}ah$s jof the firft cr fecond Year’s, inoculating are bell: If your Soil is dry, plant in Oblober^ and do not cut off any of the Head, but nail to the Wall, jf you can bring them to the Wall handfomely. If your Walls are low, plant near 20 Feet afunder ; if 13 or 14 Feet high, or more, at ahove 16 Feet will be far enough diftant; and fet,the Stem about 5 Inches from the Wall, and, when the Roots are all covered with the untried Ea'rth, lay fome rotten Thatch, or Dung, oyer all, to fecure the Roots from the Frofts; let it remain fo till February ^ when hold the Tree fall, unnail and cut off the Head of the Tree fo Ihort, as that not above 5 Eyes remain above the Bud, and let the Slope be towardsthe Wall. Water often, if the Summer proves dry.
The Way of Pruning Abricots.
' In the firft Summer, as they put forth Branches, nail them Horizontally, but take off all thofe that fhoot forward, if you Lave Plenty. And, about Michaelmas^ unnail and foorten the vigorous Shoots to the LengthThe Gent lettati Gdret tier's Director.	3
of 9 or 10 Inches» thè weaker to about 6 Inches.
In the fecond Summer, as the Fore-fhoots were moft of them taken off in the preceding Year, nail thofe again that were unnailed,, and keep the Middle open, and let them be nailed Horizontally, and do not fhorten any Shoots this Summer, unlefs to fill vacant Places, and do this before May. At Michaelmas fhorten the Shoots, but let them be fomething longer than laft Year.
The third Year they are to be pruned much after the Manner they were the feconda Abricots producing their BlofToms on the preceding Year’s Shoots, Care is to be taken in pruning, not to prejudice them. And in Winter pruning, fhorteningthe Branches, fo> as to furnifh frelh Wood where wanting ; and cut out all luxuriant Branches, or difplace them as foon as you difeern them.
Acacia, or Horfe - ckejnut - Tree, ufed in Walks : ’Tis raifed of the Seeds or Nuts fet about the Beginning of November,, and carefully covered from the Frofts. The Plants are fet then likewife, at about io or iz Yards Diftance in Walks, when they are . about 8 or 10 Feet high.
Aconite is a Flower fome Gentlemen are fond of, for its Appearance in Winter, and low Growth j it flowers in January, about A 6	4 or4 Fhe Gentleman Gardner's Diretlcr.
4 or 5 Inches high ;;the Roots are .tuberous» and the Flowers are of a yellow Qolour; They lave a light Soil, but will grow almoft any where. Aconites produce a deal of Seed* which is commonly fown as fpon as it is ripe.
Adonis, or Flos Adonis, the Pheafant's Eye, is fown in Augujl, in open Borders to adorn Gardens, and will flower in June ox July following, and the Seed is ri^e^the Beginning of Augujl.
Alt hi epic Apples are fown on Hot-Beds after Mid-Mar eh.
African Marigolds are fown at the latter End of March, in light rich Earth j or in April.
Agnus Gajlus is a hardy flowering Shrub; its Flowers are white, and grow in Clufters. It may be raifed of Seed fown in Marchy and, when the Plants are large enough tore-move, plant in an open Expolure.
Alaternus Seeds are fown in September, or in Cafes in February or March, on open Beds ; let the Earth be good : In the Cafes it requires frequent Watering. The beft Sea-ion to gather the Seed is when the Berries are black, for then they have attained a per-fed Maturity. Or the Alaternus\s (For there are feveral Sorts,) are increafed by laying down the young Branches in the Spring,
whichThe Gé)itlcT6an..Gard>ner,s Direiïor..	5
which will be. ready, totranfpjant about that time Twelvemonths after. Thè moft agreeable Soil for them! is a light fandy.Soil.: They’ll grow tp the Height of ,17 or j.S Feet, if they like the Soil, and efcape hard Winters. The Time of Clipping is about .the 15th of April. Some People term it a Species of Phillyrea ; but Mr. Tournefort fays it is not. :
Alexanders are fown in March and June in open Beds, and thinned or tranfplanted in 3 or 4 Rows in Trenches a Foot or more deep in dry Grounds, in order to be blanched in Winter 5 which is done by earthing up, or clothing with long dry Dung, or Leaves that are fallèn from Trees, up to the very Top its Leaves, and fo let lie to for!. 3 or 4 Weeks. Keep yçur Beds of Alexanders. clean from Weeds, which are prejudicial to them. - Yo\i may fow the Seeds in Autumn, and they’ll appear in January, and will. afford ftronger Plants than thofe that are fownin March and June. The white Tops, .or blanched, are cuf andi eaten with 0/7, Peppery Salt, &c. by themfelves, or with other Winter. Sallettings. The tender Buds, Sprouts, &c. are eaten in the Spring : They are good againft Obftruc? tions, nourilh and comfort the Storpach.r
jiiyflbn -, there are two or three Species of this Plant.: It flowers in April, and is in-
creafed'6	T hi Gentleman Gardner's Dire Her.
creafed either from Seed Town in March, in a dryifli Soil, or from Cuttings fet in the Shade in the latter End of April t The latter tnuft be watered frequently»
Almond, the dwarf Jingle Floweringi is a beautiful flowering Shrub, the Flowers of a Peach BlolTom Colour, and the Leaves of a Ihining Green : It grows low, fcarce a Yard in Height, and is increafed by Off-fets, many of which fome Plants will produce, if they like the Soil, which Ihould be a Tandy Lome, and the Expofure warm. It flowers in April.
There is an Almond that produces double Flowers : This Shrub is increafed by Inoculation.
The Almond-Tree is propagated by budding into a Plum or Peach Stock, and is belt removed where it is toftand in Oftober: There are lèverai Sorts, as the Common, the Sweet Almond, the Bitter Sort, and the Sort with white Flowers.
Aloe ; there is a Scarlet African Aloe, and the Yellow Dwarf ; its Flowers being, like Stars, of a pale yellow Colour, and is increafed by Slips ; there is alfo the Grey Aloe, and the Spotted.Aloe-, which have all the fame Cultures flip and put into Pots of light Earth in April, or the Beginning of May:. They are all to be taken into the Green-
Houfe-The Gentleman Gardener's Direfior. 7 Houfe in September, wherein they are to remain till the latter End of May. Aloes are extra&ed from the Juice of this Plant.
■ Althaea Frutex is planted in November : It is increafed by Laying, Grafting, and fome-times by the Seeds. It is laid in the Spring by bending down a Sucker to the Ground, and pricking it with an Awl 5 peg it down and cover it with good Earth : It will be fit to take off by the Time of Planting.
Alt baa, or the Cbinefe Rofe 5 its Flowers are a fine Scarlet: Is a Green-PIoufe Plant, and is railed in an Hot-Bed, by lowing the Seeds in March: It delights in a rich light Soil.
Amaranthus, alias Flower-Gentle, is to be fown every Year, either on an Hot-Bed about the End of March, or in light fat Earth in May. There are feveral Sorts and Colours, as, Amaranthus purpureus, Amarnn-tbus Cock’s-comb, Amaranthus Tricolor, Green Amaranthus, Amaranthus Everlafting. Thefe Flowers grow belt upon an Hot-Bed ixWJuly, and fhould have Water pretty often, but not too much at a Time. When you remove from the Hot-Bed, let it be to fome Place that may have the Sun kept off for fome Days, till they are well rooted. The Seed is ripe in September, if they are ordered as they fhould be. They are very beautiful
Flowers,8 Ihe Gentleman Gardner's. Director i Flojyers, and continue fix Weeks or more in the Blow. All which flower in Augujl. The Seed is gathered of thofe raifed on Hot-Beds and tranfplanted: It is a very tender Plant.
Amaranth aides refembles much the Amci-ranthusron\y its Flowers are of around Form like a Globe: There are the Purple and the White, which are raifed by fowing the Seeds on an Hot-Bed in March. The Plants fhould have a glafs Frame before them, - and be fet in large Pots under a Wall. They will flower in Augujl.
Amomum Plinii, or Tree Night Shade, is raifed of Seed fown in March in a Pot, and houfea in Winter. The young Plants muft be often watered and dunged: It flowers in May, znAjune: The Berries are ripe in December, and are of a very fine red Colour.
Ananas, or the Pine-Apple, becaufe the Fruit is like the Cones of Pines, is a Plant tfyat has not been long in England, and is ad-rnired for the Richnefs of the Flavour of its Fruit. ' They are propagated by fetting the Tufts . or Heads, which grow on each Fruit, ify large Pots filled with frelh light Earth, mixed,with well rotten Dung, which Pots are to* be fet in an Hot-Bed made of Tanner’s Bark. As foon as the Seeds appear, refrdh with a little Water every other Day : When the lights begin to grow cold, cover the
Glafles,The Gentleman Gardener's Direflor.	9
Glafies, and they are to be houfed in the Winter in-Stoves : .They mult be watered there, as well as in the Hot-Bed, but with w armi fh Water, and not be removed to the Hot-Bed till the Beginning of April. The Fruit ripens about the Middle of July, and, when ripe, fmells very ftrong. It is beft not . to break off the Head when it is ferved up to Table, but to twill it, and it will come out whole, and be better for feo-ting. Nice Palates reckon this the King of Fruits ; but it requires a great.deal of Care and Charge. The Ananas, was brought from the Raft-Indies, from Patna near Ben-galy in N. Lat. 26 Degrees. ' They who -have been in thofe Parts fay it grows on'a Stalk about a Foot and an half high, and is green and yellow at firft, but changes its Colour when ripe . Its natural Tafte is like that of an Abricot.
Anemonies are both fingle and double ; the Colours are various ; the chief Red, Purpley Scarlet, Pink, Peach, White, , AJh-Coloury fome Striped: Their Roots or Flaps (which is the more common Way of propagating them) may be planted (according as you would have them flower) foon^ or later from the Beginning of OElober or Candlemas • let the Farth be a, rich Sand'miked with well rotten Cow’s Dung, and a little Lime,
alljo The Gentleman Gardner’s Direftor. all well riddled g for in ftiff Ground they rarely flower, and nothing is moré prejudicial to new-fet Flaps than too much Wet, which you mufl: endeavour to keep off, as well as the fevere Frofts •, but you may give them a little Water in March and April, if very dry Weather.
If the Leaves are few, Stalks Ihort, &c. you may be aflured they diflike the Ground, therefore remove them to richer or lighter j which you mufl: do as foon as the Leaves turn yellow. In a Month’s Time they will be dry enough, and may be kept in Papers till replanted.
As to the Seed, not many of the double Sorts produce any •, but, in thofe that do, it is ready for Gathering in May, efpecially if they flowered early. It mufl: very carefully be. preferved from the Winds, which will carry it all away in a little Time. After a Week or ten Days Drying, feparate from the Down, by rubbing it gently with Sand or .dry Earth, . till the Down difappears. In July following fow it in Boxes or Tubs of fine •lifted Mould, not over thin, becaufe all will not grow v after which fift more Earth over ■ them, and, when they come up, you may fift a little more upon them. Water them, if the Seafon be dry, to have them ftrong before Winter, when they mufl: be flieltered from.*lSe Gentleman Gardner’s Dir elfer. • i r
the nipping Frofts. The young Roots are to be tranfplanted before the fecond Winter in Oliober as ufual. A little willow Earth is very proper to mix with the Compoft a-bove-mentioned, when you replant any Ane-mony Flaps.
Some Florifts fow their Anemonies in iv-bruary, very lhallow, in fine fifted Earth, giving them a good Watering, as foon as lown, with Rain Water, and they will appear in about a Month. The young Plants they fhift, about Midfummer, into a frefh Bed of fine rich Earth, when the Roots are about the Bignefs of a large Pea, and fet at 4 or 5 Inches Diftance. The March or April following, they will flower. The Names of fome Anemonies are the Admiral, Admiral of the Blue, Belle Baptift, the Monument, Rofe 'Junker, the Purple Striped, the Britijh King, Calejlis, Amaranthus Trachee, Lady Margaret, Juliana, Bella Silvia, Single Striped, Single Scarlet, Single Purple, Single Purple and White, Single dark Red, and Single Blue.
The double Anemonies blow commonly in March and April: The Angle foonen
Angelica: This Plant, which is of Ufe amongfl Confe&ioners, may be railed by •Seed, l'own foon after it is ripe, which is in July ; it will grow almofl: any-where. One
Year12 The Gentleman Gardener's Direftor.
Year I cut up fotne Seed, and hung upon my Court-wall to dry, .and, a Wind happening before I had rubbed it off the Stalks, it blew it all over the Court, and, where it had any Earth to cover it, it grew, and has continued there many Years.
. For PrefervatioU againjl the Plague, in-fufe Angelica-Root in Vinegar, and hold it to your Nofe* or chew it. And to fuch as are afflicted with that Diftemper, let them take a Drachm of the Root powdered, in half a Drachm of Venice-Treacle, every fixth Hour, to. provoke Sweat..
. Annis is raifed of Seed fown pretty thin, either in Furrows or Borders, in February or ■September. Its Leaves are fometimes ufed, as one of the Sallad Furnitures. The Seed is ripe in Augujl; and, when the Stalk is cut .down, it will fprout again.
, Annuals, i. e. Seeds that are to be fown every Tear, but cfpecially Flowers, are Amaranths Coccineus. Amaranthus> Tricolor. Annual Sun-Jlower. Bafil, feveral Sorts. Bel-videre. Bottles, diverfe Colours. Balfam, Female. Candy Tuft, Common, Dwarf, and French. Capficum, Catchfly. Collutea, 7Ethi-opica. Convolvulus Major, Minor. Flos A-donis, or Pheafant's Eye. Hawkweed, bearded. Humble Plant. Indian Crefs. Larkfpur, fingle and double. Lupines, Blue, White, and
Yellow.Sfe Gentleman Gardner's Dire fior.	ì 3
Yellow. Lyc&»/V,ftriped. Mary gold, Africin, Englifh, and French. ■Marvel of Pern. * Net-velwort, Venus’s. Nigèlla. Peafe of 'Tangier. Poppies, feveral Sorts.- Ptarmica, of Eterniti Flower. Scarlet Beans. ' Senjitive :'Plaht: Small Annual Stocks, for Edgings. Stockju-ly Flowers, double.	Sultan..’Venus's
Looking-Glafs. Viola, Tricolor. *
iVc/*», Thefe Seeds of Annuals maybe fown any time from the Beginning of April to the End of May, to have Flowers early and later. Remember in fowing that you bury them not; for thefmaller the Seed,'the thinner Covering of Earth is required : And alfo that the Ground be good^ elfe you will lofe your Seeds.
The .Managing of other Seeds rare‘tféated of under their proper Heads ; ns Sàllad Perennial, &c. Which fee.
Ants are very pernicious in a Garden/ e-fpecially to Flowers, and are often brought in with the Manure, unlefs great Care be ufed to turn it over now and then, tò prevent their Nefting in it, and in none fooner than in Horle’s Dung, t As foon ^is you find out their Nefts, throw Man's Dung into them, or Erimftone and Origanum in Powder. If they are got to your Fruit-Trees, brulli thofe off that are already on the Trees, and, - to 2	preventif ‘fbe Gentleman Gardner's Direblor.
prevent others climbing, anoint the Stems'of the Trees round about with Tar. •
Apios, an American Plant: It has Roots like the Potatoes and delights in a light rich Soil: Split the Roots about the Middle of March, to increafe them : The Flowers are Flelh-coloured, and of apleafantSmell, and flourifti in Augujl.
. \Apocimmy with Leaves of the Shape of the Willow, is a flowering Shrub, the Flowers of a du)l white Colour: It is a Green-Houfe Plant, and is raifed by Cuttings fet in Pots in March or April; water well the Cuttings when firft fet. The Plants that have taken Root, and are of the Height of -2 or $ Feet, maybe expofed abroad in May: They flower in Augujl. In the Beginning pf Qttober houfe them.
Apple-Trees are commonly raifed by Graft-ing, (vide Grafting) which in three or four Years Time may be removed to the Place af-figned : The beft Stocks are the Crab-Stock; other Kernels may be fown, efpecially Sweet-Apple, or Paradife Kernels, for Dwarfs, as foon as the Fruit is ripe, from September to December.	Make the Ground fine, and
fow not too thick j cover them well, that the Mice, (Ac. may not fruftrate your De-figns.
Standards,The Gentleman Gardner’s Direftor, 15 Standards, as Apples and Pears, See. muft be fet about 24 Feet afunder •, between every two Trees you may plant a Goofeberry-treee, or Curran-berry.	Make the Holes fo
large as to receive the Roots without Prejudice, and not where a Tree has flood ('when a Defe<ft in an old Orchard is to be fupplied) unlefs the old Earth has been changed or ■made better. The beft Earth is fuch as has not been plowed or digged in the Memory jof Man, as that of Commons and wafte Grounds, where Cattle have flood or lain much; but, if your Orchard Soil be Clay or Marl, mix Coal-Afhes, Rubbifh of old Houles pulled down, and Drift Sand with it, elfe it will foon be converted into the native Soil, and in a few Years the Tree will languifh, or die. The Earth is to be changed as far as the old one went, elfe you had as good do nothing. If your Ground be wet, Stones, &V. laid at the Bottom, will hinder the Roots from flriking too deep, which Thing is a great Hindrance both to the thriving, and the bearing of the Tree. The beft Earth is nearefl the Superficies, and the fhallower a Tree’s Roots run, and the broader its Branches fpread, the better it bears Fruit.
Some great Planters are not for fetting their Trees nearer than 30 or 40 Feet, and the Rows 70 or 80 Feet afunder, and would
havei6 'The Gentian an Card'ner's ]T>ireflora
have, the Ground between the Rows plowed, or digged, and fown with Corn, as,is prac-tiled in Herefordshire. . They fay Trees plant-, eji at this Diftarice efcape Blights better than thofe let clofer., .
, This is a juft Obfejryation about the Place we buy Trees from, to fee if it anfwers the Natureth.e.Spif to which; w;e. bring them; and not totakoTreesfrorn a wet Soil to plant, inf&pQqnrpftpj.icjr frojp a^Wet/So’d *o a dry one i- bfutifrotn.pnp that, is nftt;qyite,ibgOod. as.ours. i.K	, J r/,,?i
•. The §tfindards ought, to, have, itraight Bodies,; 5^pf 6 Inches thick,iNever plant; header pjies in .light Earths,; for: they make little 9Wt... Great Trees,tho’. dearer, or longer; before, they, be planted (ifryou .manage them yourfelf) will fufficiently compenfate either the Expence or Patience. In preparing the Tree for planting (the Ground well trenched, if new ; :or ordered as above, if oldt) th; Head-and Roots are to be pruned propor-. tionally, and not a great Head left to a little Root; fpr by that Ivjeans the Tree feldom, if ever, thrives, efpecially when Trees have been brought rp^ny, Miles : (as thofe that come from about London 40, 60, or 100 Miles into the Country) but, when a Tree is removed from one Part of the Orchard to another, then little Pruning either of Roots or
Plead‘TM Qmtlmafi Gard'nerys Director. 2$ Head is; required j fet them in the fame Po-fition as they flood- in the Nurfery. Thofe that have been long out of the Ground mutt .be fteeped for 24 Hours or more, in fome Rain, or warm Water; not,in Well Water* which will chill the Roots inftead of refrefh-ing them.
I Plant, from Oft ober. to March ; but Ip re* fer Autumn to’ the Spring4 for the Tree will .take Root before the Winds of March -and April come, which have, been often fatal -to new planted Trees. In wet Grounds you cannot plant too high, if you cover, but • the -Roots. The Covering next the Roots is to be rich Earth, then rotten Dung.al! upon that Earth ; after that, Straw or Litter half a Foot thick quite round, which , will keep off the Froft in Winter, and the Heat jn Summer. If dry Weather follow; water the Trees now and then, efpecially in Summer.,- ft&Vsj
New Ground, if it be dry, ought to be trenched 2 or 3 Feet.deep,| if the> Soil will allow : Wet Ground rquh he drained, and both made ready before the Trees come, that 'the Earth may fettle, and the~,Stone.$5 &c, be clean gathered out of the Earth that is to be-, thefirft Covering. r	, j ir:;
The Names of the beft Sorts.of Applet, and the Time when ripe, and Duration, are, Deux-Ans, Gnitamon Apple, June ting, Marti	garet2 6 The- Gékfïemân > Gardner's <DireÛor. gdht -Applèi tbei-LÀdiès' Hinging : ' July and ‘Augùft... John- Applet, '-'thf Seanting Apple, Cujbion -AppleSpidng, fyla-j-Flower^ Sheeps-Snout : ■ Aiïguft ' and 1 September. Belleibone, She William!, Summer Pear main, ' Lording Apple, Pearl-Apple/ Qpinfè-Apple, Red-gruning-ribbed, Harvy, Violet-Apple, Bloodf- Pipping, God/ihgs : September. Cojlàrâs',- tijordmgs, Fcarmalns, Honey-Meal, Apis} Cardinal, Win-ter Chefnut, ’ Calvile, ^ShorVSthrt- : Odtober iand November; Rujfetings, Pippings, I>££-ither-Coat, Winter Reed, Cats-head' : ’ November and December. <.KentiJh Pippin, 'Golden ‘-Pippin, Frerlch Pippin, Holland Pippin, Ruf-fet Pippin, ‘Non-pareil', ‘ Aromatic* ' Rujfetting, Winter Queening, Pome-Water, Pmm-Roy, Golden Doucet, Reineting, L/mesPeafmain, WlnteriPearmam : December/January, and •February.' Winter j Bon-Cretienne :	March.
John Apples,'WefiWerry Apples, JPippins^ Ruf-•Jittikgs, gJüly-FhvM's, -Flât-Reihet, the Mali-gar. ' , April and May. ‘ Junetingi firft ripe ■ : •June or July. -Pippins, John Apples : 'Yet lafting. ^
i N. B. By'Duration,-1 mean," that if.the above-named Applesj are plucked with Care and fecured from the Frods, in the Store-• room, &c. they will continue good fo long as I have obfervtd, viz. the John Apple, till
newSThe Gentleman Gardner's Director. .2 y new ones come in ; and others, according as your Care is in keeping them.
Arbor Jud<e is a Flowering Shrub,' and planted againft a Wall, or as a Standard; its Flowers are of a Peach Bloom Colour, lhaded with Carmine, and appear in May. It is railed by fowing the Seeds on an Hotbed, or in fine Earth in March.
Arbutus, or Strawberry *Treey is propagated by laying, which is done in Auguft •, by pegging down in rich Earth, and frequent watering in dry Weather, it will be ready to move by that Time 12 Months ; plant it at firft in a lhady Place, and keep moderately moift, not too wet, led: ypu rot the Fibres. As foon as the Roots are well formed, remove to fome warm Place. Its Berries are ripe in November, and, if you would raife Plants of Seed, you may low them immediately, or flay till April.
Arcuation, or tfie( Way of raiding Trees by Layers ; the firft thing to be done is to get ftrong Plants, which are to be cut «clofe to* the Ground ; plant diem in a Border 5 or 6 Feet wide, and the fame Diftance afunder t Thele Plants fet about Martinmas, by the Michaelmas following, if the Borders were well ordered, or dug, and cleared of Stones, Weeds, (Ac. will put forth many Shoots., which you may begin to lay then j. bend down the principal Branches, and cut B a	half2 8 The Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or. half through, and peg fall down, as you do July-Flower-Layers, and cover the Part pegged down with good Earth ; let the Earth be ' laid fo round the Stocks as to hold Water, f,when you water them, which they will re-‘ quire 2 or 3 times a Week, in the* Summer after, if the Weather 'be hot and dry. In a ; Year’s Time you examine whether they have _ taken Root or no, but take them not 01T till the Spring following.
Trees raifed by Arcuation are the Withy, : the Englijh Elm, the Lime, the Alder, the Plat anus, the Sallows and Willows.
Arfe-Smart Oriental is an Annual of a tall Growth, rifing to the Height of fix Feet or inore : It produces Spikes of Flowers of a Reddifh Purple Colour in September. The Seeds, which rfpen well in our Climate, are .Town on an Hot-bed in March: Set the Needling Plants in light rich Earth, at about ( a Foot Diftance, in May.
Afphodels 1 they are increafed by parting . their Roots in Auguft, and, growing tall, are . fit for large Borders.
There are feveral Sorts, viz. The Tellow Afphbdel or Kingfpear, (for it is called by this Name) the White Branching Afphcdel, and a Sort diat does not branch, and the' Savcy Afphodel.
You may raife'them likewife from Seeds,
iowny'bc Gentleman Gardner's Direficr. 29
Town about the End of Augufi, which in a Year’s Time will be fit for Tranfplantation, and will bear Flowert the next Year.
Artichoaks are > commonly multiplied by Slips, which are taken off in Aprils fooner or later, according as the Stock isfbr Strength-In planting them, fill the Hole full of Water, arid,let the Eye of the Plants be a little above the Earth *, they will require Watering 2 or 3 .Times a Week, unlefs the Seafon be rainy, to have Fruit that Year. Some fet the Plants In September, but it rauft be in-dry Grounds, for Wet and.Mice are the greateft Enemies in the Winter. In November yöp muff lay Litter or Leaves, which are then falling from the Trees, all about, them, to iecure them from the Wet, tAf. and let them lie till March, or longer, if iffie Weather is cold. In planting, make a Bed óf 4 Feet broad, and a Path of a Foot \ and fet 2 Rows on each Bed, each Row half a Foot from the Paths, and each Plant 3 Fpet afunder. The Soil mull be rich, 2 Feet deep at leaf, and well trenched before you begin to plant. They require Dung every. Year ; if that they are covered wjih ,111 .Venter is not fufficicnt, add more.
The Chards eaten with Oil, Pepper, &c.. are made by wrapping or covering tlje whole Length with Straw oir long Dung, till the cot-B, 3 '	tony3*0 Abe ‘Gentleman Gardener's Director. tony Sides of their Leaves are white. Sometimes Artichoaks are raifed by Seed, which you may find at the Bottom of thofe that ftahd long to open and dry.
Artichoaks of Jerufalem, or Ground Arti-ehoak.'j,'only cut and fet at about 6 Inches Diftance, and 3 or 4 deep, in February, produce a vaft Increafe in dry, rich Ground, The Roots are digged up for Ufe in November, and the following Months.
AfpcrPtgus ; there are two Sorts, the EngUJb and Dutch, which may be railed of Seed, pricking down the Berries at what Diftance you pleale in February.
When you have pricked down the Seeds, or fown them, you may fow Onion Seed thin thereon, and tread in the Seed, and then rake the Beds even.
Take Care to thin the Onions if too thick, and pull up, if they hinder the young AJpa-ragus from growing Alfo mind to weed well, as often as there is Occafion.
In Otlober, when the Haulm begins to decay, cut it off, above two Inches above Ground. Clear off the Seeds into the Alleys, and dig them up, remembering to keep the Beds 4 or 5 Inches above them ; in the Alleys you may plant Brccoli Plants, Savoys, or Cole-worts. By no Means plant Beans in them, as dome do that Spring they fow the Seed j forThe Gerithmm Gar Avar's DirtEitr;. 3 \ they much incommode the Rows - of tit« Seedlings that are next them. jf
If you would have AfparagusSEfficient for, your Family, plant fuch . a , Quantity., of Ground as will allow you to ■put an Hundfed at a Time at Igaft •, for, jf.you cannot cut fo much at a Time, it will not be worth while j for, being obliged, having lefs than an. Hundred, to lay it by till you have niore, at will be.withered,; apd pot fo gppd as. when newly gOt.	•	'
• If you would raife Afparagus Shoots on an Hot-bed, let your. Sets be two Years old, and plant them on Beds made with HUrft-r dung 3 Feet thigk, covering them with Earth 5- Inches ; , let the Sets be placed clofe to one another, in Rows, with • their Buds Handing upright; and between fhe Rows lay fine Mould, and ftiffer Mould on, the Out fid eg to keep the Roots from drying, j Put Sticks in the-Middle of the Beds to draw out, that you may know how the Beds heat and, if they heatI tint, lay litter round about the Edges, bf the Beds,, or upon the.Top, .wfiich will help them much j as the Crowns of the Roots (hoot, earth them till you have, railed the Earth 5 Inches.
Then make, Straw Bands about 4 Inches thick, which you rnuft fafien round the Sides of the Beds.; with ftraistht Sticks,.about twoaa The Gentleman Gardner's Director!
Feet long, thruft into the Sides of the Bed *, and on the Bands fet. your -Frames, and put your Glafles thereom
In about 5 or 6 Weeks, if the Beds heat well, Buds will be’produced fit for Cutting, which will continue about twenty Days or longer.
You muft make frefh Beds every three Weeks until the Beginning of March, and the Beds made then will hold,j till Buds are produced in their natural Way.	j
In a Year’s Time they may be ttanfplant-ed •, let the Soil be rich, or made fo, and yiot wet, which is prejudicial to the Roots j therefore, unmaking out a Bed, raifeR with Dung and good Earth, fo as to fhoot off the Water into the Path, (which muft be 2 Feet! broad for Pafling and D re fling) the Bed muft be 3 Feet wide, at leaft, for 3 Rows of Plants, and broader, if you fet more Rows. Plant in this Order, which is Called Quincunx Order,
with their Roota. Spreading as much as may be a'Foot or more aiimder, though fome "let them nearer together, which makes- theit
AfparegusThe Gentleman Gardiner's Director. 33 Afparagus fmaller. Three Years after they are planted they may be cut j the fooner they are cut, the more the Head of the Root will knit ; the later, the bigger they’ll be ; in cutting the Buds, remove fome of the Earth with your Knife to avoid injuring the next Succeflor. In November, every Year, cut the; feedy Stalks clofe to the Ground, and cover the Beds with new Horfe-Dung : And in March uncover them, if the "Weather be open ; weed them, and earth the Bed with the Bottom of a Melon or Cucumber Bed two Fingers thick, to fupply the ufual Decay ; if any Root decays, or does not take, you may fupply the Defedt from your Nurfery.
Aftery or Starwort, produces Blofloms in Spikes of a Purple Colour, and .Yellow in the Middle : It is a Plant that increafes much, growing from the Seeds as they lhake j or you may fow them in March ; or part the Roots in September. It flowers in QElober% and by fome is called the Offober Flower.
The Virginian AJler flowers not till November.
• Avens is a very ufeful Herb in a Garden, and is increafed by the Root3, which let in’ September ; they require very little Culture.: They are good for the Head, and chear the Heart. A learned Phyfician fays he has known a Handful of Avens boiled in a Quart B 5	B34- ¥1* Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or. of Water, or PofTet Drink, till a fourth Part was wafted* and taken by one afflidted ^ith the Tertian Ague, two Hours before the Fit, with good Succefs.
' Auricula's may be raifed of Seed which is near being ripe, when the Stalks turn yellow about June. Great Care muft be taken, elfe the Wind will dalhout the befl Seed, which is at tjieTop. It is Town commonly in Boxes; £2V. about the Beginning of September, upon fine lifted, light, rich Earth ; make the Sur-.face fmooth, and take the Opportunity of a dribbling Rain. The Seeds you may fife through a fine Riddle, to have them come even ; there needs no Covering ; for the Rain will drive them far enough into the Earth : It will be fix Months before they appear. ■ Then the Boxes, as foon as the Sun fhines hot, muft be removed into the Shade, .elfe all your Labour will be in vain : Water them gently, as you ,fee Occafion, till they are fit for removing.
~ The Pots wherein Auricula's are planted fhould have frcfh Earth put on the Tops in “January, or fooner.
And, as foon as their Flower Trufies begin to appear, they Ihould be fheltered, and regain fheltered on a Stand or Station of Shelves till they have done flowering.
IfThe. Gentlenmn- GardCnet'e-Dir eft or. 33
If you Iiave npt a Shed^. hang a Cloth* over themjdike a Cloth over a Stall; in a Marked and was it painted with fome Oil Colour, I mean the Canvas* rt Would keep the Wet off better^ r,	( • ^	,
{ ;If you . i$t any of your Flowers Hand for Seyd, and would; propagate. thence, after the Seed i^ fow'n*- which forne dp mot fow tall February \ cover the Box with a Net to preferye it from the Birds : Otherwife your Expeditions may be fruftrated.
Sandy Earth, mixed with rotted Cow’s Dung, and theJSdould of an old Hot-Bed, in this Proportion, viz. 5 Spadefuls of the to 3 of the fecpnd, and 4 of the third, to, which add % Spadefuls of rich. Clay, well fifted, is a very proper Compofition for Bear’s , Ears. Pots and Bioxes are better, than Beds, becaufe thefe may be. removed-ihtQ .fhe Sun' or. Shade, as there is Caiife., /They abide Cojd better than Heap When you remove them into the Shade, let it hot be to a Place that Trees drop upon. The Double and , Striped Sort muft be often drifted, elie they will degenerate.
ri i ' t ; Names’1 of 'Auricula's. .
f •	1 ; : ..•> i:, .	\, j \
Alexander JMgNNgs? Potter's Prince William, Alderman Parjtytsf Lake Elevifey "Sir Charles tV&ger, Fe/ter's King B..6, ■ GeorgCy3$ The Gentleman Gardner's Direttor. George, Glory .of Maidenhead, William the Conqueror, Woodman's Lord' 'Burlington,- Woodman's Ethiopian, King of Prujfa, Royal Widow, Danae, Glory of the Eaft,‘ Love's Majter,* Double-painted Lady, Marvel of the Worlds Duke of Beaufort, Duke of St. Albans, Grand Prefence, Semper Auguftusi Sheford Hejier,' Honour and Glory, Royal Purple, Van Jaqutf Randall’s Princefs Amelia, Thompfon’s, Duke of Cumberland, Royal Wanderer, Fitter's Glory, Lutton's fing, Royal Wedding,[Potter's King-George, Goofs Princefs of Orange.
The Colours and Species are various, and-the Names* rfre given at Plealure: Every-Sowing produces new' Faces. Mid-Aitgufi is a good Time to tranfplant Seedlings, and to divide old and lufty Rootsi
Balfamines, or Female Balfam, is -railed of Seed fown on an Hot-Bed\n. March, and the. Plants, as foon as they appear, mult be well fecured from the Cold for-fix Weeks or more, then planted out into rich - Ground amongft-fmall Flowers. It requires frequent Watering, if the Summer be dry. It flowers m Augufi and September.
Barba Jervis, or Jupiter's Beard, is propagated by its Seed Town on an Hot-Bed in March, tranfplanted into Beds, Pots, &c. filled with t of Mould, and 4 of Gravel, or fuch-like Earth well lifted. It loves much •Sun, and confequently much Water. RemoveThe Gentleman Gardner's Dire51 or.	37
move into your Confervatory about Michaelmas, when the cold Nights approach.
Bafilla is a Plant that produces Spikes of knotted Flowers, of a white Colour, tipt with Carmine on the Edges ; it may be raif-ed by fowing its Seeds in fine Earth in Marche Rant in a warm Situation ♦, it flowers in December. N
Bafil is fown in March on an Hot-Bed, i. e. the fmall Kind-, the great Baftl (which is« reckoned a fweet Herb) in Cold Earth : The ' former is a tender Plant, but a great Orna-nament- to a Flower-Garden, and requires' a deal of Care to fecure it from the Weather; is planted out in very fmall Pots of light rich Earth, that is^ | of rotten Dung of the Hot-Bed, and ^ of Garden Mould. - Its chief Beauty confifts in growing round.
*- Batchelor's Button, that brings white Flowers and double ; it loves a dry Soil, and is fet as an Edging. It is increafcd by dividing the Roots, either in the Spniig Or Autumn.;
Bay-Cherry, a (lately Ever-green, is raifed from its ripe Berries, which are black ; it flowers in May and June, and-its Berries will« be fit to fet in November or December, in Pots -or Tubs, four Inches afunder, and one deep; water immediately- and expofe them to the ’ Sun. At two Years End remove and wa-; ter often, to make them take Root. It loves the Shade. You may propagate itT !
likcwife3.8 The Gentleman Gardner's Direftor. likewife by laying in July, \ by flitting the Wood at a Knot, to the Depth; Of hair the Thicknefs of the Branch, and 4 Inches long; peg it down and cover the Slit with good» Earth 5 water often, and, in three Months,, Fibres will be formed, for a ^raniplaj^tation. -. BayjTree, the common Sorq, jart be pro* pagated by flipping in March, the great Leaves ftripped off, and the Slips fet in the Shade. You may fet the Berries in November, or; in March \ or lay Layers in July, as in the Bay-Cherry. The Time for Transplanting is March, efpeeially Seedlings, upwards the End.
Beach-Cale ; this was brought from Italy a few Years ago, as a very great Rarity, info-much that the Seed was fold for $s. an. Ounce.
t; The Way of ordering it, as I had it from a- Seedfman in London, is,
. Make: your Beds 5 Feet wide in, a deep .rich Soil, and trench it 3 Feet deep, that ir may be dry j let the top Feet of the Bed be made very fine, then plant the Seed which are in Pods, not unlike Afparagus, but white, about 10 Inches afunder in Rows.
- The Seeds, which are to be fet in February , or March, are t9 be watered well both before, they come up and after.
, The fecond Year the Sprouts may be cut ieyer.al Times. The firft Winter after it is
fown,The Gentleman Gardner’s Director. 39 Town, the Beds are to be covered 5 or 6 Inches deep, with large Gravel, which is to be drawn up about the Roots round like an Hop Hill. This will make the Roots fhoot out better •, cut them not too near. If kept clean from Weeds, the Beach-Cole will continue 40 Years or more.
’The Manner of Cooking it.
Tie it up in little Bunches, and boil it in Water firft, then in Water and Milk, and, when fbft, put Butter, Vinegar, Salt and Pepper to it, according to your Fancy. It far exceeds Afparagus, Brocoli, or any Thing the Kitchen-Garden affords.
The Seeds were firft fold by Mr. Gray, Seed.fi-nian in Pall-Mall.
Beans, the common Garden Sorts, Red and White, are fet any Time in dry Ground from Martinmas to May-Day, on Beds, if you pleafe, of 3 Feet broad, and a Foot afunder, if the Beans are large •, or you may fet in Rows about a Foot and a half afunder, and, planted fo, there will be Liberty to go between them, and to hoe them •, they may be fet thicker, and tranfplanted in March. Wet is more prejudicial than Froft. Some are ready for getting fooner than others : thofe commonly fold by the Seedfmen are •: Green Beans, Spanifh Beans, the Windfor Beans,
Hotfpur40 SThe Gentleman Gardner's Dire ft or.
Hotfpur Beans, Gofport Beans, Toker Beans, Sandwich Beans, Lijbon Beans.
Beets, Red, Black, and White, are raifed of Seed Town in March, in well prepared Beds, not too thick ; the Roots of the Red, cut into Slices and boiled, is of itfelf a grateful Winter Sallad ; or mingled with Oil, Vinegar, Salt, &c. The Roots of the White are called Chards. The Seed is ripe in September, of Plants of the Year before.
Bee-Flower, or Satyrion. Its Bulbs are planted in September', keep off the Frofts, and it will flower in May following ; the Roots are round, twt> joined together; the one perifhing, as foon as the Flower is gone, the other remains found.
Bell-Flower *, there are feveral Sorts of this Flower, and may be raifed of Seeds fown in March in a Bed of light Earth j or may be increafed by parting the Roots. The Roots railed from Seed make the ftrongeft Bloom, and are fit for. Tranfplantation in September *, fecure in the Winter from too much Wet, which rots, the Roots, though they require Waterings in the Summer Months.
Barberries are propagated by OfF-fets, tranf-planted any Time after the Leaves are fallen. The Sorts are the Great Barberry and that without Stones.
Elite, •L'he Gentleman Gardner's Dire&cr. 41 mite, or Mercury, as the Vulgar call it ; there are two Sorts, the White and Red -, is raifed of Seed Town in Anguß, and very early in the Winter •, its Tops may be eaten as Afparagus. Some cover their Mercury Beds, with Dung, as they do Afparagus in OR ober or November, and uncover again in March.
Borrage may be raifed of Seed Town in February or March, will grow almoft in any Soil •, and, if buffered to ftand to feed, will afford Plants enough the Year following witlW out fowing i it is ufed in Cool-Tankards.
Bottle-Blower, in Latin Cyanus, is increafed by the Roots ; there are feveral of them ; ibme raife them on an Hot-Bed in the Spring, others fow their Seeds on a Bed of fine rich Earth, and, when the Plants are come up and; fit to remove, you may fet them either in Pots or Borders amongft other Annuals j and, when you take up, carry as much Earth away with each Plant as you can. They will flower about Lemmas.
