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ANTHROPOLOGY

MLWWKEE F'EE‘BUC MUSEUM
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MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM
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“WCTUNKRY OF—~ "

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C MILWAUKEE. - Wis.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

 

THE BERNADOU, ALLEN AND JOUY COREAN COL-
LECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES
NATIONAL MUSEUM.

BY

WALTER HOUGH,

Defartment of Ethnology, U. S. National Museum.

From the Report of the U. S. National Museum, 1891.

 

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ANTHROP, ,
ﬂit“, llBRARY

THE BERNADOU. ALLEN, AND JOUY KOREAN COLLECTIONS,
lN THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

By \VALTER llol'un.

Korea is a peninsula, with an area of about 90,000 square miles, the
east coast being formed by the prolongation of the coast of Asia oppo-
site Japan, and the west coast separated from China by the Yellow Sea.

, 0n the north it is separated from Manchuria by the Yalu and Tumen
‘ rivers.

The country is mountainous and not very fertile. The climate is mild
in the southern provinces, and severe on the Manchurian border. The
fauna and ﬂora are temperate and resemble those of Japan.

The coast has few good harbors, and is extremely dangerous for navi-
gation on account of shallow water.

Politically, the kingdom is divided into eight provinces, each ruled
over by a governor appointed by the King, from the ruling class, and
responsible for the administration of aﬁ'airs.*

There are also four independent provinces, to which governors are
appointed. There are about four hundred subgovernors, or magistrates,
of districts, also appointed from Seoul. It is estimated by Soh, a native
Korean, that there are eighty thousand Government ofﬁcers in Korea.

The population is variously estimated at from 11,000,000 to 28,000,000;
the former ﬁgure is probably nearer the truth.

The people, in language and appearance, resemble the Japanese, and
form what is known as the Koreo-Japanese stock, whose origin is Man-
churia, which country has been aptly termed the “swarming place of
nations.”

Three types have been observed in Korea, the ﬁrst characterized by
short stature, yellow skin, and other resemblances to the Chinese.
These live in the Yellow Sea provinces (Kwang-hai) nearest to China.
The second type is also of short stature, swarthy skin, sparse beard,
and resembles the Japanese. The third type, which is in great majority
and may be taken as typically Korean, is of large stature, light skin
showing ruddy color in the cheeks, and has a tendency to high cheek

 

* For an excellentsketch ofthe laws and cust )ms of Korea, see an article by Mr. W.
W. Rockhill, in the American Anthropologist, Vol. IV, 1891, pp. 177—187.

429

066

430 REPORT or NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

bones, long face and heavy square jaw, black hair, sometimes wavy,
and full beard. This type is found in the north province Ham-Kiting-
do, and in the extreme south, in Kiung-s:n-do.*

“Among the gentry it is by no means uncommon to meet almost an
English face, with round cheeks, small, aquiline nose, well-cut mouth
and chin. Even a bright blue eye is not unknown, and the hair is by
no means invariably pure b1ack.”’r

Korean cities are surrounded with heavy battlemented walls of
squared masonry studded with portholes, but without cannon, and havv '
ing gateways of woodwork and tile. In every respect the fortiﬁcations
resemble those of Chinese cities. (Pl. II.) There are many strongly
fortiﬁed hill towns for refuge of the people during invasions. Villages
are often fortiﬁed. Outside of the villages are the pastures and farms.
(Pl.111.) ,-~

The houses are low, of one story, thatched with straw or with tiled
roofs. They am of stone, and In point of stability excel those of the
Japanese, who necessarily build with regard to earthquakes. Hewn
masonry is common, but the walls are usually laid up of unhewn stone,
tied with millet stalks before the spaces are ﬁlled with mud. The
windows are few in number, square, covered with paper, and run in
grooves; outside they are protected by heavy shutters. The roof is
very heavy, with low pitch, but does not turn up at the eaves like the
Chinese roof. The massive beams which support the roof lose one-
third of their value by being pared away at the ends to ﬁt into sock-
ets cut in the top of wooden pillars. The brick and stone work between
the pillars do not give much support to the rootli A small city-house
would be built in the shape of an L on two sides of a courtyard. A
heavy wall separates each house from its neighbor. The entrance from
the street is into a lobby, on either side of which is the kitchen and
store room. The sleeping and living rooms open into a wide hall or
onto a piazza which runs along the side next the yard. Larger houses
are more complicated, but they preserve the hall and piazza feature.
Often a portion of the house is made of w00d and used only in summer.

Houses are heated by the kang, which consists of wedge-shaped
ﬂues under the stone ﬂoor, leading into a chimney. Farmers’ huts are
poor structures of stone, with the straw roof held down by a lacing of
ropes and with the inevitable gourd vine climbing over it. (Pl. IV.)

There are three classes of people in Korea: (1) nobles; (2) middle
class, consisting of doctors, painters, interpreters, scribes, and lower
ofﬁcials; (3) lower class, consisting of those who do manual labor. In
the lowest rank of the lastmentioned class are butchers and tanners.
The bulk of the population are farmers (Pl. V), who raise little more

 

*Léon (1e Rosny: Les Coréens. Apercu ethnographique et historique, Paris, 1886,
1 vol. ., p.90.

fVV. R. Carlcs: Recent Jourmys in Korea. Pr.oc Roy. Geog. Sm. ,May, 1886 p. 89

tCarlesJoe. cit.

 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE H.
SEOUL, THE CAPITAL OF KOREA.

View of the city wall and North Mountain, from the street upon which
the United States legation is situated. “ The walls of Seoul, like those of
Chinese cities, are of stone, battlemented, with heavy gateways of wood
work and tile; the walls are studded with portholes, but there are no

cannon.” W. R. Carlee: Recent Journeys in Korea; Proc. Roy. Geog.
800., May, 1886.

(From a photograph by P. L. Jouy in the U. S. National Museum.)

 

 

 

VIEW OF SEOUL, THE CAPITAL OF KOREA.

 

 

0H—'1681 'Lunesnw leuoueN ;o uodaa

‘uEn

 

 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
KOREAN VILLAGE NEAR FUSAN.

This village is made up of small houses with thatch and tile roofs. It is
surrounded by walls. Back of the village are farms. The lower picture
shows the beach and the rude ﬁshing boats.

(From a photograph by P. L. J ouy in the U. 6. National Museum.)

Report of National Museum, I89L—Hough. PLATE ”I.

 

 

 

TWO VlEWS OF A KOREAN VILLAGE NEAR FUSAN.

 

 

EXPLANATION OF_ PLATE IV
KOREAN FARMERS’ Houses.

The houses are rather strongly built of stones set in mud; the roof is of
thatch held down by a lacing of ropes over Which a gourd vine usually
clmnbers. The interior arrangement is simple, and there is always a. square

Window.
(From a photograph by P. L. Jouy in the U. S. National Museum.)

Report of National Museum, 189].~—Hough. PLATE IV.

 

 

 

KOREAN FARMERS’ Houses.

 

 

 

 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
OLD KOREAN FARMER.

In this plate is shown the costume, and the method of dressing the hair.
The full beard is characteristic of the pure Korean. He is smoking the
invariably long pipe and leans on a staff.

(From a photograph by P. L. Jouy in the U. S. National Museum.)

PLATE V.

Report of National Museum. 189L—Hough.

 

V

1/

 

OLD KOREAN FARMER.

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 431

than is required for home COIISlllllpblUll and the payment of the high.
taxes. Caste is very strong in Korea. The occupations of the people
are somewhat limited. The pedlars form a numerous and inﬂuential
guild, and many children are engaged in this business. (Pl. VI.)

Mechanics, artisans, and tinkers, each with his peculiar outﬁt, are
numerous in Korea, as in China. (Pl. VII.)

The yearly civil service examinations bring together great numbers
of students (l—‘l. VIII) to the capital city. The examinations are con-
ducted like those of China, and the successful competitors are sure of
ofﬁcial promotion.

“Korean women have neither legal nor social standingmt

Except servants (l’l. Ix), who go about bareheaded, the faces of the
women in Korea are invisible. Women of the middle class when walk-
ing throw the coat, with sleeves, over the head, concealing the face. (See
female costume, p. 450.)

In the palace there are numerous serving women who also embroider
and sew; their costume and coiﬂ’ure are shown in P]. X. A Korean
lady is shown in P]. XI. It is highly probable that a close' acquaint-
ance with Korean laws and customs will show that women, seemingly
hampered by oriental ideas, are really of greater importance as a
“power behind the throne” than has been suspected.

“Among other inheritances from China Confucianism has effectively
permeated Korea. Buddhism seems not to have gained much of a
foothold in Korea and is almost entirely under ban at present. It has
often been observed that Koreans have little religious sentiment.
Buddhism in Korea is, curiously enough to my mind, much less like the
form of that religion obtaining in China, at least in the church cere-
monies, if not its dogmas, than is even the Japanese. It presents
many curious analogies with the Thibetan form of Buddhism, and in the
style of church architecture, painting, etc., it has certainly been in-
ﬂuenced by it. Several of the feasts are probably of Buddhist origin;
others are Chinese or Japanese; but in most of them a certain indig~
enous element is perceptible which makes them worthy of our notice.
The prominence given to exorcisms in Korea is characteristic of Lama-
ism, but in no wise of Chinese Buddhism, and may have been intro-
duced with the Buddhist religion, although I am inclined to believe
that it is coeval with the earliest existence of this people.”’r

Mr. Carles, in his excellent account of his travel in Korea, says: “0f
superstitious Observances there are many, mostly the outgrowth of
Taoism. Shrines to the spirit of the mountains, with cairns to which
stones are added by passers by, stand at the top of almost every ridge
crossed by mountain paths; trees and bushes often have their branches
laden with cotton streamers; stones or fossils of unusual shape are

 

*P. Lowell: Chosiin, p. 151. In chapter XV of this work appears a complete state-
ment of woman’s position in the social economy of Korea.
1’ W. W. Rockhill: Laws and Customs of Korea, Am. Anthrop. April, 1891.

432 unroa'r or NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

placed in the shrines, and where hollows have been worn bythe weather
in sloping rocks by the roadside, every little cavity is frequently occu-
pied by a stone placed there by suppliants for a fair journey; grotesquely
carved ﬁgures called syousal-maki are erected at the entrance of vil-
lages toward otl" the evil spirits. Taoist priests offer prayers to the
mountain spirits for travelers. Evidencesof’some other religion exists
in the which are half~1ength human tigures(miriok)carved in stone. The
largest are in U in—jin, near the Kenm River in Cholla-do.

Lieut. G. U. Foulk, U. S. Navy, photographed the body and head of
a ﬁgure 62 feet high, the cap differing from the Buddhist ﬁgures. The
cap is a column 10 feet high supporting a slab of the same height; a
similar column and slab is placed above the latter; bells hang from the
corners of the slabs. There are two mirioks between Ko-yang and
Pha-ju 25 feet high. One has a round hat and the other a square one,
showing, ac :ordin g to Mr. Aston, that the former is to represent heaven,
or the male element of Chinese philosophy; the latter, earth, or the

female elementﬁ‘

‘ Perhaps the ﬁrst ethnological collection ever brought to the West
from Korea was a wisely chosen series of art products, to illustrate
social and industrial life in Korea, sent to the U. S. National Museum
by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy, in 1884. With this nucleus,
and the addition of the ﬁne collection of Dr. H. N. Allen, secretary of
the Korean legation at Seoul; a series deposited by Mr. P. L. J ouy, and
the gifts of Mr. W. W. Roekhill, Mr. Gustavus Groward and others, the
collection has grown in importance and interest.

The collection has been explained and studied by Ensign Bernadou,
three Korean gentlemen in \Vashington (Pom K. Soh, Dr. Philip J at
sohn, and the late Penn Su), Dr. H. N. Allen, Mr. W. W. Roekhill, Mr.
P. L. Jouy, Rev. W. 14). (lriiiis, and others, to whom the compiler is
grateful for information and suggestions.

Great interest centers in Korea from the fact that “ we have there a
a human exempliﬁcation of the survival of the whole genera of indus-
tries and customs, while in surroundin g regions these have been swept
away or transformed,“ for the reason that Korea pursued a policy of
complete isolation for many centuries and has preserved the customs
of the Tang and Ming dynasties of China over four hundred years
ago. .

The peninsula of Korea, “ like Cyprus, between Egypt and (lreece,
forms the link between the Chinese and the Japanese civilization—the
01d and the new.”;t

The collections to be described are rendered more intelligible by
keeping this connection in mind.

 

 

*VV. R. Carles: Recent Journeys in Korea. Proe. Roy. Geog. Soc., May, 1886, p.
310.

iProf. O. '1‘. Mason: Science. VIII, Aug. 1886, p. 115.

1W. E. Grifﬁs: Korea, \Vithout and \Vithin. Phila., p. 23.

 

 

 

 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

(On the left)
BOY PEDDLERS. The boy with the square box sells candy, or tobacco, and the boy
with carrying frame and large basket on his back sells vegetables. These
peddlers are omnipresent in Korea,

(01) the right.)

GROUP OF BOYS. Children of a poor family.
(From a photograph by P. L. Jouy in the U. S. National Museum.)

move: om 238.3. 233:3: 30rllgm? Ur>4m <_..

KOREAN BOY PEDDLERS AND GROUP OF BOYS.

 

 

 

EXPLANATION>OF PLATE VII.

(On the left.)
KOREAN TUB MENDER. On the carrying-frame he has hoops of bamboo, a saw, and
a bag containing awls, knives, etc., necessary for his craft.
(On the right.)
CANDY SELLER. The box is carried in a primitive way, by a. rope passing over the
back of the neck.
(From a photograph by P. L. Jouy in the U. S. National Museum.)

22.0; & 238:3 2.59.3. Eofllocm? Ur>4m <:.

KOREAN TUB MENDER AND CANDY SELLER.

 

 

 

EXPLANATION OF' PLATE VIII.
KOREAN STUDENTS AND GENTLEMEN.

The national costume of Korea is uniformly White, and is somewhat
monotonous and cumbersome. The ﬁgure on the left of the group is in
mourning costume. I

(From a photograph by P. L. J ouy in the U. S. National Museum.)

xenon o.“ 236:: .5523. .morlIocmr. .ur>4.m <___.

KOREAN STUDENTS AND GENTLEMEN.

 

 

CATALOGTIE.

AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES.

Korea is strictly an agricultural country. The grains raised, samples
of which were sent by Ensign Bernadou, are:

(1) Millet, Ki—tjang, grown everywhere in Korea and used both as
food and to make a fermented drink. A larger variety of millet called
(7'0 is common and plentiful in mountainous districts and is a staple for
the poor.

(2) Sorghum, sow-sou (Holeus sorghum). . The seeds of a species of
sorghum used by the poor.

(3) Barley, port, is grown in all parts of the country.

(4) Rye.

(5) )Rice, 11101711195111, is a staple. The variety called tchap- ssal is used
in making cakes of dough of which the Koreans are fond; also, it is
fermented to make 3011101 wine like the Japanese sale/1'1. The Koreans
ﬁnd it not so good for the table as common rice, since it does not
readily become soft by boiling and does not expand so greatly.

Wheat and oats are raised.

Many vegetables are raised, chief among which are beans (put) and
peas (Irony), the latter fed to horses, radishes, cucumbers, melons, tur-
nips, y11ms,c cabbage 11nd sprout plants, etc. 1

The fruits are cherries, raspberries, blackberries, apples, peaches,
plums, pears, apricots, quinces, mulberiies, persimmons, oranges, lemons,
pomegranates, orapes, and (late

The principal nuts are chestnuts, walnuts, 11nd the water nut called
in China ling (”11111111 11111011118).

Flowers are little cultivated, the Koreans not being proﬁcient in
ornamental and recreative horticulture.

There are laws compelling the planting and protection of trees, such
as lacquer, mulberry, and pine trees. The country has been almost de-
forested.

The domestic animals are the horse, cattle, swine, poultry, dogs, and
rabbits. Sheep and goats are not found in Korea.

The Wild animals are the tiger, leopard, deer, bear, fox, Wild boar,
and a number of animals hunted for the fur, such as the seal and rat-
like animals.*

See Grifﬁs: Korea, 11. 216.

SM 91, PT 2 :38 433

 

434 - REPORT or NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

MARINE AND FISHERIES.
FRESH-WATER FISHING.

CANT HOOK (San0‘-sun-que-nun-soe). VVrought-iron hook pivoted to
an upright iron fastening into a socket in the end of a pole. The
lower end of the hook is formed into a ring, to which a cord was
attached. Superior iron work.

Length, 5:1- inches.
Seoul, Korea. 151602

Collected by P. L. Jouy.
Used on the Han River for dragging ﬁsh out of a net.

MANUFACTURES AND OTHER ELABORATIVE INDUSTRIES.

~

POTTERY AND ITS MANUFACTURE—THE CERAMIC V‘ART.

Korea, now known to the Koreans as Che-son, was formerly called by
them Korai. The Kingdom of Korai ceased to exist just ﬁve hundred
years ago; during its existence the potter’s art ﬂourished. The best
ware was made at the city of Song-do, the ancient capital. After the
foundation of the Kingdom of Clio-son, the people of Seen], the new
capital, and the people of Song-do were for a long time bitter enemies -
during the civil war about the year 1400. From this cause the manu-
facture of pottery at Song-do declined until the Japanese invasion of
.1597, when the work ended on the transplanting of the potters to Japan,
and may be said to never have been resumed at that city.

“The pottery in common use in Korea at the present time consists
of three kinds; the ﬁnest of white, pale buff, or bluish porcelain, some
times decorated in blue and with a high glaze, is used for the table and

consists of dishes, bowls, and bottles, also wash basins; the second
quality is a pale-yellow ware, glazed, mostly made into bowls, un-
decorated and used by the poorer classes. * * * The third style of
pottery is of the commonest kind, made of dark brown or reddish earth,
is glazed inside and out, and has little or no decoration except a wavy
line produced by Wiping off the glaze, leaving the lighter under surface
to show through.“

Color decoration on Korean pottery was revived about ten years ago.’r

Mainly the heavier forms survive; the source of these wares are the
tombs, in which it was customary from time immemorial to place pot—
tery for the use of the ancestral spirits. While the better class of ware
was not generally buried, it is probable that the tombs of the kings,
which date back over three thousand years (Soh), and are well known
in Korea, contain materials for the history of art in the peninsula, and
may prove that porcelain was invented by Korean potters.

 

*l’. L. .louy: Korean Mortuary Pottery. Smithson. Rept. II, 1888, p. 591.
iP. Lowell: Chosiin, p. 171. .

 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
KOREAN WOMEN OF LOWER CLASS.

A servant and nurse; probably the Wife of a farm laborer. The type of
face is Tungusie, with high cheek bones and a slight tendency to an
oblique setting of the eyelids. Color, dark; stature, medium. The cos-
tume is the ancient one prescribed for Korean mothers. (See female cos-

tume, p. 431.)
(From a photograph by P. L. Jouy in the U. S. National Museum.)

move: 2 228:». £523. awflIocm? _Ur>._.m .X.

 

KOREAN SERVANTS.

 

 

 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
KOREAN SERVING WOMAN IN THE PALACE.

In summer costume. The hair is dressed in the. fashion peculiar to court
ladies. The coat is always White and the skirt blue. Only the royal
family wear red garments in the palace.

(From a photograph by P. L. Jouy in the U. S. National Museum.)

Report of National Museum, 1891.——Hough. PLATE X.

 

KOREAN SERVING WOMAN IN THE PALACE.

 

 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.
KOREAN LADY.

The costume is that of a married woman, and consists ofa blue silk skirt
and jacket. The cap is ornamented with a perforated jade-disk overlaid
with a network of gold rings, and having a tassel of silk. The necklace
is made of beads molded of sweet-smelling spices and gums, somewhat
after the style of the rose-leaf beads worn by Turkish ladies. The gloves
are a recent addition to the native Korean dress.

(From a photograph in the U. S. National Museum.)

Report of National Museum, lSQL—Hough. PLATE XI.

 

 

 

KOREAN LADY.

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 435

Finer specimens of Korean pottery are to be found in Japanese muse-
ums and in various collections. Japanese wares seem to owe their
excellence to Korean pottersﬁ‘

The glazed wares of the Song-do potterics, to be described, are seem-
ingly protoporcelain, judging from the paste, which is evidently kao-
linie. This variety of heavy celadon, or olive-colored ware, has been
dug up from graves in Kiung-ju or Kiotrchiu, the capital city of the
ancient Kingdom Of Silla, which existed through one thousand years
previous to 1000 A. 1).

Korean pe-chun (sky color) ware was much esteemed by the Chinese,
and there is a Chinese poem dating from the latter part of the Sung, or
beginning of the Ming dynasty, setting forth the impossibility of imi-
tating the Ina-chem of Korean pottery. The poem begins, “ Keel/i pc-chun-
m,” “Korean sky-color porcelain,” ju/ being the Chinese yao or porce-
lain. (SOIL)

The mortuary pottery collection of Mr. 1’. L. J ouy was found in
ancient graves, containing also objects of copper, bronze, and stone.
The pottery is of an early type of unglazed and slightly glazed (semis)
earthenware, of archaic shape. Some of the objects were modeled by
hand,patted into shape by an instrument, thrown on a wheel; or,a com-
bination of these methods w: s usedﬁ .

