UC BERKELEY
MASTER NEGATIVE
STORAGE NUMBER

99-150.05

(National version of master

negative storage number:
CU SN99150.05)

 
MICROFILMED 1999
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
LIBRARY PHOTOGRAPHIC SERVICE

USAIN State and Local Literature
Preservation Project

Funded in part by the National Endowment for
the Humanities

REPRODUCTION AVAILABLE THROUGH
INTERLIBRARY LOAN OFFICE
MAIN LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY, CA 94720-6000

 
COPYRIGHT

The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code)
governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of
copyrighted materials including foreign works under certain
conditions. In addition, the United States extends protection to
foreign works by means of various international conventions, bilateral
agreements, and proclamations.

Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives
are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of
these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not
to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or
research.” If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy
or reproduction for purposes in excess of "fair use," that user may be
liable for copyright infringement.

University of California at Berkeley reserves the right to refuse to
accept a copying order if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order
would involve violation of copyright law.

 
Von Schrenk, Fulks
Kammerer

Report on the Eucalyptus
of California / by Von

Schrenk, Fulks &
Kammerer...

[St. Louis, c1909]

 
BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD TARGET

University of California at Berkeley Library
USAIN State and Local Literature Preservation Project

Master negative storage number: 99-150.05
(national version of master negative storage number: CU SN99150.05)

Von Schrenk, Fulks & Kammerer.
Report on the Eucalyptus of California / by Von Schrenk, Fulks & Kammerer

to Sacramento Valley Improvement Co., St. Louis. St. Louis : Sacramento
Valley Improvement Co., c1909.

UCD Shields SD397.E8 V6

Microfilmed by University of California Library Photographic Service,
Berkeley, CA

 
 

Filmed from hard copy
borrowed from
University of California
at Davis

 
FILMED AND PROCESSED BY
LIBRARY PHOTOGRAPHIC
SERVICE, UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, 94720

DATE: 7/99

REDUCTION RATIO: 8

 
SF 0
Od \V 4 a

© 5 7 WV
. x av Vv, 7 »
0 4 J ~, NN < : WV

LI o

Wo + aN \

1 2 o>
IN nv © Vv, \

25
22

20
18

16

I

I

“
ll=

I

28

I
I

5, 3.2
L

I

 

125
8

 

 

-
w
Oo
<
-
Se
o.
QO
Q
Oo
oc
oO
=
Q
xX
oa.
<
[+ o
Oo
Oo
a
)
XI
cB
<
xX

NBS 1010a ANSI/ISO #2 EQUIVALENT

 

I

 

PM-1 31’

:
>

 
 
 

   
  
       
     

  

 

fi r SERVICE
| REST SE
Ei |si1LVIGULTUR
i SEP 251909
RECEIVE
2 | : ARSENE os si 3on ater msi
LIBRARY Be |

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

 

 

———
-
Ta = ES — a:
v

 

 

 

 

2 |
Book Sth 2 |
LIBRARY eT | ;
UNIVERSITY QF CALIFORNIA i
DAVIS | |

 

 
 

REPORT

ON THE

Eucalyptus of California

 

 

BY

Von Schrenk, Fulks & Kammerer

TO

SACRAMENTO VALLEY
IMPROVEMENT CO.

SAINT LOUIS

(J

APRIL 22, 1909

LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

COPYRIGHT, 1909, BY
SAORAMENTO VALLEY IMPROVEMENT 00.
St. Louis, Mo.

 

 

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED,

 

 

 

WTTLE & BECKER PRINTING CO., ST. LOU &

 

 

 

Preface

The planting of Eucalyptus trees for the industrial
purposes and commercial profit is rapidly becoming
a widespread movement. The wider recognition of
the value of Eucalyptus lumber to replace the
dwindling supply of our hardwoods is focusing public
attention on this new industry of California. Prac-
tical Eucalyptus growers are: keenly alive to the
value of scientific investigations bearing on this im-
portant subject and are eagerly seeking every new
contribution by technical experts to what may be
called the Science of Eucalyptus Culture.

In making public the Report on Eucalyptus, com-
piled by the firm of Von Schrenk, Fulks and Kam-
merer, Consulting Timber Engineers, the Sacramento
Valley Improvement Company, to whom this report
was made, is moved by the desire to add some much
desired and valuable information to the general sum of
knowledge pertaining to Eucalyptus production and

to make the same more widely available.

A few words may be in place here to explain to
the general public the responsibility, character and
standing of the firm making this report. To scien-
tific technical timber men and timber users, the firm
is so well known as to require no introduction.

Von Schrenk, Fulks and Kammerer, Consulting
Timber Engineers, having a laboratory in St. Louis

sae 3

BR ban. 50 oi

 
 

 

 

in connection with the Shaw School of Botany, and
the world famous Shaw’s Botanical Gardens, are en-
gineers who -have specialized on timber production,
uses and preservation. They act as advisors to Rail-
road Companies, Civil Engineers, Architects, Manu-
facturers of Lumber and others, as consulting timber
engineers in all matters pertaining to the uses of
timber, the handling of same and improvements in
methods of manufacture.

The Senior member of the firm, Prof. Von Schrenk,
was for many years in charge of a division of Forest
Products of the United States Forest Service, and
Pathologist in charge of investigation of Timber
Diseases, and Methods for Preventing Same, in the
United States Department of Agriculture. Finding
that there was a large and constantly growing demand
for knowledge and advice which timber specialists
alone were able to furnish, particularly among the
railroads and other large consumers of timber, he re-

signed this position for the purpose of entering the

firm with which he is now associated. The firm has
for many years been acting as advisor to Lumber
Companies, Civil Engineers, and numerous Railway
Systems with respect to their lumber and tie supplies.
At the present time, Prof. Von Schrenk is Chairman
of the Committee on Grading Timbers of the American
Society for Testing Materials, a member of the Tie
and Wood Preservation Committees of the American
Railway Engineering & Maintenance of the Way As-
sociation ; lecturer of Timber Diseases and Uses at
Biltmore Forestry School, located at Biltmore, North
Carolina; also a member of the American Society of

vere 1 ie

 

 

 

 

PE —" rR

 

 

Civil Engineers, American F orestry Association, etc. ;
also lecturer at the University of Wisconsin and form-
erly at Yale. He has also been appointed Chairman of
the Missouri State Forest Commission.