Box, the Dwarf Sort, is propagated by Slips fplit along with the Roots ; when fet for Edges in Parterres, take care to clip it, in order to oblige it to grow thick at the PvOOt, and affume a fquare Figure, which is the moft luitable. It thrives in all Sorts of Ground, if it be blit fo prepared as that its Fibres may {hoot. The belt Tinae of plant-42 Thi* Gentleman -Gardner's Dir eft or, ing is March. For raifmg Nurferies of it, fet Slips, (the greateft Leaves being fir ft ftripped off) in a fhady Place, and water, when there, is Occafion V the Time for clipping Edgings is Mid-April.
Brijlol Flowers, vide Lychnis, or Campion. )
Brocoli is of the Cabbage Kind, and was firft brought from Italy, the Seed coming thence being the belt. The Sorts are the Roman, Naples fort, and thq Black ; but the firft is the beft j fow the Seeds about the. Middle of May in a moift Soil:. As loon as. fit for removing, fet them in Beds as is ufu-ally done with common Cabbage Plants, 4 or5 Inches afunder, and about Lammas plant out for good, which ftiould be \y\ a Place lit-, tie expofed to the Sun, and not among Trees/ Plant them at about a Foot and a half afunder every Way, and let the Soil be light; if the Plants profper,. thdy will begin to fhew their fmall Heads about the Beginning of December, and will continue cuttable till the Beginning of March.
They are dreffed thus : When the Heads are grown to their full Bignefs, which you may know they are by their parting and beginning to lhoot up ; then cut off, with 3 or 4 Inches of the tender Stalks to them, and ftrip off the outer Skin ,of ther Stalks, and, having walhed them clean, boil them in
a I n-The Gentleman Gardner's Direftdr. 43 a linnen Cloth, as you do Colliflowers the Sauce for them is melted Butter. When the firft Heads are cut off, in about a Month’s 7'ime after, they will produce fome fide Shoots: Thefe are very tender and good,! almoft like Afparagus, and therefore they are-called Italian Afparagus by fome.
Bream Spanijfh is faffed of Seeds, which are firft fteeped in Water till they fwell ; fow on an Hot-Bed very early : It flowers in May.
Budding, vide Inoculation.
Buglofs is raifed of Seed. To have the Leaves tender, we fow them very often ; their Flowers are ufed to adorn Sallads. If you would fave their Seed, cut down the Stalks as foon as ever it begins to ripen, and by that Means little is loft.
The belt Time for planting Bulbous Rooted Flowers are, for Tulips in October; Fri-tillaries, Hyacinths, or Star-fitters in Auguft ; Daffodils, Jonquils, Lilies, Afphodds, in October •, Martagons, Colchicums, Crocus's in September ; Moly's, Spiderwort, Cornfiags, in October ; Crown-Imperial, in July ; Satyr ions, in September ; Dens Caninus, in Auguft *, Cyclamens, in June ; Irifs in Auguft ; Flower de Luces, Peonies, in October.
N. B. The Culture of each is treated of in their Order.
Burnet44 Gentleman Gardner's Direiïór.
; Burnet is propagated of Seed in the Spring Town thick v it will fpring again after Cutting. The young Leaves are ufed only in Ballads ; A Sprig of it in Wine gives it a pleafant Flavour; the Seed is gathered at the End of the Bummer.
Cabbages are raifed of Seed fown about the End of July, thin upon Beds, and well jfè-cured from Sparrows, &c. till it comes up, which will be about a Week after. A little Soot raked upon the Beds has fometimes kept the Birds off. About the Middle of September, tranfplant the Seedlings, at 5 or 6 Inches Diftance, to ftand all the Winter; or till you fet them out for Cabbage in your Squares, which you muff do at about 30 Inches, one of another, any Time from November to April.
- A judicious Gardener recommends this Method for raifmg of Cabbage-Seed :
About the Middle of Offober, take fome of your beft Cabbages, fet all of the lame Sort together ; but, before you fet ‘■them, hang them up in fome covered Place by the Roots, that the Water may drain from the Leaves, which it will in 3 or 4 Days^'then * plant them under fome Wall, Hedge, or Pale, fo deep, that but about half of the Body of the Cabbage is. above Ground: If the Ground is wet, raife it pretty much : If the Winter be
fevere,The Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or.	45
fevere, lay Straw or Peafe Haulm lightly upon them, till it be warmer : When it is moift Weather, take it off, that it does not help them to rot. As foon as the Spring comes, and the Cabbages begin to fhoot, fup-port them withftrongSticksfetintheGround, and tie the Shoots to them : Water each Cabbage, if the Weatherproves dry, once or twiGe in a Week; it will help their Seeding.
When the Pods begin to turn brown, cut off the extreme Part of every Shoot, which will ftrengthen the Seeds. If Birds come at the Seeds, which they are fond of, place Twigs, befmeared with Bird-lime, and tie them to thofe you have placed for the Support of the Stalks ; and, if one or two are taken, let them remain a while to terrify the reft.
When the Seed is fully ripe, cut it off, and dry it, and, when threfhed and cleaned, preferve it in Bags for Ufe.
The Reafon for planting each Sort of Cabbage at a Diftance from the other is tp hinder the Commixture of their Effluvia ; and this not being minded is the Caufe that Gardeners rarely fave any good Red Cabbage Seed in England.
The ufual Sorts are the Yorkflnre early Cabbage; the Raffia, the Dutch and the Bat-terfea, which are early Sorts-, the Englijh or
late46 FheGentl^man Gardner's Din Bor. late Qabfr&ge, the Red,White, fellow, Dutch , Savoy,. CpUiflower, Borecole, Coleworts, Broccoli. ,u
•	All thefe feveral Sorts -Gentlemen may ' havq ,of tl?e Seedfmen in London, and the , Neighbourhood thereof. Several good Sorts
have been raifed in the Country, which are ;,prpperly Species ofiome of the former Kinds. Seed may be obtained by faving a firm .Cabbage, all tjie Winter, in the Confervatory,
. and planting again in February : It may Hand all the Winter in die Kitchen-Garden, but •. the W,et and .Froft mult be kept off.
•	The Shoots that cqme out of the Heart,of .the Cabbage produce the heft Seed} which 1
fome Years will be fit for gathering, by the:
•	Time of Sowing. .Collijlawers are fown when 1 Cabbage-Seed is, but the Plants are very ten- ■ der, and are pot kept without a great deal; of Carefome raife the Plants op an Hot-Bed, as they do the early Sort?, in February ;j and March.,
Early Cabbage and CoUiflower Plants, raifedi: in Autumn, produce Cabbage, Sec. in June following j thofe raifed in the Spring, not before Augujl.
Campions are raifed of Seed fown in Sep-' timber, or of Slips taken from the old Roots in Auguft, fo as they may have taken Root before Winter; for, if fet in the Spring, they.;
run. 'The Gentleman Gardner's DireUor. 47 run up “to Flower, and die in Winter, as ‘the old Stocks do; therefore fet Slips every Year.
Camomile is propagated of Slips 'in March, .or of Sped ; Walks are.fet with it in the “Spring, or 'September. The belt Time to bea,t .or roll, is 'Qffober, for then the Ground1 is Supple.
'Campanula f.fome "Authors fay it was imported from the Canary IJlands ; it bloffoms in January in the Green-Houle,' rifes to the Height.of 3 or 4 Feet ; the ‘Flowers hang down, and are of a Yellow Colour fpotted with Ted : It is propagated by Iplittiog the ‘Roots, when the Flower-ftalks are decayed: Candy Tuft Jiriped; it rifes to the Hefght of 10 or 12 Inches, and flowers in January and February ; is increafed by planting Cuttings of it in May in Pots, which plabe ih .the Shade.; -it, muff be houfed in Winter: The Florifts call i t the' Candy Tuft Tree. [;
Cane, a Plant that was imported from the Indies ; of which there are two SOrts ; one . bears Flowers of a fine fcarlet Colour, the otheryellowFlowers which grow in Bunches; they are. propagated by dividing the Roots ,in Marcfa, or by fowing the^Seeds on.^n Hot-bed then ,houfe . the Plants' in Winter : They flower ih September.
Caper ("Beans} is a Plant which flowers when about 2 Feet high ;'the Flowers are of.4 8 ’ The Gentleman Gardner's Director.
.a pale Yellow Colour ftriped with Crimfon. We raifeit by fowing the'Seeds m March or by jpfanting the Off-fets then in a light warm Spij. •
... Caraways \ their Seeds arefown in’ the "Spring,'in a rpoift rich Soil, and, when they are grown a little Height, treat them ajj .Carrots .are treated, .viz. hoe them if too thick, and let them be about 5 or 6 Inches or more afunder •, the Seeds will be ripe in September, or fooner, according as the Year-time is. The Seeds are good for the Sto-.nuch, and help Concodtion, and are ufed by Confe&ioners in Comfits.
Cardinal Flower j this was imported from , Carolina, and is railed by fowing the Seeds on an Hot-bed. Plant out the Seedlings, as they are an Inch high, in Hrie-Earth, 2 or 3 Inches afunder ; they flower the fecond Year. Plant in Pots, to houfe them in the .Winter, or upon a well-fheltered Border. It flowers in September, and the Flowers' are ,of a Carmine Colour. .
Carrots j the Seed is procured from fome of the beft Carrots of the preceding Year, taken out of the Ground in November, and "laid up in Sand till February, when they are to be let on Beds at about a Foot Diftance, to run up for Seed, which is fit to gather in may-be ibwa ia dry light Earth, any<Tbe Gentleman Gardner's Director. 49 any Time from Candlemas to May-day ; rub it well to feparate the Seeds: Lettuce, Parfnips and Radijh Seeds may be mixed with it, two of which are to be pulled up as foon as ready (vaMay\) Parfnips are of the fame Standing as they. If they come up too thick* they muft either be pulled up to a juft Thicknefs, (viz. the Tops muft not interfere one with another, if you would have them large) or thinned with a fmall Carrot-Hoe. The firft fown will be plucked in June.
Note, Freih Ground, unlefs digged two or three Times over, is iplproper ; becaufe the lighter the Soil, and deeper, the larger the Carrots and Parfnips ; Dung hinders the Roots from running deep, as Clods and Turf in new Ground do.
The ufual Way of lowing is, when the Ground is laid even in digging, to fow the Seed and rake it in ; feme* in little Parcels rake the Beds, then low the Seeds and cover' it by riddling Earth upon them : It lies a Month or fix Weeks before it appears above' Ground. In light fandy Ground the Seed is trod in and raked after.
There are three Sorts, the Orangey Rcdt and Yellow | but the firft is rnoft efteenVed.
Catch-Ply, the double fort, a Flower much admired by fome, is of a Carmine Colour, and llioots about 8 Inches high j ic is in-C	creafed50 The Gentleman Gardner's 'Director. creaied by parting the Roots in March or. September, and delights in a light Soil, and a warm Expofure I fhade it a little when it llowers, which it does commonly in May.
Chefnuts are propagated by planting the ■Nuts in February, in Beds of frefti Earth Set in Rills as you do Kidney-Beans, and a-bout the fame Depth,, with the Eye upper-moft •, then rake the Earth upon them, let the Rills be 7 or 8 Inches afunder, and you may fet 5 or 6 Rills on a Bed. Take Care to fecure the Nuts when fet from Mice. The Diftance between Chefnut-Buds fhould be 2 Feet wide. They will appear in Aprils and at two Years End fet at a greater Diftance. Chefnut-Trees, as molt other Trees, are belt removed in October or February: When you fet out for good, be as expeditious as you can,, for the Roots fhould not be long out of the Ground *, mind you do not injure them by bruifing or the like.
Caterpillars are very pernicious to a Garden, often devouring the tender Leaves of Cabbages, Colliflowers^ Crejfesy and Turneps \ and I find no better a Way to deftroy them, than to pick them off the Plants and kill them. You muft look over the Beds often, efpecially in warm Weather when the Butterflies fly Abroad.
CedarsThe Gentleman Gardner's Direftor. 51 Cedars are raifed as Firs, which fee: To get the Seeds out of the Cohtei, fome advifc to fplit the Cones, by driving a fharp Piece of Iron through the Center length-ways, and fo get at the Seeds. They are Trees of a quick Growth ;*'for I airt informed of fome that were planted in 1683, being then but about 3 Feet high, and, fome Years ago, two of thofe were 9 Feet in Girth, and 2 Feet a-bove the Ground, and the Branches of thofe extended more than 20 Feet every Way ; they do not fhopt high, but fpread much. | Some Travellers fay, that thofe Cedars whichgrqw on Mount Libanus+zxe. 12 Yards about, i. e. about, the Body of the Tree ; and moft believe they wijdid grow on our Foreft-Grounds, Heaths, and the like, as well as on Mount LibanuS, which is general-, ly accounted barren, cold, ftony Ground.
The Wood of the Cedar-Tree is famous for enduring, being Proof againfl: the Worm; it is faid not to like Nailiiig, ufuatly fhrrnk-ing from the Nails; fo that Pins of the lame Wood are preferable to them.
Celaftrus, the Cardinal's Flower, not unlike Canterbury-Bells, but much tenderer; Yis commonly planted in Pots filled with good light Earth. In Winter fet the Pots within Ground 3 or 4 Inches above the Top, and in cold Weather cover with a Glal's, C 2	which£2 The Gentleman Gardner's Director. which take off when it grows warm. It requires a warm Expofition, and flowers in'. June.
Chardoons, Spanijh, are railed of Seed Town' in April on Beds 4 or 5 Feet wide, the Earth good and wed prepared ; make Trenches a Foot wide, and 6 Inches deep, and fow the' Seeds Chequer-wife, 5 or 6 in a Hole, and thin to 2 or 3, if all come up ; the fecond Sowing is about a Month after. If the Seeds appear not, after the firft Sowing, in three ^eeks, you muft fow again.
They are whitened by tying up all the [Leaves with 2 or 3 Bands on a dry Day, and fome Days after quite cover them up with Straw or dry Litter well twilled about them, to keep the Air from them, except the Top, which is left open *, in 1.8 or 20 Days Time, they will be whitened: All Whitenings muft be ended before Winter approaches. The Seed is railed of Plants of the former Year fet in the Spring j begin to blanch in September.
There is a Sort of Cellery, which is called by fome Celeriac *, fow this about the End of March, and about Midfummer tranfplant; having cleared the Ground of Weeds, you mull dig a Trench by a Line, about a Foot wide and 8 Inches deep, loofening the Earthz« Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or.	53
in the Bottom, and laying it level; and the Earth, taken out of the Trench, lay on eitli . Side to earth the Plants with as they grow up. Let the Trenches be a Yard aiunder, and the Plants each 6 Inches. Cut the Tops when you fet them, and clofe the Earth to the Roots well, and water till you think they' have taken Root. When you draw in the Earth, .take Care not to cover the Heart of the Plants, and do it in a dry Day; for Wet will tend to rot the Plants. Good Seed of this, and other foreign Plants, may be now had at moft of our f£eed-lhops.
You may blanch Cellery after the fame Manner.
Let one or two Roots, not too much blanched, Hand for Seed, which will be fit to ■gather about the End of Auguft. *
Cellery is fown and managed as Chardocns, but is a little longer in Whitening; remember to blanch no more than you are likely to ufe, becaufe it rots as it ftands. Set the Plants clofe together, and then there needs much lefs Stuff to cover them, than when they are left Handing in their old Places at fuch great Diftances. Seed is raifed by tranf-planting fome Plan® in a By-place in the Spring; it is ripe in Augujl. The green P,ants abide the Froft, and will produce Seed.
C 3	Some54 The Gentleman Gard 'net's 'Director.
Some Gardeners tranfplant their Cellery Plants in June, for Blanch, into Trenches or Drills, 6 or 8 Inches deep j and fet their Plants 5 or 6 Inches afunder, and their Trenches a Yard afunder.
They plant thus, that they may draw Earth to the Roots as there is Occafion.
And they do this every Month to October, or later, that they may furnifli their Mailers Tables with a Succeffion of blanched Cellery ; the beil Time of drawing Earth to the Roots is, when it'fe dry; for wet Earth will rather rot, than blanch the Roots.
Chervil multiplied by. Seed, and is ufed in Sallads, (Vide Sallad Herbs.) Sow a little every Month, beginning in February, to, September, of which laft you may exped Seed in June follpwing. The Tops, while tender, are ufed only, unlefs you pleafe to boil the Roots, which are much commended for aged Per Jons.
Cherry-tree is raifed by grafting on the Black-Cherry Stone Stock i Dwarfs forjWalls or Palifades, 'on the Morelia Stock, Black Heart, or the fmall, bitter, early Cherry Stock.
. All which Stones are fet in November on a Bed in your Nurfery. The Time of Grafting is the latter End of January, and all February jThe Gentleman Gardner’s Dirdlor. 5 .,' bruary *, vide Grafting; or by Inoculathn in June, vide Inoculation.
Cherry-trees, if planted againft a Walt, fhould be placed 14 Feet afundcr* and fpme plant a Standard betweefi ^&Ch Dwarf, they being Dwarfs that are fet againft the Walls for the moft Part.
In pruning thefe Trees, never Ihoften the Shoots, becaufe moft of the Fruit-Buds arc on them.; lay the Branch«* along the Wall horizontally, and, what Vacancies are thereon* endeavour to make them up in the Month of May 1 and in that Month difplace all fore-lhooting Branphes ; for.thofe* if per-, mitted to grow till Winter, will rob the bear-* ing Branches of their due NoUftfhtnent. It is better to break off tholeFore-fiiQOU, than to cut them ; becaufe Cherries are apt to gum when cut, and bear the Knife the worft of any Fruit-tree.
If you would plant Holts of thefe Trees only, let the Places be defended from the Wefterly Winds, which are ftrong, and apt to break their tender Branches; this ooca-fions them to gum, and is very prejudicial to them.
Authors inform us, that Cherry-trees were brought firft into our Kingdom in the Year of our Lord 55.
C4
The§6 The Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or.
The Soil that Cherry-trees flourilh bed in, is a firefli Hazel loamy Soil; in a gravelly Soil, and a wet one, they will not continue long.
Sorts of Cherries.
Duke, Flanders, Black, Red, and White Heart, Lukeward, Spanifh-blackT Naples Cherries, Common Englifb, ripe in June, •, Carnations, Dwarf, Morelia, Great-Bearer, Morocco-Cherry, Egrim, Bigarreux, Darking, in July;, fometimes fooner.	~
Note, There are other Sorts called by the Place they bear well in. There’s the May-Cherry ripe in May.* Dwarfs are planted at about 12 Feet Diftance, Standards at 22 or 24 Feet, after the fame Way that Apples are* vide Apples.
Chrijimas-Flower is a Plant of a low Growth, but its Flowers are large and white like fingle Rofes ; but they are green in the Middle, and their Outfide tinged with a fine Red : Froft and Snow do not hinder their Blowing. One may propagate either by parting the Roots, or lowing the Seeds in February ' It loves a fandy Lome: It flowers in December, whence it took its Name Chrifi-. mas-Flower, being a Species of Hellebore.
Cions, either for Grafting or Inoculating, always take them from a goodly and plentifully bearing Tree* for, if it be from a 1	youngThe Gentleman Gartfner's DircBor. 57 young Tree, or one which has not yet borne Fruit, (though of a moft excellent Kind) it will be a long Time ere your Graft produce any Fruit confiderable.
Cions for Cherries, Tears, and Plums, cut offin January; for apples in March, and let them lie fome Days in the Ground, before they beufed.
Ciftus Male, and Cijlus Lcdon, their Culture is the fame : They are raifed from Seed fown on an Hot-bed, I prefume, and the Plants muft be houfed in Winter. In May they begin to flower, and continue fo to do till September, in which Month it is the fafeft, on a dry Day, to carry them into the Confer-*vatory.
Clary is raifed from Seed fown in March ; tranfplant when big enough, andfet 8 Inches afunder. You may Ihift again at Michael-masy and fet at a greater Diftance.
- Colchicum, or Meadow Saffron, is propagated by the Roots fet about the End of Augufi, or in September, 4 Inches deep; its green Leaves putout in the Spring, but the Flowers appear not till September. There are feveral Sorts, and fometimes new Faces are produced by fowing the Seed as foon as it is ripe. It is called, The Son before the Father.
Columbines are raifed by fowing the Seed of the beft Sorts in April j they will flower C 5	the58 The Gentleman Gardner's Dire tier. the Year after: In fl.ugufl the Seed will be ripe, in which Month you may fow them alfoj fome accounting that the fitter Sea-Ion.
• Colutea \ there is the Fellow, the Scarlet, and the Dwarf; the firft flowers in February, and is raifed by fowing its Seed on an Hot-bed in March or April; and, when the Plants are two or three Inches high, put into Pots of fine Earth; and place in a warm Ex* pofure.
, The Scarlet-flowered, Colutea is managed after the'jame Manner, but it flowers not till June, and likes to be (heltered in the Green-Houfe in Winter. The Dwarf Sort bears yellow Flowers, and has the fame Culture as the other Sorts; but flowers not till October or November.
. Convolvulus i there are feveral Sorts of this Flower, which are fown to cover Arbours, I>aliiades,.£?V. in the Spring on an Hot-bed; as foon as big enough, tranfplant and fet Sticks for them to run about; fome of them may be raifed on a Bed of fine dryifli Earth in April.
Coriander is fown in Gardens and Fields; ttpon the Account of the Seeds, in the Month oi February, on frefh light Ground *, when they are come up, they are to be hoed as .Carrots, to the Diftance of 4 or 5 Inches,
orTbe Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or. 59 or more, afunder, and kept dleah from Weeds, io ordered, they will produce Seed in Plenty.
Corn-flag, in Latin Gladiolus, of feveral Colours; they are raifed of Off-fets fet in September, in all Soils"almoft, and increafe very much.
Corn-Sallad, a Sort of Lettuce, is fown in Anguß, and will abide the Winter ; or you may low it in January or February.
Cortufa MattbipU, Bear's Sankle, is raifed of Seed, and has the fame Culture as Celaf-trus,. which fee \ this 'flowers in April.
Cowflips, alias Polyanthus's, may be raifed of Seed, which is ripe in Augufl, or fooner. Make a Bed of good Earth, and fow the Seeds in September; they will come up at Spring, and in Augufl following you may tranfplant, to flower in March and April.
There are feveral Sorts, both Angle and double, and, every Sowing produces new Variety.
The Jerufalem Cowflip is a Plant that has been long in this Country : It is increafed by parting the Roots in February, March, or September-, the Leaves a little referable tlie Polyanthus’s Leaves, and fo do the Flowers^ which, at firft Appearing, are of a faint C rim-* fon Colour, and then turn bluifli: It flowers C 6	in6o The Gentleman Gardner's ’Director. in March., The Country Dames ufe the Leaves in Spring as a Pot* herb, j Crejfes are to be Town every Month from Candlemas to Michaelmas, in Rows very thick j the Sorts fold by the Seedlmen are the Common,, the Broad-leaved, and the Curled Crejfes. The Indian Crefs, alias Najlurtiutn, or Capuchin Capers, are raifed on an Hot-bed in March, or in good Earth in April. They muft be tranfplanted along by fome Wall or Tree, upon which they willjrun, if well watered. The Buds before they flower are good to pickle in Vinegar: The Flowers are ufed in cold Sallads. Gather the Seed, which will fall off as foon as ripe i it is ribbed, and of a pyramidal Figure.
Crocus’s, of feveral Sorts and Colours, all which may be raifed of Seed fown in September, in Earth neither too fat, nor too poor, expofed to the Sun •, the Time of Tranfplanting is the latter End oijuly, into fuch Soil as they were fown in. They flower in February, or fooner.
Sorts of Crocus's are the White, fmall Tel-low, great Blue, fmall Blue, Tellow Dutch, and the White Jlriped.
. Crown Imperial, feveral Kinds*, they are commonly propagated from the Bulbs which are^difplanted in June, and kept out of the Ground till Augujtthey require good rich
Eaj-thjThe Gentleman Gardner's Dire 51 or. 61 Earth, and will languilh in a dry Soil. Some are railed of Seed fown in Auguft, but it is a tedious Way. They flower in March and April.
Cives are multiplied only by OfF-fets in the Spring or Autumn, and the Leaves ufed in Sallads.
Cucumbers; the firfb are fown, firft fteep-ing the Seeds in Milk for a Day, in February, and fo on to the Middle of May, on Hot-beds, and tranfplanted as foon as they are fit; in May they will [fprout in cold Earth j they come in early or late, according a? they were fown. Wet is prejudicial to the Seed, when new fown, often rotting it •, but helps the Plants to flioot, and is required frequently in dry Summers. April is the Time for Tranfplanting either to Ridges (in wet Seafons) well prepared ; (i. e.) the natural Earth taken away, and the Trench filled with Horfe-Dung, that has been thrown upon an Heap to heat, then covered with a liitle fine Eardi 4 Inches thick ; or in Holes (in dry Summers') filled with Dung almoft, and covered with Earth; (the Holes are to contain the Water you give the Plants let in them.) Remember to Ikreen the newly-lhift-ed Plants from the Sun for a few Days, till they have taken Root; fave fome of the ear-lieft for Seed.
An2 6 The Gentleman Gardner's Direffor.
An experienced Gardener gives this Advice about faving Cucumbers for Pickling:
. In May, when the Weather is fettled, dig lip fquare Holes at about 40 Inches Diftance from one another, and* having put fome good Manure into each Hole, and covered that with fine Earth 3 or 4 Inches thick, put 8 or 9 Seeds into the Middle of each Hole; thele cover about half an Inch, and, if the Weather is dry, water each Hole, being made in the Form of a Bafon, when the Seeds are fet, 2 or 3 Days after.
In five or fix Days, if the Weather be good* the Cucumbers will appear, which you muft fecure from Sparrows, who are very fond of the young Heads: In about a Week they will be out of Danger. Water often, if the Summer be dry, and draw the Earth to the Plants with a Floe. To gather 2 or 3000 Picklers, it is necefiary to have 60 or 70 Holes.
Some eat them diced with Vinegar, Salt, Pepper, and a little Oil \ others flice an Onion to correct the Crudity j otherwife ule Oil, Vinegar* and Sugar.
' Curran-Free is propagated by Slips from an old Root, any Time from the Fall of the Leaf to the End of February: Plant at the Diftance -of 3 or 4 Feet, or more, if you would have the Trees grow large} but the
longerThe Gentleman Gardner's Direftor. 63 longer they Hand, the fmaller the Fruit will be ; the youngeft Shoots bearing the Jargeft Berries: Some cut out all the old Wood, and retain only the young, of tranfplant young Slips every 3 or 4 Years. There are three Sorts, the fVhitey Redy and Blacky not very common.
Curran-Trees in Efpaliers Ihould be 8 Feet afunder.
Cyclamens are raifed of Seed which wè low as foon as it is ripe in Boxes, and at two Years End tranfplant. There are two Sorts, the Vernal and the Autumnal: The Vernal is fown in Spring,and the Autumnal in Autumn. They form firft their Bulbs, then their Flowers : In planting fet them not above 2 Inches deep, and about 8 or 9 Inches afunder : The Autumnal delights irt a little Shade, Vernal in an airy Place. If you propagate from the Roots, do it in June or Julyt or before the Time of their Blowing.
Cyprefs-Tree may be raifed of Seeds, firlt fteeped till it fwells in the Month of O5lobêry in light Ground 3 cover handfomely, and, as foon as they appear, fecure from the Froll; and, if you fow not before March, guard off the Summer Heats. Keep them clean, from Weeds. March is the Time both for Tranfplanting and Clipping, if warm 3 if it is64 She Gentleman Gardner's Direfior'. cold, defer the latter Operation till April or May, after Rain.
Cytifus is a tender Plant, and is propagated by Slips taken off in June, and fet in a moift Place in the. Shade : It blofioms in May, and muft be houfed in November.
IDaifies •, thofe planted in Gardens are ufu-ally propagated by parting the Roots in Autumn \ They fhould not be fet in Places too much expofed to the Sun. You may plant them for Edgings in a poor Soil, and tranf-plant every Year to have them keep their Colour.
Daffodils, of feveral Sorts, are taken up in June, and kept dry till September ; then fet in vacant Places at the Outfides of the Garden. If you are minded to produce new Faces, fow the Seeds in September, and in 2 or 3 Years the Bulbs will be formed for Tranfplanting.
Dens CaninuSt or Dog's Tooth Violet, a Kind of Satyriont is increafed by its Roots planted in Augujt, in frelh Earth, not dunged.
Wet is prejudicial to the newly planted Bulb, and often rots it. It would not continue long out of the Ground, as fome other Bulbous Roots will.
Dittany is a Plant that abides Hardlhip, and may be propagated either by the Roots
inThe Gentleman Gardner's DireBor. 65 m March, or by its Seed fown in rich Earth, :ibout the Beginning of 'September ; take Card you do not lofe it, therefore cut off the Pods n Augujl^ before they open. There areRed> White, and JJh-coloured Flowers, which appear in June.
Of Dungs and Ccmpqfls.
Dungs have two Properties •, the one is to produce a certain fenfible Heat, which they do when frefh : The other Property is to fatten the Earth, and to render it more fruitful.
Hogs-dung is faid by fome to be the fatted, and mod beneficial of all, efpecially for Fruit-Trees, Pears, and Apples, in a light Soil.
Human Dung is a great Improver of all cold and four Earths.
A French Writer fays, if a Tree produces yellow Leaves, before they ought to be fo coloured, with a Sign of its Decay, fpread the Dung of Pigeons, about an Inch thick, at the Foot of the Tree, and let it lie till March, then dig it in.
Cows-dung is the bed for mod Sorts of Flowers, if thoroughly rotten and dried, to get Worms, (Ac. out of it j then beat it finall, and mix with good Earth.
Deers-66 The Gentleman Gardiner's Director.
Beers-dung^ where it may be had, is a very ’ good Mixture for tender Plants, much of; the Nature of Cows.
Horfe-dung is chiefly ufed for Hot-beds,, Plants of quick Growth, and may do well enough for Flowers when rotten, and treated as the Cows-du?igt or mixed with it and j good Mould.
Pigeons-dung, as well as of Poultry, after its firft Heat is over, is very proper for Afpa-ragus, Strawberries, &c. if mixed with good Mould, and for the Fig-tree and fuch-like Exotics.
Pond-mud ; the ftift Part of it is very good for light Ground, and the fandy Part for ftiff.
: Saw-dujl, when rotten, is very proper, but elpecially IVillow-eartb, for fibrous-rooted . lowers, as Auricula's, &c.
Sheeps-dung is of the fame Nature with Beers, and is commended by fome Florifts, when we are forced to tranfplant good Flowers in Summer, managed thus: Put it into fo much Water, as by ftirring may turn it to Pap, and, when diffolved, mix it with fine-fifted Earth, above 4 or 5 times the Quantity, in which Compofition plant; it adheres to the Plant, keeping it cool and moift, and caufes it to thrive, as well as if it had been
planted‘The Gentlemen Gardner’s Dir til or. 67
planted in its proper Seafon. For Want of Sheeps t you may ufe Cows Dung.
Strawy well rotten and mixed with Earth, is good for fibrous-rooted Flowers, as Ane-mcnieSy &c. •
Dwarf-trees are planted at 12 Feet Dif-tance, efpecially Pearly > with a Dwarf-apple or Cherry between, and are ordered in the Planting as Apple-ftandards, For the mod Part, we let the GraftstA Dwarfs Hand till the third Year, but remove thofe of Standards after the fecond. What I would have you underftand by Ordering is, that Dwarfs mull be pruned both Roots and Head, before they be planted, and fet in newly-trenthed Ground, about half a Foot deep; for, by the Time the Earth is well fettled, and the Holes .filled up, theywill.be a full Foot in the Ground; Never plant deeper.
Dwarf-apples are the Red Pippin, Kentijh Pippiny Grtys Pippin, Golden Pippin, Bardin Rambour, Pome-apiSy Red and While Calviky PI on-par eil.
The Figure of a Dwarf-tree is generally more regarded byfomePruners than the Fruit it ought to bear j but remember this, that, in the Management of Dwarf-pearsy you keep your Trees conftantly in young Wood, and be allured, that all Branches of more than three
Years68 . The Gentleman Gard’ner's Dir eft or.
Years old are unprofitable, unlefs they are fuch as the young Shoots fpring from.
Dwarf-fears are of three Seafons. Summer, Autumnal, Winter.
Summer. Bergamot, Petit Mufcat, Petit Blanket, Cniffe Madame, Roujfelette de Reims, * Cajfolette, Boncretien.
Autumnal. Bergamo de Btify,	de
Bonne, Mejfire Jean, the Grey Sugar Pear, Autumn Bergamot, Vermilion, Red Butter Pear.
Winter. . Vergoleufe, Colmart, \Amhrette, -Rujfeline, Eajler Bergamot, Bonchretien, Dry Martin.
N. B. There are other Sorts, but thefe may fuffice as a Specimen to the Lefs-knowing, and, if his Curiofity leads him farther, the Nurfery-man will readily inform him of what Sorts he has berdes.
Earths. Clay-ground requires often Digging and Throwing into Ridges, that the Sun and Frofts may render it lighter : Sand, likewife, taken out of Brooks, muft be mixed with the Soil, and alfo old Thatch, Turfajhes, Lime, Saw-dufi, Rotten-wood, with Cows-dung, well rotted, efpecially where you defign to plant Flowers.
Chalky Land fhould have the fame Treatment, being naturally cold, though not fo frequently.
MarlyThe Gentleman Gardner's Director. 69 » Marly Land is meliorated by frequent Digging, and warm and light Compofts.
Sandy Ground is belt improved by dunging with Pond-mud, Cows-dung, &c. and is the propereft Soil for Gardens.
The Quality of the Earth, where a Garden is defigned, may be known by the Smell and Tafteif you’ll infufe an Handful or two of it in Water, for 8 or 10 Hours, you will eafily find it out by the Tafte of the Water *, and, if it be bad, you may be allured the Fruits and Plants will be tainted with it.
Earwigs^ a pernicious Enemy to Flowers, &c. aredeftroyed by fetting Hooves of Neats-feet on the Sticks you tie your Flowers to, in June and July, which they will go into for Shade about Noon-, then take and fhake them out.
Edgings, for your Knots and Borders, are of Dwarf-boxy(videBox.) Hyjffbp, either fown, or Slips fet in March and Aprils Thyme of fe-veral Sorts, Germander, Marjoram, Lavender, Rue, Rofemary, Periwinkle, Violets, fet then ; but thefe Nine require to be clipped often. Pinksy Thrifty and Savoury; but thefe are apt to die and leave Gaps in your Edgings. -Never clip any of your Herbs after Bartholo-mew-tidey nor let your laft Clipping be very near, for that endangers them in the Winter following.
Endive79 'The Gentleman Gardner's Director.
Endive White, or Succory, are very feldom fown before Mid-May., very thin, in order to be whitened where they grow j but thofe that are for Winter Spending are not fown before Auguft, on Beds of 4 or 5 Feet wide; fow them by a Line, and thin them, if too near together : Water often, if the Seafon is dry.-In September, towards the End, begin to whiten it thus : Plant the Stocks pear together, > and tie .them in 2 or g Bands, according as' they are in Height, and in twenty Days they will .he whitened. When Froft comes, cut. it clofe to the Earth, then cover with Plenty of long Dung; by which Means it being for?3 ced to fpring up in Obfcurity, its Shoots grow white and tender. Some do. it more neatly, by fetting Props from Side to Side to keep the Dung from touching it; and it will Ihoot up in the fame Manner, under fuch hollow Covering, as well as a clofer, if you take* Care to flop up the Paflages on all Sides, that no Light or Air get in. To have it long, tranfplant fome of it into your Conferva! cry in Winter: And, for Seed, you muft let it con-' tinue green, and in June it runs up to Seed. The wild Endive is fown any Time from March, to have the Plants ftrong for Whiten ing before Winter. Endive that is blanched in Summer, either where it was fo.wn, or on the Bed it is tranfplanted to, fhould be a.
*	FootThe Gentleman Gardiner’s Director. 71 Foot one Plant off another, and in a ftraight Line.
Efculents, or Roots and Plants for Food, which are fold by the Seedfmen, are,
Afparagus, Common, Dutch, and Spanilh; Alexander, Artichoaks. Beet, Red and White. Carrot, Orange, Red, and Yellow. Car dims Mari<e, Cabbage, Colliflower, Roccombo, SaJJify, Shallot, Scorzonera, Skerret. Cardon, Cellery, Endive, plain and curled. Fennel, Italian. Garlic, Potato, Parfnip. Radijh, Black, London, Sandwich, White, Turnep-rooted. Rampions, Succory. Turnep, Long, Round, Sfellow, Hanover, Norfolk, Kind.
Elms, ufed in Walks and Groves, may be [■ailed of Seed fown \n September-, let that Part bf your Nurfery be the loofeft and moft traceable Ground, and, when you have drawn out vour Beds, give them a Covering of an Inch [n Thicknefs of the Hot-bed Mould; after ehat, fow the Seed as diftinftly as you can, or in Drills, having firft fteeped it till it fwell [.n River Water * then cover it handfomely, ind keep the Bed clear of Weeds. When ;he Plants are 8 or 10 Feet high, fet them out at about 15 Feet afunder, and not above ;aalf a Foot deep in the Earth. The molt Spreading are the belt and handfomeft in Walks.
Eringo7 2 The Gentleman Gardner's ' Dire ft or.
Eringo is raifed of Seed in September, Town: thin in light, rich Ground ; (if you defign tor: have it grow there without Tranfplantation)f keep the Weeds off, and give it due Watering, efpecially in hot Weather.
Efpaliers are Hedges of Fruit-trees, plant- • ed to encompals the Parts of a Kitchen-garden, which, when handfomely managed, are of great Service in flickering the Plants fet in i thofe Parts ; and, befides, are both profitable : and beautiful.
The Trees, planted for Efpaliers, are Tears, Apples, Plums, &c.
Pears for Efpaliers are the Blanquet, Sum- ■ mer Boncretien, Hambden'% Bergamot, Buerr du > Roy, St. Michael, L. Marquis, Monjieur John, Crejfane, and fome others •, and are to be let at 12 Feet Diftance. Bend down every Branch towards the Ground, that will come into the : Line of the Efpaliery and cut away the reft, fuftering none to ftand upright, for that will deprive the others of their Nourifhment. Tie the Shoots of the planted Trees to fhort Stakes the firft Year*, the fécond Year, fet. Poles of 14 or 15 Feet in Length, and about 2 or 3 Feetafunder, or lefs, that you may not want to tie the Shoots to.
To prune Efpalier Pear-trees, keep no 1 Wood, except the main Branch, or leading .Ones that are above 4 Years old. And, when
<	youTie Gentleman Gardner's Director. 73 you lay in any large Shoots, leave' them their Length, and they will produce bearing Branches, which are for the moft part of the fecond and third Year. •
Apples for Efpaliers are the Golden Pippint Nonpareil, Renette, Aromatic Pippin, Holland Pippin, Wheeler's Ruffet, and other Sorts of Ruffettings; Apples are planted, andlikewife Pears, in October. Alh Poles will abide in the Ground as long as any.
There are crofs Poles to be nailed on the Top of the upright ones, and flenderer than the Standard Poles all the Way down, at 2 or 3 Feet Diftance, or lefs ; Rock or Fir Laths are not amifs, and to thefe the Branches are to be tied with Oliers, or fome fuch Thing.
Some plant Pears and Apples alternately.
. If you plant Standards of any Sorts in an Efpalier, they ftiould be kept in a Pyramidal Figure above the Efpalier, and not be fuffered to lpread in a wild Manner; or you may cut them in the Fafhion of a Fan, the Side next the Walk-, and let the other grow at its Liberty, which , will certainly be a Means of giving more Fruit.
Peaches as well as Plums may be planted in Efpaliers, and fo may Neblarines ; the Anne-Peach, and thofe Sorts that come in as late as the Newington, are proper for thefe D	Plant a-74 The Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or* Plantations. You prune thefe fetin the Ef-palier as you do againft the Wall.
Some plant Abricots therein, as the Romany the Orange^ and the Turkey Sort; alfo Cher ries and feme Vines.
The Width of the Walks, in large Gardens next EfpalierSy fhould be 14 or 15 Feet; let the Lines the Trees are planted in incline Eajlerly or Wefierly, that they may have the Benefit of the Morning and Evening Sun.
Efpaliers are found to be very advantageous for Fruit; it being generally better tafted than that which grows on Dwarf-trees-, and, befides this Advantage, they take up but a little Room in a Garden.
. Eternal .Flower; it is called fo, becaufe the Flowers, when cut off, will continue in the fame Perfection many Years; it is raifed by dividing the Roots in March: It likes a warm Expofure and a light Soil. There is a Sort that was brought from Portugal, which "bears Flowers of a bright yellow Colour, and flowers in November or December, and has the fame Culture with the. firfi: Sort, which flowers in Augufi.