The Korean potter’s wheel consists of a circular table from 2 to 3 feet
in diameter and 4 to 6 inches thick, made of heavy wood so as to aid in
giving impetus to it when revolving. In general appearance it is not
very unlike a modeler’s table. This arrangement is sunken into a de-
pression in the ground, and revolves easily by means of small wheels work-
ing on a track underneath, the table being pivoted in the center. The
wheel is Operated directly by the foot, without the aid of a treadle of
any kind. The potter sits squatting in front of the wheel, his bench
or seat on a level with it, the space being left between his seat and the
wheel to facilitate his movements. With his left foot underneath him
he extends his right foot and strikes the side of the wheel with the bare
sole of the foot, causing it to revolve:

STONEWARE DISH (Koriu-ji-jub-si). Dark gray paste containing air-
holes. Slip, dull greenish gray. Shaped like a shallow saucer
with a low foot; it may be a rude cup stand. Slip corroded by
long burial. Pl. XII, Fig. 1, upper line (commencing at the left).

*VV. E. Gritﬁs: The Korean origin of Japanese art, Scribner's Monthly, Dee., 1882.

1P. L. Jouy, Korean Mortuary Pottery. Smithson. Rept. II, 1888, p. 591. “Mr. 1’.
L. Jouy, U. S. National Museum, contributed a collection from the prehistoric graves
in Korea, in which are included stone daggers, arrow and spear heads, knives, chipped
and polished hatchets, polished jade, megatama or curved jewels, amber heads, and a
polished stone ornament. ’* * "’ "‘ They are a valuable contribution to prehistoric
archaeology.” (Plate VI.) Report 011 the department Of prehistoric anthropology in

the U. S. National Museum, 1889. Report of the National Museum, 1888, p. 330.
iP. L. Jouy. The Korean Potter’s wheel. Science, Sept. 21, 1888, p. 144.

 

436 REPORT or NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

STONEWARE DISH—Continued.
Height, 1:} inches; diameter, 4% inches. _
Sting-do, Korea. 121615
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
From the ancient potteries at Siing-do.

WINE BOTTLE (Koriu-gi-biung). Heavy vessel with neck. Hasa light
yellowish granular paste, not very hard; covered with an opales-
cent slip showing yellow spots and dark brown pits. Pl. XII, Fig. 2,
upper line (commencing at the left).

Height, 10 inches; diameter, 611; inches; height of neck, 31} inches.

Seoul, Korea. 121614

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

This specimen, though probably four hundred years old, does not differ
greatly in shape from the pottery now made. Dug up in Seoul.

WINE BOTTLE (Snl—biung). Heavy terracotta ware, covered with vit-
reous crackled enamel of a beautiful greenish-gray tint‘(ce1adon or
olive color). J rig-shaped body; neck, a long tube with bulbous ex-
pansion midway. Short spout near the top of the body. Capacity,
about 2 quarts. Pl. X11, Fig. 3, upper line (commencing at the left).

Height, 129; inches; neck, 64; inches; diameter of body; 4% inches; of base. 3
inches.

Seoul, Korea. ‘ 121612

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. ~

This bottle is an obsolete form of about the twelfth century. Fine old spec—
imens like this are valued equally with real porcelain. Pottery of this class
is also interesting as hinting at the origin of Satsuma ware.

WINE CUP AND STAND (Koriu-sul-tjan and tjan-tai). Ancient piece
of earthenware, rudely glazed. Stand, a shallow dish with rest in
center in which sets the cup. Cup represents the lotus ﬂower;
lower portion of cup prolonged to ﬁt in cup stand. Glaze corroded
by age. Pl. X11, Fig. 1, lower line (commencing at the left).

Height of stand, 1% inches; diameter, 5%} inches. Height of cup, 21} inches;
diameter, 31} inches.

Song-do, Korea. 121616

Collected by Ensign J. B. Hcrnadon, U. S. Navy.

This is mortuary pottery from a tomb near the ancient capital of Korea.
From the shape and design it is believed by Koreans to be not less than six

hundred years old. Conception and general outline good. Probably used in

ancestor worship.

'BOWL (Koriu-gi). Paste, coarse, opaque; under the microscope it
shows white, porcelanous strings, surrounding granular, yellowish
masses; there are occasional brown patches. Glaze, thin yellow-
ish green, patchy, Vitreous, and c‘ackled. Color of ware, olive.
No evidences of use, as this bowl was dug from a tomb. Pl. XII,
Fig. 2, lower line (commencing at the left).

Height, 2% inches; diameter, 5% inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130866

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. '

This bowl is of medium quality, and has the shape of common ware. It is
about six hundred years old. Modern Korean potters, can not imitate the color.

 

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.
POTTERY OF THE KOREAN PERIOD; ABOUT 915 TO 1400 A. D.

(Upper line, commencing at the left.)

. STONEWARE DISH. Dark gray paste; greenish gray slip; corroded by long

burial. Height, 1% inches; diameter, 4% inches. (Cat. No. 121615, U. S.
N.M. Siing-do, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

. WINE BOTTLE. Heavy, yellowish, granular paste; not very hard; opales-

cent slip, showing yellow spots and dark brown pits. Height, 10 inches;
diameter, 61} inches; length of neck, 34, inches. (Cat. No. 121614, US. N. M.
Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)_ '.

. WINE BOTTLE. Heavy terra-cotta ware, covered with a vitreous, crackled

enamel of a greenish gray tint. Height, 121} inches; diameter of body,
4% inches; diameter of base, 3 inches; length of neck, 6:} inches. (Cat. No.
121612, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou,
U. S. N.)

(Lower line. commencing at the left.)

. WINE CUP AND STAND. Earthenware; rudely glazed. Glaze corroded by

age and burial in the earth. Height of stand, 1% inches; diameter, 5&-
inches. Height of cup, 2:}- inches; diameter, 3; inches. (Cat. No. 121616,
U. S. N. M. Siing-do, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U.
S. N.)

. BOWL. Paste coarse; opaque; under the microscope shows White, porcela-

neous strings surrounding granular yellowish masses with occasional brown
patches. Glaze thin, yellowish green, patchy, vitreous and crackled.
Color, olive. Height, 21 inches; diameter, 53 inches. (Cat. No. 130866,
U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.)

. BOWL. Opaque, gray, hard, porcelaneous paste, covered With a greenish

transparent glaze; well crackled. Heavy ware. Height, 2% inches;
diameter, 5:} inches. (Cat. No. 121618, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Col-
lected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) '

. SAUCER. Ancient ccladon of opaque, porcelaneous, light gray, hard paste.

Glaze thick vitreous green, crackled; the resulting combination giving
a beautiful gray—green color resembliu g some varieties of j ades. Height,
1,15,, inches; diameter, 5% inches. (Cat. No. 130885, U. S. N. M. Siing-do,
Korea. Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.)

BOWL. Light gray, opaque, hard paste covered With thick crackled, vitreous
glaze, the color of green jade. Glaze vesicular; faint leaf tracing under
glaze. Like 130885 in appearance. Height, 2% inches; diameter, 6,1inches.
(Cat. No. 130884, U. S. N. M. Song-d0, Korea. Collected by Dr. H. N.
Allen.)

. BOWL. Fine, White, hard-paste porcelain, elegant shape, light and delicate.

Glaze slightly greenish. \Vave or cloud ornamentation worked in the
paste under glaze. Extremely rare. Height, 2,56 inches; diameter, 7,3,,
inches. (Cat. No. 121619, U. S. N. M. Song-(lo, Korea. Collected by
Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

 

 

KOREAN POTTERY OF

THE KORIU

PERIOD.

 

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KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 437

BOWL (Koriu-gi-bo-si). Opaque, gray, hard, porcelaneous paste covered
with a greenish transparent glaze; well crackled. Thrown on a
wheel; heavy ware. l’l. XII, Fig. 3, lower line (commencing at the
left).

Height, 2:1» inches; diameter. 5.1 inches.

Seoul, Korea. 121618

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadon. U. S. Navy.

Of the Koriu period.

SAUCER (Koriu-jub-si). Ancient celadon of opaque, porcelancous,
light gray, hard-paste, covered with a thick, vitreous, green crackled
glaze, the resulting combination giving a beautiful gray-green
color, resembling some varieti -s ofjade. l’l. X11, Fig. 4, lower line
(commencing at the left).

Height, 115,; inches; diameter, 553 inches.

song-do, Korea. 130885

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

This kind of ware is often found at Sijng-do, the ancient capital of Koriu in
the former dynasty, and this specimen is about seven hundred years old, possibly
older. The shape, paste, and color indicate the ware of the Siing-dopotteries.
Given by the King of Korea to Dr. Allen.

BOWL (Koriu-gi). Light gray, opaque, hard paste; glaze, thick, crack-
led, and vitreous, the color of green jade. This glaze is quite ve-
sicular, having on that account a grainy appearance, a slightly pit-
ted surface, and dull. luster. A faint leaf tracery appears under the
glaze. Thrown on a wheel. Of the simple shape still common in
Korea. Pl. XII, Fig. 5, lower line (commencing at the left). V
Height, 2% inches; diameter, 6;- inches.

Séng-do, Korea. 130884

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

Made in the latter period of the Koriu dynasty, about six hundred years ago.
This ware is regarded as of very fine quality; to its heaviness is due its presen
vation.

BOWL (Koriu-gi). Fine, white, hard-paste porcelain, elegant shape,

light and delicate. Glaze, slightly greenish in tint, likely due to

iron; the slight crackle is not uniform and is evidently not inten-
tional. Wave or cloud ornamentation on the inside formed by
scraping away the paste, the indentations ﬁlling with a thicker layer
of glaze and showing deeper tint; corroded patches on outside of
the bowl, due to long burial. Pl. XII, ﬁg. 6, lower line (commenc-
ing at the left). ‘

Height, 2156 inches; diameter, 7 ft; inches.

Sting-do, Korea. 121619

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

This ware is of the Koriu period, from the potteries at Song-do and is about
ﬁve hundred years old. Pieces of this thin white porcelain are excessively scarce.

The incised decoration under glaze is quite common in Chinese porcelain.

438 REPORT or NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

BoWL (J il-tangquan). (llobular, dark red stoneware, glazed on the
side subjected to the greatest heat. Used for boiling water, etc.
1’1. XIII, ﬁg. 1, upper line (commencing at left).

Height, 5 inches; diameter, 54;- inches; diameter of mouth, 3%inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 121617

Collected by Ensign J. B. Berna-don, T. S. Navy.

Articles in great variety of this ware are to be had, from small bowls to large
water jars resemblinga barrel in size and shape. The latter are very thin, hard,
and well made.

WINE BOTTLE (Sul-biung). Heavy glazed porcelain, ornamented with
dragon design in blue. Low, wide body, diminishing rather ab-
ruptly into a tubular neck. Capacity, about 5 pints. P1. XIII, ﬁg.
2, upper line (commencing at the left).

Height, 12:} inches; diameter of globe, 81» inches; base. 52,- inches.

Hoang-tjou, Korea, 1885. ‘ ’ 121613

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

Average specimen of modern Korean pottery. The Korean potters were un-
able to impart any color but blue to their White ware up to the revival of color
decoration ten years ago. Used in buying and selling liquors, but not at the
table.

TABLE WARE (Sa‘ban-sang). Heavy porcelain, covered with a patchy
glaze of greenish hue. Consists of saucers for ﬁsh, vegetables, etc.,
bowls for same, bowls for soup, rice, stew, and water. Some of the
pieces are signed and all show ‘ather rude workmanship. P1. XIII,
ﬁgs. 1—6, lower line (commencing at the left).

Hoang-tjou, Korea, 1884. 121620—30

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, If. S. Navy.

This is the most inferior porcelain ware at present made in Korea. More pre-
tentious vases of antique form, in White decorated with blue, or raised ﬁgures
if molded, are found in every house. \Vare is valued in proportion to its
whiteness and the smoothness and brilliancy of the glaze; weight is a minor
consideration.

TABLET (Cha-sakbiu-ru-dol). Of porcelain, with three divisions for
mixing water colors.

Length, 6%; inches; Width, 4% inches.

Seoul, Korea. 151620

Collected by P. L. Jouy.

THE TEXTILE INDUSTRIES.

The fabrics of Korea are coarse in comparison with the fabrics of
China and Japan, and the art of stamping cloth is said to be not known
or rather has been lost, as has that of dyeing. The cloths made are of
silk, nettle ﬁber from the Bachmerm n'ivea, called “grass cloth” or
“ ramie,” hemp cloth, and fabrics from cotton. No woolen goods are
made in Korea, there being no sheep raised. These fabrics are charac-
teristic; the combinations of different ﬁbers, such as the nettle and silk,
make serviceable goods.

 

’Figs. 1—6.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.
KOREAN MODERN POTTERY.

(Upper line. commencing at the left.)
BOWL. Dark red stoneware. Fire glaze vernis on the side subjected to
most heat. Height, 5 inches; diameter, 5:} inches; diameter of mouth,
3% inches. (Cat. No. 121617, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by
Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)
WINE BOTTLE. Heavy, glazed porcelain; ornamented with dragon design
in blue. Height, 121} inches; diameter of globe, 821: inches; diameter of
base, 5i» inches. (Cat. No. 121613, U. S. N. M. Hoang-tjou, Korea. 001—
lected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

(Lower line. commencing at the left.)
TABLE WARE. Heavy common porcelain, covered With a patchy glaze of
faint green tint. Base rough, covered With kiln sand. A few pieces are
signed. In order, these dishes are cup for pickle, With lid; saucer for
ﬁsh or meat; bowl for stew; bowl for soup; rice bowl and bowl for water
or gruel. (Cat. No 121620—30, U. S. N. M. Hoang-tjou, Korea. Col-
lected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

 

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KOREAN MODERN POTTERY.

 

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KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 439

SILK (Hang-11a). One of the best fabrics made in Korea.
An-tjou, Korea. 7907 ll
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
This cloth is used by the nobles and rich for light summer garments.

THIN CLOTH (Saing-tcho). Made of silk and nettle ﬁber.
Tchou-tjou, Korea. 7907 II
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. [‘sed for light summer

clothing.
GRASS CLOTH (Mosi). Made from nettle ﬁber.
Province of Chong-Chong, Korea. 7907 H

Collected by.Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

COTTON AND SILK (Tjo-tjok).
Province of Kyong-sang, Korea. 7907 H
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, IV. S. Navy.

HEMP CLOTH (Pouk-po). Three grades of serviceable unbleached cloth.

Province of Ham-Kyong, Korea. 7907 H
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. I‘sed for mourning garments.

COTTON CLOTH.
Korea. 7907 H
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
Made in four of the eight provinces.

SILK (Syo). Creamy yellow pon gee like that made in all parts of Korea.

Korea. 7907 H
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
The man’s robe, No. 77099, p. 452, is made of this silk.

GRASS CLOTH (Be). Coarse goods made from the ramie nettle.

Length, 54 feet; width, 14‘} inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130859

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. ’

Serviceable cloth for mourning dresses and for underwear. Presented by the
King to Dr. Allen. The Koreans have an expeditious process for rotting the
hemp used for making fabrics. “At the bottom of a large pit paved with
stones, heated stones are placed. Bundles of hemp are pressed down on the
stones and kept in position by stakes, the heads of which are above ground.
On the hemp piles of grass are thrown, and the grass is closely covered with
earth. The stakes are then withdrawn, and water poured through the holes.
From the steam thus produced hemp is rotted in twenty-four hours.” *

SILK (Saing-miun-ju). Fabric of raw silk of medium quality.
Length, 30 feet; width, 12 inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130861

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
Material for summer dress; starched and laundered it is used for winter wear.

SILK (Gop-saing-cho). Fine fabric of medium quality.
Length, 51 feet; width, 14 inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130862
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
For outer garments and underwear worn in summer. \Voven in southern
Korea.

* W. K.Carles: ‘Reeent Journeys in Koiea, l’roeeroy. Geog. Soc.,May. 1880', p.304.

440 REPORT or NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

LINEN (Saing-mo-si). Fine unbleached ramie cloth.
Length, 35 feet; Width, 141} inches. _
Seoul, Korea. 130860
Collected by Dr. ll. N. Allen.
Used for dresses of both sexes. Produced in southern Korea.

QUILTED SILK (PiLnu-hi). l’ink; lined with white silk, stuﬂ'ed with
cotton. Quilted one way, the seams being narrow. Done by hand
in the palace. The quilting is made to stand up prominently by
running the [narrow seam iron (into) «long the seams.

Length, 7 feet 7 inches; width, 13} inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130857
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
Made into dresses for young); men and women. a~

PAPER MANUFACTURE. .. p S_~

.Paper is made in Korea from the bark of the tak tree or paper mul-
berry. The shoots of this tree are out early in the fall; they are at
once steamed, stripped, and the dark outer coating (used in making in-
ferior paper) is scraped off and the strips are dried. When ready to
make the paper, these strips are sprinkled with water and pounded
with stones to separate the ﬁber. They are then boiled in weak lye
and the mass afterwards steamed and washed clean in fresh water.
The stems of a plant called talc pen], which is cultivated for the pur-
pose, are maeerated and boiled. The strained liquor is then mixed
with the ﬁber already prepared and water added until it is of the
proper consistency. From this paste paper is made by catching a ﬁlm
on the surface of a bamboo screen by a quick passage of this through
the pulp. The successive sheets are piled up and separated at one end
by straws.

MULBERRY PAPER ((giraIn-so-miung). Thick, unglazed; made from
mulberry bark. Very tough, even with the grain tearing with
great difﬁculty and running in wide shells.

Length, 43a— inches; width, 29% inches.

Seoul Korea, 1885. 77069

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. SaNavy.

Korean paper is even tougher than the Japanese, and is one of the few Korean
things that had made a reputation in the world before its home had become
truly a part of the community of nations. (Percival Lowell: Chosiin, p. 315.)
It is used in several thicknesses to make armor and was exported to Japan for
’that purpose, also to China, where it is now used for garment linings. Used
in civil service examinations. Taken in payment of tribute by the Govermnent
and generally used as currency by the people.

WRITING PAPER AND ENVELOPE. Roll of mulberry paper in sheets;
pasted at et’lges. Fiber, long and silky.

Sheets 15:} inches long, 9 inches wide.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77031

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadon, U. S. Navy.

Used in writing to a distant place.

 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV
KOREAN HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE.

CABINET AND WRITING DESK. Front of persimmon wood, hidden portion of pine.
Seven drawers of different sizes; two doors closing a recess. Fittings,
brass; the key plates on the upper drawers and the doors represent bats,
the bodies of which turn aside showing the key holes. Locks, somewhat
like European pattern, but the key turns in opposite direction. Height,
23 inches; length, 34 inches; Width, 131} inches. (Cat. No. 77009, U. S.
N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

 

 

i

 

 

KOREAN CABINET AND WRITING-DESK.

 

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KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 441

O‘ILED PAPER, (You-tchi). Prepared by steeping sheets of mulberry
paper in sesamum oil.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. . , 77068
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Nav '.

House ﬁttings are made of oiled paper; it is used in place of glass for win-
dows, to cover the ﬂoors of rooms heated by the Kang or furnace under the
house, for hats, rain coats, fans. etc.

THE HOUSE AND ITS ACCESSORIES.
FURNITURE OF THE DWELLING HOUSE.

'I‘HIC SLEEPING ROHM, ETC.

1

INLAID CHEST (J a-ga-son-que). Wood covered with a thin, brownish
black lacquer incrusted with mother of pearl. Lid decorated with
long life and happiness character (su-bug) and with branches of
peach tree, cranes, and clouds (emblems of longevity). 0n the front
is an arch-aeic scene of deer, tortoises, cranes, peach and pine trees,
etc., also emblems of longevity. Korean brass lock and key.

Length, 189;; width, 11%; height. 12 inches.
Seoul, Korea. 151621
Collected by P. L. Jony.

TABLE (So-ban). Small twelve—sided wooden table with four legs;
painted black. Used by one person. A very poor specimen.

Height, 10 inches; diameter, 15 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 128410

Collected by P. L. J ony.

Among many Eastern nations custom demands that individuals should be
served separately; hence the nests of boxes in Japan and India or sets of dishes
as in Korea.

CABINET AND WRITING DESK (Moon-gap). Front of persimmon wood;
hidden portions of pine. Seven drawers, two doors, the latter
closing a recess. Three other openings in the front are for display-
ing small articles. The key plates are brass bats, the bodies of
which turn aside disclosing the keyholes. Locks like our drawer
looks with bolt and spring together, but the key turns to the
right in locking. Pl. XIV.

Height, 23 inches; length, 34 inches; Width, 131} inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77009

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou. U. S. Navy.