The following brief extract taken from “Who's
Who in America,” will be of interest in this connec-
tion: ‘Hermann Von Schrenk, botanist; born at Col-
lege Point, L. I., N. Y., March 12, 1873; son of Prof.
Joseph S. Von Schrenk; graduated from Cornell Uni-
versity B. S. degree 1893; A. M. Harvard 1894,
Ph. D., Washington University 1898. Instructor
plant diseases Shaw School of Botany, Washington
University; pathologist in charge Mississippi Valley
Laboratory Bureau Plant Industry; U. S. Department
of Agriculture; in charge investigations on timber
diseases and timber preservation, special agent
Bureau of Forestry; Member American Botanical
Society, Society for Plant Morphology and Physiol-
ogy, A. A. A. S, Deutsche Botanishe Gessellshaft,
National Geological Society, American Forestry Asso-
ciation; Secretary American Board of Editors
Bontanishes Centralblatt; Treasurer American So-
ciety of Naturalists; specially engaged in investiga-
tions of diseases of forest trees and timber preserva-
tion. Author of, ‘The Decay of Timber and
Methods for Preventing It,’ ‘Seasoning of Timber,’
and papers on kindred subjects.” i

Messrs. E. B. Fulks and Alfred Kammerer, asso-
ciated with Prof. Von Schrenk, are also technically
trained men of high standing. They were both
formerly connected with the United States Forest
Service, and in that connection carried on extensive

i 5

Sl erat a me

 
 

 

 

 

investigations, dealing with the uses of timber and
its adaptibility to various purposes. Their laboratory
is prepared to carry on investigations, make reports
on all problems dealing with the best methods for
handling and utilizing timber. They make it their
business to look into the closest adaptibility of the
qualities of any and all kinds of wood to special uses;
determine the character and value of the various
preservation processes for increasing the length of life
of timber; make reports on problems dealing with
logging methods, the manufacture of lumber in its
various phases; dry kiln operations, wood waste
utilization; pulp industry, the manufacture of special
articles, the seasoning and preservation of timber in
its various forms, such as ties, telephone poles, mine
props, posts, etc., the adaption of various timbers for
building purposes, and problems relating to railway
track and bridge construction. In addition to these
general problems of wood utilization, they act as Con-
sulting Forest Engineers, to handle all problems deal-
ing with the planting and management of timber land.
It will, therefore, be seen that their experience and
training has particularly fitted them for making a
comprehensive report of this character, and their con-
tribution will no doubt be received with much satis-
faction and will obtain the recognition which a report
emanating from such authority merits.

SACRAMENTO VALLEY IMPROVEMENT
COMPANY,
St. Louis, Mo.

Report On
The Eucalyptus of California

BY

Von Schrenk, Fulks & Kammerer

Introduction

The hardwood timber supply of the United States
has for the last few years been growing less and less,
and in many parts of the country this decrease in the
supply has given rise to considerable anxiety to the
hardwood using industries. Many of them have
begun to look about in other parts of the country and
to foreign countries for the purpose of finding stibsti-
tutes for the woods hitherto employed.

Of all the timbers so far investigated, none have
given so much promise for very extensive utilization
as the various classes of Eucalyptus wood. Large

- quantities of this timber have been imported during

late years from Australia, notably in the car manu-
facturing industry. These Australian importations
have raised the question as to whether it would be
possible to grow the desirable species of Eucalyptus
in the United States; and many persons, particularly
in the Eastern States, have been surprised to learn
that the growing of Eucalyptus is not a new industry
in this country.

Eucalyptus has been grown to a very great extent

an 1] se

 
in California since 1860, but only recently has the
large planting of timber tracts been attempted. This
commercial planting has awakened an interest in the
new industry, and a rapidly increasing demand has
arisen for information on the part of prospective in-
vestors in all parts of the country, as to what Euca-
lyptus is, what it will do, and whether the investment
in lands for the purpose of growing Eucalyptus is a
paying investment.

The various reports that have been written on
Eucalyptus deal mostly with the silvilcultural require-
ments of the tree. It is the purpose of this report to
consider the subject largely from the point of view
of uses. A considerable portion of the data embodied
in this report was collected under the personal super-
vision of Mr. W. R. Wheaton, who for the past year
has been actively employed in the investigation of
Eucalyptus on the Pacific Coast.

History

The Eucalyptus, a genus of the family Myrtaceae,
is native to Australia and the adjacent islands. It
was first introduced into California in 1865, and was
planted around San Francisco Bay. During the next
few years it was planted extensively for windbreak
purposes in the Santa Clara Valley. About 1865, Mr.
Elwood Cooper set out large plantations on his ranch
near Santa Barbara, Cal, and these plantations are
today the oldest and best of the many plantations of
Eucalyptus. Shortly after Mr. Cooper started his
plantations, the culture of the tree was taken up in

ive Bnet

 

Southern California by the Honorable Abbot Kinney.
Mr. Kinney was instrumental in having established
the experimental station of the University of Cali-
fornia at Santa Monica. During the time he held
office as road overseer, he planted many and various
Eucalypts along the avenues of Ocean Park and Santa
Monica as ornamental and shade trees. Since 1865,
the Eucalypts have been extensively planted in Cali-
fornia, mainly for the windbreak purposes around
orchards and vineyards, and for fuel.

Species Grown in California

In Australia, the native home of the Eucalypts,
there are upwards of 150 species known to botanists,
not including the many dwarfed, scrubby, desert
species, and of these 150 species about 75 have been
propagated in California. The blue gum, E. globulus,
was the first Eucalypt introduced into California, and
the species which has been most extensively planted.
This predominance of the blue gum is true not only
of California, but of every country where this exotic
has been planted. This Eucalypt has acquired a con-
siderable reputation as a sanitary tree, the claim being
put forth that, where there are extensive plantations
of Eucalyptus globulus, there is no malaria. In his
book on Eucalyptus Abbot Kinney gives considerable
space to this property of the blue gum. In his
“Eucalyptographia” Baron von Mueller says of Euca-
lyptus globulus, that “for mitigating the heat of arid,
treeless regions, subject to high summer temperatures,
Eucalyptus globulus plays a most important part also.

sen Dione

 
But the culture of the tree should be millionfold as
effected already by wise statesmanship and enlightened
private enterprises in Algiers, Upper India, and some
of the western states of the North American Union.
The rearing of forests of our blue gum tree can be
accomplished more cheaply and more easily than that
of almost any other tree, while the return is twice or
three times earlier than that of the most productive
pine or oak forests, and this raising of Eucalyptus
forests can be extended to regions in which most pines
and all oaks would cope in vain with the almost rain-
less clime, although Eucalyptus culture can never ad-
vance to cold climes.”