Fcenugreek is a Plant that may be propagated by fowing the Seed about the Beginning of March, on a light Soil. When they come up, thin to about 4 or 5 Inches Distance iFbe Gentleman Gardener's Director, 75 tance ; keep clean from Weeds : The Seeds will be ripe in September, or fooner.
FemaleBalfam, double-ftriped, brings Flowers very double, Leaves white and ftriped with Crimfon, and fometimes with Purple, The Seeds are Town on Hot-beds in February or March, and the Plants are removed into Pots, watering them well, and fetting in a Chimney where no Fire is made in the Summer Months; where, if duly watered, and the Earth in the Pots be rich, they will grow to the Height of 4 or 5 Feet; but, if they be planted abroad, they will hardly exceed 1 Feet.
Fences for Gardens 5 the beft are thole that are made of Stone or Brick, which Ihould be 1 o or 12 Feet high *, but, if you cannot afford to have fuch Fences, you may make Fences of the White-Fhorn, Holly, the Black-Thorn, and Crab, by either planting Sets in February, or fowing the Haws or Berries.
Upon dry fandy Banks you may plant French Furs, or fow their Seeds in March-: Keep them clear of Weeds, and clip in moift Weather ; let them not run too high.
You may alfo make Fences of Elder Stickst fet flope-wife in your Banks, fo as to make Cbeqiier-work, and they will produce a Fence as foon as any Thing.
D 2	For
»7 6 The Gentleman Gardner's Direftcr.
For middle Fences in a Garden, the Tew is a very fenfible, governable, and durable Plant.
For furrounding IVildernefs Quarters, Elm, Lime, Horn-beam, Beech, and Birch, are very proper.
Fennel is fown in March, but, if you let any of the preceding {land till its Seed is ripe, which is ufually in September, you cannot be fo careful, but that fome will {hake off and prevent your Sowing it v the old Roots put put frefh Shoots every Spring : The tender Leaves and Tuft, being mixed, are eaten with Vinegar, or Oil and Pepper: The Stalks, when young, are peeled and flit long-wife, and eaten with 0/7, Vinegar, Salt, and Pepper. Take Care of the green Worm that is -often met withal in the Stalks.
Ficoides, or the Fig-Mary gold \ there is a Sort that produces yellow Flowers, and a fecond Sort that bears Flowers of a reddifh Purple Colour : Both Sorts are raifed from Cuttings, and flower in November and December.
Fig-Tree•, the Sorts that are planted in England are the Blue, Dwarf, Purple, Scio, and Yellow, againft Walls moll expofed to the Sun, or in Cafes : They are propagated by laying in March, (peg down a young Branch, about-half a Foot deep, or not fo much, and it will %	<	beThe Gentleman Gardiner's Dir eft or. 7 7 be fir. to be taken off in a Year) and, i nMarcb a Year after, you may plant your Layers. The Dung of Poultry, mixed with fome rich M&uld, is a very proper Compoft for the Pig-tree; water well after Setting, and, as you fee Occafipn, tillMzy, when you muff do it once every Week ; in June almoft every Day, efpecially thofe planted in Cafes. In June ox July you have the firft Fruit; the fecond Crop in September.
The belt Soil for Figs in England is a gravelly, chalky, or ftony Soil; fof, altho* a ftrong Soil will produce vigorous Branches and large Leaves, yet the Fruit will neither be fo plentiful, nor fo well tailed, as that which grows on a poor and dry Soil.
Fig-trees lhould be always fet In an open Place, not under other Trees, nor under the Shade of Buildings. The Fig-trees, planted for Standards in the open Air, need little Management. Michaelmas is found to be the beft Time of pruning Fig-trees againft Walls; and, in doing that Work, mind thefe Things, jFirjl, To have a Supply of young Branches in every Part of the Tree. Secondly, Not to cut any of the Shoots of the laft two Years, which only produce Fruit. Thirdly, To nail the Fruit Branches in Winter clofe to the Wall, which is a Means to fave them from Froft. Fourthly, To lay the old Bran-D 3	ches7 8 aw Gentleman Gardner's Director. ches not thicker than io or 12 Inches afun-.d±r. And, Fifthly, in order to get young Branches, flop the leading Bud of the young vigorous Shoots in April, or the Beginning of May.
To ripen Figs^ put in a "Drop of Oil Olive into the Eye or Blojfom of the Fig.
I had almod: forgot to tell you to let thofe planted by Walls have fome Liberty, and not be clofe tacked thereto, as other Wall-trees are, but rather upheld by Poles faftened to th^ Wall : In Winter you may put them nearer the Walls, and take Care to defend them from the Cold, and fo to do from October to Aprils or near it. You may take .off all the Suckers every Winter from the Toot near the Root, and plant them in a Trench near a Wall, and cover j thefe will iurnifh you with Store.
Never let Fig-trees grow high ; therefore the new thick Branches ought to be fhort-fcned to a Foot or thereabouts, and the Bud, at the End of the Branch in Spring, to be broken off j the fame Courfe in pinching Buds in Summer is alfo profitable ; cut off the weakeft Branches, becaufe the thick and ftrongeft always bear. A Layer, when plant** ed, muff be cut to the Length of a Foot above its Roots, and fet Tn a Cafe or BafketThe Gentleman Gardiner's Dire Bon. 79 of 6 Inches fquare, and put into an Hot-bed, if you would have vigorous Shoots.
Finochia, or Italian Fennel, is a Plant that has not been long known in England, and is efteemed as a great Rarity its Properties are thele: It exhilarates the Spirits, refines the Blood, and ftrengthens the Stomach. The Seeds brought from Italy are the belt; for thofe faved in England are apt to degenerate. Begin to fow in February in a warm Situation, and in a dry Soil. Dig your Ground well, and make Rills or Lines, in which fow the Seeds 3 or 4 Inches afunder, and each Rill near half a Yard diftant. When the Plants appear, which they will in about a Month, take Care to keep clean from Weeds •, it is to be blanched as Cellery is, fome Time before it is ufed : Blanch with fandy Earth, and not with dungy, which is apt to make it canker.
When you ufe it, cut off the long Roots, and the Fibres, preferving the Knob with great Care •, next pare off all the Outfide of the Root and Leaves, leaving only the Heart, It is faid the Italians eat the blanched Roots with Pepper, 0/7, and Vinegar j others eat it only with Salt.
You may fow a fecond Crop about a Month after the firft, and fo continue Sowing every Month till July ; after which Time it will be too late to fow the Seed,
*	D 4
YouSo She Gentleman Gardener's 'Director.
| You may fow it on a moift Soil in April and May •, a fmall Bed of it will be enough for a middling Family.
Fir-tree may be raifed of Seeds fown in March or September ; the Seeds are in the •Cones, which Jay by till the Time of fowing, and then lay before a gentle Fire, and they 'will open, which fow immediately, that is, in a few Days: Cover the Ground, to prevent the Seeds from being picked up by Birds, and the Ground from drying too much, which will hinder the Sprouting : The Covering, if not thick, may be fuffered to lie to keep the young Plants from being fcorched by the Sun. The Winter following lay Litter about jthem to keep off the Frolls. Remove at 3”Years End, and fet at about 10 or 12 Feet Diftance.. Set Stalks to keep the Wind from prejudicing them, to which tie them with £tra\v or Hay-bands r A gravelly Soil, or chalky one, is proper to plant them in.
The ufual Way of raifingtFirs in fmall Parcels is in lhallow Tubs of 8 or 9 Inches deep, and of what Length you pleafe. Bore TIoles jn the Bottom, of them to let out the fuperftuous Moiilure, and lay fmall Stones nejtt the Bottom to keep in the Earth: Untried Earth from Failure Ground, of a mel-lowilh Nature, or not too lliff, is a proper Soil to fow them m -t fill the Tubs, and fmooth
I theFhe Gentleman Gardner's Dire ft or. ' 8i the Earth, then fow the Seeds about the End of September, and cover a Quarter of an Inch thick with the fame Mould. Tubs are ufed for raifing thefe Seeds, becaufe they may be removed into the Shade when the Sun grows hot, and again into the Sun in colder Weather. Seeds of a Year or two old are the belt: The Sorts raifed commonly in our Nation are the Cyprus Fir, the Silver f ir, Norway Fir, Scotch Fir, Pinajier, and Great Pine, New England Fir.
The beft Time for removing them is January or February. You may clip it, if you would have it grow thick like a Cyprefs ; do that in March.
Flowers, a Catalogue of them, for every Month in the Year. January. In this Month blow Dwarf King’s Spear, the fingle Ane-monies, Winter Cyclamens, Acacia, Snow Drops, Pritnrofes, Winter Aconite, Double Blue Violet, Dwarf Fithymal, Tellow Ficoides.
February. Now blow Perjian Iris, Crocus’s, Silver Alaternus, Narciffus, Dens Cani-nus, Hepatica’s, Yellpw Gilliflowers, Prim-rofes and Anemonies. Mezerion Free, Fruitbearing Almond, Colutea, Double Pilewort. ‘
March. Narcijfus, Pqjfe Flower, Bulbous Iris's, Polyanthus’s, Cyclamens, Hepatica’s, Daffodils, Violets, Hyacinths, Jonquils, Auricula’s, fome of the two preceding Months, *	D 5	White82 The Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or. "White Flower Almond, Wall-flower, Larch-Tree, Jerufalem Cowflip.
April. Dazies and Hepatica's, Iris's, Keiri or Wall-flower, Rofemary, Panjies, Ranunculus, Polyanthus's, Auricula's, Tulips, Gentia-Stella's, Crown Imperial, Double Cuckow Flower, Sea Pink, Double Paradife, Syringa's, Fritilla-ries, Lauruflinus-tree, Star of Bethlehem, Marjh Marigold, Lily of the Valley, Paliurus.
May. Columbines and Tulips, Peonies, Double Jonquils, Ranuncula's, AJpbodels, Yellow Lily, Lychnis, Orchis, Pinks, Rofes, Common Cinnamon, and Gilder ; Rockets, Veronica's, Stock-Gilly-flowers, Star-flower, Chalcedons, Crowfoot, Martagon, Double Catchfly, Venetian Vetch, Arbor Jud<e, Bee-flowers, Campanula's, Honey-Suckles, Buglofs,Moly, Cy anus's, Cytifus, Chama-iris, Iris's, or Flower de Luce's.
June. Snap-Dragons, Amarantbus's, Antirrhinum, Campanula, Convolvulus, Lychnes, Pinks, Nafturtium Indicum, Praxinella, Jaf-rnines, Honey - Suckles, Carnations, Panfies, Rofes; Campions, Poppies, Marigolds, Stock-Gilliflowers, Corn-flag, Satyrions, Hollyhocks, Tube-rofes, Digitalis ox Foxglove, Monks-hood, Candy Tufts.
July. Several of the laft Month, Bajils, Geraniums, Gladiolus, July-flowers, J all Sorts, Clematis or Virgin's Bower, African Marigolds, Thlafpi Creticum,Veronica,Lark-heels, Lupines,
< Scabious,The Gentleman Gardner's Director. 83; Scabious, Marvel of Peru, Lobefs Catchflies> Lilies of all Sorts, Apples of Love, Marigolds, Everlafting Pea, Sweetflmelling Pea, Female Balfams, Dittany, Scarlet Beans, Oleanders, Paflion-flower, Cardinal-flower, Sunflower, Thorn-apple, Valerian.
Auguft. Several of the laft Month, Colchi-. cum, Autumnal Hyacinths, Belvederes. And in July. Ranunculus, Cyclamens, Amaran-tbus's, Starwort, Nigella Monthly Rofes, Hellebore, Jeffamines, the Mallow-tree.
September. Atnomum Plinii, feveral of the preceding Months, Love-apples% Moly, Col-chicums, Guemfey Lily, Indian Pinks, Æthio-pic Apples, Spanifh Jafenine, Muß Rofe.
Oitober. Panjies, Amomus, and feveral of the Receding Months, Heliotropes, Arbutus.
November. Anemonies, fingle ; Winter Cyclamens, Panfies, Dazies, Snap-Dragons, fome Stock Gilliflowers.
December. Thofe of the foregoing Months*
IV. B. Some of the above-named Flowers blow foonçr or later, according as the Soil they grow in is, or the Time they were planted at.
Fox-glove, or Digitalis, may be raifed of Seed in April. The Seedling-Plant will be fit to remove in September following. Yon may fplit the old Koots as you do Carna-»	D 6	tiens.$4 The Gentleman Gardner’s DireUor. tions. They require Water often in hot tWeather.
Fox-glove, a Shrub brought from the Canaries j it produces Bunches of Flowers of a yellow Colour within-fide, and Orange Colour without: Is a Green-houfe Plant, loves a fight Soil when planted abroad *, the Seeds are Town on an Hot-bed in March.
Fraxinella is a Sort of Dittany., and is propagated either by the Seed fown in light Ground in Auguji (cover thofe that come up in cold Weather with long Straw, or dry Dung) which will be big enough to be transplanted the April following j it will require Water in hot Weather, or from the^Roots fet in March. •
French Honey-fuckjcs are either with Red, White, of Purple Flowers ; they are all propagated by fowing the Seeds in April, in a Bed of light frefh Earth. When the Plants are grown to fome Bignefs, tranfplant into other Beds of like Earth, in an open Exposure *, let about io Inches afunder, or more: They flower in June and July, and the Seed is ripe .in Auguji.
Fritillaria, or Chequered Lily, grows beft in Pots filled with fat Earth, being fet about 3 Inche^ $eep. It loves to be cool, and, when the Seafoniis hot, requires proper Watering : The Bulbs are difplanted m Auguji y they will
< notThe Gentleman Gardner's Dire ft or. 85 not abide long out of the Earth. Its Seeds are fown in the fame Month, thus : Take away the Earth from the Bed you defign to fow them on, about 4 Inches; then lay flat Stones, or Tiles all over the remainingEarth, fill up again with fine fiftfed Mould, then fow the Seed of your choiceft Flowers not too thick, an Inch afunder ; then riddle more of the richeft Mould upon them, half an Inch thick. The Stones make the Bulbs grow bigger, when thdy are hindered from flriking deep into the Earth. v
Garlic is either fet (I mean its Cloves) in February ox Marcher its Seed fown in a good rich Soil. About the End of June, tie the Leaves in Knots, which will make it head and prevent their Spindling \ it may be taken up in Auguft.
Guernfey Lily delights in a warm, rich, fflndy Soil, and is propagated by its Bulbs <>r Off-fets from the Bulbs fet in Aprils in fome Corner where it may be expofed to the Sun.
Gelder Rofe is increafed by its Suckers fet in October or November.
The belt Time to remove GelderRofe-trees^ is the latter End of September: They will grow in cold Expofitions and Soils, where few other Shrubs will. They flower in May, and continue till June.
»	Gen86 The Gentleman Gardiner's Director.
Gentianella is ufually propagated by parting the Roots in March. Some fet it as an Edging all along the Borders. It flowers in September.
Geranium, or Crane's-Bill, feveral Sorts, viz. the Embroidered, the Scarlet, Noble O-lens, or that which fmells in the Night; the Sour-leaved Geranium, the bejtpowering Crane's Billy and the Striped-leaved. The three firfl: Sorts flower in the Summer Months; the three latter Sorts about Michaelmas, or after. They are increafed by parting the Roots; fome put the Slips into Pots, and houfethem in Winter; others let them Hand abroad all the Year, in a warm Border.
The Germander-tree is a pretty Shrub, which bears Bloffoms of a bright blue Colour, which continue a long Time. It loves a warm Expofure and* a light Soil. It is raifed from Cuttings planted in May, or later. Set it where it may have as much Sun as poflible.
Gillijlowers, or July-flowers, from the Month they ulually blow in, are increafed by laying, thus : Firft trim the Slip that you defign to lay, and top it; then cut it half thro* from one of the middle Joints to the next Joint toward you (having provided yourfelf with hooked Sticks,; and fome good Earth to cover the Cut withal) having Length fufficient
forThe Gentleman Gardiner's Direftor. 87 for pegging down: If you lightened the Earth about the Root firft, it might be as well ; then peg it down fo as that the Slit may open ; deal gently with it, that you break it not off from the Root; after that, earth it up and water it then, and as often as you fe£ Occafion. This Work is done from Mid-June to Lammas. In a Month or 6 Weeks after, if well-watered, or Rain happen, they will have taken Root, and may be taken off and planted either in Beds or Pots ; but never where an old one flood, unlefs you renew the Earth. Plant your Layers not too deep, which deftroys them.
In ordering them after : They delight in light Earth, Ox and Cow-dung well rotted and mixed with it, one Part Manure to two of Earth, in which plant the Layers. Mr. Gilbert fays, rotten Tanners Rubbijh, converted into Earth, and laid to fweeten 3 Months, and rotten Wood-file Earthy and the Rubbijh of old Walls, with a little old decayed Limey mixed well together in this Proportion :
Tanners Rubbijh, 1 Barrowful ; Wood-pVe Earth, 4 Barrowsful; old Lime, a Quarter of a Peck*, is an excellent Compoft, and a great Secret. Let not all the Spindles remain ; 2 or 3 are fufficient, which you mull tie to fome Sticks, elfe the Wind will break them off.
»
You88 The Gentleman Gardner's Direfior.
You muft not leave too many, becaufe they will weaken the Mother-Spindle ; fo that the Flowers will not be fo large as you may expedt. If you defire large Flowers, you muft nip off all’the fmall Buds which deprive the great Ones of their due Nourilhment; but, too few great Ones left, they often burft the Pods, being loaded with fuperfluous Nourilhment, elpecially the round podded Flowers ; in the long podded you may clip off more, that Kind keeping within their Pod the better.
If no more than one Spindle be on a Root, the beft Way will be to nip it quite off, to preferve the Root, and not fuffer it to flower.
When your Flowers break the Pod, you may conclude they have too much Sun, or that the .Soil is too rich j for that Reafon, Experience tells us to plant fuch Flowers where they may have the Sun till Ten or Eleven in the Morning, or from Two in the Afternoon j and make the Bed, or the Earth in the Pots (which may be removed into any Expofition) poorer with fandy Soil, Rub-bilh of Walls, or the like.
Wet, in Winter, is as prejudicial to this Flower, as it is beneficial in Summer, for it will abide the Frofts better than Rains. The Earth about your Gilliflowers ought to be renewed every Year, elpecially in the Beds,
< LetThe Gentleman Gardner's Direflcr. 89 "Let the Pots wherein you fet your Layefs# (which ihould be of the belt Sorts, that you may remove out of the Wet in the Winter) Lave Holes in the Bottom to let out the lu-perfluous MoifturS^ and, if you are minded to water yOii? Flowers, you may dip the Pots into a Tub of prepared Water, and the Earth will attraft the Moifture through the Holes.' Pigeons Dung, or that of any Poultry, will make Gilliflowers come in fooner. The Seed of your belt Flowers, or the DutitiSeediown in April on good Ground, not much expofed to the Sun, efpecially the Noon, will produce very good Flowers, and often new Variety of Colours. Sow them thin, and lift the Earth half a Finger thick over them; *ahi3, in September following, ybif mly^tranfplant them, and expert Flowers,' if they like their Soil, the Summer after.
Names are. commonly given them according to the Owner or Friend’s Fancy : The abovenamed Mr. Gilbert has deferibed fome of the Sorts by their Colours; but, whether his Names agree with thofe others give them, I cannot tell ; thofe of his are thefe :
Crown of Bohemia, Emperor, King Charles II, Queen Catharine, Red and White.
King Solomon, Purple Imperial, Mufidorus, Prince William, Oilinans, Fair Helena, Glory o{IVorcejler, Purple and White.
»	Em-90 The Gentleman Gardner’s Director.
Emprefs, Countefs, Teague's Delight, Phijbe,, Crimfon and White.
Mayor of London, the Giant, Romulus, Flo r/Jtf, Fair Rofanna, Paramour,Flambofa, Scar-' let and White.
William the Conqueror, Red and Blufb*
Pluto, deep C/sw Colour and Black.
Mayor of York, Blufh and White.
The Wiggon, a felf-coloured Purple.
Golden Grove, Golden Fleece, Prince of 0-range, Princefs of Orange, Scarlet.-
Giant Clove, Aftragon, Birtha, Cloves.
Bedford Tawny, Tawny, Scarlet and Whited
The modifti Tafte for July or Gillifowers,,
are whole Blowers, forne of whofe Names.
are as follow:
Purple Duroy, Bell Glory, Triumph of France, ■ Prejion's Number Four, Fuller's King, Emprejsi cfRuJJia, Julius C*far, Rofe's Countefs, Powel'i. Bizart, Imperial, Henley's Prince, JEneas.
Thefe, and feveral others, may be had at; moft of our Seeds-lhops.
There are Piquettes, many Sorts, and fb-‘ veral others, which I {hould be too tedious,, and not advantageous to the Reader, in repeating, fince fcarce two Florifts, that are: Strangers, agree in their Names.
Some fet Slips, efpecially of theffnallC/owJ, in February or Autumn, fo earlv, as that they
mayThe Gentleman Gardner's DireTcr. 9 t may have taken Root before the Summer, or ^Winter, comes on ; fet them in the Shade, or lin a Place not expofed all Day to the Sun, till ithey have taken Root.
Queen's Gilliflower, or Dames Violet, are railed of Slips in March \ lhade and water. If your young Plants offer to flower, nip off the Bud ; for, if it flowers, it will aflliredly die : There are White, Purple, and Double-Jlriped.
Stock Gilliflowers are raifed commonly of Seed Town in April, at the Full Moon (according to Sir Hugh Platt, and others) not too thick in good light Earth ; when they are
3	or 4 Inches high,take them all up,and throw fome Sand upon the Bed to render it poorer ; then plant them again at a convenient Dif-tance ; this do for three Full Moons to make them grow low ; thofe that run up are in Danger of being killed in the Winter. They commonly die the fécond Winter •, but you may take off Slips (let it be of thofe that have no Buds) in March, at fome Diftance from the Stocks, that they be not too long ; then flit down the Bark about half an Inch in 3 or
4	Places, which muft be fet in the Ground 3 or4 Inches, with the Bank turned up; clofe up with Earth, fhade and water for fome Time ; it will take Root and flower. They muft be planted in good Ground to flowerf)2 The Gentleman Gardener's Direflor. in September. SomcFlcriJls remove them with Safety two or three Times in the Winter. Often removing does not only contribute to their Worth, but Duration : Let it be once a Month, if not%t the Full Moon. There are feveral Colours and Sorts of Leucoiums, or Stock-Gillijlowers, both Singleand Double; the latter never have Seed. Sow the Seed of the beft Angle ones.
The double Stock-Gilliflowers are raifedfrom Seeds of the Brumpton Stock, which are to' be fown in Aprils and Ihifted as foon as they are 2 or 3 Inches high. When they are going to flower, take up thofe that you perceive have double Buds on, with fomeEarth about their Roots, and fet them in Pots fill-d with fine Earth.
There are double White, and double Purple, or Twickenham Stocks, all cultivated the fame Way.
Glaftenbury-Thorn blofibms twice a Year, viz. in the Spring, and in December. If this Plant is put into a Pot, and fet in the Greenhoufe in Winter, it will produce much larger Flowers, efpecially in Decemberl It may be propagated by Inarching, Grafting, or Inoculating, upon its own fort of Stocks. Inarching is performed in May, Grafting in March, and Inoculating in July. It loves a
ftrongifliThe Gentleman Gardner's DireStor.	93
ftrongifh Soil, made fine by digging frequently.
Globe-flower ; by fome it is called Ranunculus Globo/us; we increafe it by dividing the Roots in the Spring or Autumn. It delights in an open Situation, and produces Flowers of a bright yellow Colour in May.
Goats-rue is propagated either from Seeds fown in March, or by parting the Roots then : It delights in a light Soil. Plants rai-' fed from Seed will flower the fecond Year : And, if you would have the Roots continue, Xuffer them not to run to Seed, but cut when In Flower.
Goofeberry-tree has the fame Culture as the Curran-tree, (which fet) only would not be clipped as the other ufually is, to make the Fruit ripen fooner ; but thin, or let thofe Branches be cut off that grow unhand-fomely.
The Diftance, that Goofeberries ought to :be planted at, is 8 Feet, Row from Row, and ! 6 Feet afunder in the Rows ; and OSober. is the befl Seafon for doing it in, when their Leaves begin to fall off: Cut off all Branches that crofs one another, and endeavour to make the Head regular.
Some Gardeners prune only by clipping : the Bulhes round ; but that is not fo well as :Fy thinning the Branches, and fhortening the *	(	ftrong94 5RN Gentleman Gardner's Director. ftrong Shoots to about a Foot in Length, and cutting off behind a Leaf Bud. So ordered the Fruit will be larger, and the Tree will continue longer; fuller no Weeds to grow near them.
In fome Places Gardeners prune about Michaelmas, and then dig the Ground between, the Rows, and fet Savoys and Coleworts, which are fecured from the Froft, better than thole1 fet in open Ground.
Other Sorts of Goofeberries, befides the Cryftal, Amber, Red, and Yellow, are the Red-hairy, the large White Dutch, and the large Green Gooseberry. The bell Sorts of Goofeberries are the Cryfial, Great Amber, Red, and Yellow. Note, you muft plant young Slips every 3 or 4 Years, if you would, have them large, elfe they degenerate every Year. Set at the fame Diflan ce and Time you do Currans.
The Gourd is railed on an Hot-bed commonly, and tranfplanted to a Bed well dunged,; and much expofed to the Air: When the Plants have 4 or 5 Leaves, they fpread very much if they like the Soil, and produce very large Fruit, fome as big as a Quartern and half Peck.
The Fruk, when ufed, are gathered when young, and boiled y then .the Out-coat is.
flrip-The Gentleman Gardener’s Dire ft or. 95 ftripped off, and buttered, and eat as Sauce to Meat.
Grafting is done three Ways chiefly, viz. Shoulder-graftings Grafting in the Cliff, and Tongue or fVbip Grafting, called alfo Lifting and Linguing.
Shoulder-grafting, proper only for large Trees, is performed thus: Cut the Body of the Tree off 4 or 5 Feet above Ground; fmooththe Top (which is commonly fawn off) to make it clofe with the Cion, then cut the Cion ready, and lay it to the Place where you intend to fix it, to know the exad Depth of the Hole you are to make between the Bark and the Wood; after that drive in your Inftrument (whether of Wood, Bone, or I-rory) between the Wood and the Bark to make a Place for your Cion, which you muft put in as foon as the Inftrument is pulled out;
. and, when you have inferted as many Cions as you think convenient, clay the Graft to keep out the Wet. Take Care you break not the Bark in driving in the Inftrument.
' This Work is done at the Beginning of . April.
Grafting in the Cliff is done in March and :the Beginning of April, (but fooner in Pears, tand thofe Trees whofe Sap rifes fooner) ha-.ving cut the Stock and Hoped it, fif you put :©nly one Cm in) then cleave the Stock with9 6 The Gentleman Gardner's Director. a Chiflel, or your Pruning Knife, about two Inches deep, having a long Wedge, &c. to hold it open till the Cion is ready, being cut wedge-wife, or with two Shoulders; place in the Cliff\ obferving this, to have the Barks of both even. Cover the Chink with Mofs, then tie and clay as ufually. That Side of the Wedge in the Cion is to be cut thinner, which is to be next the Wood.
Tongue-graftings or a Way of Grafting in Roots thus: The Root is cut (loping about an Inch in Length, and the Graft as much, both very fmooth ; then each is cleft an Inch, in Length alfo, and then they are made toi enter into one another, fo that the Sap of the: Graft may join to that of the Root as much, as can' be. Lap the jointed Part about with: a little Hemp or Flax Hurds, and fet the Root fo grafted into the Ground, about io or 12 Inches, fo, at leaft, that the Joint may; be 4 Inches covered under the Earth, that it may not be bared at any Time, but kept moift by the Earth. The Root you graft: on may be of an Apple or Pear- tree, about i 6 Inches long ; itfhouldnot be lefs than the ; Graft, but it may be bigger ; but it is beflil when they are both of a Size. Vide PhiL\ Tranf No. 95. .
-•••Mr. Lewis, who communicated this about*. 63 Years ago, fays, I lowed a Bed of Apple-s
, - KenThe Gentleman Gardner's Dire SI or. 97 Kernels in March, the Spring following I plucked up 40 of thefe Seedlings, grown to the Thicknefs of a fair Graft; I grafted them the Way above mentioned, and planted them again •, they all grew, and 4 of them bore Fruit to Perfection the fame Year*, fo that in a Year and an half, from an Apple-kernel, I had ripe Fruit. Some of thefe Trees, ten Years ago, bore two Quarters of Apple* a-piece, and are bigger than moft of titol'e Trees among which they ftand, that coft 12d. a Tree when thefe were Kernels. From whence I conclude, that other Fruit-trees may be thus railed (as Plums, Peaches, Ahri-cots, Cherries, &c.) fooner to Perfection this Way, than any other Way.
* IVhip-grafting is when the Stock and Cion are exaCtly of a Thicknefs. Slope them both alike, a full Inch or more; then tie one upon the other, as foon as they v/ill lie true ; bind and clay the Place, or make a Slit with your Knife in the bare Place of the Stock, beginning towards the Top of the Slope, and fo flitting it a little Way, and doing the like in the Hoped Face of the Cion, but beginning at the fame Diftance from the lower End, as was done from the Tip of the Stock, and fo carrying it upward *, after that, join them by thrufting the one Slice into the other, till they cover exaCUy. Then day, &V.9 5	The Gentleman Gardner's Director.
Befides thefe four ufual Ways, there are Side-grafting, and Grafting by Approach) Ab-lattation, or Inarching, in March and April. .
Side-grafting is performed thus : Cut the Cion Slope-wife, take offfrom a fmooth Place of the Stock, on the Wòjl-fide, as much Bark r.s the Go» will cover (the Head of thè Stock uncut off) make it faff by Binding and Claying. At the Year’s End, if it take, cut off the Head of the Stock at the grafted Place and clay it : Some do it by cutting the Bark in this Form, T, when it will not rife well ; jit the Cion to it, and tie up, and clay, as above.
Grafting by Approach, &c. is when two Trees, whofe Fruit would propagate, grow fo near, that the Stock and Branch may be joined, by cutting the Side of the Branch and Stock three Inches long, fo fitting them that the Paffages of the Sap may join, in which Pofture let them be bound and clayed ; when they are. well cemented, cut off the Head of the Stock, as alfo the Cion underneath -, then clofe the grafted Place, that it may fubfift by the Cion only : This Manner of grafting fuits beft with Oranges, Lemons, Pomegranates, and fuch-like. The bell Way of grafting is to cut the Cion up to a Joint.
Tools ufed in Grafting, are, a neat Hand- * faw s a Jlrtmg Knife with a thick Back ; a;
2	i	Jharp \The Gentleman Gardiner's DireSlot. 99 jharp Penknife to cut the Grafts•, a Grafting Chijfel •, a fmall Mallet; Brafs Strings or Woollen 2am ; Clay prepared a Month before with Horfe-dung. .
Grafs, to make good Grafs-plats, by fow-ing Hay-Seeds ■, get Seed from barrenGround, and the Ground being digged well, and raked even, fow in March, or the latter End of Augufl, in a mild Day, inclining to Rain, and cover the Seeds gently.
When the Grafs is come up, and fit to mow, cut it, and the oftener the better ; when mowed and raked, or fwept off, roll ; if any Place be bare, fow it again in Autumn*
Grafs-Seedsy to improve Land, which may be had of the Seedfmen in and about London:, are Clover-Grafs, Hop-Clover clean fed, Hop-Clover in the Hulk, St. Fein, Ray-grafs or Rye grafs, La Lucerne or Medic, Tr-efoil.
Clover is fown in Augiifl or April 10 or 12 Pounds» of Seed to an Acre : Make the Land fine, and then fow *, harrow it in with Bulhes ; fome fow % with Corn, but it is better to fow alone, for one hinders the other, and, if fown by itfelf, it will be fit to cut by May \ if fown in Auguft, when it begins to flower : Some have two Crops, fome three i but the belt Way is to eat the Ground after the firft Crop.i oo The Gentleman Gardner's Dtreftor.
If you would fave Seed, let it ftand to Seed, H e. till the Stalks and Heads change brown j then cut, dry, and houfe; it muft be threfhed out in Winter. .
St. Foirt, which delights in a dry, gravelly, or chalky Soil, and in fuch a Soil will continue 18 or 20 Years : Three Strikes or Bufhels of Seed to an Acre. The beft Time for fowing it is March ; do it in dry Weather ; fome low it’promifcuoufly after they have made their Ground fine, and harrowed with Bufhes ; but the beft Way is to fow it in Rows, as. Me die ^ ocLucern^ (which fee) the Rows, 18 Inches afunder, and the Depth two Inches.
The firft Year do not eat it too much, but with Sheep or Calves ; for great Cattle would, by their Treading, hinder its Shooting again.-;
The firft Crop will be ready about Lammas ; and about Michaelmas, or fooner, according as the Seafon is, it will be fit to eat, but be fure eat it not too low; ftir the Ground, if you fow it in Rows, after every Cutting. Do not eat after the Middle of March..
! Ray, or Rye-Grafs, is . a Seed proper for cold, coarfe, lour Lands ; and, after it has been Town fome Years, may be eaten fooner than any other Grafs at Spring ; fome fow with Wheat at Michaelmas, after the Corn
t	isThe Gentleman Gardner's Direflor. ioi is harrowed in, {battering 3 or 4 Pecks of Seed on an Acre, and then draw the Harrow with the Back downward all over the Ground to cover it, or draw a large Bufli over it.
If fowed one Autumn, it will be fit to graze the next: If you would have the Roots continue and flour i(h, as foon as thejGrafs is eaten, cover the Ground over with a Mixture of Street or Pond Dirt and Lime.
If you fow it by itfelf, then the Quantity of Seed tfc an Acre is 8 or 9 Pecks.
The Groutidfel-tree, with Leaves like Lavender, produces Flowers in Bunches of a greeniih Colour, tipt with yellow in December. It may be railed of Seed fown in March, or by Cuttings fet in Pots of fine Earth in any of the Summer Months.
!Trefoil is fown on ft iff, clayey Ground in March, after Oats or Barley are fown and harrowed in.
Hartjhorn, or Buckjhcrn Salad •, its Seed is fown in March, very thick ; the Leaves are uled in Salads, and will fpring again after Cutting, as Parjley, Cives, &c. The Seed will be fit to gather in Auguft.
Hellebore may be tranfplanted in either March or September •, it flowers not till December, and requires a good Soil.
i	E 3	Hepatic a'3,i02 The Gentleman Gardener's Dir eft or.
Hepatica's, there are feveral Sort], may" be propagated of Seed fown in September, in good fubftantial Earth, and tranfplanted as loon as they are fit ; or of Slips in March or September j they abide the Cold well enough, and will thrive, if the Ground be good, in any Expofure.
Herbs for. Drying are gathered belt about the Full Moon in June or Midfummer \ dry them as you do Hay in the Sun, and not in the Shade as fome Phyficians order •, let them pot lie out till they are brittle. In this Month you may gather Ravcm, Betony Leaves and f lowers, Borage Flowers, Buglofs Flowers, Germander, Hyffop, Lavender, Marjoram, Mint, Mercury, Pelhtcry of the Wall, Rofes, White and Damafk ; Rue, Sage, Savine, Scabious, JVcrmvecod Roman, Marjhmalltnos, Camomile .Flowers, Penny-royal, Thyme, in July.
Hclyhocks, double and fingle, of feveral Colours, their Seeds are fown in /Ipril, and the Plants will be fit to Ihift in Oftober fol-- lowing : Plant next the Walls or Hedges of •your Garden.
IIci-Reds are made feveral Ways, but that ,or Mr. De la Quintinye feems to me as good ■ as any •, after you have marked out your .Bed (-which muft lie open to the Sun) drive •«Stakes into the Ground, at 4/Feet Distance -at each End in Breadth, the Length at your
PleasureThe Gentleman Gardener's Direflor. 103 Pleafure and Occaiion *, then lay your Diing». endeavouring that the Ends of the Straw may be inward *, after the firft Layer is finifli-ed, tread it, or make it even with your Pork j continue it to the defigning Height, (which is commonly about 3 Feet) proportioning it ftill by Layers tread it -well, and make the Surface of equal Height 41,1 then place Boards all round to hold up the Earth, which muft be rich, and all fifted, the Thicknefs of 4 Inches. Then place Rods arch-wife over the Bed for Supporting of Mats, fjfc. that muft.be laid over it, that will help it to heat. Before you low upon it, feel the Heat, which muft be but little more than warm, not hot. When the Heat leffeneth at any Time, you may increafe it by laying new Dung to the • Sides of it. Horfe-Dung is chiefly ufed frefti, and thrown upon an Heap in any fweet Plage, where no Rain or Wet will fall upon it. Remember always that Wet cools the Heat of the Dung, which you muft keep off as well as you can when in the Bed. Hot-beds are made for Melons, Cucumbers and for feveral exotic Plants, that will not thrive in the colder Months in our Climate.' When the Seeds you have fown appear, be fure to give them Air by railing your Glafs Frames or Mats,	do it by
E 4	Degrees,104 7 he Gentleman Gardner's Differ. Degrees, elfe they may fuffer by the Heat of the Sun.
Mr. Evelyn, in his Difccurfe of Earths, directs, in making Hot-beds, to dig a Pit 4 Feet deep, of Breadth and Length, as Occa-fion requires : Wall this Pit on every Side with Brick, or ere<ft a Wall above Ground, or Part above, and Part under •, then HU it with Dung from the Stable, and tread it well. In this put wooden Cafes of about a Foot deep, bored fuU of Augre-holes at the Bottom ; fill them with Earth rich and light, and add hot Dung between them, in which Cafes fow your Seeds ; and thefe Cafes, and the Earth in them, will be kept warm by this Means, fo long as an Hot-bed is ne-ceflary. Provide a Shelter over the Whole againft Rain and Cold, and you may have Frames of Glafs over fome of the Cafes where there is moft Need j by this Method, you have your Pit and Cafes every Year ready, requiring only a Supply of frefh Dung. The firft Hot-beds are made in January, and continued as the Seeds you fow require. See Tanner's-Bark, or the Way of making Hotbeds with it.
Hnmble-Plant, vide Annuals.
hyacinths, there are a great Variety of them : Moft of them are hardy Plants (except thegreat Indian TuBerofe-rooted Jlyacinth,
* whichThe Gentleman Gardner's DireHcr. 10 5 which is to be houfed in September, and let again in April) and are drifted, or fown of Seed, in September : The Seed is managed as the Ftitillaries, vide Fritiilartes. In planting thefe Bulbs, let it be in Furrows 5 or 6 Inches deep, and 9 or 10 afunder, or not lo deep, according as the Bulbs are for Bignefs» They will continue 4. Years without tranf-planting, unlefs they ' produce too many Suckers, and fo cramp the Growth of the Flowers. The Indian Hyacinth, above-mentioned, is taken up every Year ; they flower in March and April. _
- Some Names of Hyacinths are the Winter Blue, Winter White, which flower in January y Early White, Blue BaJioutr in February ; Dwarf White, White Grape, Dwarf BlueL Large Blue, in March \ the double Fair Maid, the Eajlern Blue, Kcyfer's Jewel, Diamond, ■ April •, Late White, flowering in Afoy •, fire Bell, the Peruvian Blue, the Peruvian White, Pulera, Koning Mirandas, double white ones ; King of Great Britain, Alexander the Great,, Keyfer's Primus, Double Blue.
Hyffop is propagated either by its Seed, or Slips let in March or April.
Holly, of this Tree there are feveral Sorts; all the ftriped Sorts are propagated by budding or grafting on common Holly Stocks j »	E 5	thejo6 She Gentleman Gardner's Director. the firft is done in July, the other in March or April.
To raife Hollies from the Berries, fill a Flower-pot with dry Sand, and mix the Berries therewith ; fet them in the Ground covered, till the September following •, then take up and fow them on a Bed of common Earth, and riddle Earth over them about a Quarter of an Inch thick j the April following they will appear : They are but of a How Growth : When fit for tranfplanting, a mvA.-April is the propereft Seafon. Water often, if the Summer proves dry.
Holly-tree is preferable to moft of our native Greens, and may be raifed from the Berries, when ready to drop ; wafii them from their Mucilage, bruife them a little, then wipe them with a Cloth j after that, put them into the Ground: They will hardly appear the firft Year *, remove them the third or fourth Year, and remember it delights not in rich or manured Ground, which makes it degenerate, but in a gravelly Soil it will retain its Colour. Hollies may be grafted as Apples, &c. Holly-fets will make a very hand-home Fence. ’ Some propagate Hollies by laying along in the Ground well-rooted Sets, a Yard or more in Length ; and, {tripping off the Leaves and Brandies, cover with Earth,
i andThe Gentleman Gardener's Director, toy and they will fend out vaft Quantities of Suckers.