CABINET (Mu-ri-jang). Dark red wood veneer; imported from China;
brass-work on corners, edges, hinges, and panels. It contains
twenty—ﬁve drawers, most of which are inside the sliding doors.
Locks swing on a hinge at edge of one door, and bolt into staple on
the other door. Keyhole on under side of lock; key like a pair of
tweezers, and unlocks by pressing together the catch-springs on
each side of the bolt. Lock fronts, niello work of silver on copper

442 REPORT or NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

CABINET—Continued.
With black enamel; design, the “double joy;” character sur-
rounded by a Grecian border. P1. XV.

Height, 44 inches; width. 30 inches.

Depth, 24- inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77008

Collected by Ensign J. 1’). Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

A very skillful piece of joinery; remarkably good considering the inferior
tools and lack of accessories in Korea. [‘scd by children and sometimes by ladies
as a receptacle for jewels.

LEOPARD SKIN, (Ho-rangi-ka-juk). Used for covering oﬁicers’ Sedan

chairs and for other purposes.
Length, 52 inches; Width, 24 inches
Seoul, Korea. . _
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 7"

RED MATTRESS (Y0) and SQUARE MAT (Bang—suk). Stuffed with hair
and covered with red woolen fabric embroidered in bright-colored
silks. Edged with green satin and lined with blue satin.

Length ofmattress, 6 feet 9 inches; width, 35 inches. Mat, 35 inches square.
Seoul, Korea. 130853
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

A present from the King of Korea to Dr. Allen. These two pieces are a set for
a lady’s drawing room, and correspond to our sofa and chair.

GREEN MATTREss (Y0) and SQUARE MAT (Ban g-suk). Stuffed with hair
and covered with green woolen cloth, embroidered in bright colors.
Bordered with changeable silk and lined with blue brocade. Very
good workmanship.

Length of mattress, 5 feet 7 inches; width, 33 inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130853

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

A present from the King. Such bright colors are generally used by ladies. All
the materials are native except the woolen cloth. Made in northwest Korea.

PILLOW (Be-ga). White cotton cylinder stuffed with hair.‘ Ends em-

broidered with swans and ﬂowers in bright colors.

Length, 22 inches; diameter, 4%; inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130852

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

Small pillow for children. When in use it is covered with a slip of cotton in
Winter and linen in summer. The ends of pillows are usually of wood, inlaid,
and constitute some of the best works of art among the Koreans. (See Pl. XXII.)

BLIND (Bal). Made of ﬁne splints of bamboo strung together with silk
thread and painted with black ﬁgures. It is the size of the Korean
window, viz:

Length, 5 feet 7 inches; width, 4 feet 8 inches.
Cholla-do, Korea. 130887

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
The province of (du‘illu—do is noted for its skillful bamboo workers.

 

CABINET.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.
KOREAN HOUSEHOLDFURNITURE.

Veneered with dark red Chinese wood; ornamental brass-work trim-
inings. It contains twenty-ﬁve drawers, most of which are inside the
sliding doors. Lock fronts, niello work; design, the “ double joy ” char-
acter surrounded by a Grecian border. A superior piece of cabinet work.
Height, 44 inches; width, 30 inches; depth, 24 inches. (Cat. No. 77008, U.
S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

Report of Naﬁonal Museum, 189L—Hough. PLATE XV.

 

 

 

 

 

KOREAN CABINET.

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 443

WINDOW SHADE (Bal). Plain and colored slivers of bamboo joined
closely at intervals with a warp of green cotton twine. Black bam—
boo rods at top, middle, and bottom. A straight line ornament is
painted in the center and surrounded by a Grecian fret border.

Length, 4 feet 3 inches; width. 4 feet 8 inches.

Province of Cholla-do, Korea. 7702]

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, l'. S. Navy.

Very pretty; of superior Worknmnship. The very ﬁne splints are secured by
boiling the bamboo.

RUSH MAT (Jot-ja-ri). Striped green, purple, and red. Hemp warp;
rush woof, flaming fringe at side of mat. Made by hand on a
weighted loom.

Length, 6 feet; width. 2 feet.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77010
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, II. S. Navy.

Used in summer for covering beds and ﬂoors. In Japan the standard mat is
6 by 3 feet.

SPITTOON (Ta-gu). Cylindrical cup of brass ware With a slanting cover
having an oriﬁce about 1 inch in diameter. Placed in the parlor or
near the table at meal times.
Height, 2.; inches; diameter, 2% inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130843
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
LANTERN COVER (Dung-rong-ni). Made of red and blue silk; mouth
has a gathering string. ‘
Length, 46 inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130864
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

Probably used in a private house, though this kind of cover is generally
used for the lanterns of high ofﬁcers.

THE KITCHEN AND DINING ROOM.

RICE POT (Gob-dolsot). Lenticular vessel of black soapstone, With
lid. Pl. XVI, ﬁg. 1 (commencing at the left).
Diameter, 15 inches; height, 6:1- inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130883
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
Used also for general cooking. The Koreans like this kind of boiler. as
those of iron are too common. Given by the King to Dr. Allen.

COOKING POT (Sin-syiil-lo). Soft, green, nlicaceous stone, blackened and
polished on the outside. It consists of a lid, bowl, and furnace
combined, and a detachable base or ash box. In the center of the
bowl is a tubular furnace extending up through a hole in the lid,
which ﬁts closely around its rim. The furnace has round holes in
the bottom and the ash-box has an opening for draft at the side.
Food is placed in the bowl and coals are put into furnace. Such a
vessel is commonly used for frying meat when several friends as-

444 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

COOKING POT—Continued.
semble and cook this portion of their food according to a Korean
custom. l’l. XVI, ﬁg. 2 (( .Ommencin g at the left).
Diameter Ofbowl, 8% inches; depth, 2% inches; height ofpot, 795 inches.
Seoul, Korea. 77054
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadon, U. S. Navy. Exactly this form of pot
is used by the Chinese for making a drink by infusion of various herbs, etc.
This pot is used for soup, stew, etc. The more primitive Korean sin-syiil-lo is a
shallow soapstone pot, with a wide, slanting rim. Soapstone vessels are more
highly prized in Korea than pottery, and a gift often given by the King is a
valuable stone cooking pot
)OOKING Po'r (Bung 0'11- gi- gol). lireular, soapstone vessel shaped like
a hat, the slanting Iim merges into the shallow bowl. Pl. xvi, ﬁg.
3 (commencing at the left).
Diameter, 8.} inches; depth, 2% inches. _
Seoul, Korea. ' 151634
Collected by P. L. Jouy.
This pot ﬁts upon the simple charcoal furnace. Meat. etc. , are placed on the
rim and the juice is collected in the bowl where vegetables are cooking.
CHOPSTICKS (TjO-ka-rak) and SPOON (Son—ka—rak). White brass. Chop-
sticks square and heavy; spoon shallow; wide howl.
Chopsticks, 8 inches long; spoon, 9 inches long.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. ' 77042
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
Bowl, spoon, and chopsticks resemble those used in China in making offerings
Of incense. Used by the poor.
RICE BOWL '(Sapal). Of white brass, with lid; turned or “ spun.”

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77037

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

Rescmbles a Chinese incense bowl. The white metal used in making the
alloy comes from China; the copper is Korean.

The following individual set of brass, collected by Dr. Allen, consists
of seventeen dishes of eight different shapes and sizes. They form the
dinner set used by a man in winter; the dishes having lids. Korean
brassware is very good and neatly made by the process known as “ spin-
ning.” At certain seasons of the year “brass markets” are held in
Korea and great quantities of this ware ﬁnd a ready sale. It is the
custom to scour the dishes with stone dust and to wash them often in
water.

BOWLS (J ong-ja). Brass, with lid. Set of three for condiment and
sauces such as salt sauce, vinegar, and red pepper.
Diameter, 2% inches; height, 1% inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130903, 130904, 130905.
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
TEA BOWL (Da-jup). Brass; the largest bowl in the set.
Diameter, 62 inches; height, 24, inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130890
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
This bowl is for a drink made from parched rye, taken at every meal instead
of tea and coffee, neither of which beverages do the Koreans drink.

 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.
KOREAN STONE COOKING VESSELS.

(Commencing at the left.)

Fig. 1. RICE POT. Lenticular vessel of black soapstone, with lid. For boiling rice
and general cooking. Height, 6} inches; diameter, 15 inches. (Cat. No.
130883, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. 'Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.)

Fig. 2. COOKING POT. Soft, green micaceous stone (soapstone) blackened and pol-
ished. Detachable base; bowl with central furnace; lid with lugs,
tightly ﬁtting around opening of furnace. Height, 74} inches; diameter,
8% inches. (Cat. No. 77054, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by
Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

Fig. 3. COOKING POT. Circular soapstone vessel shaped like a hat; the slanting
rim merges into the shallow bowl. Fits upon the charcoal furnace.
Diameter, 81} inches; depth, 21}- inches. (Cat. No. 151634, U. S. N. M.
Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

528:2 2352: .5523. 58.15%: 25m x<_.

 

 

KOREAN STONE COOKING-VESSELS.

 

 

 

 

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 445

BOWLS (J o-ehi-bo). Brass; similar to the tea bowl. Used for stew.
Diameter, 4% inches; height, 1% inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130893, 130897
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

SAUCER (Ja-ban-jup-si). Brass; with lid. For dry salt ﬁsh and meat.
Diameter, 3% inches; height, 1% inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130895
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

, SOUP BOWL (Tang-gi). Bell-shaped; brass; with lid. Smaller than the

rice bowl. ‘
Diameter, 4;} inches; height, 3 inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130892
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
Used by both sexes.
RICE BOWL (Ju-bal). Bell-shaped; brass; with lid. Used by men
alone, the ladies’ rice bowl being of a different shape.

Diameter, 5§ inches; height, 3% inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130891
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

SAUCER (Sang-sun-gmi jup-si). Brass; with lid. For cooked fish.
Diameter, 3% inches; height, 1% inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130896
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

BOWL (Chim-cha-bo). Brass; cup-shaped. with lid. For pickles.
Diameter, 32 inches; height, 22; inches.
Seoul, Korea. . 130902
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
Korean pickles are not so salt as those eaten in the United States. They are
a constant article of the Korean menu.

TRAY (J ang-ban). Circular; brass. Used by the servant at table.
Diameter, 7:} inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130890
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

SAUCER (Na-mool-jup-si). Brass; with lid. For all kinds of vegeta-
bles. Sometimes from one to three different kinds of vegetables
are placed in the same dish.

Diameter, 3% inches; height, 1% inches.
Seoul, Korea. ' 130899
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. ‘

SAUCER (J ut-jup-si). Brass; with lid. For salt meat or ﬁsh (not dry);

sometimes for raw oysters.
Diameter, 3% inches; height, 1), inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130898
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

SAUCER (Gu-i-jup-si). Brass; with lid. For beef or chicken, the regu-

lar dinner dish.
Diameter, 33 inches; height, 14; inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130901
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. ‘

446 REPORT or NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

SAUCER (Gint-goo-i). Brass; with lid. For game or some rare meat.
Diameter, 3% inches; height, 1% inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130894
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
SAUCER (Na-mool-jup—si). Brass; with lid. For some rarevegetable,
either cooked or served as a salad.
Diameter, 3% inches; height, 1% inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130900
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
BOWL (Hab). Circular; brass; with lid. For holding cakes.
Diameter, 4 inches; height, 214- inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130906
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
SAUCER FOR WINE CUP (J an-ba-chim). Brass plate on which the wine
cup is placed on the anniversary of the death of the ancestor.
Diameter, 4% inches. 130903
Seoul, Korea.
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
BOWL (Ba-ri). Globular; brass; with lid.
Diameter, 3:} inches; height, 4 inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130907
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
Used by a little girl in winter for rice.
AXE (Dok-ki). lron. Narrow, wedge-like blade. Curved poll with
narrow face.
Length, 7% inches; width, 2% inches.
Fusan, Korea. 129495
Collected by P. L. .louy.
Generally used in timbering.

'1‘“ 14} [.A CNDRY.

SEAM IRON (In-to). 3ar of iron terminating in a head, set into a
wooden handle. Rude, chisel ornamentation on bar. Resembles
a soldering iron. Pl. XVII, upper ﬁgure.

Length, 12% inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77026
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

Used to iron down seams of clothing or for creasing quilted work.

IRONING STICKS (Pang-mang-i). Hard wood sticks shaped like a base
ball bat, used for ironng or mangling clothes. Pl. XVII, lower
ﬁgure.

Length, 16% inches; diameter. 1 inch.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77027

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. .

Winter clothes are ripped apart for washing, boiled in wood-ash lye, beaten
on stones in streams, starched with rice starch, dried, piled in heaps, and ﬁnally
pounded over a wooden roller with clubs till the ﬁber takes on a remarkable
gloss and pliability. The parts are sewed together and the seams ironed down
with the seam iron. '

 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.
KOREAN DOMESTIC APPLIANCES.

(Upper ﬁgure.)

Fig. 1. SEAM IRON. Bar of iron terminating in a. shoe-shaped head, set into a.
wooden handle. Rude, chisel ornamentation on the bar. Resembles a
soldering iron. Length, 123 inches. (Cat. No. 77026, U. S. N. M. Seoul,
Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

(Lower ﬁgure.)

Fig. 2. IRONING AND MANGLING STICKS. Hard wood, in shape of base-ball bats;
used for ironing or inmigling clothes. Length, 16.3L inches; diameter, 1
invh. (Cat. No. 77027, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign
J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

‘Lunasnw ‘L

1681

W

I
E
{IQ
.3

KOREAN DOMESTIC APPLIANCES.

 

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 447

IMAGE OF AN ANIMAL (Soe-mal). Rudely made of iron.

Length, 7 inches.

Seoul, Korea. 151603

Collected by P. L. Jouy.

Seems to represent a four-footed animal of no particular species. May be a.
rest for the iron.

BASKET (Oha-mong). Consists of two oblong portions, one slightly
larger and used as a lid for the other. Made of wicker; covered
with oiled paper. Used for holding laundry, etc.

Length, 23; Width, 11; height, 9 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885.
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

COSTUME.
CHILDREN’S COSTUMES.

The following articles of apparel. constitute the best or holiday dress
of a boy:

ROBE (Tou-rowmak-i). For a young boy. Made of coarse red cotton,
straight cut; blue tying strings.
Length, 26 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77072
Collected by hisign J. B. Bernadon, If. S. Navy.
This robe is worn over the coat with handed sleeves.

WAIST (Pai-tia). Blue silk, lined with red linen; sleeveless. Fastened
by a loop and knot.

Length, 13} inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77075

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou. U. S. Navy.

\Vorn by boys over the robe. A band of red brocadcd silk across the back
bears gilt characters which mean, “ llave consideration for others; be just; be
moderate in your desires,” sentiments early taught Korean children.

OUTER GARMENT (Tyen-pok or Kwaja). Thin, blue, brocaded Chinese
raw silk stuff, with tying strings of silk. Short slash on either
side; long slash in back. Three small embroidered bags with tas-
sels are sewed to the band across the shoulders. Worn in summer
by boys.

Length, 26 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77077

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

The Koreans say that there art three spirits who enter the world at the same
time with a child to guard him during childhood. Hence the three bags are
sewn. to the waistband. They contain cotton, and sometimes a lock of the
child’s hair.

CHILD’S LEGGINS (Haing tjon). Red cotton, tied on above the socks.

Length, 10 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77074

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadon, If. S. Navy.

448 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

TROUSERS (Patji). Pongee silk lined with White cotton. Tied at waist
and ankles.
Waist, 21 inches; leg, 23% inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. , 77076

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
\Vorn on holidays by young boys.

JACKET (Sak-dong-tjo—ko-ri). Light green silk faced with blue; lined
with coarse muslin. Sleeves, nine bright colored bands of ribbon.
Collar, faced With ﬁne grass cloth (mosi); tying strings, scarlet silk.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77111

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
Holiday dresses of boys and girls are made with sleeves like this.

SOCKS (U -rin-a hi-po-syiin). Two thicknesses of coarse muslin; heels
projecting; toes sharp and curved upward; tying strings midway
of back. Instep clocked in colored silks.

Length, 6 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77073
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

Worn by a small child. Made with regard to shape 01' the shoe and not of
the foot.

HAIR RIBBON (Tang-keui). Purple grenadine folded to point at top
and sewed part of the way down. Column of gilt characters.
Length, 14 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77078
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
Tied to the hair plait. The characters mean, “Long life; riches be be-
queathe( .” The seven dots in the circle represent the stars in the “ dipper,”
and are a charm to insure the wearer many children.

ORNAMENTAL HOOD (Gool-ne). Skeleton hood of colored silk, em
broidercd with characters and decorated with beads, artiﬁcial
pearls, etc.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77079

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou. U. S. Navy.

\Vorn by either sex. The characters mean “Long life, riches, health. and
happiness.” The black ribbon is removed when the child becomes able to
speak.

CHILD’S SHOES (Grot-tan-hya). Red leather with green and yellow
leather foxings. Upper and sole joined together from the outside.

Length, 61} inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77081

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, L'. S. Navy.

CHILD’S SANDALS (Sag-jip-sin). Sole woven of hemp; sides of red,
white, green, and yellow twisted paper strings.

Length, 6 inches. '

Collected by \V. \V. Rockhill.
Generally worn by children in very poor families.

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 449

COTTON BAG (Sam-sung-ju-mu-ni). Yellowish cotton stuﬂ‘ lined with
blue cloth; folded at mouth and supplied with a green silk string.
Length, 6 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. .
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
Worn under the outer garment and used as a purse or pocket.

77023

WOMEN’S COSTUMES.

QUILTED JACKET (Nou-pi-tiO-kou-ri). Orange silk faced with purple,
lined with ﬁne cotton cloth and quilted with thin layer Of silk wool.
\Vorn by women in the spring.

Length, 8 inches; waist, 15 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77107
Collected by Ensign J. Ii. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

SHORT JACKET (Tjiik-Sdlll). Fine grass cloth (mosi). Buttoned at
the neck with knot and loop.
Length, 8.1, inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. ‘ 77108
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
The lower class of women in Korea usually leave the breasts uncovered.
This form of dress is said to have been devised to facilitate child nursing. (See
P1.V1.) .
WAIST BAND (Ho~ri-theui). Wide band of white cotton; lined. Two
tying strings.
Length, 372} inches; width, 91} int-hes.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77103
Collected by lnsign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
The girdle holds tip the inner drawers and supports the strings of the other

garments.
OUTER DRAWERS (KO-tang-i). Muslin; gathered at waist.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77100

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
Every Korean lady wears not less than four body garments.

OUTER DRAWERS (Tanvsok-kOt). Coarse grass cloth (mosi) made from
nettle ﬁber.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77101
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

INNER DRAWERS (Sok-sok-kOt). Bleached cotton; divided skirt type,
having a division in the hem cutting the garment into two very
wide portions. Tying strings on the left side.

\Vaist, 32 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77102
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

DRESS SKIRT (Mo-si-tchi-ima). Azure linen stuff; eight bread ths
gathered at the waistband. Open like an apron; hem turned up
and pasted. Tying strings, white.

\Vaist, 33 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77104
SM 91, 1)" 2—29

45() REPORT OF NATIONAL MUsEUM 1891.
,

DRESS SKIRT—CODtiIIued. »

  

Collected by Ensign J. 15. liernadou, U. S,. Navy. ‘
Korean women tuck the folds of this skirt into the waistband while walk- i

dress like western women.

LONG COAT on VEIL (Tiang-ot). Made of green, bro aided silk, lined
with muslin. (Joilar and cuffs faced with white cotton. Two pairs '
of tying strings.

Length, 51 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77094

Collected by Ensign J. I}. Bernadou. l'. S. Navy. ..

This coat is trimmed by a ﬁxed pattern and is invariably worn by women of :
the middle, and often of the lower class, while outside of the house. It is
merely thrown over the head and conceals the face from strangers. There is a
legend that a Korean King commanded women to wear lilue‘soldiers’ coats, so
that on the approach of the enemy the men could seize these coats and at once
become soldiers. After the King’s death, the style of coat became ﬁxed in the
green, brocaded silk, tjang-ot.

UNDER sTooKINGs (Po-syon). loarse cotton, doubled ; sharp toes and
projecting heels. They differ from men’s socks in not being padded
with cotton.

Length, 8 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. . 77105
Collected by Ensign J. ii. Bernadou, l'. S. Navy.

\Vorn under the thicker stockings.

 

FINGER RINGS (Ka-rak-tji). ()f pewter. Worn in pairs on the ring
ﬁnger by married and single women.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77109
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, ll. S. Navy.

HAIRPIN (Pin yo.) Of pewter, with a projection at one side of the head,

like the Korean needle.
Length, 7 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1888. 77046
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, l’. S. Navy.

SHORT HAIRPIN (’l‘ongkiit). ()f pewter, with a knob and short neck at

the side of the head.
Length, 3 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. ‘ 77114
(‘oliccted by Ensign J. ii. Bernadou, l'. S. Navy.
This style of pin is worn by married men and women, though not an invaria-
ble custom with the men.

VVOMEN’s sHons (Un-hin). Uppers of blue cloth, lined with ass skin;
bound with white leather; soles, rawhide. White leather scrolls
ornament toe and heel. Neatly ﬁnished and ornamented. P1. XX,
fig. 1, lower line (commencing at the left).

