a Ai SLT haa ay The a, ag mn Pa é i ay ih Ut pn 5 Rest A er eae ios ; Ri argent pete ee re baad > ‘ ie ike ne panne? ei Behan Hen aw Le Bre og 7 Fe. ''Rat LTE St cers 4 soap wettest z & & ° —= eer =8 —- + emt + —= a = — = oo 2VE Rece. ''eae tific sioreeseee: ''pa eet “hee ie '' '' '' '' '' ICHINOLOGY OF NEW ENGLAND me PO he ON THE SANDSTONE OF THE CONNECTICUT VALLEY, ESPECIALLY ITS FOSSIL FOOTMARKS. MADE TO THE GOVERNMENT OF THE Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Bry EDWARD HITCHOOOK, PROFESSOR IN AMHERST COLLEGE. “They are fraught with strange meanings, these footprints of the Connecticut.””»—Hugau MILLER. BOS TO NX WILLIAM WHITE, PRINTER TO THE STATE. Loos, '' '' Commonwealth of Massachusetts. {Resotvss of 1857—Chapter 83.] RESOLVE PROVIDING FOR THE PUBLICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF PROFESSOR HITCHCOCK’S GEOLOGICAL REPORT. Resolved, That Professor Hitchcock’s Geological Report on the Sandstone of the Connecticut Valley, with drawings and maps connected therewith, be printed, under the direction of the committee of the library ; that a sufficient number be printed, and one copy furnished to each member of the executive and legislative departments of the government for the present political year, and one copy to each town and city in the Commonwealth.— Approved by the Governor, May 29, 1857. (Resotves of 1858—Chapter 25.] RESOLVE IN RELATION TO PROFESSOR HITCHCOCK’S GEOLOGICAL REPORT. Lesolved, That one thousand copies of Professor Hitchcock’s Geological Report on the Sandstone of the Connecticut Valley, authorized to be printed by chapter eighty-three of the resolves of the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, be printed at the expense of the Commonwealth, under the direction of the committee on the library; and that, in addition to the distribution already authorized, one hundred copies of said Report be given to Professor Hitchcock, three copies to the state library, and twelve copies to the trustees of the state library, to be used for the purpose of international exchanges. —Approved by the Governor, March 26, 1858. JOINT STANDING COMMITTEE ON THE LIBRARY. 1857. 1858. Messrs. Henry L. Sasin, of Berkshire, Messrs. Coarytes A. Poexps, of Suffolk, Joun M. Merrick, of Norfolk, and Cuares F. Swirt, of Barnstable, and Joun W. Atwoop, of Barnstable, Witu1AM T. Davis, of Plymouth, Of the Senate. Of the Senate. Messrs. Coartus Hate, of Boston, Messrs. Marcus Morton, of Taunton, CHARLES Fiexp, of Athol, and CHARLES Haus, of Boston, and Warren Tyrer, of North Brookfield, Wiri1am A. SaunpeErs, of Cambridge, Of the House of Representatives. Of the House of Representatives. BY 4 '' '' CONTENTS. Bibliography of North American Fossil Footmarks, : LMistory of the Subject, . ; : ‘ ; Appleton Ichnological Cabinet, Liberality of Massachusetts Legislators to scientific objects, . Its bearings upon the economical interests of the State, Earliest discoverers of Footmarks, Geological position of the Connecticut.River Sandstone, Proofs of the Jurassic character of a portion of it, Geological Sections across the Valley, Dip and strike of the Strata, . Varieties of Rock, Thickness of the Strata, : : : ; Inferences from the Sections, Mode in which the Sandstone has been elevated, Mode in which the Trap Rock has been introduced into the Sandstone, Final Conclusions as to the age and equivalency of the Connecticut River Sandstone, 1. A belt of Jurassic age, 2. Equivalent of the rock with coal in Virginia and North Carolina, 3. Coal may be found in this Valley, 4. Other and older Sandstones may be embraced in the Series, 5. The upper beds may be newer, Footmarks: how used in naming the animals that made them, Characters in the feet of animals constant and distinctive, 1. Number of feet, Relative size and character, Mode of progression, Relations between the form of the foot and the body, Relations between the tracks and the legs, Webbed feet, Pachydactylous and leptodactylous feet, . Number of toes, . ; : 4 ‘ PHN Pp wo vw - Absolute and relative length of the toes, . . _ = Divarication of the lateral toes, . ‘ ‘ . Divarication of the inner and middle toes, _ —_ PAGE. Gr ty eo cw bse oe tte Sr eS eS SO. Sl OO 20 '' VI CONTENTS. Characters in the feet of Animals—continued. 12. Relative length of the middle toe, 13 and 14. Distance between the tips of the toes, 15. Position, &c., of the hind toe, 16. Claws and pellets, 17. Width of the toes, . 18. Number and length of the phalanges, 19. Character of the heel, 20. Character of the under side of the foot, . 21. Versed sine of curvature of the toes, 22. Angle between the axis of the foot and the line of direction, 23. Distance of the heel from that line, 24. Length of the step, 25. Relative size of the foot, 26. Caudal appendages, 27. Trails of the feet and carapace, . 28. Width of the Trackway, 29. Integuments of the feet, 30. Coprolites, 31. Anomalies of character, . Conclusions, . Names and Classification of the Lithichnozoa, or Footmark Animals, Detailed Descrptions of Groups and Species, Reasons why the number is large, Localities, Drawings, how obtained, The Ichnological Cabinet described, . Group I.— Marsupialoid Animals, Genus 1. Cunichnoides, 2. Anomcepus, 3. Anisopus, . : é Group IJ.— Pachydactylous, or thick-toed Birds, Genus 1. Brontozoum, 2. Amblonyx, 3. Grallator, . Group HI.— Leptodactylous, or narrow-toed Birds, . Genus 1. Argozoum, 2. Platypterna, . 8. Ornithopus, 4. 'Tridentipes, PAGE. 35 85 35 36 36 37 388 39 40 40 4] 4] 41 42 42 43 45 43 45 45 46 48 48 49 dl 53 54 54 55 60 63 63 70 72 80 81 83 87 88 ''Group IV.—Ornithoid Lizards or Batrachians, Genus 1. Gigantitherium, . 2. Hyphepus, 3. Corvipes, . 4, Tarsodactylus, 5. Apatichnus, 6. Plesiornis, . 7. Typopus, . Group V.— Lizards, Genus 1. Polemarchus, 2. Plectropterna, 3. 'Trizenopus, 4, Harpedactylus, 5. Xiphopeza, . 6. Orthodactylus, 7. Antipus, 8. Stenodactylus, 9. Arachnichnus, 10. Chimera, . 11. Isocampe, . Group VI.— Batrachians, Genus 1. Batrachoides, 2. Otozoum, . 3. Palamopus, 4, Macropterna, 5. Cheirotheroides, 6. Shepardia, 7. Lagunculapes, 8. Selenichnus, 9. Hoplichnus, 10. Saltator, Group VII.— Chelonians, Genus 1. Ancyropus, 2. Chelonoides, 3. Heleura, . 4. Exocampe, 5. Amblypus, Group VIII.— Fishes, Genus 1. Ptilichnus, Sub-Kingdom. Invertebrata, CONTENTS. VItk ies 93 93 97 98 98 99 102 105 107 107 108 1 112 113 113 115 116 117 118 119 121 121 123 127 128 130 131 132 133 134 137 138 139 140 140 142 143 144 144 147 '' a CONTENTS. oh SES ase: : PAGE. e ae : Group IX.— Crustaceans, Myriapods, and Insects, . : i i : : : ET Genus 1. Harpagopus, : ‘ : ; : ; i oc es ie 2. Stratipes, . : : . : : : , : . 149 3. Hamipes, . . ‘ ‘ : : : : ( a . day - 4, Acanthichnus, ; s : . : ‘ : ; Eo ie 5. Conopsoides, . i : . : ; ; ; : . ib2 : _ 6. Bifurculapes, : : . bee ; ea : ee a 7. Grammepus, d : . : : ; ; : : .. 180 8. Lithographus, : ‘ : : . : : : . 156 0. Mexapodichnus, . ' . : ‘ ; . ; ; : . 198 10. Copeza, . : ; : : : : : Pe os - hee . Group X.— Annelids, : : 5 : : : : : ‘ : = 160 | Genus 1. Unisulcus, . ‘ ; : : - : ; ; ; 7 200. 2. Cochlichnus, . ; ‘ : : ‘ : : : Ge 3. Cochlea, . : i , a : ; oe oe 162 4. Halysichnus, . ; es ; : : : : : 262 5. Cunicularius, ; : : : s : 2 : : = 168 6. Spherapus, ; : . ‘ : : ; ‘ a - 164 Opinions of distinguished savans on some of the tracks, ; a : ‘ : - | 1a Tabular View of the Lithichnozoa, . : a ee Other Phenomena connected with, or illustrating the Footmarks, —. .. |, .W. 458, 1,230 35° | N. 44° E. 2. Metiawampe Section. | E. of ‘Trap (Mettawamipe), . . . « ...| 3s 4 Description. — Divarication of the lateral toes, 40°; of the inner and middle toes, 20° to 25°; of the outer and middle toes, 15°. Length of the middle toe, 12.5 inches; of the inner toe, 10 inches; of the outer toe, 12.5 inches; of the foot, 14 to 18 inches; of the step, 3 to 5 feet. Width of the toes, 2 to 3 inches; of the posterior part of the foot, 6.5 inches. Length of the claw, 1.75 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 12 inches; between the tips of the outer and middle toes, 7 to 8 inches; between the inner and middle toe, 7.45 inches. Length of the middle toe, beyond the lateral ones, 5.5 inches; of the first phalanx of the inner toe, 3.7 to 3.8 inches; of the second, 3.7 to 4.7 inches; of the first phalanx of the middle toe, 2.8 to 4 inches; of the second, 3 to 3.1 inches; of the third, 2.3 to 2.9 inches; of the proximal phalanx of the outer toe, 3.1 to 3.5 inches; of the second, 2.8 to 3.2 inches; of the third, 2 to 2.1 inches; of the fourth, 2.3 to 2.5 inches. Angle made by the axis of the animal’s foot with the median line, or line of direction, as it walked, 0° to 10°. Distance of the centre of the heel from the median line, 0 to 5 inches. Width of the trackway, 18 inches. ‘Toes nearly straight; middle one slightly curved inwards. Claws nearly straight _ and only slightly curved downwards. Integuments of the under side of the foot papillary and striated. Animals gregarious. ‘Track shown of the maximum size on Plate X. Plate XX XIII., fig. 1, shows a row of seven of these tracks of rather less size, on a slab in the Cabinet from Northampton, about. 30 feet long. Plate XX XIIL, fig. 2, shows another of three tracks of the largest size, from the same locality. On Plate XX XIIL,, fig. 3, we have four of these tracks of moderate size, surrounded by many of other species. Plate XLI., fig. 1, has two tracks of this species from Turner’s Falls, of maximum size, with several smaller kinds of analogous character. Plate LIII., fig. 7, represents a stony volume of this species, occupying a centre table in the Cabinet.’ It is not as perfect as some others; but it is very rare to obtain this species in the book form. This comes from the most northerly point on the river where tracks are found. Plate LVIL., fig. 1, exhibits a reduced sketch of a single track; the first one ever discovered, which was figured of the natural size in the American Journal of Science and in Buckland’s Bridgewater Treatise. ''BRONTOZOUM. 65 Localities. —One has just been indicated, viz.: at a point in Gill, nearly opposite the mouth of Miller’s River. It occurs, also, at the Horse Race and Lily Pond: at the Ferry above Turner’s Falls: between the bridges over Connecticut and Deerfield Rivers, in Deer- field: at all the localities in the north part of South Hadley, and in Northampton at the east foot of Mount Tom: this indeed is the most abundant locality. Here are found several parallel and some intersecting rows of this species of track, which often run oblique to what must have been the direction of the shore where they were made. ‘These facts make the gregarious character of the animals probable. Advancing southerly, we find this species at Chicopee Falls, Enfield Falls, Wethers- field Cove, at the Portland Quarries, and especially in the south-west part of Middletown. We thus ascertain its former existence through the whole length of the valley. The first track of this species which I found, (that which was figured in the American Journal of Science for 1836, and afterwards in Buckland’s Bridgewater Treatise,) I threw aside at first, because I could not believe that an impression three or four times larger than that of the great African ostrich’s foot, could be a track. But this animal turns out to have been one of the most common of all that trod upon the muddy shores in liassic days. For a time I regarded it as the giant ruler of the valley. But subsequently I have found the tracks of others that might have successfully disputed the palm of superiority with it, as subsequent descriptions will show. We have specimens in the Ichnological Cabinet larger than the one I have figured: or rather with wider but not longer toes. One from Northampton, No. 14, will hold four quarts of water. No. 15 is the cast of one obtained by Dexter Marsu from the same locality, the original of which is in the Cabinet of the Boston Society of Natural History, having been purchased for one hundred dollars. It holds two quarts of water. Now I think that neither of these specimens show the true size of the toes; but that the tracks are below the layer on which the animal trod. His weight depressed several layers of mud below the surface, and if the mud was stiff the depression would enlarge downwards ; so that when hardened into stone, and split open, a surface below where the animal trod . would show a broader (not longer) track than the original. ‘That in these cases the surface is not that on which the animal trod, is manifest from the fact that the phalangeal impressions have disappeared. In all such cases I am jealous of a track as affording the true size of the foot. No. 14, however, does certainly appear as if the animal trod upon the surface now exposed. But the claws are not well exhibited and I incline to the opinion that such was the state of the mud that the foot left an exaggerated impression, as we often see among the tracks of living animals. ‘The rule I have adopted in such cases is this: the more perfect the track in all its parts, the more sure may we be that the true form and size of the foot are represented, and vice versa. Species 2. Bronrozoum minuscuLum. (Nov. Sp.) [Specimens in the Cabinet, Nos. 4, §, $, 44, 48, 4%, 40, 32, 32, $8, 34, 38, 88, 20, 25.) Divarication of the lateral toes, 50°; do. of the inner and middle toes, 25°; do. of the middle and outer toes, 25°. Length of the middle toe, 7.5 inches; of the outer toe, 9 ''66 BRONTOZOUM, 8.5 inches; of the inner toe, 6.25 inches; of the middle toe beyond the others, 4 inches ; of the claw, 1.5 inch; of the foot, 12 inches; of the step, 1 ft. 8. inches to 2 ft. 3 inches. Length of the proximal phalanx of the inner toe, 2.5 inches; of the second, 2.5 inches ; of the first of the middle toe, 2.5 inches; second do., 2.25 inches; of the third do., 2.25 inches; of the first in the outer toe, 2.5 inches; of the second, 2.1 inch; of the third do., 1.75 inch; of the fourth do., 1.75 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 7.3 inches; between the inner and middle toes, 5.3 inches; between the middle and outer toes, 5.3 inches. Angle between the axis of the foot and the median line, inward, 0° to 20°. Width of the trackway, 12.5 inches. Outline track shown of the natural size on Plate XI., fig. 1; also on Plate XL., fig. 2, and Plate ALA, fis. 1, two successive tracks are shown, and three on Plate XLIL, fig. 3. On Plate LVIL., fig. 2, is exhibited a single reduced track. Localities. — Lily Pond quarry, in Gill, has furnished the most numerous specimens. It occurs, also, in the south part of Northampton, on the bank of Connecticut River. This species might be regarded as only a smaller example of B. giganteum; but the great uniformity of its characters from the different localities, and their perfection, as well as some differences in form, strike the practiced observer as indicating a distinct species. Tracks like entire animals, or plants, frequently exhibit a peculiar type, by which the eye distinguishes one species from another, even where it is difficult to describe the difference in words. This species has left an elegant track, especially as shown on Plate XL., fig. 2, from which the outline on Plate XI., fig. 1, was taken. Species 3. Bronrozoum ruBERATUM. (Nov. Sp.) : a ; Tos 10 14 20 22 22 25 27 29 85 84 98 80 86 87 [Specimens in the Cabinet, Nos. 4°, 4, 22, 22, 92, 28, $4, 72) “g) f3) 7) “ay “ss $7] Divarication of the lateral toes, 25°; of the inner and middle toes, 17°; of the middle and outer toes, 8°. ‘Length of the inner toe, 5.5 inches ; of the middle toe, 6.75 inches; of the outer toe, 8 inches; of the foot, 9.75 inches; of the step, 31 inches; of the first phalanx of the inner toe, 2.75 inches; of the second, 2 inches; of the middle toe, first phalanx, 1.88 inch; of the second, 2 inches; third do., 2 inches; of the claw, 1 inch; of the outer toe, first phalanx, 1.5 inch; second do., 1.62 inch; third do., 1.37 inch; fourth do., 2.25 inches. Width of the phalanges, 1.75 to 2 inches. From tip to tip of the lateral toes, 6 inches; inner and middle toes, 4.5 inches; middle and outer toes, 3.62 inches. Extension of the middle toe beyond the lateral ones, 2.62 inches. Angle of the axis of the foot with the median line, 0° to 10°. Width of the trackway, 8 inches. Outline of the track of natural size shown on Plate XI, fig. 2, copied from the stony volume No. 27, exhibited on Plate LIL, fig. 7, from an ambrotype sketch. Locality.— Lily Pond, near 'Turner’s Falls. | Remark.—This species differs from the B. minusculum, not only in being smaller, but in the much less divarication of the outer toes, and in the nearer approach to a circular form of the phalanges, especially the first one on the middle toe. ''BRONTOZOUM. 67 Species 4. Bronrozoum exsertum. (Nov. Sp.) 7 Bove s Be g 9 2 [In the Cabinet, Nos. $, $; 3 $ 8 @) 0 3 BES Eh fo ow > 12, 18,18, 18,12, 14, 18, 18,45, 20, 9), 22, 25, 3s, 30 3 3 SS BO Bil Ble 8:9) 40 41 41 BD, BA, 8A, Ed: Th oo 72) ap? iy ate y) 4] Divarication of the lateral toes, 30°; of the inner and middle toes, 15°; of the middle and outer toes, 15°. Length of the inner toe, 4 inches; of the middle do., 6.25 inches: of the outer do., 6 inches; of the foot, 8.75 inches; of the step, 30 inches; of the first phalanx of the inner toe, 1.5 inches; of the second do.; 1.5 inches; of the first on the middle toe, 2 inches; of the second on do., 1.5 inch; of the third do., 1.5 inch; of the first on the outer toe, 1.25 inch; of the second on do., 1.25 inch; of the third, 1.44 inch; of the fourth, 1 inch; of the claw with the ungual phalanx, 1.25 inch. Width of the phalanges of the inner and outer toes, 1 to 1.25 inch; of the middle toe, 1.25 to 1.75 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 4.75 inches; between the inner and middle toes, 4.5 inches; between middle and outer toes, 3.5 inches. Projection of the middle toe beyond the outer ones, 3.33 inches; width of the trackway, 6 inches. Angle between the median line and the axis of the foot, outwards, 0° to a. Outline track of the natural size, shown on Plate XII., fig. 1; taken from slab No. 4°, on Plate XL., fig. 3, from an ambrotype sketch. Localities. —Most abundant at the east foot of Mount Tom, in Northampton, but common at Turner’s Falls, and occurring at Portland. Remark.—The most striking character of this species is the unusual projection of the middle toe; which character has hardly justice done to it in the drawings. Species 5. Bronrozoum VALIDUM. Ornithichnites tuberosus, in part, American Journal of Science, Vol. XXIX., p. 318, and in Massachusetts Final Geological Report, Plate 37, fig. 20. Brontozoum loxonyx of the Fossil Footmarks of the United States, p. 172, Plate-1t.. figs. 1 and 2. 1 v To ote oo 8 eG 0 13 3 15 6 2 {In the ee Nos. 4, 4, 3, $s $5 9s Ss $ HB ABs AB, HP, UA, HE 4B, TB, U8, Ft, J ES A Aes A A AS Bs As b> 4 81°31 31 B81 88 834 24 +86 ie 85 8 85 86 87 8 ¥ : $1, $ 1, Bt, 34, TES TERI BI oes Ca) 0) ea Be A, 4, 82, eo se BL, Br, SL, BL, st, aT, Bf, 38, 42, $ » 42, “ye] Divarication of the lateral toes, 36°; of the inner and middle toe, 22°; of the middle and outer toe, 14°. Length of the inner toe, 4.5 inches; of the middle toe, 5.5 inches ; of the outer toe, 5.75 inches; of the foot, 8.2 inches; of the step, 33 inches; of the first phalanx of the inner toe, 2.3 inches; of the second do., 1.5 inches; of the first phalanx, in the middle toe, 1.9 inch; of the second do., 1.6 inch; of the third do., 1.5 inch ; of the first in the outer toe, 1.3 inches; of the second in do., 1.2 inches; of the third in do., 1.1 inch; of the fourth in do., 1.4 inch; of the claw of the middle toe, 1 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 5.8 inch; do. between the inner and middle toe, 4 inches; do. between the middle and outer toe, 3.7 inches. Projection of the middle toe beyond the lateral ones, 2.7 inches. Angle between the claw of the inner toe and the axis of the toe, 33° (inside); do. on the middle toe, 27° (inside); do. on the outer ''68 .BRONTOZOUM. toe, 8° (outside); do. between the median line and the axis of the foot, 0° to 5°. Width of the phalanges of the inner and outer toes, 1.2 inch; do. of the middle toe, 1.8 inch. Width of the trackway, 6 inches. Outline of the track of this species of natural size, shown on Plate XII., fig. 2. It is exhibited, also, on several of the ambrotype sketches on Plates XX XVIII. to LI, as on XXXVIIL., figs. 1 and 2, Plate XL., fig. 3, &c. A single track, very’ perfect, is shown on Plate LVIL, fig. 3. Localities. — It occurs on Mount Holyoke, at Turner’s Falls, at the east foot of Mount Tom, and at the Portland quarries. ‘The most interesting locality is the first named, where the track occurs immediately beneath columnar trap, of which there are very few examples yet discovered. Species 6. Bronrozoum SILLIMANIUM. Ornithoidichnites tuberosus in part, and O. cuneatus in part, of Massachusetts Report, Plate 37, fig. 21, and Plate 38, fig. 22. Ornithoidichnites Sillimani, Transactions of Association of American Geologists, p. 256. Bront. Sillimanium of Fossil Footmarks of the United States, p. 171, Plate 3, fig. 2. . spe PR 6 eb. 20 0 10 OL ae A eR a 1 Pedy. 10 19° Bes 20. 20 20. ot oe. [In the Cabinet, Nos. DD 3 4, So 9s 4) as 01 Te) Lo ee 18, if, Tab ty) BO age oon) iO) a es) Fae oo ae 22 24 26 Ci Si ea OR Be BAS Be By RS PR SR 4a A A a Ad 21> 74s ib 3) 76 fe AO oe, oe tk OY hte BOC Ae ao). at 29? 34°] Divarication of the lateral toes, 25°; Of the inner and middle toes, 8° to 11°; of the middle and outer toes, 15° to 18°. Length of the inner toe, 2.8 to 3.2 inches; do. of the | middle toe, 4 to 4.5 inches; do. of the outer toe, 4 to 5 inches; of the foot, 5.75 to 6.5 inches; of the step, 12 to 20 inches; of the first phalanx of the inner toe, 1 to 1.4 inch ; of the second do., 1.1 to 1.2 inch; of the first in the middle toe, 1.1 to 1.4 inch; of the second do., 1.4 inch; of the third do., 1.1 inch; of the claw, 0.8 to 1 inch; of the first in the outer toe, 0.6 to 1.1 inch; of the second do., 0.6 to 0.9 inch; of the third do., 0.7 to © 0.8 inch; of the fourth do., 0.8 to 1.2 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 3 to 3.5 inches; do. between the inner and middle toes, 2.2 to 3 inches; do. between the middle and outer toes, 2:5 inches. Projection of the middle toe beyond the outer ones, 2 to 2.2 inches. Angle between the claw of the inner toe and the axis of the toe, (inward, ) 23°; do between the claw of the middle toe and its axis, 0°; do. between the claw of the outer toe and its axis, 15°, (outward); do. between the median line and the axis of the foot, 0°. Distance of the middle of the heel from the median line, 0 to 1 inch. Width of the phalanges, 0.8 to 1.2 inch. Width of the trackway, 4.5 inches. An outline of the track of this species is given on Plate XII, fig. 3. Numerous examples on a reduced scale, are given on Plate XX XIII, figs. 4 and 5. These small outlines are more perfect than they are upon the specimens; that is, wherever on the slab I have found a track of this species, although defective in some part, I have made it perfect upon the sketch. Plate XLIIL, fig. 6, shows several of these tracks from an ambrotype sketch on a slab from South Hadley. Not a few of them.are seen also on Plates XX XIX., fig. 1, XL., fig. 3, XLL, figs. 1 and 2; XLII, figs. 1 and 2; XLV., fig. 5, and especially on Plate LX., fig. 1, which is from Middletown, and is the gem of the Cabinet. The engraving ''BRONTOZOUM. 69 is intended to be no more perfect than the specimen, which exhibits between fifty and sixty tracks with the phalangeal impressions and claws exceedingly distinct. They are in relief; and were it not for the mud veins, would show the foot of the animal as perfectly as if one lay petrified in each track, or rather projecting from the slab; for the tracks are in relief. This slab, of slightly reddish micaceous sandstone, has been used as a flagging stone in the streets of Middletown for sixty years. Fifteen or twenty years ago it was taken up, when the tracks were discovered on the under side, and it was secured by Dr. JosEPH Barrerr, who thus early had become much interested in footmarks, and from him I purchased it for the Ichnological Cabinet. It was dug from the quarry about two miles west of the city, as Dr. Barrerr supposes, nearly eighty years ago; but at present that quarry exhibits no sign of any such tracks, and scarcely of any other. Upon a review of this species, after it is too late to make any alterations because the Plates are struck off, I regret that I did not place it under Grallator. ‘The discovery of the Grallator formosus makes such a change more desirable. But I will not attempt the change now. Localities. —This is perhaps the most abundant species among the tracks. It is perhaps most common at South Hadley, Northampton and Portland; but rather common, also, at Turner’s Falls. At Portland it accompanies in great numbers the huge Otozoum, as it does at South Hadley. Remark.—I have found it difficult to define the limits of this species and I apprehend that as now given it embraces at least two species. But I have failed to seize upon any distinctive characters between them. I dedicate this species, as a testimony of respect and gratitude, to my eminent teacher and friend, Professor Bensamin Siturman, LL. D., whose long life of devotedness to science, and distinguished success, as well as estimable private character, entitle him to the grateful remembrance of those whom he has taught and encouraged in similar pursuits. I am glad to affix his name to a species the most distinct and common, yet beautiful, in the Cabinet. It is especially due to him, as probably the first scientific man who adopted my views of the footmarks, and whose great work, the American Journal of Science, begun forty years ago, has continued to record the progress of ichnology more than any other work on the globe, for nearly a quarter of a century; that is, from the birth of this branch of science. Species 7. BronrozouM IsODACTYLUM. Ornithoidichnites fulicoides.—'Transactions Association American Geologists, Plate 11, fig. 4. Aithiopus minor. — Footmarks of the United States, Plate LYV,, figs. 2, 3. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 4, 28, 43°, 45°, 9, 24, 98, 95, $4, 94) Bhs Sty Gy $s 7s as Th AP BT, GG) PP 4] Divarication of the lateral toes, 45° to 60°; of the inner and middle toe, 20°; of the middle and outer toe, 28° to 38°. Length of the inner toe, 2.4 to 2.6 inches; of the middle toe, 3 to 3.2 inches; of the outer toe, 2.8 to 3.8 inches; of the foot, 4.2 to 4.5 inches; of the step, 5.5 to 6.5 inches; of the first phalanx of the inner toe, 1 inch; ''70 » a MEB TE ONY XxX, of the second do., 0.8 to 1 inch; of the first, of the middle toe, 0.9 to 1 inch; of the second do., 0.8 to 0.9 inch; of the third do., 0.8 inch; of the claw, 0.6 to 0.8 inch; of the first phalanx of the outer toe, 0.7 inch; second do., 0.6 to 0.7 inch; of the third do., 0.5 to 0.6 inch; of the fourth do., 0.4 to 0.5 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 4.4 inches; between the inner and middle toes, 1.9 inch; between the middle and outer toe, 2.3 inches. Projection of the middle toe beyond the lateral ones, 1.2 inch. Angle between the axis of the middle toe and that of the claw, 10°, outward; do. with the inner and outer toes, 0°. Angle between the median line and the axis of the foot, (inward,) 0° to 25°. Distance of the middle of the heel from the median line, 0 to 2 inches. Width of the trackway, 5 inches. : Plate XII., fig. 38, shows an outline of the natural size, of the track of this species. On the ambrotype sketch, Plate XL., fig. 1, are shown not less than four rows of this species, if I mistake not. Plate XLVL., fig. 3, shows two tracks of the same. Plate LVIL., fig. 4, represents a single track reduced. Remark.—'This species, although a quite distinct one, is not always easy to be distinguished from certain conditions of Apatichnus circumagens and _ Plesiornis quadrupes. Localities. —Turner’s Falls is perhaps the best locality. But it occurs at North- ampton, South Hadley, and I think, also, at the Portland quarries. Genus II].—AMBLONYX, (dufiis, blunt, and érv§, a claw.) Aithiopus of the Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate 4. Distinctive Characters, Claws blunt: Phalanges very broad. Remarks.—I formed the genus A‘thiopus (like a coot’s foot) under the conviction that certain specimens of tracks showed winged phalanges and claws, like those of the Coot and Grebe. But the more perfect specimens since obtained, lead me to give up the wings of the phalanges, although they have an unusual width. But the great expansion and bluntness, or rather rounded form, of the claws, remains unexplained ; and, therefore, I still retain a distinctive name for animals whose tracks have this character. I can conceive of such a state of mud, when trod upon, that the edges of the track should afterwards slide down so as to enlarge the impression; and the same effect might take place in the imprint of the claw, though I should expect in such a case that the ridges between the phalanges would be levelled down. But from specimens in the Cabinet of Amblonyx giganteus, I feel sure that the phalangeal impressions are of the natural size, and yet the claws on these specimens are broader and blunter than in any others. It is hardly credible that the imprint of the claw should be enlarged in the manner suggested, while that of the phalanges was unaffected. I therefore introduce the genus Amblonyx, with two species; not, however, without many doubts whether they may not be identified with Brontozoum tuberatum and exsertum, though differing in other respects besides the claw. ''AMBLONYX. val Species 1. Amptonyx GicanrEeus. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, 4, 43.] Divarication of the lateral toes, 30°; of the inner and middle toe, 12°; of the middle and outer toe, 18°. Length of the inner toe, 6 inches; of the middle toe, 7.5 inches; of the outer toe, 9 inches. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 7.3 inches ; between the inner and middle toes, 5 inches; between the middle and outer toes, 5 inches. Pro- jection of the middle toe beyond the lateral ones, 3.2 inches. Length of the first phalanx of the inner toe, 2.3 inches; breadth of do., 2.8 inches; of the second do., 2.6 inches ; breadth of do., 2.4 inches; of the first phalanx of the middle toe, 2 inches; breadth of do., 2.2 inches; of the second phalanx, 2.3 inches; breadth of do., 2.4 inches; of the third phalanx, 2.3 inches; breadth of do., 2.3 inches; of the first phalanx of the outer toe, 2.4 inches; breadth of do., 2.6 inches; of the second phalanx, 1.9 inch; breadth of do., 2.2 inches; of the third phalanx, 1.4 inch; breadth of do., 2.2 inches; of the fourth phalanx, 2 inches; breadth of do., 2.1 inches. Length of the claw of the inner toe, 1.4 inch; breadth of do., 0.9 inch; of the claw of the middle toe, 1.3 inch; breadth of do., 1.4 inch: of the claw of the outer toe, 1 inch; breadth of do., 0.9 inch. Length of the foot, 11.25 inches; of the step, 32 inches. Angle of the axis of the inner toe with that of the claw (inward), 25°; do. of the middle toe (inward), 30°; do. of the outer toe, 0°: do. of the axis of the foot with the median line, 0°. Width of the trackway, 12 inches. Outline track of natural size shown on Plate XIIL., fig. 1. On Plate XX XVIIL., figs. 1 and 2, are shown several tracks of this species from an ambrotype sketch. ‘They are the largest tracks shown, and are three in number. A single reduced track is shown on Plate LVIL.,, fig. 5. Locality. —1 have met with this species only at Turner's Falls, near the house of Roswett Fre.p. They were dug out by Dexrer Mars. ‘The. counterpart of Plate XXXVIIL, fig. 1, with one more track of this species, is shown on the largest specimen in the Cabinet of the Boston Society of Natural History. Species 2. AmBtonyx LYELLIANUS. ASthiopus Lyellianus of Fossil Footmarks. [Specimens in the Cabinet, Nos. 4, 4, 42, $4, $4-] Divarication of the lateral toes, 20°; of the inner and middle toe, 10°; of the middle and outer toe, 10°; of the claw on the inner toe and the axis of the toe (inwards), 8°; of the same on the middle toe, 12° inwards; of the same on the outer toe, 20° outward. Length of the inner toe, 4.4 inches; of the middle toe, 5.8 inches; of the outer toe, 5.3 inches; of the foot, 8.2 inches; of the step, 30 inches. Distance from tip to tip of the lateral toes, 4.8 inches; between the-inner and middle toes, 3.7 inches; between the middle and outer toes, 3.9 inches. Projection of the middle toe beyond the lateral ones, 3 inches. Length of the first phalanx of the inner toe, 1.8 inch; width of do., 1.4 inch; length of the second phalanx, 1.9 inch; width of do., 1.4 inch; length of the claw, 0.9 ''79 GRAERLATOR. inch; width of do., 0.5 inch. Length of the first phalanx of the middle toe, 1.7 inch; width of do., 1.6 inch; length of the second phalanx, 1.7 inch; width of do., 1.7 ameb ; length of the third phalanx, 1.8 inch; width of do., 1.3 inch; length of the claw, 0.9 inch; width of do., 0.6 inch. Length of first phalanx of the outer toe, 1.2 inch; width of do., 1.2 inch; length of second phalanx, 1.2 inch; width of do., 1.2 inch; length of third phalanx, 0.8 inch; width of do., 1.1 inch; length of fourth phalanx, 1.5 inch ; width of do., 1.2 inch; length of the claw, 0.8 inch; width of do., 0.6 inch. Angle of the axis of the foot with the median line, 0° to 10°. Distance of the heel from the median line, one inch. Width of the trackway, 6 inches. Outline track shown of the natural size on Plate XIII., fig. 2. Shown,.also, on Plate XXXVIIL, fig. 2, from a reduced sketch. Locality. —I have met with this track only at Turner’s Falls, near Mr. Frexp’s house and at the Ferry. Genus III. —GRALLATOR, (one who goes on stilts.) Brontozoum in part, of Fossil Footmarks of United States. Distinctive characters. Stride long; steps nearly on a right line; toes slender. Remark.—It will be seen that in this genus I have endeavored to embrace the more slender and long-legged varieties of the tridactylous, pachydactylous animals, made known by their footmarks. Such delicate species it seems rather improper to describe as animal giants (Brontozoum). And yet it is no easy matter to separate the Grallator from the Brontozoum. Length of stride and slenderness of toes in most of the species are the only important distinctive characters I can fix upon. Species 1. GraLiaror cursorius. (Nov. Sp.) mene 3 ‘abi og 824 10.98 Begs g5 85 24 [Specimens in the Cabinet, Nos. 3, 4, 1°, 23, 33, 35, 33, 38, 2. Divarication of the outer toes, 26°; of the inner and middle toe, 13°; of the middle and outer toe, 13°; of the claws and axis of the toes, on the inner and middle toes, 0°; of the same on the middle toe, 15° inward; of the axis of the foot with the median line, 0°. Distance of the axis of the foot from the median line, 0. Length of the inner toe, 1.8 inch; of the middle, 2.2 inches; of the outer, 1.7 inch; of the foot, 2.9 inches; of the step, 25 inches. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 1.2 inch; between the inner and middle toes, 1.3 inch; between the outer and middle toe, 1.4 inch. Pro- jection of the middle toe beyond the others, 1.2 inch. Length of the first phalanx of the inner toe, 0.6 inch; width of do., 0.3 inch; length of the second phalanx of do., 0.5 inch ; width of do., 0.25 inch; length of the first phalanx of the middle toe, 0.7 inches; width of do., 0.4 inch ; length of the second phalanx of do., 0.7 inch ; width of do., 0.4 inch ; length of the third phalanx of do., 0.5 inch; width of do., 0.85 inch. Length of the first phalanx of the outer toe, 0.4 inch; width of do., 0.35 inch; length of the second phalanx of do., 0.8 inch; width of do., 0.3 inch; length of the third phalanx of the outer toe, 0.35 inch; width of do., 0.3 inch; length of the fourth phalanx of the same ,0.45 inch ; ''ORATLAVOR + 73 width of the same, 0.3 inch. Length of the inner and outer claws, 0.2 inch; of the middle claw, 0.3 inch. Width of the trackway, 2 inches. Outline of the track, showing the natural size, on Plate XIII, fig. 3. It is shown, also, on one or two of the ambrotype sketches, and on the outline sketch, Plate XX XIII, fig. 5; but this species can hardly be distinguished from others on so small a scale. A single track reduced of this species is shown on Plate LVIIL, fig. 4. ' Localities —South Hadley furnishes the best examples of this species, in connection with the Otozoum; but it occurs also at Turner’s Falls, on Mr. Frevp’s farm. Species 2. GratLaror Tenuis. (Nov. Sp.) [Specimens in the Cabinet, Nos. 42, 12, 18, 1A, 42, 44, 44, 92.] Divarication of the lateral toes, 45°; of the inner and middle toe, 25°; of the middle and outer toe, 28°; of the claws and axes of the toes, 0°. Of the axis of the foot with the median line, 0° to 5°. Distance of the middle of the heel from the median line, 0.25 inch. Length of the inner toe, 1.1 inch; of the middle toe, 2.1 inches; of the outer toe, 1.3 inch; of the foot, 2.7 inches; of the step, 9 inches; of the middle toe beyond the , others, 1.5 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 1.5 inch; between the inner and middle toes, 1.7 inch; between the middle and outer toes, 1.6 inch. Length of the first phalanx of the inner toe, 0.5 inch; width of do., 0.2 inch; length of the second phalanx of do., 0.4 inch; width of do., 0.2 inch; length of the first phalanx of the middle toe, 0.3 inch; width of do., 0.38 inch; length of the second phalanx of do., 0.4 inch; width of do., 0.3 inch; length of the third phalanx of do., 0.7 inch; width of do., 0.3 inch ; length of the first ‘phalanx of the outer toe, 0.3 inch; width of do., 0.25 inch ; length of second phalanx of the outer toe, 0.3 inch; width of do., 0.25 inch; length of the third phalanx of the outer toe, 0.2 inch; width of do., 0.25 inch; length of the fourth phalanx of the outer toe, 0.2 inch; width of do., 0.2 inch; length of the claws of the lateral toes, 0.2 inch; of the middle toe, 0.3 inch. Width of the trackway, 2.5 inches. Outline of the track shown of the natural size, on Plate XIIL, fig. 4. Shown, also, on the sketch of volume 1? on Plate LIIL, fig. 5. Localities. —'Turner’s Falls, below the cataract and close to the trap, where it was discovered by Mr. Freip; and at South Hadley, where it was discovered by Mr. Prrxius Moopy. : Remark.—This species differs but little from the G. cursorius save in the much shorter step and greater divarication of the toes. Species 3. GRALLATOR GRACILLIMUS. Ornithoidichnites gracillimus.— American Journal of Science, Vol. XLVIL., Plate 3, fig. 4. aol a inet, Nos. 18, 46,16 19.19 19 21.81 89 82 41 43 a7: [Specimens in the Cabinet, Nos. 44, 4,5, 49, 42, 4, 42, 21, 31, 92,92, 41, 44, 87, Divarication of the lateral toes, 50°; of the inner and middle toes, 28°; of the middle and outer toes, 23°; of the claws and axis of the toes, slight, the claws turned inward; of the axis of the foot with the median line, 0° to 10°. Distance of the middle 10 ''74. GRALLATOR. of the heel from the median line, 0.5 inch. Length of the inner toe, 1.55 inch; of the middle toe, 2 inches; of the outer toe, 1.8 inch; of the foot, 2.5 inches; of the step, 7 to 8 inches; of the middle toe beyond the others, 0.8 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 2.1 inches; between the inner and middle toe, 1.4 inch; between the middle and outer toe, 1.4 inch. Length of the first phalanx of the inner toe, 0.6 inch ; width of do., 0.5 inch; length of the second phalanx, 0.5 inch; width of do., 0.4 inch; length of the inner claw, 0.8 inch; of the first phalanx of the middle toe, 0.7 inch; width of do., 0.5 inch; length of the second phalanx, 0.5 inch; width of do., 0.35 inch; length of the third phalanx, 0.4 inch; width of do., 0.3 inch; length of the claw, 0.4 inch; length of the first phalanx of the outer toe, 0.45 inch; width of do., 0.4 inch; length of the second phalanx, 0.45; width of do., 0.4 inch; length of the third phalanx, 0.35 inch; width of do., 0.3 inch; length of the fourth phalanx, 0.3 inch; width of do., 0.3 inch; length of the claw, 0.25 inches. Width of the trackway, 3.5 inches. The tracks of the natural size shown on Plate XIII, fig. 5. On Plate XXXIX., fig. 2, is shown an ambrotype sketch of a slab of this species, with rain drops. Localities. —Turner’s Falls at the Ferry is the principal locality, though I have seen it at South Hadley and perhaps at Portland. Species 4. GRALLATOR CUNEATUS. (Nov. Sp.) Ornithoidichnites cuneatus, Barratt, in part, perhaps. See Massachusetts Geological Report, p. 488. t . . 1 3 29 1 5 8 § [Specimens in the Cabinet, Nos. 4, 4, $, 3%, 4°, 4, IA, 3, 4B, 48, At, 22, 22, A, 22, 82, 30, 82, 28, 25, Ba, 22, ah as A, $484 16 d6 16 16 90 20 ‘et ete? Bigs) 8 2 282 20.) Divarication of the lateral toes, 28° to 45°; of the inner and middle toe on a specimen with the smallest spread, 12°; of the middle and outer toes, 16°; of the claws of the lateral toes with the axes of the toes, 30° to 40°, outwards; of the claw of the middle toe, 0°; of the axis of the foot with the median line, 0°. Distance of the middle of the heel from the median line, 0.5 inch. Length of the inner toe, 2.2 to 2.4 inches ; of the middle toe, 3.4 to 3.7 inches; of the outer toe, 3 to 3.1 inches; of the foot, 4.9 to 5 inches; of the step, 22 to 24 inches; of the middle toe beyond the lateral ones, 2 to 2.2 inches. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 2.9 inches; between the inner and middle toe, 2.5 to 2.7 inches; between the middle and outer toes, 2.3 to 2.7 inches. Length of the first phalanx of the inner toe, 0.85 inch; width of do., 0.6 inch; length of the second phalanx of do., 0.85 inch; width of do., 0.5 inch; length of the claw of do., 0.6 inch. Length of the first phalanx of the middle toe, 1.0 inch; width of do., 0.6 inch; length of the second phalanx, 0.85 inch; width of do., 0.6 inch; length of the third phalanx, 0.85 inch; width of do., 0.6 inch; length of the claw, 0.7 inch; length of the first phalanx of the outer toé, 0.6 inch; width of do., 0.55 inch; length of the second phalanx, 0.7 inch; width of do., 0.5 inch; length of the third phalanx, 0.6 inch; width of do., 0.5 inch; length of the fourth phalanx, 0.7 inch; width of do., 0.45 inch; length of the claw, 0.6 inch; width of the trackway, 3.5 inches. ''GRALLATOR. | : "5 Tyack shown of the natural size on Plate XIII, fig..6. Also on Plate XXXIX., fig. 1, is shown a multitude of impressions of this species. These tracks are shown also on fig. 3 of the same Plate: also on Plate XLI., figs. 1 and 2, and Plate XMLU.; figs. 1, 2 and 3. Localities. —South Hadley, north part, and Turner’s Falls; a quite common species. This species is distinguished from Brontozoum Sillimanium by its more slender proportions and greater extension of the middle toe, beyond the others, as well as greater divarication of the lateral toes, which give it the shape of a wedge. The claws, likewise, are more uniformly bent outward on the lateral toes, and at a greater angle. I confess, however, that it is not always easy to distinguish between these several species; or rather, I find specimens that are intermediate. Remark.— Although I had often observed the tracks of the following beautiful species in the Cabinet, and could not bring them within the limits of any other, it was not till even all the Plates of this Report had been struck off, that I made up my mind to describe it as a distinct species. But on taking and comparing its measurements they seemed to me too distinct from others to be neglected; and therefore, by the aid of a wood-cut, I introduce it. Species 5. GRALLATOR FORMOSUS. ( Nov. Sp.) es 7.308 GB 96 2 8 gb) $0 fe 4d [In the Cabinet, Nos. 3, 28, 79) $ do gi “o> 38, 41.) Divarication of the lateral toes, 50° to 55°; of the middle and inner toe, 20°; of the middle and outer toe, 32°. The claw of the outer toe diverges 25° from the axis of the toe outward; and that of the inner toe about as much inward; of the middle toe, also, about the same inward ; of the axis of the foot from the median line, 4°. Width of the trackway, 6 inches. Length of the inner toe, 3.9 inches; of the middle toe, 5 inches; of the outer toe, 4.4 inches; of the foot, 6.8 to 7.3 inches; of the step, 27 inches; of the middle toe beyond the others, 3 inches. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 4.4 inches; between the inner and middle toe, 3.3 inches ; between the middle and outer toe, 4.1 inches. Length of the first phalanx of the inner toe, 1.1 inch; of the second, 1.2 inch; of the claw, 0.5 inch; width of the phalanges of the inner toe, 0.9 inch. Length of the first phalanx of the second toe, 1.5 inch; of the second phalanx, 1.4 inch; of the third, 1.5 inch; of the claw, 0.8 inch. Width of the phalanges of the middle toe, 1.2 inch. Length of the first phalanx of the outer toe, 1 inch; of the second do., 0.9 inch ; of the third, 0.8 inch; of the fourth, 1 inch; of the claw, 0.6 inch. Width of the phalanges of the outer toe, 0.8 inch. Middle toe extends beyond the others, 3 inches. On some specimens the double-headed termination of the bone to which the toes are | articulated leaves an impression on the track an inch long and about 0.8 inch wide. The outline of the track of this species is shown on the subjoined wood-cut, fig. i This has not on it the impression of the heel bone just mentioned, nor is it exhibited so distinctly upon any specimen which I am sure belongs to this species, as it is upon some which I have been in the habit of referring to Brontozoum Sillimanium. I have therefore shown it on wood-cut fig. 2. I find at least upon two tracks on the specimen from '' "6 AFFINITIES which fig. 2 was copied and which came from South Hadley, (No. ?{,) that there are three impressions as shown on the track, made not improbably by the three articulating surfaces of the tarso-metatarsal bone for the toes. Their position is not opposed to, but rather favors, such a supposition. This fact is so important that it ought to have been shown upon the regular Plates; but having been accidentally omitted there, it is added here. Several examples of one or more impressions of these heel bones are exhibited on the beautiful specimen from Middletown, delineated on Plate LX., fig.4. The tracks of this species are shown on the ambrotype sketch, Plate XXXIX., fig. 1; but on so small a scale that it will hardly be distinguished from G. cuneatus. Localities. —On the red shale of Wethersfield and the harder shale of Turner’s Falls, at Lily Pond. \ Affinities of the Group. The alternation of right and left feet, proves the animals to have been bipeds. The ‘number and position of the toes ally them to certain kinds of birds, namely, the Scansores and Grallatores. The first order embraces the ostrich tribe; namely, the African Ostrich, the Cassowary, or New Holland Ostrich, and the Rhea, or South American Ostrich, as well as the extinct species of Alpiornis, Dinornis, and Palapteryx of Madagascar and New Zealand. It is to these fossil species that the Brontozoum and Amblonyx seem most nearly related. In order to show this, I give a representation, of a small size, of the foot of Palapteryx ingens, as figured by the late Gipzon Manrerz, from a very perfect specimen.” See Plate VI., fig. 83. The ungual phalanx in this specimen looks much like a claw, and, indeed, we can sometimes determine with difficulty where the claw ends and the bone begins. At any rate, when the two outer phalanges were bound together by ligaments and covered by integuments, they and the claw would make only two impressions, namely, that of a phalanx and of a claw.. Hence the whole track of the Palapteryx would exhibit two phalanges on the inner toe, three on the middle and four on the outer, each terminated by aclaw. And this is a general law as to the feet of living birds. ‘Those which have a fourth toe inside, show on that toe only one phalanx besides the ungual and a claw. Now the feet of this first Group of footmarks correspond exactly as to the phalanges and claws with those of living birds, as may be seen in the drawings, and in the cabinet. The impression is exactly such as would be made by a foot of the Palapteryx. This, as already shown, would not show an ungual phalanx distinct from the claw, neither do the fossil footmarks. Many of the fossil impressions, however, seem to me more distinct and rounded in the phalanges than the foot of the Palapteryx would make, when clothed with flesh. I have a plaster mould of the track of the Rhea, or South American Ostrich, presented by Professor Jrrrrres Wyman, and shown on Plate LV., fig. 1 ; but the phalanges ¥ A perfect specimen of the foot and tarso-metatarsal bone may be seen in the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia: and a similar one, though deficient in three phalanges (whose places are supplied by wood,) is suspended from the ceiling in the Appleton Ichnological Cabinet. '''' Fig. 2.