Honey-fuckles grow commonly in Woods,, and are introduced into Gardens to cover Arbours, adorn the Walls of Houfes, csfos Nothing is more eafily increafed than they ; for every Branch will take Root if laid in the Ground in January and February, if the Weather is proper •, or you may ftay till March. French Honey-fuckles are raifed of Seed in April* and tranlplanted as loon as they are fit; vide Perennials.
Honey-fuckles there are feveral Sorts, and are all propagated by laying their Branches in the Spring, which will have taken Root by fetting the Cuttings of the young Shoots in a fhady Place ; the properdi Seafon for cutting thefe Trees, to keep them in a regular Form, is the latter End of September, when they have done flowering, that the Wounds may be healed before the Frofts come : In doing that, cut behind a Leaf-bud, becaufe the Shoot will die down to the Bud.
Honey-wort is a flowering Plant, and ought to be where there are Aiiaries ; for the Bees extract, from the Flowers of this Plant, a -Juice wherewith they make their Wax. There are 5 or 6 Sorts of it, which may be raifed from the Seeds fown in Autumn : Let the ,,	E 6	. Placeto 8 The Gentleman Gardner's Direblor.
Place-you fow them in be warmifh, and the Plants will need no Covering in Winter.
- After you have got l'ome of the Plants that bear Seed, let them alone, and they will in-creal'e themfelves, eipecially if the Earth be lightly digged about them. r Hop-hornbeam is a pretty durable Plant, which bears Flowers in the Shape of Hops, whence it. takes its Name : They are of a whitifh Colour : The Plants are raifed either by fowing the Seeds in the Spring, or by laying the young Shoots into the Ground in Oftober, or later. It flowers commonly in July. >
Houfe-Leek is increafed by planting on the Ridge of thatched Buildings, or on the Tops of. Walls, and is a cooling and aftringent Herb.
iHamble-plant, fo called, becaufe, when touched, both Leaves and Branches will fall to the Ground : It is a tender Plant, and is to be houfed in Winter. It is raifed by fowing the Seeds on an Hot-bed in March, and loves a light, rich Earth.
Hungarian Climber produces Flowers of a bright blue Colour, and is increafed by flipping the Roots in the End of February, or the Beginning of March. Set in a light Soil, or the Seeds may be fown in March.
<	Hyperi-The Gentleman Gardner's Dire£1 or. 109 Hypericum Frutex; woody, St. Jcbn's-weft, is increafed by Layers or Suckers in February or March: It rifes about a Yard in Height, and flowers in May, and it is a Tree that well becomes the beft of Gardens.
Jafmine; there are feveral Sorts,’ the White, the Spanijh, the-Yellow, the Indian. They flower from July to the Middle of Augufi. The White and Yellow will abide the Winter, increafing by Suckers or Slips, which are taken off in March or April. The Indian and Spanifo are planted in Boxes, and are to be houfed in Winter : Thefe are grafted by Approach in April, or laid in March, thus : Chufe the fhorteft Branches, and making little Trenches in the Earth, juft by them, lay them in ; water often, which makes them take Root the fooner, and, in September, they will be fit to remove into an Eaftern or Southern Ex-pofure. You may graft or lay the hardy Sorts; lay long Dung about the Roots of thefe in Winter, to keep off the Frofts.
The Ilex, or Ever-green Oak, is raifed by fowing the Seeds the Beginning of March :■ Keep the Acorns in Sand till then. You may fow in Rows, about 2 Feet afunder, as 1 you do Kidney-beans, 2 Inches deep. H ! i In April they come up. Weed clean, and keep fo. The next Year dig the Ground be-- ’ tween the R pws. The fecond April you may
re-i ip The Gentleman Gardner's Direflcr. remove to another Place, and fet them 2 or 3 Feet afunder \ at 7 or ,8 Years old, you may fet out for good. They like a hazelly Ground.
Inoculation, or Buddings may be performed any Time from the Middle of May to yiuguft, in this Manner : Cut off a vigorous Shoot from a Tree of a good Kind ; then make choice of a fmooth Place in your Stock (which, for this Operation, fhould not exceed 3 or 4 Years Growth) flit the Bark about an Inch, then crofs it thus j, or T, taking heed you cut not the Wood, for that will hinder them from joining •, which done, prepare your Bud* which muft be cut off with a fharp Knife, entering pretty deep into the Wood, and cut-» ting it of the fame Length with the Slit endeavour always to have the Bud in the Middle ; but, if in paring the Bud the Eye of it Ihould fall out, take another, then put your Bud in between the Bark and the Wood of the Stock at the Crofs-flit, directing it by the Stalk where the Leaf grew, till it clofes exa&ly •, then bind the Stock with woollen Yarn, to make them join the better, which (if the Operation is well performed) will be-in a Month or lefs: When you perceive them united, loofe the Yarn, that it hinder not the Circulation of-the Sap. You may put 2 or 3 Buds into the fame Stock, and«preferve the
beft.The Gentleman Gardner’s Director. 111 beft. Make choice of an Evening or a cloudy Day, when you defign to bud, and begin foon enough, that, if your firft Attempt fail, you may make a fecond Efiay. Inoculation is the only Way by which we raife Peaches, Neftarines, Abricots, Cherries, Hollies, Pears, Plums, Sec. though fome graft them, yet this is both the cleanlier and fafer Way fi for no Clay is ufed, and, if your Buds take not, you may graft at laft. The Spring following (if you find it necefiary) cut off the Head of the Stock, above the Bud, Hoping, and giving it a little Clay. Always inoculate pretty high at firft for Fear of a Mifcarriage.
Iris's; there are many Sorts of them, which are propagated from their Bulbs : Take them up about the End of Auguft, or Beginning of September, and tranfplant into good rich Earth, not much expofed to the Sun. You may take, up the Roots when the green Leaves are dead to the Ground in June, Sec. and order them as Tulips, See. till Oblober. If your Inclination leads you to low the Seed, you muft do that in September, on a Bed of rich Ground,' very thin ; cover it lightly * thofe that are not bulbous, will flower the third Year: There are fome Sorts that produce no Seed. Every bulbous Iris has nine Leaves in each Flower * thofe on the Outfide are called Chins, thole >	that
»112 The Gentleman Gard'ner's Dir eft or. that run ftraight out are called Tongues, and the upright Leaves we term Sails.
■ Some Names of Iris's.
The Perfian, the Velvet, the Dwarf Jlriped, the Ultramarine, and Uvaria. ';
Junquils are commonly multiplied by the Bulbs, as Daffodils, being a Species of them, requiring to be planted in a Kitchen-Garden Soil •, plant them about 4 Inches deep, and at about the fame Diftance -, their Bulbs fliould be fet as foon as may be; but, if you are neceflitated to keep them out of the Earth fome Time, put them into Mofs a little moiftened. As for the Railing of them of Seeds, vide Daffodils.
Juniper-tree ; there are three Sorts, Male, Female, and Dwarf, which may be railed of the Seed fowri in a Place in your Nurfery, that is not the richeft, in Oftober (as the Cy-* prefs) without watering, it will peep in two. Months. To make it grow tall, prune and cleanfe it to the very Stem, and loofen the Earth about its Roots, but with Difcretion, for Fear of wounding, &c.
Kernels are fown in November, and- thole proper for every Kind of Ffuit mentioned in their Place, as thole for Apples, Cherries, See.. The Time of planting out the Stacks to more
corn-The Gentleman Gardner's Dire&cr. 113 commodious Diftances for Grafting and Inoculating is the Month of "January.
Keimla. is raifed by fowing the Seeds on an Hot-bed in March : It produces Bunches of yellow Flowers in Augujl, but requires to be planted in a fine, rich Earth.
Kidney-beans are fet any Time in April or May, in rich Ground, 4 or 5 Inches alunder, or at fuch u Diftance as one may grow without incommoding another •, which they will do, if their Leavesa interfere, as foon as they come up : Make Drills, and fill them with rotten Dung, which cover with a little Earth j then fow or fet them ; after that, rake over the Mould even, fo as to hide the Beans. You may fet two Rows on a Bed of 30 Inches Breadth, or as you pleafe, always obferving to fow them in a dry Day, for Wet rots them, if it falls before they fprout. They appear in a Fortnight or lefs, according as the Weather is for WarmnefL- They require Sticking, and the tendered: Cods are either eaten or pickled, thus: Pick the Stalk off, firing the Beans, lay them in Vinegar and Salt 9 or 10 Days, then boil with fome Allum and Fennelf or Vine-leaves, till they are tender, or crifp rather ; after they are cold, put them into an earthen Pot, Layer upon Layer, putting be-tweaicach Lay Cloves, Mace, }Ginger, IVhite Pepper, Fennel, Bill, or what you fancy, of-*	ten
1114 The Gentleman Gardner's Dire51 or. ten filling the Pot with the beft Vinegar. Some eat the full Beans, Jhelling them like Peafe •, they have the Tafte of mealy Peafe, and can fcarce be diftinguifhed from them. There are the White, Speckled, and Canterbury Kidney-beans. You may begin fome Years to Jet them about Lady-Day, and may continue till Midfummer or after. Alfo Dwarf, Speckled, Kidney and Black Dwarf \ Turkey Dwarf \ Bat-. terfea Dwarf \ and Great Twining Kidney-bean, the Great Yellow Twining Kidney-bean ; this la ft, if you fet Poles long enough for it to run upon, will run 4 or 5 Yards high, and is fet at a Foot or more Diftance, the farther the better.
King’s-Spear *, the Dwarf Sort produces Flowers in Bunches of a white Colour. Part the Roots in the Spring, and plant in a light Soil.
- Kitchen-Garden. It Jhould be always fitu-ated on one Side of the Houfe, and as near the Stables as may be, for Conveniency of carrying Manure to it. It is not material of what Form it is of, tho’, if it may be fquare, it will not be amifs : What is moft to be regarded is, that the Soil be good, neither too dry nor too wet, and that it have as much Sun as poflible, and be not fhaded by Buildings, or the like ; and alfo, that it be big enough for your Family, and, according(to the Com-
. putationThe Gentleman Gardner's Dir ehi cr. 115 putation of a judicious Perfori, this Way ; a Family of 7 or 8 Perfons requires a Garden of the Bignefs of half an Acre, or 80 Perches, which he allots for Kitchen-fluff, after the following Manner, viz.
Perches.
For the Hot-bed Quarter, on which are
planted Melons, Cucumbers,	&c.	—-	4
For Pickling Cucumbers	—	—	2
For Salading —	—	*—	—	3
For Horfe-Radijh, Skerrots,	and Shallots f 1	1
F^r Pot-Herbs, viz. Minty Sage, Penny-■ jxuyal, Hyflcp, Savoury, Marjoram, Burnet, Clary, Parfley, Thyme, Sorrel, Rofe-
I mary, Borage, Angelica, &c.	------ 4
For Afparagus ----------- — -■	3
For raifing it on Hot-beds	--------  2
For Artichoaks, Spinage, and	Radijhes —	2
For Rafps, 10 Rows —	—	—	2
For Beans 4, Strawberries 1	—	—	5
For Peafe —	—	>—	—	8
For Kidney-beans —	—	—	2
For Cornflowers, which after may be ufed for Blanching Cellery	«—	—	—	2
For Cabbages------------------------------- 3
For Brccoli and Savoy Plants	—	—	4
For Carrots	——	-*s-------------3
For Parfnips ------------ —i—	2
For Potatcej------------------------------  3
For116 The Gentleman Gardiner's Direflor.
Perches.
For Onions 3* Summer Turneps 2	-— 5
For Accidental Things and Alleys —	20
E6
As I have fet apart 20 Perches for Accidental Things and Alleys, you may have Room for Goofeberries and Curran- trees. And, if your Family be 10 or 12, your Garden muft be one*third larger in all Refpe&s.
If you care to be at the Expence, or live upon your own Eftate, wall your Garden a-bout, for the Walls will be ferviceable to plant Fruit-trees againft •, let them be 11 or 12 Feet high.. If the Soil be ftrong, when you take it up firfly it will be proper to lay in it a good-Quantity of that Manure which comes out of Ditches when fcoured, or the Sweepings of the Streets, and Coal-allies mixed with Compoft, or Mixture, will render your Ground lighter than any other Manure. Rotten-wood may be added to it. But, if your Soil be light and warm, rotten Cows-dung is as good as any for it.
- If you could have a little Pond in fome Corner of your Garden,.-it would be convenient to hold Water-for watering your Garden with.
e
In<The Gentleman Gardner's Director. 117
In the Diftribution of your Garden, when it isjfenced about, if with Walls, let the Borders you intend for planting Wall-trees in be 8 or 9 Feet broad, that the Roots of the Trees may have Liberty to fpread : On them, after the Trees are fet, feveral Sorts of Crops may be had•, but fow or fet thofe Herbs or Seeds, which run but a little Way into the Ground with their Roots, that they prejudice not your Trees.
Proportion your Ground according to the Method afore-mentioned for each Herb or Plant. A Square or Oblong is the beft Figure for the Quarters to be difpofed into. Keep all clean From Weeds ; and the Allesy of a Kitchen-garden are not to be gravelled, be-caufe, if you have Occafion to ufe a Wheel-Barrow, as you will in wheeling Dung to the Quarters, it will fpoil them; but, to make them better for walking in, cover them over with Sand.
Remember to fow different Crops on the Quarters of Peafe, Beans, Carrots, and other Kitchen-Stuff every Year ; and not, if you can help it, to have the fame Crop on the Tame Ground two Years together, unlefs you dung it well.
Let your Melon and Cucumber Quarter be neared the Manure.
If113 The Gentleman Gardner's Dtreftor.
If you will not be at the Charge of Walls, make Efpaliers, which will afford you Sun for planting Trees againft.
Dig your Kitchen-garden over as foon as cleared of the Crop, and pick out the Weeds in digging, efpecially the Quick or Twitch-Grafs (as it is called in fome Places) Roots.
Let not Weeds ever grow to Seed, if you can help it •, for, if you ao, and a Wind happen, you may come to have a Crop all over your Garden.
Kitchen-Garden Herbs, or thofe ufed in Salads t according to -Mr. Evelyn, are,
Ordering and Culture.
1	Endive	1
2	Succory	>	Blanched.
3	Cellery	j
4	Sweet-Fennel 7 r? _i_ j ..
r> .*• c Earthed up.
5	Rampions j	r
6 cTa l	?Tied up to blanch.
8	Sile/ian f Lettuce . Tied up cIo(e*
9	Cabbage) Pome and blanch of chemfelves.; to Lop. Lettuce 1
11	Corn Salad ^Leaves all of a Size.
12	Purjlane j
13	Crejffes 7 Seed-Leaves and thofe next
14 Spinage \	them.
15	Sorrel, French ?The young Leaves to Sorrel, Greenland J only.
f 17 RadiJIiOt Gentleman Gard 'net's Director. 11 9 iy Radijh The tendered: Leaves.
18	Turnep 1
19	Mufiard >The youngeft Leaves.
20	Scurvy-grafs J
21	Chervil "1
“ BR™îà j The young Tops or Leaves. 24 Parjley J
leMilir } The tender Shoots.
>ots and
at n ,• r j ? The Flowers and Bud-3e	Nafturnu	mM. f Flowers.
33	Rampions, Belgrade 7 The Seed-Leaves,
34	Trip-Madam j and young Tops.
35	Hartjhorn likewife.
Knots for the Flower-Garden are as different as the Fancies of Men; for that which is taking with one, is rarely fo with another; but whoever would fee great Variety, may be furnifhed by Mr. Meager, in his Complete Englijh Gardener, 1 oth Edition, 4to.
In ordering your Grounds where you de-fign to have your Knots, take Care to lay it level, and ufe great Care in gathering out
»
the
1no The Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or. the Weeds, and to meliorate the Soil, ifi barren ; vide Earths and Dungs, mentioned I before •, elfe your Expe&ations will be fruf-trated. I do not need to repeat here what Ground or Soil every Flower delights in, which you may meet with under their re-fpedtive Heads ; therefore provide yourfelf with Compojls, before you look out for Flowers ; yet I may tell you that your Borders, Walks, or Alleys, ought to be proportioned to the Bignefs of your Piece of Ground. Borders from 2 to 3 and an half Feet in Breadth, and Alleys from one Foot to two, as you fancy, or more: The great Walks are made broader or narrower at Pleafure. Your Beds or Borders, when drawn out, fhould be in the Form of a Carp’s Back, and not call up too high, efpecially in dry Tandy Ground *, for all the Wet runs off, and. rarely flays to fink in to nourilh what you plant.
The Time for making Flower-Knots is the Beginning of September or March, according as the Nature of your Ground is; if dry, September \ if wet, March \ which is the fafer Seafon, though you muft water very often, if that Month and April prove dry. Dung your Knots every Year in the Spring.
Labur-
f3’be Gentleman Gardener's Direflor. lit * Laburnum majus and minus^ whofe Seeds may be had of moft Seedfmen in London, afe propagated by fowing them in March, on a Bed of frelh light Earth, lifting fome Earth over the Seeds about half an Inch thick : In about thirty Days they will appear: Weed the Bed often, and water them, if the Weather proves dry *, and in March following tranfplant into the Nurfery, and fetinRows about a Yard Diftance, and a Foot each Plant one off another in the Rows. When three Years old, they may be fit to fet out for good, and in either Oftober or February you may do it.
: The Larch-tree or Larix grows commonly in the Form of a Pyramid, after it is 7 or S Years old; it is raifed for the moft Parc from Seed fown in March, in light Earth; tranfplant the Seedlings where they may be Iheltered from the Severities of the Winter as much as may be. The Flowers are beautiful, being green at the Bottom, and red at the Top. March is a good Time to remove the Seedlings to the Place where they are to ftand.
LarkfpurSy though I have placed them among the Annuals, yet, as they are Flowers much efteemed by fome, I mean the double Sorts, I thought it would not be amifs to F	fpeak• 122 The Gentleman Gardner's Direiïor. fpeak of their Culture. They are raifed of Seed Town either in March or Augujl, as you would have them flower; fow in March to flower that Year, and in Augujl to flower in May following. Plant the Seedlings in an open Expofure.
Laying of Trees: This Operation is performed by taking a Bough and laying it into the Ground about 6 Inches deep, in good frefh Mould, letting the Top ftand about 14 or 16 Inches above the Ground, and keeping the Layers moift during the dry Weather; in 8 or 10 Months Time they will have taken Root. Others cut a Slit in the Layer as you do in Carnations, and peg down : Ochers twill the Layer, in the Place that is to be covered, like a Withy ; then peg down and earth. Evergreens are laid in Augujl j other Trees in February.
Lavender is increafed by the Slips in March, or by fowing the Seed then, or in April; there are two Sorts.
Laurel-tree, a very handfome Green, and is propagated either by the Seed or Berries as foon as they are ripe, or when the Bay-berries are fown, which fee : Or of Layers in July, fometimes of Cuttings about the End of Augujl. There are fome who call it the Cherry-Bay, or Bay-Cherry, which fee.
Latt-c
___________________________________i __________The Gentleman Card* iter's Direflor. 123
Lauruftinus, a pleafant Flower-tree, of which there are two Sorts, the Ordinary and the Portuguefe; they are railed of Seed Town, as foon as they are ripe, in good light Ground, or of Suckets and Layers.
Leeks are multiplied by the Seed in March, or by their Roots fet either in Autumn or Spring. Their Seed is ripe in September. They delight in well-prepared Earth : There are two or three Sorts, viz. The French Leek, the London Leeky and the common Leek.
Leonorus, a Green-houfe Plant, has Leaver like Mint, and bears its Flowers in Bunches, which are Orange-coloured. It is raifed by planting Cuttings in Pots of light Earth, in any of the Summer Months. It flowers a-bout Michaelmas.
Lettuces; there are feveral Sorts, which may be had of the Seedfmen, and are thefe t
To fave Seed of Lettuces, look over them when in Perfection, and fuch of them as are largeft and hardeft, let Hand for Seed ; fet Sticks by the Sides of them, and pull up all-the other, as foon as they begin to run \ generally fave of thofe which have flood all the Winter, or of thofe fown early in the Spring. Tie the Shoots to the Stick, when F 2	asÏ 24 The Gentleman Gardner's Direflcr. as high as they will fhoot : And, as they become ripe, cut off, and ftay i¥>ttill all the Shoots are ripe j for fome will be ripe 14 Days before others •, when cut off, lay them on coarfe Linen Cloth to dry, in fome open Room i when dry, beat them out.
Cabbage-Lettuce abides Winter in dry Ground.
Silejia, B.
Lombard
Roman, B.
Arabian
Rofe	I
Savoy, B.	> Lettuce. .
CoJJ'e, B.
Brown Dutch
Aleppo
Curled, B. abides Winter.
All thefe are Town any time, from Febr -ary to Augujl, in cold Earth, in the other Months on Hot-beds, unlefs it be a warm dry Seafon. Some of them are blanched by tying up, and are eaten with the Cabbage-Lettuce, &c. that are young. 1 put a B a-^ainft the Sorts that are ufuaUy blanched.
Let-z*fhe Gentleman Gardner's Director.
Lettuces are Town in dry Land, with Par-Jhips, Carrots, &c. or alone, as you pleafe. They may be tranfplanted, if too thick, at 8 or 10 Inches Di fiance, if you cannot ufe them while young. There are Belgard, Genoa, Capuchin, Aubervillers, Perpignan, Aufirian, and others, which are not fo common as thofe above-named.
Lilac •, there are feveral forts of this flowering Tree, viz. with blue Flowers, the white Lilac, the deep Purple, and the yellow1 blotched Lilac. They are propagated by Suckers, which take off in OElober, and plant in theNurfery; at 4 Years End, they will be fit to tranfplant. Shift in February, or Ottober. You need only dig fometimes a-bout the Roots to make them thrive, which they will in almoft any dry Soil.
Lilies are of feveral Sorts, and are commonly multiplied by the Bulbs fetin ORober* in Borders garnilhed with Flowers of the little Kind, or at the Outfides of your Garden. They delight in moft Sorts of Earth.
Lily of the Valley is not a bulbous Root : It is increafed by feparating the Roots in December, and fetting it in the Shade (becaufe it ufually grows in the Woods) about 3 Inches deep : Water it in dry Seafons. 1 ’
F 3
Liman-1 .12,6 7 he Gentleman Card* tier's Dire ft or.
Union-tree j many Gentlemen who have Green-houfes propagate this Tree, which ! powers commonly in January •, and do it by; /budding, or inoculating upon Orange or Li-mon Stocks in July, or by inarching in May. ' The young Trees are fet in large Pots, or • Tubs of light Earth, and may be brought into a warm Expofure in May. Thofe who* .have raifed this Tree fay, that in our Coun- -.try the Fruit will not come to Maturity before the third Year.
. ' Liquorice is a Plant that delights in alight.' Tandy Soil, which fhould be a Yard deep or more. Before you plant, dig, and dung the 'Ground well with well-rotted Dung mixed with Farth •, it Ihould be digged three Spades * graff deep, and laid very light. Then provide yourfelf of good Setts io Inches long, and, about the Beginning of March, fet them in Rows, each Plant io or 12 Inches afun-der, and the Rows 2 Feet. The Setts Ihould be covered about an Inch, I mean the Head of it. You may fow fome Onion Seed among!! •the Rows. Keep it well weeded, and, when all come up, let no Onions touch the Liquorice Plants.
In October, when the young Shoots are decayed, cover the Plot with rotten Dung^ In March, dig it overflightly between the Rows,
and
<The Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or. ny and turn in the Dung. Some plant nearer than this, but their Roots are not lb large v and fome at a greater Diftance, viz. each Row 3 Feet afunder. When the Plants have remained 3 Years in the Beds, you may begin to take up the Roots j but let the Tops be decayed firft.
Pontefrabf in Torkjhire, and Workfop in Nottinghamjhire, are Places famous for good Liquorice. It is ufed much in Diforders of the Lungs, for Coughs, Hcarfmefs,ConJumpliony Pleurijy, and Sharpnefs of Urine.
Lifole-y this Plant, fome Florifts fay, came from Genoa ; its Flowers are of Flelh-colour, fhaded with Carmine. It is raifed of Seed fown in March let the Soil be light, and the Place where you fct the Plant, much Cxpofed to the Sun. It flowers in Augujt.
Lotus is a Plant raifed from Seed fown in March or April, in a good Soil: It rifes not very high: Its Blofioms are yellow, which appear in May.
Lupines, vide Annuals.
Lychnis, vide Annual, or Campions.
Mallow-Shrub; there are two Sorts of this Shrub, White and Purple, which flower in Augujl and September, until the Cold prevents them. It is increafed by Layers, or by the Seed in April, and tranfplanted.
F 4	Ma-
»‘128 7 he Gentleman Gardner's Director.
Manuring, and Dunging of a Garden, may be performed at any Time when you dig, which Work is done in Winter and Spring.
Maracoe, or Pajfion-flower, is fown on an Hot-bed in March \ take Care to cover the Roots in Winter from the Frofts, in the Place you remove it to. Its Roots fpread wonderfully, and will thrive in all Sorts of Earth, but better in moift than in light. You ' may propagate it by the Roots, always planting them where they may have as much Sun as poffibie.
Marjoram *, there are feveral Sorts; the Fine-'Sweet, fown about the End of April: The Conmon-Sweetjs increafed by Slips in March, as is the Pot-Marjoram •, and by the Roots; or few the Seed when you do the Siveet-MarjQz. ram Seed. .
' Marum Syriacum ; its Culture is the fame with that oiCelaflrus, ax Cardinal-flower, and requires to be fet within the Ground in •Winter. You flip it in April to increafe it: Defend it from Cats, who will certainly de-Jtroy it.
.	' Marigolds, vide Annuals.
The Sorts of Marigolds are Tellow,
French,
jj*	'	Quilled
i
'll be Gentleman Gardner's Dtrefior. 129 Quilled African,
African,
Tree Marigold,
FVf Marigold,
Cape,
Cape-white within.
This lad is a tender Plant, and fhould be ou fed in Winter.
Martagons, or Mountain Lilies; there are the White, the Spotted, that of Canada, Mzr-tagon of Conjlantinople,	and Tellow, the
Hungarian, the Virginian; that of Pompony„ they flower in : We propagate them by the Bulbs, as foon as the Flower is gone ^ take them up and plant immediately, about five Inches deep in the out Parts of your Garden, in Earth of fome Strength and Sub-fiance.
jMarvel of Peru-, I fuppofe it has its Name from the uncommon Time of its flowering* which is after Sun-let, and during the Night* contracting itfelf at the Approach of theSun. This Flower dies every Winter, for the molt Part; and is raifed by Seed on an Hotbed at the Beginning of April, and thence removed into rich Earth. If they flower nor, cover with Hcrfe-dung all Winter, and uncover in March j it will flower in Augujl. The F 5	JEtooti
»*3° Gentleman Gardner's Director. Roots may be taken up and dried, and then wrapped up feverally in woollen Rags, and fo kept from Moifture all Winter, being fet the Beginning of Marcht they will flower at their ufual Time.
Maudlin is propagated by parting the Roots in Spring or Autumn, and requires a light Earth, not fliaded, and it thrives very much: It is planted for phyfical Ufes, and is good in the Bloody-flux.
Medic or Lucerne, is a Grafs-feed, and fajd to be more nutritious than double the Quantity of common Grafs. It is fown in jlpril, when the Weather is fair : For, fown in a wet Seafon, it is apt to rot. Firft, har-row.the Ground, which fhould be light, dry, fandy Land, very fine. Secondly, make a Drill with a Hoe, quite crofs a Land, a-bout an Inch deep, into which fcatter the Seeds very thin. Thirdly, cover about half an inch thick with Earth, and proceed to make Other Drills, two Feet diftant from the former, and,fo on till all the Land be fown. Six Pounds of.Seeds will fow an Acre, if fown thus : And, if fown thicker, the Plants will be fd ;cIofe, .as to fpoil one another. The Gentleman that communicated to me this Advice, fays, he mealured the Crown of one Root, and it was eighteen Inches over, and
.9	had
(The Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or. 13 r had four hundred Shoots, and this upon a. poor, dry, gravelly Soil, which had not beea dunged of leveral Years j but the Root was near ten Years old.
The Reafon for fowing in Rows is, that the Plants may have Room, and for the better ftirring the Ground, and keeping it clear from Weeds,
As foon as the Crop is got in each Year,, clear the Spaces between the Rows with a fmall Breaft-plough, or hoe it.
When the Flowers appear, cut it. It is a Grafs that requires frequent Turning, when mowed, that it may foon dry. Stirring the Ground between the Rows helps the Roots to put out fooner, and to kill the Weeds.
In September, you may put Sheep to it to keep it down : Feed not Beafts with the Af-ter-grafs the firft Year, for the Roots, being young, they may kill them with their Treading.
The Spaces between .the Rows are to be ftirred again in February, for the fame Rea-lon before given. The fecond Year you may eat the After-grafs with great Cattle, after the fecond Crop, it producing two Crops, as other Grafs-feeds fown for the Improvement of Land do.the Gentleman Gardner's Dire Bor.
You may let a little of it ftand to Seed, and, when ripe, cut, and lay it in an open Houfe to dry; then you muft thrafh and cleanfe it from its Husks : It fhould not be fown among Corn. The Hay fhould be houfed, and not lain out of Doors. An Acre will produce Hay fufficient for two, if not ihree Horfes, all the Year round.
Medicinal Plants, raifed in a Garden, of Seed, which you may be furnifhed with by moft Seedfmen, are,
A.
'Angelica, Amis.
B.
Balfaty, Broom, Bur doc.
C.
Carduus Benediiïus, Caraway, Cardamum, Cû\ riander, Cummin, CitruL
D.
Dill, Dauern.
E.
Elecampane.
*T. Fennel,The Gentleman Gardner's Direflor. 13 3
F.
Fennel, Fenugreek, Fleawort.
G.
Grummel, Gourd.
Henbane.
L.
Line, Lovage.
M.
Marjh-Mallow.
N.
Nettle.
Oculus-Cbrifti.
O.
V.
Plantane, Poppy, "White iVowy.
R.
Rhubarb, Rue.
S.
Smallage, $iurvy-grafs,
)
T. sr*!***:134 The Gentleman Gardner's Director,
'Tobacco*
T.
Wormfeed, Wormwood.
N. B. All thefe Seeds are fown thin on good Ground, about the Beginning of Aprils and may be tranfplanted (fome of them, not all) in September or March following.
Medlar-tree ; it is raifed by Grafting on a White-Thorn, Quince, Pear, or Service-Stock. There are the common Englijh Medlar, the Dutch, and, Mr. Ray fays, One without Stones. Set them in a Corner of your Orchard.
Melons are raifed on an Hot-bed in February ; fome fteep the Seeds in Milk for twenty-four Hours before they low it. The beft Melon-feed comes from about Languedoc in France, where the Gardeners ftrive which can produce the beft Seed.
As foon as they appear, give them Air by Degrees; and in March, as they grow in Strength, inure them to the Sun, till they be big enough to be removed, which will be towards the End of April, into Holés or Ridges prepared for them, as dire&ed in Cucumbers. Neyer fufifer .the Roots or Stalks
■ ■ -c . #
IThe Gentleman Gardiner’s Direflor. 135 of your Melon Plants to touch the Dung, nor fhould you water them immoderately, but when the Earth is very dry, and the Seafon excefiively hot j two or three Times a Week about Sun-fet. You will do prudently to guard off the Sun’s Heat with fome Tiles, Boards, c. till they are out of Danger, as you fhould do the Cold and Froft, which often happen in May. When the Foot of a Plant grows over luxurious, cut away the feebleft Branches, leaving not above 4 of the moft vigorous, and whofe Knots grow neareft one another : As foon as the Fruit is knit, fuf-fer no more than two upon each Foot, chu-fing thofe that are beft placed, fuch as are well truffed with a thick fhort Tail; long ftarted ones feldom proving good. When you begin to cover with Bells, raife them i’o on forked Sticks, as that they may neither reft upon the Fruit or Branches, or quite exclude the Air. A Tile laid under each Melon will help it to ripen, and you may know, when they are ripe, by the Stalks feeming to part with the Fruit, and they begin to gild or grow yellow underneath, and by the fragrant Odour they yield, which increafes more as they ripen. When you eat them, fome fay cut them into cold Water, which will make them eat cool and plea-
fant»136 The Gentleman Gardner's Director. fant. If you are to carry them far, pluck; before they are quite ripe: Indeed, any Melon lhould be kept a Day before it be eaten for it does not eat well, when waterifh and' flalhy. Seed is referved of the firft ripe, elpecially that which lies on the Sun-fide of the Melon, which, being walhed from the Slime, &c. and wiped, lay to dry.
Melons are eaten with Salad in Pulp, or Slices, or by itfelf, with Salt and Pepper: A Melon that requires Sugar to commend it, is not arrived at its Perfe&ion. The Sorts fold in England, are the Englijh, French, and Spanijh Melon-Seed.
Mezerian-tree flowers in February, and is .raifed from the Berries fown as foon as they are ripe, in Boxes of light red Earth : You may lay fuch Earth round about the Trees for the Berries to fall on, and cover lightly with fome of the fame. A light Soil, not over dry, is proper to plant this Tree in, in which it will grow to the Height of 3 or 4 Feet. There is the white and red blofibmed Mezerian which appear in February.
Mint is multiplied by the Runners in March, or by Tops fet (thruft them into the Ground double, with a Setting -flick cut forked) in May: The beft Sorts are the Spear and Red Mmtt and are very good for weak
Stomachs.
t
\*the Gentleman Gardner's Direftcr. 137 Stomachs. When you have cut it for Drying (vide Herbs for Drying) or before Win-r ter, or in February, give a new Covering of frefh Earth. It muft be renewed or fhifted once in three Years.
Moles, a pernicious Enemy to a Garden, are deftroyed by feveral Sorts of Traps fet in their Roads, which are commonly near Walls and Fences in March \ but, when your Seeds are come up, Digging to fet the Traps difobliges the Borders, &c. Make them large Matches of Brimftone, light them, and put them into their Holes about Five of the Clock in the Evening j it will make them quit thofe Quarters.
Moly, feveral Sorts of it, which flower in ?Wi.
1	Homer*s Moly.
2	The Indian.
3	That of Hungary.
4	Serpent Moly.
5	Spanijh.
6	Montpelier.
7	The Yellow.
8	Diofcorides's Moly.
They are increafed by the Bulbs which may be taken up as foon as the Stalk or Leaves wither, and will grow in any Soil;
' thfe138 tfbe Gentleman Gardner's Direftcr. the Flowers being fit for nothing, but to be fet with others in Pots. The Moly of Mont-■ pelier flowers not till September.
Monkjhood is fown about four Inches Dif-tance, the Stalks run high: Sow it in Byplaces in April.
Moth-mullein is a Plant that grows about a Yard high, when it produces Bunches of white Blofloms in September. It is raifed from Seed fown in Marchr in a light Soil; much expofed to the Sun.
Moufe-ear is a dwarfifh Plant, feldom growing above a Foot in Height. Its Blof-foms are of a bright Orange Colour, and appear in July: It is propagated by the Off-fets from the Roots, which may be taken off in March or September. Plant in a light Soilj expoied to the Sun. -
Mulberry-tree is increafed by laying or moulding up convenient Branches in the Spring; leave not above two Buds out of the Earth; water them diligently, and the fe-cond Year they will have taken Root. They alfo take by parting any Branch or Arm flit, kept open with a Wedge or Stone through a Bafket of Earth : The Cuttings will take Root in the Spring, efpecially Shoots of two Years Growth. The Berries are fown in April) in rich Earth, on a Bed a. little raifed,
like
cThe Gentleman Gardner's Director. 139 ’ like thofefor Pot-herbs, or in September. Remember to bruife the Seeds in your Hands, wafh and dry them, then fow. In two Years take them up, and plant at a greater Dif-tance in November. If you fow in Aprils defend the young Seedlings from the Summer Heats, and the Seeds from Birds.
Muftard-Seed is fown in March, and, if you let it Hand till it is thoroughly ripe, it will fave you the Trouble of Sowing •, the Seed that fcatters will put up in April, if you will but dig the Ground over.
Myrtles of feveral Sorts are raifed'of Seeds, or Berries, fown after a little Steeping on an Hot-bed in March, or by laying in June or July, by pegging them down in good Earth; water them often : They are all tender, and require Covering in tne Winter V,’kh mats, &V. againft the Frofts ; or you may houfe them in OBcber. They are removed out at the End of March, and, if Occafion be, you may clip about the Beginning of May. They bio (Torn in Augujl.
Myrto-Cijlus is of the Myrtle Kind, and is propagated by laying down the young Shoots in March; place in a warm Expq-fure. The Flowers appear at the latter End of the Year, and are of a yellow Colour.
Narciffus, vide Daffodils.
Najlurtium j140 ‘The Gentleman Gardner's Direflcr.
Najlurtium; there are double as well as -fingle Nafturtiums: The double come from i Italy ^ and are propagated by planting the: Cuttings in Pots of fine Mould, watering' them well till they ftrike Root, which they will in a little Time j and at the End of September fet them in fome Place where they may be covered in the Night-Time, and keep them under Cover till March or April following *, then tranfplant them fingly into Pots, and fet them in an Hot-bed till they begin to flower : In May fet Abroad. Vide Crejjes.
Neftarine is a very pleafant Fruit, ripe in Augujl and September \ of which there are fe-veral Sorts, viz. Green two Sorts, Garles’s% Elruge, Murry, Painted, Red Romain, Scarlet, Rujfet, Yelled*)) and White \ all which may be grafted on Peach or Pear Plum-Stocks, or inoculate j vide Grafting and Inoculating. Thefe Trees are always planted againft Walls or Trelijfes, the Borders being well trenched ; cut the Stem of the Tree feven or eight Inches above the Grafts and cut off half the Length of the Roots. Secondly, Set them about half a Foot from the Wall *, fome fay ten Feet, others twelve Feet afunder, and an half Standard between each two planted at the latter Diftance j and in planting fpread
the
The Gentleman Gardner's Director. 141 the Roots; and cover them with Earth, and with your Hand ; ever placing that Part of the Tree from whence the Top was cut off towards the Wall, and the belt Roots towards the Alleys. The Depth, Time of Planting, and their Covering, are to be the lame as thofe of Dwarfs and Apple-Standards^ covering the Top of the Borders four Inches thick with Litter, and watering, if Occafion be. The Time of Pruning is the Beginning of February. Some Gardeners defer planting Nectarines and Peaches till March.
Nigella, or Fennel-Flower, is raifed from the Seed, in good Ground, in September and October, and tranfplanted in March or April: There are three Sorts, the Single, that with ƒmall Leaves, and the Cretan Nigella. The Plants, as well as the Seeds, delight in rich Earth, and flower in June and July.
Nightjhade, not much unlike Marvel of Peru, is raifed by the Seed on an Hot-bed in February or March, and fhifted as foon as big enough into good light Earth, or planted in Pots or Cafes : Its Flowers may be feen in the Evening in July.
Nurfery is to be furnifhed with Stocks for Grafting, bIc. the Year following, in November at the fartheft, and kept all the Year
clean
>14-2 The Gentleman Gardner's Direftor. clean from Weeds: Every Kind of Fruit having or requiring its proper Stocks, which fee under the feveral Heads, and vide Semi-nary.
Nuts-Hazel, and Filberts, are the White* Red Avelons, large and co/nmon Hazel; all which may be increafed by the Suckers planted any Time after the Fall of the Leaf, cutting off the Tops, and fhortening the Stem to a Foot •, or you may fet the ripe Nuts about the Beginning of November, and cover them in dry Ground, and have a Tree as foon.
None-fuch, or Flower of Brijlol* vide Cam-pions.
Oleander, or Rofe-Bay, is propagated by laying in Augujl, and muft be taken great Care of in the Winter or houfed. It is brought out of the Confervatory in Aprilj the Flowers appear in July.
Olive-Tree is raifed from the Stones of the ripe Fruit fet in March; it loves a warm Expofure *, the Flowers grow in Bunches, which are of a whitifh Colour. The Fruit is black when ripe; the green Fruit are pickled.
Onions are raifed in good rich Soil (not fandy) from the Seed, any Time from the -Middle of February to the Middle of April;
thofeThe Gentleman Gardner’s Director. 143 thofe defigned for Winter Spending, &c. will be fit to be pulled up about Lammas. The Seed is Town mixed with fome dry Mould, and covered by Raking or Riddling. If any ftrike into the Ground and do not head (as the Gardeners term it) ufe them in your Spring Salads; by pulling them up, you will make more Room for the others; but, to have young ones, you may fow them any Time till Auguft, as you have Occafion; and may fet the fmall ones of the preceding Year in February, whole Tops will furnilh you before the young ones come in. The Sorts are the Strajburg, Red Spanijb, (the largeft) White Spanijh, and Englijh Oniony the largeft of any of thefe Sorts, planted at fix Inches Diftance in Beds, will produce Seed, which will be ripe in September.