Of the other species planted in California probably
the red gum, Eucalyptus rostrata; the forest gray
gum, Eucalyptus tereticornis, and the sugar gum,
Eucalyptus corynocalyx, rank next in order of quan-
tity planted. Eucalyptus rostrata has been planted in
large groves and has attained a large and rapid
development in the Imperial, the San Joaquin and the
Sacramento Valleys. The other species have been
planted extensively as shade and ornamental trees
along the city streets, in the experimental stations of
the University of California at Chico and Santa
Monica, in the private plantations and parks of Mr.
Elwood Cooper, the Honorable Abbot Kinney, and
Mr. Geo. Roeding, and in the various parks of Los
Angeles, San Francisco, Fresno, and other California
cities.

 

Description of Species, Etc.

It is impossible to give space here to a detailed de-
scription of the many Fucalypts, and it is impossible
for one not perfectly familiar with the growing tree,
and one who has not studied it thoroughly, to detect
one species from another from any written description.

For those desirous of learning the various botanical

differences of the many Eucalypts, we refer them to

the Eucalyptographia of Baron von Mueller.

Of the Eucalypts planted in California, Eucalyptus
rostrata, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus corynocalyx
and Eucalyptus tereticornis rank first as timber trees.
Their growth is extremely rapid, and their wood is
one of the finest hardwoods known to the world. As
an instance of their rapidity of growth it might be
stated that, in the plantations throughout the state,
the average blue gum tree 10 years old from 90 to
100 feet high and from 10 inches to 12 inches breast
diameter. Eucalyptus rostrata, Eucalyptus teriticornis,
and Eucalyptus corynocalyx are acknowledged slower
growers than Eucalyptus globulus, although in some
plantations in the Imperial and San Joaquin Valleys
Eucalyptus rostrata has exceeded this average growth
of Eucalyptus globulus. Since commercial planting
in California will be confined to the four species men-
tioned above, a short description of these trees will be
given. The following descriptions are taken from
Bulletin 196 of the College of Agriculture, University

of California.

 
 

Eucalyptus Corynocalyx

£6 . “ . : :
Trees of this species in close planting grow erect,

‘having a very open crown, while individual specimens
branch low, with the branches scattering. The bark
of the trunks of the old trees is deciduous, and of a
scale appearance, due to the unequal flaking off at
different times of the year. In color it varies from
a cream to a dark gray.

“The branches are smooth, shading off in color to
a light green, while the twigs, young seedlings and
sprouts are of a reddish hue. The leaves of the young
plants are ovate, dark green in color on the upper side
of the leaf and several shades lighter underneath.
Those of the old trees are long, slightly curved and
sharply pointed, somewhat leathery in texture, dark
green on the upper side and lighter in color beneath.

“The buds are borne laterally and bloom during
August and September; umbels alternate, solitary
pedicles short, the buds with their deciduous calyx
caps are dumb-bell shaped, while the mature fruit is
egg-shaped, with the valves three to four in number
generally three, enclosed. The seed ripens during the
summer months and is brown in color and the size
of the seed of Eucalyptus globulus, but not so
angular.”

Eucalyptus Globulus

“Individuals of this species grow erect as a rule,
branching low in isolated specimens, while those in

we 13 se

 

 

close plantings have small crowns and are particularly
free from lateral branches. The bark of the seedlings
is light bluish green in color, while that of the trunks
of the old trees varies from a light brown to a gray
or greenish color due to the flaking off of the bark in
long strips. The limbs are generally smooth.

“The stems of the seedlings are rectangular in
shape, while their leaves and those of the sprouts of
the old trees are opposite, oblong, bluntly pointed, and
of a light bluish green color, darker on the upper side
of the leaf. Those of the old trees are elongated,
sickle shaped, leathery in texture, and equally dark
green on both sides.

“This species is in bloom from January to May, the
flowers being white in color, generally solitary, axil-
lary and borne on short stalks. The whitish buds are
angular, with a bluntly saucer-shaped deciduous cap,
while the mature fruit is dark green in color, with
from three to five valves, generally four barely en-

closed.”

Eucalyptus Rostrata

“I'he bark of the seedlings and the twigs of the old
trees have a reddish hue, while that of the trunks of
the mature trees is a very dark gray, varying from
smooth and non-persistent in some trees to others
where it is deeply furrowed and persistent. The
limbs are much lighter than the trunk and smoother.

“I'he leaves of the seedlings are broad lance-shaped,
darker in color on the upper side, while those of the
older trees are elongated, narrow sickle-shaped, and

 
equally green on both sides. The umbels are solitary
and axillary. The flowers are borne in clusters of
from three to fourteen, generally seven, on one-fourth
inch pedicels.

“The buds with their hemispherical, sharply pointed
lids, are nearly round and a little larger than a BB

shot, valves three to five in number, generally four,
very much protruding on the mature fruits.” .

Eucalyptus Tereticornis

“This species is of a very erect habit of growth,
both in close planting and isolated specimens. The
branches are few and scattering, leaving the crown
open. The deciduous bark of the trunks of the old
trees is generally smooth and of a mottled color, from
light brown to cream, directly after the bark has been
shed.

“The buds are in bloom during May and June, and
are borne laterally in solitary umbels, in clusters from
five to nine, on short stalklets. The deciduous lid is
horn-shaped; reddish brown in color, just before
blooming time.

“The seed cases are slightly larger than those of
Eucalyptus rostrata; with the valves, three to five in
number, generally four, protruding and hemispherical.

“The leaves of the young plants are broad lance-
shaped, while those of the old trees are long, of
medium width and light green on both sides. The
pendulous branches with their long leaves give to the
trees a weeping effect.”

wy Vy.