Length, 84‘ inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77016
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, 1'. S. Navy.

Worn by all ladies, except widows. .

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS ’IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 451

WINTER HOOD (Nam-pa-oui). Purple, brocaded silk, lined with scarlet
felt and trimmed on edges with black fur. Open at top. Pl. XIX,
ﬁg. 1, middle line (commencing at the left).

\Vidth, 15 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77080

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadon, U. S. Navy.

Worn by women, young ladies, and children in winter. A similar hood is
worn by men under the hat.

LADY’S HOOD (Nam-ba-wc). Changeable, green silk, lined with woolen
stuff. Trimmed around the lower edge with black fur. Red cord
with fringed ends at the top.

Length, 14 inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130856

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

Worn by young ladies and children in winter to protect them from cold.
Men sometimes wear a similar hat covered with black cloth. This style came
into use a number of years ago.

MEN’s COSTUMES.

The following specimens are of summer clothing, differing from the
winter garments in not being padded with raw cotton:

INNER JACKET (TjOk-sam). Of coarse cotton, with rolling collar and
two pairs of tying strings. Sleeves large and square, with gussets
in the armpits.

Length, 31:} inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77110
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bornadou, U. S. Navy.

TROUSERS (Pa-tji). White cotton, lined with coarser material. Very
large. Held up by the girdle, over which the superﬂuous upper
part of the garment falls.

Waist, 52 inches; length, 411 feet.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 771.97
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

GIRDLE (Yotai). Green grosgrain ribbon folded over and fringed at
both ends. Fastened around the waist above the hips to hold up
the trousers.

Width, 2% inches; length, 60 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. . 77095.
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

GARTERS (Tai-nam). Narrow, green grosgrain ribbon; fringed. Tied

around the bottom of the trousers.
Length, 24 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 7 7092
Collected by lnsign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

STOCKINGS (PO-syiin). White cotton; seam running through the toe
and heel. Padded with raw cotton; the rigidity Of the Korean
shoe renders this necessary.

Length, 9;} inches; height, 12 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77098
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadon, U. S. Navy.

452 REPORT or NATIONAL MUSEUM, 189].

LEGGINS (Haing-tiyon). White cotton; hems pasted down. Tying
strings fastened around the calf, covering the junction of the trou-
sers and stockings.

Length, 10 inches; Width, 8 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77096
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

OUTER ROBE (Syo-tjang-ot). Thin pongee silk. Has a straight slash
on each side from the armpits down, dividing the garment into
three nearly equal panels; hemmed. Collar, a long rollin g yoke;
ﬂowing sleeves; strings tied in a bow on right side.

Length, 54 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77099

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bornadou, U. S. Navy.
Worn by men in summer under the outer garment.

OUTER COAT (To-pou). Ample robe of mosi or grass cloth; gored
skirt; ﬂowing sleeves. Divided up the center of the back to just
below the shoulder blades. This division is covered over by a free
panel hanging from the neck and going over the shoulders. The
robe is hemmed all around, the gored seams felled; where the
goods would be subjected to strain these points are stitched and
corded. Needlework, quite good.

Length, 56 inches; sleeves, 27 by 22 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77105
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S‘. Navy.

GIRDLE (Theui). Long, round cord of green silk, with tassels. It
gathers in the to-pou or robe at the waist; the tassels hang down in
front.

Length, 98 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77082
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

CUFFS (To-syou). Green silk, lined with coarse cotton; gored to make
the upper end wider. Simply worn slipped over the wrists. Ex-
cellent needlework. Worn by men in cold weather.

Length, 11 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77083
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S‘. Navy.

MAN’S SHOES (Sin). Black felt, lined with white leather. The lower
edge of the upper is ﬂared out, the sole put on and sewed to the upper
with wide stitches. Space between sole and insole ﬁlled with lay-
ers of cotton cloth, as in Chinese shoes; edge of sole coated with
white size. Hobnails on heel. Pl. XX, ﬁg. 1, middle line (com-
mencing at the left).

Length, 8 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77014
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

The regular shoe worn by men of the upper class. It is very rigid, and
necessitates the wearing of padded stockings.

 

Fig.

Fig.

/.
'x/

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.
KOREAN MOURNING HEAD-DRESSES AND FARMERS’ HAT.

.n.

(Upper line. commencing at the lelt. )

. MOUR\IN( CAP. Coarse hemp cloth; wedge- shaped; made like a grocers

paper bag, of a single piece of cloth. Height, 7% inches; diameter, 74;
inches. (Cat. No. 77089, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign
J. B. Bernadou, U S. N.)

. MOURNING HAT. A plaitcd band of ( oarse hemp cloth; stiffened; lined with

paper; bent into a peak. A narrow strip of cloth forms the head band;
the ends of this strip hang free below the chin. Height, 13 inches. (Cat.
No. 77085, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Berna-
dou, U. S. N.)

. MOURNER’S HAT. Woven of bleached split bamboo. The shape of the

national hat. Height, 4% inches; diameter, 152 inches. (Cat. No. 77064,
U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)
(Middle hue.)

. MOURNER’S HEAD RING. Two strands of rice straw, covered with unhackled

hemp, twisted together to form a. ring. Diameter, 6%; inches. (Cat. No.
77088, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou,
U. S. N.)

(Lowerline. commencing at the left.)

. MOURNER’S HAT. Neatly braided, of bamboo splints; edges scalloped and

ﬁnished off with braiding. Rosette of bamboo at apex. A frame to ﬁt
over the head is fastened inside. Height, 14% inches; diameter, 25 inches.
(Cat. No. 77066, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B.
Bernadou, U. S. N.)

. FARMER’S HAT. Woven from split millet stalks, showing geometrical pat-

terns made by contrast in color of the different sides of the straw. The
weaving is ﬁnished at the apex without showing a- break. Braced With
hoops and ribs of bamboo. Outline hexagonal. Height, 16 inches; diam-
eter, 30 inches. Area, 6 square feet. (Cat. No. 77065, U. S. N. M. Seoul,
Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Berna-don, U. S. N.)

novel. 1 236:2 _<_cmm:3_ Eofllocms.

95m x<_:.

 

KOREAN MOURNING HEADDRESSES AND FARMER’S HAT.

 

 

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 6.

"11

._.
a:

....

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.
KOREAN HATS, SH‘OEs, ETC.‘

(Upper line, commencing at the left.)

COURT HAT. High, terraced crown, made of stiff, lacquered paper and woven
bamboo, covered with black sateen. On either side at the back are
attached curved, oar-shaped, gauze wings, which project horizontally
forwards. Height, 7 inches. (Cat. No. 77063, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea.
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

NATIONAL HAT. Made of ﬁne silk, worn over a bamboo framework, stiffened
with size. Small, cylindrical, truncated crown; broad brim; long tying
strings. Superior handiwork. Height of crown, 4.} inches; diameter of
brim, 18 inches. (Cat. No. 77060, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea... Collected
by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

CAPs. Wide circular band of black horsehair, neatly woven. Height, 74;»
inches. (Cat. No. 77115, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign
J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

(Middle line, commencing at the left.)

. WINTER H001). Purple brocaded silk, lined and trimmed on edge with fur.

Open at top. Width, 15 inches. (Cat. No. 77080, U. S. N. M. Seoul,
Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

. EXAMINATION CAP. Of one piece of coarse black cotton stuff, shaped like a

groccr’s paper bag. Height, 9 inches; diameter, 7 inches. (Cat. No.
77057, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou,
U. S. N.)

. CAP. Black horsehair, woven in the shape of the court hat. Height, 7

inches. (Cat. No. 77056, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign
J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

. CEREMONIAL HAT. Helmet-shaped; back, shield-shaped; woven of thin

slivers of bamboo incrusted with gilt papier-maché dragons, scrolls, etc.
Front, black sateen, curving backwards and spaced by vertical gilt Wires.
Wooden pin runs through back portion of hat. Height, 10 inches. (Cat.
No. 77062, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Berna-
dou, U. S. N.)

. SOLDIER’S HAT. Thick, black, stiffened felt, mixed with horsehair, which

shows on the outside. Band, a red cord, with tassels, and tail buttons
carved with the national symbol, attached. A long switch of horsehair
dyed red is fastened in the crown by a swivel button. Height, 5 inches;
diameter, 15 inches. (Cat. No. 77058, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Col-
lected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

CHAIR COOLIE’s HAT. Black stiffened felt; smooth surface. Shaped like
the soldier’s hat. Height, 4 inches; diameter, 15 inches. (Cat.No. 77061,
U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

(Lower line.)

. HEAD BAND. Skillfully woven of horsehair, with drawstrings and two ty-

ing strings. On the front is a piece of substance resembling amber, which
prevents the hat from slipping down. Length, 191} inches; width, 3
inches. (Cat. No. 77112, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign
J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) » '

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

KOREAN HATS, SHOES. ETC.

'anoH—'[591 'Lunasnw leuogxeN ;o uodea

‘XIX 3.LV'1d

 

 

Fig.

Fig.

FIG.

Fig.

Fig.

2.

EXPLANATlON OF PLATE XX.
KOREAN FOOT WEAR.

(Upper line.)

. RAIN CLOGS. Boat-shaped; cut from blocks of light coarse-grained wood.

Short supports raise the foot about 4 inches from the ground. Length,
11 inches. (Cat. No. 77015, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea.- "Collected by
Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

(Middle line, commencing at the left.)

. MAN’s SHOES. Black felt, lined with white leather. The lower edge of the

upper is ﬂared out, the sole put on and sewed to the‘upper with wide
stitches. Sole, padded with layers of cotton cloth, as in Chinese shoes.
Hobnails on heel. Length, 8 inches. (Cat. No. 77014, U. S. N. M. Seoul,
Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

TRAVELER’S SANDALS. Sole, four‘ wisps of straw woven together with cot-
ton rags, fastening in the strand which forms the uppers. Length, 10
inches. (Cat. No. 77011, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign
J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

. MOURNER’S SANDALS. Twisted rice straw; white paper wound around the

heel yoke and drawing string. They differ from the common straw sandal
by the paired arrangement of the straw cords which go over the sides of
the foot. Length, 10 inches. (Cat. No. 77012, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea.
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

. SANDALS. Rice straw; shape, between a shoe and. a sandal; covering the

sides of the foot and open above. Length, 10% inches. (Cat. No. 77013,
U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

(Lower line, commencing at the left.)

. WOMEN’S SHOES. Uppers of blue cloth, lined with ass skin; bound with

white leather; soles, rawhide. White leather scrolls ornament toe and
heel. Neatly ﬁnished and ornamented. Length, 8i; inches. (Cat. No.
77016, U. S. N. M. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

. CHILD’S SHOES. Red leather, with green and yellow leather foxings. Upper

and sole joined together from outside. Length, 61} inches. (Cat. No.
77081, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou,
U. S. N.)

N ,r; ;.C(17?\d

.E

_ a

' f v of
M _

_ RM“

KOREAN FOOT-WEAR.

 

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 453

HEAD BAND (Mang-kbn). Skilfully woven of horsehair, with drawv
string and two tying strings. On the front is a piece of a substance
resembling amber, which prevents the hat from slipping down.
l’l. XIX, ﬁg. 1, lower line (commencing at the left).

Length, 19% inches; width, 3 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77112

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

Worn around the head to keep the loose hair in order. It may be the ana-
logue of the ﬁllet of bark or leaves worn by the ancient Japanese and Chinese
for the same purpose, and now often worn by the Koreans. High ofﬁcials wear
a button of gold or jade on the head band.

moURNER’s COSTUMES.

The mourning customs of Korea are regulated to the minutest detail
by the Chinese Book of Rites, the Sa-ryei-pyellam, a compilation of the
burdensome rules that should govern, coming of age, marriage, death
and burial, and the worship of the dead. The two latter are very full.
The portion of the book laying down the mortuary customs is trans-
lated in Ross’ Korea.

The two years’ mourning period required on the death of parents is
governed in such a way that it amounts to hermit-like seclusion of the
producing members of society. The mourner hides his face, and sits
literally in “ sackcloth and ashes,” and his labor is a loss to the state
for two years.

MOURNING CAP (Ton-ken). Hemp cloth; wedge-shaped; made some-
what like a grocer’s paper bag of a single piece of coarse stuff." Pl.
XVIII, ﬁg. 1, upper line (commencing at the left).

Height, 7% inches; diameter, 71} inches. -

Seoul, KOI'PEL, 1885. 77089
Collectcd by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

\Vorn on special mourning occasions.

MOURNING HAT (Koul-kon). Plaited band of coarse hemp cloth;
stiffened; lined with paper. This band bent into a peak forms the
crown. A narrow strip of cloth forms the head band; the ends of
this strip hang free below the chin. P1. XVIII, ﬁg. 2, upper line
(commencing at the left).

Height, 13 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 188:”). 77085

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

The ontcrot‘thc thrce headdresscs (77089, 77085, and 77088). Worn on special
mourning occasions, such as the day of a death; after the dccease of a parent;
at the time of burial, and at the expiration of the ﬁrst and second years after a
death.

MOURNER’S HAT (Pyo-rang-i). Woven of bleached, split bamboo.
Shape of the national hat. Pl. XVIII, ﬁg. 3, upper line (commenc-
ing at the left).

Diameter, 15%;L inches; height, 4% inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77064

454 REPORT or NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

MOURNER’S HAT—Continued.

Collected by Ensign J. B. l’ e1'nadou, U. S.Navy.

This hat has a special use in 1110111 mug, being worn by a son before the burial
of a deceased parent; worn also by adopted sons in mourning for their real par-
ents. Otherwise, it is used by chair coolics and government slaves. The mem-
bers of the peddlcr guild fasten small pieces of raw cotton at intervals around
the base of the crown.

MOURNER’S HEAD RING (Tei-tou-ri). Two strands of rice straw covered
with unhackled hemp twisted together to form a ring. P]. XVIII,
ﬁg. 1, middle line (commencing at the left).

Diameter, 61} inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77088

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navv.

Worn in mourniiw for some distant 1elative. :..

MOURNER’S HAT (Pang-gat). Well made of bamboo splints; edges
scalloped and ﬁnished with braiding. Crowned at apex with ro-
sette of bamboo. A frame to ﬁtOVer the head is fastened inside and
from it hang tying strings of twisted paper. [’l. XVIII, ﬁg. 1, lower
line (commencing at the left).

Diameter, 25 inches; height, 14% inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77066

Collected by Ensign J. B. Beinadou, U. S. Navy.

This hat is designed to hide the f,acc as it is considered a grievous breach of
etiquette to look into the face of the mourner. Taking advantage of this cus-
tom before Korea was opened to foreigners, missionaries disguised themselves
as mourners and lived and taught there for a long time without detection.

MOURNER’S HEAD BAND (P’omang). Woven of hemp thi ead‘ ; white
tying cords. Same shape as ordinaly head band; no button in
front.

Length, 23 inches; width, 2 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77091

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

This band takes the place during mourning of the otherwise invariable mmm-
kon or head band.

OUTER MOURNING ROBE (Simeni). Hemp cloth, ﬁner in quality than
that of the inner robe. Sleeves wide; made in two pieces.

Length, 4 feet.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77084

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

MOURNING ROBE (Tjoung-tou). Inner robe of very coarse hemp cloth
(sackcloth); back, a straight piece; two gores at each side extend-
ing from the armpits down; front, a straight piece and a gore.
Sleeves, square; collar, rolling; two tying strings.

Length, 4 feet. _

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77083

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

Worn by men under the simmi.

Regular mourning costume made after a ﬁxed ceremonial pattern and worn by
a son for two years after the decease of a male parent.

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 455

GIRDLE (Sam-(1i). Rope of unhackled hemp, with loop and knot. The
girdle passed around the body, the knot hitched through the loop
and the end secured.

Length, 71 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77090
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

The girdle is Worn upon the occasion of the death of a father. After the death
of his mother the Korean wears a strip of hemp cloth as a girdle instead.
MOURNING HAND SCREEN (l’osiin). 01‘ two thicknesses of hemp cloth,
. fastened between two rods also covered with cloth. A thin strip

connects the rods at the lower ends.

\Vidth, 13%, inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77087

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

Carried by the monrner, held before the face while out of doors.
MOURNER’s LEGGINs (Be-haing-tyen). Brown hemp cloth; hemmed.

Length, 931L inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77086

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, 17. S. Navy.

MOURNER’s SANDALS (Om-jip-s6ki). Twisted rice straw; white paper
wound around the heel yoke and drawing string. They differ from
common sandals by the paired arrangement of the straw cords
which go over sides of the foot. Pl. XX, ﬁg. 3, middle line (com-
mencing at the left).

Length, 10 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77012
Collected by Ensign .l. B. Bernadon, U. S. Navy.

ACCESSORIES 0F DRESS. HATS, SHOES, ETC.

)oURT HAT (Samo). High, terraced crown, made of stitt' lacquered
paper and woven bamboo covered with black .‘attecn. It ﬁts tightly
over the forehead and on either side at the back are attached curved
oar—shaped gauze wings, which project horizontally forward. Pl.
XIX, ﬁg. 1, upper line (commencing at the left).

Height, 7 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77063

Collected by Ensign J. 1i. Bernadou, ll. S. Navy.

Worn by men of the upper and middle class at the marriage ceremony. The
Wings of the King’s sumo are vertical. Grades of rank are marked by thickness
of the wings: being two-ply instead of single in higher grades. Compare the
Japanese ofﬁcial hat. Civil ofﬁcers wear this hat at an audience, on New Year’s
day, on the King’s birthday, or on a formal visit of congratulation. The rings
at the side are for attaching ﬂowers at a particular banquet given by the royal

. family.

NATIONAL HAT (Kat). Made of ﬁne silk over a bamboo framework;
stiffened with size. Small, cylindrical, truncated crown ; broad
brim; long tying strings. Superior handiwork. l’l. XIX, ﬁg. 2,
upper line (couunencing at the left).

456 REPORT or NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

NATIONAL HAT—Continued.

Diameter of brim, 18 inches; height of crown, 4;} inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. . 77060

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

Worn by all classes in Korea, indoors and out. It does not ﬁt over the head,
but is placed on the crown and held in position by the tying strings.

CAP (K611). Wide, circular band of black horsehair. P1. XIX, ﬁg.
3, upper line (commencing at the left).

Height, 7% inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77115

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadon, 17. S. Navy.

Worn by those of the literary class who have not as yet passed examinations
or held ofﬁce; also allowed to any one who passes the second grade in merit at
the literary or military examinations before holding ofﬁce. The lower class of
merchants and laborers, unless after such examinations, can not wear it.

EXAMINATION CAP (Ya—ken). ()f one piece of coarse, black, cotton
stuff, shaped like a grocer’s paper bag. Pl. XIX, fig. 2, middle
line (commencing; at the left).

Height, 9 inches; diameter, 7 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77057

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

\Vorn by students only at the literary examinations, which are held yearly
for the preliminary grade. This style of cap is reputed to be made in the shape
of the mountain near which Confucius was born. It was introduced from
China several centuries ago, probably during the Ming dynasty.

CAP (T’ang-kiin). Black horsehair woven in the shape of the court hat.
'Weaving barred; that is, the weaving is so disposed as to leave
oblong reticulations. Pl. XIX, ﬁg. 3, middle line (commencing at
the left).

Height, 7 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77056

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

\Vorn by all ofﬁcers in government service and by those who have passed
the first grade in the literary and military examinations. It is worn when at
home or indoors by all officers, a few of the lower grades of attendants at the
“ yamouns" or ofﬁcial houses, such as upper policemen, being alone excepted.

UEREMONIAL HAT (Keum-kiin). Helmet-shaped. Back, shield-shaped;
woven of thin slivers of bamboo inerusted with gilt papier-mﬁché
dragons, scrolls, etc. Front, black satteen, curving backward
and spaced by vertical gilded wires. The front band has a deco.
rated panel. Head rim adjustable; tied with blue silk cords. A
large wooden pin, with cord and tassel, is thrust through the sides
of the back portion of the hat. Pl. XIX, fig. 4, middle line (com-
mencing at the left).

Height, 10inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77062

Collected by lnsign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

Worn upon the occasion of the King‘s offering sacriﬁces, by those who assist
him in the ceremony. A similarbat, not gilded, is worn by those ofﬁciating at
the semi-annual sacriﬁces to Confucius. These are offered throughout Korea in

all districts governed by magistrates.

.mwmll ”untamed

 

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 4.57

CEREMONIAL HAT (Keum-kiin). Helmet-shaped, f 'amed of bamboo,
silk, and paper. Covered with black silk. Rim and shield-shaped
back incrustation of paper. Design, the dragon; gilded. Open
at each side of the crown, which curves backward and is spaced
with ﬁve gilt wires. A. wooden pin is thrust through the back of
hat and ornamented with blue silk cord.

Height, 9:1» inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1884. 151637

Collected by P. L. Jouy.

With this hat is worn a red-silk gown partially embroidered. All ofﬁcers,
civil or military, above the ninth rank (or chief clerk of any ofﬁce in the United
States) don this style of dress on the 1st of January, when there is an audience
with the King. It is also worn at times of thanksgiving or congratulation of
the royal family. (See No. 77062).