The Welch Onions are fet for the Ufe of a Family: Sow the Seed about the End of July, on a Bed about a Yard wide; the Seeds will come up in about fourteen Days: Keep, clean from Weeds; towards St. Luke's Day the Blades will all be gone, fo that the Bed will look as if it had nothing growing on it; but, if not difturbed, you will fee them put out in "January following, and by March will be fit to draw, and in that Month, and the following, are very ufeful in Salads and the
like,
>144 ?he Gentleman Gardiner's Dire ft or. like, though they are ftrongerin Tafte than the common Scallions.
To fave Seed of them, plant fome of the Roots in March, at about half a Foot Dif-tance, and they will produce Seed by Mi-chaelmas, or fooner; which cut off, and let the fame Roots continue, and they will afForc a better Crop of Seed the fecond Year. Then part the Roots and tranfplant them, and the Seed of them will be very good.
Onions to pickle.
Take the fmalleft of your dried Onions, of the Spanijh Sort, and of the Bignefs of a Walnut *, cut off the outward dry Coat, and bol< the Onions in Water till they grow tender : then take them off the Fire, and put then] into a Cullender or Sieve to drain ; when cold, take off two other Coats from each ^ and rub them gently with a Linen Cloth tc] dry; then put them into wide-mouthec: Glafs Bottles, with fix or eight Bay Leave:; to each Quart, one Quarter of an Ounce oo Mace, two Races of Linger fliced, all whicL are to be mixed among the Onions. The'nt boil good Alegar or Vinegar, with two Ouno ces of Bay Salt to each Quart, fcumming a ' it boils ; when cold, pour into the Glaffes '
anor
(Tbs Gentleman Gardner's Director. 145 ’ and tie over the Mouths very dole wet Bladders: They will look very white, and will eat well.
N. B. Onion Seed appears in about a Month.
Orach, or Arrach, thrives well in all Sorts of Ground •, its Seed is fown thin in Marcl\ and is quickly out of the Ground. To have good Seed, you muft tranfplant fomeofic in a feparate Place, and it will be ripe'in Jtdy. The tender Leaves are ufed in Salads.
Orange-tree, and Lemons, are raifed from the Kernels let on an Hot-bed \nMarch, but without great Care, or the Trouble of hou-fing, will fuffer in Winter. They delight in a Soil fo compofed, that its Moifture may not,for Want of natural Heat, become grofs-, and fo hinder their Growth, as too dry Tarth does. Cows-dung, or rotten Horfe-dung, frelh Earth, with a little Lime or Sea-coa! Alhes, is a good Compoft. They are inoculated in Anguß) toward the Beginning, and ufually houfed in England in November, or fooner, as the Seafon is: In May (fome Years in April) you may expofe them to the Weather ; but, if they lower, put them into an Hot-bed, or give them Milk inflead of Water, or mix fome with your YVater. They G	arc
>
>‘ 146 The Gentleman Gardner's Director. are alfo grafted by Approach in July3 vide Grafting, You may plant them moft conveniently in Boxes of a Size proportionable to the refpe£tive Tree, the lead: that are ufed, a Foot and an Half Square. Thofe Trees that are brought twenty, forty, fixty, or an hundred Miles, muft be Iteeped twenty-four Hours in Milk and Water a little warmifh, and all the Strings or Fibres taken off-that are altered before you plant them ; cut off two or tnrtff Inches from every Branch; plant no deeper than to cover the Roots. As foon as your Trees are big enough for the firft Cafe, remove to another that is larger, filled with the abovementioned Com-poft. The Time of pruning them is the Spring or October,
In houfing thefe,or any other tender Plaht, Ihut not up your Confervatory immediately, unlefs the Frofts come upon you with Severity.
Orchard^ it fhould be conveniently near, lying open, if it may be, to the Souths South-Eafty and South-Weft, and defended from the North by Buildings, Tree^,-^» The Soil rather dryifh than moift, without Springs; for fpringy Grquqji^pft be well drained, and great Care will be required in planting the Trees -3 vide Apples. Good White-Thorn is
the
(The Gentleman Gardner's DireElcr. 147 the belt quick Fence for an Orchard, if fet double upon a well prepared Border or Bank. If there be no Buildings on the North, you will do well to plant Walnut or Chefnut Trees in Rows, to keep off the Winds and Northern Coldfcj and fome Fence On thzWefi Side will not be improper, efpecially in Autumn, to fave your Fruit from the Winds, that throw down the Fruit before it be ripe.
In HerefordfiHre, (the thief County in England for Orchards) they plant the Trees at eighty or an hundred FeetDiftanoe, Ahd plow and fowCorn between ; and they find, that, by planting Trees fo farafunder, the Trees grow larger, are feldomer blafted, and bear more Fruit.
But if you are not minded to plant farther off than twenty-four or thirty Feet, and like-wife would have fevera! Sorts of TretS^ Viz. Apples, Pears, Plums, &C;vin your Orchard, plant thofe which you think will grow jhe higheft backward, and thofe which will^grow loweft forward.
In making Choice of Trees for your Orchard, buy, at theNurfery, where theGround is not fo rich as yours.
Plant your Orchard, if it may be, a ri-fing Ground.
G 2
>
Sorts‘ 148 cT4:e Gcnileman Gardner's Dtreflor. Sorts of Apples for Cyder, as I had them from an Here fordJhireMan^ are,
■For fweet Cyder.
The Red-Jlreak Apple.
Woodcock Apple.
Red-muji.
Sweet Pippin.
Winter Queening.
Fox Whelp.
Harvey Apple.
1 For ftrong Cyder.
The Styre Apple.
Broomfgrove Crab.
The Brodlin.
The Stockin Apple.
The Jelly-flower Apple.
The Elitt.**'
The IVell Apple.
The William.
The Leonard.
The John Apple.
The Snouting.
Pearmain,
Leather-coat.
<	Or-
VThe Gentleman Gardener's Director. 149
Orchis, vide Bee-flower.
Peonies, rhe Male and the Female, the firft fingle, as fome Florifts affirm, and itsLeavta coming whole withoutany Divifion* thé Stalk of the Female is not reddi&v its Leaves on the Back are downy, and of a brown Green on the other Side $ *they are multiplied by the Roots in Otdober and November, fet in a Place not much expofed to the Sun-. The Setd: fown very thin in September, where it may not be difturbedfor two Years, may produce new Varieties. Peonies flower in May.
Paliurus is a pretty Tree, and brings forth Glufters of Blofloms, of a pale yellow Colour.. ]-t is raifed from Seed, ;©r by laying down the young Shoots in November, thnee.or four inches in the Ground. It flowers in April.
Palma Chrifli is an Exotic, aiitj'is raifed in an Hot-bed by fowing the 6ecd$ in March, which tranfplant in May, into a light warm Soil^.
Panfy, or Heart's-Eafe it is alfo by fome called Viola Tricolor, upon Account of the three Colours that are in this Flower, Yellow, Crimfon, and Purple: Or Blue, Scarlet, and Purple. All the Sorts are raifed of Seed, fown in all the Months from March to Auguft.. They love a light Soil, and are of a quick G 3	Growth,150 The Gentleman Gardener's "Direft or. Growth, and flower fooner, or later, according as they are fown.
i Parjley •, its Seed is fown any Time from February to September, either in Rows, or all tip and down the Bed, and is a Month commonly or more before it appears. The fe-cond Year it runs to Seed, which is fit forgathering in Augujl or September.
Parjhips are managed as Carrots in every Refpe<5t 'You may either fow them on Beds alone, or with Carratst or in the Alleys ber tween your Onion Beds, and are ripe in Augujl, or September at the furtheft. The Seed is rai&d from fome of the largeft, taken up in November into your Confervatory, and feta-gain in February.
PaJfton-flowery vide Maracoe.
PdJfe-flowery called alfo Pulfatillay is raifed from Seed fown in Marcby in Boxes of fine Earth, and flowers not till the fecond Year. Strip the Seedlings into Beds, and fet-three or four Inches afunder,and take Care to'weed the Beds well, and you may expedl Varieties. It Powers in March and April.
Pajfk-pierre, or Pierce-Jlone, is a Kind of Parfleyi and has the fame Culture.
Peaches are inoculated on the Peach or Plum-jtbcB. Mr. Evelyn, fays, you may bud \)pon the Almond, but on ar6tock that has-
never
(
tThe Gentleman Gardner's Dire El or. 151 never been removed, and fo let it continue. They are ordered as the NeElarine and Abricot. Remember that thefe Trees, when their Shoots are too luxuriant, muft be pinched or broken off within theCompafs of four or five Eyes, ,or as you think fit, i in May or June. In priming them in March, n Take away all the dead Wood and crtimpled Branches. 2. Shorten the Wood-branches to four or five Eyes, or according to the Strength of kihe Tree, and leave all the'Fruit-branches, which you may know by their double Buds. 3. When one Side is deficient in Wood-branches, prune the Fruit-branches fhort, and, if they are luxuriant Ones», leave them ten or twelve Inches long, with a little one at the End, which will both attridfc the Sap, and produce good Branches. 4. If it has produced no Wood-branches, pluck it up as foon as the Fruit is gathered ; fotnetimes it Ihc^prs vigoroufly at the Foot, which Bran-ches/if you let it Hand, muft be preferved and pruned long, a Foot atleaft. The fécond PiÎJnîng of Abricots, NeElarines, Peaches, and Plums, is from N[\à-May to M\à-June, and is different from thefirft. Now you prune only the Fruit-branches that are half dried a-way, thofe you think will not be able to.nou-rifh their Fruit, the-gummy and languilhingi G 4	and
152 SfcheGentleman Gardner's Direflor. and take off fome Fruit-branches when there is but one Wood-branch to make the Tree the more beautiful. The Sorts are
Newington Peach — Nutmeg, White and Red Mufcat — —	—.
Perfian — j— — Rambouillet —	—
Ripe in July ' and Augufiy on a South-wall.
Nivet Peach —	— —
Roman Peach —	—	—
Portugal —	—	—	—
Magdalen —	—	—
1
Ripe in Au-gußznäSep-
I'’ t ember, on a South-wall.
J
A new Method of treating Peaches, Nectarines, Abricots, and other Wall-trees, is to unnail the bearing Branches as fpon as the Leaves are fallen, yearly, all but one or two of the ftrongeft, which are left nailed to fupport the other •, and fo let them remain till February, and then nail them again. The Reafon of this Method given is, the keeping them nailed chills the Branches, and prejudices the Fruit Buds.
^	The
<
v*The Gentleman Gardner's Director. 153 The Borders where Peaches are planted,-flhould be fix Feet broad, that the Root^ may have Liberty to grow ; and when you' plant make a Hole big enough to contain the Roots. 1urn the Bud outwards, that the wounded Part of the Stock may notbefeen, and let the Stem be 4 or 5 inches from the Wall, wim its Head inclining* thereto: Then fill in the Earth with your Hands, breakingall Lumps, and, when fill'd in, prefs 'down with your Foot gently : Lay A little rotten Straw to keep off the Summer Heat, and to retain the Moifture you may have Occafion to give them -then. In March following take fait Hold of the Stem below' the Budi'and'Hold it fall; then cut off the-Head, Hoping a little above the Eye: Let. this be done in dry Weather: And, if you have loofened the Roots, put the Earth to them again.
In May, when the Shoots are 6 or 8 Inches long* nail them to theWall, training them horizontally, rubbing off all fore-right. Shoots, or fuch as are weak. Water thetft»2; when you fee Occafion.
Thefe two Rules following are to be ob-lerved in pruning both Peaches and Nefla* vines, viz. 1. To- furnifh every Part of a Tree with bearing Wood.. 2. Not to lay I G 5	H154 The Gentleman Gardner’s Dire Her. the Branches too clofe together* for all Trees produce Fruit on the young Wood, cither of Wood of one or two Years old* and they are to be minded every Month, and: ordered as there is Occafion.
In pruning Peaches and NeMarines, obferve to cut them behind a Wood-Bed, and thofei Buds are lefier than the BlofTom ones, which are thicker, rounder, and fuller * and leave ' the Branches you cut, as long as the Strength of the Tree requires, 9 or 10 Inches long,, or more { whereas 6 may be long enough in a weak Tree. Cut off all weakly Shoots ; : and, in nailing the Shoots to the Wall, place them at an equal Diftance, fo as that the; Leaves, when come out, may have Room to grow without fhading the Branches too much ; and never nail them upright, but horizontally or flopingr
When your Fruit is fet, and as big as a fmall Nut, go over them, and thin them to the Diftance of 4 or 5 Inches * fo your Fruit: will be larger.
Pear-Trets have the fame Culture that Apples, only are grafted fooner by a Month, or Pear-Kernel Stocks or Suckers, and will profper in ftony, hungry, gravelly Lands, where Apples will not. The Sorts of Standards (for Dwarfs, vide Dwarfs) are
The
<The Gentleman Gardiner's Dir ell or, 155
The Maudlin. — — Madeira. —	—	—
Green Royal. — —
St .Laurence. —	—
Primatin. — —	•—•
Early Cbijfel. — — RuJJ'et -I
Yellow > Catharine. — King. J
Orange-Pear. —**	•
Green-Chi ft, .—	—
Cuijfe Madame. - — — Pearl-Pear. — H
1
> June & July,
J
Windfor. —■ —- —-Slipper. —• — —-Bergamot. -—■ —- — Orange. — •— <— Sugar-Pear —	—-
Bonchretien. —	—•
Sovereign. —1 — — Lorain. — — — Prujfia. — — — Hambdens. — — —

>AugnfL
J
Bura's. — Norwich.' -Chefter. — Pound Pear.
September,
G 6
t
Lewis, ■1.56 The-Gentleman Gardner's DirebloK Lewis. — —	— -
' Firth.	—» — —
Arundel. — — —-Brunfwic. —	■— —
Queen's Fear. — —j Rußet -I
Green > Poppering. —
Great J	> September.
Biß op's Tongue.	—
Meffre Jean. — —
Rowling-pear. — —
Emperor. —	—	—
Greenfield. — —	—
Dionere. —, — — J
Green Butterpear. —
Ruffe!. _.	—	—
Saffron. — — — Winter Windfior. — Montpelier. — — -Bell. —	—	—	-
Paves. •—•	—	—
Caw-pear. — — -Petworth.	—	—	-
The Squib. —	—	•
Virgin.	— —	■—
Scarlet-pear. —	—
Vergoules. — ;—
Oftober,
November,
> and the other Months.
J
War-
<
\The Gentleman Gardner's Director. 157 Wardens, feveral Sorts.
Deadman’s-pear. —
Longevel. — — —
Am a dot. —	—	—
Ambret.	— —
Bergamot. — — —
Lyfumber.	—	— —
Bonchretien, Winter. —
You may alfo bud Pears on Free-Stockst or upon Quince-Stocks, or White-Thorn j but Free-Stocks, or Stocks procured from the Suckers of old Pears," are the beft.
Pears againft Walls or Efyaliets fhould be at twelve Feet Diftance or more. Thofe that are fet for Standards, feven or eight Yards or more.
The beft Time of pruning of thele is from the Beginning of November to Candlemas.
The firft Summer, they are to be trained to the Wall or Efpalier, as horizontally as you can, but fhorten no Shoots till Michaelmas ; then do it fo fhort as to leave five or fix Eyes only, if there are wanting Branches to fill the lower Part.
The Branches, if the Pears are of a large Sort, lay feven or eight Inches afunder; if of a fmall Kind, five or fix.
Pear-
Oftober,
November,
> and the other Months.158 The Gentleman Gardener's Director.
Pear-trees bloflbm firft at the End of the preceding Year’sShoots \ and, if thofe are Shortened, the Bloflbm Buds will be taken off.
In Summer Months train in the Shoots as they are produced, where they are wanted j and take off foreright and luxuriant Branches.
Pear-trees may be pruned any Time from All Saints to March, but the fooner the better.
Summer-pears fliould be gathered two or three Days before they are ripe, becaufe they are foon rotten after they are ripe.
Winter-pears fhould hang on the Trees as long as the Seafon will permit, but not to fuffer by the Froft.
Peafe may be fown any Time from October to the End of May> two Rows, or only one on a Bed, of about thirty Inches wide j leave the fame Space for Earthing, or more, &V. which will be little enough in rich Ground j you mufl fupport them with Sticks to keep them from falling to the Ground-Keep the Alleys or Spaces between clean from Weeds, with your Hoes, &c. The Sorts, fold by the Seedfmen are
i
Peate
vThe Gentleman Gardner's Director. 159 Beau Dye —-	■■ ■ ~j
Edwards — •	—- I
Flanders ■------—s • i
Green's — ■— —	? Hotfpurs.
Same's	----- — J
Long and Short ——— j
Reading Peafe EJfex Roading Peafe Charlton's Peafe Ormat Hotfpurs Crooked Sugar Peafe The Cobham Pea Windfcr Grey Pea Alabafier Pea Union Pea 1Spaqi/h Moretto Redjhanks Pea Marrow Pea/
Long Dwarf Pea
Long crooked Sugar Peafe, eaten as Kidney Beans, Shells and all.
White —	.—	—
Blue' —
Green —
Rouncivals.x,6o 7he Gentleman Gar&'tier's Director. Large White ■— — S Small White — — I c „ r Grey - ?_______________________<• Sugar Peafe.
"Dwarf — —. —- J
Dutch Admiral — —Ip r Crown or Rofe — — >i eale‘ Winged —	—	— j
Everlafting —	J
Thefe-Sorfs,,and any other Seeds,'may be had at molt of our Seed-Shops in London.
The large Peafe> as Dutch Admiral, Egg-Peafe, Marrow-Fat, and Spanijh Moretto &c. ihould be fet two Rows on a Bed, a Foot afunder each Row j and, if. you fet two Beds together, let the two outermoft Rows, be fix Feet afunder j for, fo fet, you. may. go.between them to gather the Peafe without bruifing the Vines. You may fet them at four Inches Diftance in the Rows.
The Pods of the . Sugar.-peafe, when, they firft begin to appear, may be ufed> in the Salads.
' Panfey is raifed of Seed in April, and_tran{-planted j fow it thin in good light Earth. It. flowers late.
Penny-
VThe Gentleman Gardner's Director. 161 Penny-Royal is multiplied by the Roots, or Slips fet in March or April. It delights in a moift Soil : You may fet it alfo in September. '	v
Perennial-Flowers are
Matted
Mountain
Maiden
Thrift
London Pride
Pinks.
Alpine Sedum
Sweet Williams and Johns
Gillißowers
^Tellow | Kein or Wall-fiowers. Striped
White Brompton Large Annual Snap-Dragons Rofe Campion Rocket
Scarlet Lychnis Canterbury Bells Virginian Striped Double ,
Stock-Giljifiowers.
Columbine.
Mujki Si The Gentleman Gardner's Director. ■ Muß'Scabious i French Ilony-fuckle Red y White CVaJerian.
Grecian )
Monkßood
Foxglove
Hollyhocks, of feveral Colours
Sat tin Flowers
Auricula's
N. B. Mofl of thefe may be Town in A-pril in rich light Earth, and tranfplanted as loon as they are big enough •, they flower the fecond Year.
Periploca, or Virginian Silk, may be raifed of Seed, on an Hot-bed in the Spring $ it flowers the fecond Year in July, and produces Seeds and Silks in Auguft.
Perpetual or Eternal Flower is propagated by Seeds fown on a warm Border in Anguß : Shade them if the Weather proves dry, and keep from Weeds. In the Spring, after you remove, or let them remain, they will flower in July or fooner. The Seeds will be ripe in Augufl.
Polyanthus's Primrofes
K7he Gentleman Gardner's Director. 16 3 "
St. Peter's Shrub bears its Blofloms in « Knots of a whitifh Colour, fhaded with Red, in December. It is propagated by laying ei-ther in the Spring or Autumn. Plant in a warm Expofure.
iPbillyrea has the ,fame Culture as Ala-ternus.
Phyfical Plants, vide Medicinals.
Pinks \ there are feveral Kinds, viz.
The Sea Pink.
Indian Pink.
The Dwarf Dutch Pink.
The Mountain Pink.
Painted Lady Pink.
Which are propagated, by either fowing the Seed in the Spring, and in May planting them out in Borders, where you would have them (land ; or by flipping, or by laying them, as we do July Flowers
Pidkii vide Nptp under Perennials,
Perriwinkle, vide Edgings.
Planting cf Trees. No Tree is fit to be tranfplanied before the Sap be gone down, which is as foon as the Leaves art: fallen off; Plant in Otyob(rt November, December, January t Februaryor March. Thole Trees that are fooneft planted in <Jry Ground thrive befli jnfjw|t]and moift Earth, ifyou^efer
Planting
i164. The Gentleman Gardener’s Director. Planting till March, the-Trees will better refift the too great Moifture of the Earths
Evergreens, as Yews, &c. may be taken up any Time, if you take Care to fecure them from the Pleat in Summer, which dries then* too much, and from the violent Frolls of Winter, which are equally prejudicial.
Rules to be observed in Planting.
1.	Be careful not to break the Roots,, when you take up any Tree ; and, before you. replant, cut offthofe Roots that are bruited or interfere one with another; aifo all fuper-fluous Fibres, which the middle Rows will foon fupply. Let the Face of the Cut be always placed downward againft the Ground, that the young Roots may fhoot upward.
2.	The Top, as is before directed, is to be pruned, fo as to produce, if it may be, an handfome Tree, and not left too full of Wood, efpecially in Fruit-trees, which hinders their Bearing •, always remember that the* uppermoft Eye or Bud be outward.
3.	Jf the Grafting Place be not grown over, feti it ftand towards the North, and cover \fctohr Clay, or human Dung, which-will heal up a Wound in a Tree.
4. H
f
1The Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or. 165
4.	If you do not think fit to lay a Covering of Straw, or Fern, about the Trees when covered in, to keep off the Heat in Summer, &c. as directed at Apple-trees, lay at the Foot of them fome Pond-mud, or any Thing of the Nature of that which will retain its Moifture.
5.	Never throw Dung next the Roots, as you are planting, but mix it with the Earth, and take Care to prefs the Ground with your Hands clofe to the Roots, that the Earth a-bove and below may cleave to the Roots. This Method prevents the Mofs growing on Trees, elpecially in waterilh Grounds, if you will raife the Earth, at Planting, above the Surface.
N. B. I had almoft forgot to tell you, that, if the Holes wherein you defign to plant your Trees were laid open, three, four, or more Months, before the Trees are put in, the Bottoms of the Holes wouldJ?e meliorated by the Sun and Rain, and confequently very much further the Growth of your Trees.
Plums are grafted or inoculated on Plum-Stocks •, thofe of the White and Black Pear-Plum are the beft, the Stones being fet in Oftober or November. Standards are ordered
as166 The Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or. as Apples and Pears. Thofe for the Wall, as Peaches, vide Peaches.
The Sorts as follow,
Myrobalan:	}§&
Primordians — — The Amber —	—•
Pear-plum, Black — DamafcenSy two or three Sorts — — — Chejfon — — — Abricot
Cinnamon	—	—-
King's Plum — —r* Lady Elizabeth ----
n f. 7 Red --------
Da,e~{white — Imperial Blue — — Yellow Pear-plum —-Nutmeg — — — Great Anthony	——
Turky-plum —	—
’Jane-plum — — Peaft-plum — —
„ ..	T White—
Bulhce— |B]ack _
1
July & Au-guft early.
J
I
Anguft or ^ later.
J
| September. Great
»
i’The Gentleman Gardner's Dire51or. 167 Great Damafcene of Tours Monfieur-plum. Plant in hot, light Soils. Diaper-plum Maugeron Queen Claudia
Qpeen Catharine (of an Amber Colour.) Violet Perdrigon White Perdrigon
Imperial Violet; Plum. Set in a hot, light Earth.
Pearl Damafcene.
Method of pruning Plums.
Thefe Sorts of Trees produce their Fruit on the laft Year’s Wood, which Ihoot out of Branches two or three Years old : So that, confidering this, there is no Occafion to fhorten the Branches, in order to procure new Shoots every Year (as in Peaches, Nec-tarines, &c.) Since, the more Plum-trees are pruned, the more luxuriant they grow, until they have fpent their Strength, and then gum and decay.
Therefore lay their Shoots horizontally at an equal Diftance in Proportion to the Bignefs of their Leaves, and, where a Want of Branches is to fill up the Wall, pinch them a-bout the Beginning of May; that will be a
Means16$ The Gentleman Gardner's Direftar. Means to caufe them to (hoot out fome fide Branches to fupply the Vacancies, and, during the growing Seafon, difplace all Fore-fight Shoots.
Plums are planted at the Outfides of the : Orchard commonly, as Apples, &c.
Poke is an hardy Plant,, imported from Virginia, and may be raifed of Seed Town in March on an Hot- bed, and the Plants fliifted into a light Soil in May. The Leaves referable the Marvel of Peru. It flowers in September. This Plant will remain many Years : in the natural Ground.
Pomegranate is one of the rarefl: of Flower-trees, and may be raifed by laying in Augujli. or April, which is by pegging down and covering with good Earth, i. e. the Part pegged water, and in fix Months it will have: taken Root: Or by Grafting, by Approach. in April. It is tender while young, but after hardy enough. Take Care to keep it! clear of Suckers ; it delights to Hand in a warm Place, in good Ground, enriched with, old Horfe-dung. You may propagate it byr, the Slips, which you muft prepare thus:; Scrape the Bark up two Inches atleafl: at the:; End that is to be in the Ground, cut the upper End, and plant in fome Box filled with,
fThe Gentleman Gardener's Fire £1 or. i6$ the abovementioned Compoft, and water once in two or three Days.
Poppies, vide Annuals.
Potatoes are fet in February, in Drills or Rows, a Foot or eighteen Inches afunder ; make them with a large Hoe, and fill them almoft full with Manure; then cut the Potatoes., large ones, into four or fix Pieces, each having an Eye ; lay them in the Dung, each Piece five, fix, or more Inches diftant, and earth them up. You may dig them up in OElober and November. They do not appear before the End of April.
Potatoes are alfo fet in Fields out of Order, five or fix Inches afunder, or more, and two or three deep, and in frefh Ground.
You may know that Potatoes are ready for taking up, whei\ their Berries turn blfcokifh ; and dry Weather is beft to take them «p in, and a four-fanged fork, with the Fangs pretty near together, is preferable to a Spade.
Thofe you would keep, lay them in the Sun for two or three Daya'to dry, and, when dry, cover in a dry Cellar with Sand that is dry alfo, and you may keep them till April.
Others make a Pit in dry Ground, as deep as a Saw-pit* and lay Stravy in the Bottom, and on the Sides, and then put their Potatoes. within it, till it be almoft full; and cover them H	withrTO, The Gentleman Gardner's DirsBor. with Straw next them, and after with Earth,, to keep the Frofi: from them. ,
Tot-Herbs, raifed of Seeds, are
Borage,	Landbeefr
Bloodworm ■	d Savoy (Summer)
Buglofs,	Winter Savoury,
Burnet,	Tanjyt
Clary,	Nep,
Endive,	Orach,
Columbine,.	Succory,
French Sorrel,	Thyme y
Marjoram, Marigold,	French Mallows.
TV. B. The Seeds are fown in light, rich Ground in April* and then tranfplanted (or as foon as ready) the Year following.
The Primrofe-tree, a flowering Shrub that grows between three and four Feet high, ib called, becaufe its Flowers refemble the Prim-rofe Flowers. It was brought from Carolina: Its Flowers are yellow, and is raifed of Seed fown in a fine rich Soil, in March. Set the Plants where they may have as much Sun as pofiible. •* • • -	i :	^ -
Bum-
1
<The G entleman Gardner's Dire£1 or. 1.71 Pumpions or Pumkinsj, their Culture is the fame with that of Cucumbers., only in June* when their Vines grow five or fix Feet long, throw Earth upon them about the Middle, from the Root. This Way keeps the Winds from prejudicing them; the Fruit beyond that Place will be the better nourilhed, and confequently grow bigger. They delight in the Sun, and -fhould be watered now and then in dry Summers.
Purjlane, to have Seed, fow it early on an Plot-bed, and tranfplant in June; when the Flu Iks open and difcovw the black Seed, it is ripe. Set them at eight or ten Inches Dif* tance: The ufual Time of fowing is April or May, in light warm Earth, or made warm with Horfe-dung, like an Hot-bed. In eight or ten Weeks, if frequently watered, it will be fit for Pickling. I fowed fome one Year on a Manure Heap, juft laid together on a Covering of Earth three „or four Inches thick, about the Middle of june^ and about that Time in Augujl it was ready. The tender Leaves are ufed for Salads. '
. Pruning of Fruit-trees is not alike in all, nor at the fame Time.
ApricotSy Peaches, Nettarines, apfl Plums, I have treated of; vide Pcachet.1iy 2 The Gentleman Gardner's Dire ft or.
Dwarfs, whether Apples, Pears ^ or Cherries, &c. are pruned alike, i. To give them' a handfome Shape, and to make the Fruit thp fairer, you mu ft obferve, Wood-branches which form the Trees, are cut from fourto; 12 Inches long; Fruit-branches, whofe Buds are turgid and near one another, if you thinlc them infufiicient to bear their Fruit, fliorten* them, and of thofe that feem able cut off only' the Extremity ; all crumpled Branches take' quite off. Branches of falfe Wood, whofe Eyes or Buds are flat and far diftant, cut them off. Always keep Dwarfs open in the Middle, and in a round Figure, if pofllble V the Stem eight or nine Inches below the Graft. , Luxuriant Branches are thofe that fpring.out from the large Wood, fmooth and dean ; Buds flat and far diftant, thefe are taken away, or faved, as you have Occafion for Wood. Weak, Trees are pruned in January, the vigorous in March, for then you may diftinguifh the Buds *, always leave the uppermoft Eye or Bud of each Wood-branch outward. .
■' If your 'Trees’are not round, a Hoop put about it, and tied, having the Wood-branches' bound to it, will bring them into that Figure.
Stan-
{
fThe Gentleman Gardner's Director. 173
Standards, as Apples, Pears, Cherries, Plums, &c. are pruned all alike; endeavour that ƒ>/« efpecially may not fhoot up too much in Wood in the Middle, which very much hinders their Bearing : Therefore take^ out the great Wood-branches* and never fear a Supply of far better; the more horizontally any Standard or Wall-tree grows, the more Fruit it bears, and the Reafon is, the Bending of Boughs clfltlts the Sap, and confequently nourifhes the bearing Branches more, which you mull never let grow too thick, becaufe one will rob another of Nourilhment, and the Fruit of both will be fmall. Cut off thofe that rub upon their Neighbours, all cankered, dead, and luxuriant Boughs *, and, as to the Roots in Trees that bloffom too early, Mr. de la Quintinye fays, it is much better to takeoff one or two of the greateft Roots in November or December, than either boring Holes into the Bodies of them, or cleaving a Root, and putting a Stone into the Cleft, which fome Ci ardeners do to old Trees that bloffom and bear not.
Pears and Plums Ihoot up naturally more than Apples, and muff be checked, if they run up too much into Wood, and do not bear, as it is expedted.
H 3
Prim-*74 The Gentleman Gardener's Direflor.
,Primrofes may be increafed byfowing the Seed on a Bed of fine Earth, fifting a light Cover of rich Mould upon them, about the End of Auguß ; a Year after you may tranf-plant, and expert Flowers the fecond Spring. There are a great Variety of them, both Single and Double.
Pyracantha is raifed of Slips in February^ or of its Berries,, as Haws below j vide Quick-fets. ..
: Quickfets 5 for a Fence for the Orchard or Garden, are thofe of Haw-thorn, fet any Time; -from October to the End of February, in two Rows, eight or ten Inches or more.afunder, and each fet at what Diftance you think moft - convenient for your Purpofej let the Sets of one Row be placed againft the Middle of the Vacancy of the other, to make your Fence the thicker and ftronger. Your Ground muft be carefully digged and cleaned from Nettle-Roots, &c. and, if dry, you will do prudently, if you fet them a jfitle below the Surface to take in the Rain, for Want of which they are often loft. You may earth them up even with the Surface the fecond Year, if you pleafe, If a Crab-tree Stock was planted a-mong them at every eighteen Feet Diftance, you may graft it, and have Apples, as well as a better Part of an Hedge. Weed and water,
if
1
(*Pbe Gentleman Gardner's Birefior. 175 if there be Occafion. Some cut them clofe to the Ground at 3 Yefffc End, and fay they will fhoot more after that, in a Year or two, than in Seven, had they been let alone. Haws and Hip, fown in October, and the Place kept clean from Weeds (though they feldom „appear thefirft Year) will’produce an Hedge in a few Years. Some Years the Haws, See. are not ripe before November, in which Month you may fow them.
Quinces; the beft Sorts are the Portugal, Barbary, and Brunfwic, which are increafed by Suckers and Laying, and then grafted or inoculated, as other	Which makes
them bear better, efpecially if planted in moift -rich Grounds, or near a Sink, or Water.
Quince-Jiocb are in great EftCCTTi for grafting pr budding Pears on : . For Trees upon thefe Stocks do not fhoot fo vigoroufly as thofe on Free-ftocks, and may be kept confe-•quently within lefs CompaR^ befides, they will bear Fruit footer. The better Stocks are raifed from Cuttingsnfet early in the Spring, and watered often in dry Weather.
If you would have your Quince-trees bear well, keep them clear of Syrlters, and take off all Branches that crofs one another, and thofe that ihoot upright too luxuriantly in the Middle of the Tree.
H 4
Radijh,•l v6 7 he Gentleman Gardner's ’Director.
Radijh, the Black, White, London^ fturnep-Rooty and Sandwich, are Town without Danger, from the Beginning of March or Sep-ternhery if you pleafe. If you would fow fooner than March, it muft be in fome warm Place, or an Hot-bed; they will Iprout in cold Ground, but are commonly deftroyed by a Ely, or picked up by the Birds, unlefs you prick them in the Ground. A Method for preventing the Fly’s deftroying the Leaves fee under Tumeps. You may fow them amongft Carrotsf Parjnipsy &c. The Seed is raifefl^from ^Tome of „the largeft,. which you muft let ftand ; it will be ready about Lammas. It fprouts in fixteen, fome-times in twelve, and, in the hot Months, in fever. Days or lefa, and will be ready in fix or eight Weeks.
Hcrfe-Radijh is increafed by the Roots commonly jvwhich, either fcraped, when, green (I mean the Root), or grated on a Grater without a Bottom, and eaten with Vinegar and Sugar, is an excellent Winter Sauce to moft Dilhes, in which Pickles are uled. You may flip it in March7 and let it in any dry Plac^n your, Orchard, if you do not think fit to give it a Place in your Garden/ ;
; Ramp,ions
1
(The Gentleman Gardner's Director. 17 7
Rampions have the fame Culture that Ra~ dijhes have, and the Roots are eaten accordingly, but are reckoned much more nour rifhing.
Ranunculus, or Crowfoot, is increafed by its Flaps, or Dugs, which you muft plant in rich, light Earth, (old Thatch, well rotted and mixed with light Mould, is very proper for if) about two Inches deep and four afunder, in November and Decemberwhen they appear in March or April, they require frequent Watering. It is ordered like the Anemony for the moft Part, and its Sorts have as various Names as are imposed at Pleafure. You may plant in January* They are taken up in June.
To raife Ranunculus's from Seed. • Get a. Tub or Box, and fill with light, fandy, rich Earth ; level the Surface, and fow the Seeds, pretty thick*. Do this in Augufi, and riddle a light Covering of the fame Mould over. the jj Seeds: Set the Tub* or Box,, in a Place where it may have only the Syin till .Ten o’Clock, and let it ftand in this Expofition till Michaelmas j then fet the Tub in a Place more expofed to the Sun- In frofty Weav-ther cover in the Night-time, and in very wet Weather,, both which- are very prejudicial to them j the firft throwing, the young, PI 5	. Plants»'178 Yhe Gentleman Gardner’s Bireftàr. ‘Plants out of the Ground, the other1 rotting them. As foon as the Spring comes in, and the Weather is warm, expole the Tub more. In April andA%, &c. in hot Weather, Ihift in a lhady Place. Let them remain in that Situation till the Leaves decay, when •you may take the Roots up, and dry them in a lhady Place ; then keep till the Time you fet out old Roots. In Spring after they will flower.
Plant Ranunculus's, in Rows, four; Inches afunder, or more.
The Names of fome Ranunculus's are *
The Yurkijh, which flower in April,
• The Indian Queen.
|g Double White Mountain. -■
The Yellow Dutch Ranunculus» •
The Indian King.
} The Double Orange.
The Striped Yurband.
Seraphic.
A Florifl: I converted with, about ordering his Ranunculus* s^ is for walhing the Dirt off the Roots, as foon as taken up, very tender , ly i and, when they are dry, lay them up in a dry Place. ,
3
1
(
Rajpis ;The Gentleman Gardner's Direftor. 179
Rafpis; there are the Red, fVbite, and Black ; all which plant about Michaelmas, or between that Time and ChriftmaS. I Set the Suckers on Beds of three Feet wide,, three Rows on each, ;aftd every Plant fix-teen or eighteen Inches afunder. The-Alleys, for Palling, ought to be two Feet wide. After they begin to bear, which is the fecond Year, (very little the firft) the bearing Branches die, and new ones come in their fteadj break: or cut them all off in Februaryi or as foon as you can diftinguilh the Living from the Dead. . The Berries are ripe in June ox July.
Reed- Indian is a bulbous Root, and very tender; we plant it in Boxes in order to houfe it in the Froft, which deftroys it. June is the Time of its flowering. It is not much unlike the Corn-flag.
Rocambole, a mild Sort of Garlic,1 is either fown in February or March, or its Cloves fet then ; it is taken up in Augufl.
Rocket is a Salad-Herb (vide Kitchen-Garden-Herbs) and is fown in the Spring,, and when you have Occafion.
Rofemary is propagated by Slips4or Cuttings, (which are better for the Stock) ' any Time in March to May in good Ground, near fome Wall,, and watered- till the Slips H 6	arei8o Thè'Géntlmdn Gardner's' Dire Tor. are rooted ; it*grows pretty large,- where it likes Tthe Soil. You may fow the Seed in thofe Months in the fame Soil for Edgi-ings, &c.
- Rofe-Treès incteafe by Suckers," or Laying* in Augufl, (the Roots are only pegged down in good Earth) and by Inoculation in June. They are removed any Time from the Fall of the Leaf to February. rCut out all the dead Branches every Spring, and, if you clip it, let it be as foon as it has done flowering; Rofes grow in moft Soils, if not wet, and have various Names according to" their Colour. Mr. Gilbert reckons up thefe Sortsi which flower in June:
‘The Englifh Red Rofei :	'■Réfe of the World, •:
The Hungarian RofeZ1 '
■ ::i ffhe Belgio RofeJ	;;
•’v' The double Velvet Rofe, v The Marbled Rofè±
The Frankfort Rofe,
Cinnamon Rofe, in May,
Hamajk Rofe,
Provence Rofe,
The Cryftal Rofe,
The Monthly Ròfe\ '
The Fellow Rofe, Angle. * iThe Gentleman Gardner's Direnar. 181 Tèe Auftrian Refe, ».
The Yellow Double,
2^ White Rofe-y
The Muß Ro/èf - v . . , ;
.fa She Eglantine Rofei K>
The Evergreen Refe,, \r. y The double Dog-Rofi. ; ^
vulgarly Herb of Grace> is multiplied by the Cuttings in March or September, or from its Seed irt April ; \ vide Edgings.
Sage, there are many Sorts, is increafed by the Slips thruft into the Ground, (which ought to be good) with a forked Setting-Hick in April or May. It will require frequent Watering and a good Soil, .
Sa Iffy y called alfo Scorzonera and Viper-gróf Si is fown in March on a well prepared Bed very thin} it is a very excellent Root when it has lain a while in Water to foak out the Bitternefs, then peeled j it may be eaten raw or condited, as Artichoaksund Skirreti.	■
Salading for every Month according to> Mr. Evelyn's Advice. \
N. B. A Pügil is a fmall Handful* A Fafciat a large Handful. ‘
Fori82 Lhe Gentleman Gardner's Director,
For January.
f Rampions -J Endive - -Blanched < Succory -j Fennel Sweet iCellery.-i -
-	2 j
-	5 > Roots.
Fox February and March.
. Green Salads.
Lamb Lettuce* or Corn Salad Lob Lettuce, each a Pugil.
^rejfes	| Three Parts each.