 

 

Climatic Requirements

The Eucalypts growing in California range from
the head of the Sacramento Valley at the foot of Mt.
Shasta to the Tehachipi range, from the Imperial
Valley north to the T'ehachipi range and on the Coast
from San Francisco Bay to the Mexican line.

For their best development, the Eucalypts require
a deep, rich soil with plenty of moisture. Eucalyptus
globulus attains its best development on the coast
where it has the benefit of the heavy coast fog. It is
not a drought resistant tree, nor will it stand extremes
of temperature, the range being from 27° F. to 105°
F., and it must have moisture. In the hot climate of
the Imperial Valley the tree is scalded by the hot winds
in the summer.

Eucalyptus corynocalyx, the sugar gum, is the most
drought resistant tree of the four timber Eucalypts
mentioned, but it will not withstand frosts. It has
never been raised successfully in large plantations in
the San Joaquin Valley, as it succumbs to the frosts.
It has been raised principally in the frostless regions
of Southern California.

Eucalyptus rostrata, the red gum, thrives in a
climate subject to extremes of temperature. In the
Imperial Valley, with its hot days and cold nights,
this tree attains a rapid growth and fine development.
It will endure a minimum temperature of 20° F., and
a maximum temperature of 130° F., and is a very
drought resistant tree, although it attains its best de-
velopment when given considerable moisture.

Fucalyptus tereticornis, the forest gray gum, re-

sembles Eucalyptus rostrata very closely, and it will
wie’ 303 won

 
 

 

thrive under the same climatic conditions required for
the development of the red gum. It so closely resem-
bles Eucalyptus rostrata in its botanical aspects that
in his first edition of the “Eucalyptographia” Baron
von Mueller classed it as Fucalyptus rostrata.

Propagation

In raising nursery stock the first requirement is seed
true to name. Such seed may be obtained from re-
liable seedmen or may be gathered from the existing
groves. The seed should be sown in the nursery
during the month of June and the plants will be
sufficiently large to set out in the field the following
spring. The usual method of procedure is to sow
the seed in boxes containing prepared soil, these boxes
being “kept damp through the heat of the day until
the young plants break ground, then care should be
taken not to use too much water, and that there is a
good circulation of air over the flats or the fungous
disease of dying off is liable to occur.” When the
young plants are two to three inches high, they should
be transferred to the shipping flats. These are usually
made about 16”7x22”/x3"”, capable of holding one hun-
dred (100) plants.

The trees should be transplanted in the spring after
all danger of late frost is over and when the young
trees can have the benefit of the late spring rains.
Before planting, the ground should be thoroughly
plowed and harrowed. After planting, the seedlings
should be frequently and thoroughly cultivated so as

to form a mulch which checks evaporation, kills the

weeds and retains a maximum amount of moisture in

1 —

 

 

the soil. This cultivation should be continued until
the branches have developed enough to prevent the
passage of a horse. During the growth of the planta-
tion, thinning out should be practiced, and the trees
which fall behind in the race for sunlight and life
should be taken out, and the food supply, which they
would absorb, should be given to the trees which will
live and mature. This is merely helping nature out
in her process of the survival of the fittest.

After the tree has been cut, sprout growth springs
from the parent stump. These sprouts should be cut
down to one or two to each stump. The sprout
growth is much more rapid than that from the seed.
Some nurserymen even advocate the cutting of the
seedlings one year after planting, to obtain the most
rapid growth and best development.

Enemies

The California Eucalypts are remarkably free from
the attacks of insects or fungus growths. It is only
in the very rarest instances that any of the trees will
suffer from the diseases common to most of the native
forest trees of the United States. This is an exceed-
ingly striking fact and one which makes the growth
and propagation of Eucalyptus trees for commercial
purposes an almost assured success.

When one remembers that our trees almost without
exception suffer more or less from both insects and dis-
ease, thereby entailing considerable loss to the owner,
it will be recognized that this is one of the most strik-
ing features which Eucalyptus has to recommend it for

commercial development.
—_—17 —

 
i

- ah NE ts in

Utilization

The principal interest in any wood, which is grown
for commercial purposes, lies in the various uses to
which the wood can be put when ready for marketing.
With the large number of woods which are available
for different purposes in the United States, it becomes
a matter of particular interest to know what specific
quality or qualities the various woods possess which
render them more or less fit for any specific purpose.
For example, we have been accustomed to consider
white oak and longleaf yellow pine as the principal
wood for structural timbers: in the wagon industry
ash has been the chief wood used for whatever light-
ness and strength were the chief requisites: in making
tool handles hickory has been the chief wood employed,
etc. The wood of the Eucalypts possesses certain
distinguishing qualities which make them particularly
fitted for a large variety of purposes, which must be
considered fortunate in view of the rapidly decreasing
supply of the high grade hardwoods, which we have
been accustomed to use. A careful study of these
specific qualities of the various Eucalypts has shown
that this class of timber is particularly adapted to
those industries requiring great strength and elasticity,

and likewise to such uses where strength and lasting

power are important.

The Structure of the Wood

The wood of the Eucalyptus family is intensely
hard and strong; it ranking foremost in strength
among the world’s supply of hardwoods. In its

—18 —

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cross Section Hickory.

(Highly magnified.)

 

Eu. loxophleba
(York Gum)

 

 

Cross Section American Ash.
(Highly magnified.)

Eu. salubris
(Gimlet Gum)

Eucalyptus Cross Sections.

(Magnihed

three times.)

 

Eu. globulus
(Blue Gum)

 
 

oe MM SE Sra EE III,

=

Mi en ae

!
N
3
by
i]
E
5
it
1
i
i
i
i
%
}

<
SUE
srr eae melon

structure the wood differs materially from that of any
of the hardwoods of the United States, the main dif-
ference consisting in the closely interlocked structure
of the wood fibres, which gives the wood the appear-
ance of great density. When looked at in cross
section, Eucalyptus wood appears almost solid, that
is, the pores commonly seen very plainly in timbers
like oak, ash and hickory, are found to be very few
in number and more or less closed. A great amount
of the year’s wood production consists of solid wood
fibres. This will become very evident by a comparison
of the attached photograph showing a cross section
of one of the Eucalypts, with similar photographs of
+ hickory and ash. The closely interlocked character
of the wood fibres is best shown by the appearance of
a piece broken in shear. The broken surfaces of the
specimen present a peculiar, corrugated appearance.