—Brontozoum Sillimanium, with heel bones. '' QF THE GROUP. ; 79 are far less distinct upon it than upon the fossil footmarks, although the claw corresponds almost exactly to that of Brontozoum validum. What peculiarity there may have been in the fossil animals, which has made their tracks even more distinct in this respect than those of living animals of similar type, I know not. But every comparative anatomist must regard the facts I have stated as very strong evidence that the former must have been birds. That the peculiarities of those early animals were so great that the well known law, as to the number of phalanges, was different then from what it now is, will hardly be admitted by any one familiar with the laws of correlation among animals. If indeed it were certain that the hind foot of the Anomepus, which we know to have been a quadruped, had the same number of phalanges as a bird, it would seem at first to weaken somewhat the force of this argument. Yet it-would be more reasonable to admit my explanation of such a fact to be given in the next paragraph, than that this great law as to the number of phalanges in the feet of birds was not true in sandstone days. If it were true the con- viction becomes quite strong that the animals of this group were birds allied to those of the Dinoris and living Struthionide or ostrich tribe. Nor, since the discovery of the giant extinct birds of Australia, and the admission that these fossils of the Connecticut Valley probably belong to the Jurassic series, will geologists be very unwilling to admit such a conclusion.” In all our reasoning as to the animals of this Group and those of the Anomcepus from the number of phalanges, we must not forget certain facts respecting the phalanges of the Loricoid and Saurian Lizards. If it be true that the ungual phalanx in birds, such as the Ostrich and Palapteryx, is so connected with the claw, that in a track only the impression of a claw will be made, then we must subtract one from the number of phalangeal impressions which theory would lead us to suppose their toes would leave in a track. And such would certainly be true ini such a foot as that of the Palapteryx, and also, I think, in all thick-toed living birds; and such is the number in the fossil footmarks. Now in all the Loricoid and Saurian Lizards the number of phalanges in the four inner toes, is 2, 3, 4,5; corresponding to the number of phalangeal impressions on the fossil - footmarks of the second Group, if we leave out the inner toe, which is not found in the latter. Suppose now, that the five hind toes of a lizard were consolidated into three; we might reasonably expect that the number of phalanges in those three toes would, be the same as in the three original middle toes: or suppose that the inner and outer toes were omitted, the same result would follow; and we should have in these three remaining toes, the same number of phalanges as in the three outer toes of birds; and since the fossil footmarks, for a reason already given, show one less than the true number of phalangeal “Tn the Annual of Scientific Discovery for 1858, p. 375, it is stated, that at a meeting of the Boston Society of Natural History, I represented it as “doubtful if the tracks which I had supposed to have been made by birds in the Connecticut Valley Sandstone, were really produced by birds, since one great argument, namely, that of the number of phalanges in the toe, is lost.” In answering a playful remark of Prof. H. D. Rogers, at a meeting of that Society, I intended merely to express an apprehension that should it turn out that the Anomeepus has the same number of phalanges as birds, it might weaken the argument for the ornithic origin of the fossil footmarks; but never intended to say that I had given it up; and since I have learnt how a three-toed lizard might ‘show the same number of phalanges as a bird, I hardly feel that this argument is shaken at all. I am sorry if I was understood by the Society to give up the Jurassic birds. pee Segoe i sa en Ss '' 80 NARROW-TOED BIRDS. impressions, their number, also, might correspond in the group under consideration with those in the three middle toes of lizards. Such a fact might furnish a rather strong presumptive argument in favor of the lizard character of the Anomepus; but it would not show that the bipedal tridactyle animals of this Group were not birds.” It may be thought that if the law as to the number of toes on an animal may be changed, as we know it can be, that as to the number of phalanges may be equally variable But I fancy that to leave out or to add a toe, would infringe much less upon the laws of relation and harmony than to do the same with the phalanges. But I submit this question to the comparative anatomist. The species of Grallator above described, I should refer to the Grallatores, on the ground that their slenderness of feet better compares with those of the Gralle than with those of the Cursores: for though stouter, perhaps, than those of most living Gralle, their size, relative to congeneric races, was not greater. Secondly, on account of their long stride for the most part, and near coincidence between the axis of the foot and the line of direction, showing great length of leg. It ought, moreover, to be added, that the Gralla above all other birds, might be expected to frequent the muddy shores of the estuary or lake where doubtless the fossil footmarks were formed. We ought not to expect to find in such a place the’ tracks of many other species of birds. Hence a suspicion may arise that the species of Brontozoum might belong to the Gralle, though the Cursores are closely allied. GROUP III.—LEPTODACTYLOUS OR NARROW-TOED BIRDS. Remarks.—'This Group embraces two sections: first, the three-toed animals ; secondly, the four-toed. The distinction between them would, perhaps, be sufficient to justify us in forming two separate groups, could we be certain from the tracks which species have only — three toes. But large experience has satisfied me that this is a point on which we cannot be sure; because the hind toe usually makes so much slighter an impression than the others, that it is preserved only occasionally, and sometimes we do not discover the existence of the inner toe for years, as has been the case with the Platypterna ingens and elegans, to be described under this Group, and now first removed from the three-toed to the four-toed section; and that, too, on evidence derived from a more careful cleavage of the specimens. To show the interest attached to this subject, I quote a few sentences from the most eminent of European compara- tive anatomists, Professor Richard Owen, of London, as given in the Proceedings of the London Geological Society for February 20th, 1856, p. 204. “ Perhaps,” says Owen, “no part of the progress of Paleontology, since the demise, in 1832, of the founder of that science, has been more striking and unexpected, than that which relates to the discovery and restoration of giant members of the feathered Class.” : “First indicated by the foot prints in the new Red Sandstones of the Valley of the Connecticut, described by Hitch- cock in 1836; next demonstrated by the evidence of the bones themselves from the recent deposits in New Zealand, in 1839 and 1843; afterwards exemplified by the great eggs and associated fragments of skeleton discovered in alluvial banks of streams in Madagascar, in 1851; the list of extinct giant birds has lately been recruited by the fossil remains of a species, at least as large as an ostrich, from the Eocene conglomerate at Meudon, near Paris, which lies between the plastic clay and the surface of the chalk.” ''ARGOZOUM. 81 Indeed, I have no great confidence that all the species described below as tridactylous, may not in like manner be ere long transferred to the tetradactylous species. This is not, how- ever, a matter of great importance, since such a transfer would not make it necessary to change the name of the animal; nor, if both sections be birds, as I shall suggest, would it alter their affinities essentially, but merely the number of their toes. Some have objected to the distinction which I have made between the pachydactylous, or thick-toed animals, such as we have described, and the leptodactylous or narrow-toed, on the ground that the latter have all been formed from the former, by the manner in which the animal trod upon the mud. If its condition was such that the foot sunk deep as the toes were withdrawn, the mud would collapse and leaye only a narrow imprint devoid of phalangeal impressions. I have no doubt that such has sometimes been the case, as is proved by specimens in the Cabinet, the most striking of which is No. 41. But in this case, though the lowest layer impressed is considerably broader than that two and a half inches above, it does not show phalanges though the claw is obvious on one toe at least. Yet we know that this distinction of narrow-toed and thick-toed species exists among living animals, and we should therefore expect it among the extinct ones. And, moreover, we do find both varieties on the same slab, of which Nos. $, 8, 4,2, 22, 28, in the Cabinet, are examples. Judging from the slabs, however, I think we should infer a larger number of pachydactylous than leptodactylous animals to have made the tracks. - L——TRIDACT¥LOUs, Genus I.—ARGOZOUM. (From”-49775, a giant, and Cao, an animal.) Leptodactylous, tridigitate. Toes curved, the lateral ones more or less outward ; curved upward, also, behind, so as to be keel-shaped. Mostly digitigrade and rarely showing a heel. Species 1. Arcozoum REDFIELDIANUM. Ornithoidichnites Redfieldii, American Journal of Science, Vol. wis Vi, Piste 3, fig. Li [In the Cabinet, Nos. 44, 13, 454.] Divarication of the lateral toes, 75°; of the inner and middle toe, 30°; of the middle and outer toe, 45°; of the axis of the foot and the median line, 0° to 10°. Length of the middle toe, 12 inches; of the inner toe, 8 inches ; of the outer toe, 9.5 inches; of the claw, 2 inches; of the foot, 12.5 inches; of the step, 30 inches. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 12 inches; between the inner and middle toe, 7.8 inches; between the middle and outer toe, 9 inches. Projection of the middle toe beyond the other, 6 snches. Versed sine of the inward curvature of the middle toe, 0.7 inch. Fossil coprolite, 1.75 inch long, one inch wide. Calcigrade, that is, the hind part of the foot, makes a deeper impression than the toes. Width of the trackway, 13 inches. Track shown of the natural size on Plate XIV., fig. 1. | '' 82 . ARGOZOUM. Locality. —Chicopee Falls is the only place where I am sure I have found the track of this species. The hard ‘quartz, or slightly calcareous, gray sandstone of that place, directly in the bottom of the river, a little above the bridge, furnished my specimens. Remarks. —'This is the only one of the leptodactylous species whose track exhibits a claw distinguishable from the toe, and the only one with which coprolites are so associated — as to make it almost certain they can be referred to it. Their analysis will be given in summing up the characters of the group. The species is dedicated to my friend, the late Wittam C. ReEprrexp. Species 2. ARGOZOUM DISPARI-DIGITATUM. Ornithoidichnites macrodactylus of Massachusetts Geological Report, Plate 43, fig. 35. Argozoum dispari-digitatum. Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate VI., fig. 2. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 4,8, 28, 87, 37, 3 7 3 3 32 So 62 30) 497-2 b ib AA 4 He] ‘ Divarication of the lateral toes, 40° to 55°; of the inner and middle toe, 18° to 30°; of the middle and outer toes, 20° to 25°; of the axis of the foot with the median line, 0°. Length of the inner toe, 38 inches; of the middle toe, 5 inches; of the outer toe, 3.5 inches; of the foot, 5.5 inches; of the step, 15 inches. Distance betwéen the tips of the lateral toes, 3 inches; between the inner and middle toe, 3 inches; between the middle and outer toe, 2.75 inches. Projection of the middle toe beyond the others, 2.25 inches. Distance of the heel from the median line, 0.6 inch. Plantigrade. Width of the track- way, 4 inches. Track shown of the natural size on Plate XIV., fig. 2. Localities.—W ethersfield, Chicopee Falls, and Lily Pond, Gill. Species 3. ARGOZOUM PARI-DIGITATUM. Ornithichnites minimus, American Journal of Science, Vol. XXIX., p. 325. Ornithichnites isodactylus. Massachusetts Geological Report, Plate 45, figs. 38, 39. Argozoum pari-digitatum of Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate VL, figs. 3 and 4. USNS [ Nos. in the Cabinet, 2, 24, 2, 38, 40, 44, 31, Da eT O eed) eRe? cof Hilco 1 382 33 83,] 29309 47 10° oleo Divarication of the lateral toes, 80° to 100°; of the inner and middle toe, 40° to 50°; of the middle and outer toe, 40° to 50°; of the axis of the foot with the median line, 0° to 30°. Distance of the centre of the heel from the median line, 0 to 1 inch. Length of the inner toe, 0.9 inch; of the middle toe, 1.8 inch; of the outer toe, 1 inch; of the foot, 1.6 inch; of the step, 6 inches; of the middle toe beyond the others, 0.9 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 1.7 inch; between the inner and middle toes, 1.1 inch; between the middle and outer toes, 1.4 inch. Lateral toes curved outward, the middle one inward. Width of the trackway, 1.7 inch. Track shown of the natural size, on Plate XIV., fig. 3; also a row of eight.tracks on Plate XXXV., fig. 4; and another row on Plate XX XIX., fig. 1. Localities. — Gill, Horse Race and Lily Pond, and at Wethersfield. ''PLATYPTERNA. 83 Genus II.—PLATYPTERNA. (From zluréz, broad, and xré9va, a heel.) Heel broad; foot plantigrade, and often calcigrade. Toes very narrow, and curved both vertically and horizontally. Remark.—The breadth of the heel is the most important ue between this genus and the Argozoum. Yet some of the tracks when cleaved, approach so near that genus, as well as the Ornithopus, (which has four toes,) that it would not be strange if future researches should unite them. But my descriptions must be founded on present knowledge. Species 1. PiarypTerNA DEANIANA. Ornithoidichnites Deani of Massachusetts. Geological Report, Plate 42, figs. 31, 32; and Plate 44, fig. 37. : Platypterna Deaniana of F aa Footmarks of the United States, Plate VIL, fig. 1. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 32, 32, 32, 32, 47, 34.] Divarication of the lateral toes, 60° to 70°; of the inner and middle toe, 40° to 45° ; of the middle and outer toe, 25° to 30°; of the axis of the foot with the median line, 10°. Length of the inner toe, 1.5 inch; of the middle toe, 3 inches ; of the outer toe, 2 inches ; of the heel, 1.1 to 1.2 inch; of the foot, 4 to 4.5 inches; of the step, 9 to 12 inches; of the middle toe beyond the rest, 1.8 inch. Width of the heel, 0.9 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 2 to 2.5 inches ; between the inner and middle toe, 2 to 2.2 inches; between the middle and outer toe, 2 to 2.3 inches. Versed sine of the curvature of the inner toe, inwards, 0.17 inch; of the middle toe, inwards, 0.12 inch; of the outer toe, outwards, 0.22 inch. Foot plantigrade, and often strongly calcigrade; toes somewhat keel-shaped, very narrow. Width of the trackway, 3 inches (7). Track shown of the natural size on Plate XIV., fig. 4 Locality.—On the fine red shale of Wethersfield Cove, where alone I have found. this species. Remark.—The tracks of this species have furnished two of the best specimens I have ever seen, of the recession of the impressions on the successive layers of shale as we go upward. ‘This will be best understood by looking at Plate VL, fig. 2) Its satisfactorily explained by supposing the surface on which the animal trod to have been inclined; and we find accordingly, that the heel made a much deeper impression than the toes (calcigrade). But I have so fully treated of this point in the preliminary principles, that I need not here enlarge. This species is dedicated to the late Dr. J ames Deane, who first called my attention to the subject of footmarks, and who has subsequently investigated it with much success, as its Bibliography, prefixed to this Report, will show. : ll '' 84 PLATYPTERNA. Species 2. PLATYPTERNA TENUIS. Ornithoidichnites tenuis. Massachusetts Geological Report, Plate 43, figs. 33, 34. Platypterna tenuis. Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate VIL. figs. 2 and 3. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 84, 81, 32, 82, 32, 35. Divarication of the lateral toes, 45° to 60°; of the inner and middle toe, 20° to 30°; of the middle and outer toe, 25° to 30°. Length of the inner toe, 1 inch; of the middle toe, 2 inches; of the outer toe, 1.3 inch; of the heel, so far as it reached the ground, 0.6 inch; of the foot, 2.1 inches; of the step, 7 inches. Width of the heel, 0.6 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 1.1 to 1.7 inch; between the inner and middle toe, 1.1 to 1.4 inch. Length of the middle toe beyond the others, 0.9 to 1.1 inch. Foot plantigrade, inclining to digitigrade; toes very slender; lateral ones curved outwards. Width of the trackway, 2 inches (?). Track shown of the natural size on Plate XIV., fig. 5. An ambrotype sketch of a single track is also shown on Plate LVIIL, fig. 10. Locality. —On the red shale at Wethersfield Cove. Species 3. PLATYPTERNA DELICATULA. Ornithoidichnites delicatulus of Massachusetts Geological Report, Plate 45, fig. 40. Platypterna delicatula. Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate VIL, fig. 4. [In the Cabinet, $1, $1 (bis).] Divarication of the lateral toes, 40°; of the inner and middle toes, 22°; of the middle and outer toe, 18°. Length of the inner toe, 0.65 inch; of the middle toe, 1.1 inch; of the outer toe, 0.75 inch; of the heel, 0.4; breadth of the same, 0.3 inch; length of the foot, 1.5 inch; of the step, 3 inches; of the middle toe beyond the rest, 0.5 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 0.6 inch; between the inner and middle toe, 0.6 inch ; between the middle and outer toe, 0.55 inch. Foot plantigrade, or even calcigrade. Width of the trackway, 2 inches. Track shown of the natural size on Plate XIV., fig. 6. An ambrotype sketch of a single track is shown on Plate LVIIL, fig. 8. Locality.— The red shale of Wethersfield Cove. Species 4. PLATYPTERNA RECTA. Harpedactylus rectus. Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate V., fig. 5, and MALY:( fig. 7. [In the Cabinet, $. Divarication of the lateral toes, 36°; of the inner and middle toe, 10°; of the middle and outer toe, 27°; of the axis of the foot with the median line, 5° to 10° inward. Length of the inner toe which reached the ground as the animal walked, 2.5 inches; do. to where the three toes intersect backward, 3.5 inches. Length of the middle toe impressing '' PLATYPTERNA. ‘ 85 the ground, 3.75 inches; do. whole toe, 5 inches. Length of the outer toe impressing the ground, 2.5 inches; do. whole toe, 4.1 inches; of the foot impressing the ground, 3.75 inches; of the step, 5.5 inches; of the middle toe beyond the rest, 1.4 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 2.5 inches; between the inner and middle toe, 1.6 inch; between the middle and outer toe, 2 inches; between the rows of tracks made by the right and left foot, 3.5 inches; hence the distance of cach row from the median line, 1.75 inch. Foot digitigrade, its width behind where the toes ceased to make an impression in walking, 2 inches. Toes very straight and narrow. Width of the trackway, 5.5 inches. Track shown of the natural size on Plate XIV., fig. 7. Also the whole row on the only slab in the Cabinet, on Plate XLVIL., fig. 3. Locality. —'Turner’s Falls, at the ferry, on the Gill shore, on fine gray micaceous sandstone, dipping south-easterly at an angle of 40°. Remarks.—I am of opinion that this species of animal must have belonged to a different genus from the other species of Platypterna. Had the whole foot and heel made an impression, it would probably have been easy to make out distinctive genuine characters. But the only tracks which we possess might have been a digitigrade imprint of a species of Platypterna. Yet the unexampled shortness of the step for so large a foot, and the great width between the rows of tracks, give us an idea of a thick, short- legged, clumsy animal, different from the slenderer and perhaps elegant forms of the other species of Platypterna. I think it best, however, to leave this species provisionally in that genus. Species 5. PLATYPTERNA VARICA. Harpedactylus concameratus of Footmarks of the United States, Plate XIV., fig. 3. ‘ > 1 Jog. 6 0. 1 Te Bd 35 B85 35 6 7 6 35 [In the Cabinet, Nos. 35, 4g, 4s Ay, 4g, gts 763 5A, 38, $8, 23, 4, az, 4, 23-] Divarication of the lateral toes, 75°; of the inner and middle toe, 23°; of the middle and outer toe, 52°; of the axis of the foot from the median line, the foot turning inward, 20°, Distance of the middle of the heel from the median line, 5 inches. Length of the inner toe (measured on the chord) from the middle of the heel, 3 inches; of the middle toe, 3.6 inches; of the outer toe, 2 inches; of the heel, 1.1 inch; width of do., 2 inches ; length of the foot, 5 inches; of the middle toe beyond the rest, 2 inches; of the step, 8 to 12 inches. Versed sine of curvature in the inner toe, 0.3 inch; in the middle toe, 0.4 inch; in the outer toe, 0.15 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 3.7 inches ; between the inner and middle toe, 1.5 inch; between the middle and outer toe, 3.3 inches. Foot vaulted so as to make an elevation on the reversed tracks quite prominent, and nearly an inch wide, between the heel and the place where the toes reach the ground. Width of the trackway, 11 inches. Outline of a very perfect specimen of the track, shown on Plate XIV., fig. 8. A row of these tracks is also shown on Plate XLVILI., fig. 4. Remark.—This species is remarkable for the great width of the heel, the imward curvature of the toes, the vaulted character of the foot, and the width between its feet as ''86 PLATYPTERNA. it walked; so that the track appears like that of a goose. The specific name (varica, one that straddles) is derived from this last character. Locality. —Turner's Falls, at the Ferry, discovered by Mr. Marsu. Species 6. PLaryprerNa piciriGrapa. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, No. 28, 18, 21.] Divarication of the lateral toes, 80°; of the inner and middle toe, 43°; of the middle and outer toe, 37°. Inclination of the axis of the foot towards the median line, 10° to 20°. Distance of the posterior extremity of that axis from the median line, 0.6 inch. Versed sine of curvature in the inner toe, 0.1 inch; do. in the middle toe; 0.15 inch - outer toe straight. Length of the inner toe, 1.2 inch; of the middle toe, 1.5 inch; of the outer toe, 1.2 inch; of the heel, indefinite on the track; width of the heel, 0.8 inch; toot strongly digitigrade. ‘Toes thick, with claws a quarter of an inch long. Length of the step, 4 to 4.5 inches. Of the middle toe beyond the rest, 0.6 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 1.6 inch; do. between the inner and middle toe, 1 inch; between the middle and outer toe, 1 inch. Width of the trackway, 3 inches. Outline of the track shown of the natural size, on Plate XIV., fig.9. Also a row of tracks on Plate LL, fig. 2. Locality.— Tumer’s Falls, on Mr. Fretp’s farm, from whom I purchased the specimens in the Cabinet. I was at first inclined to refer this species to the P. varica; but its smallness and strongly digitigrade character, with the distinctness of its claws, justify a separation. I should not be surprised, however, if some or all of the species of Argozoum and Platypterna should be found to be four-toed, and possibly some of them four-footed, and so identical with species described under other genera; the P. Deaniana, for instance, with Ornithopus gallinaceus, to be described. But till additional facts are brought to . light, the above arrangement is the best I can make. Species 7. Praryprerna GRaciiima. (Nov. Sp.) 1 89 89 85 85 85 85 (9) 89 39(9 [In the Cabinet, Nos. 89, 89, 85, 35, $3, 28,(@) $3 32(2).] Divarication of the lateral toes, 70°; of the inner and middle toe, 20°; of the middle and outer toe, 50°. Toes curved inward. Versed sine of the curvature of the middle toe, 0.12 inch. Angle between the axis of the foot and the median line, 30°: that is, the axis of the foot is turned inward that amount. Length of the inner toe, 1 inch; of the middle toe, 1.5 inch; of the outer toe, 1.25 inch; between the tips of the lateral toes, 1.4 inch. Projection of the middle toe beyond the others, 0.6 inch. Distance of the heel from the median line, 0.2 to 0.9 inch. Length of the step 5 to 5.5 inches. ‘Toes narrow, generally sharply accuminate. Width of the trackway, 3 inches. An outline sketch of this species is given on Plate XIV., fig. 12. I regret that no ambrotype sketch was taken of the row of tracks on No. 29. Locality.— On the gray shale of Turner's Falls, below the cataract, where it was dug out by Dexrer Marsa. ''ORNITHOPUS. : 87 II.—TETRADACTYLOUS. Genus IIIL—ORNITHOPUS. (From ég 89 S48 [In the Cabinet, Nos. 3, 24, $4, 93, 2% $2 38 33) 3h 4t) 4 Fm dm TD 10> 3 5 ont toe slightly curved towards the heel; lying on a prolongation backward of the outer toe. Heel or tarsal bone sloping backward so as to impress the mud, 0.5 inch wide. Width of the trackway, 3.5? inches. Track shown of the natural size on Plate XIV., fig. 10. An ambrotype sketch of a single track shown on Plate LVIILI., fig. 1. Localities. —On the Wethersfield red shale, at Chicopee Falls, and the Horse Race, in Gill. Remarks.— This species bears a strong resemblance in the size and form of its track, as already remarked in general as to the genus, to some of the more common domestic gallinaceous birds. The leg bone, however, in the fossil animal, seems not to have been erect like that in most birds, but to have sloped backward from the foot, so as not to have formed a very large angle with the ground; and herein do we see an approach to the structure of some reptiles, and a little farther on we shall see how small a change would be necessary in the track, to convert it into a lizard’s. If the fourth toe were to take its rise a little farther back on the tarsus, and go off from it nearly at right angles, we should have a lizard’s foot. Or if the fourth toe were to be obliterated, or fail to make an impression, we should get a track hardly distinguishable from a Platypterna. '' 88 PRIDENTIP ES. Nor am I disposed to deny that such changes are impossible among the phenomena of tracks. But until we can find these changes on well marked specimens, we have no right to presume upon their occurrence. Species 2. ORNITHOPUS GRACILIOR. Ornithoidichnites gracilior of Massachusetts Geological Report, Plate 46, fig. 43. Ornithopus gracilior of Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate VIII, fig. 2. : os 27 OF em 81 hr 82 (Tie). 41 [In the Cabinet, Nos. 27, 27, $1, $4, 34, 44, % (bis), 41. Divarication of the lateral toes, 90°; of the inner and middle toe, 35°; of the middle and outer toe, 57°; of the middle and hind toe, 105°. Length of the middle toe, 1.1 inch; of the outer toe, 1.2 inch. Hind toe articulated high upon the tarsus, so that only 0.4 inch impresses the ground; its whole length being at least 0.9 inch. Middle toe keel-shaped. Toes nearly straight. Length of the foot, exclusive of the hind toe, 1.6 inch; of the step, 6 inches; of the middle toe beyond the rest, 0.75 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 1.8 inch; between the inner and middle toe, | inch; between the middle and outer toe, 1.2 inch; between the middle and hind toe, 2 inches. Width of the toes, 0.12 to 2 inches. Width of the trackway, 4.5 inches. Track shown of the natural size on Plate XIV., fig. 11. An ambrotype sketch of a single track is also shown on Plate LVIIL., fig. 7. Locality.— Red shale of Wethersfield. Remark.— Here again we have a remarkable resemblance in the track of. this species to that of the common domestic hen, especially in the hind toe, which in that bird often shows only its extremity upon the mud or snow. But I have only a few good specimens, and, therefore, would be cautious in drawing conclusions from them. Would that I could have explored more thoroughly that remarkable locality of footmarks at the Cove in Wethersfield! 3 Genus IV.—TRIDENTIPES. (From tridens, a trident, and pes, a foot.) Ornithichnites. American Journal of Science, Vol. XXIX., p. 319. Ornithoidichnites. Massachusetts Geological Report, Plate 40, fig. 27. Steropezoum. Fossil Footmarks of United States, Plate V., fig. t. Three toes directed forward, more or less keel-shaped. Fourth toe inside, nearly on a prolongation backward of the outer toe. Heel stout: the leg sloping upward back of the toes at a very small angle; leaving ridges and furrows often upon the mud towards its posterior part, as if made by stiff hairs or feathers. Remarks.— This genus I have until recently described as having but three toes, under the name of Steropezoum. But a fourth toe has been found in all the species, mainly by a careful cleaving of the specimens. It differs from the Ornithopus chiefly by the more striking development of its heel in the track. ‘This fact shows that the long tarsal bone, (or if a bird, the tarso-metatarsal,) lay almost flat upon the ground when the animal walked, as is the case with some lizards, batrachians, and a few birds. I have been in much ''TRIDENTIPES. : 89 doubt, however, whether I ought to separate this genus from the Ornithopus. I do it on the ground that not unlikely the former may prove ‘to have been lizards. I give up the name Steropezoum, because, although it be very appropriate to call the first species an animal giant, the third is too small for such a designation. But trident-footed is appropriate for them all. Species 1. ‘TRIDENTIPES INGENS. Ornithichnites ingens. American Journal of Science, Vol. XXIX, p. 319. Ornithoidichnites ingens. Massachusetts Geological Report, Plate 40, fig. 27. Steropezoum ingens. Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate ¥., fig. tr [In the Cabinet, Nos. 4§, 4, Tr, 42, 34, 37. Divarication of the lateral front toes, 107°; of the mner front and middle toe, 50° ; of the middle and outer toe, 58°; of the hind and middle toe, 130°. Length of the hind toe, 5 inches; of the inner front toe, 8 inches: of the middle toe, 9.5 inches; of the outer - toe, 5.7 inches; of the heel where it reaches the ground, 9 inches ; width of do., 3 inches ; _ length of the foot, 18 to 25 (7%) inches; of the step, 40 to 72 inches; of the middle toe beyond the lateral ones, 5.5 inches. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 11.3 inches ; between the inner front and middle toe, 7 inches ; between the middle and outer toe, 7.3 inches; between the hind and middle toe, 16.5 inches; versed sine of inward cur- yature in the middle toe, 0.3 to 0.7 inch; do. of the outer toe inward, 0.3 to 0.5 inch. Width of the toes, from 0.4 to 1.1 inch. Foot plantigrade; toes somewhat keel-shaped, so as to leave an arch between the toes and the heel; that is, the heel and the middle of the toes sink deepest into the mud, which is crowded upwards in the space between them, Rugosities or ridges beneath the posterior part of the heel, on the track, somewhat radiating. occasioned probably by the adhesion of the mud to the heel, as the animal lifted its foot. Track shown of the natural size on Plate XV., fig. 1. Localities. —I first found the tracks of this species at the Horse Race in Gill, but succeeded in obtaining only a single specimen, and that so imperfect that I did not discover a hind toe. From that I gave the figure in Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate V., fig. 1. Afterwards I found that Professor C. U. Surrarp had a better specimen in his Cabinet at Amherst, from which the drawing in this Report was taken, and this shows a hind toe very distinctly; and on a re-examination of my first specimen I can discover the fourth toe there also. Professor Sueparp’s specimen was from Northampton, east base of Mount Tom. I am now inclined, also, since the discovery of the fourth toe, to refer Orni- thopus Adamsanus of Fossil Footmarks to this same species; although the former is con- siderably smaller. ‘This was found in Montague City, about a mile south of Turner's Falls, a little east of the old Canal, on the former Boston road. So that we have now three localities of this remarkable species, the most gigantic of all the narrow-toed species, and. able, apparently, to compete with Brontozoum giganteum itself. '' 9() TRIDENTIPES. Species 2. 'TRIDENTIPES ELEGANS. Steropezoum elegans. Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate V., fig. 2. Ornithichnites diversus. American Journal of Science, Vol. XXIX., fig. 22. Ornithoidihenites elegans. Massachusetts Geological Report, Plate 41, fig. 28. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 4,8, 45, 18, 18, 21, 21, 2 loo. 2 one Bd 8 2 toleo St Qo 7, 9 5 1 15 20 22 ’ Io es toe 26° 32 49.) ye 2 7 6 Divarication of the lateral toes, 125°; of the inner front and middle toe, 65°; of the middle and outer toe, 60°; of the middle and hind toe, 140°. Length of the hind toe, 1.8 inch; of the inner front toe, 1.8 inch; of the middle toe, 2.8 inches; of the outer toe, 2.2 inches; of the heel where it reaches the ground, 2.4 inches; width of the same, 0.5 inch; length of the foot, 5 inches; of the step, 10 to 20 inches; of the middle toe, beyond the others, 2 inches. Width of the toes from 0.26 to 0.42 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 3.5 inches; between the inner front and middle toe, 25 inches; between the middle and outer toe, 2.6 inches; between the hind and middle toe, 5.3 inches; versed sine of the curvature inward of the middle toe, 0.2 inch. Inner and outer front toes slightly curved. Angle of the axis of the foot with the median line, 0° to 10°. Distance of the middle of the heel from the median line, 0.5 to 3.5 inches. Width cf the trackway, 7 inches. An outline of this track of the natural size is shown on Plate XV., fie: 2. lie also shown on the ambrotype sketches on Plate XLV., fig. 6, and on Plate LIL, figs. 8, 9, 10 and 11. Localities. —'This was the animal that made the track from Marsh’s quarry in the south-west part of Montague, which first arrested the attention of Dexrer Marsu, as he was laying it down in the side-walk in Greenfield, and which was subsequently purchased at my request by Dr. Deane for my cabinet. The specimen consisted of a slab 34 inches by 36, which was split open; and that side which had the depressed tracks upon it I supposed to be the surface on which the animal trod. There the track was tridigitate; nor did I discover the fourth toe till recently, when suspending the specimens in a frame, I cleaved off some of the surface, and found that the tracks which I had described were an inch at least below where the animal trod. The specimen now forms what | call the Great Folio, of four pages, all of which are shown on Plate LIT. ; the two first pages on figs. 11 and 10, and the two second on figs. 9 and 8. The volume finely illustrates the subject of tracks. Another locality is on the banks of Connecticut River in the north part of Montague ; another, two miles south of Turner’s Falls; another at the Horse Race in Gill. Species 3. 'TRIDENTIPES ELEGANTIOR. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 19, %?, 3, 22, 33, 28.] Divarication of the lateral toes, 75°; of the inner and middle toe, 32°; of the middle and outer toe, 44°; of the middle and hind toe, 140°; of the axis of the foot with the line of direction, 0° to 10°. Length of the inner toe, 0.6 inch; of the middle ''TRIDENTIPES. } 91 toe, 1 inch; of the outer toe, 0.9 inch ; of the hind toe, 0.4 inch; of the heel, 0.7 inch ; of the foot, 1.8 inch; of the step, 5.3 inches ; width of the toes from 0.14 to 0.25 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 1.1 inch; of the inner and middle toes, 0.8 inch; of the middle and outer toe, 0.9 inch. Projection of the middle toe beyond the others, 0.6 inch. Width of the trackway, 1.75 inch. An outline of this track of natural size is given on Plate XV., fig. 3. Plate XLV., fig. 1, also shows a case quite unusual among fossil footmarks where the animal turned completely about on a very short curve. This fact forms the foundation of a moral conclusion of much interest which I shall notice in the conclusion. Remarks. —This species is not, as may be supposed, identical with the Steropezoum elegantior of the Fossil Footmarks of the United States. I have not been able to discover a fourth toe upon this latter, and as it differs but little, except in size, from Tridentipes elegans, I drop it out as a species; although by so doing I leave some specimens in the Cabinet which I cannot name. Species 4. ‘TRIDENTIPES INSIGNIS. cad Ornithoidichnites divaricatus of Massachusetts Report, Plate 44, fig. 36. Ornithopus loripes of Fossil Footmarks of United States, Plate VIII., fig. 3. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 4, 3%, 4-] Divarication of the lateral toe, 95°; of the inner and middle toe, 45° ; of the middle and outer toe, 50°; of the hind and middle toe, 100°. Length of the inner front toe, 4.3 inches: of the middle toe, 5.3 inches; of the outer toe, 4.3 inches; of the inner toe, 3.2 inches; of the foot, 6 to 7 inches; of the part of the heel making an impression in walking, 1 to 2 inches; width of the same, 1.5 inch; length of the step, 16 to 23 inches ; of the middle toe beyond the rest, 2.5 inches; width of the toes from 0.5 to 0.7 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral front toes, 6.3 inches; between the middle and inner front toe, 4 inches : between the middle and outer toe, 4 inches; between the middle and hind toe, 6.8 inches. Versed sine of curvature of the hind toe, 0.2 inch; of the inner front toe, 0.4 inch; of the middle toe, 0.6 inch; of the outer toe, 0.2 inch. Angle between the axis of the foot and the median line, 10°, inwards. Distance of the middle of the heel from the line of direction, 3 inches. Width of the trackway, 12.5 inches. Outline of the track of natural size shown on Plate XV., fig. 4. Rows of this track are also shown on Plate XLV., fig. 3, and Plate XLVIL, fig. 2. Localities. —South-west part of Montague; Horse Race, Gill; Northampton ; Chicopee; Wethersfield, Connecticut. Species 5. Tripenrires uncus. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. $, 3%, 44. 44, 1A, 42, Sh, 32, 34, 3A, 19, 4, 92.] Divarication of the lateral front toes, 90°; of the inner front and the middle toe, 48° ; of the middle and outer toes, 44°; of the middle and hind toe, 70°. Length of the middle toe, 2.2 inches; of the inner front toe, 1.7 inch; of the outer do., 1.4 inch; of the hind toe, 12 ''92 AEFBINITEES: OF THE GROUP. 1:1 inch; of the heel, 1.1 inch; width of do., 0.9 inch. Length of the foot, 3.2 inches ; of the step, 4.5 to 5 inches; of the middle toe beyond the rest, 1 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral front toes, 2.2 inches; between the middle and inner toe, 1.4 inch; between the middle and outer toe, 1.6 inch; between the middle and hind toe, 2.8 inches. Versed sine of curvature in the hind toe, 0.1 inch; in the inner front toe, 0.15 inch; of the middle toe, 0.2 inch; of the outer toe, 0.1 inch. Angle between the axis of the foot and the median line, the foot turned inward, 5° to 20°. Distance between the middle of the heel and the median line, 1.5 inch. Width of the trackway, 10 inches. Outline of the track shown of the natural size on Plate XV., fig. 5. A row of these tracks is shown also on Plate XLVL., fig. 1. Locality. — Turner’s Falls, Lily Pond Quarry. Affinities of the Group. Living biped animals with tridactylous or tetradactylous feet are birds, with only one or two unimportant exceptions in the Batrachian class. The same characters in the preceding group afford a presumption that the animals which made these tracks were also birds. ‘The position of the hind toe, likewise, in the second sub-group, corresponds to that of many four-toed birds; especially where, as in Ornithopus gracilior, the hind toe is inserted so high on the tarsus that its extremity only reached the ground, giving the track precisely the appearance of that of the common dunghill fowl. Another fact corroborative of the conclusion that at least some of the animals of this group were birds, has been ingeniously applied by Dr. Samurn L. Dana, of Lowell. He has carefully analyzed the coprolites found in connection with the tracks of Argozoum Redfieldianum, and detected in them about one-half of one per cent. of uric acid. The whole analysis stands as follows. (See American Journal of Science, Vol. 48, p. 46.) Water, organic matter, urate, and volatile salts of ammonia, : i : : 1.05380 Chloride of Sodium, . ‘ : : : : : : : : : : : 51 Sulphates of Lime and Magnesia, : ; : : : : : : ‘ so lel Phosphate of Lime and Magnesia, : : : : ‘ : ; : 3 - 39,00 Carbonate of Lime, . ; : : : : : : : : : j 28447 Silicates, . : ; : : : ‘ os : : : : : a SOW. 100. By subsequent analysis Dr. Dana ascertained that the amount of uric acid was about one-half of one per cent.; and after going into an extended comparison and course of reasoning, showing that this could not be the coprolite of reptiles or carnivorous birds, he says, “the conclusion seems inevitable, that it has been dropped by a bird belonging to the class which has deposited the beds of guano,” that is, by omnivorous birds. On the other hand, however, some circumstances create a doubt whether the tracks of this group are those of birds at all. One is, as I shall attempt to show, that we find among the tracks to be described, some that are undoubtedly quadrupedal and yet are tridactyle ; their quadrupedal tharacter being determined chiefly by the position of the feet as the ''ORNITHOID LIZARDS, &c. ie. animal walked; namely, two tracks (of unequal size, however) coming close together with a wide interval to the next two. Viewed apart, each of these tracks would be, mistaken for some of the tridactyle impressions described under the last group; and the inquiry cannot but arise, whether one of the feet of these animals may not have failed to make an impression, or its track may not yet be discovered. Another suspicion of the like kind may be awakened by the lizard-like aspect as to the fect, of some of the four-toed tracks above described; especially those of the Tridentipes. I refer particularly to the curvature of their toes, which is certainly more common in lizards and chelonians than in birds. Such suggestions, however, can hardly outweigh the positive arguments in favor of the ornithic type of most of this group. Even if some of them should turn out to be quadrupeds, as is not improbable, we ought not to allow such a possibility to transfer the whole sixteen from bipeds to quadrupeds; or even any of them, without further proof. GROUP IV.—ORNITHOID LIZARDS OR BATRACHIANS. Remarks.—I have found it an extremely difficult matter to distinguish by their tracks between the Batrachian Tritons and Salamanders on the one hand, and some Lizards on the other. These families were formerly united and are now distinguished chiefly by the smooth skin of the former and the scaly skin of the latter. Most of the lizards have, indeed, five toes, both behind and before,—excepting the crocodile tribe; whereas the Salamanders haye only four toes in front. But in small tracks, so minute are some of the toes that they are often overlooked or not present in the track, and, therefore, I dare not take this character as a criterion. In these circumstances I have brought together certain species under a name which embraces both these tribes, and yet they have marked ornithoid characters. Some of this Group appear tome to have been perhaps more peculiar in their characters than any others whose tracks are in our cabinets; and some of them have been, till this time, unhesitatingly referred to. birds; and indeed the ornithic type is strongly marked; but other characters bring them into the lizard or batrachian family. But I will give details. Gunvs I.—GIGANTITHERIUM, (yiyas, a giant, and 6yglor, a wild beast.) Three thick toes pointing forward; a fourth, short and rather narrow, coming out near the posterior end of the inner toe, and curved outward. ‘Toes with claws. Tracks arranged nearly on a right line, ornithoid. ‘Tail dragging behind, and passing through the middle of the tracks. Animal bipedal. Species 1. GiGANTITHERIUM CAUDATUM. Gigandipus caudatus, American J ournal of Science, Vol. 21, New Series, p. 96.. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 2, 3%, 2] Divarication of the lateral toes, 53°; of the inner and middle toe, 22°; of the middle and outer toe, 830°; of the middle and hind toe, 120°. Length of the foot from the tip of ''of GIGANTITHERIUM. © the middle toe to the end of the heel, or inner toe, 17.5 inches ; of the inner toe, 13.5 inches ; of the outer toe, 13 inches; of the hind toe, 3.3 inches; of the step, 3.9 inches. Thickness of the inner toe, 3 inches; of the middle toe, 8 inches; of the outer toe, 3.5 inches; of the hind toe, 0.7 inch. Claws at least an inch long, probably more; accuminate. Inner toe extending backward farther than the outer one. Distance from tip to tip of the front lateral toes, 11.5 inches; between the inner and middle toe, 6.6 inches; between the middle and outer toe, 7.5 inches; between the middle and hind toe, 17.25 inches. Middle toe prolonged beyond the others, 4.3 inches. Axis of the foot coincident with the line of direction. Tracks rarely out of a right line. Right and left foot in the tracks distinguish- able by the position of the inner or hind toe, which points inward alternately from the right and left side of the tracks. Versed sine of the curvature of the hind toe, 0.4 inch. The trace of a long tail in the line of the tracks is very manifest, passing across the middle of the tracks, except where the animal changed its course. Width of the trace, from a quarter to half an inch, with a somewhat feathery appearance on each side, such as is exhibited by the slight ripple in water, when a stick is drawn rapidly through -it. Tracks ornithoid ; tail reptilian. Width of the trackway, 12 inches. Outline of the foot shown of the natural size, on Plate XVI, fig. 1. Fig. 2 shows the tail swinging to the right and the left. An ambrotype sketch of the best slab in the Cabinet is shown on Plate XLIV., fig. 4. The three first tracks on this figure are in a right line ; at the fourth step, the animal veered a little to the right, which caused the tail to curve in the same direction. It has been suggested that this trace upon the stone was made by the animal’s toe, rather than by a tail. But in that case it would not be so continuous, and could be traced to the toe that made it, as other examples to be described prove. Nor in that’ case would it it ever leave any impression on the track, as is sometimes faintly seen in the Gigantitherium. Plate XVL., fig. 2, is a sketch by Roswett Frexp, not intended to be perfectly accurate, of a row of tracks of this animal, with a tail-trace sweeping to the right and left. ‘The specimen was unfortunately destroyed; but I saw a part of it with the tail-trace that corresponded to this figure. Such a serpentine trackway I suppose to be the result of an animal’s taking unusually long strides, and it is conclusive proof that the trace was made by a tail instead of a foot. When I first found the tracks of this animal I called it Gigandipus, or the Giant-footed biped, because I had no evidence that it had more than two feet. Nor have any more been discovered ; but in so many instances I have found that a supposed biped turned out to be a quadruped, that I judged it best to change the name, and call it Gigantitherium ; which means a giant animal merely; so that if it turns out to be a quadruped, the name may still be good and not teach an error, as Gigandipus would. The nearly rectilinear succession of the tracks of this animal is a remarkable fact whether it be biped or quadruped. For it affords strong evidence that it had long legs No living animal of this size, if indeed there are any living ones with fect so large, —moves so nearly in a right line, unless it be the large gralle, or wading birds. And when I first glanced at the tracks, I thought only of a bird’s foot. But when I saw the tail-track, my ''GIGANTITHERIUM. 