SOLDIERS’ HAT (Pang-kotii). Thick, black, stiffened felt, mixed with,
horsehair, which shows as a mat on the outside. Resembles a
sombrero. Band, a red cord with tassels and two carved talc but—
tons attached. A long switch of horsehair dyed red is fastened in
the crown by a swivel button. [’1. XIX, ﬁg. 5, middle line (com-
mencing at the left).

Diameter, 15 inches; height, 5 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77058

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

The hat is heavy and resembles the Japanese pot helmet (kabuto) ; probably
it is made thick for defense. The plume (syang—mo) is the distinctive badge
of soldiers. Koreans say that this ornament and the sleeves of the cavalry
soldiers are dyed red in order to accustom the horses to the sight of blood.
Some of the troops still wear these hats.

CHAIR COOLIEs’ HAT (Pong-ko-tji). Black, stiffened felt; smooth sur-
face. Shaped like the soldiers’ h at. 1’1. XIX, ﬁg. 6, middle line
(commencing at the left). '

Height, 4 inches; diameter, 15 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77061

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernndou, U. S. Navy.

'Worn by chair coolies, hustlers, and road runners who accompany noblemen
when on a journey.

HAT IN BOX ( hing-gu-gi). Woven by hand of bamboo splits, horse-
hair, and silk thread. The hat boxes are made from splints of
bamboo covered with oiled paper.

Height, 5g inches.

Seoul, Korea. 151628

Collected by l’. L. Jouy.

Made after the l4hn‘opean style at the time when the Progressive Party at—
tempted to introduce European dress and manners. It was the custom of the
King to present these hats to foreigners for criticism.

BEADS WORN 0N HAT (Gum-ga—kat-gun). Imitation amber beads and
bugles strung on a cord alternately.

Length, 66 inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130868

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

Worn for ornament by officers; suspended from one side of the hat.

\

458 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

FARMERS’ HAT (Kat-si). Woven of split stalks of millet, showing
geometrical patterns made by the different sides of the straw. The
weaving is closed at the apex of the hat without showing a break.
Braced inside with hoops of bamboo and ribs running from the
apex to points on the edge. In the top is a frame to ﬁt around the
head. Outline, hexagonal. 1’1. XVIII, ﬁg. 2, lower line (commenc-
ing at the left).

Height, 16 inches; diameter, 30 inches; area, 6 square feet.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77065
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

HAT COVER (Kanno). Polygonal cone of oiled paper; folding. String
of twisted white paper crossed under the chin and held in the hand.
Length, 13 inches. _
Seoul, Korea, 1885. _ 1” 77019
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
This cover is sometimes worn overa light frame of bamboo sticks which serve
as a support instead of the hat. When not in use the cover is' folded up like a
fan and put in the sleeve. This is an interesting form of the umbrella.

RAIN COAT (You-sam). Oiled paper; simply made; large sleeves.
The sesamum oil is applied after the coat is made.
Length, 4 feet. -
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77017
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
Straw rain coats like those used in China and Japan are also used in Korea.
Worn by men of the serving class.

RAIN CLOGS (Namack-sin). Boat-shaped clogs, cut out of blocks of
light, coarse—grained wood. Short supports raise the foot about 4
inches from the ground. l’l. XX, ﬁg. 1, upper line (commencing
at the left).

Length, 11 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77015
Collected by Ensign J. 15. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

\Vorn on muddy ground by poor people. Compare the Japanese rain clogs.

SWEAT SHIELD (Dung-dung-gu-ri). Bamboo openwork device, worn by
men under the clothes to prevent their becoming damp. Consists
of three panels, the larger groin g over the chest and the smaller over
the shoulders. Folding; very good workmanship.

Length, 16 inches; Width, 13 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77028
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

CUFFS (Dung-to-su). Openwork cuffs of bamboo coils wound with “at-
tan. Worn by men to prevent sleeves at wrist becoming damp from
perspiration.

Length, 7 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77029
Collected by Ensign J. B. Beruadou, U. S. Navy.

 

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 459

TRAVELERS" SANDALS (( )hip‘seki). Sole, four wisps of rice straw, woven
together with cotton rags, fastening in the strands which form
the uppers. These strands cover only the sides of the foot in the
front portion. The heel turns sharply up, bearing a yoke which
ﬁts over the back of the heel. (lathering string of grass. Worn by
farmers. Pl. XX, ﬁg. 2, middle line (commencing at the left).

Length, 10 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77011
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

SANDALS (Sang-jip-sin). Rice straw; shape, somewhat between a shoe
and sandal; covering the sides of the foot and open above. Pl.
XX, ﬁg. 4, middle line (commencing at the left).

Length, 1011; inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77013

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

Worn by farmers, laborers, etc. These sandals do not wear long, so it is cus—
tomary to carry several pairs for a long journey afoot. They cost only a. few
mills a pair.

TOILET ARTICLES AND ACCESSORIES.

TWEEZERS (Tjok-tiip-kei). Brass strip; rudely bent.
Length, 2 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77051
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
Carried in the ('hon-moni or toilet bag.
POCKET MIRROR (Kyol). Silvered glass set in a wooden frame, with a
pivoted lid. Frame, stained red.
Size, 2:; by 2% inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77049
Collected by Ensign J. ll. Bernadon, U. S. Navy.
()ne of the toilet articles usually carried by every Korean man and boy.
COMB CLEANER. Thin strip of horn, pointed, and with a shield-shaped
head.
Length, 4 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77115
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
The point is used to clean the comb and the head to apply paint to the face
by Korean ladies.

HAIR-ARRANGER. Thin strip of horn with rounded ends, bent slightly
in the middle. Used to push back stray locks under the head
band.

Length, 4% inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77048
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

COARSE COMB (Or-Om-pit). Hard wood; made by hand.
Length, 32 inches; width, 2:1» inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77044
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

460 _ REPORT 01‘ NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

FINE COMB (Tchom-pit). Double; madeiof thin slivers of bamboo fas-
tened between cleats of the same material.
Length, 3% inches; Width, 2 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77045
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
All classes give great attention to the care of the hair. Every man and boy
carries a comb in the small bag hung,r at the waist.

COMB (Chem-pit). Fine teeth of bamboo held in series by cleats of
bamboo.
Length, 3% inches; Width, 1% inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130858
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
COMB BOX (Bid-jub). Oblong wooden box with lid and drawer; cov-
ered with a ge1’nnetric veneer of different-colored pieces of bamboo.
Dimensions, 5% by 4% by 21; inches. -
Seoul, Korea. 151615
(11111111 tcd by l’. L. Jouv.

Used In men to hold combs and :1 sheet of'Oiled paper, on which ale collected
(ombings, wl1i1h :'-111 1-:1r'ei1111y b11111e1l 111111 :1 yeal.

HAIR PIN (Gk-jam). Green jade. The head of the pin is elegantly
"arved in openwork with leaves and ﬂowers.
Length, 5% inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130875
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
The jade is i111ported from China and worked in Korea. These small pins are
generally worn by elderly ladies.

EAR SPOON :Asn (Chu-e—jib). Hex 1gonal tube of pi ecious white jade,
the sides ﬁnely fretted with ﬁm 1.1ted designs. Generally carried by
ladies.

Length, 3%} inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130872
Collected by Dr. HFN. Allen.

EAR SPOON CASE (Chue-jib). Hexagonal tube of precious White jade;
the sides in fretwork carving, like No. 13087 2. Suspended by silk
cord.

Length, 3H} inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130873
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. -
Receptacle for ear spoons and tootllpieks.

HAIR ORNAMENT (Mang-ja-sug-ung-hwan g). Oblong bead, ﬂattened

011 one side. Made of realgar or red sulphide of arsenic.

Length, 2:]; inches; width, 1% inches.

Seoul, Korea. 128122

Presented by C. G. Talcott, U. S. Navy.

“form by ladies, with the exception ofWidows and those in mourning. Good
quality; valued for its color and electrical properties, in which it resembles
amber.

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 461

HAIR ORNAMENT(Da-chu-su-quang). Date-shaped head of clay, painted
red in imitation of realg‘ar.
Length, 1% inches; width, 3- inch.
Seoul, Korea, 1884. 77050
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou. U. S. Navy.
The specimen is attached to a strip of black silk designed to be twisted with
the queue, which boys are compelled to wear until 15 years old.

()RNAMENTAL KNIFE (J ang-do). No blade. Handle of amber with
silver-gilt ﬁttings. Suspended by a silk cord with tassel.
Length, 5 inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130870
Collected by Dr. ll. N. Allen.
\Vorn by ladies as an ornament.
ORNAMETAL KNIFE (J ang-do). No blade. Handle of white jade; ﬁt~
tings of silver gilt.
Length, 73 inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130869
Collected by Dr. ll. N. Allen.
\Vorn by men as an ornament.

KNIFE AND CHOPSTICKS (J ang—do). Square handle and sheath of
dark-brown hard wood (san-u—ja). Iron blade; German silver ﬁt-
tings.

Length, 6.} inches.
Tong—Ha, Korea. 151609
Collected by P. L. Jouy.

PENKNIFE. One blade of soft iron; wooden handle; brass end clips
engraved with dragon’s head; no spring; the nail depression is in
the curving end of the blade.

Length, open, 6 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77043

Collected b\ l] nsign ..l B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy

Kor can cutlers do not make their wales on a ﬁxed pattern in any numbers;
that Is, they will not take an order for 1 dozen knives made after a certain
style.

POCKET KNIFE AND TWEEZERS (J u-muni-pal-qua-jok-juk—ga). Two
blades; iron and brass; horn handle; brass spring. The tweezers
slip over the outside of the handle.

Length, closed, 3;} inches.
Seoul, Korea. 151611
Collected by P. L. Jouy.

SCENT BAG (Hiang-nang). Red satin embroidered with ﬂowers, etc.,

and lined with blue satin. Mouth drawn up with a silken string.
Length, 3% inches; width, 47} inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130865
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

Used by young men for holding spices or medicine. Made by the court ladies
for distribution by the King and Queen to their relatives.

462 . REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

SMALL SCENT BAG (Ha-rang). Yellow satin, embroidered in bright
colors. Mouth drawn together with a silk cord.

Diameter, 2 inches.

Seoul, Korea, . 130866

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

Given to the children of the royal families on New Year’s day. Made by the
ladies in the palace.

BELT CLASP (Di-don). Precious White jade; oblong; ﬁne perforated
carving of the dragon.

Length, 2.}- inches; width, 171 inches.

Seoul, Corea. 130874

Used by ofﬁcers in uniform to fasten a bunch of silk covering an ivory tablet,
on which are engraved their name, rank, etc.

FOLDING FAN (Sun-ja). iamboo sticks covered with paper; not dec-
orated. The outside sticks are strengthened by a piece Of hard
wood set in at the rivet end.

Length, 10 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77020

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadon, U. S. Navy.

Korean fans are noted for their strength and durability.

FAN (Tei-eul-sén). Rigid fan of bamboo splints covered with varnished
oiled paper, set into a black lacquered handle. Decorated with the
Korean national symbol (a pair Of red and black, comma-shaped
spirals coiled together in a circle) emblematic Of the positive and
negative essences of Chinese philosophy.

Length, 13 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77021

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

Carried by the better class of Korean women.

FANS (Bu-cha). Paper on bamboo; folding. Lacquered sticks burnt
in ﬁgures. Paper oiled to render it more durable.

Length, from 10 to 16% inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130850

Collected by D. H. N. Allen.

Folding fans are generally carried by men. The smaller fans are for carrying
in the pocket or sleeve, but the large fans are used by servants to fan their
masters. The large fans are not made for trade, but are the annual tribute
from the southern provinces and are distributed by the King to the high ofﬁcers
in Seoul.

LADIES’ FAN (Mi-sun). Rigid fans covered with oiled paper; round and
other shapes, With black lacquer handle.

Diameter, 9% inches.

Chella-do, Korea. . 130849

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

WOMAN’S MAT. Sheet of red Oiled paper, stamped with white ﬁgures,
folded into a square form.

Seoul, Korea. - 153612
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
The purpose of this mat is to catch the hair and bits of nail, which are care-

fully collected and burned once a year in accordance with a widespread custom-

\

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM. 463

PIPE BOWL AND MOUTHPIECE. 0f white metal; stem, straight piece
of bamboo about a yard long, cleared of divisions by a long iron
drill.

Seoul, Korea, 188-5. 77041

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

Koreans are reported to be inverabe smokers. “A little pouch is even hung to
the girdle of children, signiﬁcant of their future proﬁciency in smoking,” writes
the author of Chosiin. Mr. Rockhill has found them reckoning time by pipes
of tobacco. The pipe is much larger than that of the Japanese.

PIPE BOWL AND MOUTHPIECE. Of brass; large bowl.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77040

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

TOBACCO BOX (Tani-pai-ho-rap). Oblong, rectangular box of precious
serpentine of dark-green color, with yellow mottlings ; lid and
box highly polished. Two compartments for holding different
kinds of tobacco. Pl. XXI, ﬁg. 1 (commencing at the left).

Length, 6% inches; width, 47537 inches; height, 41} inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130846

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

TOBACCO BOX (Tam-pai—ho-rap). Oblong rectangular box ﬁnely wrought
from green serpentine. With cover. Highly polished. 1’1.XX1, ﬁg.
2 (commencing at the left).

Length, 645 inches; width, 4% inches; height, 41 inches.

Dan chun City, Korea. 130845

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

INLAID TOBACCO BOX (Tani-pai—ho—rap). Rectangular iron box inlaid
With silver; sliding lid; bolt for fastening; staple through Which
a strap passes for carrying. The method of inlaying pursued is
to hack the surface of the iron,.lay on the wire design and fasten
with pressure and hammering. The wide inlays are engraved.
1’1. xxi, ﬁg. 3 (commencing at the left).

Size, 4x2§x24 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77038

Collected by ‘Insign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

Design on the lid is Sang-hi, “Long life and happiness” character; on end
mythological design of stork and tortoise; on sides deer browsing on leaves;
the dead spaces matted with stars and four—petalcd ﬂowers; borders of Grecian
and other designs. The Korean silver inlaying is excellent and well-known
art work.

TOBACCO BOX (Tam-pai-ho-rap). Circular box with lid; made of a soft
reddish soap stone called hua-ban-suk. Turned on a reciprocating
lathe and polished with stone (lust, a rough equisetaceous plant
(sok-sa), and oil. Pl. XXI, ﬁg. 4 (commencing at the left).

Height, 34; inches; diameter, 4; inches. ’

Fusan, Korea, 1884. 151617

Collected by 1’. L. Jony.

464 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

TOBACCO BOX. Iron inlaid with copper ﬁlature. Circular, with lid.
The iron is ﬁrst made rough by ﬁling or hacking and the wire de-
sign laid on and hammered down and the whole burnished and
polished. Very ﬁne work. Designs, plum bloom, bamboo, pine,
chrysanthemum, birds, and insects. The lid bears “Good luck”
character. Pl. XXI, ﬁg. 5 (commencing at the left).

Height, 3 inches; diameter, 4 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77039

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, 17. S. Navy. .

The subjects of design have their significance in the folk-lore of Korea as in
Japan.

TOBACCO BOX (Tampai—ho-rap). Circular iron box with lid. Inlaid
with silver ﬁlatures and lacquered in the interspaces. Side orna-
mented with archaic Chinese characters; reserve spaces ﬁlled with
a mat fret design. Happiness character on the lid. ' "Pl. XXI, ﬁg. 6
(commencing at the left).

Height, 2% inches, diameter, 4 inches.
Seoul, Korea. 1516]
Collected by P. L. Jouy.

PIPE (Danrbe-ta). Bowl and mouthpiece of an alloy like German sil-

ver, decorated with niello work. Stem etched and lacquered.

Fusan, Korea. 130847
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
TOBACCO (Tam-pe). Dark-yellowish color; cut quite tine. Not very
strong.
Seoul, Korea, 1884. 151639
Collected by P. L. Jouy.
This specimen is called sucho and is not of good quality. Korean tobacco is
said to be suitable for the European market.
SNUFF BOTTLE (Bee-yun-tong). Small ﬂat bottle with neck; made of
smoky agate.
Height, 21} inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130871
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

Seldom made use of by Koreans. This specimen is from China. Carried in
the pocket.

THE PICTORIAL, PLASTIC, AND DECORATIVE ARTS.
METAL WORK.

CAST BRONZE IMAGE (ANCIENT) (In hiung). Rudely modeled. Rep-
resents a warrior in scale armor with sword in hand.
Height, 3% inches.
Torai, southern Korea. 151606
Collected by P. L. Jouy.

 

Fig.

Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.
KOREAN TOBACCO Boxes.

(Commencing at the left.)

. TOBACCO BOX. Oblong, rectangular box, of dark green serpentine with yel-

low mottlings; lid and box highly polished. Two compartmentsfor hold-
ing different kinds of tobacco. Length, 6%» inches; Width-.443 inches;
height, 441; inches. (Cat. No. 130846, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected
by Dr. H. N. Allen)

. TOBACCO BOX. Oblong, rectangular box, finely wrought from green serpen-

tine, highly polished, with cover. Length, 6 inches; width, 4% inches;
height, 31} inches. (Cat. No. 130845, U. S. N. M. Da Chun City, Korea.
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.)

. TOBACCO BOX. Rectangular iron box inlaid with silver; sliding lid; bolt

for fastening; brass staple, through which a strap is passed in carrying.
Designs on the sides: the stork, tortoise and deer, emblems of longevity.
On lid, the Sang—hi “ Long-life and happiness” character. Size, 4 by 2%
by 2% inches. (Cat. No. 77138, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected
by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

. TOBACCO BOX. Circular box, with lid; made of a soft reddish soapstone

called hua—ban—siik. Turned on a reciprocating lathe and polished with
stone dust, a rough equisetaceous plant (sok-sa), and oil. Height, 3%
inches; diameter, 4% inches. (Cat. No. 151617, U. S. N. M. Fusan, Korea.
Collected by P. L. Jouy.) .

. TOBACCO BOX. Circular iron box, with lid; inlaid with copper ﬁlatures.

Designs: plum bloom, bamboo, pine, Chrysanthemum, birds, and insects.
The lid bears the “Good-luck” character. Height, 3 inches; diameter,
4 inches. (Cat. No. 77039, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by En-
sign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

. TOBACCO Box. Circular iron box, with lid; inlaid with silver ﬁlatures and

lacquered in the interspaces. Side ornamented with archaic Chinese
characters; reserve spaces ﬁlled with a mat in fret design. “ Happiness”
character on lid. Height, 29; inches; diameter, 41} inches. (Cat. No.
151614, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou,
U. S. N.)

xmuon o“ 29:09.: 3:85? awrliocm?

Ur>4m xx_.

 

 

 

 

KOREAN TOBACCO BOXES.

 

 

 

 

 

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 465

BRONZE IMAGE (ANCIENT) (In hiung). Figure of a warrior; arms
missing, but from the position of the stumps he seems to be draw—
ing a bow.

Height, 3% inches.

Torai, Korea, 1883. ‘ 151605
Collected by l’. L. .louy.

Probably used as an ornament on some building (temple) or on armor.

COVER OF FIRE Box (IIva-ru-dug-ke). Brass; circular; perforated
design of lotus ﬂowers, etc.; chased and repousséed.

Diameter, 9% inches.

Korea. 151613
Collected by l’. L. Jouy.

From a temple vessel. probably a hand-warmer.

DONKEY BELL (Bang-wool). Globular cast brass; raised ornamenta-

tion.
Diameter, 2 inches.
Fusan, Korea. 151604
Collected by 1’. L. Jony.

WIND BELL (Pnng—kiung). Brass; cruciform clapper with globular
ends. A chain hangs down from the clapper bearing a sheet brass
ﬁsh, which rings the bell when swayed in the wind.

Height, 24.} inches.

Seoul, Korea. 151516
Collected by l’. L. .louy.

Hung in the caves of houses and temples. The Japanese have a similar

custom.
INLAYING, EMBROIDERY, ETC.

PILLOW END (Be-ga-mo). Disk of wood painted. Design, two tigers
and pine tree. Coated with a transparent layer of gelatinous sub-
stance resembling horn. Pl. XXII, ﬁg. 1 (commencing at the left).

Diameter, 6 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77035

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadon, U. S. Navy.

The Korean pillow is a cylindrical case stuffed with hair or rice straw. It
has ornamented ends.

PILLOW END (Regal-mo). Circular piece of Wood, lacquered; incrusted
with haliolis shell. Figures rcpresenta tiger under a pine tree; along
the border is a band of arabesque. Pl. XXII, ﬁg. 2 (commencing at
the left).

Diameter, 8% inches. -

Tong-young City, Korea. 130851
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

This is not part ofa regular pillow, but for the kind used as an arm rest.

PILLOW END (Ja-gaébe-ga-mo). Disk of wood fastened in the end of
the cylindrical pillowcase; inlaid in black lacquer with haliolis
shell. Subject, the great dragon rising from the sea into the sky
in the spring season. Pl. XXII. ﬁg. 3 (commencing at the left).