Color of the Wood: Grain and Hardness

The color of Eucalyptus wood varies materially
with the different species from a very light straw color
to a dark red-brown.

When cut into lumber the wood shows a beautiful
grain, which is easily brought out by any process of
natural finishing. Some of the species, notably Euca-
lyptus rostrata, when finished, look almost like the
true mahogany; in fact so close is the resemblance
that they could easily be mistaken for each other.
The presence of this figured grain is a striking quality
in most of the species, and it is on this account that
the wood makes particularly attractive finishing

post OF rm

 
 

 

 

 

 

material for the interior of houses and for the manu-
facture of furniture.

As a rule the various kinds of Eucalyptus wood are
very hard, most of them being among the hardest
woods known. Even the softer woods, like Euca-
lyptus globulus, are usually classed in hardness grade
2, a grade usually called “extremely hard,” and com-
parable in this country to the box wood. It will be
seen that this is a very hard wood when it is stated
that American ash is usually given a grade of hard-
ness 5; chestnut, beach and oak, hardness 6.

Weight of the Wood

Most of the varieties of Eucalyptus are very heavy.
For instance, Eucalyptus globulus weighs from 43 to
54 lbs. per cu. ft., Eucalyptus rostrata, 53 to 65 1bs.

per cu. ft., and Eucalyptus tereticornis 52.5 lbs. per

cu. ft.

Strength of the Wood

The various kinds of Eucalyptus wood are among
the strongest woods known. From tests made by the
United States Forest Service, it appears that a com-
parison of the various kinds of gum with hickory
shows that thirty-year-old Eucalyptus globulus is
stronger than hickory, and that fifteen-year-old Euca-
lyptus corynocalyx is nearly as strong as black
hickory and 91% as strong as second growth hickory.

In the following table is shown a comparison of
the moduli of rupture of several varieties of Austra-
lian Eucalyptus with the same species grown in

airs OY ie

 

 

 

California; also a comparison with some of our most
important domestic structural timbers:

Moduli of Rupture in Cross Bending
Tests

Eucalyptus Globulus (Australian) 17,000
Eucalyptus Globulus (Californian) 3,265
Eucalyptus Diversicolor (Australian)...... 17,300
Eucalyptus Diversicolor (Californian) 18,386
Fucalyptus Resinifera (Australian) 16,500
Eucalyptus Resinifera (Californian) 14,500
Eucalyptus Rostrata (Australian) 10,400
Eucalyptus Rostratra (Californian)........ 14,380
Long Leaf Southern Pine 12,600
Short Leaf Southern Pine 10,100
Douglas Spruce 7,900
White Oak

Post Oak

Shagbark Hickory

Mockernut Hickory

White Ash

White Elm

It will be noted from the tests thus far made that
the statement above quoted that the Eucalyptus woods
are among the strongest, is not exaggerated. This is,
of course, of considerable importance in view of the
fact that most of the industries using hardwoods re-
quire certain qualities of strength and elasticity,
which are particularly characteristic of the Eucalyptus
species.

 
 

 

 

Forest Service Tests

 

on Green Eucalyptus

 

 

 

 

Average Bending
Strength.

 

Lbs. per Percent-
Sq. in. age.

 

E.
E.
FE.
E.
E.
E.
E.
FE.
E.
FE.
E.
E.
E.
E.
E.
E.

citriodora
corynocalyx
hemiphloia
cornuta
punctata
polyanthema
occidentalis
goniocalyx.
rostrata
sideroxylon
tereticornis
globulus
stuartiana
viminalis
diversicolor

 resinifera

17,970 | 156.1
16,480 | 143.1
14,000 | 121.7
14,440 | 125.5
13,170 | 114.4
11,480 99.7
14,060 | 122.1
12,050 | 104.7
11,830 | 102.8
11,360 | 98.8
11,350 98.7
11,510 | 100.
11,010 95.7
9,880 | 85.8
10,320 | 89.7
9,170 79.7

 

 

 

Percentages based in all tests

Orushing Parallel | Orushing Perpen-

to Grain. dicular to Grain.

Shear Parallel
to Grain.

Average
Strength

 

Lbs. per |Percent-| Lbs. per |Percent-
Sq. in. age. Sq. in. age.

Lbs. per | Percent-
Sq. in. age.

Percent-
age.

 

8,620 | 179.4) 2,450 | 187.0
7,220 | 150.2| No Tests

6,240 | 129.8 1,780 | 139.5
6,170 | 128.3 1,640 | 125.2
6,010 | 124.9] No T|ests

6,690 | 139.1] 1,550 | 118.3
5,920 | 123.1) 1,390 | 106.2
5,420 | 112.7] 1,560 | 119.1
5,340 | 111.1] 1,620 | 123.7
5,120 | 106.4) 1,780 | 135.9
5,400 | 112.3) 1,320 | 100.8
4,810 | 100.0 1,310 | 100.0
4,800 | 99.9 1,420 | 108.3
4,310 | 89.6 1,170 | 89.4
4,850 | 100.9] 920 | 70.3
4430 | 92.2] No Tests

 

 

 

 

1,900 | 115.9
2,140 130.5
1,860 113.4
1,840 112.2
No Tests

No Tests

1,720 104.9
1,780 108.5
1,740 106.1
1,640 | 100.0
1,530 93.4
1,640 100.0
1,470 89.7
1,520 92.8
1,460 89.1
No Tests

 

 

159.6
141.3
125.2
122.8
119.6
119.0
114.0
111.2
110.9
110.2
101.3
100.0

98.4

89.4

87.5

85.9

 

on Eucalyptus globulus = 100%.

 
 

 

 

 

Lasting Power

As a rule the various kinds of Eucalyptus are very
durable. This, of course, refers largely to the heart
wood, because the sap wood of any kind of tree, no
matter where itis grown, has a comparatively short
length of life. Instances of a very long length of
life for various purposes, particularly for ties and
posts, are very numerous. FEucalyptus rostrata has
given an average length of life of 25 years, and there
are instances on record where ties of this timber have
lasted 40 years. Eucalyptus tereticornis gives an
average length of life of 18 years, and others have
given equally long service. Where any of the trees
have a considerable amount of sap wood they can
readily be treated with preservative.