Turneps	j
Mujiard Seedlings > each one Part*
Scurvygrafs	'	■
SpinagBj two Parts Sorrel, Greenland Sorrel French 1
SBurmheniil	[ One Part eacftv
Rocket	>»
Tarragon twenty Leaves, f Balm
Mint fk J A-fmall Part each. Sampler
ShallotsThe Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or. 1&3
“ }AfeW Winter Cabbage, two Puglls.
For April, May, and June.
W?*'	| Blanched each a
Roman Winter J	*
Radifhes, three Parts Crejfes, two Parts Purjlane, a Fafciat Sorrel, French, two Partsr Sampler, one Part |
Toung Onions, fix Parts Red Sage, two Parts Parjley, Crejfes 1
(one Part each; jTrip Madame	f -
Chervil	3
• Burnet, two Parts.
Salads for July, Augvjt, and September.
Silejlan Lettuce, one Part.
Roman Lettuce
Crejfes lTw0 PartS'
Cabbage Lettuce, four Parts.
Thefe184 The Gentleman Gardener's ’Director '.
Thefe four, with Naßurtium Flowers, two Parts.
Belgrade Lettuce, two Parts.
'Tarragon, one Part.
Sorrel^ French, 7 ~	„	,
-Arm/	I Two Parts each.
TWp Madame, one Part.
Salad for Oft ober^ November, and December.
Blanched
LLvlumce } An Handful each.
Crejes, two Pam lBlanchei , s 1 Turneps ;	1
r	J Mußard Seedlings	I One Part
°reen j CreJfeS) broad .	f each.
£ Spinage, two Parts each. J
5. "Young Seedling Orange and 2>-020/2 Leaves are ufed in Saladingin the Summer Months.
Sampier is a tender Salad-Herb, fawn under warm Walls in March or April; or in. BdxeS, and tranfplanted.
Savoury“The Gentleman ■ Gardiner's Dir eft or. 18 £
Savoury, .increafed by Slips in the Spring, is ufed for Edgings; vide Edgings.
You may raife Savoury by fowing the Seeds in the Beginning of April.
Scabious, thofe Sorts that grow in Gardens, may be raifed'By fowing the, Seeds, about the Beginning of September, in a Bed of com mon Earth, and by the Spring the Plant* will be fit to tranfplant. They flower the ftcohd Year, and the Seed is ripe in Augufi.
Scabious \ there are three Softs, the White, Red, and Indian •, the two fitft flower in July, (re-fown in April commonlyTthe Indian not before the End of Augufi, and to procure Seed remove the Plants in June, and they will flower early the next Year. They all die, after they have feeded.
Satyrion, vide Bee-flower.
Savin is propagated by laying in the Spring, or by Cuttings fet in a moifi: Soil; in a YeaPs Time they will have taken Root. Remove in April in moift Weather.
Scarlet-Beans are fown in April or May, as Kidney-Beans their Ufe and Culture is the fame.
Scurvy-grafs is fown in Maras, , in any dry Ground, under a. North Wall-, alfo in Augufi and September. It will grow in any Exppfure. Autumn is the beft Seafon for fowing, it.
Sedum,186 cLhe Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or,
4 > Sedum, or Houjleek-tree, brings its Leaves! on the Top, fet fo together as to make the: Figure of a jj$p|| when fully blown, and out! of the Middle of thofe Leaves rifes a Bunch of yellow Flowers, in January or February. It is raifed by Jetting a Branch of it in aijy of the Summer Months,, in a Pot filled with rich Earth. This-is a Plant that requireSi not much Water, after it has taken Root: Houfe it in the Winter.
J Shrub St. John's Wort, or Hypericum, is i looked upon as a mod beautiful, flowering; Shrub, and is increafed from Off-fets in February or March, or by .Cuttings fet in. Potsi of good Earth then, and frequently watered. It flowers in Augufi.
Seeds of mod Plants the newer the better;, forJev.eral Seeds continue good not much a-bove a Year, efpecially fmal! ones, as Lettuce,) See. Melons, . Cucumbers, Pumpions, PeaJe,, Beans, laft eight or ten Years; Cabbage three: or four, Endive and Succory five or fix. If; 'your Seed or Kernels prove extraordinary dry,, fteep them in Milk and Water for twenty-four Hours; put a little.Cows-Dung to the: Milk *, it will make them fprout the fooner,, efpecially if you have been, hindered, in the Sowing.. Seeds that be fpongy and porous,, whether Keys, Stones, Nuts, or Kernels, are:
to;The Gentleman Gardener's Dtreftor. 187 ’to be fown as foon as ripe, as thofe of I the 'Elm, Poplar, &c. Such as are mild in Tafte, and of a clofe Skin or Shell, may be kept longer till the “Spring, as Atoms, Chefnuts, &c. Seeds- of an hot or bitter Tafte may be kept a'Year before they be fown, and ;ofoferve that Seeds take Root at the fmall End, and, when that has laid hold on the Ground, then it puts forth upward, by which 1 gather that it is beft to lay Seeds on the Sides. Heavy Seeds are to be fown deeper /than light, as Acorns, Peaches, Ahricots, IVai-nuts, Chefnuts, &c. about two or three Inches, and fo all others in Proportion to their Bulk; for Nature buries n&tning.
Seminary for Fruit-trees \ towards Cmcher prepare a Piece of Ground as well defended -from the Cold as you can, and that is not ■wet, or very ftiffClay, and alfo not under the Droppings of Trees ; let it be well dig— ed, and the Roots, ÖV. dean picked out $ ' then make out your Beds.
Stones of Fruit, foon ripe, are preferved in ■Sand till then, and are to be pricked down flat at the Diftance of four or five Inches, and two or three deep, according as they are in Bignefs; fome fet the Iharp End of the Stones downward, fome upward. Let the Rows of Stones be fo far afunder, that you
may188 The Gentleman Gardiner's Direflbr. may conveniently pafs between them to graft, or inoculate, and weed, when there is Gcca-fion, which you muft take Care to do.
.Nuts, efpeciall'y Walnuts and Chefnuts, are to.be ferae-.a greater Diftance, and remain ' longer in the Seminary, i i. Kernels (if you ufe thofe that are met with after Cyder-making, &c.) muft be cleaned from the Muft by riddling them on a Cloth or Floor, and are fown thick, becaufe the bruifed ones will not grov/£i make the Earth finejffrfti and fift gooft’Mould upon them above an Inch thick. If a dry Summer follows,: you muft water. Obferve the Moles' and Mice, the greateft Enemies; vide Nur-fery.
Senfitive Plant, vide Annuals.
Service-tree-, the Stones are preferved in September till January in Sand, and fet as a-bove •, (vide Seminary) they delight rather in cold ftiff Ground than hot.
It may alfo be grafted on the White-Thorn and Quince. The Sorts are the Wild, the Aze-role, Terminalis, and the Pear Sort. You may propagate them of Suckers alfo.
1 Skirrets are fown in March in rich, mellow, frefh Earth, and moift and, when about a Finger long, remove ; plant but one fingle Root in a Hole at a Foot Diftance: They s. m /	:	are
(The Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or. 189 1 are to be taken up at any Time before the • Spring be too forward, and the Tops are to be covered for a further Crop. They are4 i feldom eaten raw, but, being boiled, ftewed, or baked, are very agreeable to molt Palates. It is faid the Emperor Tiberius fo valued them, that he accepted them for Tri-: Bute.
1 Shallots are increafed by the Cloves let in good Ground in February, at five or fix Inches Diftance, and when the Tops or Leaves are all withered (which happenslabout Lammas) dig them up, and dry fo» UIL* The Leaves in Salads are preferable to either' Cives or Onions.
Smallage is fown in March, and is ufed by Tome in their Pottage.
Snap-Dragons are raifed of Seed in Aprils vide Perennials. See Seeds gathered in Au-
ZHft-
Snow-drops increafe very fall by the Roots, and may be removed at any Time.
Spiderwort is a very hardy Plantyand is propagated by parting its Roots in Augufi f it will thrive in moft Grounds,Jcfpecially in moift ; we have two Sorts, the it alien, arid the Savoy, which flower in June. r
Spiderwort, the Sort that was imported from Savoy, bears a Bunch of white Flowers.'
YouThe Gentleman Gardiner*s Direftor.
You may increafe it by parting the Roots^, either in the Spring or Autumn, which plant in a light rich Soil.
There is a Sort of Spiderwort, that was brought from Virginia, ordered. after the fame Manner, if you would increafe it. •' Spi» derworts flower in May or 'June.
Sorrel; there are three or four Sorts to be mét with in Gardens,, /viz. The Common^ French, Greenland, I and Candy Sorrel j all whfllh may be increafed by Slips or Pieces of Roots-in April, or by Towing' their Seeds in a dry Seafon, on good Ground. Earth it a-frefli every March.
Southernwood is railed of Slips let in a fliady Place, either in March or September. The Tops of it boiled in Wine and Water, and fweetened with Honey or Sugar, are of Service in an AJthma, and Difficulty of Breathing, and-help Expeéloration.. ‘ ih$ow~bread, vide Cyclamens.'.
' Spanijh-broom is eaflly propagated by flowing the Seeds in the Spring, on a warm,, dry Soil, and in an open Expofure ; cover the Seeds tlfingiwhich will come up in about five or fix Weeks. The Bed is to be carefully weeded, and, in March following, tranfplant into the Place of the Nurfery you would have .them to Hand in, and in Rows take Care ofThe Gentleman Gard 'tier's * DireRorI 191 prejudicing the Roots, when you take them, up. Set at the Diftance of a Foot in the Rows, and the Rows at a Yard. The next Year after Tranfplanting, dig the Ground between the Rows. When they have been in the Nurfery three Years, plant out for good about the End of March, f Spinage may be fown either at the Beginning of September, or any Time from Candlemas to the Time abovementioned, in Rows, -or otherwife •, but that which ftands in Winter is reckoned the belt for Seed, which will be fit for gathering in July. The Sorts are the Round and prickly Spinage.
■ Spirea Frutex flowers commonly in Auguft9 and is increafed by Laying in that Month. I Stock-gilliflower, vide Gilliflowers. y 1 Star-flower of Arabia flowers ih May; Star of Bethlehem in June ; that of Naples and the Fellow in April and May \ but the Ethiopian not until Auguft. They all delight in rich fandy Earth, and are taken up as foon as the Leaves are dry, and keep till Michaelmas before they be tranfplanted. The Arabian and ^Ethiopian require fome Care in Winter ; therefore are belt fet in Boxes, and houfed.
The Carolina Star-flower is raifed by fowling the Seed on. an Hot-bed in March, and
I re-wj The Gektlenian Gard^hePs: Director. removing the Plants in May f It flowers towards the latter End of the Year.' -" Strawberries increafe fall enough' by" their Runners, and are planted on Beds of three Feet broad, or lefs (in September) in three Rows each Plant (you may fet two or three in one Hole) at fixteen or eighteen 'Inches Diftance. You muft nip off the’Runners in April or May, and water, if thofe Months be dry. Every Year in Augujt thin your Beds, and leave only a fufficient Number of Leaves! on the Tufts ; and in the Spring, or in February y bellow fome good Earth or Dung on them. Some commend Plants got-in the:: Woods, as better than thofe that grow in the : Garden for Fruit. You may plant in April' or May, if you omit in September. The bell, and moll ufual Sorts are the
1 S
> Strawberry.
Wfr - H .. -Succory,
American ------- —
Coped White----------
Green----------------
Scarlet ---------   —
Fong Red----------- —
Dutch —	—	—
Englijh Garden — —— Polonian — — — Wood i —	—.	—
(The Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or. 195 Succory, vide Endive. .	'
Sun-flower^ of this Flower there are feveral Sorts: Sow the Seed in a good Soil in March; when the Plants are three or four Inches high, tranfplant, and fet about a Foot afun-der.
Sweet-herbs, vide Tot-herbs. •
Sweet William's. and John's, vide Perennials.
Syringa's of feveral Kinds, propagated by the Slips of Branches, with the Root fplit; fee them in a Ihady Place till they be well rooted ; after that, plant them in a warm Exposure in November. They flower in April and May. You may plant in Boxes or Cafes.
• Tanner's Bark\ Hot-beds made of this are thus ordered : Take thtBark about a Fortnight after it comes out of the Vat, and lay it in a round Heap to drain -, then put it into the Hole where the Hot-bed is deflgned to be, which lhould be walled about j fill to the Height of three Feet, and four Feet wide, and as long as your Glafs-frame is* do not tread it, but prefs it down gently. Put the Glafs over it immediately when you have made it, which will help it to heat, and to keep off the Wet. In twelve or fourteen Days, or thereabout, it will begin to heat, and, when it is of a due Temper, remove I	your4.94- efhe Gentleman Gardiner's Director.
^your Plants to it. A Hot-bed of Tanners Bark, well made, will continue five or fix Months good, and, becaufe it fends out little •Steam, is -preferable in many Cafes to one made of Horfe-dung.
N. B. Jf the Ground be wet where you make it, raife above the Surface.
janjy is multiplied by the Roots or Slips, , fet in any vacant Place in March or April.'
Tarragon is raifed of the Seed in March or April, or the Plants are fet then •, it abides Heat or Cold ; let your Plants (land eight or^ nine Inches afunder, when you tranfplant* which you may do in the Summer Months, -when the Plants are ready, as well as in thole above-named. The young tender Tops are nfed in Salads, and are very good for oldi People. It heats the Liver, and attenuates i the Blood.
Teafil is a Plant raifed much where the : Woollen Manufa&ure is uled. The Way is,, Low tire Seed on dryifh Ground in March. A Peck of Seed is enough for an Acre of Land :; W^hen the Plants are come up, they are to be' thinned with an Hoe, as Turneps are; which Work mull be repeated if there be Occafion,. and the Weeds likewife- are to be cut up carefully. ,
(The Gentleman Gar (Tiler's Direäer. 195 fully. Thofe Plants that are intended tp {land, fliould be near a Foot afunder. In the fecond Year they will produce Heads, which will be fit for Cutting in Augufl: When you cut, tie them up in Bunches, and dry them carefully. An Acre of good Teafils will produce 120, 140, »60, or 180 of thofe Bunches,’which are reckoned worth a Shilling each.
Thrift is increafed by parting Roots in Augufl or September, ana is ufed moftly for Edgings.
Thrcntwort •, there are three Sorts or more, 27.Y, Double Blue, Pena's Bluey and Double White \ and all flower in July or Auguß, ri-fing near two Feet high. They love a light Soil, and are increafed by dividing the Roots in March or September.
Toad-fiax is a pretty Shrub, growing two Feet or more in Height; it bears Flowers of a dark Purple Colour. You may propagate from Seeds fown in March, in a,light Soil, or by fetting Cuttings.in May.
Thyme •, feveral Sorts, increafed by Slipping, or Seed. Vide Edgings and Pot-Herbs.
Tobacco, vide Medicinals.
I 2
Toolsi g6 The Gentleman Gardner's Director. v"y''
Tools for a Gardener arc
Spades.
Shovels.
Rakes, of feveral Sizes.
Hoes, of feveral Sizes and Ufes.
Reels.
Lines and Rules.
Sheers, Knives, and Scijfars.
Scythes.
IVire-Jieves, or Riddles.
Watering-pots, of feveral Sorts, yf Pruning-knife and Hooks.
Setting-Jlicks, or Dibbles.
An Hand-faw, Mallet, and Wedge.
Pots and
A Chijfel and Trowel.
A Wheel-barrow and Hand-barrow, Ladders, feveral Sorts..
Rollers, feveral Sorts.
/fc/Zr of S/rtfw and Glafs.
Bafs-mats, Bajkets, and Beefcms.
Trenching of Grounds is begun in September, and continued till February $ fome Gardeners trench their new Ground, efpecially for Trees, and Beds for Artichoaks, Parfnips,
Car-
(The Gentleman Gardner's Dire ft or. 197, Carrots, &c. two or three Feet deep, or as deep as the good Earth goes.
Trumpet-flower is an hardy Plant, but it requires Supporting, either by nailing to a Wall, or by (licking Sticks to which it mud be tied. The Flowers which appear about Michaelmas, are of an Orange Colour, feveral together. It is increafed by planting the Cuttings in fine light Earth, or by laying in March or September.
Tuber ofes are increafed from Off-fets in a warm Soil in April; or put into a Pot, and fet in an Hot-bed in March. When you take them out of theHot-bed, anddry Weather enfues, gives them Water every Day a-bout Noon, letting it fird (land all the Forenoon in the Sun to warm. Prop or tie gently the Stalks as foon as they (hoot for flowering, to prevent their Breaking off. The Tu-lerofe is a Sort of Lily, but very tender, and mud be houfed about Michaelmas.
Tulips yield fo great a Variety, every Year producing new Faces, that it is impofiible to enumerate them } yet all flower in March, April, and May. We multiply them commonly, by taking up all the Roots, as foon as the Stalks turn yellow j and, when they are dry, lay them in Boxes until September or Oftober, when we fet them at three or four I 3	In-^9 S' The Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or.
Inches Diftance, and two or three deep, or more, in light, fandy, rich Ground, or a-mongfl your other Flowers. Some raife them of Seed, which is ripe in July, of a Parfnip-like Form : But fow it not till Michaelmas, haying ordered your Earth in Cafes or Boxes, as you do in Fritillaries, that is, having laid Tiles flat all Over them, or Beds, after the Earth is taken away, four Inches deep (fife the Earth fine which you lay next upon the: Tiles,&c.) fill it up with good light Earth, then fow your Seed, and riddle upon them of the lame Mould half an Inch thick; in March' and April, if you fow in Tubs or Boxes, water the Seedlings, and, when they are withered, you may take them up and fet again a-bout the Beginning of September, at a great* er Difiance; in three or four Years they will! flower. FulipRoots need no Watering, and! Hand in their Places three Years, or but two;, if you pleafe, before they are removed.
* It is not good to let Tulips Hand too Jong; after they have blown; for it weakens the Roots* and hinders often their Flowering the following Year.
Mr. LePtery fays, fteep Tulip-feed in Ink, for a Black.
In Verdigreafe, for a Green.
In Azure, for a Violer, &c. Curb/- p- 126.
N.B.
(The Gentleman Gard’ner’s Direflor. ,199'
N. B. The Tamis in Tulips is the Seed/ like Thing that ftands about the Seed-vef-fcl. Often Removing increafes Tulips wonderfully.
The Names of fome Breeders, Tulips fo called, from which the beft Flowers have been railed:
Purple and While Dutch Bi/hcps, Varport Incomparabler Ccningfburg,
BagoX Rygant,
Triumph of Europe,
Ciarinda, j Sweet Olives,
Buff- Coloured,
JBagget Prime*
Thefe and all Sorts of the belt and modifh Tulips may be had, at reafonable Rates, at moft of the Seed-lhops in London.
The approved Method of bringing the Breeders to break is fhifting their Polition every Year, and, if the Soil is not very wet, plant them fix Inches deep, and fill the Holes, when planted, with red dry Sand.
I 4	Tur~^200 The Gmitleman Gardner's Direblor.
\' Turneps, feveral Sorts Long, Rounds Tel-low, and French, are raifed of Seed Town in fight,.fandy Ground, any Time from Lady-Lay to Lammas, though Midfummer is the moft ufual and belt Time : Mix the Seed with fine Earth to fow it thin ; If they come up too thick, pull fome up *, it will make the remaining larger. Turneps delight not in fat Ground, nor in moift. Save fome of the Jargeft for Seed in November, by putting them into dry Sand in your Confervatory, which replant in February.' The Seed will be ready in July or Augufi.
The laborious Mr. Ellis., in his Book of Hufoandry, has communicated to the World the following Method for preventing the Flies damaging the feedling Leaves of Turneps, Cabbages, wild Flax, and feveral Kitchen-Garden Plants.
Mix Flower of Brimftcne, an Ounce, with three Pounds of Turnep-feed, daily for three Days fucceffively, in an earthen Pot, well glazed *, and keep the Pot clofe covered, ftir-ring all together well, at each frefh Addition of Brimftone,-that the Seed maybe well tainted with, the Sulphur’j then fow the
lThe Gentleman Gardner's Direftor. 201
N. B. According to this Proportion, there are to be three Ounces of Flower of Brimjlone to three Pounds of Furnep-feed-, foconfequent-ly proportionably for a lefier or greater Quantity of any Seed, viz. A Dram to an Ounce of any Seed, or one fixteenth Part for three Days fuccefiively.
Viburnum, a fine flowering Shrub from A-merica, but muft be houfed in Winter. It grows well for Cuttings fet in fine Earth in Summer Months.
Vines are planted in England commonly a-gainft the South-walls, and the Sorts are the
Ambofe Burgundian Blue-early Burfarobe Chajfela Cluftergrape
Frontiniac
Mufcatell
Morillon
Parfley
Raifin.
I 5
Grizlirt White Blue Black . White
Theyho2 Tïïè Gentleman Gardners Director,
They are propagated by Laying in November, let it be a Branch of that Year’s Growth,; laying as many Joints into the Earth as may [ be, and leaving but one or two out, for it puts forth its Roots chiefly at the JointL As fo'ori as you think it has taken Root, cut it off, and plant it in the Pofture it lay, in : December or "January. Suckers of an old 'Vine will grow. The Time of pruning is February or Marche and in that Operation i óbferve, i. To take away all thé dead Wood,, and all the ufelefs Branches. 2. Leave at: leaft an Inch of Wood above the Eye of the Branch you prune, and leave four Eyes-.: or Buds on that Branch. 3. To order your Cut fo, that the Slope may be always towards the Side that is oppofite to the up-permoft Eye, for otherwife it would endanger it, when the Sap rifes, by its much Bleeding. 4. Nip* pinch, or cut off all the fuperfluous Branches of the Vine in Mayr , June, or July, that the Fruit may thrive and ripen to Perfection.
To raife Vines of Cuttings.
Take a Shoot from Sh old Vine, juft below the Place where it was produced, taking a Knot of the two Years Wood, which fhould
be
(The Gentleman Gardiner's Director. 20k be pruned fmooth j next cut off the uppjr Part of the Shoot, fp as to leave the Cutting fixteen or eighteen Inches long. , Next fee them with the lower Part into the Ground, in a dry Plage, laying fome Litter about their upper Parts, to fecure from the Sun. Let them (land from January to April* when you are to take up and wafh from the Filth they have contracted : If dry, put the lower Part into Water for fix or eight Hours ; and, having a Bed for them ready, which fhould be dryifh, raife it above the Surface of the neighbouring Ground. Then make Holes five or fix Feet afunder, and put the Cuttings in, laying them Hoping : Jet only the upper Eye be above the Level of the Ground.
Then having put in all your Cuttings, fill the Holes gently, preffmg down the Earth with your Foot; and raife a little Hill about each, to cover the upper Eye, which will keep it from drying. Keep the Ground clean from Weeds, and, when they are put out, look over them often, to rub off all lateral Shoots .* If this Bed be near a Wall» you may nail the principal Roots to it: If not, fet Sticks to tie them to. At Michaelmas, if your Cuttings have produced long Shoots, cut them off to the Length only of two I 6	Eyes*.2r04 ‘The Gentleman Gardner's Direffon Byes. Some prefer Michaelmas, as the be ft Time for pruningWines ; becaufe the tender Parts of the young Shoots, if left, are fub-je£t to decay in Winter-
When you have feveral Branches to narl one above another to a Wall, or Efpalier^ let them beeighteen Inches afunder.
Another experienced Gardener's Method of ordering his Vines is as follows : •
1.	The Summer after Planting, he rubs off all fide Shoots, leaving only the firft main Shoot; and, at Michaelmas, he prunes the Shoots down to two Eyes.
2.	In the Spring following, he gently digs the Borders where he has planted his Vines to loofen the Earth, but takes Care not to touch their Roots,, and raifes thfe'Earth aboufc their Stems, fo as to cover the old Wood, but not fo deep as to cover either of the Eyes of the laft Year’s Wood. He alfo rubs off the Shoots that hang down, leaving no more than the two Shoots produced from the two Eyes of the former Year’s Wood, which he fallens to the Wall. He looks over his Vines once a Month, and rubs off all fide Branches, and fallens the two main Shoots to the Wall as they are extended in Length,
which
/The Gentleman Gardner's Direflor. 20-cj which he fhortens not till the Middle' df July, then he thinks it proper to nip off the Tops, to ftrengthen the lower Eyes; and, at Michaelmas, he cuts again, and leaves three Buds to each Shoot, if they be ftrong Shoots; then nails them to the Wall, laying them horizontally.
3. In the third Spring he digs the Borders again, and rubs off all Shoots that hang down, and trains in the leading Shoots ; and, if they put out two Shoots at one Eye, he rubs off the weakeft. During the Summer, he takes away all weak lide Shoots as are produced.
This is to be remembered, that Fines feldom produce any bearing Shoots from Wood that exceeds one Year in its Growth; therefore Care is to be taken to have fuch Wood, in every Part of a Vine, as is but a Year old.
Leave the bearing Shoots about four Eyes in Length, and the Shoots lay eighteen Inches afunder. Cut juft above the Eye Hoping it upward, that, if it Ihould bleed, the Sap may flow upon the Bud.
And. where there is an Opportunity of taking off fome young Shoots to two Eyes, in order to. produce vigorous Shoots for the next Year’s Bearing, do it j for, in Hopping
of\2o6 The Gentleman Gardner's Director.
6f thofe Shoots which have Fruit on them in May, it often fpoils the Eyes for Bearing. The beft Seafon for Pruning is October.
About May-day, when the Vines begin to Ihoot, rub off all fmall Buds, which may -come from the old.Wood; and, in the End of that Month, rub off all Shoots that hang; down, and nail all ftrong Shoots that run upward, and then pinch the bearing Branches, nipping them off two or three Eyes: above the Bunches.
In July pinch thofe Shoots which you intend for Bearers the next Year, and pull off no Leaves from the Branches.
When the Fruit is gathered, prune the Vines,, fo that the Litter of the Leaves may be cleared off at once, and the Fruit will be forwarder next Year.
Valerians flower in June, and may be fown, in April', vide Perennials. They thrive in moft Soils.
Violets delight in the Shade in any Sort of I Earth. We increafe them by fplitting the Roots in April: Or fow the Seed in September, which will appear in March* t Virginian Silk, vide Periploca.
Vipers Grafs, vide Saljify.
Virgin'sThe Geniìman Gardi fields Dir e ft ór. icy
Virgin's Bower is of two Sorts, the Vied and the Purple ; and flower moft Part of July and Auguft \ we increafe thetrl by Laying, They are planted by Arbors. Iti March cut out all the dead Wood.
Walks; in making them, take away all the good Earth, as deep as any Grafs, &V. Roofs run ; fill up then With cóàife Gravel, roll, and, to perfeft them, lay on a Layer of Gravel fcreened, and roll again ; always obferv-ing to keep your Walk round arid higheft in the Middle.
The common Allowance for a Gravel Walk is an Inch in five Feet wide, i. e. A Walk of five Feet in Width fnuft be an Inch higher' in the Middle, than at the Outfides j and one of ten Feet, two Inches, (Ac.
Grafs Walks not fo much ; they may be made by either fowing Seeds, or with Sods òr Turfs.
; Where you have Water Tables i they ought to be cut by a ftraight Line, as exa&ly as potfible.
Thè oftener Grafs Walks are mowed and rolled, the better in Sutinmr, the thicker the Bottoms will be ; and in Autumn the Grafs fhould be kept very fhort, and well rolled ; for, if fuffered to grow long at that Seafon, the Blade will decay in Winter, and prejudice^208 The Gentleman Gardner's Direttor. tiie Roots much. The Worm-caft muft alfo be carefully beat to Pieces with a long Ajh-poky and fo fpread over the Grafs, which Gardeners call Poling of the Walk, which is done by brulhing the Surface ftrongly with a (lender Pole; the oftener this is done, the better; becaufe it will deftroy the Worm-cafts, and render the Walks more beauti-ful.
Wall-flowers are (ingle and double* of fe-veral Colours, as Red, White, Yellow, &c. all which are increafed as Stock-Gilliflowers, by (lipping or fowing their Seed in Apfil\ vide Perennials.
Wall-trees, or Trees to be fet againft a Wall, muft be ordered thus:	j. Cut the
Stem or Body feven or eight Inches above the Graft; trim the Roots and Fibres by taking off half their Lengths, as in Dwarfs. 2. Plant the Tree half a Foot or more from the Wall, and (pread abroad the Roots with your Hand, that no hollow Places may remain about them. 3. Place that Part of the Tree from whence the Top was cut off towards theWall, and the beftRoots towards the Alley. 4. Cover the Roots of the Tree with Litter, after the Earth is put into the Hole, to keep off the Sun, and to hold the
Water
cThe Gentleman Gardner's Direflor. 209 Water the better, which you muft not for-> get to give them, if a dry Summer.
Note, YourBorders muft be as well trenched for Wall-trees as for. Standards, elfe your Expedition will be fruftrated after a few Years; vide Dwarfs.
Walnut-tree ; to raife young Trees we fet the ripe Nuts in November, and, when they are big enough, graft into the Stocks the Cions of a good bearing Tree which improve their Fruit. In planting manage this Tree as other Standards, but, to prevent the Roots from ftriking too deep into the Earth, lay a Tile under the Root. Let the Hufk be upon the Nut when you fet it, having firft fteeped them in warm Cow’s Milk a few Hours. Some fet not the Nuts till March. The Sorts of Walnuts are the Bird-nut, the Early, Great Double, and Tender Scull, the Hickery, the Virginian Black Walnut.
; Watering is very much required by fome Plants, a great deal more than others; and in Summer we do this Work in the Evening, that the Moifture may fink down to the Roots of the watered Plant before the Sun appears and exhales it. In Winter if there be Occafion.for Watering, do it about Eight or Nine in the'Morning, and if you are to water Plants, as Gillifiower Layers, &c. fet a
Ihort\2 io the Gentleman Gardiner’s DireEton fhort Stick in the^Ground, leaning over them, , upon which let the Water fall* and touch i as few of the Leaves as may be * for in warm i Weather Water makes them turn yellow. The belt Waters are
Rain Water,
River Water,	*
Standing Water, if Tweet*
Well Water,
When it has flood long to warm in the Sun, efpecially if you enrich it with fome Dung. All Seeds are to be watered with Rain-like Drops.
Weeding is a very necefTary Work * for,. as Mr. Evelyn fays, we can never be too careful in getting rid of thofe Garden Sins, one of which, if let alone till its Seeds are fhaken by the Winds,, may produce forty, fixty, or one hundred * therefore let none grow to Seed, or ftand till they fhake.
Winter Greens, and Ornamental ‘trees for Gardens and Walks, are thefe :
A.
B.
Arbutus. Alaternus.
Barmudy. Bay.
AmomumSthe Gentleman Gardner's ’Direnior. zìi
Amomum Plinii, H. Althaea Frutex, H. Arbor Indite.
C.
Cedar.
Cork-tree.
Cyprus.
Chefnuti (Horfe.,) Cifius, of all Softs, H.
Beech-majt.
Bladder Sena, H.
t
JaJmines.
Jucca, H.
Jacaba Marina, H. ‘Juniper.
L.
F.
Hr
f Norway,. \ Silver, j Spruce, l Scotch.
Laburnum. Laurujlinus. Laurel-tree. Lime-tree.
M.
H.
Holly.
Horn-beam»
N.
Nigbtjhadeva.neg2.tzd.
Mezerian,
Marum Syriacum, H. Myrtles, H. Pyracantha.
Palitirus.
Platanus.
Phillyrea.
Pine.
Pinajler.
Olive•2i2 The Gentleman Gardiner's Direct or.
O.

Olive-tree. Orange-tree^ H. Oleander.
Spaniß-broom.
Y.
P.
Tew.
Pomegranate.
N. B. Thofe that muft be houfed in Winter, I have put an H. againft them ; the reft are hardy, and will abide out of Doors.
Wormwood *, Roman and Sea-lVormwcod are raifed of Slips or Cuttings, fet in the Spring or -Autumn ; thefe are chiefly fet in Gardens, and are ufed in feveral Compofi-tions in Phyfic, as in Agues, ''jaundice^ Drop-fy> &c-
. Tew-tree is raifed from the Berries wafhed from their Mucilage, and fown in light Earth, in September or October, i. e. when the Berries are ripe, cover them handfomely, and, as foon as they appear, water them, from Time to Time ; and in two Years they will be ftrong enough to bear a Tranfplantation. You may loofen the Earth about them in Marche May, June, and September; it will
forward
4The Gentleman Gardner's Director. 213 forward their Growth. We plant Tews in December, January, and February, or fooner.
At two Years End fet into the Nurfery, placing them in Rows and about a Foot afunder in April. Lay fome rotten Straw about their Roots.
Tucca, or Jucca; we have ufed it as a tender Plant •, but it will abide the Winter, efpecially when grown up to fome Bignefs. It flowers in June, and is one of the moft Ornamental Trees for Gardens.
THEa 14 ‘The Gentleman Gardner's Director*
The KALENDAK; Chewing what Work is to be done every Month in the Year, in the .‘Kitchen - 'Parpen, . Fruitt Garden, and Pleasure-Garden.
JANUARY,
Work to be done in the Kitchen-Garden.
TRENCH your Ground for Spring Crops, laying it up in Ridges to: fweeten.
On warm Borders and Banks, near Walls;! Pales, or Hedges, now fow Radilh, Carrot: Lettuce, and fmall Sallading Seeds.
Plant fomePeafe and Beans tofucceed tholil planted in November and December.
About the Middle of the Month, plan : the firft Crop of Windfory Sandwich, and To-i ker Beans.
Spread
<Gentleman Gardner’s Director. 215
Spread Dung upon the Ground, if har.d frozen.
Repair Hedges, rub out and clean your Seeds, prepare Shreds and Nails for thofe Trees which are to bepruned the next Month, and get all the Garden-tools ready for Ufe, when the Weather is mild.
Make a Hot-bed for fowing early Cucumbers and, for fear of their failing, put fome Seeds, at three or four different Times, this Month, into the Bed.
Make one or two Hot-beds at about three "Weeks Diftance from each other, for forcing Afparagus, if required, to fueceed thofe Beds made the laft Month.
SowCrefies, Muftard, Rape, Radifh, Tur-nepj on moderate Hot-beds, to bring-them forward : Thefe Hot-beds require only to be covered with Mats, over Arches of Hoops.
In fevere Winters, the Mats maybe covered with Straw.
Earth up Celery to blanch it, when the Weather is open, and the Ground not too wet. In hard Froft cover the Ridges with long Litter, or Tanners Bark. Alio, when the Surface of the Ground is dry, draw up the Earth ' to your early ,Peafe and Beans.
-Cover carefully the Mufhroom-beds with long frefhStraw.J.
Tranf-2i 6 'The Gentleman Gardner's Director.
, Tranfplant, in mild Weather, fomeof your beft Endive Plants on a warm Border, tc ftand for Seed \ and lay the Border a little doping.
Pull off all decayed Leaves from your Col-liflower Plants, under Frames ; and air the Plants as much as poffible in mild Weather,
Keep the Beds of Cucumber and Melon Plants to an equal Temper of Heat, and air them at every Opportunity.
If fevere Froft fhould deftroy your Colli-flower Plants, fow fome Seeds in a gentle: Hot* bed, fo raife a new Supply. As foon as the young Plants are fit to remove, plant; them upon a frefli Hot-bed to bring them forward. Cabbage Plants are raifed in the fame Manner, when the firfl: Crop is de-ftroyed.
Earth the Afparagus Buds of the Beds made the laft Month, the full Thicknefs over the Crown of the Roots, five or fix Inches at leaft. Line the Bed, if its Heat begins to decline, and cover the Glafles with Mats and Straw every Night, and in bad Weather.
Tranfplant into the open Quarters, to- ■ wards the latter End of the Month, fome Cabbage Plants of the Sugar-loaf Kind \ but: jfirft fow the Ground with Spinage.
3
Tranf-*fhe Gentleman Gardner’s Direftor. 'yu>
Tranfplant near a Hedge, Pale, or Wall, Carrots, Parfnips, Leeks, and Cabbages, for Seed -, hang up the Cabbages by their Stalks, under Cover, in a dry Place, three or four Days before they are' planted', but never plant'more than one Sort in the fame Place, whereby the Seeds will not degenerate.
Make fome gentle Hot-beds the Beginning of this Month, to plant fome Tanfey and Mint.
If fevere Froft deftroys the early Radi fires and Carrots, make fome gentle Hot-beds to fow Radifhes, and earth them eight- or nine Inches deep. In milder Weather, low fome Seeds of each Sort in warm Borders, to fuC-ceed thofe fown in the Hot-beds.
Tranfplant Endive into the Trenches to blanch, when the Weather is open and dry.
Now deftroy Snails and other Vermin.
Put fome more Peafe and Beans into the Ground to fucceed thofe before planted, if the Weather is open towards the End of the Month •, and repeat Sowings of Spinage, Carrots, and Lettuce, on warm Borders.
Sow fome Parfley in Drills, and alfo fome Chervil towards the End of this Month.
K
JVcrk218 The Gentleman Gard*tier's' Difeflor*
t Work to he done in the Fruit-Garden.
, Cover the Roots of all new-planted Trees ■with Mulch to guard them'from the Froft.
Cover with Mats or Reeds the Fig-trees, which are againft Walls, Pales, or Efpaliers ; but firft dived: the Branches of all the autumnal Figs.
Now cut out all the dead or cankered Branches from your Standard Fruit-trees; alfo fuch as crofs each other and are ill-placed : Make the wounded Part fmooth as pofiible, and flomfig.
fttftoe Dwarf-trees, and any hardy Sorts of Fruits : Stone-fruit fhould be deferred till the End of next Month, or Beginning of March.
Clear your Fruit-trees from Mofs in moifl: Weather.
■ Cut Grafts from all the Sorts of early Fruits in mild Weather, laying them in the Earth cfofe to a dry Wall or Pale : In fevere Weather, cover them with Litter or Straw.
Prepare with frefh Earth, in mild Weather, fuch Borders as are defigned for planting with Fruit-trees the fucceeding Months : Repair alfo the Borders, about old Fruit-trees, with frefh Earth and well-rotted Dung.
Re-the Gentleman Gartner'f Direftor. 219
Repair all your decayed Efpaliers, tie the Branches thereto with fmall Ofier Twigs, and train them regularly at proper Diftances, never to crofs each other : Do not pinch the Shoots by fattening them clofe with the Twdgs.
- Now begin, by Dung, or Fire, to add to the Heat of forcing Frames, for having early Fruits.
Work to he done in the Pleafure-Garden and Wildernefs.
Cover, in frotty Weather, the Beds of Ranunculuses, Anemonies, Hyacinths, and o-ther choice Flowers, with fome light Covering, if the Flowers are not above Ground ; if they are, arch the Bed over with Hoops, and cover with Mats and. Cloths. Uncover them in mild Weather.
Cover with Tanners Bark Hyacinths, Nar-cifiufes, and other bulbous-rooted Flowers, whofe Leaves do not yet appear. In wet Land, where the Beds are raifed much above the Paths, lay Tan, Litter, or Dung in the Paths to raife them, otherwifp the Froft will enter through the Sides of t}ie Beds to the Roots.
K 2
Cover220 The Gentleman Gardiner's TtireEtor.
Cover all Pots and Tubs of Seedling-flowers; in hard F rolls and great Snows: Where the Pots and Tubs are not plunged into Earth, lay about them Tan, Litter, or Dung.
Plant, in mild Weather, fuch Roots of Ranunculuses» Anemonies, and Tulips, as were kept out of the Ground to fuc’ceed thofe planted in Autumn. Cover the Beds with Mats, Straw, or Peafe-haulm, if hard Froll, or much Rain, Ihould afterwards follow.
- Turn over pretty often your Heaps of Com-' poll, that the Froft may mellow them, and break the Clods : In mild Weather, make new Heaps of Comport.
Pick off, towards the End of this Month, if the Seafon be mild, all decayed Leaves from your Auricula’s take fome of the Earth out of the Pots without diflurbirtg the Roots, then fill the Pots with frelh Earth, but let none of it fall amongf^the Leaves : In frofty Weather, lay over them fome Mats or Cloths'; but, in mild, let them enjoy the free Air, and the Benefit of moderate Showers.
Guard, in like Manner, your choice Carnations from heavy Rains, Snow, and fevere Frpfis ; alfo from Rats, Mice, Hares, Rabbits, and Sparrows.
Provide and prepare fome new Dung at the latter End of this Month, to make fome
Hot-The Gentleman Gardner's T)ire£lor. 221 Hot-beds to fow the choicefi: Sorts of annual Flowers upon.
Prune up Wildernefs-trees, and flowering Shrubs where they grow too much out ox Shape ; dig up the Ground in Wildernefs Quarters, and clear it from the Roots of all hurtful Weeds.