Diameter, 8 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77032.
SM 91, PT 2 30

 

.

466 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

PILLOW END—Con tinued.

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadon, U. S. Navy.
The riong, or dragon, is one of the four mythologic beasts. In pure art the
Whole body of the dragon is not shown, but partly shrouded in clouds.

PILLOW END (Ja—gabe-ga-mo). Circular disk of wood, inlaid with
mother-Of—pearl. Design,the Chinese “good luck” character. Pl.
XXII, ﬁg. 4 (commencing at the left).

Diameter, 7 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77033
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

PILLOW END (Be-game). Embroidered in colored silk. Design, the
Chinese tai—ki, three comma-shaped objects coiled in a circle.
Around this is grouped the eight geomantic signs. Pl. XXII, ﬁg 5,
(commencing at the left). ., i-

Seoul, Korea. 77034
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadon, 17. S. Navy.
The colors are related to the meaning of the symbol.

EMBROIDERED SCREEN (Su—biung). Folding screen with ten leaves
embroidered in ﬂowers, butterﬂies, etc., on a white satin ground.
Along the border of the oblong surfaces are strips Of brocaded silk.

Seoul, Korea. ' 130855

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

Generally foundin ladies’ apartments. This specimen was made in northwest
Korea.

PAINTING IN WATER COLORS.

SCROLL PICTURE (Yong-gu-rim). In colors; represents the dragon
rampant in the clouds. with its mysterious ball (yu-u-ju).

Length, 47 inches; Width, 28 inches.

Interior of southern Korea. 151596

Collected by 1’. L. Jouy.

The ball before the dragon is believed to possess mystic qualities; by it the
dragon causes wind to blow, rain to fall, and other miracles. Ignorant people
to bring good fortune hang a picture of the dragon in their sleeping rooms.
The ﬁgure of the dragon is popularly used in paintings and carvings, not only
because of the old belief in the fabulous stories, but because the long body with
four short legs is convenient to make many curves like arabesques and to ﬁll
a narrow space in decoration.

SCROLL PICTURE (Gru-rim.) “ Spring in Korea,” in water colors. The
favorite plum trees in bloom, willows with expanding leaves, etc.,
are well painted, and the whole effect is pleasing.

Length, 6 feet 7 inches; Width, 3 feet.

Seoul, Korea. 1.51598

Collected by P. L. Jouy.

Painted by Jo Jung Muk, an artist in government service who is noted for
his water-color portraits. -.

 

 

ﬁg

..
B 1g.

3.

A.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIL‘s5
KOREAN INLAID AND EMBROIDERED PILLOW ENDs.

(Commencing at the left.)

. PILLOW END. Disk of wood, painted. Design, two tigers and a pine tree.

Surface, coated with a transparent layer of a gelatinous substance re-
sembling horn. Diameter, 645 inches. (Cat. No. 77035, U. S. N. M. Seoul,
Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

. PILLOW END. Disk of wood, lacquered; inc-rusted with haliotis shell. De-

sign, tiger under a pine tree; along the border is a band of arabesques in
shell. Diameter, 81- inches. (Cat. No. 130851, U. S. N. M. Tong-young
City, Korea. Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.)

PILLOW END. Disk of wood incrusted in black lacquer With iridescent
haliotis shell. Subject, the great dragon rising from the sea into the sky
in the spring season. Diameter,8 inches. (Cat. No. 77032, U. S. N. M.
Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

. PILLOW END. Disk of wood, inlaid with mother-of—pearl. Design, the

Chinese “Good Luck ” character. Diameter, 7 inches. (Cat. No. 77033,
U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

. PILLOW END. Embroidered in colored silks. Design, the Chinese tai-ki,

three comma-shaped objects coiled in a circle. Around this are grouped
the eight geomantic signs (Panna). Diameter, 8 inches. (Cat. No.
77034, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou,
U. S. N.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

KOREAN INLAID AND EMBROIDERED PILLOW ENDS.

qﬁnoH—'1681 ‘umesnw [9‘ oueN y) uodaa

'llXX 3iV—ld

 

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 467

BOOK OF WATER-COLOR PAINTINGS (Hwa-chup). Painted in water
color on silk. The eight sketches of birds and animals are painted
by one artist and alternated with three kinds of hieroglyphics writ-
ten by different men. The work is excellent and full of feeling.

Length, 18 inches; width, 11% inches.

Collected by P. L. Jouy.

Painted about 1790, by lluin-ja or “ Ye Chok,” one of the popular artists Of
that time, who lived at Sing Chow. Drawn in Seoul while on a visit to the
Kim family.

SCROLL PICTURE. Water color Of a tiger (JOk-ja, under a pine-tree.
Iron rings for suspension.

Length, 47% inches; width, 28 inches.

Seoul, Korea. 151597

Collected by P. L. Jouy.

PORCELAIN SCREEN. Photograph of a ﬁne painted screen from the
royal palace.

Seoul, Korea. 129558

Collected by Gustavus Goward.

WATEROOLOR PAINTING (Gu-rim). Man in ordinary dress and hat
worn at home. 1.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING (Gu-rim). Closed sedan with sliding win-
dows, carried by four men. Used by the high Ofﬁcers and their
wives. Compare the Japanese Kago. 2.

VVATER-COLOR PAINTING (Gu rim). Ofﬁcer in armor with sword in
hand. 3.

The armor worn by ofﬁcers is made of small plates of leather and iron joined
together. It is covered with red woolen cloth ornamented with figures made
of copper or silver gilt and bordered with fur and lined with thick blue silk.
Ofﬁcers are allowed to use the royal color.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING (GU-rim). Ofﬁcer in full dress uniform. 4.

WATER COLOR PAINTING (Gu-rim). M an riding, servant leading the
horse. 5.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING (Gru-rim). Prime minister seated on a sedan
carried by four men. The sedan and large fan are lawfully
allowed only to the prime minister. 6.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING (Gu-rim). Buddhist priest with hat of straw
in the act Of bowing. 7.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING (Ga-rim). ()ﬂicer’s servant dressed in black
coat and hat and white belt, carrying his master’s Ofﬁcial dress
and tobacco box. 8.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING (Urn-rim). Palace servant wearing brown
coat and blue sash; sword on back. 9.

This servant is selected from the class of respectable citizens and trained as
a regular soldier. There are ﬁve hundred such servants in the palace at Seoul.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING (Gu-rim). Lady in ordinary dress. The
small ornament on the top of the head and the purple vest are
never worn together. 10.

468 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING (Ga-rim). Boy in house dress: the queue
shows that he is unmarried. 11.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING (Gu-rim). Lady in. house dress consisting
of a yellow coat and red skirt; these colors are only worn by un- .
married Women. 12.

The hair ornament is always adorned with jewels except in mourning. It
is prohibited to widows.

WATER~COLOR PAINTING (Gu-rim). Lady in street costume, wearing
the prescribed green veil. 13.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING (Ga-rim). Lady in house dress. 14.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING (Gu-rim). Prime minister in pink robe,
seated on a sedan. The fan and sedan show the rank. Pink is
used by all Ofﬁcers of the upper house, either civil or military. 15.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING (Gu-rim). Servant of the~ tribunal or
chamber court. 16. ' ‘

WATER-COLOR PAINTING (Gu-rim). Civil officer of the second rank,
denoted by golden belt; seated on a sedan of lacquered wood
having one wheel. The seat is about 5 feet from the ground and
the sedan is propelled and supported by 5 men. 17.

Size, 14 by 11% inches.

The monocycle usually travels faster than the Korean horse. Ofﬁcers

in this high sedan usually have twenty followers.
Collected by W. W. Rockhill.
The preceding series (Nos. 1—17) is from Seoul, Kore: ., 131315 (17)
BOOK OF WATER-COLOR PAINTINGS (Hva-chup). Bound in folio of
the native paper, with back of blue cloth. Contains thirty-seven
stifﬂy drawn ﬁgures of sages and spiritual beings, illustrating the
mythological stories of Korea.
Seoul, Korea. 130880
Collectedby Dr. H. N. Allen.

SCROLL PICTURE OF A KOREAN LADY. Painted in water color. This
picture gives an idea of the mode of wearing the hair and the
house costume of the Korean ladies.

Size, 24 by 48 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77071
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

The pictures Used in the decoration of the inner or living rooms of
the common people are gaudily colored and stifﬂy drawn. The sub-
jects of Korean common pictorial art are ﬂowers, fruits, animals, etc,
in contrast with the dramatic and blood-enrdling common prints of the
Japanese.

PICTURE. Colored. Storks, deer eating “immortal grass,” and turtles
in the sea. Poetical illustration. 1.

Used for household decoration by the lower-class Koreans. 'This picture
illustrates the “Ten long lives,” or those things in nature existing longer than
human beings. They are the sun, moon, mountain, water, turtle, deer, swan,
pine, bamboo, and a plant called bu—sut.

 

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KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 469

8 PICTURE. Flowers, colored. The rose, cln'ysantheniuln, hibiscus
m ntabilz‘s, peony, convolvulus, grapes; an aquarium with ﬁsh,
two vases decorated with geomantic (national) symbols, placed on
table and ﬂoor, are shown. 2.

Usually seen in living rooms of the common people.

PICTURE. Colored. Subject, the male and female phoenix with young
near their nest in the black rock under the odong or paulownia
tree. Sunrise. 3.

In Korean folklore these birds, called “Pong and Hoang,” are said to bring
forth their young like animals and only on the birth of a sage is a phoenix born.
The nest must be in a hole in the rock under the shade of a paulownia tree. .

PICTURE. Golden pheasants, mowtan peony, plum tree, waterfall,
and pair of little birds. 4.

House decorations of the common people.

PICTURE. Vase decorated with wave pattern; ﬁlled with ﬂowers
of the hibiscus, hul-su or snapdragon, pomegranates, and apricots
On the ground, oranges and bunches of immortal grass. 5.

Picture such as is found in living rooms of the common people. Hung upon
the door.

PICTURE. Represents a cock. One of the four watchful animals. 6.

One of the four pictures such as are found hanging on the outside of the
storerooni in the dwellings of the common people.

PICTURE. Decorated vases, pencil rest, dish of peaches on table,
coral and peacock feathers in tall vase decorated with wave pat-
tern, mystic bowknot, and conventional dragon. 7.

The common people delight in these gaudy pictures and hang them up in
their living rooms. Used for hanging on a closet door.

PICTURE. Tiger and immortal plant. 8.

Gandy picture bought by the common people.

PICTURE. Dog, with collar and bells around its neck. 9.

One of a set of four pictures which decorate the outside of a storeroom.

PICTURE. Vases and dishes, roll of pictures tied together with band
of ribbon. Dish contains kam or persimmons, a Korean fruit. 10.

Used by common people. Hung on the closet door.

PICTURE. Mythological beast called a lion, with collar and bells.
Tongues of ﬂame issue from its feet. 11.

One of the four animals of watchfulness. Hung outside of a storeroom.

PICTURE. Tiger rampant. A favorite representation of Korean
artists. 2.

One of the four pictures of the watchful animals hung on the outside of the
storeroom.
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
The preceding series (Nos. 1—12) is from Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77052 (12)

SCREEN. Silk; painted with a scene which represents an emperor of
China of the Ming dynasty receiving presents from states tributary
to China. Eight leaves; old, rare, and finely painted.

Width, 22 inches; length, 4- feet.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77116

470 REPORT or NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

SCREEN —Uontinued.

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

This screen is worthy of close study for the number of nationalities depicted
and from the fact that it is an example of the ﬁnest Oriental hand-painting.
The scene is of about four hundred years ago; the Koreans with pardonable
pride have placed themselves in the front rank.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Mandarin duck. 1.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. White cock, hen, and chicks by the ham-
boo brake. 2.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Hawk on cliff overhanging the sea, with
captured duck. 3.

This picture is well drawn; the spray under the seaweed—covered rock and
the ﬁerce mien and pose of the hawk are well executed.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Hawk about to attack a meiikey, which

hides itself under the trunk of a pine tree. 4. ' ‘
The monkey is not found in Korea.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Eagle perched in a plum tree. 5.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. White eagle with quarr ., a pheasant. 6.

WATER—COLOR PAINTING. Swans among the reeds. Poetical. 7.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Korean hunting falcon in pursuit of a
white hare. 8.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Flock of cranes on a pine tree. Poetical
and mythological illustration. 9.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Crane and fragrant plum tree. Poet-
ical and metaphorical, the crane signifying the child and the plum
tree the mother. 10.

WATER~COLOR PAINTING. Lion under pine tree. Very poor repre-
sentation. 11.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Tiger crouching under a pine tree. 12.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Gray squirrel on branch of pine tree. 13.

WATER—COLOR PAINTING. Pair of musk deer. Probably an illus-
tration of some poem. 14.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Pair of antelope. 15.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Well-groomed horse tied to a willow tree.
Spring scene; often painted by Korean artists. 16.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Horses at play, leaping and rolling.
Spring scene; an illustration of a poem. 17.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Pair of dogs under trees. Mythological
dogs, illustrating a folk story. 18.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Sea monster (whale) swallowing ajunk. 19.

VVATER-COLOR PAINTING. Manchurian crane. 20.

SEPIA DRAWING. Landscape, winter scene; mountains partly covered
with snow. Shows a pagoda and the roof of a temple. 22.

 

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 471

WATER~COLOR PAINTING. Landscape, summer scene; shown by thick
foliage and by people sitting in the Open pavilions. 23.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Landscape, spring scene; village at sunset,
men reading by the window, and ﬁshers returning across a quaint
bridge. 24.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Landscape, autumn; maple trees, water
ﬂowing under a stone bridge, a man on a two~wheeled sedan of the
kind probably used in Korea in old times. 25.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Illustrates the story of a man who was
famous for his good handwriting. No one has attained to his ex-
cellence since his death. 26.

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadon, U. S. Navy.

The preceding series (Nos. 1—26) is from Seoul, Korea. 77117

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Landscape, autumn moonlight scene; the
maples and bamboo surround the student’s house. ' ,1.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Landscape, winter moonlight scene after
a snowstorm. 2.

WATER—COLOR PAINTING. Butterﬂies and ﬂowers. 3.

Painted by Han, a native artist. Used for house decoration.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Submarine View, crabs, shrimps, mollusks,
and seaweeds. 4.

This picture bears marks of having been drawn bya literary man rather than
a regular artist.

WATER-COLOR PAINTING. Story of Lomoo, a Chinese ofﬁcer ban-
ished by the Emperor through intrigue. Though he had grown
old in exile, and suffered from hunger and privation, yet he loyally
holds up the rod with ﬁve bunches of red silk given him by the
Emperor. 5.

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

The preceding series (Nos. 1—5) is from Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77118

By far the better pictures in the collection are the following outline
sketches in India ink, which may be entitled “Scenes from the Social
Life of Korea.” They are a revelation in Korean art, since they show
bold drawing, free treatment, and humorous caricature like that found
in the realistic school of Japan.

These pictures illustrate the social customs and industrial arts of the
people. They were originally bound together to form a boy’s picture
book. They are supposed to be nearly three hundred years old.
INDIA-INK DRAWING. Mythological picture; the seven good beings

or secondary angels of Korea and China, with the animals and
plants appertaining to them. These beings in Japan are called the
seven gods of happiness. The central ﬁgure bears a striking re-
semblance to the Japanese Hotei, the president of the seven. The

472 REPORT or NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

INDIA-INK DRAWING—Continued.

scene is interesting in tracing the Chinese inﬂuence to Japan
, through Korea. This set of character pictures were drawn by the
artist Han-jin-o. 1. .

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Mythological picture; the seven wise men or
gods of good fortune. The central ﬁgure, Laotze, writes verses upon
a scroll and produces jewels and living animals from his pen. 2.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Marriage procession of the groom Visiting
his intended bride. Men in advance carry lanterns for the occa-
sion, followed by the bearer of a wild duck or model of one, the
symbol of domestic felicity. Then comes the bridegroom in court
dress, always worn on such occasions by all except coolies. As a
rule the young man’s former nurse follows. 3. .

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Coolies at a well. Around the wide, shallow
well women are drawing water with rope and bucket, to ﬁll jars
which are carried on the head. 4.

This picture shows the dress of the lower class.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Instruction in archery; teacher showing lad how
to draw the bow. The awkward pose of the beginner is well caught.
Others are stringing the bow and straightening the arrow. 5.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Peddlers returning from work. Shows horses,
pack saddles, coolie’s dress, and method of smoking. 6.

The pack saddles shown here have a deep seat between two yokes. They are
girthed and have a wide breech band. Rungs are set in betWeen the yokes of
the saddle, to which packages are tied. One of the coolies is striking a light
with ﬂint and steel.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Begging bonzes on the road side. On a
large sheet of paper are a number of strips upon which are written
sums of money or grain as paid for certain eﬂicacious prayers. The
woman in front is about to throw down a few cash, for which the
prayers will be said. The bonzes carry small boat-shaped drums,
and sing the sacred songs invoking blessings on the contributors.
The lady’s attendant carries a smoking outﬁt on her head and fan
in her hand. 7.

These priests are not regular beggars, but perform this ofﬁce according to the
rules of a certain sect.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Preparing tobacco for smoking. The stems
are removed and the leaves piled evenly, then the piles are cut into
shreds with a long lever knife. The expectant attitude of the man
who is waiting for some tobacco is very comical. 8.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Peasant’s family; woman spinning and man
making matting on a weighted loom. The loom frame is two
forked sticks driven in the ground and a bar placed across. The
warp threads are wound around weights. These are divided alter-
nately to opposite sides of the bar. In working the loom a weft
straw is laid in where these threads cross the bar, and one set of

 

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KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 473

INDIA-INK DRAWING—Continued.

weights thrown over, the other set thrown back, inclosing the rush
in the warp. This is a tedious process, but produces good work
with little machinery and skill. Korean matting is very good. 9.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Country people passing on the road. Shows the
high saddle and common method of riding by holding on to the
saddle and allowing the horse to be led. 10.

Etiquette requires that women vail their faces on meeting men. This repre-
sents the wedding procession returning from the bride’s house.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. House building. Shows men planing timbers,
tiling, etc. 11.

Tiles are imbedded in balls of mud placed upon the roof. The plane has
handles at the sides.

INDIA—INK DRAWING. Wrestling match. Spectators; street candy
seller. 12.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Boats propelled by sculling, ferrying passen-
gers across stream. 13.

INDIA—INK DRAWING. VVomeu washing clothes by beating them with
clubs on rocks. W'Omen braiding hair; man peeping from behind
his fan. 14. ‘

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Coolies eating by the roadside. Bowls and
spoons are being used. 15.

INDIA—INK DRAWING. Roadside inn. People of middle class taking
food and smoking. 16.

These open roadside inns resemble those of Japan.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. ()oolies resting by roadside; smoking and chat-
ting. 17.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Country peddlers. Man carries large basket of
of vegetables or salt ﬁsh on his head; woman carries child and
cradle-shaped basket containing crabs. 18.

The child is carried as in Japan, seated inside the loose upper garment.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Forging. Smith holds red-hot iron on anvil,
with tongs, while two men strike. Boy blows bellows, and man
sits on the ground dressing piece of wood with curved drawknife.
19.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Shoeing a horse. Tools lying on ground. 20.

The animal is thrown and the smith tacks on a (urcular shoe without calks.
Korean horses are rarely castrated; hence are vicious. The ofﬁcials ride don-
keys almost universally.

lNDIA-INK DRAWING. Plowing and working the ﬁelds. Two oxen
are attached to a light, one-handled plow. Two men hoeing with
implements resembling potato forks. 21.
In Korea the horse is never employed in the plow.
INDIA-INK DRAWING. Thrashing by beating sheaves across a rough
log of wood and sweeping grain from the smooth, hard ground.
The man taking his ease near by is the overseer. 22.

474 REPORT or NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Schoolmaster and class of children. Boys are
studying, and one is “backing his book,” that is, reciting by turn-
ing his back to the teacher and placing his book behind him. 23.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Farmers’ wives weaving. Woman working at a
rude loom; an old woman taking care of children, and a woman
singein g thread to remove frayed ﬁbers before using it for weaving.
24.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Hired-boy dancer and band of music. Mu-
sicians seated in semicircle. Instruments: Bass drum in frame like
Japanese drum, accordeon, ﬂute, ﬁfes, and guitar. 25.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Catching ﬁsh in a weir. Men in boats are dip-
ping out ﬁsh into jars; at one end of weir is ﬂock of birds. 26.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Wood-carriers resting and playing a game with
small stones; frames for carrying wood at one side. 27.~

The carrying frame Shown is rectangular, woven at back with rattan, with
arm loops at side and ropes for encircling the burden. The arms are passed
through loops and load carried on back. A much more commonly used frame
is made of two forked limbs, cut about 3 feet long and mortised together
with slats.

INDIA-INK DRAWING. Competitors for the civil-service examination.
This style of dress, cap, and shoes are worn during the examination.
One youth shows his friends the paper on which the answers will be
written. 28.