Finishing Qualities

One of the chief characteristics of Eucalyptus wood
is the ease with which the wood can be finished. Most
of the Eucalypts, owing to their hardness, can be
polished so as to give a very high lustre. The wood
likewise takes stains very easily, and when dull
finished, gives an appearance which will rival any of
the hardwoods used for finishing purposes. It would
be difficult to conceive of a more beautiful piece of
wood than Eucalyptus, for instance, when given a
natural finish. The delicate grain is brought out in a
striking manner when the wood is polished.

. Defects

The presence or absence of defects in lumber in-
creases or decreases its value for all kinds of uses. As
already indicated, the various species of Eucalyptus
are practically free from any form of defect caused
by insect or fungus disease, so that when manufactured
into lumber, the wood is found to be free from the
defects usually present in many hardwoods. The long
straight trunks are comparatively free from knots,
which results in the manufacture of practically clear
lumber. The freedom from dote or decay of any
sort is a quality which will not be under-estimated by
users of hardwoods, and is one of the most striking
attributes of the Eucalyptus family.

Uses of Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus wood has been used for many years in
the native home of this tree, and the various species
are there regarded as among the most important tim-
bers of the country. The government of Australia
has spent a great deal of time and money in the in-
vestigation of the qualities of the various Eucalyptus
species, and their adaptability to various purposes.

In the United States the manufactured products of
the California grown Eucalyptus have not been
exploited to any very great extent, owing probably
to the fact that the value of the wood has not been
sufficiently recognized outside of California. The
wood of Eucalyptus globulus in particular has been
used for all kinds of purposes for the past twenty
years or more. It is striking to note that, almost

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

without exception, the products of the local saw mills
in California have been found superior to the products
of the Eastern hardwood mills. Several small plan-
ing mills have been operating in San Francisco, Los
Angeles and San Jose for twenty years or thereabouts,
and these have supplied, in a small way, the local
blacksmith, wheelright and carriage manufacturer.
Recently some of the larger lumber manufacturers of
California have been handling products from Euca-
lyptus groves, and several companies have been
organized to exploit the products manufactured from
‘California grown Eucalyptus.

The rapid introduction of Eucalyptus wood into
the wagon industry, the tool industry, etc., will in no
way interfere with the continued use of native
American hardwoods, such as hickory, ash, oak, etc.,
because all these woods have qualities of their own to
recommend them for the uses to which they have been
put for many years, and the introduction of Euca-
lyptus for similar purposes will simply serve to
stimulate the use of American woods and will give a

source of supply for needed articles, wherefor the

amount of native hardwoods available is becoming
limited.

In enumerating the uses for which Eucalyptus has
been employed or might be employed, it must be
remembered that the utilization of Eucalyptus is com-
paratively recent in this country, and while a large
number of instances can be mentioned where this wood
has been successfully employed, it must not be over-
looked that the qualities above referred to should
recommend its use in many fields where it has not yet

ities DE saw

been tried, with every feasonable assurance of com-
plete success.

Wagon Industry

On account of its great strength and elasticity
Eucalyptus wood is particularly adapted to the manu-
facture of all kinds and parts of wagons. About
eight years ago a wagon, which was made entirely of
Eucalyptus manufactured in a Los Angeles mill, was
sold to some parties for use in the desert. In this
dry country, where ordinary wood usually shrinks
with the result that parts of the wagon become loose,
this wagon was used two years without a tire having
to be set or repairs of any kind having to be made.

~The value of Eucalyptus wood for single and double

trees is known to every rancher in California, and it
is no exaggeration to state that the Californian will
hew out a green single or double tree from Eucalyptus
in preference to the best oak or hickory product on
the market.

A Los Angeles company, doing a heavy trucking
business, began eight years ago using Eucalyptus
wagon poles and reaches, and prefers them to any
product of ash, oak or hickory.

Without going into further details, it may be stated
that from the experience thus far obtained, Eucalyptus
wood is adapted to the manufacture of wagon stock
of all kinds.

Furniture

On account of the beautiful grain and the ease with
which it can be finished, Eucalyptus lumber is rapidly
coming into use for the manufacture of all kinds of

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

interior finish and furniture. If more of this timber
were available, there is no doubt but what its use for
these purposes would increase with great rapidity.
Large quantities of Eucalyptus have been imported
for many years by car companies to be used for the
interior finish of cars. Many of the Pullman cars
have been finished in this wood, and have excited the
admiration of many, although few have known that
the beautiful wood was really Eucalyptus.

The value of Eucalyptus wood for furniture is
enhanced by the fact that it can be made into veneer
just like any other hardwood.

Tool Handles, Implements, Etc.

Eucalyptus wood is well adapted to the manufacture
of all kinds of tool handles, felloes and other imple-
ments. The wood polishes very readily and has the
advantage in that it does not split or splinter. When
these qualities are combined with great strength, it
will be readily seen that its value for these purposes
is very great.

For several years many of the western telegraph
companies have been using Eucalyptus wood for the
manufacture of pins. These pins are valued as highly
as the much prized black locust pins, and the price
received for them is about the same; that is, about
$14.00 per 1000 for 11%4”x9” pins. Among the firms
using Eucalyptus pins may be mentioned the Pacific
Gas & Electric Co., of San Francisco; the Mt. Whit-
ney Power Co., of Visalia, Cal. ; the Spokane & Inland
Ry. Co., of Spokane; the Los Angeles Pacific Ry. Co.,

—28 —

of Los Angeles, and the United Railways of San
Francisco.
Flooring

Eucalyptus lumber makes one of the very finest
floorings and has been used in some of the best resi-
dences in California. Flooring made from Eucalyptus
globulus sells in California for from $65.00 to $110.00
per 1000 ft., B. M.