95 imagination was filled at once with a gigantic biped lizard, or batrachian. But if such was its nature, how high must it have been stilted up! How unlike existing nature! And whatever we imagine its nature to have been, we cannot but be satisfied that its type differed much from that of living animals. Locality. — The tracks of this as well as of the next species, was discovered by Rosweut Fretp at the Lily Pond on his farm. The specimen figured on Plate XLIV., fig. 4, is undoubtedly the best yet found. But others were obtained ; two of which are in the Ichnological Cabinet ; (see Plate XLIV., fig. 6, for one of them,) and two others were sent to Dr. Joun C. Warren, and are now deposited by his sons in the fire-proof Mastodon Cabinet erected by their father in Boston, along with many other fine specimens of foot- marks and splendid fossils, the whole forming one of the most magnificent private cabinets in the country, or in the world. Mr. Frexp, who disinterred all the specimens of the tracks of Gigantitherium yet found, is confident that no marks of the fore feet existed; and from his great skill and caution in such manipulations, I cannot believe they would have escaped his notice. At present, therefore, we must go on the supposition that the animal was a biped. Yet it would not be strange if the fore feet should be hereafter brought to light. Species 2. GiGanTITHERIUM MINUS. (Noy. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. }, 32, 4°, 2, 32, 24. Tridactylous; divarication of the lateral toes, 43° ; of the inner and middle toe, 30° ; of the middle and outer toe, 12°. Length of the inner toe, including probably a tarsal bone 1.3 inch long, which impresses the mud, 5.8 inches; of the middle toe, 5.4 inches ; of the outer toe, 5.1 inches; of the foot, 8 inches; of the step 26 to 34 inches. Width of the inner toe, 0.9 inch; of the middle toe, 1.3 inch; of the outer toe, 1.3 inch. Length of the first phalanx of the middle toe, 1.3 inch; of the second, 1.25 inch; of the third, 1.9 inch; of the claw and perhaps ungual phalanx, 0.8 inch; of the first phalanx of the outer toe, 1.4 inch; of the second, 1.5 inch; of the third, 1.3 inch; of the claw and ungual phalanx, 1 inch; of the phalanges of the inner toe, unknown; of the tarsal bone(?) which impresses the ground, 1.3 inch, and is narrower than the toe; nor does it make so deep an impression; for both which reasons it is judged to be a tarsal bone. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 5.8 inches; between the imner and middle toe, 4.7 inches; between the middle and outer toe, 3.3 inches. Projection of the middle toe beyond the others, 2.7 inches. Width of the trackway, 6.5 inches. Tail making a distinct trackway along the animal’s course, 0.15 inch wide. Outline of the track of natural size shown on Plate X VIL, fig. 1. Several tracks of this species, with the marks of the tail, are shown on Plates XLL, fig. 2, and ZHT,. fig. 2, as taken by an ambrotype sketch. Locality.— Lily Pond, on Mr. Frexp’s farm, with the G. caudatum. Remarks.—1 bring this track into the genus Gigantitherium, although I have as yet found but three toes; for it obviously belongs to the same type, which is more easily ''96 GIGANTITHERIUM. recognized by the eye than by description. Perhaps the extension backward of the inner toe beyond the outer one, and the consequent greater length of the inner one, is the most striking peculiarity; for I have never before met with a tridactylous pachydac- tylous track, whose inner is longer than the outer toe. As this species, however, has no hind toe, I could not determine which is the inner toe, did I not take the G. caudatum as a guide; for the fourth toe in that species comes out from the longest toe, and I cannot believe, contrary to all analogy living and fossil, I think, that a fourth toe like this proceeds from the outward toe. And, moreover, noticing especially in the G. minus that an impression appears on the longest toe about equal in length to a phalanx at its posterior extremity, and makes not so deep or wide an impression as the main body of the toe, though it curves a little outward beyond the exterior line of the toe, I infer that here some of the tarsal bones reached the ground, and should not be reckoned in estimating the length of the toe. Making this deduction as accurately as I have been able to determine the point, and it leaves the inner toe about as much shorter than the outer one as is usual in the thick-toed tracks that have been described. I, therefore, regard what seems to be the longest toe in G. minus as the inner one, as we know it to be in G. caudatum. Nor do I regard the absence of a fourth toe in the G. minus a sufficient reason for excluding it from this genus. For much experience has shown that this toe so often failed to make an impression in walking, that many well-marked tracks often appear without it. The next species to be described presents us with several long rows of deep and distinct tracks, and yet on only one or two broken fragments is a hind toe visible. But though the hind toe be wanting in the G. minus, the claws and some of the phalanges are much better developed than in G. caudatum. But their occurrence in the former makes their existence in the latter highly probable. I regret that as yet I am unable to make out the number of the phalanges in the inner toe. If they are three, as they appear to be in the other toes, the question would press strongly upon us, whether these remarkable animals were not mammiferous; since the phalanges in all their toes are three. And such a suggestion would be strengthened by the length of their legs; for the G. minus appears to have moved nearly in a line, as well as the other species; and this could not be without long legs. The question may be raised whether the G. minus is not a young G. caudatum. This is quite possible, as the general form of the tracks is the same. But the G. minus appears to me to be more slender and delicate, and could hardly become the G. caudatum by growth. Then, if identical, I cannot see why a fourth toe is not found in the former, while it occurs in nearly every track of the latter, which I have seen. Moreover, if identical, we ought to find tracks of various intermediate sizes, which as yet has not been done; so that with our present knowledge, I feel justified in making two distinct species of this genus. ''HYPHEPUS. 97 Genus II.—HYPHEPUS. (Yo, a web, and zovs, a foot; the web-footed animal.) Tetradactylous; three toes pointing forward. Space between the toes filled up and scalloped in front between the tips, as if a membrane had impressed the mud in the form of a web. Caudate, bipedal, track ornithoid. Species 1. Hypuerus Freipr. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 4, 2°, 29, 32, 48 (bis), é¢, 42, 48.) Three toes pointing forward; divarication of the lateral front toes, 50°; of the inner and middle toe, 23°; of the middle and outer toe, 28°; of the middle and hind toe, 152°. Lateral toes rounded and rarely showing a claw, as if the web reached their extremities; middle toe attenuated near its extremity, but rarely showing a claw. ‘Tail generally passing so directly through the tracks as to destroy the marks of a claw on the middle toe. Length of the inner toe, 3 inches; of the middle toe and the foot, 5 inches ; of the outer toe, 2.9 inches; of the hind toe, 1 inch; of the step, 6 inches. Between the tips of the lateral toes, 2.8 inches; between the inner and middle toe, 2.3 inches ; between the middle and outer toe, 2.5 inches; between the middle and hind toe, 5.2 inches. Middle toe projecting beyond the rest, 2 inches; hind toe curved very much backward. Versed sine of curvature, 0.25 inch. Width of tail furrow, 0.15 inch. No phalanges visible. Web extending apparently over the whole foot. Axis of the foot turned inwards towards the median line, about 5°; heel distant from that line, 1 to 1.5 inch. Width of the trackway, 5.3 inches. Outline of the track and tail furrow of the natural size, shown on Plate XVIL., fig. 2. A long row of these tracks is also given on Plate XX XV, fig. 11, separated from the other tracks on the same slab. This row was taken from the slab sketched on Plate XLL, fig. 2. A track is also exhibited on Plate XLIL, fig. 2; from all of which I hope a good idea of it may be obtained. Locality. — Lily Pond, Gill. Remarks.—The tracks of this species occur on the same surface as those of the Gigantitherium, and their general form, with the crooked hind toe, closely resembles those of this genus. It is chiefly because the evidence of a web is so marked, while it is entirely wanting in the Gigantitherium, that I have placed this species under Hyphepus. Yet I am not without some apprehension, from what I have seen in some other tracks, that no web existed. But upon the whole, I leave it under this genus. As Mr. Frexp not only discoy- ered the track, but pointed out the web, I have attached his name to it as the discoverer. If the web should be proved not to exist, then it will fall in as a third species of Giganti- therium, with the same specific name. In all the specimens in the Cabinet, which are numerous, and fine, I have seen no mark of a forward foot. Here then we have three species, which, with our present knowledge, must be regarded as bipedal lizards, or batrachians. The tail effectually cuts off the idea of their having been birds; and yet the _ shape of the foot is strongly ornithoid; and so is the mode of progression. I must believe '' 98 CORVIPES. that these animals combined characters now found distributed among birds, lizards, batrachians, and perhaps mammalia. Genus III.—CORVIPES. (Corvus, a crow, and pes, a foot, from the resemblance of the tracks to that of. a crow.) Quadrupedal ; hind foot tridactylous, (tetradactylous?) unguiculate, ornithoid. Fore feet pentedactylous, toes curved, lacertiloid. Toes on both feet curved towards the median line. Species 1. CoryipEes LacerTorpEvus. (Nov. Sp.) 33 27 [In the Cabinet, Nos. 18, 22, 32, 32, $4, 34, #, 34] Hind Foot. —Divarication of the lateral front toes, 75°; of the inner and middle toe, 40°; of the middle and outer toes, 35°. Angle (inward) between the axis of the foot and the median line, 0 to 10°. Versed sine of the inward curvature of the middle toe, 0.2 inch. Length of the inner toe, 1.7 inch; of the outer toe, the same ; of the middle toe, 1.7 inch; of the claw, 0.2 inch; of the heel, 0.9 inch; of the foot, 2.6 inches ; of the step, 1.7 to 2.7 inches. Distance of the middle of the heel from the line of direction, 0 to 1.5 inch. Perhaps a very short hind toe coming out of the heel just back of the roots of the toes; but I have only one indistinct specimen that leads me to suspect it, and what I call the heel, may be a hind toe, as in the crow, for instance. "Width of the trackway, 4.6 inches. 33 3B) eh oF ~ tofeo 37 4) bofeo 84 34 737) 39) Fore Feet.—Pentedactylous; the inner and outer toe nearly on a right line, the inner one pointing backward and straight, the rest curved outward. Length of the outer toe, from the central part of the foot, 0.6 inch; of the second, 0.8 inch; of the third, 0.75 inch; of the fourth, 0.4 inch; of the fifth, 0.4 inch; of the heel, 0.6 inch; of the foot, 1.3 inch. Axis of the foot parallel to that of the hind foot. Position of the fore foot in walking a little in advance of the hind foot, sometimes outside of it and sometimes inter- fering with it; that is, the animal brought up its hind foot nearly into the place vacated by the fore foot. Track lacertiloid; hence the specific name. Outline of these tracks shown of the natural size, on Plate X VIL, fig. 3. A row of ) this species is also shown on Plate XLVIL., fig. 1, and another on Plate XXXV., fig. 7. Localities. —This track has been found only in the vicinity of Turner’s Falls, at Lily Pond; also lying just above the trap below Turner’s Falls, where the rock has been a good deal hardened by contact with the trap. This locality was discovered by Mr. Fiexp. From the same spot I have specimens of the hind feet of an animal of the same genus, considerably larger than that just described, and which I presume to be another species. But as my specimens are few I pass it unnamed. Genus IV.—TARSODACTYLUS. (rugcds, the tarsus, and ddéxrvdos, a toe, meaning a foot with a toe coming out on the tarsus above the heel.) Quadrupedal; hind and fore feet tetradactylous; animal caudate, ornithoid. and batrachoid. ''APATICHNUS. ; 99 Species 1. Tarsopacrytus caupatus. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. $, $3.] Hind Foot.—Tetradactylous, three of the toes pointing forward; pachydactylous ; hind toe reaching the ground only with its extremity, on the inner side of the heel, or near the roots of the front toes. Hence it must be inserted high up on the tarsus, as the generic name implies. Divarication of the front lateral toes, 42°; of the inner and middle toe, 20°; of the middle and outer toe, 22°; of the axis of the foot with the line of direction, the foot turned inward sometimes as much as 20°. Distance between the rows of right and left tracks, 4.5 inches. Length of the inner front toe, 1.8 inch; of the middle do. and the foot, 2.9 inches; of the outer toe, 2.2 inches; of the claw, 0.25 inch. From tip to tip of the lateral toes, 1.6 inch; between the inner and middle toe, 1.4 inch; between the middle and outer toe, the same. Projection of the middle toe beyond the rest, 1.1 inch. Length of the step by alternate hind feet, 5.5 to 7 inches; by the right or left feet, 138 inches. All the toes sometimes making a trail, especially the middle one. ‘Track ornithoid. Width of the trackway, 7 inches. Fore Foot.—Pentedactylous, pachydactylous; turned outward; generally situated outside of the hind foot in walking; often in the same place. Axis of the foot turned outward several degrees. Divarication of the lateral toes, 95°; of the inner and middle, 23°; of the second and third, 20°; of the third and fourth, 25°; of the fourth and fifth, 25°. Length of the outer toe from the middle of the posterior part of the foot, 0.5 inch ; of the second, 1.2 inch; of the third, 1.5 inch; of the fourth, 1.65 inch; of the inner or fifth, 0.25 inch. Greatest breadth of the foot, 1.8 inch. Width of the toes, 0.4 inch. Foot lacertiloid or batrachoid. Trace of the tail nearly straight; scarcely over one-tenth of an inch wide. Outline tracks shown of the natural size, on Plate X VIL, fig. 4. Rows of the same, from a slab in possession of Mr. R. Freip, shown also on Plate XX XVL, fig. 2. Locality. —Turner’s Falls; I believe Lily Pond is the only known locality. Remarks.—The hind foot of this species, if we leave out the hind toe, has quite an ornithoid aspect; but the fore foot with its five toes, brings before us a lizard or batrachian; and the tail confirms this supposition. The distance between the rows of tracks, also, looks lizard-like, or even chelonian. I think that while it has some ornithic affinities, it more clearly comes into the reptile class than any other species of this group. Some have thought that the inward curvature of ornithoid tracks is a pretty sure indication that the animal is a bird. But this case disproves such an opinion. Gznus V.—APATICHNUS, (daaréw, to deceive, and iyvos, a track. The deceptive track.) Quadrupedal; unequal-footed; hind foot tetradactylous; the three principal toes, which are pachydactylous and clawed, directed forward; strongly ornithoid; heel long; tail track serpentine. Fore foot, tetradactylous (pentedactylous?); three first ones curved outward ; heel with toe pointing backward. 13 ''100 APATICHNUS. Species 1. ApaticHNus circumAGENS. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. }, 3, a, 3s 4A, Ws TAs Ah Fah 7 7s Bb) A 8) Be Hind Foot.— Toes, four; the three front ones stout and thick, very ornithoid; divari- cation of the outer ones, 75°; of the inner and middle toe, 35°; of the middle and outer toe, 40°; of the middle and hind toe, 110°. Length of the outer front toe, 2.1 inches; of the middle, 2.6 inches; of the inner front toe, 1.7 inch; of the hind toe, 1 inch; but this impressed the mud only over a space of half an inch at the extremity; of the heel, about 2.5 inches; of the foot, 5 inches. Length of the claw on the middle toe, 0.3 inch; phalanges indistinct on the track. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 2.3 inches; between those of the inner and middle toe, 1.4 inch; between the middle and outer toe, 1.7 inch; between the middle and hind toe, 3.1 inches; middle toe extending beyond the rest, 1.1 inch. Toes turned toward the line of direction, at an angle of 10°. Distance of the middle of the heel from the median line, half an inch. Length of the step, right and left foot, 4.3 to 7 inches; right foot or left foot, 13 inches. Width of the trackway, 4.5 inches. Tail rather stout, and swinging to the right and left as the animal advanced, so as to leave a serpentine furrow, which is a quarter of an inch wide, and deviates about 2 inches to the right and left of a straight line. Fore Foot.—Tetradactylous (pentedactylous?); a heel as long as the toes, running backward with a toe at the end, pointing rather backward, while the three other toes point forward and curve towards the axis of the track; a fifth short toe obscurely visible on the track, on the outside and below the others. Length of the middle toe, 1 inch; of the heel from the same point, half an inch. Track shown of the natural size, with the heel shown by dotted lines, as far as I have been able to mark it out, on Plate X VIL, fig. 5. A sketch of the upper surface of the same slab is also shown on Plate XX XV, fig. 6, whose object is to show the swinging of the tail, occasioned, as I conjecture, by the animals moving with long strides. Plate XXV., fig. 6, shows a fine row of this species with the fore foot. Other slabs of rows of what I suppose to be this track are shown on Plate XLIL, figs. 1 and 2, and Plate XLVI, fig. 4. Locality.—The prolific one at Lily Pond, Turner’s Falls; brought to light, with numerous other tracks, by Mr. Frexp. Remarks.—The history of this species is remarkable and instructive. For some time I had observed on some slabs in the Cabinet, several fine rows of tridactyle tracks, which I had, almost without thought, referred to birds. I at length observed a much smaller four or five-toed track, occasionally associated with these ; just in the place where the front foot of a quadruped would fall (see Plate XXV., fig. 6); and so commonly found there on inspection, that I came to the full conviction that this was a quadruped, with tridactyle ornithoid feet behind. But other discoveries were to come, if I have not identified dissimilar things. On the upper face of a slab, I found the distinct serpentine furrow of an animal’s tail, with the indistinct traces of a large and small foot in succession, with a heel quite long. But on splitting off a layer scarcely half an inch thick, I found that the heel and ''APATICHNUS. 101 tail had disappeared; but a quite perfect tridactylous track, and a much smaller one close by it, appeared immediately beneath where the imperfect track showed itself on the original surface. How should this be explained: for the tracks on the two surfaces were evidently made by the same animal, and at the same time. I make the supposition that the mud on which the animal trod was quite soft, which caused him to sink, say half an inch, and then the impression of the feet was more perfect, or rather more permanently perfect, than on the upper surface, and when the feet were withdrawn, the tracks at top were almost obliterated by the collapse of the mud, but the heel and tail, not sinking any lower, left more distinct marks. And I think these facts may give us important hints as to other cases of tracks. It may be, indeed, that I have confounded together different tracks in . this case; but they are too much alike to be separated. If then we look only at the upper surface of this specimen, (2,1) we see only evidence of a long heeled and tailed lizard: but the second layer, although a practiced eye would see on it a quadrupedal track, shows the principal one so like that of a bird, that he cannot but believe there was a mingling of the bird with the lizard in the animal’s nature. Species 2. Apaticunus BELLUS. (Noy. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 2%, 33, 33, 38, 2. Hind Foot.—Tetradactylous, ornithoid. Toes stout, three directed forward ; divarica- tion of the outer ones, 60°; of the inner and middle, 30°; of the outer and middle, 30°; of the axis of the foot with the median line, 10° to 30°. Distance of the middle of the heel from the median line, 1.5 to 2.5 inches. Length of the hind toe, 0.2 inch; of the first front toe, 0.4 to 0.7 inch; of the middle toe, 0.8 to 1 inch; of the outer toe, 0.6 to 0.8 inch ; of the middle beyond the rest, 0.3 inch; between the tips of the lateral toes, 0.7 inch. Length of the step, right to left foot, 3 to 4 inches; from right to right, or left to left, 6.8 inches. Track plantigrade, strongly ornithoid. Width of the trackway, 2.5 inches. Fore Foot.—Tridactylous ; (perhaps tetradactylous,) ornithoid.. Divarication of the outer toes, 40°. Length of the foot, about 0.5 inch. Width, the same. Axis of the foot nearly coincident with the line of direction. Position of the foot slightly in advance of the hind foot in walking. | An outline of the tracks of this species is given on Plate X VIL, fig. 6. A row of the same is shown on Plate XXXV., fig. 8, taken from a slab in possession of RosweELi Frerp. An ambrotype sketch is likewise given on Plate XLV., fig. 6 of slab No. 26 in the Cabinet, on which are quite a number of rows of this species, along with one row of Tridentipes elegans. Locality.—Turner’s Falls, on Mr. Frevp’s farm. Remarks.—TI have been in doubt whether to refer this species of tracks to Apatichnus, or Plesiornis. But the much greater disparity between the fore and hind feet than is usual in the latter genus, has led me to refer it to the former. '' 102 PLESIORNIS. Genus VI.—PLESIORNIS, (siyjolos, near, and dc, a bird.) Tridactylous, pachydactylous, hind foot slightly the largest. Toes slightly turned towards the line of direction; terminated by blunt claws, or pellets. Highly ornithoid ; the tracks distinguished from those of birds only by being arranged two by two along the median line, with a wide interval between. Remarks.— Almost to the present time, all ichnologists have regarded the tracks I am about to describe under this genus, as those of a bird. Some, indeed, suppose they can see the same number of phalangeal impressions from the toes, as in birds—a point about which I do not feel fully settled, since bird tracks closely allied have been confounded with these. My eyes, indeed, were partially opened as to the character of this animal, as long ago as 1842, when I described some of these tracks and figured them in the Transactions of the American Association of Geologists and Naturalists, in which I said of the remarkable slab there figured, but now mostly lost, that “on the right hand side of the drawing two rows of tracks are seen almost exactly on the same line, and situated with respect to each other precisely like those of some quadrupeds.” But I explained it, as all have, by “the presumption that the same animal walked twice along the same line, or that one followed another.” As most of the fine slab figured in that work was destroyed, (see Plate XI, fig. 4 of that work,) that explanation answered well enough, till I happened to stop one evening in the entrance hall of the Boston Society of Natural History, where the gas light showed the splendid fossil footmarks lining the walls, and there I saw at least two distinct cases of these double rows of tridactyle footmarks; and I became satisfied that so much of system could not be accidental, and that the animal which made those rows must have been a quadruped. I could not discover a fourth toe, and yet I have not been able to study those slabs with the intense care requisite in some cases to detect unusual markings. I, therefore, give these animals as three-toed quadrupeds, both before and behind; but it may not unlikely be discovered that they had at least four toes; and yet their tracks are very deep, and it seems strange that such additional toes are not visible upon the Boston slabs, if the animals had them. But the existence of lizards among living animals with three toes on the fore foot, isnot an unheard of thing, as Plate VI., fig. 9, showing a living lizard, will prove. And then the Proteus, a Batrachian, has only three toes before and two behind. Species 1. Presiornis quADRUPES. (Nov. Sp.) Ornithoidichnites fulicoides. ‘Transactions of Association of Geologists and Naturalists, Pilate X1., fig. 9, p. 258. Aithiopus minor. Footmarks of the United States, Plate IV., figs. 2, 3, p. 179. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 3°, 24, $8, 44, 42, $4, (bis).] Hind Foot.—Tridactylous, pachydactylous; the toes terminated by blunt claws, or more probably pellets. Divarication of the lateral toes, 70°; of the inner and middle toe, 40°; of the middle and outer toe, 30°; axis of the foot turning towards the median line rarely over 5°. Length of the inner toe, 2.1 inches; of the middle toe, 2.5 inches; of ''ed Re aA 5 PLESIORNIS. ' 103 the outer toe, 2.5 inches; of the foot, 3.8 inches; of the step, right and left foot, 4.6 to 6 inches; do. left or right foot in succession, 13.5 inches. Number of phalanges in the inner toe, 2, with a claw or pellet equal in width to a phalanx; in the second toe, 3, and a pellet; in the third, 4(?), and a pellet. Width of the toes, half an inch, often. From tip to tip of the lateral toes, 3.5 inches; from the inner to the middle, 2.4 inches; from the middle to the outer, 2.2 inches; middle toe longer than the others in front, 1.4 inch. Width of the trackway, 7.5 inches. Fore Foot.—Divarication of the lateral toes, 66°; of the inner and middle toe, 35° ; of the middle and outer toe, 30°; length of the inner toe from the middle of the heel, 2.7 inches; of the middle toe, 3.6 inches; of the outer toe, 2.7 inches. From tip to tip of the lateral toes, 8 inches; of the inner and middle toes, 3 inches; of the middle and outer toes, 2.2 inches; projection of the middle toe beyond the rest, 1.1 inch; width of the toes, 0.7 inch; phalanges not ascertained. Axis of the foot parallel to that of the hind foot, generally. Fore foot generally a little in advance of the hind one; sometimes on one side, and not unfrequently the two interfere. An outline of these tracks is shown on Plate XVII., fig. 7. Two rows of them are also shown on Plate XXXV., figs. 1 and 2, copied from slabs in the Boston Society of Natural History. Plate XLV., fig. 5, shows a slab also from the Ichnological Cabinet containing several of these tracks, but not in regular order. Locality. —This species was found by the late Dexrer Marsu, at the quarry lying on the north side of the ferry at Turner’s Falls. I think it occurs also at the Lily Pond. The specimens in the Boston Society of Natural History were from the Ferry. Species 2. Piesiornis prtutatus. (Noy. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 13, $8, 28, 45.] Hind Foot.—Tridactylous, leptodactylous, all the toes pointing forward. (Probably a short fourth toe pointing backward from the heel, as in the tetradactylous birds.) Divarication of the lateral toes, 70°; of the inner and middle toe, 35°; of the middle and outer toe, 35°; length of the inner toe from the centre of the heel, 1.3 inch; of the middle toe, 2.1 inches; of the outer toe, 1.5 inch; of the foot, 2.1 inches;.of the step, right and left foot, 7.2 inches. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 1.5 inch; between the inner and middle toe, 1.1 inch; between the middle and outer toe, 1.1 inch. Extension of the middle toe beyond the rest, 1.1 inch. Toes narrow, scarcely more than the tenth of an inch in diameter, terminated by pellets of the size of small shot, and hence the specific name. With this exception the whole track exactly resembles that of a small narrow-toed bird. Width of the trackway, 2 inches. Fore Foot.—Tridactylous, leptodactylous; exactly resembling the hind foot, except that it is smaller. Divarication of the lateral toes, 70°; of the inner and middle toe, 40°; of the middle and outer toe, 30°. Length of the inner toe, 0.8 inch ; of the middle toe, 1.4 inch; of the outer toe, 1 inch; of the hind toe, or heel, 0.25 inch; of the foot, 1.4 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 1.1 inch; between the inner and middle toe, 1.1 inch; between the middle and outer toe, 0.9 inch. Fore foot on the ''104 PLESIORNIS. tracks generally a little in advance of the hind one; sometimes a little to the side, and sometimes they interfere with each other. The axes of the two feet coincide almost exactly with the median line, and the animal walked nearly upon a right line. An outline of these tracks is given of the natural size, on Plate X VIL, fig. 8. A fine row of them is also shown on Plate XX XVL, fig. 4. Locality. — Discovered by Mr. Fretp, at the Lily Pond quarry. Species 3. PLESIORNIS ZQUALIPES. Ornithoidichnites minimus. Massachusetts Geological Report, Plate 15, fig. 41. Argozoum minimum. Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate VI., fig. 6. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 34, 32, 34. Hind and fore feet nearly but probably not exactly equal. Toes three, directed forward. JDivarication of the lateral toes, nearly 90°; of the inner and middle toe, 50° ; of the middle and outer toe, 40°. Length of the middle toe, reckoning from the point where the toes meet, 1 inch; of the inner toe, 0.6 inch; of the outer toe, 0.7 inch; of the foot, so far as it impressed the mud at all, 1.1 inch; of the step, 3.2 imches; of the middle toe beyond the others, 0.5 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 1.2 inch; between the inner and middle toe, 0.6 to 0.7 inch; between the outer and middle toe, 0.6 to 0.7 inch. Angle between the axis of the foot and the median line, -gometimes 15°. Versed sine of the inward curvature of the inner toe, 0.1 inch; of the middle do., 0.75 inch; of the outward curvature of the outward toe, 0.05 inch. Feet digitigrade. Width of the trackway, 2 inches. Remarks. —The specimens in the Cabinet are not sufficiently numerous to enable me to state the difference in size between the fore and hind feet, although, as the annexed wood-cut indicates, I think there is some difference. Hence the above description must answer for both. Plesiornis aequalipes. Until quite recently I have regarded the tracks of this species as those of a biped,— a narrow-toed bird. It was only recently that I noticed the juxtaposition of two similar tracks successively, as the wood-cut shows, and as is obvious on another specimen. ‘The ''TYPOPUS. 105 great inward inclination of the lower left-hand track on the figure, has thrown some doubt on my conclusion as to the quadrupedal character of the animal; but the opposite evidence predominates. I had placed these tracks under Macropterna, and concluded not to give it in this Report. But a careful re-examination has reversed my decision, and I leave it under Plesiornis to be rejected or retained as future discoveries may indicate. | Locality.—On red shale, Wethersfield, and there only. When found, many years ago, I was not aware of any special interest attached to it, and’ did not, therefore, secure, as I might easily then have done, a good supply of specimens. INCERT& SEDIS. I mean by this phrase to indicate that the species to be described under it, I find very difficult to refer to any place among existing animals. I attach the Typopus to the ornithoid Lizards, or Batrachians, because some general resemblance seems to ally it loosely with those animals. Genus VII.—TYPOPUS, (rizos, type, and zovc, foot; because the track has some resemblance to the type of certain languages, especially the Oriental, and still more specifically, the Syriac.) Heel spreading out laterally at right angles to the axis of the foot, and bent backward at one end; or perhaps with one or two hind toes proceeding from it. Front toes, three; the middle of the foot being arched upward, so that the middle toe in its posterior part rarely reaches the ground. Remark.—Of the second species of this genus I have but one specimen, which, though very distinct, may be set aside in judging of its character. But several good specimens of the first species are in the Cabinet, and are very well characterized, and almost exactly alike, or I should be inclined to regard the track as a distorted representa- tion of one made on a higher layer, and the impression carried through. Moreover, the rock is of that kind,—a hard micaceous sandstone,—that rarely admitted of much depth of impression. Again, there is a peculiarity in the position of some of these tracks, (to be described below,) that could hardly have been repeated, as it is, if this were not a veritable and nearly unchanged track. Under these circumstances, I can hardly do less than to describe the genus as well as I can; but it is so anomalous, that my description is lame and imperfect. I retain the same name which I gave it ten years ago. In all that interval no new light has been shed upon it. Species 1. Typopus ABNoRMIS. Sauroidichnites abnormis. American Journal of Science, Vol. XLVIE.; Pinte 2. nos. 0, 1. 8. Typopus abnormis. Fossil Footmarks of the United States, p- 212, Plate &, fz..6. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 42, 49, 12, 12. Divarication of the lateral toes, 835°; of the inner and middle toe, 20°; of the middle and outer toe, 15°. Length of the middle toe to the heel, 2.8 inches; of the inner toe, '' 106 TYPOPUS. 1.3 inch; of the outer toe, 1.8 inch; of the part of the heel turned backward, 0.7 inch ; of the part running across the foot, 2 inches; of the foot, 4 inches; of the step, 18 inches; of the middle toe beyond the rest, 1.4 inch. Width of the heel where it turns backward, 0.25 inch; do. of the long ridge or heel from which the toes proceed, 2.2 inches. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 2.8 inches; between the inner and middle toes, 1.8 inch; between the middle and outer toe, 2 inches. Extension of the middle toe beyond the rest, 1.38 inch. Distance of the middle of the heel from the line of direction, 2.5 inches. Width of the trackway, 7 inches. Outline of the track shown of the natural size on Plate X VIL, fig. 9. Plate XLV., fig. 7, also shows a slab in the Cabinet, with one of the feet turned awry. : Locality. — At the ferry at Turner’s Falls, where it was discovered by Dexter Marsu. Remarks.—The singular fact (if I am not mistaken) that every other track turns aside from the line of direction 15° more than its alternate, on the specimens obtained cannot but awaken an inquiry as to the cause. I was once showing the specimens to an eminent Boston physician, and inquired of him how he could explain it. “The animal,” he replied, “had its leg broken, and there were no good surgeons in those days to set it.” This was just the reply I expected; since the same thought had been forced upon myself. What probability there may be in it, I must leave others to decide. But I have no other hypothesis to suggest. Species 2. Typorus craciuis. (Nov. Sp.) Figured but not named in the Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate 15, fig. 4. [In the Cabinet, No. 34.] Three toes pointing forward, the two outer ones curving outward, with a versed sine of curvature equal 0.2 inch, and the third curving inward rather less. Heel an inch long, lying at right angles to the axis of the foot, and only the tenth of an inch wide. From the left hand extremity the heel seems to curve downwards at night angles, extending 0.6 inch, and terminating in a sharp point like a toe, and not improbably it is a toe. At the other extremity, also, the heel is acuminate, and has the aspect of a hind toe; so not improbably this is a five-toed track; very probably it may show the impression below where the animal trod, and be somewhat distorted. Outline shown of the natural size (nearly 2 inches long, without the curvature or hind toe at the end of the heel) on Plate X VIL, fig. 10. Locality. —On the red shale of Wethersfield Cove. As this is the only locality, and I have only one specimen from thence, I have but little confidence in this species. I shall expect at least, that both the species of Typopus will turn out to be quadrupeds ; for with all their anomalies their tracks have a sort of lacertilian or batrachian aspect, to one familiar with the feet of animals. Therefore I place them under this Group. Affinities of the Group. Perhaps I have sufficiently indicated these under each genus. The name of the Group conveys the impression made upon my mind by the mixed characters of the ''LIZARDS. 107 species. The ornithic type runs through them all, and seems specially manifest in the hind feet ; but in Plesiornis it is not limited to the hind feet. Here and in the Hyphepus, perhaps, we find the Batrachian type decidedly developed; especially in the webbed and pelletted toes. But the fore feet of the Corvipes, Tarsodactylus, and Apatichnus, and the tail in some of thenf, look more like the lizard tribe. As to the Gigantitherium, — that most marvellous of the ancient races,—my mind is balanced on the question, whether the batrachian or lacertilian type predominated. 'The thickness of most of the toes looks batrachoid; but the claws and tail are lacertilian; though we ought not to forget that there may be frogs, or rather are frogs, with claws. (See Plate VI., fig. 11.) The foot, as a whole, with perhaps the exception of the curvature of the hind toe, is ornithoid; while the progression in a right line is decidedly quadrupedal. What shall we say of such a giant, combining perhaps the characters of most of the vertebrate kingdom; especially if, as yet appears, he was a biped! What being has been brought to light on the globe, or I might almost say in the dreams of mythology, more extraordinary than this ancient inhabitant of Massachusetts ! GROUP V.—LIZARDS. Remarks.—The characters by which I would distinguish true lizards from some batrachians are not very trenchant and decided. I trust chiefly in a sort of slenderness and lithiness to designate the lizard. The number of toes, also, ought to be five in most instances, except in the fore feet of the Crocodilia. When, also, I see a long heel in the track it is a presumption of a lizard origin. In a few of the species that follow, I have obtained no certain evidence that the animal had more than two feet. But such is the aspect of the track, as to lead me unhesitatingly to presume that it had a lacertilian origin. Genus I.—POLEMARCHUS, (oléuagyos, Polemarch, a leader in war.) Heel large and rounded, nearly as wide as the spread of the front toes. Three narrow, lithy toes, directed forward. The fourth toe a spur from the heel, inward. Foot plantigrade, or even calcigrade, the heel sinking deeper than the toes. Remark.—This description is derived solely from the tracks of the hind foot, the fore foot, which I doubt not existed, not having been discovered, probably because a surface large enough to show the fore track was not got out: at least I did not see it. But the animal that made such a track as the one I am describing, must have been a reptile, and, therefore, probably four-footed. Species 1. PoLEMARCHUS GIGAS. Sauroidichnites Polemarchius. Massachusetts Geological Report, Plate 35, fig. 17. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 28, 2%, 28.] Hind Foot.—Divarication of the lateral toes, 45°; of the inner and middle toe, 20°; of the middle and outer toe, 25°; of the middle and hind toe, 80°. Length of the middle 14 '' 108 POLEMARCHUS. toe to the heel, 11.2 inches; of the inner toe, 8.5 inches; of the outer toe, 8.3 inches; of the hind toe, 2.5 inches; of the heel, 3.8 inches; of the middle toe beyond the rest, 3.2 inches; of the foot, 14.8 inches; of the step, 48 inches. (?) Width of the heel, 3.9 inches; of the toes, 0.5 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral front toes, 6.6 to 8.7 inches; between the inner and middle toe, 4 to 4.6 inches; between the middle and outer toe, 5.5 to 7.5 inches; between the middle and hind toe, 13 inches. Hind toe straight, acuminate; the others curved inward. Versed sine of curvature in the inner toe, 0.45 inch; in the middle toe, 0.9 inch; in the outer toe, 0.8 inch. Width of the trackway, 12 inches(?) Track shown of its natural size on Plate XVIII, fig. 1. Also an ambrotype sketch on Plate LIX., fig. 3. Fore Foot.—Not discovered. Locality.—Chicopee Falls, in the middle of the river, directly upon the falls, just above the bridge; where a few years ago some blasting was done in very low water. Also in a quarry one mile south of Chicopee, (Cabotville,) on the road to Springfield. Remarks. —1 might perhaps have been justified in bringing this extraordinary animal into the family of Crocodilia, distinct from the general Group of lizards. For if I have described the hind foot, it has four toes like the crocodile, and a broad heel also. I can, however, discover no web to the toes, nor are those of the crocodile so long relatively. Still, if the fore foot should be found five-toed, as I confidently expect, the analogies will be rather striking. Genus II.—PLECTROPTERNA, (xAjxre0v, a spur, and 7régva, a heel, meaning, a spurred heel.) Plectropus, of Fossil Footmarks, Plate IX., figs. 2, 3, and X., figs. 1 to 3. Heel elongated, apparently extending in the track to the tarsal joint; narrow, spurred ; foot calcigrade; toes four, three directed forward. Quadrupedal; fore and hind feet, of unequal size. Species 1. PLECTROPTERNA MINITANS. Sauroidichnites minitans. Massachusetts Geological Report, Plate 33, fig. 11. Plectropus minitans and longipes. Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate IX., figs. 2, 3, and Plate VIII, fig. 4, and Plate X., fig. 1 to 3. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 1°, 81, $1, 24, $8, 38, 33 9 4 B4 38 C4 8484 Alea cd I 1? 35? 38? 30? 81 exleo exlco 84-84 784. 84 912) 189 14) 30 roleo ? ? d ? ? 7 Hind Foot.—Toes three in front and one on the heel, 1.4 inch back of the roots of the other toes. Divarication of the lateral front toes, 75°; of the inner and middle toe, 38°; of the middle and outer toe, 87°; of the middle and hind toe, 80°. Length of the middle toe from the roots of the toes, 4.8 inches: of the inner front toe, 3 inches; of the outer toe, 3.4 inches; of the hind toe, 1.4 inch. Toes narrow, pointed, Length of the heel, 4.3 inches; of the foot, 9.1 inches; of the step, 16 inches. From tip to tip of the lateral toes, 4 inches; of the inner and middle toe, 2.7 inches; of the middle and outer toe, 3.5 inches; of the middle and hind toe, 6 inches. Heel increasing in width backward and rounded; frequently also sloping upward posteriorly, as if the animal were not ''PLECTROPTERNA. 109 wholly calcigrade. Lateral toes frequently somewhat curved outward, and the hind toe backward. Width of the trackway, 9 inches. Fore Foot.—Track not discovered; but’that of the next species has been, and a practiced eye cannot doubt the generic identity of the two; so that we may safely presume the fore foot of this species to be five-toed. Outline of the hind tracks shown on Plate XVIII., fig. 2. On Plate XIX., figs. 10, 11, and 12, is shown one of these tracks on successive layers, which has been described in my preliminary remarks. FT’igs. 3, 4, 5, show the same on another specimen. Locality. — The most abundant locality of this species is at the Cove in Wethersfield. But it was found by Mr. Marsu also, a little below Turner’s Falls. Remarks.— There is considerable diversity in some of the characters of the hind foot of this species, and I formerly made two species out of it. But thinking it possible that all the diversities may be referred to a difference in the size of individuals making the tracks, I have united the former species under the specific name of minitans, from the threatening aspect which its foot must have assumed if used as a weapon of attack. Species 2. PrecTRoPTERNA GRACILIS. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 43, 92, $3, $8, 34, 9 $4, 44; 44, $4, $5-] Hind Foot.—'Tetradactylous, three toes pointing forward; lateral ones slightly curved outward; all narrow and acuminate. Divarication of the lateral front toes, 94°; of the inner and middle toe, 57°; of the middle and outer toe, 837°; of the middle and hind toe, 105°. Length of the hind toe, 0.6 inch; of the inner front toe, 1.1 inch; of the middle toe, 1.8 inch; of the outer toe, 1.5 inch; of the heel, 2 inches; of the foot, 3.8 inches; of the step, from right to left foot, 4 inches; same foot, 7 inches. From tip to tip of the outer front toes, 2 inches; between the inner front and middle toe, 1.5 inch; between the middle and outer toe, 1 inch; between the middle and hind toe, 2.2 inches ; hind toe back of the others on the heel, 0.6 inch. Width of the trackway, 5 inches. Fore Foot.—This seems to be considerably distorted on the few specimens in the Cabinet, and therefore an attempt to describe it as minutely as usual would be of little use. It is five-toed, four pointing rather forward, and one at right angles to the axis. The length is 1.8 inch; the heel being about as long as the other part of the foot. It is situated a little outside of the hind track, and about as much advanced. An outline of both these tracks is given on Plate XVIII., fig. 8, of the natural size. It will be seen that it is a far more slender and smaller species than the P. minitans. Plate XLVIIL., fig. 2, exhibits a row of the P. gracilis, but it is rather indistinct. Locality. —This species occurs on the farm of Mr. Fiery at Gill, and.I am not certain of any other locality. ''110 PLECTROPTERNA. Species 3. Piecrroprerna ancusta. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 33, 38, 38, 28, $3.] Hind Foot.