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

The preceding series (Nos. 1—28) is from Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77119 (28)
SOCIAL RELATIONS AND PUBLIC WELFARE.
COMMUNICATION AND RECORD OF IDEAS.
WRITING IMPLEMEN’I‘S AND METER)l)S—I’RINTING.

SEAL (Do-su). Oblong hard-wood block, with seal characters cut on
two faces. Obverse characters, “ Gaw-wee,” and reverse, “ Seal of
Cang—Won-sung-duk.” Used by some private institution.

Dimensions, 4 by 2% by 1% inches.
Seoul, Korea. 151607
Collected by P. L. Jouy.
Box FOR SEALS AND INK (Do-su-hab). Oblong box of soapstone, of
reddish color, with lid; highly polished.
Length, 4% inches; width, 311; inches; height, 2 inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130844
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
This beautiful soapstone is found in the southern part of the country.

UNCUT SEALS (9) (Do-su-dol). Oblong squared blocks of mottled soap-

stone. Used by literary men or artists.
Height, 1% inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130843
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

 

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KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 475

UNCUT SEALS (DO-su-dol). Block of soapstone, with Sitting ﬁgure of
the lion badly carved. The square surface on the bottom is ready
for engraving either a man’s name or some motto.

Height, 295 inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130842

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

This style of seal is generally used by literary people. The design orig-
inated in China.

INK STONE (Be-ru-dol). Oblong slab of black Slate, with cover of
wood.

Length, 43 inches; width, 2!; inches.
Nam-p0 City, Korea. 130838
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

INK STONE (Be-ru-dol). Oblong slab of hard black stone, with lid, on

which is carved a ﬂowering plum tree.
Length, 5% inches; width, 3 inches.
Nam-po City, Korea. 130839
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen."

ROLLS OF LETTER PAPER (Du—ru-ma-ri). White paper sized and pol-
ished. Medium quality; made from the bark of the tak tree.

Width, 6% inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130837
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

PENCILS OR BRUSHES (Boot). Made from the hair of a small animal
resembling the rat (chung-sal-mo), ﬁxed in bamboo.
Length, 8 inches.
Seoul, Korea. 130841
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.
For letter-writing and copying. Generally manufactured in the province of
Ham-kiung-do.

PENCIL JAR (Pil-tong). Porcelain cylinder decorated with ﬁgures of a
man and a woman, in water colors.
Height, 4% inches; diameter, 2% inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130840
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

PENCIL JAR (Pil—tong). Octagonal vase of precious serpentine.
Height, 5% inches; diameter, 42 inches.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 38329
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
This stone is prized by the Koreans, who make from it pencil jars, ink stones
tobacco boxes, etc.

PENCIL REST (Pil-San). Carved soapstone, representing Loja (Laotze),
a Chinese philosopher, seated on a cow.
Height, 2% inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130867
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

476 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

BRUSH HOLDER (Pil-tong). Carved teak wood, representing a knotty
tree trunk.

Height, 10 inches; diameter, 10.1; inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130879

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

Of the form used by Chinese scholars for holding brushes and rolls ofpapcr.

WOOD BLOCK (cast). Double face, the upper showing the face and
back of the harp called Ka-mun-go, a Chinese instrument. The
lower face, with picture of ﬂight Of butterﬂies.

Length, 11 inches; Width, 5 inches.

Seoul, Korea. 153614

Collected by P. L. Jouy.

Used to “pull” imprints on letter paper by rubbina.

PRINTING BLOCK (Banjul-pan). Wooden block; ends wedge shaped
for ﬁtting into a holder. Engraved. Pl. XXIII. '

Length, 17% inches; width, 8 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77018

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

Blocks and movable type are both used in Korea. This is a common block
for printing the alphabet sheet from which children learn the iin-nIoun 0r na-
tive Korean character. The characters are arranged in vertical columns, and
above each is a rough pictorial representation Of something containing the
initial consonant sound of the characters in the column. The writing on the
left is astrological.

Satow says, “There are some Korean books dating back to1317 and 1324,
printed With movable type?”

PROPERTY, TRADE, COMMERCE, AND INTERCOMMUNICATION.

CARRYING CLOTH. Square piece of coarse cotton stuff stamped in
black. At each corner is sewn a strong band of folded cotton.
Size, 48 by 55 inches square.
Seoul, Korea. 153613
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
Wrapped around parcels carried by porters.

METHODS AND MEDIA 0]“ EXCHANGE.

THREE “CASH” PIECE. Copper coin worth about 3 cents. Inscrip-

tion, “Great East. Three cash.”
Diameter, 1 inch.
Korea. —
Gift of W. A. Mintzer, U. S. Navy.

SILVER COIN (Sam jun). The inscription is “Great Eastern Kingdom,
one mace.” In center of obverse of coin is a disk of transparent
blue enamel about% of an inch in diameter Beneath this is the
character for treasury. Debased silver, value about 15 cents.

Diameter, % of an inch.

Korea. —-
Gift of W. A. Mintzer, U. S. Navy.

These curious coins are rare, havintr been withdrawn from circulation.

"' Trans. Asiat. Soc. of Japan X No. 1, p. 63.

 

 

 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIH.
KOREAN PRINTING BLOCK.

PRINTING BLOCK. Of wood; end wedge-shaped for ﬁtting into a holder. Charac-
ters both sunken and engraved in relief. Block used for printing the
alphabet sheet for children. Length, 17% inches; Width, 8 inches. (Cat.
No. 77018, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Berna-
(lou, U. S. N.)

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KOREAN PRINTING BLOC

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 477

SILVER COIN (Sam jun). Inscription, “Great Eastern Kingdom, two -
mace.” Disk of enamel in center of obverse. Debased silver, value
about 30 cents.

Diameter, 1 inch.

Korea. __
Gift of \V. A. Mintzer, U. S. Navy.

These coins are rare, having been withdrawn from circulation.

KOREAN “CASH” (Dang-o—jun). Coins made of an alloy of copper, tin,
and lead. Square hole in center as in Chinese coins. Reverse bears
four characters giving name of coin, and the obverse the place Where
it was made, the number of the furnace, and the value, about a} of a
cent.

Diameter, 13% inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130863

(‘Ollccted by Dr. H. N. Allen.

This coin is unpopular, as it is badly made. This kind of money was ﬁrst in-
troduced from China in 1884, and adopted by the Conservative party.

CASH SVVURD (Soe chun). Chinese c2 sh, tied in shape of sword with
colored strings and decorated with silk fringe.

Length, 20 inches.

Korea. 130908
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

Generally made by ladies and kept as curiosities.

MEDAL (Buil don). Alloy of copper, lead, and brass. Cast. A wide
band of perforated designs of the long-life symbols, alike on either
side of the medal, surrounds a central circle containing on. one side
the Chinese characters signifying “ His Majesty; (may he live) ten
thousand years” and on the other “ Wealth, official promotion, many
children.” On either side are four national symbols. Square hole
in center. Pierced for suspension.

Diameter, 2} 2; inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1889. 130876

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

Struck in the precincts of the palace at the times of the establishment of the
mint, which is not a permanent ﬁxture of the Government.

REC REA TION AND AMUSEM ENT.

GAMES or sKiLL ANI) CHANCE. AMUSEMENTS.

PLAYING CARDS (T’Ou-tiyen). Eighty-one long, narrow strips of oiled
paper, with suit signs in black. Eight suits: The man, ﬁsh, hawk,
pheasant, deer, steer, rabbit, and horse, the numerals running up
to nine and a general. Pl. XXIV, Fig. 1,, left side.

Length, 8 inches; Width, one-quarter of an inch.
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77047
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.
Several varieties of cards, differing as to the number of suits, are played in

Korea. These cards resemble the lots used by Chinese gamblers to determine
luck.

478 REPORT or NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

CHINESE CHESSMEN (Tjang-keui). Thirty-two hexagonal blocks of
pine wood, of three different sizes. Characters, Chinese, cut in the
blocks and painted blue or red. Pl. XXIII, Fig. 2, lower right-
hand corner.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77025

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

The name means “game of war.” It is curious that the rank depends on the
size of the pieces, as in case of Japanese chin. Whether more ancient in type
than the pieces at present used in China, which are of uniform size, is conjectural.
Played on a board made of wood or paper.

DOMINOES (Kolpai. “Bone game”). Thirty-two ivory dies marked
with red and black spots large and small. Pl. XXIV, Fig. 3. upper
right-hand corner.

Size of dies, i inch long; one-half inch wide.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. :- 77024

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. ' '

The arrangement of the spots 011 these is identical with the dominoes of China
and it is probable that the games are the same. In this game live or six can
play. They in turn cast off and draw until one player gets a suit of doubles
from one to six, when he cries “Suit,” having won. Each player draws ﬁve
bones at ﬁrst.

INITIATION CLUB AND NOOSE (Yong-bag-mang-i and Jul). Wood; head
carved to represent the dragon; painted in colors. Cord of plaited
silk attached to handle. The iul is a rope made of strands of pink
cotton overplaited by pink, blue, and yellow silk thread. It has a
running noose at one end.

Length, 21 inches.

Seoul, Korea. 151631—25

Collected by P. L. .Iouy.

Kept in the office of the messengers in the palace, official mansions, and gov-
ernmental departments. Newcomers are initiated by the “society,” who pass
the noose around the ankle of the candidate and draw 11p his foot across the
knee. Then a set of difﬁcult questions are asked, and for every wrong answer
the victim receives a blow upon the sole. This initiation is With a view of
getting a treat. Newly married men are also put through a similar ordeal by
their friends.

MUSIC AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.

Music is an important institution in Korea. The government educates
and maintains musicians and allows bands to furnish music for oﬂieial
receptions and at the palace.

There is a system of notation; the notes are circles and their tonal
value is indicated by the shaded area.

Vocal classes are taught the range through which the voice should
rise and fall by the inclination of a rod in the hands of the teacher.
This is similar in effect to the Thibetan descriptive score. *

There are many musical instruments of all classes. The double-
headed drum produces four distinct sounds, according to the place

* W. W.Rockhi11: The Land of the Lamas, p. 88

n.

 

 

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.
KOREAN GAMES OF SKILL AND CHANCE.

F'

p—a

g. 1. PLAYING CARDS. Eighty-one long, narrow strips of oiled paper with the
suit signs written on them. There are eight suits—the man, ﬁsh, hawk,
pheasant, deer, steer, rabbit, and horse. Length, 8 inches; Width, 4} inch.
(Cat. No. 77047, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B.
Bernadou, U. S. N.)

g. 2. CHINESE CHESSMEN. Thirty—two hexagonal blocks of pine wood, of three '
diﬁ'erent sizes. Characters, Chinese; cut in the blocks and painted red
and blue. (Cat. No. 77025, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by
Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

Fig. 3. DOMINOES. Thirty-two ivory dies, marked With red and black spots, large

and small. Size of die, 11 inch long, 2} inch Wide. (Cat. No. 77024, U. S.

N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

F'

.4

PLATE XXIV.

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HUU

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KOREAN HARP.

 

 

 

 

HARP.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.
KOREAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENT.

Body long and narrow with half oval section, made of jatropha eurcas
wood, the “kiri” of Japan. Six strings, tightened by buttons; fourteen
frets. On the bottom is engraved a verse by a Chinese scholar; ornamen-
tation of bats and fretwork characters appear on other portions. This in-
strument resembles the Japanese Koto, and is played, like the latter, with
the pleetron. Length, 221} inches. (Cat. No. 93569, U. S. N. M. Seoul,

Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

 

 

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KOREAN DULCIMER.

 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI.
KOREAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENT.

DULCIMER. Flat, hollow box of o-dong wood, trapezoidal in shape; with lid.
Twelve groups of four thin brass Wires each are stretched across the box,
over and beneath two diagonal bridges. Iron pegs and tuning k'eys.
Played by striking keys with a thin strip of bamboo, the instrument being
held by placing the foreﬁnger in a hole beneath the box, and resting the
latter on the tips of the ﬁngers and thumb. Length, 22 inches; Width,
65 inches; height, 3% inches. (Cat. No. 130889, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea.
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.)

 

 

 

Report of National Museum, 1891.-—Hough. PLATE XXV“.

 

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KOREAN GUIDEPOST.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII.
KOREAN GUIDEPOST.

GUIDEPOST. Rude log of wood with grotesquely carved human face. When com-
plete it is crowned with a hat, has large ears, and thin strips along either
side to represent clothing. These posts are placed along the road at in-
tervals of half a mile. Complete specimens are about 6 feet high are
painted and bear on the flont an insc1iption showing the distances. lt IS
believed that the signpost is also a shamanistic idol to the spirits of the

place.
(From a sketch from nature by 1’. L. Jouy.)

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 479

struck; by combination these sounds may be increased to seven. The
drum has a hollow wooden body of hour—glass shape; the heads are
drawn over the ends of the body and extended over two iron rings.
The lacing of rope with tighteners runs between these rings. The
larger head is of skin and the smaller of membrane. The deepest
sound is made by striking the skin head in the center, the rim gives
another sound, the membrane head gives a lighter, noisier sound.

HARP (Kom-oun-to). Body long and narrow with half oval section,
made of Jastropha curcas wood, the Kiri of Japan. Six strings
tightened by buttons; fourteen frets. On the bottom a verse by a
Chinese scholar is engraved; ornamentation of bats and fretwork
characters appear on other portions.

Pl. xxv. Length, — inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 93569

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

This instrument resembles the Japanese koto and is played like it With the
plectrum. [t is placed horizontally on the ﬂoor when in position for playing.
Koreans regard it quite an aI-complishinent to master this instrument.

DULCIMER (Yang-gum). Flat, hollow box of o-dong wood, trapezoidal
in shape, with lid. Twelve groups of four thin brass Wires each
are stretched across the box over and beneath two diagonal
bridges. Iron pegs and tuning keys. Pl. XXVI.

Length, 22 inches; width. 6;;1 inches; height, 3% inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130889

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

Played by striking the strings With a thin strip of bamboo, the dulcimer
being held by placing the forefinger in a hole beneath the box and resting it
on the tips of the ﬁngers and thumb. The long side is held toward the body,
and the forward and middle sections of the strings are used. This instrument
is much in favor among the educated class and is used for both instrumental
pieces and accompaniment.

PUBLIC CONVENIENCE AND SAFETY.

GUIDE Pos'r (Jang-sun g). Rude post with grotesquely carved human
face. When complete it is crowned with a hat, has large ears, and
thin strips along either side represent clothing. Pl. XXVII.

Length, 29% inches.

Seoul, Korea. 129484

Collected by P. L. Jouy.

Placed along country roadsides at intervals of half a mile. Complete speci_
mens are about6 feet high, are painted, and bear on the front an inscription
showing the distances. It is believed that this jang sung is a shamanistic idol
to the spirits of the place as well as a guide post.

THE ART OF WAR.—WEAPONS AND ARMOR.

ARMOR (Gap-0t). Consists of a coat, helmet, and wide belt made up
of many thicknesses of coarse. cotton cloth, covered with yellow
stuﬂ'. The coat is made up of two wide ﬂaps connected by a band,

480 REPORT or NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

ARMOR—Continued.

which passes over the left shoulder. These ﬂaps are cut out to ﬁt
the neck and have tying strings at either side. A plastron of cloth
is hung over the chest. The surface of portions of the coat is
printed with Sanskrit dharani or prayers for victory. A belt resem-
bling those worn by Korean women at the present time, but much
thicker, is intended to be tied around the waist. The helmet is
thickly padded and stiffened by four perpendicular bands of iron
riveted through the cloth and terminating in a brass bell at the top.
There is an iron visor in front. There are wide and heavy epaulles,
or shoulder protectors, one on each side and at the rear. The hel-
met also bears Sanskrit and Korean prayers for victory. Pl.
XXVIII.

Length of coat, 34- inches; width, 30 inches. Length _o€'b}lt, 51 inches;
Width, 11 inches. Height of helmet, 12 inches.

Korea. 128344

Deposited by Dr. G. Brown Geode.

This kind of armor has been in use in Korea for three hundred years, but is
not now employed (Soh). The specimen is very old. Korean infantry were
equipped with this armor up to a short time ago (Grifﬁs’s Corea, p. 417). The
Chinese made use of padded armor, but it seems never to have been employed
in Japan.

ARRows (Hual-sal). Bamboo shafts, iron heads, triple feathering; the
long ones are used by bowmen, the shorter ones with heavy heads
are for children’s games. Pl. XXIX, ﬁgs. 1, 2, and 3, upper por
tion of plate.

Length, 20 to 32%— inches.

Seoul, Korea. ' 130878

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

The arrows in a quiver are always numbered.

CASE WITH ARROWS (J un-dong). Arrows same as 130878. Case of
stiff, waterproof paper, with cap cover and wooden ends. Deco-
rated with a conventional design in India ink. 1’1. XXIX, ﬁg. 4.

Length of case, 35 inches; arrows, 33% inches.

Seoul, Korea. 153611

Collected by W. W. Rockhill.

This case or quiver is the regulation one carried by the Korean soldiery.

QUIVER (Jun-don g). Bamboo cylinder carved with ﬂowers and birds
in low relief on a lacquered ground. Cap with hinge; two cleats
by which the suspending string is fastened. P]. XX1X, ﬁg. 5, lower
line.

Length, 45 inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130878

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

Carried over the shoulder. The bow and arrow are not commonly in use in
Korea at present.

 

ARMOR.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII. »
ANCIENT KOREAN ARMOR.

Consists of a coat, helmet, and wide belt made up of many thicknesses oi
coarse cotton cloth, covered with yellow stuff. The coat is made up of
two wide ﬂaps connected by aband which passes over the left shoulder.
These ﬂaps are cut out to ﬁt the neck and are tied at either side. A
plastron of cloth is hung over the chest. The surface of portions of the
coat is printed with Sanscrit dharani, or prayers for victory. A belt re-
sembling those worn by Korean women at the present time, but much
thicker, is tied around the waist. The helmet is padded, and is stiffened
by four perpendicular bands of iron riveted through the cloth and termi-
nating in a brass bell at the apex. Visor, small; Wide and heavy épaules,
one at each side and at the back. The helmet has also Sanscrit dharani
written upon it. Length of coat, 34 inches; Width, 30 inches. Length
of belt, 54 inches; Width, 11 inches. Height of helmet, 12 inches. (Cat.
No. 128344, U. S. N. M. Korea. Deposited by Dr. G. Brown Goode.)

PLATE XXVlIl.

Report of Nanonal Museum. 189L—Hough

 

 

ANCIENT KOREAN ARMOR.

 

 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.
KOREAN ARROWS AND QUIVER.

Figs. 1, 2, and 3. Ammws. Bamboo shafts, iron heads, triple feathering; the long
arrows are used by bowmen, the short one for children’s games. Shorter
arrow, 20 inches long; regular arrow, 32% inches long. (Cat. No. 130878,
U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.)

Fig. 4. CASE WITH ARROWS. Contains numbered arrows like those described above.
Case of stiff, water-proof paper with cap cover and wooden ends. Decor-
ated with a conventional design in India ink. The regulation case carried
by the Korean soldiery. Length of case, 35 inches; arrows, 332 inches long.
(Cat. No. 153611, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by W. W. Rockhill.)

Fig. 5. QUIVER. Bamboo of cylinder carved with ﬂowers and birds in low relief on
a lacquered ground. Cap carved with spirals; brass hinge; two cleats
fastened on side of tube for the suspending cord. Length, 45 inches.
(Cat. No. 130878, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Dr. H. N.
Allen.)

x253 oi Zmzosi 33mg? EoflIgW? Ur>._.m VAX—X.

 

KOREAN ARROWS AND QUIVER.

 

 

 

 

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 481

ARROW POINT STRAIGHTENER (Hwal-chok-ba-ru-jap-nun-gut). White

bone spur with two square metal-lined holes. Ring for suspension.
Length, 4:} inches.
Seoul, Korea. 151630
Collected by P. L. Jouy.
Used as a wrench to straighten the points of arrows.

ORNAMENTAL BOW AND now-cAsE (Hwal-hwal-jip). Bow, Tatar
shape, lacquered bamboo, wrapped at middle with strips of bright-
colored wool. String, of cotton; case, of leather heavily lacquered;
one side curved to ﬁt the bow; decorated with silver disks and

rings.
Length of how, 201} inches; length of case, 16 inches.
Seoul, Korea. 153147

Collected by W. \V. Rockhill.

Clasped under the left shoulder according to the old custom by oﬂicers in
uniform. Used only for ornament, and with it is carried the holder containing
arrows.

ARROW-HOLDER AND BLANK ARROWS (Dong-ga). Holder made of
Japanese leather ornamented with silver disks and sewed along
edges with colored silk. Arrows of lacquered bamboo with broad
white feathering. No points.

Length, 26 inches.

Seoul, Korea. 151147

Collected by W. W. Rockhill.

Worn by the king and oliicers at the procession. Hung beneath the left
arm pit. Carried also by ofﬁcers who receive military orders from the king.

Bow AND PRACTICE ARROWS. Bow, compound, made of wood and
bamboo wound with the bark of a tree and ox sinew. Arrows
made of bamboo with iron points; inferior specimens.

Bow, 39 inches long; arrows, 34 inches.