Poles, Piles, Ties and Posts

Owing to their great lasting power, many of the
species of Eucalyptus are particularly adapted for
uses where great length of life is an important factor.
As stated above, some of the species have given a
length of life of from 25 to 40 years. Eucalyptus
rostrata is particularly fitted for this purpose, and so
also Eucalyptus tereticornis. Saplings should make
excellent fence posts when properly treated. One of
the great advantages of Fucalypts for all kinds of
poles, piles and posts is that they make straight,
uniform, round poles, a very valuable quality for pur-
poses of this character. The probability that this
wood will be used more extensively for poles, and
piling in the future is very great, and one of the
reasons why it has not been used more extensively in
the past, was the absence of a sufficient supply. What
has been said of posts and piling will also apply to
mine timbers. The chief requirement for mine tim-
bers is that they shall last and have great strength.
With the decreasing supply in the available mine tim-
bers for the mines in the West, the market for small

poles should be excellent.
— 0) ne

 

 

 

 

 
  
 
 
   

 

 

 
   
 
  
   
  
   
   
   
 

   
  
  
  
   
 
  
 

 

  
 

 

a ism et i erin ¥
ne ; . ES

 

   
   
  

Fuel

Eucalyptus wood makes an excellent fuel. ‘The
California grown Eucalypts have been marketed to
a very great extent for this purpose, it being one of
the best fuel woods obtainable in Southern California.
The wood sells for from $6.00 to $14.00 per California
cord of 96 feet. Some of the groves which have been
cut for fuel have made very good returns to the
owners. Even where the groves were used solely for

+ this purpose, they were very profitable. One of the

reasons why the wood makes such good fuel is be-
cause of its great density. It is a well known fact
that with the increased hardness of wood, the fuel
value increases. A hardwood like Eucalyptus, for
instance, will have a very much higher fuel value than
pine.

—

Bi-Products

While the chief value of Eucalyptus lies in the
timber, it should be pointed out that one of the bi-
products, which is frequently obtained from Euca-
lyptus trees, is the oil which is manufactured from
the leaves, twigs and branches of most of the Euca-
lyptus species. The oil is a very good antiseptic, and
is highly valued for its medicinal properties. ‘The
residue left from the distillation of the leaves is said
to make a very good boiler compound, and is used by
the United States Navy for removing the scale and
incrustation from boilers. This residue also contains
a large amount of tannic acid and makes a very good
tanning solution for the manufacture of leather.

sas BO) wo

   

Description and Uses of the Four
Most Important Species

Eucalyptus Rostrata
Weight per cu. ft. 53.5 Ibs. to 65 Ibs.

The wood of this species is the most beautiful of
all the Eucalypts. It has a fine, wavy grain, is of a
warm, rich red color, takes a very high and beautiful
finish, and resembles mahogany closely enough to
deceive even expert cabinet-makers. Its close, com-
plicated grain makes it difficult to split. It is remark-
ably uniform, durable, strong and hard.

USES: It is highly valued for ship’s beams; ties;
piles; posts; paving blocks; bridge timbers; furniture
and interior finish. This is the chief wood used for
paving material in Melbourne.

Eucalyptus rostrata promises to be one of the most
successful species in the United States.

Eucalyptus Globulus
Weight per cu. ft. 43 lbs. to 57 Ibs.

The wood has a pale straw color, with a twisted
and curly grain, planing well. It is hard, heavy,
moderately strong, elastic and durable. The pith rays

wes BL see

 
 

are very numerous and fine; the pores moderate sized,
grouped or in lines.

USES: Fencing; telegraph poles; bridge timbers;
piles; ship building; felloes; shafts; spokes; imple-
ments and carriage building. It was formerly used
for ties, but now Eucalyptus rostrata is preferred for

this purpose.

Eucalyptus Tereticornis

Weight per cu. ft. 52.5 Ibs.

This wood is red-brown in color, resembling cedar,
having a curly cross grain; is lustrous; heavy; hard
and very durable; is easy to dress.

USES: Fencing; naves; felloes; ties; telegraph
poles; and paving blocks.

Eucalyptus Corynocalyx

This wood is yellowish white in color; very heavy;
hard; strong; durable and is said to be termite and
terredo proof. It seasons easily and does not warp.

USES: Ties; piles; planks; fencing; utensils and
wheels,

 

 

Conclusion

It has been shown in the foregoing that the wood
of the Eucalyptus has been used for many years in
Australia and other countries, where these trees have
been grown, for a large variety of purposes. It has
been found particularly valuable for all sorts of uses
because of its great strength, uniform quality, lasting
power and the beautiful finish which it will take.
Abundant evidence is at hand that the various kinds
of Australian Eucalyptus, which have been imported
into this country for many years, have given similar
satisfaction here, and wherever Eucalyptus has been
used in the United States it is highly prized. When
one takes into consideration the great value of the
wood ; its adaptability and fitness for a large number
of purposes which are applicable both to the large and
small consumer, it is only logical to conclude that
Eucalyptus, with its rapidity of growth and superior
qualities is destined to form a most important factor
in the hardwood timber industry of the United States.

 
 

Appendix

Tables giving data concerning the various

Eucalyptus plantations in California.

 

 

 
Table 1 | Table 1
Growth and Yield of Eucalyptus Plantations

 

SANDY LoAaM SoiLs SANDY Loam Soins

,

 

 

 

Present
Location. Stand per (Diameter. Height. Yield per Acre.
Area Original Acre
Measured, Spacing. :
Acres.

 

 

Average, | Average, Total, Total,
rees. Inches. Feet. cubic ft. Oords.

9x9 | 2.224 | 22 25 899 | 13.
8x8 620 | 4.2 30 | 1,860 | 27.3
8x8 648 | 3.1 28 648 9.5
9x9 ‘| 2,006 | 38 35 | 6,018 | 88.5
8x8 | ‘436 3.4 45 654 9.6
8x8 636 | 2.7 22 636 9.3
6x6 646 | 4.8 35 | 3230 | 47.5
6x6 838. | 5.6 45 | 5028 | 739
8x8 | 1,608 | 4.2 35 | 4824 | 170.9
8x8 | 1,518 | 3.8 45 | 4554 | 66.9
ox9 | 1,062 | 3.1 45 | 1082 | 15.6
8x8 504 | 5.7 45 | eve | 40
9x9 | 1536 | 38 | 55 | 4,608 | ev
9x7 | 283 | sa. [ a0 | 20832 | 594
10x6 524 | 5.0 55 | 2,620 | 38.5
8x8 644 | 2.8 25 644 9.4
8x8 636 | 4.3 40 | 1,908 | 28.0

Town, County,

 

 

 

Florence ..ILos Angeles.
Santa Ana Orange
Walters. .|Galivan ...San Diego...
*Hoff. ....[Florence ..JLos Angeles..
Coyote ...Orange
Anderson.|Oceanside .San Diego. ..
Evans. .,. |BairdstownLos Angeles.
Hunter. ...Bairdstown Los Angeles.
*Steele. ... .|Compton .Los Angeles.
*Hickey. ..[Santa Ana Orange

*Hoff. ... [Florence ..Los Angeles.
Clothier. .|Cypress .. Los Angeles.
Florence ..ILos Angeles.
- [Compton .Los Angeles.
..|Santa Ana .Orange
.|Oceanside .San Diego. .
- Sweetwater San Diego. . .