—¥our-toed, three directed forward, the fourth a spur curved backward. Heel broad and tapering backward, rounded at the extremity. Divarication of the lateral front toes, 47°; of the inner and middle toe, 22°; of the middle and outer toe, 25°; of the middle and hind toe, 95°. Length of the hind toe, 0.7 inch; of the inner front toe, 2 inches; of the middle toe, 2.8 inches; of the outer toe, 1.8 inch; of the heel, 1.4 inch; of the middle toe beyond the rest, 1.25 inch; of the foot, 4.2 inches; of the step, 12 inches. Toes narrow, slightly curved, the lateral ones outward. From tip to tip of the lateral toes, 1.6 inch; between the inner front and middle toe, 1.3 inch; between the middle and outer toe, 1.7 inch; between the middle and hind toe, 3.5 inches. Axis of the foot nearly coincident with the line of direction. Animal walking nearly upon a right line, as may be seen from Plate XXXVL, fig. 3, which is copied from a slab owned by Roswett Frexp. Width of the trackway, 2.7 inches. Fore Foot.—Not yet discovered; and I am by no means certain that it ever will be; for though a certain general resemblance leads me to place this species under Plectropterna, it may be found that it is a bird. Its progression, so nearly in a right line, certainly agrees better with a bird than with a lizard, and its form scarcely differs from the bird type, especially if the species of Tridentipes already described were birds. But when so long a heel with a spurred toe lying nearly at right angles to it, exists, the aspect is so lacertilian that I have thought it safer to place such a species provisionally in that tribe, even though we find no marks of a fore foot where we should expect it; and we certainly should expect it on the fine specimen of Mr. Frexp’s above referred to, only quite recently found on his farm. An outline of the hind foot of this species is shown on Plate XVIII, fig. 4. Species 4. PLecrropreRNA LINEANS. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. $8, $3, $2.] Remark.— A resemblance, yet not as close as I could wish, between the specimen which I am about to describe from the red shale of Wethersfield Cove, and a row of tracks lately found by Roswett Frerp on his farm, has led me to erect this species. On Mr. Fieip’s specimen only the hind foot is shown, and that arranged in the tracks so strikingly in a line, as to suggest the idea of moving in a right line for the specific name. Both tracks are shown on the Wethersfield specimen, and I think must come in under this genus, whether identical or not with the row figured on Plate XX XV., fig. 10, from Gill. Hind Foot.— Tetradactylous, leptodactylous, toes all curved: the three front ones inward, and the hind one, which comes out from the heel at right angles, forward. Divarication of the lateral front toes, 67°; of the inner and middle toe, 25°; of the middle and outer toe, 42°; of the middle and hind toe, 63°. Length of the hind toe where it touched the ground, 0.5 inch; to the heel, 0.7 inch; of the inner front toe, 1.2 inch; of the middle ooo ''TRIENOPUS. : 11) toe, 1.9 inch; of the outer toe, 1.1 inch; of the middle beyond the rest, 0.9 inch; of the heel, 0.7 inch; of the foot, 2.6 inches; of the step, 10 inches. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 1.1 inch; between the inner and middle toe, 0.8 inch; between the middle and outer toe, 1.2 inch; between the middle and hind toe, 1.9 inch. Width of the trackway, 1.4 inch. Fore Foot.—Tetradactylous, leptodactylous, toes all curved inward, the two inner ones strongly; the versed sine equal to 0.15 inch, although the toe is only an inch long; the third scarcely curved at all; whole track an inch long, and 0.8 inch wide, placed some- what in advance of the hind foot; the axis of both turning several degrees towards the median line. Tracks shown of the natural size on Plate X VIII, fig. 5. Genus II].—TRLENOPUS, (telewe, an anchor, and zovs, a foot; the anchor foot.) Quadrupedal, tetradactylous on both fore and hind feet. Toes slender and long ; three directed forward with small divarication. Fourth toe coming out near the extremity of a long heel. i: Remark.—This genus occurs chiefly on the red shale of Wethersfield, and although the tracks are beautifully distinct, my specimens are so much broken and the tracks are so numerous, that I find it nearly impossible to determine which of them belong to the same animal. I formerly described two species. But I think it safer to reduce them to one in this Report. Yet I find it difficult to determine which is the hind and which the fore foot. It would not be strange if it should turn out that I have embraced not merely two species but two genera under one species. Species 1. TRL#®NOPUS LEPTODACTYLUS. Sauroidichnites Baileyi and Emmonsi. Massachusetts Geological Report, Plate 31, figs. 7 to 12, and Plate 32, figs. 8 and 9. Trienopus Baileyanus, and Trienopus Emmonsianus of Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate X., figs. 4 and 5. 1 B40 OQe O84 8A 81 SE Ba ON 81 Bl ee BOT UB 8d an Ot ad 81 i 31 82 [In the Cabinet, Nos. 41, 47, 2, $3, $4, 34, 44, 94, #4 #4, 34, #4, 34, HH OL OB BO BBD OH, 9 2 2 Hind Foot.—(Trienopus Baileyanus.) Divarication of the lateral toes, 35° to 40°; of the inner and middle toe, 15° to 20°; of the middle and outer toe, the same; of the middle and hind toe, 30° to 40°. Length of the middle front toe, 2.5 to 3.6 inches; of the inner toe, 1.6 to 2.2 inches; of the outer toe, 2 to 2.5 inches; of the hind toe, 0.7 to 0.9 inch; of the heel, 1.4 to 2 inches; of the foot, 4 to 4.9 inches; of the step, 7 inches (?); of the middle toe beyond the others, 1.5 inch. Width of the foot at the roots of the toes, 0.3 inch; of the heel, 0.2 inch. At the extremity of the heel, or at the tarsal joint, there seems to have been an arch into which the mud was crowded as the animal trod, producing a small ridge, and beyond this backward, we sometimes find a depression seemingly made by a fifth toe, or by a part of the tibia. See Plate XIX., figs. 6 and 7, '' 112 HARPEDACTYLUS. where the dotted lines will give some idea of these appearances. Width of the trackway, 2.5 inches. Fore Foot.—(Trienopus Emmonsianus, Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate | X., fig. 5.) Toes four; three pointing forward. Divarication of the lateral front toes, 50° ; of the inner and middle toe, 25°; of the middle and outer toe, 25°; of the middle and hind toe, 115°. Length of the hind toe, which proceeds from the end of the heel, 0.7 to 1 inch; of the inner front toe, 1.5 to 2 inches; of the middle toe, 2.8 to 3.2 inches; of the outer toe, 1.5 to 2.2 inches; of the heel, 0.3 to 0.7 inch; of the foot, 2.8 to 3.9 inches. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 1.5 to 2 inches; of the inner and middle toe, 1.1 to 1.8 inch; of the middle and outer toe, 1.8 to 2 inches; between the middle and hind toe, 2.9 to 4.1 inches. Heel, 0.2 inch wide; at the roots of the front toes, 0.4 inch. Versed sine of the inward curvature of the inner toe, 0.15 inch; of the middle toe, 0.1 to 0.15 inch; of the outer toe, outwards, 0.05 inch. Tracks of both feet shown of the natural size on Plate XIX., figs. 1 and 2. Figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6, show one of these tracks on successive layers; and figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9 the same on another specimen, and Plate XX., figs. 1, 2 and 3 a third, as described in my prelimi- nary principles. Plate XLV., fig. 8, exhibits an ambrotype sketch of a fine specimen of these tracks from Wethersfield, No. 34. Plate LIL, fig. 1, exhibits the stony volume, No. 22. Genus IV.—HARPEDACTYLUS, (to7n, a sickle, and d&xrtvhos, a toe.) Quadrupedal; tetradactylous, leptodactylous; heel long; toes generally all curved inward, so as to resemble sickles. Species 1. HarprEDACTYLUS GRACILIS. Sauroidichnites tenuissimus(?). Massachusetts Geological Report, Plate 34, fig. 13. Harpedactylus gracilis. Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate XIV., fig. 2. ; 5 27 41 27 27 [In the Cabinet, Nos. 24, 44, 24, 27, 81.] Hind Foot.—'Toes all pointing forward. Divarication of the outer front toes, 100° ; of the inner and middle toe, 50°; of the middle and outer toe, 50°; of the middle and hind toe, 65°. Hind toe coming out of the heel only a little behind the roots of the others. From tip to tip of the toes, commencing with the inner or hind toe, and passing outward, 1.2, 1.5, 1.3 inch. Length of the toes in the same order, 0.9, 1.3, 2.1, 1.6 inches. ‘Toes narrow, acuminate, all curved inward. Versed sine of curvature in the order above named, 0.0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.15 inch. Length of the heel from the roots of the front toes, 2.2 inches. Width of the same, 0.2 inch. Extension of the middle toe beyond the others, 0.9 inch. Toes curved inward towards the median line, but the axis of the foot nearly parallel to that line; the heel 0.9 inch distant. Length of the step, alternate foot, 3.5 inches ; right feet or left feet, 3 inches. Width of the trackway, 5 inches. Fore Foot.—Too imperfectly shown on any specimen to be minutely described ; whole length 1.1 inch, including a heel about 0.25 inch long. Toes four, at least, more or less curved. Position of the foot very near the point of the middle toe of the hind foot, sometimes interfering with the toe. bey ''XIPHOPEZA. 113 Outline of the feet of natural size shown on Plate XX., fig. 4. Plate LIL, fig. 5, shows, also, two hind feet very close together on the stony volume, No. 74. The animal in this case stepped only an inch. Localities. —The best locality is on gray shale, a little below Turner’s Falls, in a quarry laid open by Dexter MarsH. I have probably one or two other species of this genus, one from the red shale of Wethersfield, and described by me formerly under the name of Sauroidichnites tenuissimus ; but as the specimens are not very distinct, I judge it best to describe only one species. Genus V.— XIPHOPEZA, (Sigos, a sword, and 7éfa, a foot.) Feet unequal; hind foot with a heel expanding posteriorly. Three toes directed forward with a hind toe on a prolongation backward of the outer toe; the whole foot resembling several swords or daggers crossing one another. Species 1. XIPHOPEZA TRIPLEX. Xiphopeza triplex. Fossil Footmarks of United States, Plate XV., fig. 8. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 27, 21, 27, 27, 32, 89, 44, 41] Hind Foot.—Tetradactylous, three toes directed forward. Divarication of the lateral front toes, 80° to 90°; of the inner and middle toe, 40°; of the middle and outer toe, 50°; of the middle and hind toe, 130°; of the hind and outer toe, 180°. Length of the inner forward toe, 0.8 inch; of the middle toe, 1.5 inch; of the outer toe, 1.1 inch; of the hind toe, 0.5 inch; of the heel, 1.2 inch; of the foot, 2.6 inches; of the step, from hind foot to hind foot on alternate sides, 4 inches; do. on the same (right or left) sides, 7 inches. Greatest width of the heel near its extremity, 0.45 inch; do. near the roots of the toes, 0.2 inch. Distance from tip to tip of the lateral toes, 1.5 inch; between the inner and middle toe, 1 inch; between the middle and outer toe, 1.1 inch; between the middle and hind toe, 2.8 inches. Axis of the foot nearly parallel to the line of direction; distance of the axis from the median line, 1.1 inch. Width of the trackway, 4.5 inches. Fore Foot.—'Three toes on the specimens ; probably four or five on the foot; less than an inch in length and breadth. Track just in advance of that of the hind foot. Outline of both feet shown on Plate XX., fig. 6; also an ambrotype sketch of the stony volume, Nos. 2% and 27, on Plate LIL, figs. 3, 4 and 6. Locality.— At Turner's Falls below the dam, discovered by Dexter Marsu. Remark.— This animal must have had a body of considerable width, as its feet were placed, in walking, more than two inches apart. Grunvus VI.—ORTHODACTYLIUS, (ég6¢s, straight; and ddéxrvios, a toe.) Hind and fore feet unequal in size and unlike in form; the hind foot having at least four long, strait, and nearly parallel toes, and the fore foot four (probably five) short, radiating toes. '' 114 ORTHODACTYLUS. Species 1. OrrHopactyLus FLoRIFERUS. (Nov. Sp.) Figured, without name, by Dr. Deanz, in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. 3, Plate 19, Diagram A. [In the Cabinet, Nos. $, 2,2.] Hind Foot.—Toes four, all pointing forward. Divergence of the outer toes, 170° to 180°. The others make about an equal division of the arch, that is 45°, between each pair. Foot digitigrade. Length of the inner toe, 0.6 inch; of the second, 0.8 inch; of the third, 0.85 inch; of the fourth, 0.7 inch; of the step, right and left feet, 1.8 to 2.5 inches; between the hind foot and hind foot on the same side, 2.9 to 3.2 inches. From tip to tip of the lateral toes, 0.5 inch. Width at the: roots of the toes, 0.4 inch. Angle of the axis of the foot with the median line outward, 35° to 40°. Distance of the middle of the heel from the median line, 0.3 to 0.9 inch. Width of the trackway, 3.25 inches. Fore Foot.—Pentedactylous, digitigrade toes of nearly equal length are ranged on nearly a semicircle whose radius is about 0.4 inch. Track placed near the outer extremity of the hind foot, sometimes interfering with the hind toes, and looking like a stellate flower on four stalks, and hence the specific name. Outline of the feet of natural size shown on Plate XX., fig. 7. Locality.— Turner's Falls, Lily Pond, where it was discovered by Mr. Frexp. Remark.— As the feet of this species, especially the hind feet, are digitigrade, it may turn out that the hind foot has five toes as well as the front one. Species 2. ORTHODACTYLUS INTRO-VERGENS. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, No. 34.] Hind Foot.—'Toes three, (probably four,) straight, from an inch to an inch and a quarter long, very narrow. Outer ones diverging a few (rarely more than 20°) degrees. Axis of the foot turned inward usually, a few degrees towards the median line, sometimes parallel to it. Length of the step, with the same hind foot, about 2 inches. Width of the trackway, 3.5 inches. ; Fore Foot.— Of four, perhaps five toes, narrow, somewhat curved ; about half the length of the hind foot. Axis turned considerably towards the median line. Tracks placed near the tips of the hind toes. Outline sketch of the feet shown on Plate XX., fig. 8. An ambrotype sketch of the slab 34, is also given on Plate LL, fig. 1. Locality.—'Turner’s Falls, Lily Pond, at Mr. Field’s quarry. Remark.—My specimen for describing this species is not very satisfactory, as it shows the tracks a little below where the animal trod. But the great difference as to the position of the axis of the foot and the median line between this and the first species precludes the idea that they are the same; the toes in the first species turning a good deal outward, and inward in the latter species. ''ANTIPUS. ‘ 115 Species 3. OrrHopacty.us tinzaris. (Noy. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 27, 27.] ind Foot.—Tetradactylous ; toes narrow, lying nearly parallel to one another, with a divergence of the outer toes not over 20°. Toes increasing in length outwardly, except perhaps the last; the longest never over 0.5 inch. Divergence outward of the axis of the foot from the median line, not over 20°. Distance of the middle of the heel from the median line, from 0.2 to 0.5 inch. Length of the step, reckoning from step to step of the same foot, 1.2 to 1.8 inch. Right and left feet alternating. Toes dragging occasion- ally. Trace of a tail. Width of the trackway, 1.5 inch. Fore Foot.—Apparently much in shape like the hind foot, though more slender; but the specimens are too indistinct to allow of a detailed description. Outline of the hind feet and traces of feet and tail, of the natural size, on Plate XX., fig. 9. Also an ambrotype sketch of the whole slab, No. 22, on Plate XLVIIL., fig. 4. This is one leaf of a stony volume. Locality.— Turner's Falls, Field’s farm, discovered by Dexter Marsu. Genus VII.—ANTIPUS, (4»7/, opposite, and zovs, foot.) Feet four and five-toed, pointing in nearly opposite directions. Species 1. Antipus FLEXILoquus. (Nov Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 38, 44.] find Foot.—Tetradactylous, narrow, essentially plantigrade; toes acuminate; outer ones diverging at an angle of 65°; all pointing backward, and somewhat outward. Length of the inner toe, 0.8 inch; of the second, 1 inch; of the third, 1.1 inch; of the fourth, 1.1 inch; of the step by the same foot, 1.5 to 3.3 inches. Width from tip to tip of the lateral toes, 1 inch. Distance between the axes of the hind feet, 2.3 inches; angle of the same with the median line outward and backward, 20°. Width of the trackway, 5 inches. Fore Foot.—Pentedactylous ; toes very narrow, essentially plantigrade. Axis of the foot turned outward from the median line, from 50° to 70°. Divarication of the. outer toes, nearly 180°. Two outer toes curved outward, the rest nearly straight. Length ~ of the outer toe, 0.4 inch; of the fourth, 0.6 inch ; of the third, 0.65 inch; of the second, 0.8 inch; of the first, 0.6 inch. Distance between the heels, 2.4 inches; from the median line, 1.2 inch. Outline of these tracks shown of the natural size on Plate XX., fig. 10. Locality.— Turner’s Falls, on Mr. Field’s farm, I believe at Lily Pond. : Remark.—It is not an infrequent occurrence for lizards, as well as Chelonians, and perhaps some Salamanders, to place their feet in walking as we find in this species. See a sketch of the Salamandra Beechyi on Plate VI., fig. 12. I speak of this species as ambiguous, (flexiloquus,) because I hardly know to which of these families to refer it. 15 '' 116 STENODACTYLUS. I do not put it among the Salamanders because they have only four front toes and five hind toes; which order in this species is reversed according to our present knowledge. And the slenderness of the toes agrees better with lizards than Chelonians. Species 2. Anripus Biripus. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 23, 23, 47.] Hind Foot 2—Didactylous; outer toe, 7 inches long; inner toe, 12 inches. Width, 1.25 inch; blunt. Angle between them, 20°. Toes seeming like a simple bifurcation of the heel. Fore feet and hind feet pointing in almost exactly opposite directions. _ Distance between them, 8 inches. Trace of a narrow tail on the inner or left hand side of the tracks. Width of the trackway, 11 inches. Fore Foot?—Inner toe, 5 inches long; outer toe, 12 inches; angle between them, 15°; width of the toes, 1.25 inch. Toes blunt. I have not given an outline sketch of this species of the natural size, as I feel in so much doubt about its character. But Plate XXXVL, fig. 8, shows an outline sketch of the es specimen in the Cabinet, No. 3%. Fig. 7 of the same Plate shows a specimen (No. 4,) which I connect with this species, although all it shows is a heel 14 inches long iat 2 inches wide, with the trace of a strong tail, sweeping to the right and left in a serpentine course. At one end, however, the heel expands just where the slab terminates, but whether it divides into two or three toes I cannot ascertain. I doubt whether this track and that of Antipus bifidus are the same; but let them stand together till better specimens are found. I have had these specimens in my possession for a long | time; but have waited in vain for light. I cannot satisfy myself even which was the hind and which the fore foot, and am in doubt whether the bifurcation described was made by toes or something else. The impressions being of equal size throughout do not resemble toe tracks, but rather long heels. Plate XLVIIL, fig. 10, shows an ambrotype sketch of No. 3. Locality.— Turner's Falls, at the ai where the specimens were found by DexTER Marsa. Remarks. —Perhaps I have not sufficiently indicated the impressions produced on my mind by the specimens of Antipus bifidus described above. No. 23 seems to me to be the fore and hind feet, pointing in opposite directions, of one side af an animal, with a tail trace on one side. Had we the slab on the other side of this ‘trail, probably we should find another set of similar feet. But of this we cannot be sure. Genus VIII. —STENODACTYLUS, (ozevds, slender, and ddztvioc, a toe.) Both feet (hind and fore) pentedactylous, very slender and lithy. “ Species 1. SrenopacryLus curvatus. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 3, $3, $0 31 3 2°] Hind Foot.—'Toes all curved outward from the median line, except the short outer one. Outward angle between the axis of the foot and the median line, about 20°. ''ARACHNICHNUS. : 117 Distance of the heel from the median line, 0.6 inch. Divergence of the toes exclusive of the short outer one, 70°. Length of the toes, commencing with the inner one, 0.7, 0.8, 1, 0.85, 0.25 inch. Versed sine of the curvature of the first four toes, beginning with the inner one, 0.1, 0.15, 0.18, 0.1 inch. Length of the foot, 1 inch; of the step, with the same foot, 3.3 inches. Width of the trackway, 2.5 inches. Fore Foot.— Axis of the foot curved outward nearly at right angles with the median line. Distance of the heel from the median line, 0.6 to 1.1 inch. Length of the toes from within outwards, 0.25, 0.3, 0.5, 0.55, 0.1 inch. Inner and outer toes pointing nearly opposite; third and fourth considerably curved outwards. Fore foot placed rarely less than an inch in advance of the hind foot. Outline of both feet in their usual position shown on Plate XX., fig. 11. A sketch of the whole slab, $j, shown on Plate XXXIV., fig. 3; one of the feet being represented by dots, because a good deal broken. 3 Locality. —Tumer’s Falls, on Mr. Field’s farm.’ Genus IX.—ARACHNICHNUS, (dgdzvys, a spider, and tyvos, a track; i.e. a track looking like a spider.) Remark.—¥our or five-toed, the toes radiating in all directions, especially on the hind feet. Lines also diverge from the track longer than the toes, in two and sometimes three directions, which are acuminate like the toes, but evidently not toes. Species 1. ARACHNICHNUS DEHISCENS. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 43, 49, 42, 42, 49.] Hind Foot.—Pentedactylous, narrow; the inner and outer of the four front toes pointing exactly opposite. Length of the toes beginning with the inner hind toe and proceeding outwardly by the inner front toe, 0.5, 0.4, 0.65, 0.4, 0.35 inch. Radiating lines connected with the track rarely more than an inch long, and more frequently coinciding with the axis of the foot. Axis of the foot usually nearly parallel to the median line. Distance between the rows of tracks on opposite sides of the animal’s body, 2.3 inches. Length of the step from footprint to foe of the same foot, 3 to 4.4 inches. Width of the trackway, 3 inches. Fore Foot.—Tetradactylous (probably five-toed); toes radiating through a semicircle, nearly equal in length, or about a quarter of an inch. Track just in advance of, though ~ frequently interfering with, that of the hind foot. Outline of the tracks of natural size shown on Plate XX., fig. 12; fig. 13 also shows a hind foot with the radiating lines proceeding from it. Plate XXXVIL, fig. 2, shows a slab of these tracks on a reduced scale, where the animal made sudden turns in his course. (#3.) Locality. — At the Lily Pond, discovered like all others at that locality by Mr. Frexp. On rather soft, slightly reddish shale. Remark.— The difficulty of explaining the radiating lines connected with all the tracks of this species, I have seen, with perhaps one or two exceptions, led me to give it '' 118 CHIM@RA. the specific name of inexplicabilis. But recent examination of other localities, especially at Middletown and Portland in Connecticut, have led me to the conclusion that these marks are sun cracks, which were afterwards filled with mud. I at first suspected that they might have resulted from the dragging of the animal’s feet; but the fact that they always become narrower outward, though proceeding in various directions, cuts off such a supposition. But this would be natural, if cracks in the sun-dried surface proceeded. outward from a track. In most other cases which I have noticed, these mud crack veins proceed from the tips of the toes, but not always in the Arachnichnus. They would most naturally follow the prolonged direction of the toes, but not necessarily; as may be seen finely illustrated on that beautiful slab represented on Plate LX., fig. 1. Of all places which I have ever visited, the Portland quarries are the best for studying the phenomena of sun cracks and mud veins. I am convinced after recent examination, (November, 1857,) that the remarkable examples in the Appleton Cabinet from Portland, figured on Plate LVL, figs. 1 and 2, as well as fig. 3, from Tumner’s Falls, were produced by the action of the sun upon the mud and the subsequent introduction of mud by aqueous agency; though it is not easy to see how the edges of the inlaid pieces should have been so finely rounded and even smoothed. Genus X.—CHIMERA, (Xiuarge, the name of a fabulous monster.) Four toes, with a stout heel behind, and five before. Tail broad and stout. Remark.—In this genus we have a repetition of the facts detailed, when describing the Apatichnus circumagens. For in the Chimera, also, we find on the upper surface a distinct tail and indistinct tracks, with a rather long heel on the hind foot. But on splitting off a layer one inch thick, while the tail and the long heel and generally the fore foot also, have disappeared, a more distinct impression is presented of the four toes, apparently radiating from a rounded heel. For my views as to the manner in which these phenomena were produced, I would refer to the description already given of the Apatichnus. It is possible that the Chimera may turn out to be identical with the Apatichnus. But the much greater breadth of the tail in the latter genus, and the great differences between the feet both before and behind, forbid me, as I now view the characters, to bring them together. The ornithoid aspect of the hind foot of the Apatichnus is striking; but that of the Chimera is strongly lacertilian, approaching, however, the batrachian type in the fore foot. Species 1. Cuima@ra Barrarri. Anomenus Barratti.(?) Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate 13, fig. 3. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 43, 2°, 34, %%, 87.] Hind Foot.—Four-toed; three toes directed forward; heel long. Divarication of the inner forward toes, 75°; of the inner and middle toe, 837°; of the middle and outer toe, 40°; of the middle and hind toe, 65°. Length of the toes in order outward, commencing with the hind toe, 1.2, 2.5, 3.8, 2.7 inches; of the heel, 3 inches; of the ''ISOCAMPE. a. 119 middle toe beyond the others, 1.75 inch. Distance between the tips of the lateral toes, 3.3 inches; between the inner and middle toe, 2.3 inches; between the middle and outer toe, 2.3 inches; between the middle and hind toe, 4 inches. Length of the foot, 6.9 inches; of the step of the same hind foot, 18 to 20 inches. Toes thick, heel thick and rounded at the end. ‘Tail making a pathway an inch broad and somewhat crooked. Distance between the rows of tracks, 6 inches; axis of the hind foot turning outward from the median line from 15° to 25°. Width of the trackway, 9 inches. Front Foot.—Five-toed ; toes thick, rounded and curved inward; divarication of the outer ones, nearly 180°. Length of the toes from the centre of the heel, reckoning outward, 1.1, 1.7, 1.8, 1.5, 1.8 inch. From tip to tip in the same order, 0.7, 0.7, 1, 1.4 inch. Greatest length of the foot, 1.65 inch; breadth of the same, 2.5 inches. Position of the front foot in relation to the hind one, irregular. Outlines of these tracks are shown on Plate XXL, fig. 1, hind foot, fig. 2, fore foot. Fig. 3 is a hind foot, on a layer half an inch below that on which the heel of the hind foot and the tail left impressions. Fig. 4 may be the fore foot of this animal, from Marsh’s quarry in Montague; yet it is quite unlike fig. 2, and very likely belongs to a - different animal. Plate XXXVIL., fig. 1, shows a row of these tracks, one-half of which exhibits a layer half or three-quarters of an inch below the other part, and shows how even that depth changes the aspect of a track, though more distinct than those on the layers where the animal trod. Localities. —'Turner’s Falls, and perhaps Montague, at Marsh’s quarry, and also Middletown. Remarks.—I affix the name of my friend Dr. JosepH Barrarr of Middletown to this species, as its discoverer, although I am not sure that the specimen which he pointed out to me in Middletown as the Anomepus Barratti is the same. But I rather presume them to be identical. Genus XI.—ISOCAMPE, (ioos, equal, and zou, a curve; referring to the almost equal curvature of the toes.) Hind and fore feet of unequal size; the four toes in the hind foot all curved inward nearly alike. Animal digitigrade, caudate. Remarks.— Recently (November, 1857,) I purchased of Dr. JosepuH Barrarr the specimen of which Plate XXXVL, fig. 5, is a reduced sketch, and which I recognized as new. It shows, however, only what I regard as the hind foot, with a trace of the tail. But on seeing it I was reminded of a small specimen in the Cabinet from Turner’s Falls, which I have long observed, but have not felt prepared to give it a name. That specimen shows both feet, if I do not mistake, with a fourth toe on the hind foot, and at least that number in front. But although the Middletown specimen shows no one track so perfect, yet exhibiting a succession of tracks, made by one side of the animal, and a tail, it reveals the general characters of the species. But I shall venture to use the Turner’s Falls specimen as the basis of my description of the individual tracks, and add others from the '' 120 ISOCAMPE. Connecticut specimen. The generic name is founded on the almost equal curvature of the toes. The specific name following, represents the animal as sprawling. Species 1. Isocampe srrata. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 28, 49, 35, 29, 38. Hind Foot.—Tetradactylous, pachydactylous ; toes all curved inward, nearly of equal length, digitigrade. Toes nearly or quite parallel, so far as they impress the ground in walking. Versed sine of curvature in the outer toe, 0.15 inch; of the next toe inward, 0.4 inch; of the next, 0.3 inch; of the next, 0.25 inch. Length of the toes, commencing with the inner one and going outward, 1.65, 2, 2.3, 2.15 inches. Length of the step, from track to track of the same hind foot, 3.4 inches. Axis of the hind foot nearly parallel to the line of direction. Distance from the median line, 2.2 to 3.2 inches. Trace of the tail from 0.25 to 0.6 inch broad; crooked and irregular. Width of the trackway, 7 inches. Fore Foot.—Tetradactylous; (five-toed?) Toes nearly straight. Divergence of the outer ones, 35°; of the two inner ones less than 5°; of the second and third, 5°; of the third and fourth, 25°. Length of the toes, counting outwards, 1.1, 1.7, 1.2, 1.1 inch. Axis of the foot turned a little more inward towards the median line, than that of the hind foot. Position of the fore foot a little nearer the median line than, and in advance of, the hind foot. Outline of the tracks of this species of the natural size given on Plate XX., fig. 5. Reduced outline of the slab from the Portland quarries on Plate XXXVL, fig. 5. This shows, if I understand it, a trace of a tail and tracks of the hind feet of one side of the animal. The row on the other side was broken off, as I suppose, before I saw the specimen. Localities. —The Portland quarries, opposite to Middletown in Connecticut, are one locality as already named, and Turner’s Falls another, if I have not misapprehended the specimens. Affinities of the Group. Perhaps I have given these sufficiently under the several genera. The number of toes, especially on the fore feet, which usually show five,—the slenderness and lithiness in general of the toes, the usual presence of a long heel,—and often of a tail, the diminu- tive size of the fore feet, and the position both of hind and fore feet when the animals walked, lead the mind, upon the whole, more strongly towards the lizards than any other tribe. Yet there are some anomalies and peculiarities that agree better with other families; and I have already spoken of the difficulty of distinguishing by their tracks, lizards and salamanders, excepting by the number of toes; which, in the fossil footmarks, _ is a most delusive character, because so difficult to be ascertained with certainty. ''BATRACHIANS. : 121 GROUP VI.—BATRACHIANS. Genus I.—BATRACHOIDES, (@érgazos, a frog, and etdos, form, or shape : resembling a frog.) Remarks.— At a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in New Haven, in 1850, Professor Benzamin Situran, Jr., presented a paper on certain small spheroidal cavities in the Niagara Group of the New York rocks. He suggested that they might have been formed by tadpoles, as he and Dr. N. S. Manross had observed similar cavities to be formed by the gyratory movements of existing tadpoles. Still earlier, Professor James Hatz, in his Report on the Fourth District of New York, (p. 93,) described and figured these cavities, which he was disposed to regard as concretionary. I was absent in Europe in 1850, and not happening to look over the Proceedings of the Scientific Association on my return, I brought forward the same subject at its meeting in Albany in 1856. The occasion, however, was the discovery of far more perfect and beautiful specimens in the red shale of South Hadley, in Massachusetts. These were brought to my notice by Paorr Laruror, Esq., of that place, and by him I was assisted in optaining the splendid specimens now displayed in the Ichnological Cabinet, — the most attractive, probably, of all the specimens there exhibited. Accidentally I discovered, in 1856, similar depressions in muddy places, made by living tadpoles in South Hadley. Hence I suggested before the Association in 1856, the same theory, and sustained it by the same facts, as did Prof. Srtitiman in 1850, not knowing that I was repeating his paper. But during the past summer (1857), I have had an opportunity to witness the phenomenon on a magnificent scale, in a hole, some fifteen or twenty feet deep, in Hadley meadows, close by the Northampton bridge over Connecticut River. In the spring the river flows into the hole and fills it, and it requires a large part of the summer for all the water to evaporate. A small species of frog (Rana fluviatilis?) chooses the place for depositing its eggs, which become tadpoles when the water is reduced to the depth of a foot or two feet. The bottom is then perhaps three rods long and two rods wide; and before the water is all evaporated, and the tadpoles change into frogs, (which they do about the time when the water fails,) the whole of this surface became covered with spheroidal cavities, which could not be distinguished from those on stone. The Senior Class of 1857 in Amherst College, who were familiar with the specimens on stone in the Cabinet, visited the spot, and were so struck with the appearance as to denominate the place, Tadpole City.” I had been led to doubt the tadpole origin of the South Hadley and New York specimens, by the fact that in many cases the cavities were arranged in lines, and some- times too it was clear that they occupied ripple marks. But I found the same thing at Tadpole City. Deep as the hole is, and slight as could be any aqueous current there, I found that ripple marks, of about the same width and depth as those on the rocks, had *The present year, (1858,) I have met with a still larger number of these tadpole nests, affording still stronger confirmation of the views advanced in the text. '' 122 BATRACHOIDES. been formed over a part of the bottom, and of course the tadpoles chose the furrows rather than the ridges for making their holes. Another circumstance showed how their holes came to be arranged in lines more or less, even where there were no ripple marks. As the water became shallow, I found that the tadpoles would collect in great numbers just along the surface of the water, at its edge, and there of course would the work of excavation be most thorough. But as the water was constantly sinking, successive rows would thus be produced. In fact, until the rains destroyed this city, I could not see but all the phenomena on the rocks were reproduced. And I know that these cavities were formed by tadpoles, because I saw the animals at work in making them. And had the spot been so situated that a gentle influx of water, as by a tide, or a freshet, should bring in mud to fill the cavities before they were erased by the rains, they might have been preserved indefinitely; and perchance sometime be converted to rock, such as the South Hadley shale, or the Niagara sandstone. As it was, I succeeded in obtaining two or three speci- mens of the mud with the depressions, and by hardening the surface with glue, they have been transferred to the Cabinet, where (as Nos. ** and 3,4) they lie by the side of the specimens on stone, and will afford naturalists an opportunity of judging whether I am justified in concluding that the fossil impressions were made by batrachians similar to those now living. I venture thus to regard them, till the contrary is proved: though by no means free from doubts as to the identity of the phenomena. For both concretion and aqueous action are by no means yet fully understood; and I know that their effects are often marvellous. I have some specimens, evidently the result of aqueous action, which approach in character what I call Tadpole Nests, though much less perfect. Some of these latter are regular hexagons, like the cells of bees, and exhibit the like concentric arrangement. Often the filling in of mud a quarter of an inch thick, was sufficient to obliterate all traces of the cavities, and then we find frequently another set superimposed, and then several others perhaps, to the thickness of several inches: indicating, if my views are correct, that the same spot was occupied successive years by the same species of batrachians, as we know mud holes now are. These nests are not, properly speaking, tracks, if made by tadpoles. But they prove the existence of these animals, just as the tracks do of the animals by which they were formed. And, therefore, it is appropriate to name, and as far as we can, describe them. This I shall do, under the genus Batrachoides, already named. ‘The descriptions, however, must be very brief. Generic Character.— Animal a Batrachian, analogous to a species of Rana. Species 1. Barracuorpes NipiFIcANs. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 2, 3, 8 4 a5 tay tp 2s 4s A GD Ta Th Tb Th Th Animal forming rounded and sometimes polygonal cavities or nests in mud a little over an inch in diameter, and on the stone rarely more than the tenth of an inch deep, but evidently compressed vertically. An outline of three of these nests is given on Plate XXI., fig. 5. Fig. 7 of the same Plate shows also three samples of the nests made in mud by living tadpoles. An leo §, &c.] ''OTOZOUM. : 123 ambrotype sketch of a slab, No. #3, in the Cabinet of B. nidificans is shown on Plate L., fig. 1, and figs. 3 and 4 show the same of the nests of recent tadpoles. (Nos. 3 and 3.) Fig. 1 gives a very accurate idea of these cavities. Locality—South Hadley, in an old abandoned quarry a mile above the Falls, on the north shore of Connecticut River. Also in the brook near Mount Holyoke Seminary. Species 2. BaTrRACHOIDES ANTIQUIOR. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 38, 38.] Nests generally circular, sometimes elongated, scarcely an inch in diameter, yet deep. Outline of three of these nests of the natural size, shown on Plate XXL, fig. 6, taken from No. ?§ of the Cabinet, An ambrotype sketch of the whole specimen, 3%, is given on Plate L., ig; 2. Locality.—In shale or sandstone connected with the Niagara group of rocks in New York, which belongs to the Upper Silurian, at Lockport and south of Lockport. Remarks.—If it be indeed true that the cavities in this rock were formed by tadpoles, then batrachians, analogous to those now on the globe, must have lived at that early period, a fact of which we have no other evidence in paleontology. But on recurring to Professor Hat's description just as I was finishing this account, (p. 92 of his Report,) I understood him as representing these capsules, which he calls little “knobs or incipient concretions,” as having the convex side uppermost. If this be the case, they are quite different from the concavities on the South Hadley shale, which are always depressions, like the recent nests of tadpoles. If the New York specimens are pustules instead of capsules, then they belong to a different class of phenomena from those at South Hadley. Yet there isa striking resemblance in the hand specimens from the two localities. I hope that the preceding descriptions will at least excite the attention of geologists to this curious subject. Grnus II.—OTOZOUM, (‘f10c, a giant, and &dov, an animal; a giant animal, or animal giant.) Quadrupedal, four-toed behind, and five-toed before, web-footed, caudate,(?) toes thick, mostly terminated by pellets. Species 1. Orozoum Moonm. Otozoum Moodii. Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate XIL., fig. 1. [In the Cabinet Nos. 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, $ Fy, &, $-] Hind Foot.— Divarication of the lateral toes, 37°; of the inner and second toe, 25°; of the second and third, 4°; of the third and fourth, 11°. Length of the inner toe, commencing with the first phalanx, 8.5 inches; of the second toe, 8.5 inches; of the third. 7 inches; of the fourth, 7.5 inches; of the foot, 19 inches; including the web, 20 inches, Breadth of the phalanges of the inner toe, 2.2 inches; of the middle toe, 3 inches; of the third, 2.6 inches; of the fourth, 3 inches. Web extending some distance beyond the margin of the foot. Length of the step of the same foot, 30 inches to 51. Phalanges in 16 ''LADS ae ORE OT et a 124 OTOZOUM. the three inner toes, three; in the outer toe, four. Length of the proximal phalanx of the inner toe, 2.7 inches; of the second do., 2 inches; of the third do., 2 inches; of the proximal phalanx of the second toe, 3 inches; of the second do., 2.7 inches; of the third do., 2 inches; of the proximal phalanx of the third toe, 2.5 inches; of the second de.,:2 inches; of the third do., 2.2 inches; of the proximal phalanx of the fourth toe, 1.8 inch; of the second do., 1.5 inch; of the third do., 1.6 inch; of the fourth do., 1 inch. Length of the first bone behind the roots of the two outer toes, articulated to both, 4 inches; — width of do., 5.5 inches. Length of the second metatarsal or tarsal bone behind, 3.3 inches; width of do., 4 inches; length of the third do., forming the extremity of the heel, 4.3 inches. Breadth of do., 4 inches. Length of the metatarsal cr tarsal bone to which the two inner toes are articulated, 8 inches; width of do., 3.5 inches. Length of the pellet of the second toe, 2 inches; width of do., 1.5 inch; length of the pellet of the third toe, 1.5 inch; breadth of do., 1.5 inch; length of the pellet of the fourth toe, 2.3 inches ; breadth of do., 1.5 inch. Do. of the incurved claw of the inner toe, 2 inches. Axis of the foot turned outward about 10° from the median line. Distance of the middle of the heel from the median line, 2.5 inches. Tail gtout, yet rarely dragging on the ground. Width of the trackway, 26.5 inches. Fore Foot.— Pentedactylous, pachydactylous ; toes turned outward. Length of the first or hind toe having apparently but one phalanx, 2.5 inches; width of do., 2 inches; length of the second toe, 3 inches; apparently but one phalanx; length of the first phalanx of the third toe, 1.3 inch; of the second phalanx, including a claw half an inch long, 2.3 inches. First phalanx of the fourth toe, 1.7 inch; of the second phalanx, 1.8 inch; of the first phalanx of the fifth toe, 1.2 inch; of the second phalanx, 1.4 inch; of the third phalanx, 1.4 inch. Distance between the fore feet, 10 inches; right foot, on the only specimen in the Cabinet, is 6 inches in advance of the other. The position of one of these tracks is beneath the hind foot; a fact showing that the animal brought up its hind feet fully into the place just vacated by the fore feet in walking. An outline sketch of the hind foot of this animal is given on Plate XXII.; the fore foot is shown on Plate XXIII, fig. 1, and a reduced outline of the slab, No. 72, which contains the fore feet, is shown on Plate XLVLI., fig. 5. This will show the exact position of the front feet, which will strike the careful observer at once as being very much like that of Anomapus major and minor, and the shape of the fore foot is similar in all these species; but the hind feet are very diverse. Plate XX XIIL., fig. 4, represents a slab in the Cabinet, No. 3, over 30 feet long, which has a row of eleven depressed hind-feet tracks of this animal, with a multitude of the tracks of the Brontozoum Sillimanium. By mistake the ninth track of this series got lost, and I substituted one in the vacancy obtained from another row, as the sketch indicates. Fig. 5 of the same Plate shows a row of nine similar tracks of Otozoum, with a still larger number of small ones, all in relief, being No. + of the same Cabinet. The three first tracks of this row, however, were not originally connected with the remainder ; but were placed in the same row at the usual interval between the tracks; and it hardly ''OTOZOUM. to. 125 - conveys any error to regard them as originally thus arranged since several rows discovered at the same locality scarcely differ. Plate XLV., fig. 2, is an ambrotype sketch of the front part of a hind foot from Turner’s Falls, showing the web very distinctly extending beyond the toes. Localities. — South Hadley, two miles north of the village, on the road to Amherst, is the most prolific locality of the tracks of this extraordinary animal. They were here revealed in a small quarry, opened almost in the highway, for other purposes; but in which excavations have been continued for scientific purposes. And as a row of the Otozoum tracks now lies uncovered in it, belonging, I believe, to Gmserr Smiru, Esq., I thought it might be pleasant to have a sketch of it as a Frontispiece to this Report. For the sketch I am indebted to F. A. Lypsron, Esq., of Boston, and the late Rev. Purnivs Moopy, of South Hadley. Turner’s Falls at the ferry is another locality of these tracks. From the small size of some of the specimens there, I have suspected that they were made by a second species; but my specimens are somewhat broken, and I leave it for others to decide this question. A third locality is at the Portland sandstone quarries, opposite Middletown in Connecticut. A slab several feet long, belonging to the Middlesex Company, shows two of these tracks. in relief, and a multitude of the Brontozoum Sillimanium, looking in fact like those from South Hadley, sketched on Plate XXXIIL., figs. 4 and 5. From these quarries the fine specimen in Yale College was obtained, which is one of the best ever found. Another fine slab from the same quarries belongs to the Wesleyan University at Middletown, and it is only on one part of this slab that I have ever seen the trace of a tail belonging to this animal. It is possible that the trail may not have been thus made; but such was not my conclusion when looking at it. ~ Upon the whole, this animal appears to have been no stranger in the Connecticut Valley, since we find the traces of his abundant presence at the two extremities and in the middle of the great Ichnological Basin. History.