You may yet fow the Seeds of Auricula’s and Polyanthufes, in mild Wikther, ifheg-ledted in October and November.
F E B R U A RT.
PFcrk.to be done in the Kitchen-Garden.
NO W dig and prepare your Ground fot Carrots, Parfnips, Radilhes, Spinage, Beets, Beans, Peafe, Parfley, and Cabbage-Lettuce, which fhould now be lown.
Sow young Salading upon moderate Hotbeds, in mild Weather.
Sow, for the firft Crop, Scorzonera, Sal-fafy, and Skirrets v but the general Crop muft be Town much later.
You may now fow Corn-falad, large rooted Parfley, Summer and Winter Savory, Ma^ rigolds, and Sorrel, with moft other hardy Plants ; but in fcparate Spots or Beds.
K 3	Make222 The Gentleman Gardner'j Director.
Make moderate Hot-beds for fowing fome Colliflower-feeds, for Summer Plants: Thefe feldom fucceed but in a moift Soil..
Plant Garlic, Shallots, Rocambole, and Cives; alfo Onions to draw up for Scallions in April.
Now plant out fome of the Sugar-loaf and long Tided Cabbages, to fucceed thofe planted in November.
Tranfplant your Colliflower Plants, out of the Winter Beds, to the Places where they are to grow.
Slip, toward the End of the Month, fome of your old Artichoak Stocks, if the Shoots are forward enough ; and plant out fome of the cleared and mod promifing Plants.
Continue to plant Beanfe^and fow Peafe e-very Fortnight or three Weeks ; but now is the proper Seafon for the IVindfor and other large Kinds of Beans and Peafe.
• NoW plant Liquorice, arid trench tin; Ground three or four Spits deep.
Make new Hot-beds for Afparagus to fucceed thofe made the lafk Month, *
Tranfplant the Cucumber and» Melon Plants, railed the lad Month,* into 'new well wrought Beds* bar not till the violent Heat of the Bed is over, which feldom lads above a Week.
Ad-
4■Ibe Gentleman Gardner's Director. 223
Admit frefti Air £0 the Plants in your Hotbeds, if the Weather permits.
Now fow fome Seeds of Cucumber, to fuc-ceed thole planted out.
Guard carefully the Mulhroom-beds from great Rains and Snow ; The jfureft Method tfjlg make them under a thatched. Sited, or to cover them with Frames.
Plant fome Kidney-ofewis upon a rrjoderate Hot-bed for an early Crop : Give the Plants Air, when thOypither permits.
Plant, towards the End of this Month, in favourable Weather, Ccs, Cilicia, and Im-, perial Lettuces./rom where they grow in the Winter; but,let ibme of the Plants ih*thc Borders fgpiain for Cabb«nng.
Now fow fome Cabbages and Savoys to come early in the Autumn ; Alfo, on warm Borders fome fmall Salad-herbs.
Sow fome Celery-feeds upon a Bed of rich Earth, in a warm Situation, to come up early.
Now fow Afparagus-feed in a Bed of good-Earth, to raife Plants againft the next Year.
Tranlplant Cabbages, Savoys, Endive, Celery, Leeks, Parfnips, Carrots, and Beets for Seed, if not done the former Month, obferv-ing to hang up the Cabbages, as there directed.
X4
Plant'.2'2 4 The Gen fie man Gardener's Direttor.
Plant Potatoes and Jertifalem Artie hoaks towards the End of the Month, in dry Ground, which mull be trenched deep.
Dung and trench the Ground well, where you intend toplant'Afparagus j and make.the Bottom of each Trench level, before you put in the Dung, which muftalfo be laid level.
Part, towards the End of this Month, the Cdlli flower Plants, placed October laft under Bell or Hand Glaflesy and leave only one of the ftrongeft Plant? under each. Giafs, if. you intend to have large Heads r Be;careful not to dilturb the Root of the Plant.that: is left, and let no Earth get into the Heart.
Hoe the Ground |between, and draw up the Earth to the Stems of the Peafe and Beans fown in Autumn.
Sow, towards the End of this Month, fome Purflane-feeds upon a moderate Hot-bed. t
Now you may plant.Hops, dig the Ground, and prune the Roots of the old Hop-grounds, being careful not to injure the Buds of the 'Plants which now begin to fwell.
: Deftroy Snails and other Vermin j if they efcape this Month* they will make greatHa-Voc.
Work‘the Gentleman Gardiner's Dir eft or. .225 Work to he done in the FruitxGarden.
Now prune fuch of your Fruit-trees asweret not before pruned, beginning with the moft hardy, and leaving the tender and too luxuriant alone till laft : Thofe, now pruned, fhould not be nailed to the Wall till the Be-gining of the next Month.- ,
Air your Fig-trees in warm Weather, but in frofty cover them again.
Repair, if not done before, the Frames of your Elpaliers, when the Trees are pruned.
Tranfplant all Sorts of Fruitrtrees, where they are wanting •, but firft work the Ground well for them, and break the Clods.
Graft, the latter End of this Month, if the Seafon proves mild, Pears, Plums, Cherries, and other hardy Kinds of Fruit,
Now fow the Kernels and Stones of hardy Fruits for Stocks, to bud and graft the more generous Kinds upon, abferving to cover them equally with Earth.
Look carefully after Bullfinches to deftroy them j for, by picking off the Buds of Fruit-trees, they often deftroy all the Fruit of a Garden in two or three Days.
K 5
Now226 tfhe Gentleman Gardner's Direflcr. '
^Now duly attend to the early Fruit or forcing Frame, to give Air, as the Seafon may require ; alio to keep up the Heat.
:• i Air and refrelh with Water the Strawberries in' Ho't-beds : Alfo make new Plantations of Strawberries, Rafpberries, Goofber-ries, and Currants, if omitted in Autumn.
Work to be done in the Pleafure-Garden. 1
Plant out your choice Carnations into the Pots where they are to flower, towards the End of the Month, if the Weather is mild •, and place them In a warm Situation," arched with Hoops, and covered with Mats in bad Weather.
You may'yet fow Auricula and Polyanthus Seeds in Tubs o$ Pots of light, rich Earth, placing them.in the Morning-fun till April.
Freih earth your Auricula’s in Pots, if not done in January, and in the Manner there directed.
. Stir the Surface of the Ground of your Flower-beds, and clear them from Weeds, Mofs, and Filth.
Dig and prepare your Ground in the Flow-er-Nurfery for fowing Seeds, and to receive Plants the next Month.
;	‘	Cove?'
<The Gentleman Gardiner’s DirettoP. 227
Cover in dry frofty Nights your Beds -of choice Ranunculufes, Anemonies, and Tulips with Mats.
—Now tranfplant all Sorts of hardy flowering Trees and Shrubs, as Lilacs, Laburnums, Bladder Smiths, Scorpion Senas, Roles, Honey - fuckles, Jafmines, &V. and molt Sorts of Foreft Trees, efpecially on moift Land j but do not remove the Evergreens defigned for Spring-planting till April.
Plant Dutch Box for Edgings to Borders, but better in OSlober^ efpecially fox dry Ground.
Break up and turn your Gravel Walks, where they begin to be moffy; but do not rake them till towards, the Middle of next Month.
Rake and clean, the latter End of this Month, the Quarters of your Wildernefs.
Now duly roll, when the Ground is foft, your Grafs Walks, Lawns, &c.
Make Hot-beds for your tender annual Flowers, which require to be brought forward early in the Spring: Alfo, plant fome Tuberofes on a Hot-bed, if not done laft Month, to come early in Summer.
Now fow the double Larkfpur on warm dry Borders, and the Seeds of China Starworts in a warm Border on a very moderate Hot-K 6	bed :2.28 The Gentleman Gardener9* Director. bed : Let them have a large Share of Air every Day.
MARCH
Work to be done in the Kitchen-Garden.
RENEW the Heat, if declined, of your Cucumber and Melon Beds, by a Lining of new Horfe Dung round the Sides cover the Glaffes clofe with Matsevery Night, but let them have frelh Air in the Day-Time.
. Sow the Seeds of Cabbages, Savoys, and Red Cabbages, for Winter’s Ufe jrplant out all your remaining Colliflower Plants for the general Crop, and prick out,.' upon frelh Hot-beds, thofe raifed the 1 aft Month, to fucceed thofe raifed' in Autumn : In mild Weather, let the Covers be taken off in the Day-time.
Continue to put in Beans and Peafe every Fortnight; fow Radilhes, Spinage, and young Salad Herbs, every Week, -and Celery Seed towards the End of the Month, to fucceed t at fown in February.
■ Sow early in the Month, if the Soil is dry, Parfnips, Carrots, Onions, Leeks, Beets, Borage,*rbe Gentleman Gardner's Director. - 229 rage, Buglofs, Burnet, Dill, Fennel, Cher-, vil, Smallage, Alifanders, &c. upon a moi&. Soil i the latter End of the Month is Time enough» The Seeds of Dill,“Fennel, Small-age, and Alifanders, fucceed much better in dry Land, and fovvn in Autumn.
Earth up Alexanders to blanch them the Beginning of this Month. This is alfo the Time for blanching Dandelion.
You may yet fow Parfley, Sorrel, Chervil, Orach, Fennel, Marigolds, and Spinage, -if the Ground be moift.
Slip and plant Mint, Tanfey, Tarragon* Penny-royal, Chamomile, Balm, Savory, Sage, Rofemary, Hyfifop, Lavender Cotton, Spike Lavender, Wormwood, Southern: ■wood, Thyme, and moft other aromatic Plants.
Now flip the Off-fets from the old Roots of Skirrets, and plant them in Rows ten Inches afunder, and fix Inches Diftance in the Rows : Water them till they have taken Root. The belt Roots are railed from Seed.
Plant out in a more open Expofure your large Kinds of Lettuce Plants, which have ftood the Winter in warm Borders; alfo, fow fome Seeds of the Cilicia, Cos3 Imper rial, and other Lettuces, in an open rich
Spot230 The Gentleman Card?nerQ|Direttor.»
Spot of Ground, to fucceed-thofe’ of the- laft Month’s Sowing. j
-. Fork the Afparagus-beds about the lyfld--dle ;of this Month i but be careful not to ihurt the Crown of the Roots.
Sow the large-rooted Dutch Parfley about the Beginning, of this Month *, thin the Plants.;when |come- up, \throe, or four Inches a-part, to obtain:good Roots...
, ; Plant new Afparagus-beds, if the Ground be dry, towards the latter End of this Month.
Hoe your Radifhes and Spinage, fown in January and the Beginning of February, leaving them four or five Inches afunder j ftir all the Ground between them.
;< Continue to make. Hot-beds for Cucumbers , Melons,, Purflane,	Sow I Cucum-
ber and Melon Seeds for the principal Crop; alfo the Seeds of Capficum for Pickling, and Tomatos for Soups, on an Hot-bed; and, towards the End of the Month, a few Seeds of Indian Crefs upon a very moderate Hotbed. .
, Drefs your Artichoaks, leaving only two or thrjee of the cleareft and beft-fituated Plants upon each Root to bear 5 flip the reft clean off, and plant the beft of them to produce Heads in Autumn.;	* ■
SowThe Gentleman Gardner's Dire tier. 23*
SoW Cardoons, upon a Bed of rich light Earth, pretty thin-, keep them clear of Weeds, and water them in dry Weather, till big enough to be tranlplanted.
Put in fome Kidney-beans in warm Borders, and dry Weather, towards the latter End of this Month. ■
Sow Sweet-marjoram, Thyme, Hyflop, and other tender aromatic Plants, upon a dry wr;rm Soil.
Continue to fow all Sorts of young Salad Herbs upon warm Borders.
Plant the parted Roots of Cives in a lhady Situation; part alfo Scallions; plant Rocambole and Shallots, and tranfplant Leeks for Seed in a warm Expofure.
Sow Purflane upon warm Borders at the End of this Month; fow alfo, at this Time, Turneps upon an open Spot of Ground to come early.
Now fow the Seeds of Finochia in a rich light Soil, in Drills made about a Foot afun-der.
Sow, towards the End of the Month, Hemp, Flax, White Dutch, and Red Clover, Saintfoin and Lucern, if the Seafon is favourable: Sow alfo Barley and March Rye, and in dry Weather hoe und roll Wheat;
Sow2 $2 The Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or.
-«it1 Sow Rouricival and Grey Peafe, for the full Crop in the. open Fields; gently earth the Peafe Town in former Months, and hoe the Ground between them in dry Weather.)
Now fow Carrots in the open Fields .for feeding Sheep.
' Work to be done .in the Fruit-Garden.
Now finifti Pruning all your tender Sorts of Fruit-Trees, as Peaches, Abricots, Nectarines, and loofen the Ground about their Roots.
You may yet tranfplant Fruit-trees upon a moift'Soif.
Now graft moft Sorts of Fruit-trees, beginning with the early Kinds.
Cut off the Heads of thole Stocks which were inoculated the lafb Summer, leaving about four. Inches above the Bud to attradf the Sap ; dig and looien the Ground between the Trees.
Drefs and frelh-earth your Beds of Strawberries, pulling off their Strings, and clearing them from Weeds ; dig and loofen the Ground between the Rows of Rafpberries.
Now head down your Fruit-trees, planted laft Autumn, to three or four Eyes, and be careful not to difturb the Roots; cover the
GroundThe Gentleman Gardiner's Wireblcr. 2 33 Ground with Mulch, or green Sward, the Grafs turned downward.
Shorten to four or five Eyes the Trees grafted the former Spring, and yet remaining in the Nurfery : This is chiefly under-ftood of Dwarf-trees.
Dig and clear the Ground between your Goolberries and Currants.
Work to be done in the Flower-Garden.
■, Tranfplant moft Sorts' of fibrous-rooted Plants, though this is better done in Autumn, if the Soil be dry.
Stir the Earth of your Borders, and Beds of Flowers, planted at Michaelmas, with a narrow Trowel j and be careful not to injure the Roots and Flower-buds.,
Cover with Mats or Canvas in bad Weather the Flower-buds of your choice Hyacinths, Anemonies, Ranunculufes, and Tulips : Alfo put down fmall Sticks by the Roots .of the fine Hyacinths for fattening and fupporting their Stems.
[ Plant lome Roots of common double A-nemonies to flower late: Refrefh them now and then with Water, if the Seafon is dry.
1 Now place in a fhady Situation the Boxesi and Pots with Seedling Auricula’s, andwater-them gently in dry Weather.
Protei2 $4 The Gentleman Gardner's Direct ok '
Protect your Pots of choice Auricula’s from blighting Winds and frofty Nights; water them in dry Weather, but,«let not the Wet get to the Center of the Plants.. .
Dig up the Ground in.your Wildernefs. Quarters, and between flowering Shruhs.
Frefh-earth the Carnations planted out at Michaelmas -, alfo, the Pots of .double Rofe Campions, Campanulas, Scarlet Lychnifes, &c. and pick away from them all. dead Leaves and Filth.
Clean the Flower-beds and Borders of Weeds and Mofs.
Sow, towards the latter End of this Month, the Seeds of all hardy annual Flowers, in the Borders of the Pleafure-Garden : Alfo, the Seeds of many Kinds, of biennial and pe-rennial Plants in your Flower-Nurfery. Thin the fifft,' where the Plants come up tod thick. *
Make frefh Hot-beds for your choice Sorts of annual Plants, fown the former Month ; and* let : the Earth be‘ very. good. Refrefh them with Water as. they require.:,'
- Tranfplant, towards theEnd of this Month, if the Seafon be rmikband inclinable to Wet, moft §orts of Evergreens, and many Kinds of exotic Trees ; and, after they are planted, cover the; Surface of the Ground ;with Mulch.
- iSSr* \ SS 1	: 'NowThe Gentleman Gardner's Direflor. j 55 Now fow the Seeds of the Arbutus on a '.moderate Hot bed, duly wacered : Alfo, the Seeds of Firs, Pines, Bays, Cedars, Alater-nufes, Phillyreas, and other ever-green or hardy exotic Trees, in fuch Places where they may be expofed only to the Morning Sun. Sowing thefe Seeds, upon a very moderate Hot-bed, will be a more fure Method of raifing the Plants; but then they muft have free Air in favourable Weather.
APRIL.
Work to he done in the Kitchen-Garden.
PREPARE your Dung to make Ridges for Melons and Cucumbers, which are to be-covered with Bell or Hand Glafles ; and, about the Middle of the Month, plant out the Melons which are to be raifed under Paper.
You may ftill fow Sweet-Marjoram, Thyme, Summer Savory, and other aromatic Plants./"
Plant Kidney-beans the Beginning of the Month in a warm Situation, and in-dry Weather.
• Sow Purflane upon warm Borders.
Con-236 The Gentleman Gardner's Direfior.
Continue to hoe your Crops of Radifhes,, Carrots, Parfnips, Onions, Leeks, &c. thinning them at proper Diftances.
Plant, in moift Weather, Slips or Cuttings of Sage, Rofemary, Rue, Savory, Maftich, Thyme, Lavender, Stœchas, Lavender Cotton, and other aromatic plants : Let them be (haded from the Sun and duly watered.
Plant Garden**Beans for a latter Crop ; continue fowing Marrow-fat and other large Kinds of Peafe -, alfo Hotfpur Peafe.
You may yet flip Artichoaks and plant upon a moift Soil.
Continue to fow all Sorts of young Salad Herbs \. alfo fome CW, Ciliciaÿ and other Kinds of large Lettuces, A (hady Situation is nowi beft for the firft, and a moift Soil for the fécond.
Trànfplant your young Celery Plants into Beds of rich Earth, and water them duly till they have taken Root.
Hoe between your Rows of Beans and Peafe • draw at p the Earth to their Stems; clear the Ground from Weeds.
Draw, after a Shower of Rain, the Earth up to the Stems of your Cabbage and Colli-flower Plants,- which were planted in Autumn, or early in the Spring.
SowThe Gentleman Gardner's DireSlcr. 237
Sow Turneps on a rnoift Spot of Ground •> hoe out thofe lowed the 3aft Month'.
Weed carefully your Beds of Miht, Tar-» ragon, Parfley, &V. and'in dry Weather water them : Alio plant Slips of. them. to make new Beds.
Tranfplant fome of the former Months Cilicia, Cos, and large Kinds of Lettuces, and water them till they take new Root.
Thin, and prick out into Beds, the laft Month’s Cabbages and Savoys*, weed the Seed-beds, and low fome Savoy and Cab-bajgCf Seed for the lateft Crop.
Sow Hemp, Flax, and Pole Hops * clear your Hop-grounds from Weeds*, make up the Hills : Alfo, fow fome late Rouncival, and large Grey Peafe, in the open Fields, for Winter Trovifion, if the Ground is cool and [moid:.
Draw'out, the latter End of this Month, all the young Artichoak Plants which have rbeen produced fince the Stocks were flipped. If permitted to grow, they will* rob the .Plants, left for Fruit, of their Nourifhment.
Sow, on a moift Spot of Ground, and ifhaded from the Sun, fome rpore Celery ;Seed : Alfo, fow fome Finochia Seed’. Keep all your young Crops clean from, Weeds.
Werk238 The Genfkman Gardner's Direftor.
Work to he done in the Fruit-Garden, f
Water your young Fruit-trees in dry Weather -, J if their Leaves curl, water, then: gently all over their Branches, but befon the Heat'of the Day : The fame may b ! praftifed to Advantage on old Trees. Waf the Trees with Tobacco-ftalk Water to de: ftroy Infefts.
Difplace all foreright and luxuriant Shoot; of thè Trees on your Walls and Efpaliers. .
Thin your Abricots, that the reft mai; thrive.
Plant Cuttings of Vines in the Places wher; they are to remain •, have always a Knot c the old Wood to the Bottom of each, am bury them fo deep in the Ground, that th: uppermoft Eye may be even with the Sin;, face of the Ground.
Rub off all fmall dangling Shoots of yoik Vines. ■
‘ Now carefully weed your Beds of Straw berries, take off their Runners, and watt* them, if the Seafon proves very dry.
Keep the Borders near your Fruit-tre / clean from Weeds, &V. If the Ground biricr hard, loofen it with a Dung Fork ; uncovr/ your Fig-trees by Degrees, air your Fruì l 3
<The Gentleman Gardner's Directors 9 in the forcing Frame, fprinkle their Branches, frequently with Water, and now and then water their Roots.
Work to he1 'done in the Pleafure-Garden.
Rake, level, and roll your Gravel Walks, and mow your Grafs Walks. Clean the Borders of your ■Pleafure-Garden from Weeds* and tie up all your tall growing Plants to Sticks.
Now fow fuch annual Flowers in your Borders as require no artificial Heat; thin them to come up : Alfo, fow in your Flower-Nurfery moft Sorts of hardy perennial and biennial Plants, not fown the former Month.
Sow, the Beginning of this Month, fuch of the Annuals as require a little Warmth, or flender Hot-beds; they are beft railed under a Covering of Mats : Now, alfo, make frelh Hot-beds for tranfplanting your tender Annuals ; and tranlplant the young Plants of the China Starwort, upon a moderate Hotbed, or warm Border ; and water and lhade them till they take Root.
Put fome more Roots of Tuberofes into a moderate Hot-bed ; fow the Seeds of choice Carnations and Pinks, and water them in ■dry Weather •> fcreen your Tubs of Seedling
Auricula*«24-0 The Gentleman Gardiner's Director,
Auricula’s, and Polyanthufes from theSun, and frequently water them.; fet Sticks to your Carnations, and guard them from Sparrows j remove the Pots of your fine Auricula’s under fome Covert from the Heat of thé Sun and Wet, but let them have free Air.
Take up, towards the latter End of this Month, the Roots of Saffron, Colchicums, Yellow Autumnal Narciffus, and fuch other bulbous-rooted Flowers as blow at Michaelmas, and plant them again in -Auguft.
Tranfplant the Ever-greens that have not begun to fhoot, when there is a Profped: of Rain ; and water them in dry Weather ; Alfo, train, to the defired Order, your hardy Evergreen Trees, as Phillyreas, Alaternufes, Laurels, Lauruftinufes, j
MAT.r
■ Work to be done in the Kitchen-Garden.
D Eftroy all Manner of Weeds in your.
Garden-beds, Dunghils, and Heaps of Compoft.
Sow Peafe and plant Beans for latter Crops on a moift Soil ; plant of Kidney-
beans
<The Gentleman Gardner's Director. 241
Beans the large Dutch Sort and the Scarlet Bloflom; fow Colliflowers, about the Twenty-third of this Month, for Winter Ufe, and (hade the Bed with Mats every Day, and keep the Ground moift; plant out, in moift Weather, the red and white Cabbages, and Savoys, for Winter Ufe; tranfplant the firft l'own Celery into Drills for Blanching ; draw fome Earth about the Stems of the Colliflowers and Cabbage Plants, Beans, or any other Crops.
Shade, with Mats, in the Heat of the Day, the Cucumbers under Frames; but gradually inure the Melon Plants to the open Air in warm Weather: Where the Beds are but lhallow in Earth, the Vines will require Shading in the great Heat of the Day.
Break down fome of the inner Leaves of the Colliflowers that appear in Flower, to preferve them white ; hoe Winter Crops of Onions, Carrots, Leeks, Parfnips, and Beets -, transplant Silejia, Cw, Imperial, and brown Dutch Lettuces into North Borders, to fucceed thofe of the laft Month; and, towards the End of the Month, fow, in an open Situation, the fame Sorts of Lettuces.
L
Sovv242 'The Gentleman Gardiner's Dir ell or.
Sow Finnochia in Drills of a light, rich, moift Soil, about eighteen Inches afunder*, and draw the Earth up to blanch thofe which ar6 almcft full-grown.
Forward the Cabbaging of your early Cabbages, by tying their Leaves together with a Withy or Bals Mat.
Pull up alfo this Month all the Plants from the Roots of your Artichoaks, which have been produced, fince the old Stocks were flipped *, and cut off all the fmall Artichoaks from the Sides of the Stems.
Now fow Skirrets, Salfafy, and Scorzo-nera, for the laft Crop ; fow Turneps, when there is a Profpeft of Rain ; hoe the Turneps fown the laft Month; fow fome Broccoli and Savoys for Spring Ufe.;^fow Cucumbers for Pickling in the open Ground; and plant out into a large Compafs upon Dunghils Gourds and Pompions.
Stake your Onions, Cabbages, Carrots, Parfnips, Savoys, Broccoli, and Leeks, planted for Seed.
Tranfplant,towards the End of the Month, and in favourable Weather, the Tomatos for Soups, and the Capficums for Pickling, which have been raifed upon Hot-beds : Plant the Tomatos near a Wall, Pale, Hedge, or Efpalier, to which the Plants,
whenjTibe Gentleman Gardner's Director. 243
when grown, mult be fattened ; and plant the Capficums in a rich Soil and warm Situation, and frequently water them in dry Weather.
Work to be done in ^Fruit-Garden.
Look over your Wall and Efpalier Trees; —Take off all fore-right, luxuriant, or ill-placed Shoots ; train fuch kindly Branches, as you would preferve, regularly to the Wall or Efpalier; and admit the Sun and Air to the Fruit.
Thin your Abricots, Nectarines, and Peaches, the Beginning of this Month.
Stop fuch Shoots of your Vines as have Fruit on them, at the fecond or third-Joint beyond the Fruit; train the Branches dole to the Wall in a regular Order; and rub off all weak trailing Branches : Let the Fruit always be fcreened by fome Leaves.
Refrefh with Water, towards Evening in a dry Seafon, all fuch Trees as have been lately planted ; fprinkle the Water over all their Branches ; alfo water other Trees.
Break off, towards the latter End of this Month, the Clay from the Trees grafted in the Spring; and loofen their Bandages.
L 2	Work24+ The Gentleman Gardiner*s Director.
Work to be done in the Flower-Garden.
Take up your choice Hyacinth Roots, which are paft flowering ; and lay them horizontally in a Bed of Earth to ripen, leaving their Leaves and Stems out of the Ground to decay.
Shade your curious Flowers, now blow-«, ing, during the Heat of the Day.
Take up the Roots of the Saffron and th$ other Sorts of autumnal Crocus; alfo Col-chicums, autumnal Amaryllis, and Pancratium ; fpread them on Mats in the Shade to dry; after which keep them in Bags, and plant them again in July.
Tranfplant fuch of the Tuberofe-rooted Flowers.as blow in Autumn; plant out your hardy Annuals about the Middle of this Month; fow dwarf annual Flower-feeds in Patches upon Borders; and tranfplant fuch biennial and perennial Flowers as were (own in the Flower-nurfery in March and Aprils into Beds of frefh Earth in the Nurfery, where they may remain till the latter End of September, or the Beginning of October, when they muft be removed into the Borders of the Flower-garden.
Tie''The Gentleman Gardner's Direftcr. 245
Tie up the Spindles of Carnations, diverting them of all fide Pods ; put down Stakes to fallen the Sterna of all tail Flowers.
Cut off, and plant, in a lhady Border, the young Flower-ftalks of the teveral Sorts of Lychnidea, the late f.owedftg After, or Starwort, with narrow Leaves,' and the DouhleHScarlet Lychnis T’thfcy will ta&e R6ot well,1 and flower in Autumn.
Make a frefh Hot-bed for your Amaran-thliies, Double-ftriped Balfamine, and other tender exotic Annuals.
Remove your Autieula*spaftfloweringinto a lhady Situation, but not under the Droppings of Trees; tranfplant the perennial, feedling, fibrous-rooted Flowers ; fow feme Seeds of annual, fcarlet, and purple Stock-gilliflowers ; take up the early blowing Tulip Roots, aifo Spring Crocus, Snow-drops, and fome of the forward Anemonies, if their Leaves are decayed ; plant fome Tu-berofe-roots upon a moderate Hot-bed, to fucceed thofe planted in March and April; tranfplant, towards the End of this Month, the Roots of the Guernfey and Belladona Lilies ; and plant, in moift Weather, into the Beds or Borders, the young Plants of Sca-biufes, Sweet Sultan, Indian Pink, Chry-L 3 fanthemum,246 The Gentleman Gardener's Dire51 or.
fanthemum, Buphthalmum, and Oriental Perficaria.
Look to your Lawns, Grafs, and Gravel Walks.
JUNE.
Work to he done in the Kitchen-Garden.
NOW tranfplant Cabbage and Savoy Plants for Winter Uie, on an open Spot of Ground, or between Rows of Beans, Collifloweia, &c. prick out into Beds of rich Earth the Winter Colliflower-plants, towards the.End of this Month j fhade them till they have taken Root, and water them duly in dry Weather.
Hoe and clean Carrots, Parfnips, Onions, Leeks,: Beets, and all other late Crops •, plant out all Sorts of Sweet-herbs fown in March.\ and fill up the Alleys between your laft Ridges of Melons with a Mixture of Loam and very rotten Cow-dung^ the whole trodden down clofe.
SowTurneps upon a motft Spot of Ground, and when there is a Profped of Rain •, in the Beginning of the Month, fow fome Broccoli-feed for the fecond Crop, and Finnochia, to
fucceedThe Gentleman Gard'net's Direfitcr.' 247
fuoceed that fown the Middle of the former Moiith and tranfplant Celery into fh allow Trendies for Blanching, with Room pnougfl to eliirih iip the Plants Wh<?n full-grown.
Plant the laft Crop of Kidney-beans v fow Brown, Dutch, and common Cabbage-Lettuces for a late Crop; tranfplant inch Lettuces as #ett fown in May int^r a fhady Situ-pRPtf Endiv$ in open moift Ground for Blanching •, fow fome Endive-feed for a latter Crop,, and continue to fowfmall Salad-hefbs'every three or four Days;!
■ Now thin the Finnochia-plants fown the former Moftthj and allow them Room e-nougjhv prick cut the Broccoli, fown in May, into Reds about three Inches afunder ; sfreect ahd thin'thCPlflnts in yourCuCtimberhoies, which wbne Town for Pickling and plant out Cardoons for good, with Room enough to be earthed up.
Gather, in dry Weather, Seeds of all Sorts, that are ripe, and lpread them to dry before their Hulks or Pods are rubbed or beaten: Alfo, gather Herbs for Drying of Rich Sorts as are now in Flower, and hang them in a dry fhady Place. This is the belt Seafon for diHilling rnoft Sorts of Herbs.
L 4
Shade248 The Gentleman Gardner's Director.
Shade your Melon Plants in the Heat of the Day, and water the Alleys between the Beds.
Now tranfplant Leeks out of the Seedbeds.
Deftroy Weeds and Snails.
Work to he done in the Fruit-Garden.
Inoculate Stone-fruits, towards the End of the Month, in an Evening or cloudy Weather.
Look over your Wall and Efpalier Trees a-gain, and do as before directed j but be not too officious with the Knife at this Seafon ; and pull none of the Leaves from the Branches, unlefs diftempered.
Water, in dry Weather, fuch Trees as were tranlplanted the former Seafon, and prderve Mulch upon the Surface of the Ground about their Roots.
Keep the Ground about your Trees clear from Weeds and all other Plants.
Look to your Vines, as before directed.
' Work to he done in the Flower-Garden;
Tranfplant annual Flowers out of the Hotbed, or where they were raifed, into the Borders,
<1the Gentleman Gardner's T>lre£lor. 249
ders, in an Evening or cloudy Day, and give them fome Water to fettle the Earth to their Roots.
Now lay down your Carnations, Pinks, Double Sweet Williams, and fuch other fibrous-rooted Plants as are propagated by Layers j and water them gently and frequently.
It is now a proper Seafon for taking up the bulbous and tuberofe-rooted Flowers.
Open your Carnations, which begin to break their Pods, in two or three different Parts, at equal Diftances, that their Flowers may expand equally: Screen them from Moif-ture with Covers of oiled Paper, which is much better than Glafs.
Look carefully after Earwigs and Ants, which dfftroy thefe Flowers.
Tranfplant fuch Sorts of perennial or bien- ■ nial fibrous-rooted Plants as were fown die two formed MondisJ into Nurfery-beds, with Room to grow till Autumn.
Now inoculate fome of the more curious l&>fts of Roles; • the belt Stocks are the Francfcrt and Damalk Rofes. Now, alfo, inoculite Jafthines j and you may yet inarch Jafmines of all the Kinds you want to increafe; alfo, Oranges, Lemons, Citrons, Pomegranates, &V.
L I
Plant25Q 'Tke Gentleman Gardner's Dir ell or.
Plant Cuttings of fuch fibrous-rooted Plants you want to increafe, in a Bed of light, rich Earth, lhaded from the Sun, and duly watered.
y u l r.
Work to be done in the Kitchen-Garden.
SOW the laft Crop of Kidney-beans, in a , Situation defended from Morning Frofts ; in Autumn : If the Ground is very dry, foak the Beans fix or eight Hours in Watfer before \ they are planted. The beft Sort for this * Planting is the Scarlet-flowering Kidney- ■ bean.
Sow Spinage for Winter Ufe, towards the g End of this Month ; alfo, Coleworts, Car- • rots, and Onions for Spring Ufe: SowTur-neps in the open Field for the Spring; tranf-plant Savoys, Broccoli, and Cabbages for Spring Ufe, and plant out Colliflowers for* the Autumn Crop.
F ant Celery into Drills for Blanching ; ,
plant out Endive for Blanching *, and conti- j
nue to fow all Sorts of fmall Salad-herbs.
Water, on an Evening in dry Weather, all!
fuch Plants as have been lately tranfplanted;«1
and!
uThe Gentleman Gardner's Director. 25 t
and diligently deftroy the Weeds in every Part of the Garden.
Gather Seeds of Spinage, Corn-falad, Weiß Onion, Crefs, and all other Sorts that: are ripe; and pull up Onions, Garlic, Rocamboles, Efchalots, Gs?t. fpreading them in a dry, airy Place, before they are laid up.
Continue to earth up your firft Crop of Celery; tie up, in dry Weather, the full grown Endive to blanch it; for, if the Leaves are moift when tied, thev will rot in the Middle;
Give no Water to your Melons, which now begin to ripen.
Repair, this Month, your young Afpara-gus-beds •, plant in moift Weather frelh Plants where any have failed.
Water duly, in dry Weather, the Cucumbers brought up under Hand-glafles.
Tranlplant the Celery into Beds, which was fown in May; and tranfplant fomp Endive to fucceed that which wasflplanted the former Month.
Now fow the T urnep-rooted Radifh, which will be in Perfection in October.
Clear your Artichoaks from Weeds, &V. and break down, clofe to the Surface of the Ground, the Stems of thofe now fit for Ufe, on the old Stocks.
L 6
Now252 Vhe Gentleman Gardner's Director.
Now fow Tome Broccoli-feed for the Iaffc Crop ; alfo, fome Endive for the laft Crop.
Tranfplant the Cos, Silejia, and other Sorts of Lettuce, which were fown the laft Month.
* Work to be done in the Fruit-Garden.
Look carefully to your Wall and Efpa-lier Trees, as before dire£ted.
; Bud, in the Beginning of this Month, in an Evening or cloudy Weather, all Sorts of Fruits, which were not done the preceding Month.
Hoe your Ground about your Fruit-trees, and cut off all Suckers which arife from their Roots.
Deftroy Snails, efpecially after Rain; and place Glafs-phials filled with Honey-water, on your Walls, to deftroy Wafps and Pif-mires.
Look carefully over your Fruit-trees, ■which have been budded or grafted the former Seafon * and obferve, that no Shoots from the Stocks remain ; for thefe rob the Buds or Grafts of their Nourifhment.
Where any of your Fruit-trees are not of the Sorts you defire, they fhould now have Buds of thofe Kinds put into their tender
Shoots.The Gentleman Gardner’s Dire51 or.' 253
Shoots. By this Method the Trees will be in full Bearing in three Years.
Work to be done in the Flower-Garden.
Take up the Bulbs 'of fuch late Flowers us were not fit the laft Month, and tranfplant fuch bulbous and tuberofe-rooted Flowers, which will not endure to be kept long above Ground.
Continue to make Layers of Pinks, Carnations, Sweet Williams, &c.
Tranfplant into Nurfery-beds, till Michael» mas, fuch biennial or perennial fibrous-rooted Flowers as were fown late in the Spring.
Gather the Seeds of all Sorts of Flowers as they ripen, drying them well in the Shade j and preferve them in their Hulks or Pods until die Seafon*forTowing them.
Inoculate Rofes, Jafmines, and other Sorts of curious flowering Shrubs and Trees, this Month being the principal Seafon for this Work.
Cut and trim Hedges, clip Box-edgings, mow Grafs-plats, and keep the Walks con-ftantly rolled, and free from Weeds.
5fou may now increafe the Double Scarlet Lychnis, by planting Cuttings of the Flow-er-ftems \ and plant, into Pots or Borders of
good254 Gentleman Gardner's Direftor.
good frefh Earth, the Layers of Pinks, Carnations, Sweet Williams, &V. which have taken Root.
Sow, towards the latter End of this Month, fome Seeds of annual Flowers, to flower early next Summer -, plant out the Seedling Auricula’s, which came up laft Spring, into Tubs or Pots filled with rich Earth, and placed in a fhady Situation prune fuch Trees, in the Walks and Quarters of your Wildernefs, as grow too much out of Order, and bring your molt tender annual Plants out of the Hotbeds to fiipply the Borders.
AUGUST.
Work to be done in the Kitchen-Garden.
SOW Onions for a Supply in Spring, and Weljh Onions to endur*e the greateft Cold: Alfo, fow Spin age ; the belt Sort to endure Cold' is the prickly-feeded; the lar-geft and moft profitable Sort is the Burdoc-Spinage.
Sow, about the ioth or 12 th of this Month, your early Batterfea and Torkjhire Cabbage-feed •, the 2 ift or 23d, fome Colliflower-feed for the early Crop, under Bell orHandGlafles,
andfthe Gentleman Gardner's Director. 255
and under the Walls where they are defigned to ftand open : Alfo, fow fome more Seeds, about the 25th or 26th, for a fecond Crop, to plant under Frames to abide the Winter.
Sow, about the Middle, or. towards the End of this Month, fome common Cabbage Lettuce, and brown Dutch Lettuce, to be planted under Frames, to come early in the Spring on warm Borders : Alfo towards the End of the Month, fome Cos and Silejia Lettuce. J
Tranfplant, in moift Weather, Endive and Celery for Blanching; alfo, fome Lettuces, fown the former Month, into a warm Situation.
Sow, towards the latter End of the Month, feveral Sorts of Seeds which remain long in the Ground, as Chervil, Angelica, Lovage, Mafterwort, Scurvy-grafs, Fennel, Alexanders, Sweet Cicely, Corn-falad, and fome o-thers : They always fucceed better at this Seafon, than when fown in the Spring.
Weed your Beds of Coleworts, fown the laft Month ; draw fome of the Plants out if too thick, and tranfplant them into another Spot.
Cut off, in moift Weather, the flowering Branches of molt Sorts of Aromatic Plants,
which.256 %be Gentleman Gardner's Director.
which are paft flowering, that they may make new Shoots before Winter.
, Earth up your Celery in dry Weather; tie up your full-grown Endive, or cover it with Boards or Tiles to blanch, when the Leaves are very dry, manage your Artichoaks as before directed; tranfplant your Broccoli, which was not planted out the former Months j alfo, fome Savoys to come late in the Spring: Gather your Cucumbers for Pickling; fow Tur-neps for a latter Crop before the 20th of this Month ; earth up your Finnochia to blanch it; continue to tranfplant Celery into Drills; hoe your Spinage fown the End of the laft Month, and gather your Seeds as before directed.
Work to be done in the Fruit-Garden.
Deftroy the Vermin about your Wall-fruit-trees i alfo Sparrows and Tomtits, with Wafps, as before directed.
Replace the projecting Branches or any Diforder in your Trees ; untie the Buds of your Fruit-trees, inoculated the laft Month ; and clear the lower Part of your Stocks from Shoots, and the Roots of your Trees from Weeds.
Work
«The Gentleman Gardner's Director. 257
Work to he done in the Flower-Garden.
Tranlplant the Layers which have taken Root; plant out your choice Carnations in Pots of frefK light Earth, placed in a fhady Situation till they have taken Root; and fhift your choice Auricula’s into frefh rich Earth, and clear them of dead Leaves : Place them alfo in a fhady Situation. *
You may yet remove the Roots of bulbous Trifes, Fritillaries, and Hyacinths of Peru-, alfo the Roots of Lilies, Martagons, Crown Imperials, Paeonies, and Flag Trifes.'
Gather all Sorts of Flower-feeds, and pre-ferve them as before directed; tranfplant Po-lyanthufes, Primrofes, and Seedling Auricula’s : Cold Dung will keep dowrt Worms, and preferve the Plants from being turned out of the Ground: Shade and water them till they have taken Root; alio, in dry Weather, water duly the Pots of Annual Plants.