 

 

HB C0 © Ot Ot Ot i HB HB HB 00 C0 CO C0 C0 9 9
Pd pb pd fd pd pd pd ped pd ped pd pd ped pd pd pd pd

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

* Sprout Growth.

 

 
   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hunter Eucalyptus Plantation Bailey Eucalyptus Plantation

| GLOBULUS |

| GLOBULUS

| BAIRDSTOWN, CALIFORNIA |

a Santa ANA, CALIFORNIA
f | Planted 8x8. Seven Years Old
| a Planted 10x6. Eight Years Old
§ Number |Diameter
| i Troms. Sieh Feet. Conds. Ties: Foot. Nenver De "| ouble | goras. Ties Board
it Hi Trees High. Feet. Feet.
i | 50 4 150 BB i] ih
i 44 5 229: sel | ... 3 31 3 BI Af win mre
a | 48 6 336 4.9 62 4 186 BY 1 avi] ieee
i | 18 ry 180 9 6 on Soa 31 ” 310 ABT Live ween
i 28 8 see | ss] ...] 130 54 S W03 WB 1... |. RE
8 | 0 | o| oso] wo] ...| 250 $4. 2 | tu 210... 500
a 60 [ 10 | 10 92] ...[ 5%00 47. [| 20 | 1,039 132 ....| 4,05
E 58 | 11] vase! 2391 ...| eoeo av | 11 | 135% wa ....]| BEe0
i | 26 13 1,040 15.0 52 5,200 93 13 3,720| 54.8 186 16,275
EL 50 | 12 | 140] 207] 60 6450 101 | 14 | amv cov | 202 | 2715
| 20 | 15 | 1080 | 159 | 60 4,900 55 | 15 | 2,970) 43.3 | 165 | 13,475
N 29 16 1,320 19.1 88 6,270 54 16 3,240 47.6 216 15,390
i 14 17 924 | 13.5 80 | 4,480 v 17 462| 6.7 42 | 2,240
\! 12 18 900 | 13.2 | 120 | 4,000 39 18 | 3,025 44.4 | 390 | 15,015
| 6 | 19 510 v5 | m2 | 2520 16 | 19 | 1,360, 20.0 | 196 | 6,720
j Tot'l, 538 LL 14,104 206.2 594 | 58,544 Tot'l, 731 .s 25,897 378.2 | 1,397 115,437
| -»
f — 38 — d — 39 —
J

Et eg

 
Baldwin Eucalyptus Plantation

GLOBULUS
ARrcADpIA, CALIFORNIA

Mecham Eucalyptus Globulus
Planted 10x10. Twenty-five Years Old

Plantation —

 

 

Number Diameter,
of Breast Oubic

MecuAM, SoNnomA County, CALIFORNIA Trees High.
Planted 6x6. Nine Years Old 10 8 i 10

8 8 104 1.5 i 344
Poles Fest. 14 9 238 2.5 So 980
6 10 132 1.9 a 570

10 11 280 4.1 a 1,200

28 12 924] 18.5 3,780
30 13 1,200, 17.6 6,000
18 14 846] 12.4 3,870
16 15 864] 12.5 3,440
12 16 720 10.6 3,420
26 17 1,716] 25.2 5,440
10 18 50 11.0 3,850
16 19 1,360 ~ 20.0 6,720
24 20 2,400, 35.3 14,720
8 21 ovel 14.2 6,187
14 22 2,072 30.4 12,053
23 2,352] 34.5 14,187
24 3,330 48.9 20,280
25 2,424] 35.6 18,570
6 | 1873] 18.4 7,427
2 1,744| 25.6 11,147
28 892| 13.1 5,760
29 912| 18.4 5,973
: 30 1,392] 20.3 9,200
31 960] 14.1 6,290

102,429] ¢ 32 1,888] 27.7 12,850
33 2,510, 36.9 16,530

Tot’l, 362 aie 34,508) 505.1 195,788

we AL] wns

Board
Foot. Cords. Ties. Foot.

 

 

 

65 | 50

 

 

2
3
4
5
6
v
8
9

bd pd pd pd ped pd pd
STUHR WW OO

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
——_ Thr

see re A AN Se A A Se
a a Eh ——. Gi

I A RRR Sa OT IL A A Sar ts aba

a

RE

er

BS Ee

:
i

;
gi
§
3
$i
3
fi
3
f
Bl
Bi
5

ur ol

TESTE

 

Table of Contents

Introduction

Species Grown in California
Description of Species, etc
Eucalyptus Corynocalyx
Eucalyptus Globulus
Eucalyptus Rostrata
Eucalyptus Tereticornis
Climatic Requirements
Propagation .............:. .
Enemies

Weight of the Wood ..............00ciiviaaiic) Ne
Strength of the Wood ........

Cross Bending Tests

Forest Service Tests

Uses of Eucalyptus ........ Sema utaine nie wie wanna te 25
Wagon Industry
Furniture
Tool Handles, Implements, etc
Flooring
Poles, Piles, Ties and Posts
Seta brs eres Hesse sree nar neemnnneaeve SO
By-products
Most Important Species
Conclusion
Tables giving data concerning the various Eucalyptus
Plantations in California

 
0
Keo”
SN
«OO
0
pe NV
Wo % \¥ z

o

107101 1g 18 11418

 

 

 

 

 

A 1]
5

Po a
WoO

4 Lv
Ca

 
FILMED AND PROCESSED BY
LIBRARY PHOTOGRAPHIC
SERVICE, UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, 94720

DATE: 7/99

REDUCTION RATIO: 8

 
| END OF TITLE