—It is interesting to observe what progress has been made in tracing out the character of the tracks of this species. The hind feet were first discovered by Privy Moony, Esq., of South Hadley, in the quarry in front of his house, exhibited in the Frontispiece. As observed in another place, Mr. Moopy was the first person, so far as I know, who discovered and preserved as objects of interest, fossil footmarks, near the beginning of the present century; and, therefore, when his neighbors were quarrying stone before his door, he noticed and secured several slabs, one of which he generously deposited in Amherst College; and from which I was enabled to make out my former descriptions of this animal. It seems highly proper, therefore, that I should affix his name to the species as its discoverer. : Until recently, however, the facts developed in the Moody Quarry as to this species showed only that it was a biped, with the right and left foot distinctly indicated, as it moved in several long rows over the surface. Not long after the publication of my first description of the animal, I discovered that all the toes, except the inner one, were & ''126 OTOZOUM. © terminated by pellets, instead of claws; the inner one, as the outline on Plate XXII. shows, having a strong blunt incurved claw. Next I found that the animal was web- footed, the web extending, if I mistake not, beyond the toes, as in the Ornithorhynchus of New Holland, whose foot is shown on Plate VI., fig. 13. Recently, from a specimen owned by the Wesleyan University, I infer that the animal had a tail. But still more important, its fore feet have been discovered and pointed out to me by the late Rev. Purnius Moopy, son of the original discoverer. This gentleman (the son) has given a good deal of attention to fossil footmarks and shown great skill in distinguishing and collecting them. Through the liberality of Ginrserr Smrru, Esq., the specimen exhibiting the tracks of the fore feet of this animal, has been presented to the Ichnological Cabinet, and a sketch of it is given on Plate XLVL., fig. 5. The specimen which most decidedly indicates a web to the hind foot is from Turner’s Falls, (No. ¢,) and a sketch of it is given on Plate XLVL., fig. 2, as already remarked. Nature of the Animal.—¥rom these successive discoveries we may now conclude that this animal was a quadruped, with very unequal feet, and a tail, though of the existence of this appendage I am not certain. I must think that his hind feet were his principal organs of progression, and that he only occasionally brought his fore feet to the ground. I cannot otherwise understand, how we should have before us half-a-dozen long rows of tracks, most of them exhibiting every bone of the foot, and yet only in a single instance have found traces of a fore foot. And in this single case we find that the animal brought both his fore feet to the ground together, not as a quadruped does that uses his fore feet for walking, but for resting, or other purpose. Moreover, the exact alternation of the right and left hind feet in walking, agrees better with the movement of a biped than that of a quadruped, whose tracks show more irregularity in this respect. I think, therefore, that in its progression the Otozoum was a biped, whose tail only seldom reached the ground. Was the animal, then, a huge marsupial, like the kangaroo? ‘The general character of its feet looks that way. And then, if I have rightly distinguished between the phalanges and the metatarsal and tarsal bones of the feet, we have three phalanges in all the toes except the outer one, which had four. Three is the normal number for mammiferous animals, and it is merely possible, though not probable, that the outer toe had only three, for the impressions are quite distinct. Then the peculiar web of the foot, spread under it like a huge snow shoe, reminds us of a similar arrangement in the Monotremata, the lowest of the mammiferous class. But on the other hand, what shall we say of the pelleted toes, so characteristic of the batrachian family, and not found, I believe, in any of the mammifers? though in the monotremata the claws have some peculiarities of structure. Upon the whole, I have decided to place this animal among the Batrachians: but the facts above stated lead to the conclusion that it combined in its nature characteristics now distributed among several different families of animals. I have thought it not improbable that the Otozoum might have used its web-foot, as does the Ornithorynchus, for propelling itself through the water. It would serve, also, an important purpose in buoying up the ''PALAMOPUS. : 1o7 animal as it walked over the muddy surface; and that its tracks were usually made above rather than beneath the water, is obvious from the fact that abundant rain-drops occur on the same surface as the tracks. It is a fact worthy of remembrance, that nearly all the quadrupeds revealed by the fossil footmarks, had fore feet much smaller than the hind ones. The inquiry hence arises, whether, if not all marsupials, they did not all partake largely of the marsupial type. It would not be surprising if future paleontologists should feel justified in placing nearly all those animals in the marsupial class, so as to make the Fauna of sandstone days like that now found in Australia, which, I believe, is nearly all marsupial, inclusive of the monotremata. Genus III.—PALAMOPUS, (zaiéun, the palm, or the hand: and sods, the foot: a foot resembling the hand.) Hind foot palmated ; four-toed; heel stout, bent outwards; toes all directed forward. Species 1. Patamopus CLaRKI. Palamopus Dananus of Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate XI., figs. 1, 2. [In the Cabinet, No. 42.] Hind Foot.— Angle between the inner and outer toes, 67°; between the inner and second toe, 25°; between the second and third, 30°; between the third and fourth, 15°. Toes acuminate. Length of the toes, reckoned from the posterior extremity of the heel, commencing with the inner toe, 5.4, 6.5, 8.6, 6 inches. From tip to tip of the toes, in the same order, 2.5, 3.3, 3 inches. Width of the heel near its posterior part, 1.8 inch; do. forward of the inner toe, 2.1 inches. Back part of the heel bent outward. Length of the foot, 8.6 inches; do. of the step, 21 inches. Axis of the foot nearly coincident with the line of direction. Width of the trackway, 5 inches. Fore Foot.— About 3.5 inches long and 1.5 inch wide, on the only specimen in the Cabinet; but the general outlines only are distinct. It is situated nearly midway between the two tracks of the hind foot. Outline sketch of the hind foot given on Plate XXIII, fig. 2. 41/41, 88) 864 21 Le Weebl. 4? B78 Fo) Ads fe 3 4h he a Hind Foot.—'Tetradactylous, leptodactylous. Divarication of the lateral toes, 80° ; of the inner and second, 30°; of the second and.third, 20°; of the third and fourth, 30°. Length of the toes, reckoning outward, 0.2, 0.35, 0.5, 0.5 inch. Length of the heel, 0.6 inch; of the foot, 1.1 inch; of the step, right and left hind foot, 1.8 inch; track to track of the same foot, 4 inches. Axis of the foot in walking turned outward from the median line, from 10° to 20°. Distance of the heel from that line, 0.4 inch. Width of the trackway, 2 inches. Fore Foot.— Pentedactylous ; outer and inner toes opposite. The two inner toes longest, about 0.35 inch; hind toe shortest, 0.15 inch; second do., 0.25 inch; third do., 0.30 inch. Heel visible on the track, about the length of the hind toe. Fore foot placed in walking a little in advance of the hind one, about the same distance from the median line; but the axis turned more outward. Outline tracks of the hind and fore feet, shown on Plate XXIII, fig. 5. An ambrotype sketch of a fine row, No. 4°, shown on Plate XLIX., fig. 6. Fig. 7 of Plate XLVIII. shows a specimen of the same. Plate LIL, fig. 3, represents one of the volumes in the stony library, which I presume to belong to this species, although quite possibly it may be another species. On Plate XXXVIL, fig. 4, is exhibited a splendid slab procured by the late Dr. Joun C. Warren, and now owned by his sons. Dr. Warren before his death obtained a painting of this slab of full size, which his son, J. SuLLIVAN Warren, Esq., generously permitted me to copy. Having, however, obtained . an accurate outline of the tracks of this species, from other specimens, instead of delineating the imperfect ones on the slab as defective, I have represented a perfect one wherever I found a track at all. Plate LIX., fig. 5, exhibits an ambrotype sketch of the fore and hind foot, from as perfect a specimen as we have in the Cabinet. Plate XXXYV., fig. 9, is a representation of a very imperfect row of these tracks with the serpentine trace of a tail, furnished me by Roswett Friern, Esq., from a specimen ''MACROPTERNA. } 129 in his collection. To show this tail was the great object in giving the sketch, and though the species may be doubtful, this trace is not. The oscillatory movement of the tail, as stated in another place, was occasioned in my opinion by an unusually rapid rate of progression. Localities.—'Turner’s Falls furnishes the best specimens; both below the Falls, where Mr. Marsu found it, and at Lily Pond, where Dr. Warren’s fine slab was obtained by Mr. Fiztp. It occurs, also, on the red shale of Wethersfield,'and the gray shale of South Hadley, a mile and a half north of the church. Species 2. MacropreRNA DIVARICANS. Sauroidichnites palruatees. Massachusetts Geological Report, Plate XX XIV., fig. 16. Macropterna divaricans. Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate XV., fig. 7. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 27, 82, 44, 41, 41, 42, 82, 49, 49, 49. Hind Foot.—Tetradactylous ; divarication of the outer toes, 90°; of the inner and second toe, 20°; of the second and third, 30°; of the third and fourth, 40°. Length of the inner toe, 0.5 inch; of the second, 0.6 inch; of the third, 1 inch; of the fourth, 0.6 inch ; of the heel, 1.8 inch; of the foot, 2.8 inches; of the step, 3.3 to 7 inches. Width of the heel, average, 0.45 inch. Distance from tip to tip of the toes, commencing with the inner one, 0.4, 0.65, 0.65 inch. Feet and toes turned outward, sometimes almost at right angles. Distance between the heel and the median line, 0 to 1 inch. Width of the track- way, 3 inches. Fore Foot.— Five toed ; four toes diverging at nearly equal angles, so as to form the radii of a semicircle whose diameter is about 0.6 inch. A fifth inner toe is short and scarcely makes an impression in walking. A very short heel is, also, to be seen sometimes on the track. Position of the fore foot in walking, about half an inch in advance of the hind one. Axis of the foot turned somewhat outward. Not far from the median line. Rtemark.—The specimen from which I derive this description of the fore foot is remarkably distinct as to the toes, but the heel is nearlyswanting both before and behind. It is, also, less divaricate, as to the hind feet, than the specimen from which the hind foot was described. Perhaps the former, which is No. 22 of the niet; volumes, figured on Plate LIII., fig. 4, is a different species from the tier! Outlines of both feet are given on Plate XXIIL., fig. 7. Localities. —Turner’s Falls, below the cataract, where it was discovered by Dexter Marsu. Also at Lily Pond. The fine specimen of this species formerly in Professor SuEparp’s Cabinet at Amherst, from which my description in Fossil Footmarks of United States was taken, has been sent by him to the British Museum. Species 3. Macroprerna GRaciiipes. (Noy. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 38, 82, 29.] Hind Foot.—Tetradactylous. Divarication of the lateral toes, 90°; of the inner and second toe, 40°; of the second and third, 25°; of the third and fourth, 25°. Length of Beam ts GE Ica nhc fo eu iis hy Sard ''130 CHEIROTHEROIDES. the toes, reckoned outwards, 0.15, 0.25, 0.3, 0.25 inch; of the heel, 0.25 inch; of the foot, 0.5 inch; of the step, from track to track of the same foot, 1.5 to 1.9 inch. Tracks turned but slightly outward from the median line; distance from that line, 0.3 inch. Width of trackway, 1.2 inch. Fore Foot.—Tetradactylous ; form of the foot the same as that of the hind foot, and divarication of the toes about the same. Length of the foot, 0.35 inch; width of do., 0.2 inch. Position of the fore foot, half an inch in advance of the hind one. Outline of both feet shown on Plate XXIII, fig. 6. A row of the same is shown on Plate XXXIV., fig. 1, copied from No. 33 of the natural size. Locality.— From Turner’s Falls, at Lily Pond. Remarks.—I think that all the species of this genus have four toes on the hind foot, and five on the fore foot, though the fifth has not yet been discovered on the two last species. But the shortest toe is generally difficult to discover, or rather the trace of it, if any remains, is not easy to find. If I am correct as to the number, the animal seems to have been allied to the crocodilian type. Genus V.—CHEIROTHEROIDES, (zelo, the hand, 679/ov, a wild beast, and «idos, an appearance: an animal looking like the Cheirotherium. ) Feet unequal; four toes behind and five before; the three inner toes terminated by pellets; the others blunt. Species 1. CurrrorHErorpes pituLatus. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, No. $+. Hind Foot. — Tetradactylous; toes all pointing forward. Divarication of the outer toes, 40°; of the inner and second toe, 10°; of the second and third, 15°; of the third and fourth, 15°. Length of the toes in an outward order, 0.4, 0.55, 0.7, 0.7 inch; of the heel, 0.2 inch; of the foot, 0.9 inch; of the step, from track to track of the same foot, 2.5 inches; but often very irregular. Axis of the foot tummed: outwards from the median line, 20° to 30°; but often irregular in position. Distance between the rows of tracks made by the feet in opposite sides of the body, 1.2 inch. Three inner toes terminated by pellets; or perhaps pelleted claws, for an impression often remains on the rock like a claw, but rounded at its extremity: outer toe having neither claw nor pellet. Outer toe somewhat curved inwards. Width of the trackway, 2.25 inches. Fore Foot.— Pentedactylous; the three inner toes with pellets; the two outer ones destitute of claws and pellets. Axis of the foot turned outward from the median line almost at right angles. Distance between the right and left foot, 1.8 inch. Length of the toes in an outward order, 0.15, 0.3, 0.35, 0.25, 0.15 inch. JDivarication of the first and fifth toe, nearly 180°; the others dividing the included arch about equally. Length of the tracks, 0.45 inch; width of do., 0.45 inch. An outline sketch of both the hind and fore feet is given on Plate XXIII, fig. 4, from a very perfect specimen belonging to Roswrett Freip. Fig. 3 of the same Plate ''SHEPARDIA. 181 was taken from a specimen in Professor SHerarp’s Cabinet at Amherst. The hind foot of this shows a fifth toe, and had I other specimens to make it quite sure that such a toe exists, (of which I have some doubts,) I should bring this track under the European genus Cheirotherium; no other example of which coming so near to this, have I ever found. Pellets, also, appear on two of the toes of this specimen, and I am not aware that these occur upon the tracks of the Cheirotherium. For the present, therefore, I think it safer to leave this specimen under Cheirotheroides, though from the great perfection of the specimens before me, I cannot believe that a fifth toe will be found in the hind foot of that genus. Plate XXXVL., fig. 6, is a reduced outline of a beautiful slab of this species (No. 34 in the Cabinet, from which several of the preceding characters were derived. ‘These tracks, as they stand upon the slab, have more the aspect of those of a frog, than any I have ever seen upon stone, yet they have the peculiarity of pointing outward, whereas the common frog of our day turns the toes of his fore foot inwards, as may be seen on Plate LIV., fig. 3. And moreover, the frog has only four toes upon his front foot. Yet the discovery of Professor Wyman, noticed in another place, of a fossil batrachian with five front toes, shows that this character may not have been the same in sandstone days. I must, therefore, think that the species I have now described comes nearer to the modern frog than any other which I have seen. Locality. —Lily Pond, where it was brought to light by Mr. Frexp, is the only known locality. Genus VI.—SHEPARDIA. Feet unequal; four to five-toed. Toes behind, connected by a web reaching nearly to their extremities. Species 1. SHEPARDIA PALMIPES. [In the Cabinet, No. 3%.?] Hind Foot.— Four, perhaps five-toed: all pointing forward. _Divarication of the outer toe, 87°; of the inner and second, 10°; of the second and third, 138°; of the third and fourth, 14°. Length of the toes, reckoning outwards, 0.6, 1.0, 1.2,0.9 inch. A projection occurs on the outside which is short and blunt, but may be a fifth toe, or the rudiment of a toe. Width of the broad heel, 0.75 inch. Axis of the foot turned somewhat outward from the median line. fore Foot.— Pentedactylous; toes turned more outward than those of the hind foot. Divarication of the outer toes, 105°; of the inner and second toe, 30°; of the second and third, 25°; of the third and fourth, 20°; of the fourth and fifth, 30°. Length of the toes, reckoning outwards, 0.4, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 0.4 inch. Width from tip to tip of the lateral toe, 0.7 inch. ‘The longest toes a little curved outwards. Position of the track a little in advance of that of the hind foot. Outline of these tracks shown on Plate XXIV., fig. 2. Locality. — Turner's Falls, below the cataract, where it was found by Dexter Marsn. 1g '' 182 LAGUNCULAPES. Remarks.—The specimen from which the above description was taken, is in the Shepard Cabinet at Amherst, and I think we have only a doubtful one in the Ichnological Cabinet. As only one hind and one fore foot are shown on the slab, the description is imperfect. The web is its most striking peculiarity; but it has other distinctive marks, as a comparison of its outline with that of others, will show. Professor Emmons has figured a specimen, in his work on Geology, from the State Collection at Albany, purchased of the estate of Mr. Marsu, which appears to me to belong to the same genus. But I have not access to his work at this time. I have dedicated this genus to my friend, Professor Cuartes U. SHeparp, LL. D., as a testimony of my respect for his scientific character and labors, and especially for his extraordinary industry and success in collecting one of the most splendid cabinets of simple minerals, meteorites, and organic remains, in our country. Grnus VII.—LAGUNCULAPES, (Laguncula, a small flask, and Pes, a foot.) Feet alternating when walking; toes, four, swelling towards the extremity, so as to resemble small flasks. Species 1. LaguncuLapes Latus. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. $8, 33 (bis).] Feet alike; tracks on opposite sides of the animal more or less alternating. Toes, four, the outer ones spreading at least 180°. Angle between the inner and second toes, 50°; between the second and third, 70°; between the third and fourth, 65°. Length of the toes, reckoning in an outward order, 0.5, 0.55, 0.8, 0.6 inch. From tip to tip of the toes in the same order, 0.5, 0.9, 0.75 inch. Length of the foot, 0.85 inch; breadth of do. 1.25 inch. ‘Toes swelling out towards their extremities, and having a rounded termination, without claws, or pellets, so as to resemble small flasks, whose greatest diameter is 0.2 inch. Length of the step, from track to track on the same side, 4.1 to 5.1 inches; reckoning on the alternate tracks, 3 inches. Tracks turned somewhat outward from the median line, and distant from it, 1.25 inch. Width of trackway, 3 inches. _ Outline of the track of this species shown on Plate XXIV., fig. 1. An ambrotype sketch of a slab of this species is shown on Plate XLV., fig. 4. Locality.— Turner’s Falls; found by Mr. Frerp, in a gray micaceous sandstone resembling mica slate. Nature of the Animal.—It might have been a biped; but the number of toes and the width of the body make it improbable that it was a bird. The shape and number of toes agree better with lizards or batrachians than with birds, as does also the absence of claws and pellets. I put it, therefore, among the Batrachians; presuming rather, that a fore foot may be discovered. But if not, the animal might have resembled the banded Proteus, whose tracks are shown on Plate VI, fig. 7. The Proteus, like the Lagunculapes, had four toes on its feet. Yet the flask-shaped aspect of the toes agrees better with ''SELENICHNUS. : 133 certain lizards, such as the Anolis. (See Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate XX., fig. 7.) Here we have that blending of the characters of different existing classes, which so often meets us in our ichnological researches. In giving the animal a place among the Batrachians, I have given the precedence as evidence to the number of toes over their form. So distinct and well pronounced are the toes, that I can hardly believe a larger number will be discovered. Genus VIII.—SELENICHNUS, (ced, the moon, and izvos, a track; the moon-shaped track.) Animal caudate, with two (possibly four) feet; when walking, the feet make an impression with the tail, which resembles the rachis of a plant with alternate falcate branches. Body of the animal very narrow; feet plantigrade. Species 1. Srnunicunus raucatus. (Noy. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, No. 3.] Middle toe much the longest, and curved inwards towards the median line. Outer toe the next shortest, and curved inward. Inner toe rarely distinct from the others on the track. Length of the toes, reckoning from the extremity of the heel and in an outward order, 1.4, 2.8, 2.2 inches. Length of the step, measuring from track to track of the right and left feet, 3.5 inches; measured from track to track of the same foot, 6.5 inches. Width of the foot, 0.7 inch. Versed sine of curvature in the middle toe, 0.25 inch; toes rounded at the end. Trace of the tail continuous and nearly straight; width, 0.2 inch. Heel of the foot in walking brought usually upon the median line ; the axis of the foot turned outward from 10° to 20°, so as to give the whole line of tracks strikingly the appearance of the stem of a plant with alternate branches or leaves. Width of the trackway, 2.5 inches. An outline sketch of a track of this species is shown on Plate XXIII, fig. 8. A reduced outline of a row of fifteen of these tracks is given on Plate LX., fig. 8. Locality. —Tumer’s Falls at the Ferry, where it was obtained in the fall of 1857, by Roswett Fretp, Esq., and the slab containing the tracks belongs to him. Remarks on the Nature of the Animal.—One familiar with tracks cannot look at Mr. Frexp’s specimen without perceiving that it is different from any thing hitherto discovered. So far as yet appears, it was a biped; and so distinct and deep are the tracks, (though the minuter parts of the foot are not well exhibited, but are blended together, as if the mud were too yielding,) that it seems difficult to suppose we should not find traces of the fore feet, had they existed. Yet I presume the animal had fore feet, probably quite small; for it is difficult to conceive how a caudate animal with so narrow a body could have walked so nearly on a line. Did not the tracks alternate so regularly, we might consider its structure to be analogous to that of the Proteus. Such an animal, however, could not walk upon a line, or rather its feet would be farther spread apart. The long middle toe corresponds well with that of some lizards; but the number of toes (a point not well settled) brings it rather among the Batrachians, and I have placed it there, among the Salamanders. ''134 HOPLICHNUS. Species 2. SELENICHNUS BREVIUScULUS. (Nov. Sp.) (The description of the preceding species will answer for this in its leading char- acters; I add only a few that may be distinctive. ) Angle between the axis of the foot and the median line, 0° to 10°; length of the foot, 1.8 inch; width of the same, 0.5 inch; width of the tail trace, 0.1 inch. Length of the step, of the alternate tracks, 1.6 to 2.3 inches; of the same foot, 3 to 4 inches. Width of the trackway, 1.5 inch. An outline sketch of the track of this species is given on Plate XXIII, fig. 9. A row of seventeen tracks is shown on Plate LX., eT, Locality. —Turner’s Falls at the Ferry, found in connection with the preceding species, and may perhaps be the young of that species. But the disparity is great, and I think a difference of size is not the only one. But the specimen of this last species is less distinct as to the parts of the foot than that of the other. I strongly suspect, from a hasty examination, that the sketch on Plate XXV., fig. 9, referred to Macropterna vulgaris, is a Selenichnus,—the §. breviusculus. If so, we have- in that specimen fore feet. But as I only examined this and all the specimens in Mr. Frevp’s Cabinet of the Selenichnus for a short time, I feel in doubt. One wants specimens of this sort near him for some time, that he may re-examine them again and again. Nothing but a want of means prevents me from securing for the Appleton Cabinet at least one specimen of all the species described in this Report, that others may correct my mistakes and misapprehensions. But I perceive that I shall be obliged to describe a few species from specimens possessed by others. INCERTZ SEDIS. As already stated, this phrase implies that the animals described under it have no characters by which we can fix their place among living tribes. The following anomalous genera I place here till more light is thrown upon their relations. Genus IX.—HOPLICHNUS, (674i, a hoof, and izvoc, a track; the hoof track.) Quadrupedal ; hind feet somewhat the largest ; track hoof-shaped. Species 1. Hopricunus Equus. (Nov. Sp.) Tracks described and figured by Dr. Cotta from Polzig in Saxony, in 1839, without. a name. American Journal of Science, Vol. 38, p. 255. Chelichnus gigas, of Sir William Jardine; Ichnology of Anandale, Plate I. Remarks. —I have not probably any specimen of the track of this species; but No. 22 has on it a remarkable cavity, three inches deep, and fourteen inches in its longest diameter, which I have reason to suppose was made by the posterior part of the body of the animal. For at the Middlesex Quarry at Portland, Connecticut, I saw (November, 1857) a huge slab, weighing I doubt not at least two tons, and which could not be reduced, having ''HOPLICHNUS. | 135 on its surface this same ovoidal depression between two rows of tracks of Hoplichnus. A similar specimen, too heavy to be put into a Cabinet, I shall describe as I proceed to give the character of the species. Description. —Imprint of the foot almost exactly like that of a horse with shoes, viz.: a ring-like depression about the size of a small horse shoe, with a somewhat oval elevation within, showing that the under side of the foot was hollow. No claws have made an impression. But a sort of trail runs backward frequently from the two posterior extremities of the track, extending several inches, and they converge so as to unite and terminate ina point. I formerly thought this might proceed from a slight current of water passing by the raised sole or pad of the foot: but I find _it on almost every track, and, therefore, presume that the foot struck the ground before it had reached the spot where it was planted. Hind foot somewhat the smallest; the two feet placed near together, succeeded by an interval of 40 to 48 inches, which I consider the length of the step. Distance between the two rows of tracks, 24 inches. On the median line is a depression seven inches in diameter, not a little resembling a huge track, and showing a similar trail behind it, which extends four or five feet. This I must regard as a caudal appendage, and the cavity as made by the posterior extremity of the body, or perhaps by the caudal appendage. It has already been stated that a similar and still deeper depression occurs on No. 2°, from the Portland quarries, which is repeated at the distance of 27 inches, and on aslab which I left at the quarry, a depression of this sort was connected with the tracks of this species, as at Deerfield on the slab figured on Plate XXIV., fig. 5. Width of the trackway, 27 inches. The outline of the fore and hind feet of this species are shown on Plate XXIV., figs. 3 and 4; though I am not sure which is the fore and which the hind foot. As just intimated, fig. 5 was copied, without attempting entire accuracy, from a slab of huge dimensions lying in the portico of the kitchen of Mrs. Mary Nims, of Deerfield, which is too large and heavy I fear to find a place in any Cabinet. Localities. —'The slab just named was brought from the Horse Race locality in Gill. The Portland quarries afford the same species I think; but there too, the slab containing the best specimen, was too heavy to think of ever removing it to a cabinet. The specimen at Deerfield, however, will probably retain its place for generations, and I trust that others may be brought to light at Portland. Remarks.—I can hardly doubt that this genus is the same as the Chelichnus of Sir Witiiam Jarpinr, and probably this species may be the same as his C. gigas. The specimen which he showed me at Edinburgh in 1850, I recognized at once as my Hoplichnus, though it was of a smaller species than the C. gigas. But in his Ichnology of Anandale, he has described the Testudo Duncani of Owen as a species of Chelichnus, although it has distinct claws. I saw the fine specimen of this species in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, which is figured by Dr. Buckianp in his Bridgewater Treatise, and it seemed to me to be quite a different genus from my Hoplichnus, which never shows any toes or claws. Probably they existed, and the suggestion of Sir William that they were prevented from leaving an impression by a membrane beneath the bones which reached beyond the claws, ''136 HOPLICHNUS. like that of the Ornithorhynchus, is certainly quite probable. But the absence of this membrane, so that the toes or claws would leave an imprint, I should consider a sufficient difference to constitute another genus, as it certainly would be among living animals. I shall not, therefore, regard his Chelichnus Duncani as a synonym of my next species. Species 2. Hopricunus poteprus. (Nov. Sp.) Hoplichnus quadrupedans. Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate XVL., figs. 7 and 8. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 38, 38, 38.] Ring-like depression varying in its shortest diameter, from 1.76 to 2.1 inches; in its longest diameter it varies from 1.75 to 2.5 inches. Width of the ring from 0.25 to 0.6 inch. Width of the hollow in the bottom of the foot, 0.9 inch. Two faint shallow furrows extending backward from both ends of the semicircular ring of the tracks, and uniting at a small angle into one. Fore and hind foot placed near together when walking; succeeded _ by an interval of nearly a foot, which is the length of the step. Distance between the two rows of tracks, about five inches. Tracks of the fore and hind foot unequal in size; the fore foot probably the largest, but I am not certain which is the fore foot. Width of the trackway, 7 inches. An outline of the tracks of this species is shown on Plate XXIV., figs. 6 and 7. An ambrotype sketch of specimen No. #1 is given on Plate XLVIIL., fig. 9. Locality. —I have never seen this species any where else save at Turner’s Falls at the Ferry, where it was got out by Dexter Marsu. Remarks. —'This species differs from the H. equus but little except in size, though it has never shown on any specimen of tracks a caudal or abdominal impression like the H. equus; nor is it as wide, in proportion to its size, between the rows of tracks. The larger species remind one of a full grown horse’s tracks; the small one of a colt, and hence the specific names,—the first meaning a horse; the other a colt. In one or two of the tracks of the H. poledrus, we find several depressed spots in the ring that may indicate toes, but no claws. But whether the toes are shown or not, I cannot doubt their existence; for otherwise we must suppose the animal to have been one with a solid hoof. This would be an extremely improbable, though I will not say impossible hypothesis. But admitting it to have been a quadruped with toes, concealed by a wide web, what could have been its nature? ‘The Scottish tracks allied to those of the Hoplichnus, Sir Witi1am JarpIne seems inclined to refer as the generic name Chelichnus, implying Chelonians or Tortoises. But one character in our tracks, (which is not the same in the Scottish tracks, unless in the C. gigas to some extent,) I mean the great length of the animal’s stride, is different from what any living tortoise could form, and it leads us rather to the mammiferous class, as most likely to leave such lines of tracks. But in either case, what shall we do with the caudal or abdominal impression? Then,if the animal had a web beneath, and extending beyond its toes, our thoughts recur to the Monotremata, where the duck-billed Platypus, or Ornithorynchus, has such a foot. But the Hoplichnus ''SALTATOR: i B37 must have had legs much longer proportionally. At present I think it better to leave these animals among those of the incerte sedis—whose place is not settled. M. Corra, in his account of the tracks in Saxony, evidently similar to the above, supposes the foot to have been didactylous, and consequently that the animal moved in a direction opposite to that we have supposed. I am not aware of any analogous feet among living animals ; but there are some things on our tracks that would favor such a supposition. I refer particularly to that sort of trail that proceeds from the tracks and the middle impression, which, on such a view, might be explained by supposing that the feet and tail dragged for a time after the animal lifted them up. I think too that the smallest foot is usually behind the other, if the animal moved in the direction I had supposed; whereas in most cases the smallest foot is in advance of, or at least as much advanced, as the large one ; so that I think this suggestion of M. Corra deserves attention, yet in Saxony he found no rows of tracks, but only isolated ones. — Genus X.—SALTATOR, (the leaper.) Animals small; moving generally by leaps. Species 1. Satraror Brpepatus. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 38, 34. Didactylous. Right hand track, 0.3 inch long; left hand, 0.25, or not making so full an impression. ‘Toes 0.1 inch wide, rounded at both ends; slightly divaricate; 0.2 inch apart at the heel; animal moving in a right line; length of the leap, 1.25 inch. Width of the trackway, 0.3 inch. An outline of the only specimen of this species in the Cabinet, showing a row of three leaps, is given of the natural size, on Plate XXIV., fig. 8. An ambrotype sketch of the whole slab is shown on Plate LL, fig. 7. Locality.—'Turmer’s Falls, I think on Mr. Fretn’s farm. : Nature of the Animal, &c.—'Though the tracks of this species are distinct, and on a surface that would almost certainly retain the slightest markings, yet of the nature of the animal I can scarcely offer a conjecture. The tracks -have the aspect of those made by a mouse, or small squirrel, leaping along in fresh snow; and I can conceive that the leaps of a jerboa (deer mouse) would show a still closer resemblance. But whether the Saltator had more than two feet, or whether the two impressions were not rather made by the toes of one foot, rather than feet, I am unable to decide. Their almost exact resemblance, as to relative position, favors the idea of toes rather than feet ; but in that case we must imagine the animal moving along upon one foot, which is improbable; and then, a small animal moving by leaps preserves its hind feet almost exactly in the same position. I have, therefore, made the specific name conform to the idea of feet rather than of toes. But whether the animal was a small quadruped, or perchance an insect, I have no settled opinion. '' 138 TORTOISES. Species 2. Satraror caupatus. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 4, 2.] Impressions of the animal’s feet upon the mud, rounded, or somewhat elliptical dents, not more than the thirtieth, or the twentieth of an inch, in diameter. Where the animal rested, we find five of these, and sometimes what seems to have been a tail behind, 0.4 inch long. As the animal advanced, only three, and sometimes only two of his feet made an impression, the dents being arranged in the form of a triangle, sometimes oblique angled, sometimes rectangular, and sometimes equilateral. Length of the leap, 0.8 to 1.1 inch. Width of the trackway, 0.3 inch. Plate XXIV., fig. 9, is a copy of the natural size of the tracks of one of the best specimens of this species. Fig. 10 shows another, on No. 3, which might more properly be regarded as a variety of S. bipedatus, or more probably, a third species ; for it is too small for the S. bipedatus, and the tracks are not arranged like those of S. caudatus, although it seems to have had a tail. Locality. —'Turner’s Falls, at Lily Pond, on the same slabs which show the tracks of Gigantitherium caudatum and minus. What was the Nature of this Animal ?—I feel entirely incompetent to throw any light on this question. I dare not say even how many feet the animal had; for I find five impressions where the animal seems to have rested, and hence it may have been an insect. I have even fancied that the common black cricket, so frequent in the autumn, might leave an analogous set of impressions at its successive leaps and occasional pauses. But its leap would be five times greater than that of the saltator caudatus; if, indeed, the latter Jeaped at all. But I will not multiply useless words. And yet the characters of this species seem so trenchant and peculiar, that I cannot doubt its true nature will be hereafter made out satisfactorily. I think the difficulty lies in our ignorance of the manner in which the smaller animals move over the surface. GROUP VII.—CHELONIANS OR TORTOISES. Remarks.—1 can hardly doubt that tortoises must have been common during the sandstone era of the Connecticut Valley, and yet this is one of the most unsatisfactory of all the Groups I have attempted to describe. or it is very difficult to distinguish between the tracks of Chelonians and those of Lizards and Salamanders. I have referred a few species to Chelonians, first on the ground that their legs turned a good deal outward in walking ; secondly, because they had wide bodies; and thirdly, because they sometimes left traces of the dragging of their feet through the mud so as almost to obliterate the tracks, and also traces of a tail and a shell or carapace. Genus I.—ANCYROPUS, (dyxvoa, an anchor, and ois, a foot; the anchor-like foot.) Fore feet much the most slender. Toes very much curved outward from the line of direction. Tracks in parallel rows, wide apart: ''ANCYROPUS. 139 Species 1. ANCYROPUS HETEROCLITUS. Sauroidichnites heteroclitus and Jacksoni. Massachusetts Geological Report, Plate 30, figs. 2and 3. Ancyropus heteroclitus of Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate XV., figs. 3 and 4. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 37, 23, 22, #2, 84, 34, 94, 41, 1,8, 19.] find Foot.— Four (probably five) toes; one pointing inward from near the extremity of the heel, almost at right angles to the axis of the foot, the rest pointing forward and very much curved outward. Length of the hind toe, which is straight, beyond the heel, 0.5 inch; difficult to determine the length of the others, on account of their curvature and coalescence. Width of the heel, 0.7 inch. Length of the foot, 2 inches. Toes slender and lithy, with acute terminations. Versed sine of the outward curvature of the toes, from 0.4 to 0.7 inch, which is larger in proportion to their length, than in any other track in the Cabinet. Length of the step from track to track of the same foot, 4.5 to 5.5 inches. Distance between the rows of tracks, 6 to 7 inches. Axis of the tracks nearly parallel to the median line. Behind the heel a rounded process has made an impression on the mud, whose nature (unless it be a process of the tarsal bones) I am unable to conjecture. Some peculiarity of structure must also have existed on the outer posterior extremity of the heel, which caused the mud to form a rounded eminence above the general surface, probably by suction. Width of the trackway, 6.5 inches. Fore Foot.—Toes four, perhaps five; one of them proceeding from the end of the heel inward at right angles to the heel, 0.6 inch in length; the others directed forward and curved outward almost into a semicircle; the versed sine being fully equal to that on the hind foot. Width of the heel, 0.3 inch. Curved inward strongly. Behind the part of the heel that impressed the mud, the same peculiarity exists in the leg as in the hind foot, causing an elongated elevation beyond the heel. Length of the foot, exclusive of this elevation, 2 inches. Position of the fore foot in walking, almost directly in front of the hind one, and on the same line. An outline of the hind foot of this animal is given of the natural size on Plate XXV., fig. 3; and of the fore foot, on fig. 4. An ambrotype sketch of the hind foot is given on Plate LIII., fig. 1; and of the fore foot on fig. 2. These specimens, however, Nos. 23 and **, are stony volumes, the first with three, and the latter with four leaves. The sketches can of course exhibit only one opening of the leaves. Locality.—On the gray shale of Wethersfield Cove. Affinities. — The great width of the body, the shortness of the steps, and the outward curvature of the toes, seem to correspond better to Chelonians than to lizards, or Salamanders. Yet the slenderness and lithiness of the toes is remarkable, and whether it has any parallel in living tortoises, I am ignorant. I think it will turn out, that the number of toes, especially behind, is five, which in fact I think I can discern upon some specimens, though those from which the drawings were taken, do not show them. The 18 '' 140 CHELONOIDES. mud on which the animal trod must have been very fine and plastic, and probably it sunk deep and the sides more or less collapsed. The hind toe on the fore foot shows itself only on an upper layer, above where the rest of the track is most distinct; a fact which I have noticed under Apatichnus. Genus I].—CHELONOIDES, (zeiwry, a tortoise, and tos, appearance; resembling a tortoise.) Front foot the largest; pentedactylous; hind foot tridactylous; (tetradactylous ?) animal’s body wide. Species 1. CHELonorpEs 1ncEDENS. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 5%, §. Distance between the rows of tracks, 5.5 inches. Length of the fore foot and heel, 1.7 inch; of the hind foot, (if I am not mistaken,) 1.1 inch. Fore foot pentedactylous ; length of the toes, reckoning outwardly, 0.4, 0.7, 0.9, 0.8, 0.8 inch; of the heel, 1.1 inch. Divarication of the outer front toes, (2d and 5th,) 100°. Inner toe set back upon the heel. Axis of the foot nearly parallel to the median line. Length of the step from - track to track of the same foot, 14 inches. Fore foot certainly three and probably four, perhaps five-toed. Three toes pointing forward. Length of the foot, 1.1 inch; width, the same, do.; of the fore foot, 1.3 inch. Toes trailing from track to track. Hind and fore feet in walking near together, and almost equidistant from the median line. Width of the trackway, 6.5 inches. An outline of the tracks of this species is shown on Plate XX XI, fig. 3. Locality.—'Turner’s Falls, Lily Pond. Remarks. — We have two specimens of this species in the Cabinet, which I have tried in vain to refer to any others described in this Report. They are not as good as I could wish ; yet they show the general characters of the tracks and the mode of progression. I find the smallest track behind the other, and hence have spoken of it as made by the hind foot; which is contrary to the general analogy of these footmarks, and yet by no means without precedent both among living and fossil species. The unusual width of the body has led me to refer this species to Chelonians; and yet the length of the step is great for such animals. But the legs were long if it were a chelonian, since there is no evidence that either tail or carapace dragged upon the ground. ‘The length and regularity of the step are referred to in the specific name. Genus III.—HELCURA, (éxo, to drag, and ovgd, a tail; the tail dragger.) Quadrupedal ; tail and toes often dragging upon the ground. Species 1. Hxetcura caupDaTa. Helcura litoralis of Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate XV., fig. 1. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 26, 42, 2°. Two rows of indistinct tracks; the feet about 2 inches long, but the toes cannot be counted. Toes making an almost continuous trail from track to track. Distance of the ''HELCURA. 141 toe trails, 2.5 to 8 inches. Two tracks near together and then a wider interval. Length of the step not less than 6 inches from track to track of the same foot. Trace of a tail between the rows of tracks. General course of the trail strait. Width of the trackway, 5 inches. I have not attempted to give an outline sketch of is and the two following species of the natural size; but only a reduced outline on Plate XXXVIL., fig. 3, and an ambyro- type sketch of one of the slabs containing this species on Plate XL., fig. 1. Localities. —I purchased the slab exhibited on Plate XL., fig. 1, of Dexrer Mars, who procured it at Turner’s Falls, at the Ferry. The same species has since been found by Mr. Frexp, at Lily Pond. Species 2. Hetcura surGENs. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, No. 42.] The description of the last species applies to this, except that this shows no trace of a tail, and the traces of the feet are from 4.5 to 6 inches apart, showing a greater width to the body. From the absence of the tail track, I infer that the animal carried its body higher than the H. caudata, as the specific name, surgens, or lifting up, implies. ‘The trail of one of the feet shows three toes distinctly. Width of the trackway, 5 to 6 inches. A reduced outline of this track is shown on Plate XXXVL, fig. 10, taken from No. 12. Locality. —'Turner’s Falls, at Lily Pond. Remark.—I regard the much greater width of the body in this species, to say nothing of the absence of a tail trace, to be sufficient to distinguish it from the species that precedes as well as that which follows. Species 83. Hetcura ancuinEA. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 4°, 42, 42.] Width between the trails of the feet, 1.5 to 2 inches. Trace of a carapace (?) some- times seen. (No. 12.) Length of the step from track to track of the same foot, 5 to 6 inches. (?) Trails much finer than in H. caudata, sometimes serpentine, and hence the specific name. Width of the trackway, 3 inches. An outline trail of this species much reduced, is shown on Plate XXXVI. fig. 9, from No, 49, ee — Turner’s Falls, below the Falls, on soft gray shake, where it was found by Dexter Marsu; also at Lily Pond, where it was found by Roswett Frexp. Remark.— The trail of this species is rather narrower and much more slender than that of H. caudata, which characters, to say nothing of the absence of a tail trace, make it probable that the two species are distinct. Affinities of the Genus.—'The trails of the toes are the chief characteristics of this genus, since the tracks are too obscure to be described, save in general terms. ‘These trails, especially when, as in H. caudata, the tail dragged, correspond better I fancy with Chelo- ''142 EXOCAMPE. nians than with any other reptiles. At least, I have seen tracks of living land tortoises which made an impression upon me similar to those of this genus, though, unfortunately, I failed to secure a drawing of them. I place these species, therefore, among tortoises, with a rather strong conviction, but not with entire confidence, that such was their nature. Genus. IV.