Prepare, towards the latter End of this Month, Beds to receive your choice Hyacinths, Tulips, and Ranunculufes, that the Earth may fettle before the Roots are planted.
Now fow, in Pots or Boxes of rich, light Earth, the Seeds of Anemonies, Pulfatillas,
Ra-258 The Gentleman Gardner's Dire Seri
Ranunculufes, Crocufes, Fntillaries, Hyacinths, Tulips,. Narcifiufes, Cyclamens, Tri-fes, Auricula^, Lilies, Martagons, Polyan-thufes, &e. Let them have the Morning-fun till Ten or Eleven o’Clock, and gently, but frequently, refrefh with Water. Alfo, now lòw the Seeds of fevèral Kinds of Annual Flowers on warm Borders to ftand the Winter. -
Now propagate, in fhady Borders, by flipping and parting t-Keir Roots, the Double Scarlet LycHftfs, Double Rofe Campion, Double Rocket,-Gentianella, Double Ragged Robin, Bachelor’s Button, Red and White * Dou-t ble Catchfly, and Canada Leonuras,
Keep thè Garden neat and clean.
SEPTEMBER.
Work to be done in the Kitchen-Garden.
PLANT out the Colliflower-plants, fown the laft Month, upon old Cucumber or Melon Beds; earth up, in dry Weather, the Cardoons planted out in June, and tie up their Leaves with a Hay-band j now make Mufhroom-beds; hoe and clean Turneps ; weed the, Beds of Spinage, Onions, Carrots,
Col-
«The Gentleman Gard'ner's Dine&or. 259
Colliflowers, Cabbage-plants, and Cole worts5 in dry Weather j alfo, earth up your Celery. '
The Middle of this Month you may fafely tranfplant rnofl S6rt* of perennial aromatic Plants j continue to fow fmall SalaiS-hefbs; and gather all Sorts of Seeds as they ripen, and preferve them as beforedilfcfitd.
Tranfplant, in moift Weather, the Cole-wort-plants fown in July, and the Cabbage-plants fown in the Beginning ofjtitgujt .* Alfo, fome of your late fown Endive on warm Borders.
Continue to blanch your Endive as before dlredod ; tranfplant Lettuces of fevera! Sorts on warm Borders *, cut down the Haulm of Afparagus, and attend to the Beds where they want Dunging and Hoeing.
Prated: ypur young Collidower-plantsfrom Rain at this Seafon, and prepare tfie Ground of your Summer Crops for frefh ones, lor trench it up to lie till Spring, free from all Weeds; ’ "
Plant fome Beans, and early Peafe, in warm Borders, at the End of this Month ; tranfolant^your latter Crop of Celery into Drills, and the lait Crop of Broccoli where it is to remain.
Some260 The Gentleman Gardener's Dire Her.
Some Carrot-feeds may be now Town upon warm Borders.
ffrfjy.
k to he done in the Fruit-Garden.
Gather your Fruit when they and the Leaves of the Trees are perfedly dry, other-wife it will not keep.
Guard your Grapes from Birds, Flies, and Wafps.
Tranfplant Strawberries, Rafpberries, Goolberries, and Currants, towards, the End of the Month, in moift Weather ; and now plant Cuttings of Goolberries and Currants.
Now prune and train your Fruit-trees a-gainft the Wall of your forcing Frame.
Prepare the Ground where Fruit-trees are defigned to be planted the next Month, that it may lie to mellow and fweeten.
Work to he done in the Flower-Garden.
Dig the Borders, adding fome frefh Earth or very rotten Dung, if required ; and plant therein all Sorts of hardy Flowers.
Now tranfplant from the Nurfery, into the Borders, your biennial and perennial Flowers.
NowThe Gentleman Gardner's Director. 261
Now plant your choice Hyacinth-roots: Alfo, early Tulips in a warm Situation.
Take up and part your Box-edgings which are grown too thick, and plant them down again.
T ranfplant, towards the End of the Month, moft Sorts of hardy flowering Trees and. Shrubs; allb, all Sorts of hardy Wood-plants and Flowers into Wildernefs-quarters; alfo, Laurels, Lauruftinufes, and Arbutus.
OCTOBER.
Wdrk to he done in the Kitchen-Garden.
Continue, in dry Weather, to earth up Celery and Cardoons to blanch them, and draw up fome full-grown Endive, to plant down on the Sides of the Ridges to blanch.
Tranlplant Lettuces upon warm Borders, and keep your Spinage, Carrots, Onions, &c. iown in July, - or Augujl, clean from Weeds.
Plant Beans, and fow Peafe, at the Beginning and End of this Month,„ upon dry Grounds and in warm Situations,
Tranf-$6 2 Tèe1 Gentlemen Gardener's Director.
Tranfplant, towards the End of this Month, your Colliflower-plants into the Places where they are to abide the Winter ; alfo, the Cab-bage-plants, fown in the Beginning of Au-gujl j and you may now plant out the late fown Colewort-plants, where they are to remain for Spring Ufe.
Break down the inner Leaves of yourCol-liflowers foWn in May, to protect them from Froft or Wet ; arid earth up the Stems of your Broccoli-plants.
Make fome moderate Hot-beds to plant Mint and Tanfey upon.
Guard your MulhrOom-beds from Wet and Froft.
Spread fome rotten Dung on the Beds of Seedling Afparagus-plants, and make Hotbeds for Afparagus, if required at Table in December.
Lay, on the Quarters of the Garden, the'. Dung of your Melon and Cucumber Beds ; ; alfo the Dung of the Lay-ftall.
Work to be done in the Fruit-Garden.
Prune, about the Middle, or latter End o£< this Month, Peach-trees, Nectarines, Abri-i cots, - and Vines ; Alfo, Pears, Apples, and; Plums, but not in hard frofty Weather.
TranelThe Gentleman Gardner's DireSlor. 26 3
Tranfplant all Sorts of Fruit-trees, if the Soil be dry; and Stocks of all Kinds into the Nurfery, to graft or bud the moft generous Kinds of Fruit upon : Mulch the Ground about their Roots before Winter.
Plant Goofberries, Currants, Rafpberries, and Strawberries ; drefs your old Strawberry Beds j clear your Rafpberries of old Wood ; prune and tie up your Currant Bufhes ; preserve in Sand the Stones or Kernels of fuch Sorts of Fruit as you intend to fow for Stocks; and gather all Sorts of Winter Fruit, when the Trees are perfectly dry.
Work to be done in the Flower-Garden.
Finifh planting all the Sorts or Flower Roots you intend to put into the Ground before Chrijlmas, and all fuch as have been kept above Ground, fince their Leaves decayed in Summer.
Now tranfplant moft Sorts of hardy tube-rofe-rooted, or fibrous-rooted Plants.
Continue to plant Box-edgings to Borders where wanted, and repair thofe which are decayed.
Clear all your Beds and Borders from Weeds, and renew them with frefh I£arth.
Remove264 ^he Gentleman Gardener's Director.
Remove the Pots and Boxes of Seedling Flowers, out of their ihady Situation, into a wanner Pofition.
Place under Cover your Pots of choice Carnations and Auricula’s.
Now remove mod Sorts of flowering Shrubs and Trees •, and prune all Sorts of flowering Shrubs, taking off all Suckers from their Roots.
- Plant fome Cuttings of the Double Chry-fanthemums, both White and Yellow, in Pots of good Earth, placed in a Ihady Situation-; water them frequently, if the Sea-fon proves dry. They will be ftrong enough, by the Spring, to be planted in the Borders of the Flower-Garden, and their Flowers will be'double.
NOVEMBER.
Work to be done in the Kitchen-Garden.
NOW trench the Ground between your Artichoaks, laying a large Ridge of Earth over the Roots, equally on their Sides and Tops : This will preferve them much better from Froft than long Dung. Before
thisThe Gentleman Gardner's Direftor. 265 this is done, the Plants fhould be cut off quite olofe to the Surface of the Ground, unlefs where their are fome very ftrong Plants knit for Fruit, which may be tied up with a fmall Hay-band, and the Earth laid up dole to them : In fevere Frofts cover them over with dry Litter. If the Seafon is mild, defer this Work till the End of this Month or the Beginning of the next.
Airin mild Weather your Coiliflower and Lettuce Plants under Glaffes, or in Frames.
Sow Peafe and plant Beans to fucceed thole of the former Month •, and draw up fome Earth to the Stems of thofe which are come up.
Sow all Sorts of Salad Herbs upon moderate Hot-beds ; dung and trench the Ground deflgning for early Crops; low Carrots and Radifhes on worm Borders ; Weed your Spinage, Onions, and otherCrops,fown in July and Auguji % pick all decayed Leaves from your Coiliflower Plants, and draw fome Earth up to the Stems of thofe under Bell or Hand Glafies.
Take up the Roots of Carrots, Parfnips, Potatoes, Beets, Salfafy, Scorzonera, large rooted Parfley, &c. and lay them in Sand defended from Froft and Wet.
M
Work2 66 The Gentleman Gardner's Director.
Work to be (lone in the Fruit-Garden.
f Divefl your Fig-trees of all their late Fruity and nail the Shoots of the Trees clofe to the Wall: In fevere frofty Weather, place fome Pannels of Reeds before them. Loofen the Fig-trees which grow againft Efpaliers, and tie together and cover their Branches with Hay-bands, Straw, or Peafe Haulm, to protect them from Froft.
. Shake the Fruit-trees planted the former Month for Standards, and fallen thofe againft Walls and Efpaliers ; lay fome Mulch upon the Surface of the Ground, about their Roots.
Work to be done in the Flower-Garden.
. Cut down the Stalks of fuch late flowering Plants as now begin to decay, and rake over, but not too deep, the Borders to prevent Weeds and Mofs.
Turn your Compofts which were prepared for Pots or Borders, that the Parts may be equally* mixed, and receive Benefit of Air and Froft : Alfo prepare frefh Compofts.
Arch, with Hoops, towards the latter End of this Month, in wet or frofty Weather, your Beds of choice Anemonies, Ra-
nunculufesThe Gentleman Gardner's Director. 267 nunculufus, and Hyacinths, which begin to appear above Ground j and cover them with Mats or Cloths.
Now trim your Wildernefs Quarters, ar.d dig the Ground between the Trees.
Prepare your Seeds for Sowing in the Spring,
Roll and pole your Glafs well ; for, the Ground being well moiftened, the Roller will prefs the Ground clofe, which will be a great Advantage to the Sward.
Keepyour Gravpi Walks clean from Weeds and Mofs.
DECEMBER.
Work to be done in the Kitchen-Garden.
ARTH up, if the Seafon is mild, J2j thofe Artichoaks which were negle<5ted the former Months, and bury a little rotten Dungin the Ground to promote their Growth?
Carry Dung into the Quarters, and fpread it on the Ground, and trench up the Quarters, laying die Earth in Ridges, that it may be mellowed by Froft.
Deftroy Snails in all Parts of the Garden.
Sow Salad Herbs upon a moderate Hotbed, and arch them over with Hoops and cover them.
M 2
Un-268 The Gentleman Gardener’s DireElor. v Uncover every Day, in mild Weather* your Colliflower Plants under Frames.
Earth up Celery in dry Weather, as near the Tops of the Plants as polfible, both for blanching and prote&ing it from Froft : At the Approach of hard Froft, cover Celery and Endive with Fern,Straw, or Peafe Haulm. For the fame Reafon, earth up Cardoons as near the Tops as poflible.
Now make Hot-beds for Afparagus, to fupply the Table about the latter End of ;January.
Sow fome early Peafe on warm Borders, about the Middle of this Month, if the Weather is mild; draw up fome Earth about the Stems of the Peafe and Beans which are come up, and, in bad and frofty Weather, cover them with Straw, or Reeds, and lay fome old Tan about their Stems.
Plant fome Sandwich and Taker Beans towards the latter End of this Month.
Sow fome Radilhes, Carrots, and Lettuce on warm Borders, for an early Crop.
Protect your Mulhroom Beds from Froft and wet Weather by a Covering of frelh, dry Straw. ;
Lay Endive in Ridges on a dry Spot of Ground horizontally to blanch it, doling the Leaves up regularly * and put it into the
Ground,The Gentleman Gardner's DireHor. 269 Ground, almoft to the Tops of the Plants ; but, firlt, let the Endive hang up in a dry Place for two or three Days, to drain off the Moifture from between the Leaves.
Take up Cabbages and Savoys defigned for Seed, and hang them up in a dry Room by their Stalks for a Week or ten Days ; then plant them down in a warm Border, almoft over their Heads-* the Earth being raifed in a Hill about each to throw off the Wet. Plant each Kind at a Diftance, and infrofty Weather cover them with dry Straw or Peafe Haulm.
Work to be done in the Fruit-Garden.
Dig and prepare your Ground,"if the Sea-fon be mild, for planting Fruit-trees in February * and mend the Borders of your Fruit Garden with frefh Earth, and very rotten Dung well mixed together.
Cut all dead Branches clofe to the Stems out of the Trees in your Orchards, and fuch as crofs each other ; and make the Wound floping and fmooth: Alfo, dung and plough the Ground of your Orchards between the Standard Trees.
Cover, in frofty Weather, the Ground a-bout your new-planted Trees with Mulch.
M 3	Keep270 The Gentleman Gar (Trier's Direftor. j Keep the Froft out of the Room where you keep your choice Winter Fruit.
Trim your Quick Hedges.
Work to he done in the Flower-Garden.
Cover, in wet or frofty Weather, your Beds of choice Ranunculufes, Anemonies, and 'Hyacinths'- | alfo, the Pots or Boxes of Seedling Flower»,^ and yowf choice Carnations arid Aurfcula’s.
Now lay fome Mulch about the Roots of your new planted Trees and Shrubs ; turn over your Heaps of Earth for the Froft to mellow them •, lay the Earth up in Ridges on your Beds and Borders, as a Preparation -Tor planting Flower Roots in the Spring; -continue to dig up the Ground in your Wil-dernefs Quarters, and where you intend to :plant flowering Shrub^Jdr the tender Sorts of Trees out in the Spring, lay the Ground : in Ridges, that it may mellpw and fweeten till the Seafon for Planting is come.
Now, when little can be done, by Reafoii, perhaps, of heavy Rains, frofty Weather, i.&Cidean your Seeds ready for Sowing, and prepare all your Tools, that there may be no Delay in more favourable Weather.‘The Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or. 271
‘The modifh Way of having Flowers to blow in Winter within Doors.
Get handfome FJower-Pots that will fuit the Window, or Place you would have the Flowers to blow in, and paint them the Colour you fancy, as White, Blue, &c. Iind fill them with very rich and fine Garden Mould, and, if the Pots be large, you may put feve-ral Roots in one Pot; but remember to place the higheft blowing Flower in the Middle, and the lowed on the Outfide of the Pot. As in a large Pot you may fet the Crown Imperial in the Middle, then a Ring of Hyacinths , and, on the Outfide, a Ring of Snow Drops or Crocus's ; but do not croud th$m„ or fet too thick.
In another Pot you- may fet a Double Columbine in the Center, and round it a Ring .of Anemonies, and then a Ring of Ranunculus's.
And you may put two or three Primrofe Roots in a lefier Pot, or Polianthus's or Auricula's, or only one.
Some nice People procure tapering Glaf-fes, or Glafs Bafons, tapering from Top to Bottom, and get a round Piece of Cork, half an Inch in Thicknefs ; and, having M 4	filled272 The Gentleman Gardner's Director. filled the Glides with Rain Water within two or three Inches of the Top, cut the Cork to fit the Glafies, having made an Hole, or Holes therein, to contain the Roots they would fet in the Glafs, but do rot cut the Holes fo large as to let the Roots flip through it : Then, in September, they will fet Polyanthus, Narci[fus, Tulips, Hyacinths, Crocus's, Daffodils, Jonquils, or any other large blowing Roots, fo as juft to touch the Water •, and, if the Water waftes, as it will, then add frefh, fo as always to let the Roots touch it ; and fuch curious Perfons will have Flowers blow much foon-er, than they blow abroad.
They guard againft the Froft as much as may be, and, on fine warm Days, let their Pots have a little Sun about Noon by opening their Cafemenfa, or drawing up their Saihes. Remember the Bottom of the Roots are to touch the Water, and not the whole Roots ; for, were they to ftand in the Water, they would foon rot.
By this Method there are Nofegays at Chrijlmas. And thofe who keep Fires Day and Night in their Rooms have them foon-eft, taking Care they do not make their Rooms warmer than in Summer Months without a Fire.
Some
<The Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or. 2 73
Some Projits from tbe Fruits of the Garden, &c.
Of Currant-berries ts made a very pleafant IVine, thus:
BOIL Water for half an Hour, and to every Quart, when cold, put fix Pounds of ripe Currants well bruifed; when it has been ftirred up for two or three Days, ftrain it, and put to every four Quarts three Pounds of Ltfbon Sugar, then barrel it, and within a Month or fix Weeks bottle it off. You may, at the Bottling, put into every Bottle a Lump of Loaf-Sugar.
Goojlerry Wine, thus:
Boil Water, and, having bruifed the ripe Fruit to a Pulp, put to every Gallon two Quarts warm ; ftir them well together, and ftrain after a Day or two through an Hair-bag : To every Gallon of the Liquor put two Pounds of Lifbon Sugarthen bung cr tie it clofe up in a convenient Vefifel for a M 5	1 ’ Month■$74 yhe Gentleman Gardiner's Direttor. Month or.two, till you think it is clear. Then bottle and add Loaf-Sugar as above.
jRafpberry Wine to make, &c.
Boil Water as in making Currant-berry Wine, and order it accordingly: So you may make Wines of Mulberries, Strawberries, Cherries, (but fake Heed in Stone-Fruit not to break the Stones, which will make the Liquor bitter) and Plums : Only obferving more or lefs to fweeten, as the Tartnefs or Sweetnefs of the Fruit requires.
Elderberry Wine to make, not inferior to Hermitage Claret.
Take four Gallons and an half of Spring-Water, and a Peck of Elder-Berries, clean picked from the Stalks; boil them till they begin to dimple; then ftrain off the Liquor, •and to every Gallon put two Pounds of >UJbon Sugar, and boil it an Hour: Let it .cool in a Tub, not in the Thing you boiled it in, for that would make it tafte ill. As foon as cool, or. new Milk warm, make a Toaft of white Bread, and fpread Yeaft upon it, and put into the Liquor to work three Days in the Tub, ftirring it once or
twice
«The Gentleman Gardner's Director.
twice every Day j then tun in a Veflel that ■will juft hold it i add to every Gallon of the Liquor a Pound of Raifim of the Sun whole, and let them lie in the Calk till the Wine is bottled, which it will be ready for in feven or eight Weeks.
If you make a bigger Quantity, it Ibould be longer before it be bottled.
Sage Wine to make.
To three Gallons of Water put fix of Sugar •, boil and fcum till you think it boiled enough ; then pour into a Tub, in which are half a Peck of Sage Leaves Red Sage is the propereft, well picked and walhed; when the Liquor is cool, put in the Juice of four Lemons beaten well with fome good Yeaft ; mix well, and cover, and let them (land forty-eight Hours; then ftrain through a fine Hair Sieve, and put into a Vefiel not too big, and, when it has done working, ftop it clofe. In three Weeks Time it will be fit to bottle, when add to each Bottle a Lump of Loaf-Sugar. When ripe, drink j which it will be in three Months Time.
To make Cyder.
Whether you ufe common Apples or Pippins, PearmainSj and other choice Fruit, let M 6	themjJfifS The Gentleman Gardner's Dir elder. .them lie on an Heap for a Fortnight, or more, after they are gathered, and, whether you grind or ftamp them, ftrain immediately, and tun it up in your Veffels, (let them be fweated and all feafoned) not full by two Gallons at leaft, and for two or three Days let it be flopped up with a loofe Stopper, after which clay it up clofe, for a Month or longer, till you think it is clear. If you rack it off into leffer Veffels, let it run thrcf dome leathern Pipe, &c. - that its Spirits evaporate not. And it is obferved that the fooner it is drawn off, provided it be fine, the better ; for Change of Weather alters it. Bottled Cyder may be kept, in cool Cellars, fetting it ip Sand, or near fome Well, fe-veral Years *, but Care muft be ufed in bottling to cork it well. Never put any Sugar into the Bottles that are to be kept long ; for, though it makes Cyder brifk, that is to be drank foon, it is apt to prejudice that which muft be kept long: Remember the beft Cyder is got .from the Muft without much Prefling. .To clear Cyder, diffolve Ifing-glafs in White-Wine, which it will in a-bout a Month •, take off the Scum, when you ufe it j a Quart of the Diffolution is enough for a Hogfhead ; mix accordingly, in Proportion to the Quantity you have, with
a little
«The Gentleman • Gardner's Dire51 or. zfy a little of your Cyder (it will work the fame Effects in other Liquors) or Liquor to be cleared; ponr^ into the Vefiel, mixing them with a Broom, and fo leave them.
The Method of making Cyder in Hereford-lhire.
Gather your Apples as they fall from the Trees, and grind them on a Cyder-mill very fmall, and put the Muft, or Ground-apples, into Tubs*, till you have a Quantity lufficient for Preffing : Put the Muft into Hair-bags, and then prefs well ;' the latter Running put by itfelf, and the firft by itfelf; and, as foon as you have ftrained the Liquor through a Sieve, put it into Calks that have had no Malt Liquor in, viz. into Wine-vefiels, or new Calks well feafoned firft with Salt and Water.
Clofe the Vefiel as foon as it is full, that it may work out at the Vent-hole ; plug it now and then, to fee whether it is near being fine, 'which it feldom will be till Froft comes. When fine, rack it'into a clean Tub; then wafh the Vefiel it was firft put into; but re-ferve the Grounds, and put into a clean Canvas Bag, and hang the Bag to drop for two Days. The Cyder is to be put into its Vefiel again,ijK The Gentleman Gardiner’s Direffor.
and the Droppings to it, which give the Cyder its Colour. :;?ill the Vefiel andrftop clofe, d triton the Bung-hole^ In thick Weather the Cyder will work, fo that it muft have Tome Vent given, which is not to be left open too -long.
In April it will be fit for Bottling.
The latter Running they put Water to,, and grind the Cakes over again, and put it to them, and prefs again •, this they call a weak Cyder) and life inftead of Small-beer, i
To make Perry.
- It is made of the worft Sort of Pears that are not fit to be eaten, and the redder they •are the better. Let the Pears be very ripe ; mix Crabs with them, if you pleafe to mend this Liquor, and order as Cyder.
Abricot Wine to make.
; To every Quart of Water put a Pint and an Half of Abricots, not over-ripe ; wafli clean firft, and cut them in Pieces; boil them in the Water till it be ftrong of them; ftrain the Liquor through a Sieve, and to every Quart put four or five Ounces of Sixpenny Sugar; boil again, and fcum it while
any 2
«The Gentleman Gardner's Diriftor. 279 any Scum will arife; pour it into an earthea Pot: When it has flood twenty-four Hours, bottle, and into each Bottle put a Lump of Loaf-fugar, as big as a Nutmeg. It will be foon fit for Drinking, but will not keep long.
To make Mead.
Take Water, fuch as you brew with; according to the Quantity of Hdn&yyou have, four Pounds to every Gallon, mix them in your Copper, then boil about an Hour, and fcum well, which Scum you may ftrain to the reft. When it is almofl cold, tun it up, and clay 'it down, letting it ftand till you think it may be fine.
Some dilfolve Honey in Water till it will bear an Egg, or till an Egg will fwim on the Top, the Breadth of a Shilling; and add Cloves and Mace, after Boiling as above. Then they tun it up, and put in a little Yeaft to increafe its Fermentation; after it has flood a Month, they bottle it off.
IN-280 'The Gentleman Gardner's DireBorl
INSTRUCTIONS
For the Ordering of
B e e s.
IWIL L fuppofe you are poflefled of a Place proper for an Apiary^yhsch. Ihould be as much expofed to the Sun as may be, and not too much amongft Trees. The firft Bufinefs (if you are defirous to make much Profit of Bees) is to make an Houfe, the*full Length your Place will allow, of this Form, if you think fit:
Fix fome Stools, or fuch-like Things, to lay the Floor on, which mult be broad enough to hold the Hives, and the Space of three or four Inches behind and before to Ipare, eipe-cially for the Bees to light upon: Support the Floor well, that the Boards may not bend or move, when you let your Hives upon them. The Floor may be laid about two Feet from
theThe Gentleman Gardner's Director. 281 the Ground, and the Height of the Houfe may be fiye Feet, and covered with Tiles or Boards like a Penthoufe, to caft off the Wet. If your Bee-houfe is not againft a Wall, you may have a Back in the Fafhion of a Folding-door, to open or fhut at Pleafure, as your Fore-door. Such Houfes as thefe may be fixed in any Place free from Wind, landing to the South, inclining a litde to the Eaft.
When your Bee-houfe is ready, the beft Time to remove them is the Beginning of October. Chufe thofe that are cofnbed down to the Floor, Stool, or Stone, and that weigh the moft, for a Swarm that weighs not above fourteen Pounds, will fcarce live through the Winter. If you live near, you may buy and remove that Day, or the Day jafter they fwarmed; take Heed you break not the Combs in carrying them home. Thofe bought in May or June are in Danger of being deftroyed by Robbers \ therefore prefer October before it, as a better Time to remove in. If a large Hole or Mouth is made in the Hives, you muft make little Doors with three or four Holes for the Bees to go in and out at, and to give them Air •, when you have drawn with Lime^ and Hair all the Skirts of the Hives to keep out their Enemies,282 The Gentleman Gardiner's Director. mies, which are the Mice, Moths, Earwigs, (and in Summer the JVafps and Hornets) and iuch-like,'that attack them cowardly in the Rear. Set the Doors up in November, if there be. Occalion, which you venture to pull down about the End of February, if the Weather be warm. In fucceeding Years, every September, feel the Weight of all your Stocks, and, if you are poor, give them a large Plate full of Honey (fix Pounds being melted in a Pint of Water over a Fire, which keep for that Ufe.) Or you may lay Honey-* Combs on the Stool; lifting up the Hive, you will foon fee they will take Care to de-pofit it in their Store-rooms; but, unlefs you are very defirous to increafe your Stocks, it may be more convenient to take them, than run the Hazard of lofmg all. The Honey you feed withal muft be melted; for that brings it to the Confidence it was of in Sun> mer, and they can deal with it the-better. Dr. Warder (vide his Amazons, Second Edition, 1713) afiures us, that the Age of a Bee^ is but a Year, and that all generate every Year to continue their Kind, and that from April to July, the old ones all dying before Michaelmas. Thofe, commonly called Drones, arc the Male Bees, which never deftroy.:
<*The Gentleman Gardner's Dire Bor. 283 The Reafon of their fwarming is for Want of Room in the Hive, and as foort fts they have elected a Prince (be it a King or Queen, which I fhall not dilpdte) they fet but toward the new Palace, which, if they were let a-lone, would be Tome hollow Tree or Wall, &c. Their Knitting upon fome Tree near is a Sort of Place for Rendezvous, and, being furprifed by Hiving, they are often put paft Wifeir deligned Journey.
You muft hive immediately to prevent their Flight: Let the Hive, whether of Straw, Wood; fjfr. be fwe'et, and clean picked 4 and if you drtft it with any Thing, having rubbed it well with a coatfe Cloth firft, drefs it with Honey and Water in the upper Part, then cut off the Branch they knitted upon, and let your Hive gently upon it at the Foot of the Tree, or as near as may be, that the Stragglers may come in. Some hold the Hive under them, and lhake and brulh them in, and having a thin wrought Napkin, and a Sri$k to keep it up on one Side, fet them upon it. About Ten o’Glock that E-vening, carry them to the Bee-houfe, -As to the fecond Swarms, if they are lels than a Peck in Bulk, put two orthree together thus : Having hived each Swarm in a4e-veral Hive, inftead of placing the new Swarm
on284 The Gentleman Gardner's Director. on the Stool about Ten o’Clock, as above, fet it juft before the Mouth of the Stock you would put it to, upon the Napkin, having Hrft laid a Stick crofs it; give the Hive the new Swarm is in a ftrong Stroke, which will make all the Bees come forth *, then call away the Hive, and take down the other from the Stool; fet it over the Bees, on the Napkin*, fo you will fee, in about an Hour, they will be united; but, if they fhould hang on the Out-fides of the Hive, brufh them off upon the' Napkin, and they will go to the reft of their Companions.
I thought it would not be improper to fay a Word or two of Bees, feeing fome are plea-fed to have them in their Gardens; but, if thefe Directions be inefficient, let any con-fult the Book above-mentioned, and he will be fully fatisfied.Fhe Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or. 285
To the foregoing Management of Bees we Jhall beg Leave to add> for the further Inflruftion of the Reader, the following curious and, interejling Oeconomicai, Observations on Bees, by M. du Hamel, a Member of the Royal Academy a/* Sciences, at Paris.
IT is well known that it is cuftomary, in the Province of Gatinois in France, not to deftroy Bees for their Wax and Honey ; on the contrary, thefe vigilant and induf-trious Labourers are preferved with all pof-fible Care. It is true, the Fruits of their Labours are feized upon, by making them pafs into other Hives; but it is with a Sort of Gratitude, becaufe their Wants are fup-plied in other Paftures, where they meet with Flowers in Abundance. I fhall here go through the different Operations for the Tending of Bees, which may fucceed each other in the Courfe of a Year.
As foon as the Seafon become* fomewhat mild, the Bees come forth from their Hives to gather in their Harveft. The Flowers of Bqx and Elm are the firft that fupply
them2 86 The Gentleman Gardner's Director. them in fome Abundance : They are alfo (een to fatten on the Bark of refinous Trees, where it is thought they gather the Propolis.. . The Flowers of the Peach-tree, Abrico£ and a great Number of others that bloom in the Spring, furnifti fucceffively Work for the Bees. They are permitted to indulge them-felves peaceably in thefe Occupations, till the Coming out of the firft Swarms, which lafts ufually from the 20th of May to the 20th of June; and during this Time the Sanfoin fupplies them with a Sufficiency for a plentiful Harveft.
All pofiible Care is taken to put into Packers or Balkets the ftrong and weak Swarms; the ftrong ferve to form good Paniers, and the fmall to fortify thofe; that have Occafton for a Reinforcement, as we fhall explain hereafter *, for the great Art cqnfifts in keeping the Hives well ftocked with Bees, as being fo many Labourers that work with furprifing Activity to inrich the Proprietor.
The Swarms, which do not come forth till the Month of July, finding the Country deftitute of Flowers, would peritti infallibly, if they were not tranfported into fertile Paf-tures ; but, as the greater Part of thefe late Swarms are inconfiderable, they are employed'to fortify.the weaker. Colonies j and ieve-•	ral,The Gentleman Gardner's Director. 287
ral, without troubling themfelVes about thfem, make it their Bufinefs, from the Beginning of July, to change the Bafket-bees, to fave the conliderable Quantity of Wax and Honey they collefted from the Spring Flowers. A fhort Detail of this Operation is as follows :
One or two Openings are formed at the Top of the Bafket intended to be emptied, by cutting the Oziers acrofs, but taking Care of thofe that run lengthways, not to deftroy the Bafket, which may be repaired when emptied. This Bafket, being laid on the Back of a Straw Chair, which fupports it as on 'a Bank, is covered with the empty one, both being dilpofed like two Dice-boxes placed in each pther.f
As the Bees might pafs between the two Bafkets, a Packing-cloth is thrown over them, tied up by a Cord. Immediately after a Man holding an earthen Pot with fome live Coals, and covered with old Linfcri Rags to raife a deal of Smoke, thrufts the Pot under the Back of the Chair, that the Smoke may get into the Bafket that is full. The Bees, dreadinggneatly the Smell of the Smoke, Tally oupby the Openings at Top, to retire into the empty Bafket; and, when it is fup-pofed they are all got out, the new Bafket
i3288 The Gentleman Gardner's Dire Bor.
is gently raifed to be laid on the Ground, and that with the Honey-combs is quickly carried off.
<By this fimple Method, infteadof deftroy-ing fo many Bees, which have laboured fa much to our Advantage, a great Number are preferved •, and, far from being difcou-raged by our Larceny, they foon redouble their A&ivity to repair the vaft Lofs they have fuftained. However, by this Method, unlefs proper Precautions are ufed, the whole young Brood would be loft. The Nymphs, or young Bees, ought to be confidered as a Multitude of Children ftill too weak to be ufeful to the Republick ; but, if fuffered to arrive at the State of Adolefcency, would foon be young and vigorous Labourers and capable of fupporting the grcateft Fatigues.
Befides, it is well known, that the Propagation of their Species, and the Care of rearing their Young, is what they have moft at Heart. Deprive them of their Provifi-ons, which they have been at great Pains in amafiing, and they will know how to procure a new Store. It feems, they little dread the Injuries they can repair by Labour ; but, if their Brood is taken from them, the Difcouragement It fenfible, and nothing, but the Hopes of feeing the MotherThe Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or. 289 ther make a new Laying of Eggs, can determine them to fet to work. It is therefore obferved, that, when the Young are pre-ierved in changing the Balkets, the Activity is much greater than when the Bees are robbed of them.
To explain how the young Brood is pre-ferved, it will not be amifs to know that the Smoke, whereby the Bees were driven out of the Combs, brings on them a Sort of Intoxication, out of which they do not recover but by Degrees. During this Time, which muft not be neglected, the Combs are to be taken out, and all fuch as have Honey are fet apart as the Proprietor’s Profit; but thofe where the Young are, muft be replaced in a new Bafket, and lupported quite at the Top by Rods laid acrofs : This Balket is quickly brought back, near that wherein the Bees have been depofited ; and, after having intoxicated them anew with the Smoke, and ftruck the Opening of the Balket to make them fall out, they are received into the other that contains the Young. The Bees, foon recovering from their Intoxication, climb to theTop of the Balket, where, finding their Young, they fet to work with an incredible Adtivity to repair all Damages. The ill-dif-. pofed Combs are faftened by new Ligatures N	to290 The Gentleman Gardner's Director. to: the Bafket, or Rods* on Which they were placed v thef Nymphs that were killed in the-Operation are drawn out of the Holes, which are filled with Honey; new Combs are formed *, and it will be perceived in a Moment, with what Vivacity the Work is forwarded, when the Bees are in a Place well provided with Flowers. New Bees are immediately formed out of the Nymphs j and, as they add to the Number of the Labourers, the Holes they leave empty are quickly filled with Honey, or a new Offspring.
The Bafket-bees, as already mentioned, are ufualy changed in the Beginning of the Month of July* \ and, that the Hives might readily fill, Care fhould be taken to tranf-port them to the Places that abound with luch Flowers as fuit them ; thefe - are the Flowers of Heath, Melilot, Sea-rufh, Broom, large Beans, Peafe, Vetches, and that Kind of Sinapi found frequently growing with Oats, and efpecially the Virga Aurea Virginiana Aanoni, by fome called the Baftard-hemp.
If the Weather is fine, and the. Flowers in Plenty, the Hives that have befen firft changed, are well filled towards the End of Jlugufi j and, when this happens, they may be emptied a fecond Time \ but great Care fhould be taken for preferving the Young.
Notwith*The Gentleman Gardner's Dire Tor. 291
Notwithftanding all the Precautions ul'ed in the conducting of thefe Operations, a great Number of Bees perifh. To fupply the Deficiency, becaufe it is of the utmoft Importance, that the Hives fhould be always well flocked, it will be advifeable to fortify the good Bafkets with the fmall Swarms, which otherwife might be too-weak to pafs the Winter.
When, therefore, it is found necefiary to incorporate the Bees of two Bafkets, both muft be fumigated to ftupify the Bees. Thofe of the fmall Bafket, being made to fall on -the Ground, are covered with the Hive that is to receive the Reinforcement. The foreign Bees mifigie with thofe that have been habituated to their Abode; and, when both are recovered of their Intoxication, they often form but one Family, without much Contention. Sometimes they quarrel downright, and a Handful or two of Bees may lofe their Lives in the Battle; and it is thought even that there is no Ceflation of Hoftilities among them, till after the Death of one of the Mothers, or Queen-bees.
If one fhould have feveral fmall Swarms, and none of the Good required an Augmentation, three of the former may fometimes be incorporated j and, thus combined, they N 2	have; $92 The Gentleman Gardner's Dir eft or. have been often known to turn out very good. As foon as the Bafkets have been changed a fecond Time, they may be tranfported where Buck-wheat grows, to enable the Bees to make a third Harvefl; and, in a favourable * Seafon for Working, when it neither rains , nor is windy, and when the Flowers are well blown, a Part of the Bafkets is fufficiently filled towards the End of September, fo as that near half a Foot of the Combs may be cut off. This Operation requires few Precautions. The Bafkets are laid on a Straw Chair, fomewhat inclined; and, the Bees Being obliged to retire to the Top, by blowing Smoke between the Combs, they may be then clipped, without the leafl Hindrance from the Bees. It is almofl unneceflary to hint, that the Bafket-bees fhould not be changed but when the Hives are very heavy, and well flocked with Labourers; but particular Care ought to be taken not to clip the weaker Bafkets: The Lofs of them fhould not be hazarded for the Sake of an inconfiderable Profit; befides, the Honey gathered on the Buck-wheat is always yellow, and of little Value; yet, when the Weather is favourable, the flrong Bafkets foon repair all the Damages they have fuf-tained.
InThe Gentleman Gardiner's DireRor. 293
In the Beginning of Ofiober the Baikets &re vifited, or rather weighed by Hand, in order to fupply with Honey the light, as thereby they may be judged to have not'a Sufficiency of Provifion tor Winter. The beft Manner of giving them this Supply is to mix Honey with chopped Straw on a Plate \ which ffiould be laid over Night under the Hives that want Food. The next Day the Bees are hot at work in. getting the Honey into the Holes of the Combs •, and, towards Evening, the Straw is as dry as if it was juft taken out of the Barn. The Pre-taut ion of giving Honey to Bees over Night is not-indifferent; for, if thofe of the neighbouring Bafkets were tempted to fhare in the Diftribution, Quarrels might arife, which are better avoided. The Succour is proportioned to the Wants of each Hive : Four, fix or eight Pounds are required, according as the Bafkets are moreor lefs light ; for Cuftom will nearly judge what is neceffary.
With the Help of fome Pounds of common Honey, the Bees are in a Condition, to •pafs the Winter in Tranquility, and-the following .Year will be only a Repetition of what has been mentioned, with .the Changes de-pehding on the Temperature of the Weather; for though, in favourable Years, the Bees of N 3	fomeH 94 ’The Gentleman GrrcPner's Director. fome Baskets may be changed three Times, yet in others they cannot, at mod, but once. The intelligent Proprietor mud judge of the Work done by his Bees, relatively to the State of the Seafon, the Number of Labourers and their Activity ; for he would lofe his Stock, if, after depofing his Bees in empty Baskets, high Winds or frequent Showers of Rain kept them from Working, or if he neglected to tranfport them where there is Plenty of Flowers.. In a wet Seafon fhady and watery Places fhould be avoided, becaufe the Honey they make in them is of bad Quality, and they are otherwife fubjedt to be attacked by a Lask that dedroys them. On the contrary thefe Situations are preferable in dry Years,\vhen Plants are fcorched and and burnt in Grounds expofed to the Sun ; but the fudden and unforefeen Changes of the Weather fometimes deceive the mod attentive and intelligent CEconomids, who have the Mortification to fee the Bees, they had butiately changed, incapacitated to fup-ply themfelves with new Provifions. However, the Hives fhould be often vifited, in order to know the Degree of A&ivity in the Bees Work •, for fome of the Baskets are Found very full, and others empty. All the Bees are not equally laborious: The Baf-
<The Gentleman Gardner's Dire ft or. 295 kets of the moft Induftrious, being weighed, have been found, in twenty-four Hours, augmented by fix Pounds, both in Wax and Honey j but fome Bees labour only to live, and this Ina&ion ufually happens when the Mother is dead. To remedy this lnconve-niency, the Bees in the weak Basket muft be ftupified, to incorporate them with one that is ftrong; or, if the degenerate Basket be well flocked with Bees, a fmall one that has a Mother may be added to it; fometimes alfo a fmall Basket is fmoked to feek for a Mother, which is put into the Degenerate.
Some Hives degenerate, though abundantly filled with Combs and Bees L in this Cafe alfo it often happens,, that* it is not for Want of Mothers, but that the Bees, content with their Pro vifions, indulge themfelves in Idlenefs. The Way to diffipate their Inaction, is either by changing their Baskets, or cutting off confiderable Portions of the Combs, to reduce them to four or five Inches, that remain at the Top of the Hiye. If, after this Operation, they are not animated to work, it is a Sign that the Mother is dead; and the only Refource will be to provide them with another.
The Bees, left for two or three Years in the fame Basket, are fubjeCl to degenerate-,
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