Seoul, Korea. 129503

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

BOW (Hwal). Curved Tatar form made of bamboo and horn wound
with ox sinew, wrapped with green leather at the necks and
lacquered black. When unstrung it is strongly recurved.

Length, 44 inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130877

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

This bow is probably intended for boys‘ practice. Korean bows are very
powerful, two men being required to string them, and painful and serious acci-
dents sometimes occur should the bow slip during the operation.

SABER (Hwan-do). Straight, heavy, iron blade. Guard, an octagonal
plate of iron. Hilt, wood wrapped with enameled leather. Scab-
bard, wood covered with ﬂaxen canvas, lacquered. Bound with
brass. Poorly made weapon. Pl. XXX, upper ﬁgure.

Length, 331} inches; blade, 1, inch wide, :1- inch thick at back.

Korea, 1875. 72897

Collected by Wm. R. Brooks, U. S. Navy.

Captured in 1871 by United States forces under command of Admiral John
Rodgers, U. S. Navy. Worn by common soldiers. 'l‘his sword belonged to Pak
D0 Gun.

SM 91, PT 2-——31

482 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

SWORD (Ewan-do). 'Hilt and scabbard of hard wood with elegant ,
fretted, foliated carving, illustrating the ten long lives, viz, sun,v
moon, swans, deer, etc. Mounted with copper gilt ﬁttings; spring;
in hilt holds sword in place. Blade, curved. Pl. XXX, lower ﬁgure. 4

Length, 25% inches; blade, 17:1- inches.

Seoul, Korca. 151601

Collected by P. L. Jouy.

Worn by all oﬂicers in uniform. Such swords are made to order in the dis-
tricts of Jun-ju and Na-ju.

MATCHLOCK GUN (Chong). Short stock of hard wood; octagonal ‘
barrel; smooth bore. Match of twisted tow. Pl. XXXl.

Length, 4 feet.

Seoul, Korea. 151280

Collected by W. W. Roekhil]. ‘

Held upon the shoulder when ﬁring, not against it. Theseguns were used in
Korea from about three hundred years ago up to 1881,._ «some troops still are
armed With them.

PRIMING HORN (Oui-iak-tong). Tip of a horn with oriﬁce closed by a
spring of horn. P1. XXXI, ﬁg. 1, lower line (commencing at the left).

Length, 32 inches.

Korea, 1871. 72899

Collected by Wm. B. Brooks, U. S. Navy.

Resembles the Burmese primer. (See Jour. Society of Arts, Jan. 26, 1886,
p. 351.) A relic of the skirmish of June, 1871.

BULLET BAG (Chong-al-nut-nun-gut). Two thicknesses of coarse cot-
ton. The bullets are sprung out from a bird’s bill device. Pl. XXXI,
'ﬁg. 2, lower line (commencing at the left).

Length, 9 inches.

Korea, 1871. 72898
Collected by Wm. B. Brooks, U. S. Navy.

Trophy of the engagement of June, 1871.

POWDER CASE AND CHARGER (Iak-tong). Octagonal box of J astropha
curcas wood, in rude imitation of a turtle. The charger, an ivory
tube, slides into a recess in front of the case. P1. XXXI, ﬁg. 3, lower
line (commencing at the left).

Length, 62} inches; Width, 4;]; inches; height, 2% inches.

Korea, 1871. 72900

Collected by W. B. Brooks, U. S. Navy.

This is a trophy of the engagement of June, 1871, between the United States
ﬂeet, under command of Admiral John Rodgers, and the Koreans.

MILITARY BADGE (Hyoung-pai). Two squares of blue silk, embroidered.
Design, the Manchurian white crane ﬂying in the clouds, holding a
spray of “immortal” grass in its beak. The stitch is mainly plain
embroidery, or plumage stich, but some Kensington and stem stitch
is used. The embroidery is well done.

Ten inches square.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. . 77030.
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

The design is purely symbolic. The crane holds in its bill a sprig of grass,

 

 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.
KOREAN SWORDS.

(Upper ﬁfure.)

Fig. 1. SABER. Straight, heavy, iron blade. Guard, an octagonal plate of iron;
hilt, wrapped with enameled leather; scabbard, wood covered with
lacquered ﬂaxen canvas. Bound with brass; a poorly made weapon.
Captured in 1871 by United States naval forces. Length, 33;} inches;
blade, 1 inch Wide; 3: inch thick at back. (Cat. No. 72897, U. S. N. M.
Korea. Collected by W'. B. Brooks, U. S. N.)

(Lower ﬁgure.)

Fig. 2. SWORD. Hilt and scabbard of hard wood, with elegant fretted, foliated
carving, illustrating the ten long lives, viz., sun, moon, swans, deer, etc.
Mounted with copper gilt ﬁttings; guard, perforated iron in conventional
pattern; spring in hilt holds; sword in soabbard. Blade of steel; grace-
ful curve. Worn by ofﬁcers. Length, 251} inches; length of blade, 17%}
inches. (Cat. No. 151601, U. S. N. M. Collected by‘P. L. Jouy.)

32313 29:03». 350:3. .moflIocmr. _u_u>._.m XXX.

 

 

 

KOREAN SWORDS.

  

 

 

 

 

 

Fig

3
=2

0

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI.
KOREAN GUN AND ACCOUTREMENTS.

(Upper ﬁgure.)

. 1. MATCH-LOCK GUN. Short stock, of hard wood; octagonal barrel; smooth

bore. Trigg’er and sights. Stock decorated with bands of cherry bark.
Match of twisted tow. Held upon the shoulder when ﬁring. Length, 4
feet. (Cat. No. 151280, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by W. W.
Rockhill.)

(Lower line. commencing at the left.)

' . 1. PRIMING HORN. Tip of a horn with oriﬁce in the point closed by a strip of

horn forming a spring and allowing a few grains of powder to fall out
upon pressure. A relic of skirmish of June, 1871. Length, 3% inches.
(Cat. No. 72899, U. S. N. M. Korea. Collected by W. W. Rockhill.)

Fig. 2. BULLET BAG. Two thicknesses of coarse cotton. The bullets are sprung

out from a bird’s bill device in wood. A relic of 1871. Length, 9 inches.
(Cat. No. 72898, U. S. N. M. Korea. Collected by W. B. Brooks, U. S. N.)

Fig. 3. POWDER CASE AND CHARGER. Octagonal box of jatropha curcas wood, in

rude imitation of a. turtle. The charger, an ivory tube, slides into a recess
in front of the case. A relic of 1871. Length, 61} inches; width, 4:1- inches;
height, 21} inches. (Cat. No. 72900, U. S. N. M. Korea. Collected by W.
B. Brooks, U. S. N.)

 

 

 

 

 

KOREAN GUN AND ACCOUTREMENTS.

‘qﬁnoH—'L691 ‘wnasnw |euop,2N ;o uodea

'IXXX ELI-V'ld

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 483

MILiTARY BADGE—Continued.

which confers innnortality upon its possessor. At the base of the square are
overlapping circles representing waves, often seen at the bases of Japanese and
Korean vases and on money typical of circulation. These waves dash against
the living rock. In the midst of the waters stands a rock covered with immor-
tal grass and bearing a “Buddhist cross” or swastika. Worn by civil ofﬁcers
of the lower house. One of the Squares is attached to the front and one to the
back of the oﬂicer’s robe.

GOVERNMEN T AND LAW.

OFFICER’S BATON (Dung-cha). Rod covered with shagreen bound
with silver ferules; the part held in the hand covered with wash,
leather. A tie of blue woolen fabric with a loop for the wrist and
pendants of light blue silk are attached to the baton.

Length, 30 inches.

Seoul, Korea. 151171

Collected by W. \V. Rockhill.

Carried only with full dress uniform. In old times the baton was made of
bamboo, to which was attached thongs of leather, serving in battle as a whip
and also used as a drinking tube. It is only displayed for ornament at the
present.

KOREAN NATIONAL FLAG (Gook-gi). White silk, with the national
symbol (ta-guk), two comma-shaped spirals ﬁlling a circle in red
and blue, and four geomantic signs (pal-qua) at the four corners of
the ﬂag.

Length, 14 inches; width, 21 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1884. 151638 '

Collected by P. L. Jouy.

This ﬂag was adopted in 1881.

BUTTON FOR SOLDIER’s HAT (Gui-don). White soapstone, circular;
carved on one surface with the national symbol.

Seoul, Korea, 1884. 151629

Collected by P. L. Jouy.

For decorating the hat of the common soldier.

PEAOOOK FEATHER ORNAMENT (Kong-tjang-mi). Bunch of feathers
arranged in fan shape and inclosed in a lead swivel button pierced
for suspension.

Length, 8 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77036

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

The peacock feather in Korea and China is a sign of official rank or promotion.
This ornament is worn by military otﬁcers and by soldiers of certain guards
near the King.

484 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

SCIENCE, RELIGION, EDUCATION, AND HUMAN ACHIEVEMENT.
RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL OBJECTS.

IMAGE OF BUDDHA. Stone ﬁgure heavily gilt. Buddha in contem-
plative attitude seated on the lotus. Base, painted red. Well
carved.

Height, 14 inches. '

Korea, 1885. 151600

Collected by P. L. Jouy.

The black line over the forehead shows the degree of Saint or Lower Buddha
in Wisdom. Obtained from a monastery in Tong-11a.

PRAYER BEADS (Yum-ju). A rosary Of 108 beads made of nuts. Some
of the larger beads at the beginning and divisions are made of glass
and wood.

Korea. ’ 151612
Collected by P. L. Jouy.
The regular Buddhist rosary used by priests.

FIGURE OF TIGER GOD (HO-rang-i-san-sin). VVOOden image, rudely
carved, representing a tiger in erect position with fore legs held up.
Painted and gilded.

Height, 6%» inches.
Monastery at Wonsan (Grensan)J Korea, 1885. 131608
Collected by P. L. Jouy.

CENSER (Hiang-no). Bronze; globular vase supported on three ﬁgures.

Lid pierced and surmounted by ﬁgure Of Shishi, the Sky lion.
Height, 4% inches.
Seoul, Korea. 151618
Collected by P. L. Jouy.

Used in the temple service. It should be set upon the table so that one foot
goes in front and two behind.

TEMPLE BELL (MOk-tak). Block of hard pine hollowed out in center
to leave two thin sounding plates. Striker, a stick 7 inches long.
Patches Of ﬁber cloth are glued over the upper parts of the oriﬁce
to increase the resonance and also to prevent Splitting.

Height, 5% inches; width, 3 inches.

Wonnsan (Gensan), Korea. 151619

Collected by P. L. Jouy.

Of the form known In Japan as suzu. It is used by Buddhist priests in some
services in the temple, where it is applied for ordinary religious performances,
while the larger bronze bell is reserved for a higher ceremony. In the temple
this bell is sounded at the beginning and end of the meal. Priests while travel-
ing carry a bell like this specimen.

MAGICAL FORMULA (Dharani in Sanscrit, Tanini in Korean). Bud-
dhist prayers in Sanskrit characters buried with the dead.

Length, 101} inches; width, 6% inches. .

Korea. 151699

Collected by W. W. Roekhill.

\Vritten in Sanskrit of the Nepalese style; prepared by Buddhist priests and
sold to believers. At the time of burial the papers are placed on the heart of
the corpse under the clothing to propitiate spirits.

 

 

Report of National Museum, 189L—H0ug'n. PLATE XXX“.

 

KOREAN EXPIATORY OFFERING.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII.
KOREAN EXPIATORY OFFERING.

STRAW MAN. Bundle of straw tied With hoops of straw into the outline of the head
and trunk of a man. Arms and legs fastened to the body. Some bits of
money are put in this ﬁgure, and it is thrown away under the impression
that the inﬂuence of an evil star may be overcome when the image is torn
to pieces. Length, ‘7 inches. (Cat. No. 77051, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea.
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.)

 

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 485

PAGODA (Tap). (Mode1.) Pieces of white marble, graded in size, piled
up on a wooden core and set on a wooden base. The top repre-
sents the lotus.’

Height, 15% inches.

Anchu City, Korea. 130888
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

A toy for children. The marble is produced in the district of Sungchun.

STRAW MAN (Tchoung). Bundle Of straw tied with hoops of straw
into the outline of the head and trunk of a man. Arms and legs
fastened to the body. Pl. XXXII.

Length, 28 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77051

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

“ When a man feels a longing to be better and to get rid of his sins, he goes
to a Buddhist priest and buys a straw ﬁgure like this. The priest tells him
that he will be absolved if he dresses the image in clothes like his own, puts
plenty of cash in the straw man’s belly, and tosses it into the road. The poor
people tear the image to pieces to get the cash and the man’s guilt ﬂies away.”
(Pin.) This idea is evidently translated into the language of another religion
than that of the Koreans.

“Along the road were numbers of straw eﬂigies, such as are made at New
Year’s season and sold for a few cents cash. Somewhat human in shape, about
a foot and a half in length, each is supposed to be the likeness of some one.
Inside is a little cash, and accompanying it is a written statement, saying
whom it represents, with a prayer for the coming year. The object is to rid
one’s self Of this as the Jews did the scapegoat. Sometimes they are burned,
but oftener are kept till the evening of the 14th day of the ﬁrst month, when
wandering beggars come by, calling, ‘ Give us tchoung.’ The mannikin is
passed through the partially Opened gate, it and the misfortunes of the year
becoming the property of the old beggar, who sells his peace of soul for the
few cash inside the tchoung.” (Rev. J. S. Gale in the Korean Repository,
Seoul. Vol. I, No. 1, Jan., 1892.)

Astrology is an important science in Korea. It is quite possible that the
true explanation: of the tchoung is astrological. The following table seems to
indicate this:

.lil.‘ Sung, ofﬁcial or ruling stars.

 

 

No. English. Korean. L Chinese. Translation.
_.__ ,n,, . ,, .,,_ .. ,, . , . ,,,_, ,L.‘ L , , , 7 , ,

1 NM ................... Tclioung ................ l (Na) ..................................
2 Saturn ................ Hurk ................... ; To .................... Earth.

3 Mercury .............. Mool .................... ; Sn .................... \Vatcr.

4 Venus ................ Sm? ..................... ‘ (luni .................. Metal.

5 Sun ................... Nal ..................... 1 Il ..................... Sun.

6 Mars ................. Boo] .................... Hwa .................. Fire.

7 Ke* ................... Kedo ................... (Ke) ..................................
8 Moon ................. Dal ...................... \Vol .................. Moon.

9 Jupiter ............... Pul ..................... l Mok .................. Plants.

 

 

 

 

 

 

* Mr. Soh does not know to which planets or heavenly bodies these Korean names refer.

When a Korean child attains a certain age he comes under the inﬂuence of
the planets and in the order of the above table he falls under the sway of good or
bad stars. The ﬁrst period (tchoung) is accounted bad and hence recourse is had
to the expiation of the straw image, tchoung. (SOIL)

486 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.
BOOKS AND LITERATURE.

Korean thought has always been directed through the channels of
Chinese learning. There apparently never was a characteristic litera-
ture of Korea; the whole plan Of education is Chinese, and the language
Of the country, with its beautiful alphabet, is correspondingly neglected.
Korean scholars are as proﬁcient in the Chinese classic style as those
Of China itself. Books printed in the common character are few and
little read.

The education of the child begins with the alphabet. He must com-
mit to memory the “ Thousand Character Classic.” a Chinese rhymed
vocabulary of so many words, no two alike. For the pupil it is ar-
ranged thus: the Chinese character, its meaning in Korean and its
Chinese name in Korean. After reading this three times the student
begins to write. The remainder of the course is in ordinary Chinese
schoolbooks. (See Boss’s Corea, p. 306.)

SCHOOLBOOK. Title, “ Elegant phrases accorded to classes, copied
complete.” Consists Of the “Thousand Character Classic” or
“door,” the “Hundred Family Names,” “Correct and Colloquial
Variations of Chinese Pronunciation and Chinese Conversations in
Chinese, Transliterated with the Korean Letters.” Most of the
book is taken up with “Chinese phrases and terms”, beginning
With Astronomy and Meteorology, embracing many subjects, in-
cluding'Divination. 41 leaves.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77122

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. -

KOREAN BOOK. Entitled in Chinese “Sicuo Myo yo ri. Mun tap.”
Holy, excellent, important doctrine. Questions and answers.

Seoul, Korea, 1884. 77120.

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadon, U. S. Navy.

A catechism issued by the Jesuits.

SANSKRITCHINEsn-KOREAN BOOK. Entitled “Pi mih Kiao,” or
“ Secret religion.” Made up of magical formula or dharani, written
in a kind Of Sanskrit resembling Nepalese, which to the uninitiated
is secret or hidden. Two prefaces, one written under the com
dc plume of “Hia Shan, p11 Lao Sou,” or the “Summer Hill Old
Vagabond,” dated 1644. Second preface was written by a Bud-
dhist monk of the menastery of Fuh Lin Shan, date July, 1652.
Book is without title-page or colophon. Printed in Korea, on
native paper.

Buddhist Temple of Pong-yang, Korea, 1885. 77121

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

The book begins with the “ iin-moun,” or Korean alphabet, said to have been
invented about the eighth or ninth century of our era by a bonze named Syd]—
chongi. The sounds of this are deﬁned by Chinese characters, for which the
student is directed to substitute the sound of the corresponding word in the

Korean colloquial language. The bulk of the book is taken up with prayers,
(dharani) addressed to Avalokitshwara, and begin with 0m or din-mani padmé-

.5. sin

1-“...e-PML

KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 487

SANSKRIT-CHINEsE-KOREAN BOOK—Continued.
ham. The “secret” or “ mysterious" characters are a modiﬁcation of the San-
skrit alphabet ascribed to Brahma, and seem to be identical with those used in
the Sanskrit books, said to have been brought to Japan by Kobo Daishi early
in the ninth century.—(Dr. D. B. McCartie.)

MANUSCRIPT BUDDHIST RELIGIOUS WORK. TaipO-pumo-eun-tchyang-
kying, “ Parents’ very precious evening-bell prayer book.” Written
in Korean characters Of the square or book form. It contains
tales Of the life Of Buddha for popular instruction in Buddhism;
7 4 pages.

Size, 14 by 8% inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77123

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

Good paper and excellent writing; most probably that of a lady.

MANUAL OF THE FOUR RITES. The Saryei-pyel-lam, a Chinese work
giving description of the ceremonies Of capping, or assuming the
cap of manhood; marriage; death and burial, and sacriﬁces to
ancestors. Four volumes.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77124

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

This is the great Chinese handbook of etiquette.

KOREAN PRINTED BOOK FOR CHILDREN. A text-book -used in
schools; title, “The ﬁve rules of deportment” (O-run-hang-sil).
Biographical accounts of persons, principally Chinese, who believed
in the ﬁve moral sentiments of Confucius. Printed in Korean and
Chinese characters; date, 187 6; illustrated.

Size, 124.} by 8% inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130585

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

The ﬁve rules are: 1. Honor to parents; 2. Love to brothers; 3. Love to
neighbors and friends; 4. Love of couiitry; 5. Love of wife and children.
Korean children over ten years old read this book and learn morals and religion
from it. It is the custom of the King on the 1st of January to order the head
of the bureau of education (Mr. Kim, in this instance) to print a large number
of copies of this work and to distribute them to the boys Of the district
schools. This book is interesting for the glimpse it gives of' the Korean educa-
tional system.

MANUSCRIPT KOREAN BOOK. “The war between Korea and Japan.”
(Im-jin-lok.) Clearly written in native characters on ﬁne paper.

Size, 91} by 7 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1884. 130583

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

This is an abridgment of an ofﬁcial history of the war near the close Of the
seventeenth century, in 70 volumes. The account is incorrect.

KOREAN BOOK. “An account Of the Eastern nations.” .(Ye-un.) N a-
tive characters, paper, and style.

Measurements, 12.} by 8 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1884. 130584

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

This book was written about ten years ago, in order to mold the rising
sentiment in favor of \Vestern civilization.

488 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.

GOSPEL OF MARK (Maga -.jun) Printed in_ Korea upon Japanese
paper. Translated from English into Korean.
Length, 83} inches; width, .5; inches.
Seoul, Korea. _ 130882
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

NOVEL (Hung-boojun). Printed on cheap native paper.

Length, 19.} inches; Width, 7; inches.

Seoul, Korea. 130881

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.

Popular wonder story of the brothers Hung-bu and Nol-bu. Dramatized in
Korea. Translated by Dr. Allen in “Korean Fairy Tales.”

MAP OF SEOUL, THE KOREAN CAPITAL. Drawn by a native. lol-
ored; very poor cartography, not drawn to scale, and having no
proﬁle hatchings.

Size, 26.5 by 40 inches.

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77067

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy.

Shows Nam-san, or South Mountain, Where signal ﬁres are lighted nightly,
also the Ponk-an, or North Fortress, and the walls and gates of the city. The
two principal streets are also shown, and the streams indicated as running
through the city are in reality Wide ditches, in which refuse is thrown, and
which are only thoroughly cleaned out at the time of the heavy summer rains.
These ditches are spanned by heavy stone bridges. The extensive grounds of
the King’s palace are also shown.

 

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