—EXOCAMPE, (2, outward, and xaun7, a curve; bending outward.) Fore and hind feet unequal in size. Most of the toes curved and turned outward very much from the line of direction. Species 1. Exocampr arcra. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 33, 44, 88, 31.) Hind Foot.—Tetradactylous ; toes all pointing forward, and all, except the inner one, turned and curved outward from the line of direction. Inner toe strait, second one but slightly curved, the third bent most of all, and the fourth nearly as much. Versed sine of the curvature in the third toe, 0.25 inch. Length of the inner toe, 0.8 inch; of the second, 1.1 inch; of the third, 1.8 inch; of the fourth, 1.3 inch. Divarication of the outer toes, 110°. Length of the tapering heel, 0.8 inch; of the foot, 1.9 inch; of the step, from track to track of the same foot, 8.5 inches; but sometimes probably not more than 2.5 inches. Distance of the track from the median line, rarely over an inch, often much less. | Foot generally digitigrade. Width of the trackway, 3 inches. Fore Foot.— Pentedactylous; toes turned outward much more than those of the hind foot, but.curved less. Length of the toes, reckoning outward, 0.35, 0.9, 0.1, 1, 0.5 inch. Divarication of the lateral toes, 110°. Foot placed in walking a little in advance of the hind foot, and considerably farther from the median line. An outline sketch of the most perfect tracks of this species in the Cabinet, (No. 35 is given on Plate XXV., figs. 5 and 6. The best row of the tracks of the hind feet only, is shown on the ambrotype sketch, Plate XLIX., fig. 5, one of which of the natural size is shown on Plate XXV., fig. 10. This is a digitigrade impression, and has no trace of a fore foot, and may possibly not be the same as No. 3, from which I derive the charac- ters of the species. Remark. — By mistake the outlines of this genus on Plate XXYV., figs. 5, 6, and 11, are named Hectocampe instead of Exocampe, on many impressions. Localities. —'Turner’s Falls, below the Falls, and at Lily Pond. Affinities of the Genus. —'The outward curvature of the toes seems to me to agree best with a chelonian; but the narrowness of the body looks more like a lizard. The shortness of the heel, and the rounded rather than elongated form of the foot are chelonian characters. I am not without fears that I may have mistaken the hind and fore feet from the defects of my specimens, or that I have confounded two species. No. 3}, although it shows a beautiful row of what I call hind feet, has no fore feet, while the specimen that has both, is so small as to have on it but three tracks. In such cases I shall expect that future discoveries will require modifications of my opinions. But I do the best ''AMBLYP US: 143 I can with the data in my power, and leave the rest to those who come after me. I shall expect that they will oftener have occasion to modify the Groups than the genera and species. Species 2. Exocampr ornata. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. $}, 3%, $, 44) $b dt) 7%) 2h 34 Hh FP] Hind Foot. — Digitigrade; tetradactylous; toes curved outward gracefully; length, reckoning outward, 0.22, 0.3, 0.4, 0.82 inch, so far as they impressed the mud in walking. Divarication of the outer toes, 100° to 130°. Divergence of the axis of the foot from the median line outward, 15° to 25°. Distance of the heel from the median line, 0.3 to 0.7 inch. Length of the step from track to track of the same foot, 4 inches. Width of the toes before and behind, less than the tenth of an inch. Toes acuminate with claws, — at least on a part of them. Width of the trackway, 1 inch. Fore Foot. — Digitigrade, but less so than the hind foot; pentedactylous; one short hind toe, and the four front ones about equally distributed through an arch of 130°, and about of equal length, say 0.3 inch. Axis of the foot turned outward from 40° to 70°; toes also, somewhat curved outward. Fore foot situated, say a quarter of an inch in advance, and a little outside of the hind foot in walking. An outline sketch of this species is given on Plate XXV., fig. 11, copied from a fine specimen, No. 41. An ambrotype sketch of this slab is given on Plate XLVIIL, fig. 6. Fig. 1 of the same Plate shows a slab with a row of the hind foot only, which is a not unusual occurrence. Locality. — On the soft gray shale below the cataract at Turner’s Falls, where it was obtained by Dexter Marsu. Remarks. — This species may not differ very materially from the last, except that it is less than half the size, and obviously of a more delicate and slender form, if we may judge from the tracks. So different is its aspect from that of H. arcta, that for a time I referred it to Macropterna vulgaris. But every thing is made more satisfactory to regard it as a second species of Exocampe. There are several good specimens in the Cabinet, besides the finest, No. $4; but they are mostly wanting in the fore foot. The remarks under the first species were penned before I discovered the H. ornata ; but it is hardly necessary to change them as the affinities of this species seem to correspond to those suggested under H. arcta. Genus V.—AMBLYPUS, (du@dic, blunt, and zovc, foot; the blunt foot.) Foot rounded, toes short and blunt, curved outward. Species 1. AmBLyPpus DExTRATUS. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 34, 84, 34, 34.] Only the right feet (whether the front or hind feet cannot be determined) have left tracks upon the rock, with a single exception; and hence the specific name, devtratus, ''144 FISHES. meaning lying to the right. Impression quite deep; toes indistinct, not more than three visible, all curved inward towards the line of direction, while the axis of the foot turns outward. Foot strongly plantigrade; length one inch, half of which is heel. Length of the step, 4 to 4.5 inches. Only a single rather superficial impression of a track by the left feet is visible on any of the specimens. Breadth between the two rows of tracks, 1.8 inch. Probably a fourth toe, short and pointing backward from the inner side of the heel, exists. Width of the trackway, 4 inches. An outline sketch of this track of the natural size, is given on Plate XXV., fig. 7. An ambrotype sketch of one of the specimens in the Cabinet is given on Plate XLVIIL., fig. 5. Remarks. —I am not quite sure whether it is the right or left row of tracks that is shown on the specimens. If the left, the specific name should be scevus, as I first had it, instead of devtratus. One left hand track is, indeed, tolerably distinct; but there is another equally so perhaps on the right side on another specimen. It is unaccountable that while the right hand row is unusually deep, those on the left hand should be so generally wanting. Yet the outward direction of the axis of the foot and the inward curvature of the toes are uniform, and forbid the supposition that there was but a single row. But I can hardly believe that if another set of feet existed, as fore or hind feet, they should not have left some trace. And I am rather inclined to regard this animal as having legs arranged as in the Proteus; which did not leave tracks in pairs as other quadrupeds, but in succession and sometimes alternation, like birds. See Plate VI, fig. 7. This might be done by a tortoise, and though not decided in opinion as to the nature of this animal, I haye placed it among the Chelonians, chiefly from the form of the foot, which approximates to that of some tortoises. GROUP VIII.— FISHES. Remarks. — It was not till near the time when this manuscript was ready to pass into the printer’s hands, that I was led to introduce Fishes as one of the Groups of animals that made the fossil tracks. I had placed the genus Ptilichnus among those whose place I could not determine, (incertz sedis,) not without a suspicion, however, as the name implies, that fishes might have produced the impressions. But the accidental discovery among my specimens of a new species, (the P. hydrodromus, most obviously made by an animal swimming just above a surface of ripple marks,) and some facts mentioned to me by Professor J. Wyman respecting the Siluroid fishes of Surinam, have led me to introduce this group, in the belief that it has as good ground to rest upon as some of the other Groups. I do not, indeed, feel entire confidence that I have reached the truth. But a little light where one has to grope so much in the dark, is exhilarating. Genus I.—PTILICHNUS, (zrido», a fin or feather, and iyvos, a track; the fin track.) _ Organs of locomotion making an impression on the mud, like the flapping of a fishes fin, or a bird’s wing, each successive flap being more or less in advance of the other. Dents, also, are sometimes seen along the margin of the fin-like impression, as if a longer and pointed fin ray had made them. ''PTILICHNUS. 145 Species 1. Prizicunus anomatus. (Novy. Sp.) (Characters additional to those of the genus.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 22, 86, 88, 88, 36, 86.) Fin-like impressions sometimes arranged in two rows, (Plate XXV., fig. 1.) Ae inches apart, as if made by organs on both sides of the animal; generally, however, they show only a single row. The line of dents, or circular impressions, along the border (outside?) are distant from it sometimes an inch, and sometimes in contact with it. Diameter from 0.1 to 0.2 inch, seeming as if made by a blunt cylindrical stick, perhaps a fin, of that shape. The broad fin-like impression has an irregular border, and the surface shows nearly parallel ribs, rarely more than 5 or 6, not more than 0.25 inch apart, crossed obliquely by shorter ribs, or rather each principal depression seems to be made up of short minor depressions, placed somewhat oblique to the general direction of the ribs. These rows of depressions are sometimes 4 or 5 inches long, when a new set succeeds; the two, however, often overlapping, and frequently changing a little to the right or left. Width of the trackway, 5.3 inches. An outline of the tracks of this species of the natural size is shown on Plate XXV., fig. 1, where two fin-like impressions are shown with a space between them, copied from No. ?§. Fig. 2 shows a specimen with a row of the dots along the margin. Locality. — Turner’s Falls, at Lily Pond, obtained by Mr. Frerp. Nature of the Animal.— At first I was inclined to refer the impressions under consideration to a vegetable; and afterwards to the action of water. But neither of these suppositions were satisfactory. I then regarded it as of animal origin, but could get no clue to the nature of the animal. But I venture now to suggest that it may have been made by some sort of fish, either beneath the water, or on the land, where it is well known some species of fish will work their way with considerable facility. Such is the case with the Siluroid fishes. Professor Jerrrres Wyman, who spent a part of the last season in Surinam, informs me that while there he made some experiments on this subject. Some fishes were brought him, I think of the genus Calichthys. He placed them upon the floor, and found that when their fins were at liberty, they were able to work their way with considerable facility; but when these were tired, they could not advance. He learnt, also, from the natives, that this fish not unfrequently takes an excursion on land, as has been stated by authors. Now it occurs to me whether by flapping its fins and wriggling its body, some such impression might not have been left as Plate XXV., figs. 1 and 2 present. Whether the Siluroid fishes, or any other, have any such structure in their fins as this impression exhibits, I am too little of an ichthyologist to determine. I confess I have not seen any ; but the suggestion of such an origin to this track, may at least lead to more careful observation upon the tracks of the lower tribes of animals. ''ra SAE ry 146 PTILICHNUS. Species 2. Priticunus rypocrapuus. (Nov. Sp.) Track consisting of one row of small, irregularly arranged impressions, say an inch wide, resembling some sorts of writing or printing. Parallel to this belt, we have one, and perhaps two rows of dots. Remarks.— Iam unable to give an outline, or any other drawing of this species, or even to describe it with accuracy, as I saw it only a few days ago, (December 8th, 1857,) in Mr. Fiexp’s collection, and had no time to take a sketch of it, or to describe it. I saw, however, that it belonged to the genus Ptilichnus, and is different from any other species; and therefore I name it, and give this imperfect account. Others must complete the description. Species 3. Priicunus pecrinatus. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 42, 28. Impressions consisting of parallel, slightly curved grooves, between one and two- tenths of an inch wide, those in the middle rather the longest, so as to form a crest somewhat arched upward. ‘The individual grooves often show a succession of small circular indentations, looking like chains of rings. Width of the whole comb-like impression or trackway, 1.5 inch. An outline sketch of this impression is given on Plate XXV., fig. 9. The locality is the same as that of the other species. Remark.—I have more doubt as to the organic origin of this impression than of any other species of the genus. It is possibly the work of water. I can only say, that Ihave not seen its like, where I could be confident of its aqueous origin. It certainly resembles the other species of Ptilichnus. Species 4. Priticanus HyDRoDRoMUSs, (from td godgouog, literally, running in water ; i. e. swimming. ) Ichthyopodolites of Dr. Bucxtann. Philosophical Magazine, March, 1844, p. 230. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 22, 34. Five furrows crossing the summits of ripple marks at right angles, and not reaching the intervening depressions. Number of lines not exceeding seven, and appearing as if made either by the impression of a comb-like body, or the dragging of points across the ridges. Distance from ridge to ridge of the ripple marks, 2 to 2.5 inches. Width of the trackway, 0.9 inch. Plate XX VL, fig. 5, which is of the natural size, will convey an idea of these track- ways as they exist on No. 2;- of the Cabinet. Locality.—Turner’s Falls, at Lily Pond. Remarks.— Whatever may be thought of the origin of the other species of Ptilichnus, no good observer will hesitate to say that these markings were made by some animal swimming over the spot, either by dragging along its organs of locomotion or defence ''INVERTEBRATES. 147 through the mud, or sticking them down so as to reach the ridges—more likely the former. And since the markings have some resemblance to the spring rays of a fish’s fin, I venture to refer them to such a cause. This discovery, in fact, which was not made till just before the completion of these details, (December, 1857,) forms the strongest argument for the ichthyc origin of the Ptilichnans. Il. SUB-KINGDOM, INVERTEBRATA. GROUP IX.—CRUSTACEANS, MYRIAPODS AND INSECTS. Remarks.—The Ichnological Cabinet contains quite a number of tracks which seem to have been most probably made by animals belonging’ somewhere in these three classes. But in the present state of our knowledge; I hold it to be quite impossible in all cases to determine in which class they should be placed. I, therefore, group them together, and under the several genera shall intimate to what family the affinities derived from the tracks, point. In the conclusion I shall have the pleasure of presenting the opinions of some eminent men of science on this point, so far as they could judge of it from drawings. Genus I.—HARPAGOPUS, (do7e77, a drag, and zo0vc, a foot; the drag-form foot.) Feet didactylous; toes unequal in length; divaricate; more or less like the sides of a triangular harrow or drag. Species 1. Harpacorus Hupsonius. Harpagopus Hudsonius. Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate X VIIL., fig. 2. [In the Cabinet, No. 42.] Toes diverging about 40°; unequal in length; blunt or rounded. Length from 2 to 3.5 inches; axis of the toes when walking, placed nearly at right angles to the line of direction. Rows of tracks two, about a foot apart. Distance between the successive pairs of toes in walking, inconstant. Width of the trackway, 17 inches. An ambrotype sketch of the only slab in the Cabinet, No. 4%, is given on Plate XLIX., fig. 6. Locality. — This is the only example in this Report, except a species of Batrachoides, in which I have described a track out of New England. It comes from the famous flagging stone quarries on Hudson River, and the rock belongs to the Hamilton Group of the Devonian Rocks. I found the specimen in the sidewalk in one of the streets of New York, and obtained leave to remove it. I had some doubt whether it were a real track ; but I have often seen it on the widely diffused flagging stone of the Hudson River quarries, and it bears a close analogy to some impressions on the much more recent rock of the Connecticut Valley. I thought, therefore, it might be well to give this short account of it and present one ambrotype sketch. Nature of the Animal.— On this point I have not much to say, because I know but little. The tracks must have been made, if I have rightly apprehended their character, by 19 ''SON Tee os REN Ce RS 148 HARPAGOPUS. an animal that spread out its legs nearly at right angles to the course on which it was walking. The feet seem to have been didactylous; and this is the chief reason why I suspect the animals to have been Crustaceans, some of whose extremities are didactylous. But I know of no living Crustacean that would make such tracks; nor am I acquainted with the tracks of living Crustaceans; and, therefore, I feel very little confidence that this animal really belongs among them. Species 2. HarpPaGoPus DUBIUS. Harpagopus dubius of Fossil Footmarks of the United States; Plate XVIII., fig. 2. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 32, 32.] Feet from 1.25 inch to 2.25 inches long, and 0.5 inch wide, with rounded extremities. Impressions arranged along a line, with which their axes make an angle of about 50°; — consequently the tracks are parallel to one another, at distances varying from half an inch to two inches. Form of the impressions almost exactly that of the human foot, showing a heel and ball of the foot. The heel, however, is sometimes entirely separated from the ball, and the front part becomes somewhat trilobate. An ambrotype sketch of this species is given on Plate LI, fig. 5. Locality. — On black shale from Turner’s Falls from whence the specimen No. 37 was obtained many years ago by Dr. Deane and presented tome. Also at South Hadley Canal(?) No. 33. Remarks. — I have so little confidence that this an animal’s track that again and again I have resolved to strike out the species. But on re-examining the specimen, (unfortu- nately too small to givea full idea of the tracks,) and finding it so difficult to refer them to any other agency, I determine to let it remain; and this is my final decision after this strong expression of my scepticism. And I leave it, as in the Fossil Footmarks of the United States, chiefly in the hope that it may lead others with better specimens to determine their true nature. In re-examining these specimens, for this Report, I am struck with the resemblance between the form of this impression and that of the human foot, covered with a shoe. It corresponds almost exactly with specimens found at the Portland quarries of the size of the largest man’s foot, and which have been announced in the newspapers as indeed of human origin. T have given some account of these under the species Cunichoides marsupialoideus, and two reduced figures of them (3 and 4) are given on Plate LX. I have added two of the impressions of Harpagopus dubius of the natural size, to show how strong is their resemblance to the Portland supposed human tracks when reduced. One of them, fig. 6, like the Portland track, fig. 4, has another and smaller impression a little in advance probably (possibly in the rear) of the principal one. ‘This has been overlooked in the Portland specimens, although I doubt not the two impressions were made by the same foot, with an arch beneath it, that prevented its whole length from reaching the ground. This fact effectually refutes the popular opinion that this is a human track, if it needs refutation, as it hardly does, among scientific men. But by what animal it was made I feel entirely ''STRATIPES. 149 ignorant. Probably only one of the tracks has yet been brought to light; when the whole made by the animal with all its feet on the ground, shall be found, probably the affinity to some living race may be obvious. My present opinion is, that the Portland tracks and the Harpagopus dubius were made by animals (or plants?) of the same general character, but differing enormously in size. Genus IJ.—STRATIPES, (Sterno, to spread out, and Pes, the foot; the animal with sprawling feet.) Animal’s feet perhaps didactylous; spread out in walking nearly at right angles to the line of direction. Species 1. Srraripes tatus. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, No. 13.] Feet probably bifid, but possibly unidactylous ; the hind foot, if it be so, being brought up very near the fore foot at each step. The first supposition is here assumed as the true one. ‘Tes somewhat curved, and lying nearly parallel; length from 3 to 4 inches. Dis- tance between successive imprints of the same foot, 9 to 13 inches, which is the length of the step. Distance between the outer extremities of the right and left feet in walking, or width of the trackway, 27 inches; do. between the inner extremities, about 20 inches. Hence the body of the animal may have been from 12 to 15 inches wide. An ambrotype sketch of slab No. 44, with two rows of this animal’s tracks, is given on Plate XLIX., fig. 4. The length of the rows is over 6 feet. : Locality. —Turner’s Falls, in Mr. Fretp’s orchard. This track is upon the upper side of one of the best slabs of tracks ever obtained. Dexter Marsu got out two specimens, one depressed, the other in relief; the former about a foot the widest. This was covered with nearly a hundred very distinct tracks, and at the auction of Mr. Marsh’s Cabinet, was bought by the Boston Society of Natural History, but its counterpart was bid off for the Amherst Ichnological Cabinet, No. 42. It was not till I was putting it up in that Cabinet, that I discovered the tracks of the Stratipes on the other surface. Scarcely any other tracks exist on the same surface, and it appears to me as if the surface was beneath the water when the animal trod upon it, and hence the tracks are not well defined. Yet on the other surface of the slab, only two inches lower down, we have over 70 tracks, remarkable for their distinctness, and which must have been made on shore. The mud which filled them may have been quietly silted in. by the tide, and then some amphibious creature have partly swam and partly walked over the bottom. ‘The surface has a certain roughness which is not common where the mud is sun-dried and trod upon while above the water. Nature of the Animal.—We are struck in looking at this specimen with the general distinctness of its outline, and see at once that it is different from any other in the Cabinet. But when we attempt to refer it to a particular class of animals, we find great embarrass- ment. At first, perhaps, we think of a huge marine tortoise, swimming along and striking the bottom with its feet. But I can find no living tortoise whose extremities bear any ''150 HAMIPES. resemblance to those of the Stratipes. They all have five toes, though in some species so united and covered that they would make but one impression, yet not one so narrow as in this case. Some Crustaceans have bifid extremities to their organs of locomotion, and on this ground alone have I conjectured this animal to belong to this class. But I know not whether in walking or crawling over the surface, crustaceans make impressions at all analogous to those of the Stratipes. With eight or ten feet, I should presume they do not. But if this were not a giant Crustacean, I know not what he was, and will not multiply words about him. Genvs III.—HAMIPES, (Hamus, a hook, and Pes, the foot; a hook-like foot.) Foot didactylous; toes curved inward, so as to be somewhat hook-shaped. Species 1. Hamipzs pipacryitus. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, No. 28. The didactylous imprints of the feet in walking are arranged in, two parallel rows, 1.4 inch apart. Axis of the foot nearly coincident with the line of direction, but generally turned a little outward. Toes nearly parallel, sometimes slightly divergent; distant from each other, 0.1 inch; length, 0.5 inch; width scarcely more than that of a hair. Foot digitigrade. Length of the step from track to track, apparently of the same foot, 0.6 inch. Width of the trackway, 1.62 inch. This track is shown of the natural size on Plate XXV., fig. 8. Indeed, the whole of the only specimen in the Cabinet is here shown. Locality. —Turner’s Falls, on Mr. Field’s farm. Nature of the Animal.—Its track very much resembles the bifid extremities of the King Crab, or Limulus Polyphemus of our coasts. But this animal has at least four feet on each side, which it must use in walking; and it seems incredible that the tracks would form such regular rows with equidistant steps, as the Hamipes presents. Yet the resem- blance above referred to, may justify me in leaving the animal among the Crustaceans provisionally. It is a very distinct and peculiar track, like that of the Stratipes; and a glance at it shows us that it differs from all others in the Cabinet. But whether the whole story is told by this specimen, may admit of doubt. Genus IV.—ACANTHICHNUS, (ava, a prickle or spine, and iyvoc, a track; the prickly track.) Tracks linear; in two parallel rows. Species 1. AcantHicuNnus cursorius. (Nov. Sp.) Figured without a name by Dr. J. Deane, in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Plate 19, f. [In the Cabinet, Nos. #8, 38, $8, 25. Distance between the rows of tracks, 0.18 inch. Tracks opposite, diverging a few degrees; length of the foot, 0.15 inch. Length of the leap, varying from 0.1 inch to 0.8 inch. ''ACANTHICHNUS. 151 Several rows of the tracks of this species, of the natural size, are shown on Plate XXVIII, fig. 1, and on XXXI., fig. 1. One of the most striking peculiarities of this species is the great difference of its leap ; it being eight times longer in some instances than in others. Locality. —Tumer’s Falls, Lily Pond. Species 2. ACANTHICNUS SALTATORIUS. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. $4, $8, 29.) Distance between the rows of tracks, 0.1 inch. Tracks opposite, nearly parallel. Length of the foot, 0.08 inch; of the leap, from 0.08 to 0.18 inch. Animal frequently Jumping sidewise, as a dancer; and hence the specific name. This character and the extreme shortness of the leap in some cases, distinguish this species from A. cursorius. Two rows of the tracks of this species are shown on Plate XXVIIL., figs. 4 and 5, of the natural size. Fig. 4 might perhaps pass for A. cursorius; though I have not seen the lateral hop in the last species. But fig. 5 is evidently a distinct species: distinct, perhaps, even from fig. 4. Locality.— The same as that of the preceding species. Species 3. ACANTHICHNUS TARDIGRADUS. (Nov. Sp.) Figured without a name by Dr. J. Deane, in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Plate 19, g. [In the Cabinet, No. 38. Width of the two lines of tracks, 0.33 inch. Length of the tracks, 0.15 inch. Tracks turned outward from the median line, from 15° to 20°. Distance between the successive tracks, 0.1 inch to 0.25 inch. Feet linear, acuminate: tracks opposite. Width of the trackway, 0.48 inch. A sketch of the tracks of this species of the natural size, is given on Plate XXVIIL., fig. il: Locality.— The same as that of the two preceding species. Nature of the Animals of this Genus.—The existence of only two rows of tracks turned a little outward, and generally quite numerous, has led me to inquire whether these animals may not be Myriapods. Plate LV., fig. 4, is an ambrotype sketch of the trackway of a small worm on clay, discovered by Cuarztes H. Hircucock, in Hadley ; and I have been inclined to regard it as a Myriapod, perhaps an Iulus, with very delicate feet, though it is quite possible that the bristles upon some Annelids might make the lateral impressions. This specimen shows at least, that the fect or hairs upon very small worms may make a distinct and permanent impression upon clay, as an inspection of No. 4§ in the Cabinet will show. : I confess that the apparent mode of progression with the species of this genus, if we understand it, does not correspond with that of a Myriapod, or an Annelid. For it seems from the feet being opposite, that it must have been by leaps, and the length of the ''152 ' CONOPSOIDES. leaps seem to have varied, as the Plates will show. It may be more probable therefore that the animal was a Crustacean; yet it seems as if it used only two feet in moving forward, and I can hardly conceive how this should have been done by one of these animals. Some able writers (see Siebold’s Anatomy of the Invertebrata, Boston, 1854,) make Myriapods one of the Orders of Crustacea; others regard them as more properly a family of insects. Very possibly we may never be able certainly to distinguish Myriapods from certain crustacean or insect forms by their tracks. Grmnus V.—CONOPSOIDES, (#6wy, a musquito, and eidos, appearance. To complete the idea of the name, we must bring in that of the species, namely, Jarvalis, of a larva; and the meaning will be, a track resembling the larva of a musquito.) Tracks in three, and probably four rows; divergent from the median line. Foot blunt at its anterior part, and so striking the mud in walking as to elevate a tubercle. Species 1. ConopsorpEs Larva.is. (Nov. Sp.) - Figured without a name by Dr. J. Deane, in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Plate 19, b and c. [In the Cabinet, No. 38.] Breadth of the trackway or space occupied by the rows of tracks, 0.8 inch. Diver- gence of the outer rows of tracks, 15° to 40°. Length of the tracks, 0.2 inch. Length of the step, or leap, 0.3 to 0.5 inch. Foot linear, its track terminated usually in front by a slight mound of mud raised by the slipping forward of the foot, as it would do in leaping. Tracks in pairs on each side of the median line, the inner row less divaricate than the outer one. Rarely more than two rows of tracks, and those only on one side of the median line visible; sometimes a part of the third row is shown. Rows of these tracks are shown on Plate X XIX., fig. 6, and Plate XXX., fig. 4, of the natural size. Locality.— At Turner’s Falls, on Mr. Fiexp’s farm, and found by him. Also on the gray shale of Wethersfield. Remarks.— The tracks of this species strikingly resemble the larve of the mosquito, seen so often in the summer in stagnant water, and hence the name. Not that I suppose any resemblance in nature to the animals; for the track is not the animal. Had I not found occasionally part of a third row of tracks, I might have suspected the animal to be a Myriapod; but now I feel almost sure that it had more than one row of feet on each side; though I have never seen but three rows of tracks. It may have been a small Crustacean; but until more observations have been made upon the tracks of living Crustaceans, (I have myself seen none,) the suggestion may be little better than conjecture. Grnus VI.— BIFURCULAPES, (Bis, twice, Furcula, a little fork, and Pes, the foot; the double, small- forked foot.) Four regular rows of tracks made in walking, which, when united, as they often are at the base, resemble small forks. Two additional rows sometimes visible, as on Plate Poe. He 1: ''BIFURCULAPES. 15a Species 1. BrrurcuLapes taqueatus. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 36, 38, 38, 38, 88.) Width of the trackway or the double rows of forks, or lines of tracks, 0.3 inch. Do. between the tines of each fork, 0.1 inch. Length of the feet or tines, 0.1 inch. Tracks generally following one another in close succession, with no perceptible interval, and never separated more than 0.1 inch. Outer prong of the fork frequently curved inwards strongly. Prongs of the forks sometimes united at their base, but not often. The animal sometimes so doubled upon its course when walking, as to form graceful loops. (See Plate XXX., fig. 3.) Pairs of tracks opposite. An additional row of tracks is sometimes seen placed near the forks. Plate XXX., fig. 1. Good specimens of this species are represented of the natural size on Plate XXX., figs. 1, 2, and 3. The specimens from which these sketches were taken, are most of them very fine and give a striking idea of the perfection to which this process of preserving tracks was carried sometimes. Of the tracks now made by insects or crustaceans no larger, probably not one in a million is preserved by being covered with a layer of mud, so that it would be petrified. But here we have long rows of hundreds of tracks, with only a few wanting. How many things must have conspired to secure such preservation. Nos. 3, $$ and ?§ in the Cabinet are particularly fine. Locality. — On Mr. Field’s farm, at Turner’s Falls. Species 2. BirurcuLaPEs TuBERCULATUS. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 28, 38, 36, 36.] Width of the trackway on the double lines of tracks, 0.5 inch from the outer extremities of the tracks; between the inner extremities, 0.25 inch. Length of the inner foot, or tine, of the fork, 0.15 inch; of the outer tine or foot, slightly less; of the leap or step, 0.25 inch. Pairs of feet opposite. Posterior part of the inner foot tubercular, the process making a deeper impression. Plate XXX., fig. 4, shows an outline of this species. The tubercle is the part most permanently impressed. Hence sometimes we see on the track little else than a row of loo tubercles. Locality. — My. Field’s farm. Species 3. BrruRcULAPES SCOLOPENDROIDEUS. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. $45 $$.] Width occupied by the two rows of forked feet, 0.9 inch, from the outer extremities of the tracks. Width of each row, 0.3 inch.- Feet broad, linear, acuminate. Divergence between the prongs of each fork, 25° to 30°. Outer prong turned outward from the median line, 20° to 85°. Inner prong turned inward from 5° to 20°. Length of the outer foot, or prong, 0.45 inch. Do. of the inner, 0.25 inch. Outer feet curved some- ''Sen teen a SPT eee On Se eR Oe ed 154 BIFURCULAPES. what inward. Inner foot or prong frequently wanting in the tracks. Distance between successive impressions, 0.5 inch. Forks opposite. An outline sketch of the best specimen of this species in the Cabinet, is given on Plate XX VIL, fig. 1. ' Locality. — Turner’s Falls, on gray shale below the cataract, found by Dexter Marsu. Remarks. — So seldom does the inner prong of the fork appear on this specimen that I at first regarded the animal as having only two rows of feet, and thought it might be a Myriapod. But on closer examination the forked arrangement of the feet 1s too obvious to be mistaken, although less decidedly so than in the other species of this genus; and I accordingly place it with the Bifurculapeans. The two prongs of the fork, however, do not appear to proceed from the same foot, as may be the case with the species already described ; and the inner one is so short and so frequently wanting, that the tracks reminded me of what I should suppose would be the tracks of a Scolopedendron, and hence the specific name. But it conveys a wrong impression, since no centipede has a forked foot, or two feet so placed that they would leave a forked track. Whatever was the nature of the animal, there can be no doubt but it is quite distinct from any that has been described. Species 4. BirurcuLares ELAcHisTotatus. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, No. 2$.] Width of the space embraced by the whole four rows of tracks, 0.4 inch; do. by each pair, 0.15 inch; do. between the inner rows, 0.1 inch. Outer rows diverging a few degrees. Inner rows nearly parallel to the median line. Length of the track, 0.05 inch; do. of the step, 0.2 inch. Pairs of tracks alternate, hence the animal must have moved by steps rather than leaps. Tracks in pairs, but entirely disconnected apparently. On Plate XXIX., fig. 4, a specimen of this track is shown of the natural size, along with another insect track to be described, and a number of the scales of a coniferous plant. I have been struck with the resemblance between these plant markings and the small scales on the surface of a young branch of the American Larch (Pinus pendula.) 'They occur on several other specimens, and coniferous twigs are the most common of the vegetable impressions on these rocks. On Plate XXXI., fig. 1, we find seeds also; and in the beginning of this Report, I have described and figured a cone from our sandstone. Another much longer low of the tracks of this species is shown on Plate XXX.., fig. 3, copied from a fine specimen in possession of Mr. FiEp. Locality. —Turner’s Falls, Lily Pond. Remarks. — We have now reached the smallest of all the fossil footmarks, so small that few persons would discover them. Yet when carefully traced out we find them as little defective as the large tracks, and probably from their simplicity, more perfect. I calculate, not with entire accuracy of course, that it would require nearly half a million of these smallest tracks to fill the same space as one track of the hind foot of the Otozoum ! To designate so small a track appropriately has not been easy. I have chosen, perhaps not in exact accordance with the rules for naming objects in natural history, a Greek adjective ''GRAMMEPUS. 165 that signifies less than the least. This to be sure is a solecism, but it aptly describes one’s feelings when looking at such tracks. Nature of the Animals of this Genus.—The great regularity and distinctness of the forks in the tracks of this genus awakens two inquiries: first, whether each fork is not made by the bifid extremity of a single foot, rather than by two feet? secondly, had the animal any more feet than sufficient to make these forked tracks? A single specimen,— one of our best, —sketched on Plate XXX., fig. 1, gives a probable answer to both these inquiries, showing on one of the trackways, the tines of the forks so separated as could not have been done if made by a single bifid foot, and also showing several examples of a third row of tracks. I think we may be certain, therefore, that the animal had at least six feet. Perhaps I ought to except the B. elachistotatus, which has an almost parallel arrange- ment of the tines of the fork, and differs, moreover, from the other species by an alternate arrangement of the pairs of tracks. In the other species they are nearly opposite, as if the animal moved by leaps. But the steps are too short to be regarded as leaps, and I confess that it is not an easy matter to conceive how an animal with many pairs of legs should have advanced by steps so short yet nearly equidistant. Yet annelids seem to have the power of thus walking, if the tracks on clay, shown on Plate LV., fig. 4, were made by such an animal. And were there in the Bifurculapes the trail of a body between the rows of tracks, as in the case on clay, we might perhaps presume this genus to have been annelidan. Upon the whole, I think the question lies between crustaceans and insects. If we were sure that all of them had six feet, it would be a strong argument for their insect character. But perhaps the usual presence of only two rows of forked feet on the tracks, and the semilunar character of some of the tracks, (shown imperfectly in the drawings.) should lead rather to the Crustaceans. Yet, alas, how difficult to form an opinion on evidence so slight! What fool cannot raise difficulties enough to stop our mouths? But where are the wise men to solve the enigma? They will appear, however, when the way is prepared; and then how weak and puerile will our conjectures appear, who make the first efforts to let the light in upon the midnight! Genus VII.—GRAMMEPUS, (oom, a line, or stroke in writing, and zovs, the foot; a foot resembling the | lines in writing.) Tracks arranged in two parallel rows, the principal ones forming almost continuous lines, parallel to the line of direction. The two other tracks short, lying outside, and forming various angles with the median line. Species 1. Grammepus ERIsMATuS. (Noy. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, No. 33.] The principal lines of tracks separated 0.7 inch; parallel to each other and to the median line. Length of the track, 0.5 inch; width, one-twentieth of an inch. Length of the step, 0.8 inch. (?) Second track, 0.3 inch long, diverging from the first about 30°. 20 : '' 156 LITHOGRAPHUS. Third do., 0.2 inch long, lying nearly at right angles with the line of direction, the two outer tracks seeming like buttresses or supports to the other, and hence the specific name, erismatus, from erisma, a buttress. Width of trackway, 1.2 inch. Plate XXIX., fig. 1, presents an outline sketch of this species copied from the only specimen in the Cabinet, No. 3§. - Locality. —'Turner’s Falls, on Mr. Field’s farm. Nature of the Animal.—The specimen which we possess of the tracks of this species has not all the distinctness and certainty about it which I could desire, yet I think I see in the tracks some evidence that they may have been made by a stout hexapod insect. Crus- taceans are the only other class, I think, to which any will be inclined to refer them. Species 2. GRAMMEPUS UNoRDINATUS. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, No. 38. Tracks arranged in a single row, the principal one forming an almost continuous furrow from one-thirtieth to one-twentieth of an inch wide, like that produced by an annelid. ‘The other tracks somewhat divergent on either side. Number of feet uncertain. Width of the trackway, 0.2 inch. Locality. —Turner’s Falls, Mr. Field’s farm. An outline of this track of the natural size is given on Plate XXIX., fig. 2. Remarks.— It may be doubted whether this species is worth giving, as we have but a single specimen, which, though distinct, is not all we could wish. I doubt whether this animal belongs to the genus Grammepus, because it shows only one row of tracks. But the impressions have a good deal of resemblance to those of the Grammepus erismatus, and I leave the two together until further light is obtained. Genus VIII.—LITHOGRAPHUS, (Ai6os, a stone, and yeuguw, to grave or write; an engraver on stone.) Hexapod; longest tracks in parallel rows, and between the shorter ones. Outer track crooked, so as to become even forked. Inner one shortest. Species 1. Lirnocrapnus HIERoGLYPHIcUS. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. $8, 38.] Longest tracks forming two almost continuous lines, parallel to each other, at the distance of 0.4 inch. Length of this track, 0.2 inch. Longest horn of the crooked track diverging from the median line from 30° to 40°. Shortest horn turning towards the median line. Length of the steps, 0.3 to 0.4 inch. Width of the trackway, 0.8 inch. An outline sketch of a row of this track is given on Plate XXIX., fig. 3. Another less perfect is shown on Plate XX XVIL, fig. 2. Locality.— Turner’s Falls, Mr. Field’s farm. Remarks.— An examination of the specimen of this species above referred to, recalled to my recollection another from the red shale of Wethersfield, which I had collected many years ago, and of whose nature I had never been satisfied. On re-examination I ''LITHOGRAPHUS. 157 concluded either that it was a fossil plant, probably a sea-weed, or an insect track. I became convinced that it was the former, and then the question arose, whether all the supposed insect tracks are not plants. If this species were the only one known, I could easily be persuaded that such is the case. But an examination of all the species will, I think, satisfy any one that most of them at least must be tracks. That we are liable to confound the two things, I admit; for there are fossil plants in this sandstone which I have not attempted to describe, that have been referred to tracks by experienced judges. But the experienced naturalist should not, through fear of falling into such an error, be led to overlook real differences where they exist; and such will surely meet him between most of the minute tracks which I am describing, and fossil plants. Another fact operated for a time to throw doubt over the ichnological character of these minute markings. Asa general principle I had regarded it fatal to the idea that impressions were tracks, if made on the under side of the layers; that is, if the impression was arched upward; yet in the Bifurculapes tuberculatus, I found tubercles on the same surface where the greater part of the markings were depressions; and the suspicion was strong, that they were produced by a body interposed between the layers of mud, and not by animals walking over the surface. But I have learnt that sometimes the animal, by thrusting its foot forward, or crowding it backward, does raise little piles of mud, and when afterwards other mud is brought over the spot, it will fold down over these tubercles, and thus produce an impression upwards. I think, though not wholly free from doubts on the subject, that such was the case with the Bifurculapes tuberculatus. Upon the whole, I retain a belief that we have small crustacean and insect tracks on the shale of this valley. But it is well to keep our eyes open to every other possible mode of explanation; and since I have said so much here, I think it best to present an ambrotype sketch of the specimen from Wethersfield, above referred to, which I should now label a sea-weed ; and it is shown on Plate XXIX., fig. 5. Species 2. LirnocrapHus cruscuLaRis. (Nov. Sp.) Figured without a name, by Dr. J. Deane, in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Plate 19, d. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 24, 23,? 34.] Distance between the two principal rows of tracks, 0.15 inch. Length of the tracks in these rows, 0.1 inch. Length of the step, 0.18 inch. Width of the trackway from tip to tip of the outer or crooked feet, 0.4 inch. Length of the inner and shortest foot one-twentieth of an inch; placed on the track just at the roots of the crooked foot Width of the trackway, 0.35 inch. An outline of two specimens of this species is given on Plates XXIX., fig. 4, and XXX., fig. 3. ; Locality.—Turner’s Falls, with the last species; from which this differs chiefly as to size. Nature of the Animals of this Genus. —'his is the first genus in which I find certain evidence of six legs,—the normal number possessed by insects. I suspect that these '' Ch eer Oe ON ng ea: 158 HEXAPODICHNUS. animals were such. ‘The crooked foot, as shown by the tracks, must, I presume, be exhibited on the tracks of many living species of this class of animals. But after all these tracks have quite a crustacean aspect. Genus IX.—HEXAPODICHNUS, (é, six, mods, a foot, and izvoc, a track; the six-footed track.) Tracks arranged by threes, in rows on each side of the median line; the inner tracks running nearly parallel to that line. Outer tracks parallel, or diverging outwards. Alternate on opposite sides of the median line. Species 1. Hexapopicunus maenus. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, No. 35. Principal tracks by twos and in alternation on opposite sides of the median line. Distance between them, 0.34 inch. Width of the whole trail or trackway, 0.8 inch. Length of these tracks, 0.2 inch; do. of the step, 0.25 inch. Third set of tracks small, irregularly placed, and seldom seen on the only specimen yet discovered. An outline sketch of this species, copied from No. #4, may be seen on Plate XXIX., Ae, 1, Locality. —'Turner’s Falls, Lily Pond. Remarks. — The arrangement of the tracks of this species by alternating pairs, and the rarity of the impression of the third foot, led me for a time to reckon this specimen among the species of Bifurculapes. But I think I discover the third track occasionally, and if it exist, it removes the specimen out of the four-footed genera. However, I am by no means certain that | am right. If not, this species should become Bifurculapes magnus. Species 2. HEXAPODICHNUS HORRENS. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, No. $$.] Longest tracks arranged in rows on each side of the median line, and distant from each other, 0.25 inch. Length of these tracks, 0.1 inch. Length of the step, 0.4 inch. Width of the whole space impressed, or the trackway, 0.6 inch. Outer row of tracks, which are the second in length, 0.1 inch long. Divergence of these tracks outward, about 40°; distance of this outer row of tracks from the inner row on the same side of the median line, 0.1 inch. Position a little in advance of the inner row. The shortest track, 0.06 inch long, lies between the outer and inner tracks, but a little in advance, and diverges outward about 10° less than the outer toe, so that the two outer toes form a fork, the inner prong the shortest. This species is shown of the natural size, on Plate XXX., fig. 1, along with the Bifurculapes laqueatus, as they appear on the fine specimen, No. 3§. Locality. — Turner’s Falls, Mr. Field’s farm. Nature of the Animals of this Genus. — The second species of this genus is one of the most perfect and delicate of all the insect tracks yet discovered, although only a single specimen has been seen by me; but it is quite satisfactory. Though the tracks are very ''COPEZA. 159 small, they are quite distinct, and placed so far from one another that they are not liable to be confounded. It is quite obvious that the animal had six feet, and this fact excites a presumption in favor of its insect origin. Perhaps a good entomologist might be able to refer it to its place among the orders of this class. Yet I fancy that more progress must be made in the ichnology of insects, and indeed in that of all the invertebrata, before the most accomplished zoologist can speak with much confidence on such a point. Indeed, such an one might rather maintain, and not without reason, that these animals may have been crustaceans and not insects. Genus X.—COPEZA, (*o77, an oar, and zéta, a foot; the oar foot.) Feet six; the tracks arranged in triple rows on each side of the median line; the principal track being placed at right angles to that line, as oars on the sides of a boat when in use. Species 1. Coprza TrirREMIS. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, No. $%.] Distance between the two principal rows of tracks, which lie at right angles to the median line, 0.8 inch. Length of those tracks, 0.1 inch. Distance between the outermost rows of tracks on the trackway, 1.4 inch. Outermost row nearly parallel to the median line and somewhat in advance of the tracks of the inner rows. Length of the tracks in the outermost row, 0.1 inch; do. of those in the middle row, 0.07 inch. Tracks of the middle row lying between the other rows, with a divergence from the median line of some 20°. Length of the step, 0.44 inch. An outline of the two rows of tracks of this species, copied from No. #4, is given on Plate XX XI., fig. 4. Other insect tracks of the same species exist on this specimen, but to avoid confusion I have exhibited only the most obvious rows. The tracks on the right side are obviously the most perfect, those on the other side having been somewhat interfered with by other tracks. Locality. —Turner’s Falls, on Mr. Field’s farm. Remarks.— The specimen containing this interesting genus, was overlooked till the latest moment for a place in this Report. The number of tracks upon the slab produced some confusion, and it was not till after a careful study that I got the clue to the true order. The position of the principal tracks at right angles to the median line, suggested the idea of oars, for I perceived that probably the animal propelled himself forward over the mud just as oars urge forward a boat. Hence I gave the name Copeza to the genus; and on observing the arrangement of the three feet in walking, it seemed to me appropriate to add triremis as a specific name, which means three-oared ; so that the whole name, I trust not improperly, may be called the three-oared oar foot. Nature of the Animal.—The tracks of the Copeza seem to me more like those of an insect than any others I have described. Yet I feel the extreme difficulty of discriminating between the tracks of insects and crustaceans. Judging from the animals that are found '' 160 ANNELIDS. on the muddy shores of the present geological period, we should expect to find a mixture of the two classes; and I incline to the opinion that such was the case in oolitic days. March 10th, 1858. ‘Thermometer nearly at zero on Fahrenheit’s scale! A strange time to be examining the tracks of living insects. But one, a little larger than a house- fly, and resembling the small miller so common in the summer, has been crawling over the window of my study, and I have been struck with the resemblance between the position of his six legs and the tracks of the Copeza. His two anterior feet were placed parallel to the line of direction, a little farther apart than the width of his body; then came the middle pair, which were placed nearly at right angles to the line of direction, but pointing a little backward; and the hind feet made an angle somewhere towards 45° with the line of direction pointing, also, backward. I regret that I could not devise any surface that would retain the impressions. But whatever was the nature of the Copeza, I am sure that as to form and position its tracks might properly be brought into the same family with those of this insect: GROUP X.—ANNELIDS. Remarks.—I have separated the following genera from the preceding wide group of invertebrates, and placed them under the Annelids, or naked worms, because their track- ways seem to me to designate their character more clearly than is the case with those already described. Yet some of them are not a little anomalous, and not easy to be dis- tinguished by their tracks from vegetable forms. Grnvus I.—UNISULCUS, (Sulcus, a furrow, and Unus, one; a single furrow.) Trackway a continuous single groove. Species 1. Unisutcus Marsa. Herpystezoum Marshi, Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate X VIL., fie, 1: [In the Cabinet, Nos. 1,0, 12, 43, 42.] Groove 0.2 inch wide; not unfrequently looped. Shown of the natural size on Plate XX VI, fig. 1. Locality. —'Turner’s Falls at. the Ferry; where it was dug up by Dexrer Marsu, who by indefatigable industry obtained a rich collection of fossil footmarks, which, after his death, were sold at auction, and were distributed among many of the Cabinets of the country, especially those of the Boston Society of Natural History; of Amherst College; the State Collection at Albany, and the New York Lyceum of Natural History. Mr. Mars became quite skilful in distinguishing different species and was well known among scientific men. By over-exertion in procuring specimens of fossils and minerals, he doubtless prepared his constitution for the disease that carried him off. It is due to his memory to attach his name to some species of animal that made the footmarks; and this Unisulcus, though not one of the largest kind, has left one of the most distinct tracks. It might be supposed to be the trail of a small mollusk; but it looks rather like that of ''UNISULCUS. 161 an annelid similar to the common earth worm, or angle worm, which leaves merely a smooth furrow; whereas mollusks plough their way through the mud and leave ridges on each side of the groove. Found, also, at the Portland quarries. Species 2. Unisutcus interMEpDIvS. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 1,0, 26, 2.0, 36, 36.) Width of the groove, 0.1 inch; very crooked and often looped. Shown of the natural size on Plate XX VL, fig. 2. Locality.— Turner’s Falls, on gray micaceous sandstone; grooves very numerous and crooked, bearing a striking resemblance to the trackways of the common earth worm on the mud after a warm rain in the summer or autumn. Discovered by Mr. Fiexp. Species 3. UNisuLcus MINUTUS. Herpystezoum minutum. Fossil Footmarks of the United States, Plate X VIL, fig. 2. [In the Cabinet, Nos. 12, 29, 26, 19.] Width of the groove, 0.05 inch, or one-twentieth of an inch; trackways very numerous and intertangled. Shown of the natural size on Plate XX VL, fig. 3. Locality. —Turner’s Falls, where it was dug up by Mr. Marsu. Nature of the Animals of this Genus.—Perhaps I have said enough on this point, under the first species; certainly I know but little about it; though the trails left by these animals on stone correspond strikingly with those of annelids, which meet us so frequently on mud during the summer. Genus II.— COCHLICHNUS, (xéyios, a screw, or snail, and izvos, a track; the screw track.) Trackway a continuous serpentine furrow, resembling a compressed corkscrew. Species 1. Cocuiicunus ancuineus. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 28, 26.] Chord of the right and left curvatures of the trackway, 0.3 to 0.75 inch. Width of the trackway, about the thirtieth of an inch; broader in that part of the curve against which the animal must have pressed the hardest, in advaneing like a snake; which must have been its mode of progression. Double versed sine of curvature, or double the distance of the curves from the median line, 0.1 to 0.35 inch. Spire not unfrequently gradually diminishing towards one extremity. Outlines of several of these trackways of the natural size are shown on Plate XXVLI., fig. 6. A fine example may also be seen on the slab belonging to the heirs of Dr. J. C. Warren, of which a sketch is given on Plate XXXVIL, fig. 4. Locality.— Turner’s Falls, on Mr. Frein’s farm; of course quarried out by him. '' 162 COCHLEA. Nature of the Animal.—The regular and even graceful curvature of. the trackway to the right and left, is the grand distinction between this animal and the Unisulcus; and I must think that it indicates a generic distinction without doubt. Nay, although I have placed this genus among the Annelids, its track may have been formed by such an Entozoan .as the Gordius, or hair worm. By means of the hairs or bristles upon the Annelids they are able to advance nearly on a right line; but though their path is often crooked and looped, I have never seen one made by a living Annelid that indicates a mode of progression so very like that of serpents as in the case of the Cochlichnus. Genus III.— COCHLEA, (xozdias, a spiral or screw.) Trackway somewhat resembling a double screw or spiral. Species 1. CocHLEA ARCHIMEDEA. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, No. 28. Trackway resembling an Archimedean screw, though not exactly. Width of the groove, 0.2 inch. Width of the whole surface covered by the furrows, 0.7 inch. Distance from curve to curve on the same side, 0.7 inch. Outline of the trackway shown of the natural size on Plate XXVI., fig. 9. An ambrotype sketch of the same is given on Plate XLIX., fig. 7. Locality.— Turner’s Falls, Lily Pond. Remarks. —The trackway of this species is so peculiar that I find it very difficult to conceive how it was formed; and it is quite possible that I may have mistaken its character in putting it down as a species of Annelid. But I can see in the single specimen as yet found, no affinity with any other footmark, nor explain it by any other than an organic agency. Genus IV.—HALYSICHNUS, (ddvovc, a chain, and izvoc, a track; the chain track.) Trackway with ridges on each side; as if the animal had ploughed its way through the mud instead of gliding over the surface; crossed at intervals by depressions, giving to the pathway the appearance of a chain. Species 1. Hatysicunus taqueatus. (Noy. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 32, 45.] Length of the links of the trackway, 0.3 to 0.7 inch. Width, including the ridges, 0.1 inch. Links slightly the widest in the middle. Pathway repeatedly looped, as the specific name implies. Outline of the pathway of this species shown of the natural size on Plate XXVL., ae, 1. Locality. —'Turner’s Falls, Lily Pond; on light colored shale. ''CUNICULARIUS. 163 Species 2. Hatysicunus Tarpicrapus. (Noy. Sp.) Length of the links of the trackway, 0.2 to 0.25 inch; width, 0.05 inch. Tracks looped. An outline sketch of this species (a poor one, however,) is given on Plate XXVL, fig. 8. Our Cabinet has no specimen; but I am indebted to Mr. Frxxp for liberty to trace this outline from a specimen in his possession, found upon his farm. It differs from the first species only in being more delicate and in the shortness of its steps, if I may apply such a term to the successive muscular movements of an annelid. Nature of the Animals of this Genus.—It is well known that some annelids move forward by pressing down the anterior extremity of their bodies upon the ground and then by a muscular effort bringing up the other parts of the body. One cannot look upon the trackways of the species of Halysichnus without a conviction that these animals advanced in the same manner. I haye, therefore, placed these species under the Annelids, although aware that some other animals, and especially the larvee of insects, move forward in the same manner. Grenus V.—CUNICULARIUS, (a miner.) Animal constructing a covered pathway along the surface; using bits of the soil to form the arch. Able to move backward as well as forward. Species 1. CuntcuLartus RETRAHENS. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. %, $8, 23, $1.] Trackway crooked and branched. Branches terminating abruptly, and sometimes showing an accumulation of mud at the end. Animal able to move backward as well as forward. Impressions made either by the animal or its rough tube, upon the rock above as well as below. Width of the furrow, 0.22 to 0.4 inch. A rather imperfect outline sketch of one of these trackways is shown on Plate XXVIL., fig. 4. Locality.—'Turner’s Falls, below the cataract and near the trap. Also at Middletown, Connecticut. Nature of the Animal.—As mud holes dry up in the summer it is not unusual to find the surface more or less covered with small raised and crooked ridges, not made by an animal merely crowding along just beneath the surface, but by the mud prepared in some way and made rough by being broken into small pieces. Although I have frequently noticed their appearance, and knew that it must have been produced by some worm, I have neglected to ascertain its nature, not supposing that any thing analogous would meet me in my ichnological researches. Butif I have not mistaken the character of the Cunicularius retrahens, its trackway is of the same description. It is so peculiar, however, that I have been several times on the point of concluding that the specimens are not of animal but vegetable origin. One of the usual characters by which we distinguish a track from a 21 ''- Te an 164 SPHARAPUS. vegetable here fails us, viz.: that the track only depresses the surface: whereas a vegetable interposed between the layers will leave an impression also upon the layers above it which have mantled upon it. But if this trackway was formed as I suppose, the covered way, being raised above the surface, would become a cylindrical body interposed between the layers of mud as they were silted. in after the animal had constructed its subterranean passage. It is Annelids that build tubes around them in the sand, and cement the walls together ; as the Lumbricus marinus, the Sabella, Terebella, &c.; and, therefore, I leave the Cunicularius among the Annelids. Genus VI.—SPHHRAPUS, (cgaige, a sphere, and zovc, a foot; the sphere foot.) Trackway consisting of a furrow, in the bottom of which are two rows of spherical impressions, as if made by tubercles, rather than the feet of the animal. Species 1. SpHmrapus Larva.is. (Noy. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. $§, 22.] Width of the trackway, 0.2 inch. Diameter of the small spherical dishes made by the tubercles, which are evidently sessile, 0.08 inch. Distance between the impressions made by the tubercles 0 to 0.05 inch. An outline of the trackway of this species is given on Plate XXVIIL, fig. 2. On Plate VII, fig. 33, are shown the tracks of a larva of an insect; which I refer to here, because they certainly bear a strong resemblance to the trackway of this fossil species. Locality.—Turner’s Falls, on Mr. Field’s farm. Species 2. SpHmRaApus Macnus. (Nov. Sp.) [In the Cabinet, Nos. 38, 12. Width of the trackway, 0.55 inch. Diameter of the small spherical impressions, 0.15 to 0.2 inch, Impressions generally almost in contact, but when the animal changed his course, the outer ones are separated as much as 0.4 inch, either because the impressions are real steps, or the muscles were stretched in changing the course. An outline of the trackway of this species is given on Plate XXVIIL,, fig. 3. Locality. — The hard red shale at Turner’s Falls. Remark. —'This species differs from the other chiefly as to size. The tubercular impressions are arranged with a little more regularity in the S. larvalis, than in S. magnus. The former looks more like the larva tracks above referred to than the latter, and hence the name larvalis. Nature of the Animal.—In the autumn of 1857, I found numerous larve of an insect beneath the rock maple (Acer saccharinum, ) and feeding on its leaves, whose tracks, figured on Plate VII, fig. 33, so much resemble the trackway of the species of Spheerapus, that I concluded both must have been produced by the same class of animals. Hence I placed the Spherapus among the Insects. But if we recur to a principle of paleontology already stated in the early part of this Report, that what are now larva forms typify extinct. 2 ''OPINIONS OF NATURALISTS. 165 adult forms, we ought to look among existing adult forms to find the place of those ancient forms that correspond to existing larva forms. If so, we are led more probably to the Annelids than the insects for the place of the Spherapans. For some existing Annelids have “tubercles arranged in pairs along the under side of the body, which serve the purposes of feet.” (Roget's Bridgewater Treatise, Vol. 1, p. 201. Philadelphia. 1836.) I have thought it safest, therefore, to place this genus among the Annelids. Nor should I be surprised if the Cunicularius should be found identified with the Spherapus. My specimens are defective just in those parts where we should look to settle this question. Should this conjecture turn out to be true, then the Cunicularius should be dropped and the Spherapus retained. Opinions of distinguished Zoologists and Anatomists as to some of the Invertebrate Tracks. I forwarded proof sheets of some of the Plates attached to this Report, especially of the smaller tracks which I have supposed made by invertebrate animals, to several gentlemen, asking their opinion as to their nature so far as they could judge from mere delineations. And though the request might seem hardly reasonable on account of the imperfect idea which the drawings convey of the specimens, I have been gratified with several answers which I deem so important that I venture to add them to my own imperfect views. Says Professor James D. Dana: “I have given many thoughts to the Plates of the tracks you sent me, but find it impossible to come to a certain conclusion respecting them. The impressions which you have named Hamipes, (Plate 25,) Bifurculapes, (Plates 27, 29, 30,) Lithographus, (Plates 29, 30,) Hexapodichnus, (Plate 29,) Conopsoides, (Plates 29, 30,) may all be the work of Crustacea. ‘The legs of Crustacea end usually in a styliform joint, which would make the straight or curved scratch ; and they are numerous so that four or more rows would be natural; they are placed often at different angles to the body; and often there is an anterior pair thrown more directly forward than the others, — the others spreading more rapidly. The breadth of the track-path is so large in several of them that this would throw the weight of probability on the side of the Crustacea. Such tracks, therefore, as the Hexapodichnus, Conopsoides, and the Bifurculapes may have been made by Macroural species, (shrimp-like,) or some Anomoural. Tracks like those of Lithographus I should rather refer to the Isopod Crustaceans (sow-bug group.) The Isopods throw their legs outward or obliquely backward, excepting the anterior pair, which are sometimes chelate and thrown directly forward; moreover the legs in many species have a hooked or uncinate form like the tracks of the Lithographus. In the legs spreading outward and backward they differ from the Macrourans in which they extend usually obliquely forward.” “As to the other impressions I could not give any suggestions of value.” Says Professor JosepH Lrerpy: “ Observation should precede speculation, and in the subject upon which you wrote to me I can only advance the latter. Figs. 4, Plate XXIX., 3, 4,5, 6, 7,9, XXV., 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, XXVI., look to me like fucoid impressions. May not 4 of X XIX. have been a delicate rete-like fucus, which has left the impression of its conceptacles? The figures of Plate XXX. appear to me to be the tracks made by small ''166 RAIN DROPS. crustaceans ; and this is perhaps the case, also, with the marks of Plate XX VII.; 2, 3, 6, 7, of Plate XXIX., and 1, 2, 8 of Plate XXV. Similar appearances to these which I think are crustacean tracks, I have seen on the sea-shore, made by both insects and crabs, so far as I can recollect. Such observations ought to be madeon the ocean beach, and casts taken in plaster, which could be readily done.” On his return from Florida, Professor Acassiz wrote me as follows, respecting some of the tracks which I have figured; though I am unable to say to which of the Plates he refers: doubtless, however, to some of those which I have grouped under crustacea, myriapods and insects. ‘¢ While in that region (Florida) I have made many important observations respecting the footmarks, and satisfied myself that I was correct in referring all the double tracks, as well as those with many rows, to the class of crustacea. Indeed, some of these animals make very different tracks according to their various gaits; and you would no doubt be surprised in tracing the Ocypode arenaria, to perceive how close: some of its tracks are to those of the sandstone of the Connecticut Valley —the same species making several of your genera. It would be worth your while to go south for that special purpose.” Tabulur View of the Lithichnozoa. At the end of this Report, immediately before the Glossary and Index, I have placed a Tabular View of the characters of the Lithichnozoa, prepared by my son, CHARLES Henry Hircucock, Curator of the College Cabinets. And as he has spent much time in arranging and labelling the Ichnological Cabinet, he alone of all men is able to distinguish and point out the characters of the different species described in this Report. I mention this, because when I am gone, it may be convenient to have some one at hand who can explain my views, should he survive me. Other Phenomena connected with, or illustrating the Fossil Footmarks. 1. Impressions and Casts of Rain Drops. The same surface over which the animals of sandstone days walked, often shows numer- ous minute hemispherical impressions most clearly referrible to rain: for rain now produces exactly the same markings upon mud. If the surface thus impressed were sun dried, so that when water brought in a layer of mud over the spot, it did not wash away the impressions, and the whole was ultimately converted into stone, on splitting these layers apart, on the lower one we should find depressions, and on the under side of the upper one, protuberances or casts of rain drops. Such we do find: the phenomena being parallel to those of the tracks, excepting that the rain drops do not show themselves on successive layers, except as the result of successive showers; for a drop of rain could scarcely at all depress the layers of mud as an animal would do. If the rain drop, however, struck the surface obliquely, it would produce an elongated impression, and such moulds and casts we sometimes find. ‘These show us of course the direction of the wind at the time of the shower; while the size and number of the drops give us an idea of the amount of rain ''RAIN DROPS. 167 These specimens, then, furnish us with a rain gauge and an anemometer for those ancient times, and they show us that the same laws regulated storms then as now. Having given in my Final Report on the Geology of Massachusetts, a sketch of a good specimen of rain drops on stone of the natural size, I have in this Report attempted only to show a few varieties of the impressions. The subject deserves a fuller series of illustrations than I could give here, without reducing too much the number of Plates illustrating the footmarks, or swelling the whole number to an unreasonable extent. The p22 22 222: 22.2 28 Oe 2 2 2S 2 23 23 28 2 oe in the Cabinet (Nos.*3g AB, AP, AB Ae hdd a He, ot a a aps 23, 89 89 to 29, 82, 22 to 2%, 22 to $2, also on clay 4?, 75,) show an extensive variety; a few of which of course much less than the originals, are shown on the following Plates, copied from ambrotype sketches. Plate LVL, fig. 5. Rain Drops. fig. 6. Rain Drops. fig. 7. Rain Drops and Ripple Marks: the former in the depressions only between the ridges. This is an unique variety. fig. 8. Rain Drops. From some experiments made by me, of throwing water into the air and letting it come down in drops upon a plastic surface, I became satisfied that the most perfect specimens of fossil rain drops must have been made by a slight shower, and not large rain drops. For where the rain falls thick and fast, and especially in large drops, it soon effaces the marks of separate drops, and produces irregular cavities with tortuous ridges, as shown on Plate LVL, fig.5. The finest examples of rain drops I have seen on mud were produced by the few scattered drops that fell after the principal shower had passed over, and prepared the mud to be finely impressed. The same surface impressed by rain drops, not unfrequently shows footmarks. If the latter were made subsequently to the former, they would partially or wholly obliterate the rain drops. That the obliteration is often only partial, we learn from specimens on clay, of which Plate XX XIL., fig. 1, is a good example; for beneath the boy’s footmark, although obviously impressed after the shower, the rain drops are quite distinct. The degree of obliteration would of course depend upon the depth of the footmark and the plasticity of the mud. The occurrence of rain drops on the same surface with footmarks, is an important fact in our reasoning as to the latter. For it shows us that the surface impressed by the animal, was generally above the water when the tracks were made, and not beneath, as some would suppose. It does not follow, however, that this was always the case. For in some instances my own conviction is, that the tracks were formed beneath the water, as in the case of the Isocampe strata, where not only are the rain drops absent, but the surface has a certain rough and uneven appearance, as we see on mud beneath the waters, and not that smooth and even surface which results from the subsidence of mud rendered plastic by water, which has subsequently more or less drained off. ''168 RIPPLE MARKS. Gas Pustules. The layers of clay found in the banks of existing rivers are sometimes coated with a film of argillaceous and organic matter, which has so much tenacity that it may be raised in a bladder by gas collected beneath, which for a considerable time it will prevent from escaping. And either atmospheric air, or some other gas does sometimes collect beneath the surface, and raise vesicles or pustules, which resemble rain drops in relief. When the gas at length escapes, they collapse, yet usually leave a circular trace, which is easily mistaken for rain drops, although not depressed below the surface. Indeed, not long since, some geologists undertook to account for all the supposed rain drops by these pustules. But if they had carefully examined all the phases of the phenomena, they would have seen the difference between the rain drop and the pustule. Plate LV., fig. 2, has on the original some of these gas pustules, although not easily shown upon a drawing. Ripple Marks. These are parallel, sometimes tortuous ridges of sand or mud, with intervening hollows, produced by small waves of wind or water, and resembling those of the latter. Wind will not form them in mud, but in sand only; yet water will do it in mud and sand. Ripple marks are very frequently seen on the surface over which animals walked, although in but few cases have I attempted to exhibit the ripple marks on the sketches of the slabs in the Cabinet. Plate XLIII., figs. 3, 4 and 5, however, show the ripple marks. ‘he tracks on these slabs are quite small, yet very perfect; and I hence infer that they were made subsequent to the ripple mark. Such I believe is always the case; for the process of forming the latter would obliterate the former. But from the ripple marks we learn the important fact, that the surface on which the animals trod, was a little time previously beneath the waters, and that the animals trod upon it before it had been above the waters long enough to get hardened, or to have the ripple marks effaced. Yet subsequently, and with no great interval of time, the spot must have been again beneath the water, in order to bring over it new layers of mud to be conyerted into rocks. That the interval was short, appears from the perfection of the tracks, which, if long exposed to atmospheric influences, must have been wholly or partially erased. These facts look more as if the surface trod over by these ancient animals, was the shore of the ocean exposed to the action of tides, than the shores of rivers or lakes, where the water rises and falls only at long and uncertain intervals. The daily rise and fall of the waters would be much more likely to preserve the tracks and rain drops, than a long interval. The only difficulty would be, to make the surface in a few hours hard enough to retain the impressions, while the flood tide should bring in and spread a new deposit of mud. But if a tropical sun were shining upon it, and perhaps, too, an unusual degree of heat were propagated upward from subjacent partially cooled trap, or volcanic grit, this might be done. And that a tropical climate prevailed in this Valley during sandstone days, the tropical plants and animals found in the rock abundantly testify. ''SUN CRACKS. 169 Once I could hardly have been made to believe that there was any danger of confounding fossil footmarks with ripple marks; but since I have attempted to work out the genus Ptilichnus as the tracks of fishes, this very question has occasioned me much perplexity, and I am still in doubt whether the species P. pectinatus will not prove to be delicate ripple marks; for certainly the most delicate of these may look much like the impressions made by the fins of fishes. Indeed, I have often been made to feel in these investigations, that objects and operations in nature whose typical forms differ toto celo, as it were, become in certain abnormal conditions apparently identical. The tyro in philosophy is hence led to doubt whether we can place dependence upon any of the distinctions in nature upon which naturalists rely. But a larger experience brings him off from so superficial a view. It is easy for a man, who has only a slight acquaintance with fossil footmarks, to persuade himself that ichnolithology has nothing better than conjecture to rest upon; but a few weeks or even days in the quarries and the cabinets, will show him that this branch of paleontology has as real a basis as any other. Septaria. Portions of the material out of which rocks are formed, as they dry, separate into numerous pieces, forming cracks, and when these are subsequently filled by calcareous matter, they are called Septaria, or Turtle Stones. ‘They assume all manner of shapes, and formerly were supposed to be mistaken for tracks, or rather they were regarded as affording a sufficient explanation of what were called tracks. And although that opinion has long since been abandoned, I notice the septaria here, because it is merely possible that some of them might be mistaken for tracks. ‘They are not abundant in this Valley, and are generally small. The only place where I have seen tracks associated with them, is at the quarries in Chicopee, and at Chicopee Falls. But the most stupid observer could not confound the two things at these localities. Sun Cracks and Mud Veins. If a muddy and especially a clayey surface be long exposed without rain to a hot sun, it becomes filled with cracks, which generally run in such directions as to form polygonal masses. The cracks are often quite deep, and if afterwards mud is brought over the spot by water, it falls into these fissures, so that when the whole is converted into rocks and split open, we shall have the surface covered with mud veins, which, though they meet and apparently intersect, never cut off one another, but coalesce at the crossings. These mud veins are very common in the shale of this valley, and to unpracticed eyes are quite perplexing. The most remarkable locality that I have ever seen is at the Portland quarries, where sometimes the surface looks like mosaic, or rather like a pavement of polygonal masses, with mortar between the pieces. Sometimes the edges of the pieces are finely rounded, in some way to me inexplicable. Two examples of this. kind are represented from ambrotype sketches, on Plate LVL, figs. 1 and 2, from Portland. These so mimic huge letters, that they are labelled in the Cabinet (Nos. 4° and 4,,) Crm '' 170 FUCOIDS. “ Nature’s Hieroglyphics.” Fig. 3, shows a somewhat analogous example from Turner's Falls, though here the surface seems to have been considerably modified by water (No. 3°). Fig. 4 represents a similar case from No. 32 These sun cracks often, probably always, were produced after the passage of the animals that made the tracks: I say always, for after desication the surface would become so hard that animals in general would make no impression. ‘The cracks very often cross the tracks, or more frequently proceed outward from the toes, giving an enormous apparent extension to the toes. But a practiced observer can easily distinguish between the track and the veins. They sometimes distort it somewhat, and in one instance at least produce such an anomalous appearance that I have signalized it in the name, (Arachnichnus dehiscens. ) In general I haye not attempted to delineate those veins upon the Plates. On Plate XXXIX., fig. 1, which is full of them, they are shown indistinctly, and in Plate LX., fig. 1, more obviously. Fucoids and other Fossil Plants. The former of these, having sometimes a bifid and sometimes a trifid appearance, were supposed in the earlier days of ichnology, when I had to contend with prejudice as well as with reasonable doubts, to account for all the phenomena of the so-called fossil footmarks. A visit to the quarries and the cabinets showed the entire inadequacy of this explanation. Nevertheless, in the progress of these investigations it is curious to observe how the fucoids and the tracks are brought into close proximity and resemblance, in a quarter not dreamt of by the original authors of this hypothesis. I refer to the annelid tracks. Some of these do so closely resemble certain ribbon-like fucoids, or sea-weeds, that I have found it difficult to distinguish between them. The same is true of certain insect tracks, of which I have given an example under the genus Lithographus, and on Plate XXIX., fig. 5. Some other plants have been found in this sandstone, which easily might be, and in fact have been, mistaken for tracks. Perhaps the most singular of these is one found ten feet long, by Mr. Frep, on his farm at Turner’s Falls. Professor Emmons, in his recent work on American Geology, has figured a branch of it as a track. I cannot agree with him in opinion; but of the nature of the plant I shall offer no conjecture, not having studied it, nor attempt to describe it, as that would occupy too much space, and require several plates. I refer to it as an example where we are liable to confound things quite dissimilar in their nature, and in order also to put those who come after me, upon the qui vive in their researches. Tracks of recent Animals and Rain Drops upon Clay and Mud. _ In 1841 Dr. Bucxuanp described the tracks of deer and oxen on the mud beneath the peat in Pembrokeshire, England, which must have been made centuries earlier. More recently tracks of wading birds and rain drops have been described by Sir Cuartes LyEL and others, on the clay in Nova Scotia. These are very perfect. In 1855, my son Cuarues H. Hircncock described, in the American Journal of Science, (Vol. XTX., New Series, p. 391,) the tracks of no less than: thirteeen species of animals, with rain drops and air vesicles, or ''TRACKS OF RECENT ANIMALS. 171 gas pustules. The animals are man, the dog, the crow, the snipe, the frog, some molluscs and annelids, and some unknown species. As the specimens have been presented to the Ichnological Cabinet, I have had ambrotypes or outlines taken of the most interesting, which are shown on the Plates accompanying this Report. Plate XXXL, fig. 2, shows a row of snipe’s tracks and rain drops, all of the natural size, on clay. Plate XXXIL, fig. 1, gives a boy’s footmark with that of a bird, probably a crow, and rain drops, of the natural size. The delicate strie that cross the human foot are perfectly preserved on this specimen, as are the papille on the bird’s foot; and they show finely how by this character alone, without reference to the form, the tracks of different animals may be distinguished. And they prove, moreover, that such delicate markings might be preserved, and become hardened into rock. I regret, however, that by a slight mistake this human foot is considerably distorted, and the striz are not fine enough. Fig. 2 of the same Plate, shows the tracks of a frog, with those of a bird. Plate LIV., fig. 1, exhibits the tracks of a snipe taken from an ambrotype sketch from No. $2. The animal seems to have stopped at a certain point and changed his course. Fig. 2 shows tracks of the same in a line, from No. +4. On fig. 3 we have the tracks of a very small bird, I know not what, and of a frog, from No. $3. Fig. 4 presents us with two tracks of a crow, as he stood still. Plate LV., fig. 2, shows two rows of the tracks of a very small animal, probably a quadruped, but unknown to me, from No. 4%. Here, also, we have several examples of gas pustules. I am not sure that I have ever found any of these upon the sandstone, though several appearances there remain yet unexplained. Fig. lof the same Plate is a sketch of the natural size, of the track of a South American Ostrich, from a plaster mould (No. $$) presented me by Professor Jerrries Wyman. It will be seen by this drawing, that though the track greatly resembles in its general appearance that of the smaller species of Brontozoum, and shows protuberances, they do not correspond well to the number of phalanges. It is remarkable that the fossil tracks are so uniform and definite in this respect. On Fig. 3 of the same Plate, may be seen the tracks and tail trace of a small salamander, caught by Roswett Freip, and made to leave these impressions on mud as a condition of liberation. Mr. Frerp has presented the specimen (No. {¢) to the Ichnological Cabinet, and there it illustrates and confirms the views that have been presented in the preceding detailed descriptions as to the fossil tail traces, which exactly resemble this recent one. Fig. 4 of the same Plate shows the trail of a small Annelid, with exceedingly delicate impressions on the sides, of the sete, or hairs, of the animal; so small are they, that it is difficult to represent them on the drawing. This case shows us what sort of a trail these small worms (possibly a Myriapod) leave upon the mud, and how traces even more delicate than the feet of insects, may be made and preserved. This trail is on clay from Hadley, (No. 4}. 22 ''172 CONCLUSIONS. We have, then, in these recent tracks on clay, an almost exact counterpart of all the phenomena of fossil footmarks, and the manner in which they were formed. Here we have formed and preserved under our immediate inspection, the tracks of some thirteen species of animals, from the size of man’s foot, down to those of almost microscopic littleness ; the smallest and most delicate traces being preserved with a perfection that seems beforehand hardly possible. The season when they were formed was a hot and dry one, and the spot an area of some acres of clay, denuded of soil, on the banks of Connecticut River. Here every rain storm or shower would leave pools of water, around and through which, various animals walked in search of food. Afterwards the water was dried up, and the clay so hardened that it could be split up and transferred to the Cabinet. This was done several times in the course of the season, and in other years; I know not how any one can escape the conclusion that the fossil footmarks and rain drops were formed in a similar manner. Indeed, I have always found these tracks on mud and clay to be the most effectual argument I could use to convince those who were skeptical as to tracks; and if they withstood this, I have regarded them as hopelessly unbelieving. It will be seen that this modern ichnology presents us with one interesting addition to the ancient. We have here the tracks of man, and the conclusion is certainly fair, that had he existed when the other animals left their footmarks on stone, his would be found among them. This conclusion is not, indeed, new; but in accordance with the whole testimony of geology, which proclaims man to be among the latest of the animals that have appeared upon the globe. Results and Conclusions from the preceding Descriptions of the Footmarks. Some of the conclusions to which almost every mind comes at once on a review of the facts which have been detailed, are almost too obvious to need a formal statement. But it may be desirable. 1. These tracks were made while yet the rocks containing them were in a plastic state. In fact most of them must have been in the most favorable state in which mud can be, for receiving and retaining impressions. The subsequent consolidation of those materials may have been accomplished partly by heat and partly by chemical agency. The length of time occupied in this work is of no consequence; since, after the tracks were covered by mud, they would retain their form uninjured an indefinite length of time. 2. The tracks were made on the shores of an estuary, or lake, or river, where animals resorted for food, as they now do. The organic remains in this sandstone make it probable that it was not a strictly marine deposit; since, with the exception of what have been supposed to be fucoids, marine relics are wanting, with the exception of one or two species of shells. Yet, as already shown, the occurrence of tides along the shores, is rendered probable. I rather presume that the valley was then an estuary, almost wholly cut off from the ocean, and perhaps the mouth of a large river, the Connecticut of a former continent. This was traversed and dotted by islands, and the curvature of the trap ranges produced several ''CONCLUSIONS. : 173 sheltered coves, where animals would find warm and pleasant abodes; as around Turner's Falls, on the south-east side of Holyoke and Tom, and at Middletown in Connecticut. The space traversed by the animals, was generally only a few feet wide, and hence the tracks are so numerous, as the Plates will show. I know, indeed, of some exceptions, where the animals seem to have roamed over a broad space, as at the east foot of Mount Tom, and in Portland and Middletown; but the sheltered spots, then coves, seem to have been their favorite haunts. Hence it is that we find so many species huddled together. 3. The probability is that the climate, during the sandstone period, was tropical, with perhaps an alternation of wet and dry seasons. ‘The surface, as the gigantic sun cracks indicate, must often have been subject to powerful heat; and perhaps it would require a greater and longer continued heat than now occurs, to harden the tracks, so that the returning waters should not wash them away before they were covered by a deposit of mud. The great size of the animals, also, indicates a tropical habitat, if we judge from existing nature. Moreover, the huge trunks of trees dug out of the Portland quarries, although their exact nature has not yet been determined, have a decidedly tropical aspect. And still more certainly tropical is the radiated Clathropteris of East Hampton, and Turner’s Falls. I am aware that Dr. JosepH Barratt, of Middletown, who has paid great attention to this subject for more than twenty years, maintains that he has discovered frost marks in the sandstone. He has kindly shown me his specimens, which may, indeed, have had such an origin. But they do not seem to me to require any other agency than water, and perhaps Annelids, for their production. 4. The consolidation of the tracks may have been hastened by the trap rock not yet cooled, when they were formed, lying often at no great depth beneath the thoroughfares which the animals trod. This conclusion is not absolutely certain: but if the trap was introduced in the manner and at the times suggested in the preliminary part of my Report, it may have retained heat enough, up to the time of the deposition of most of the footmark layers, to hasten the work of their consolidation. If so, it may help explain the singular fact, that the sandstone of this valley has retained more footmarks than all other deposits on the globe hitherto described. And yet, one would suppose that similar circumstances as to the trap and sandstone, would have existed in other places. . 5. Were this the proper place for indulging in curious speculation, and deducing moral conclusions from physical facts, a wide field opens before us. But I will indulge only in a single suggestion. We see in the preceding details, how the slightest action of ours, even the most unnoticed decisions of our wills, may make an impression on the globe, which will endure, and may be read, as long as the earth exists. ‘To illustrate this thought, let me recur to Plate XLV., fig. 1, where Tridentipes gracilior is seen to have marked out a portion of an ellipse by its track; or to Plate X XX., fig. 8, where an insect, or crustacean, the Bifurculapes laqueatus, is seen to have marked out a circle by its track. Now this change in the animal’s course must have required the use, and the increased or diminished action, of certain muscles in its legs. We have, then, in these curved tracks, '' 174 NUMBER OF ANIMALS. certain evidence of the peculiar action of the Adductor, or Sartorian, or Gastrocnemian muscle, or of all of them together, in the leg of a small bird; nay, of a small insect ; perhaps ten, perhaps fifty, perhaps a hundred thousand years ago! Still further, that muscular movement implies a previous act of the animal’s will, and that implies, as we now know, an electric current inward along the sensor nerve, and outward along the motor nerve. With the register before us of the decision of an insect’s will, made fifty thousand years ago, and the corresponding movement in the muscles of its legs, who will dare to say that any action of ours, or any operation of the human mind, will certainly be so lost that it may not reappear in all its freshness ten thousand ages hence! 6. Let us now now take a synoptical view of the species of animals that once lived in the Connecticut Valley as made known by their tracks. As already stated again and again in describing them, I expect that future discoveries will strike out some of these species: but my prediction is, that they will bring a still larger number of new ones to light. Number of Localities of Tracks in the Valley thus far discovered, é ; 5638 Length of the Sandstone Belt containing Tracks, . , : : : : - 90 miles. Width of the Sandstone Belt containing Tracks, . : : : : E . 2 or 38 miles. Whole number of Species in the Valley described above, : : : : ee le Number of Bipeds, . : : ; : . : : : : : 7. OM Number of Quadrupeds, : 2 ; : : ; 3 ; ; ; “G00 With more than four feet, . : ; ‘ ; r 3 : : : 208 Without proper feet, . ; , f . ‘ : . : . ‘eee ie With an uncertain number, . ; : : ; ; : ; : ; : 3 Marsupialoid Animals, : : : ‘ , j : : : ‘ Thick-toed Birds, : : : ; : : : : : : : ne ee Narrow-toed Birds, ; : : : : : : ; : : : oe aly Ornithoid Lizards or Batrachians, . ; s : ; : . ; : vid Lizards, ; : : ; ; : ; ; ‘ : : ; ° Lae Batrachians, the frog and salamander family, : : ; : : ; a 1k Chelonians, the Tortoise family, . ; : : : : : : : : 8 Fishes, : : : ; : : : : ; : : : : : 4 Crustaceans, Myriapods and Insects, . : . : : : : : - os Annelids, the naked worms, . : 5 : : : : ‘ : : ! 8 Of uncertain place, : ; : : : : : : ; : j : 6 In the above enumeration I have placed Gigantitherium, Hyphepus, Polemarchus, Palamepus and Typopus, among the quadrupeds; although as yet no fore feet have been discovered. But since those of Apatichnus and Otozoum have come to light, I am prepared to find them on all those species, whose other characters ally them to quadrupeds ; and I think it safer to judge by the general principles of comparative anatomy and zoology of an animal’s character, than to infer its deficiency in any organs because we have not found them. I am aware that some intelligent and perhaps even scientific men will look upon the preceding results as little better than conjectural. ‘They believe that we are very liable ''POPULAR DESCRIPTION. 175 to be deceived as to the true character of the tracks, and even if that is ascertained, they doubt whether it is sufficient to give us the probable nature of the animal. In the preceding details I have so often admitted the difficulties and uncertainties of ichnology, that I need not repeat the statement. But because this science often leaves us in doubt, is it philosophical to infer that it is always at fault? Should we conclude that zoology and comparative anatomy are wanting in all settled principles, because it cost many years of labor and acute reasoning before the true place of the Ornithorhynchus, the Siren, the Pterodactyle, Ichthyosaurus, Zeuglodon, and many other animals, was determined? No one thinks of giving up these sciences on account of such facts; for the great difficulty in these cases was, that the animals named had great peculiarities of structure, and it was not easy to say which predominated. All knew that they were new and peculiar; but where characters common to several classes of animals were so strangely blended, it was not easy to locate them. It is the same anomalies of character that perplex us in the footmarks. To be sure we have only the tracks to judge from; but this gives us often an accurate idea of the whole foot. And is there not as much of corelation between the foot and other parts of the body, as between any other organ and the whole? Indeed, has not the foot been regarded as a peculiarly characteristic part? So, as we have seen, was it regarded by the father of comparative anatomy. And all my ichnological researches have strengthened my faith in that opinion. That it will be necessary to change the place of some of the species which I have described, I expect. If I could have had access to the large collections of comparative anatomy and zoology in Europe, I might have avoided some errors. Living in the midst of a region which has become classic ground for ichnology, I have done what I could in laying the foundations, and in gathering a store-house of materials. Let others, with better light to guide them, carry up and complete the structure A MORE POPULAR DESCRIPTION OF THE FOOTMARK ANIMALS. Having gone through with the strictly scientific details of the subject, it seems to me desirable to present, if possible, a more popular account of the most remarkable of the races that formerly trod the shores of the Connecticut ; for it is not probable that many will have the time or the patience to go through with all the detailed descriptions which have been given. Here of course I cannot avoid all repetition. In order to appreciate these views, we ought to bear in mind that the records of paleontology lead us to presume that among the animals of oolitic days, to which we now refer our sandstone, we shall find some of very anomalous character. The Ichthy- osaurus, Plesiosaurus, Pterodactyle, Iguanodon, and other huge Saurian reptiles lived then, and from their strangely anomalous characters, as described on a previous page, we ought to presume that the congeneric races on this continent would not be less peculiar. And so we find them, judging from their tracks. In reviewing these extinct animals, I shall follow the order in which they have been described. At the head of the list stand five species, which I have denominated Marsupialoid, ''176 THE MARSUPIALOIDS. that is, animals appearing like Marsupials. These, it is well known, belong to the order Mammalia of zoologists; and although the lowest in organization of that family, yet they are regarded as higher than birds and reptiles. They seem to have been the earliest of the mammiferous class—as we should expect from their low grade of organization they would be—that appeared on the globe; five species at least having been found in the European oolite. It is with much hesitation that I refer five species more from their tracks, not to marsupials proper, but to Marsupaloids. Yet I am sometimes inclined to believe that a large part of the fifty-four quadrupeds which I have described, belong to this family; for very many of them have unequal feet, and this is a common character among living marsupials. It is; also, a curious fact, that almost all the mammalia in Australasia are marsupial, and it seems as if we are carried back by the Fauna of that part of the world to sandstone days. But I venture at present to describe as marsupialoid only a few species. Nor can these be looked upon simply as marsupialoid; for I judge that they must have partaken of the characters of other tribes. I have called the first genus a Cunoid Marsupialoid ; that is, an animal partaking somewhat of the character of the dog family, as well as the marsupial. (Plate LX., figs. 2,3 and 4.) Its tracks, which I have found only in the Portland quarries, consider- ably resemble that of the dog, though no claws are seen. The fore feet of that animal show on mud, only four rounded impressions, and one behind for the pad of the heel, not much unlike the fossil track. I think, however, that the fore and hind feet in the latter, are somewhat unequal, and as the presumption is in favor of the animal’s having been a marsupial, I place it there with the modifying prefix, Cunoid. It may have been a mammifer higher on the scale than a marsupial, and when I first saw its tracks, I could not avoid such a conclusion; they looked so much like those of a dog, and the quarries appear to me to be situated very high in the formation. The second variety of Marsupialoid animal I have denominated Ornithoid ; that is, looking like a bird; because the toes of its hind foot so closely resemble those of a thick-toed bird. It embraces the Anomeepus major and minor; and the elucidation of the characters of their tracks has cost more study than perhaps any other species that has been described. The outlines of the feet, as we now understand them, are given on Plates VIII. and IX. Before the discovery by Mr. Fretp of a posterior extremity, of the nature of a tail, the animal seemed like an enormous frog, in spite of its trifid hind feet. But the idea of a frog with a tail, could not be entertained; and I turned next to the Marsupials. And here I found that the kangaroo has five toes on its front feet, like the Anomeepus; and though the hind foot has originally the same number, they ere long become consolidated into three. Then the long heel of the hind feet agrees with that of the kangaroo. The stout tail of this animal, also, is used as a basis of support when it rests upon its hind feet: and so in the fossil species, its caudal appendage seems to have been a stout, blunt projection, that might have served as one of the legs of a tripod, for sustaining the animal when resting upon its haunches. The indentation made by the end of the tail at successive intervals, looks as if the animal moved by leaps, and my ''THE CHEIROTHERIUM. 171 impression is that it might thus move; but I have given reasons for supposing that it might usually advance by a movement partaking of the nature both of a leap and a step. So much for the marsupaloid character. But its hind feet, especially when separated from the heel, as we often see it in the tracks, can hardly be distinguished from those of a bird; with which, for a time, they were confounded. I am not certain as to the number of phalanges in the outer toe, but incline to the opinion that they correspond to those of birds. Certainly they do in the two inner toes; but in their distinctness on the tracks, - they agree with what I suppose to have been thick-toed birds, and not with any living marsupial. In this species, then, it seems to me we have an animal combining characters now found in marsupials and birds. The marsupial predominates, since no analogies will justify us in so departing from the existing types of animals as to admit a fossil four-footed bird. I have placed the two species of Anisopus among the Marsupaloids rather than among the Batrachians, chiefly on account of their manner of walking; which was almost in a straight line, the tracks deviating but slightly to the right and the left. The rows of these tracks, shown on Plates XXXV., fig. 5, and XXXVI, fig. 1, copied from slabs in the cabinets, will demonstrate this statement. Now it is certain that no existing Batrachian or Lacertilian could walk in this manner, but with feet much farther to the right and left of the median line. Mammiferous animals with long legs, however, do often move almost on a right line. I have presumed, therefore, that these animals might belong to that class; and I have referred them to Marsupialoids, because they have unequal feet. I have called them Loricoid, or Crocodilian; that is, appearing like the scaly or crocodile tribe of lizards, because they have five toes before and four behind, and some of the toes, the outer one certainly, in Anisopus gracilis, are wanting in claws. They are diminutive, indeed, compared to the huge crocodiles and alligators of modern times ; yet they may have been formed on the same general type. It must be confessed, however, that the tracks have a Batrachian aspect, and perhaps should be called Batrachoid ; yet living Batrachians have four toes in front and five behind; whereas in the Anisopus, this order is reversed. This rectilinear movement of many of the track-discovered four-footed animals, has, I apprehend, received too little attention; for it gives a clear indication of the form and character of the animal. It is certain that such animals must have had long legs and narrow bodies, such as are now found almost exclusively among the mammifera. Hence, as intimated in another place, I cannot but sympathize in the opinion of Duncan, Bronn, Wisceman, and Humpotpr, as to the character of the Cheirotherium of Europe. They refer it to the Marsupials; yet others equally eminent, as Linck, Munster, Owen, and Kaup, believe it to have been a Batrachian. But if, as 1 suppose, its tracks succeed one another almost in a right line, it could not have been a Batrachian of the modern type. The next Group of the Connecticut Valley oolitic fauna, have left tracks more perfect and better characterized than any others. ‘They were three-toed and thick-toed animals, '' 178 THE THICK-TOED BIRDS. with all the phalanges of the toes and the claws at the end often quite perfectly exhibited, and sometimes even the papillee and striz of the skin. (See Plates X. to XIII.) _ First comes that huge giant, Brontozoum giganteum, with a foot 18 inches long, and embracing an area 13 inches square within its outlines. Its stride was from 30 to 60 inches, and its legs were so long that it went forward nearly on a straight line. The great resemblance between the general character of the foot and those of the Cassowary and Rhea, or South American Ostrich, and especially the number of the phalanges in the toes, corresponding exactly to those of birds, make it extremely probable that this was the great courser of sandstone days.” In my Final Report on the Geology of Massachusetts, I have gone into a calculation to show the probable height and weight of such a bird. I will not here repeat the details. (See Report, p. 522.) But the result was that the animal must have been 12 feet high, and have weighed from 400 to 800 pounds. The ostrich, the largest living bird, stands between 7 and 8 feet in height, and weighs some- times 100 pounds, and the length of its step in walking is 26 inches.” The great extinct birds of New Zealand and Madagascar must have been nearly or quite as large as the Brontozoum. The recently discovered fossil bird Gastornis Parisiensis, in the tertiary rocks near Paris, was “at least as large as an ostrich.” ® Yet it appears that these enormous birds passed over the surface in flocks, as their rows of tracks, near the railroad in the south-east part of Northampton, show. They were doubtless wingless (apterous) birds, like the ostrich, dinornis, and epyornis. But how amazed should we be to meet flocks of such birds now. Slightly to change the saying of the Latin poet, however, tempora mutantur, et mutandum est avibus ; (the times have changed, and the birds must change with them. ) But these lords of the soil were not without subjects, who yet were so much like them as doubtless to be “kith and kin.” Not less than thirteen species of this character have left distinct footmarks. They were all large birds, some of them, the Brontozoum minusculum, tuberatum, exsertum, and validum, almost able probably to compete with the B. giganteum ; and doubtless inclined, taking men as the standard of comparison, to be rebellious, and sticklers for their rights and dignity. The smallest of them must have been as large as a turkey. They seem to have associated, in search probably of nourish- ment, on the shore left by the tide, which was doubtless their daily hunting ground. * I speak of these animals as certainly birds, though doubts sometimes cross one’s mind on this point: and I am aware that with some distinguished zoologists these doubts are strong. But I follow what seems to me at present the most probable view. “T quote here from the Journal of that extraordinary African traveller, Dr. David Livingstone, who states that “when the ostrich is feeding, his pace is from 20 to 22 inches; when walking, but not feeding, it is 26 inches; and when terrified, it is from eleven and a half to fourteen feet!” He estimates that in such a case his rate of speed is twenty-six miles per hour. (See Livingstone’s Missionary Travels, p. 172. New York Edition, 1858.) There is nothing in the fossil tracks to indicate a more than ordinary speed; so that we may regard the common step of the ostrich as a little more than half that of the Brontozoum. The same work gives us the size of the tracks of the wild African elephants, the circumference varying from 48 to 57 inches; consequently the diameter, or length of the foot of the largest, is about 18 inches. Doubtless this is much the largest of the tracks made by living animals, and nearly or quite equals the largest fossil footmarks. (Same Work, p. 604.) * Owen. See Proceedings of the London Geological Society, p. 204. February 20th, 1856. ''BIRDS AND LIZARDS. 179 How finely a row of these thirteen species would have appeared, standing up side by side; What a temptation to a modern sportsman! What an attraction in an ornithological gallery ! Some of these birds had extremely long legs, and I have arranged them under the genus Grallator, which means, one who goes on stilts. The stride of the Grallator cursorius (the racer) was 24 inches,—very large for a bird of that size,—and the tracks are placed almost in a right line, and the axis of the foot is coincident with the median line; all which circumstances indicate a long-legged animal. In the third Group we have seventeen species of what seem to have been three and four-toed, narrow-toed birds. I bring all these species together, in this notice, because they differ chiefly in the presence or absence of a hind toe, and this so seldom made an impression on the mud, that its absence from numerous specimens is no sure sign that it did not exist in the animals, and possibly all the three-toed species may be proved four- toed by future discoveries. I have been able to make two or three of these changes in the present Report; but their names need no change, and the evidence of their ornithic character is as strong with four, as with three toes. That evidence is not as strong in respect to this Group as in regard to the second, because we have in the former tracks no phalangeal impressions. Still the analogies lead more strongly towards birds than any other class of animals; and there I leave them at present; not without a suspicion, however, that some of them may turn out to be quadrupedal; which suspicion is excited by the form of the foot. I do not forget, however, that if in those days there were ornithoid marsupials, batrachians and lacertilians, there may have been batrachoid and lacertiloid birds. The largest species in both these groups, Argozoum Redfieldianum, and Tridentipes ingens, are worthy to be leaders of their respective tribes, if size and physical power be the ground of distinction among animals, as it is among savages. These species, probably less clumsy than the Brontozoum, might perhaps have been a match for that giant; and the lesser species of this group, might have been drawn up in battle array with those of the second; though, indeed, as they preceded man, and were not, therefore, corrupted by his example, we would rather believe that harmony and mutual deference prevailed among those pre-adamic races. (See Plates XIV. and XV.) The fourth Group brings before the imagination a series of animals, some of them of gigantic proportions, and combining characters now only found in two or three classes. I call them Ornithoid Lizards or Batrachians, because, while in some respects they seem to be assimilated to birds, in others they approach either lizards or batrachians; for as already observed, it is not easy in many cases to distinguish between the two latter classes. (Plates XVII. and X VIII.) The most remarkable of the whole Group is the Gigantitherium caudatum. As yet, we have no evidence that it had but two feet, and some presumption that it had no more; for its row of tracks, as may be seen on Plate XLIV., fig. 4, is arranged almost upon a straight line, even more so than those of the Brontozoum giganteum, which it rivals in size. And as we have seen, the tracks of quadrupeds are not apt to be thus disposed. 23 ''180 THE GIGANTITHERIUM. But if a biped, how strange its appearance must have been! For it had a foot 16 inches long, covering a square foot of surface, and must, therefore, have had a huge body. When I first saw its track, although it had a small fourth toe, I thought it a bird; but when I found soon after, that it had left the distinct trace of a tail, that opinion must be abandoned; for the trace could neither be explained by referring it to the dragging of the feet, nor to the large tail feather of a bird. Yet if a biped, its body must have had somewhat the form of a bird, in order to keep it properly balanced. ‘The tail, although evidently rather stout, was not enough so to help prop up the body. And how very strange must have been the appearance of a lizard, or batrachian, with feet and body like those of a bird, yet dragging a veritable tail! But even if it should hereafter be discovered that this animal had fore feet, I presume they will be found to be small, and probably might be used only occasionally; for when I see an animal like this and the Otozoum, to be noticed farther on, leaving a regular succession of right and left tracks of the hind feet, nearly in a right line, my conviction is, that they had the power of walking on two legs, or four; and that they usually employed only two. These hind legs, also, must have been quite long to enable the animal to take steps so nearly rectilinear. In short, either with two or four feet, it seems to me that this animal must have been a match for the Gorgons and Chimeras of mythology. Yet the huge footmarks in the Ichnological Cabinet, satisfy every observer that it was no dream of fancy, but a real inhabitant of the Connecticut Valley. The smaller species of Gigantitherium, has left no impressions of a fourth toe on any specimens,—and we have several very distinct ones,—in our Cabinet. Yet the track exhibits the peculiarities of this genus so distinctly, that for the present I leave it there, in the expectation that the fourth toe will be discovered. This species, though small compared with the G. major, must have been larger than the Cassowary, or Rhea, though less than the African Ostrich. I compare it to birds, because it must have been ornithoid as to the shape of its body. I should place the Hyphepus Fieldi in the same genus, did not the track show the impression of a web too distinct to be mistaken. This is the ground on which the name is given, Hyphepus (vg7), a web, and mows, a foot,) meaning a web foot. Hyphepus Fieldi means the web-footed animal discovered by Frerp. Roswetn Frexp, Esq., of Gill, did indeed first bring it to light, as he did the two species of Gigantitherium, and many other species, which I have credited to him in the preceding descriptions. It was on his farm that Dexrer Marsu obtained one of the most splendid specimens of footmarks ever found, which. is now in the Cabinet of the Boston Society of Natural History, and whose counterpart, somewhat smaller, is in the Appleton Ichnological Cabinet (Now) Since Mr. Marsu’s death, Mr. Frerp has been indefatigable in getting out specimens. He has shown great skill and tact in the business, and has doubtless brought to light more species than any other man. His farm, and the region contiguous, contain many a rich paleontological mine, not merely of tracks, but also of fishes and vegetables. It is fortunate that it is owned by one so well qualified to bring to light these hidden treasures, and discriminate between the different species. Valuable as his farm is agriculturally, ''LIZARDS. 181 we should rejoice to see it blown up from its deepest foundation. And we doubt not that such a bouleversement would not only fill the cabinets of the land with rich relics of sandstone days, but also be more profitable pecuniarily than surface cultivation. The Hyphepus, Otozoum, and Shepardia are the only genera in which the evidence of a palmated foot among the tracks is distinct enough to enter into the descriptions. The marks of the web are, I think, upon the whole the most decided in the first genus. Its tail, also, made a more continuous trail than that of the Gigantitherium, and seems to have been stouter in proportion to the size of the body. Yet the resemblance is rather strong between the Hyphepus and Gigantitherium, and perhaps they ought to be placed in the same genus. The drawings show that we have many long and quite distinct rows of the tracks of Hyphepus, and if it had fore feet it seems very strange that they have not been discovered. If it had none, then we have in this genus another example of a biped ornithoid lizard, or batrachian. Of the next five genera in this Group, the Corvipes, Apatichnus, and Plesiornis are remarkable as having been almost up to the present time regarded as birds. Their tracks, as most usually exhibited, certainly do bear a very close resemblance to those of birds; and I must believe that they partook largely of the Ornithic type. But if quad- rupeds, their lacertilian or batrachian characters must have predominated; for when we come to admit anomalies in ancient animals so great that there might have been quadrupedal birds, we have cut loose from comparative anatomy and zoology as guides in our researches. Yet these animals must have presented as great peculiarities in ancient times, as the ornithorhynchus among living races. The fact that in the tracks of the Typopus the axis of one foot is turned outward many degrees more than the other, seems to me to indicate that the animal’s leg had been broken, and without surgical aid joined together again so as to stand awry. (See Plate XLV., fig. 7.) The fifth Group brings before us a collection of animals, which may be regarded as true four-legged lizards; yet not without peculiarities in some of the species. ‘That one which I have placed first on the list, may not be assigned to the right place; for I have in the Cabinet only the foot represented on Plate X VIIL, fig. 1, which I suppose to be a hind foot. Its fore foot has not been discovered. But there has been no opportunity to make such a discovery; since the three distinct specimens in the Cabinet were got out by others, and are but little larger than the track, so that the chances of finding another foot were very small. Yet those we have look so lizard-like, with their long curved slender toes, that I infer the existence of fore feet; or possibly these may be such. But the great size of the heel corresponds better with a hind than a fore foot. I have called the animal a Polemarch, (Polemarchus gigas,) which, among the Greeks, meant a leader in war. Such might this lizard have been, if in other respects as well armed as in his foot; a foot 15 inches long, with a heel nearly as large as a horse’s hoof, and armed with a stout spur, or lateral toe. A crocodile ten feet long has a foot scarcely ten inches long. (Cuvier, Oss. Foss., Tome 5, p. 104.) Can it be that this animal was so much larger than such a crocodile as these numbers imply ? ''182 ANOMALOUS ANIMALS. There is another character, besides its great size, that allies this animal to the crocodiles, rather than the common lizards. It has only four toes upon its hind feet, and that is the number with the crocodile; but the common lizards have five before and behind. This track has been found only near the mouth of Chicopee River, and there probably once lived animals allied to Crocodiles or Alligators, of enormous size. The Trienopus leptodactylus, or narrow-toed Trienopus, Plate XIX., bears some resemblance to the Polemarchus. I formerly supposed there were two species of the former; but I rather presume that the specimens are only the hind and fore feet of one species. ‘The toes are exceedingly slender; one of the heels is rounded, the other quite narrow and long. But I cannot tell which belongs to the fore foot and which to the hind one, though usually the longest heel is connected with the hind feet in the lizard tribe. I have met with this species only at Wethersfield and Turner’s Falls. Having only four toes on its hind foot, it is allied to the loricated Saurians, though small compared with existing ones. The same is true of the Plectropterna tribe of lizards, Plate XVIIL., figs. 2 to 5. The great length of the heel on the hind foot is their chief peculiarity. The P. minitans had a foot from 6 to 9 inches long, and yet the animal was probably less than an Iguana. Plate XLVIII., fig. 10, will convey some idea of the track of an animal of very anomalous character, which I have placed in different Groups at different times, and leave it at length among the lizards, perhaps for no very good reason. ‘The name is Antipus bifidus; the first part meaning that the feet poimt in opposite directions, the second part meaning that the feet have two branches. ‘They look, in fact, ike two large blunt forks, with tines from 7 to 12 inches long, and an inch and a quarter wide, pointing in nearly opposite directions, with traces of a small tail, which appear on one side. I hence infer that these are the tracks of one side of a caudate animal, whose feet, like those of some lizards, (see Plate VI., fig. 12,) point in opposite directions. But what can we make of the bifid foot? They do not appear like toes, being blunt, and each of them as thick as the leg. Nor is there any lizard or allied animal that has only two toes. Upon the whole, we see enough in this track to convince us that it was made by some large lizard-like animal, but not enough to give us its true character. I have connected with the preceding, a specimen shown on Plate XXXVL.,, fig. 7, in which little is seen except a heel 14 inches long and 2 inches wide, with a stout tail sweeping to the right and left in a serpentine course, as if the animal took long strides. Whether this heel terminated in a fork, as in the other case, I cannot determine. But the tail and the heel look like those of a gigantic lizard, and this is about all we feel tolerably sure of. As to the smaller lizards, that trod the same shores with the larger ones that have been named, little can be said. Some of them were very minute, less perhaps than any now found, as the Orthodactylus linearis, whose toes scarcely exceeded a thread in diameter. In but few instances am I certain they had more than four toes; and perhaps, therefore, I ought to place all of them, as I have done with some, among the Batrachians. ''THE OTOZOUM. 183 But I have been guided in some cases by certain almost. indescribable resemblances to the feet of lizards, rather than Batrachians. The fifth toe, if it existed, would rarely make an impression that would remain, and in a few instances we find it; affording a probability that it exists in all. The sixth Group brings us again into contact with animals that amaze us by their gigantic size and anomalous characters. I have denominated them Batrachians, though some of them show characters that ally them to other families, but not strongly enough to bring them into the fourth Group. The most remarkable of these animals was the Otozoum Moodii. Plates XXII. and XXIII. The largest individuals had hind feet 20 inches long, with a width varying from 13 to 15 inches, which would make the surface covered by the track more than a square foot; and so wide were the toes and metacarpal and carpal bones, that nearly the whole space was covered. Beneath this foot, also, and extending even beyond its margin, was a web, as I have reason to suppose, which, like a great snow shoe, kept the animal from sinking deep into the mud. And yet its feet did sink at least two inches. To do this, must it not have required an animal almost as heavy as an elephant? I formerly supposed this animal to be a biped, since I had seen several long rows of its tracks, the right and left foot regularly alternating, but no sign of fore feet. At length, however, these have come to light; in only one instance, indeed, but too distinct to be denied or doubted. It seems that it had two front feet, not more than a third as large as the hind ones, with five toes, I think, turned outward, very much like those of the Anomepus. It is possible that what I call a hind toe, may be a heel; if so, its fore feet correspond, as to the number of toes, with those of living Batrachians. But if five-toed in front, I am not prepared on that account to exclude it from the Batrachian family; for it had other characters of resemblance. 1. Its toes, except the inner one, which seems to have had a blunt, curved claw, are terminated by pellets, as are those of most frogs and other batrachians. 2. It had a web beneath its hind feet. 3. There is some resemblance between the bones of the feet and those of a frog in an embryo state. These several facts are shown upon Plates XXIL, XXIII., XLVI, figs. 2 and 5, as well as XX XIIL, figs. 4 and 5. ; For reasons suggested in another connection, I incline to the opinion that such an animal as the Otozoum had the power of walking on two feet or four; and in fact did rarely use the fore feet, save when wishing to bring its head to the ground. Its legs could not have been as long as those of the Gigantitherium, since its step was shorter, and its feet in walking wider apart. As to the web on its feet, (of the existence of a web I have but few remaining doubts, especially after looking at the specimen from which Plate XLVL, fig. 2, was copied,) it. might have had a use analogous to that of the Ornithorhynchus, namely, as a paddle when. swimming. If so, it must have been a powerful oar. Judging from a specimen owned by the Wesleyan University, I presume the animal had a tail, also, which sometimes reached the ground. ''184 TADPOLE NESTS. The Frontispiece to this Report, Plate I., which is a view of the Moody Footmark Quarry, exhibits a row of some ten tracks of the hind foot of the Otozoum, still remaining there, the property of Gmprrr A. Smrru, Esq., of South Hadley. To show these tracks in their natural position, was a principal object I had in view in giving this Plate. Imagine, now, a collection of Otozoums walking or sporting along the muddy shore; animals approaching the elephant in size, yet allied to the frog tribe, or perhaps the Salamanders. At a little distance you can imagine a group of the Gigantitherium family ; and still farther on, a group of Brontozoums. Which of these giants would be acknowl- edged as entitled to the first place, we cannot decide. But should a contest have arisen at any time for the supremacy, and these several leaders should have summoned the numerous lesser tribes around them to their aid, it would require another Milton to describe the scene. The Palamopus, judging from the only specimen of its tracks yet found, should be placed among the Batrachians; and had we not been contemplating such giants, this animal would appear large; surpassing, as I suppose it did, all living batrachians, in size. With the exception of the Batrachoides, of which I will speak shortly, the smaller Batrachians under this Group appear to be allied to Salamanders. Cheirotheroides and Shepardia, however, have a more frog-like aspect, the first having pellets upon its toes, and the second a web foot. Some of the species appear to have had peculiarities; but time and space do not allow me to go into details. But what shall I say of the Batrachoides nidificans and antiquior, or rather of their mud nests, shown on Plate L.? They are not tracks, but simply the cavities formed, according to the suggestions I have made in another part of this Report, by tadpoles. The specimens in that most remarkable locality in South Hadley, are the most beautiful of any thing in the Ichnological Cabinet. I have still many doubts of their true nature; but I do know that some species of existing tadpoles form very analogous cavities in the mud; and if these were not thus produced, I cannot imagine how they were formed, since water, in the form of waves and currents, seems wholly inadequate. But if their origin was organic, one or two important conclusions follow. One is, that during the sandstone period of this Valley, Ranidz (the frog tribe) existed, very much like those now living; since the fossil mud nests are just about the same size as those of the living tadpole. And what is still more important, the facts would prove the same thing in respect to a period so early as the time of the Niagara Group of New York, which belongs to the lower part of the Upper Silurian; an epoch far earlier than any other traces of batrachians have been discovered. Therefore I have called the New York Batrachoides the antiquior. At the close of the sixth Group I have added two genera whose place in the zoological series Iam unable to settle. The Saltator was quite small, and as I conjecture, moved by leaps. I might with some plausibility conjecture that these animals were insects; for the black cricket, so common in our fields in autumn, which moves by leaps, would leave a ''TORTOISES AND FISHES. 185 track somewhat similar to that of S. caudatus; and the cricket, moreover, has a similar tail. But I will let these species remain under the incertee sedis. The Hoplichnus, or hoof-track animal, was a quadruped, whose feet left an impression on the ground like that of a single-hoofed animal, the colt for instance; and I have seen no clear evidence that it had toes. Sir Wizi1am Jarprye, in his Ichnology of Anandale, has figured the tracks of several species of an analogous genus from the Trias of Scotland ; and some of them show claws distinctly. His largest species, however, (Chelichnus giganteus,) very much resembles the Hoplichnus equus, except that the rows of the latter’s tracks are much wider apart. That singular impression, made about midway between the rows of these tracks, (shown on Plate XXIV., fig. 5,) and which, if I mistake not, is sometimes several inches deep, and quite large at the Portland quarries, is wanting in the Scotch specimens, and so is that trail which seems to have been formed by the same caudal extremity that made the hole. Taking all the facts into consideration, (several of them have come to light only quite recently, and I wish I had more time to look further,) my imagination pictures this animal as a thick-bodied quadruped, with a membrane beneath its feet extending beyond its toes, and with posterior part, or caudal extremity quite blunt, which struck the ground at every step, and only occasionally dragged ; which in fact served as a fifth foot. Were it not that the Hoplichnus has four feet, I should suspect it might have been allied to the seal and walrus of the present day, whose posterior part might make an impression similar to the one just described. The seventh Group introduces us to the Chelonians, or Tortoises. Several of these, as the species of Ancyropus and Helcura, appear to be well-marked, and differ but little from existing tortoises. The Ancyropians have left distinct impressions of their feet, but in the specimens in the Cabinet, not of their carapace, or tail. And, moreover, I cannot find but four toes either on the hind or fore feet, though they are five on living tortoises. The Helcurans have left little else but their trails, not only of the carapace and tail, but sometimes, also, of the feet. Yet the impressions of the feet are so imperfect that I cannot determine the number of the toes, or the form of the foot. It may to some seem absurd to bring in fishes among the animals that made the fossil footmarks. But it is not generally known that some of these animals not unfrequently come out upon the-dry land, and walk with considerable facility many rods, some even climbing trees in search of food. Kirspy mentions one, “ perhaps a Loricaria, which has a bony ray before the ventral as-well as the pectoral fins, and which creeps on all fours on the bed of the rivers, perhaps even when they are dry. These little quadruped fishes must cut a singular figure upon their four stilts.” (Iirby’s Bridgewater Treatise, p. 265.) It is the Siluroid fishes that are best known for this faculty of locomotion; to some experiments upon which, by Professor J. Wyman, [have referred in another place. Nowit seems to me that the fan-like, or comb-like impressions exhibited by the genus Ptilichnus, might have been made by some such fishes striking their pectoral fins upon the surface, either beneath or above the waters, while the row of dots, usually accompanying such impressions, might have been made by the long rays, which sometimes precede or form a part of the fin. I do not feel entirely assured in this opinion. But as to the fourth species, ''ONT ee 186 FOSSIL BONES. the P. hydrodromus, there can hardly be a doubt that the trackway which crosses the ridges of ripple marks, was produced by an animal like a fish, swimming along just above them, whose fins grazed the bottom. In closing my view of the vertebrate animals, I would refer to a few examples of other remains of these extinct races besides their tracks. It has seemed strange to many, that if such an abundance of animals, and some of them so large, once lived in this Valley, they should not have more frequently left their bones, or coprolites, in the rock. I doubt whether we ought to expect to find these relics often, especially the bones, in connection with the tracks. For had one of the animals fallen and died on such a thoroughfare as the shore where they trod must have been, he would probably soon have been devoured by some of the survivors, who came there for the very purpose of finding a dinner. And then, if not devoured, the returning tide, or the next rise of the waters, would have carried away the relics. We should expect, therefore, to find these remains, if any where, in some other place. And such has been the fact in respect to the only skeletons that have been brought to light. Two only have been found; one at Ketch’s Mills, in East Windsor, Connecticut: the other near the “water-shops” of the National Armory in Springfield. The rock is the same in both places; a thick-bedded, coarse-gritted, red sandstone, and by inspecting the section (Plate II.,) which passes through Chicopee, it will be seen that the position of these bones (nearly the same at both localities) is considerably higher in the series of rocks than any of the tracks in that part of the Valley, though not higher than they are found on the Turner’s Falls Section. It is probable, however, that though somewhat more recent, these animal are fair representatives of those that made the tracks. The bones near Ketch’s Mills were discovered 18 feet beneath the surface, and were first described by Professor N. Smrru, B. Stzuman, and Joun Hatt, Esq., in 1818, and have been several times noticed, and once figured by myself. (Final Report, Plates 46 and 49.) Also more recently by Professor Jerrrizrs Wyman, in the American Journal of Science. In my Report of 1835, p. 237, I said that «I suspect these bones belonged to a saurian animal.” Professor Wyman, a far better judge than myself, says of one of the vertebre, “it is a caudal vertebre of a Saurian reptile, to which it corresponds in the shape of the body, and the transverse processes, and more nearly to those of the crocodiles than any other.” —( American Journal of Science, vol. 20, N. S., p. 396.) The Springfield bones were discovered by Witt1am Suita, Esq., while engaged in superintending some improvements at the water shops of the United States Armory, which required blasting. He did not discover them till a large part had been taken away by the workmen. General Wurrney, superintendent of the armory, very kindly ordered a re-examination of the fragments, and Mr. Surrx obligingly presented me with whatever pieces could be found.” These I put into the hands of Professor Jerrrrrs Wyman, and just before he started for Surinam in February, 1857, he sent me the following statements in relation to these fossils :— * I was also much aided in this research by Messrs. Preston and INGERSOLL, gentlemen connected with the offices of the Armory. ''PROFESSOR WYMAN’S VIEWS. 187 «“ With regard to the bones, I think that there can be no question that they are those of a reptile. This is shown by the configuration of the head, small trochanter, and a part of the shaft of a thigh bone, as well as by the imperfect caudal vertebre ; these last, however, are deficient in the concayo-convex bodies which are found in all scaly reptiles except the Enaliosaurians. ‘Those from the sandstone are flat, or nearly so, on the ends, as in the Mammalia. The most remarkable feature, however, of the whole collection, is that of hollowness. This is carried so far, that but for the indications referred to, they might be referred to birds. Every bone except the vertebre, and perhaps the small phalanges, is hollow. Nothing of the kind is known in Mammalia. Among reptiles the Pterodactyle had hollow bones, and some of them were referred, by Professor Owen, to birds; but he subsequently corrected his opinion. I have ascertained that the bones of the Chameleon are quite hollow, as well as the ribs of the Boa and Python, and some other serpents. We do not yet know enough of the internal structure of the bones of reptiles to be able to say how common a thing hollowness is. I am, therefore, improving every opportunity to examine into the subject. While the bones from Spring- field are as hollow as those of the Pterodactyle, I do not find that they are those of this animal; there is no positive proof of the long fingers, or of the broad sternum which these flying reptiles possessed. ‘The remnants of the foot indicate that the toes were of dispro- portionate sizes, there being one large toe associated with three quite small ones; perhaps another existed, but there are no signs of it. The claw of the large toe was very strongly recurved. The terminal phalanx of the other toes is deficient, so that we are uncertain even as to the number of the joints. The existence of the large toe in company with the small ones is in favor of a jumping animal.” “T hope, if no accident happens to prevent, to be in one of the homes of reptile life in the course of the next month, and shall be on the lookout for any thing that will aid in forming an opinion. It is my intention to start on the first of February, or thereabouts, for Surinam, in Dutch Guiana, to remain as long as the climate will allow.” “CAMBRIDGE, January 21, 1857.” We perceive in the above description, proofs of the same sort as the tracks present, of peculiarities in these fossil animals, such as have no parallels in existing nature. And if even the skeleton (though unfortunately we have only a part of it) leaves the comparative anatomist in doubt as to the exact nature of the animal, we need not wonder that the tracks alone often leave us in greater darkness. But the bones and the tracks will doubtless cast mutual light upon each other; and it seems already settled from the bones that large reptiles lived in the Connecticut Valley in sandstone days ; and this, also, was one of the most common sort of animals, judging from the tracks. Dr. Barrarr made a suggestion in conversation, in regard to the fossilification of the bones of these ancient animals, which seems deserving consideration. He supposes that he has found numerous specimens of the petrified bones of huge animals in the quarries around Middletown. But there is no bony matter, or none of consequence, remaining. There seems to have been an entire substitution of sandstone for the organic matter. It is 24 ''188 CRUSTACEANS AND INSECTS. obvious that where the mere form is all we have to judge from, there is large room for the play of imagination. Yet I confess that one or two specimens, pointed out to me by Dr. Barrarr, seemed so closely to imitate a group of large vertebrae, as to deserve attention. For it is a fact, that nearly all the vegetable organic remains in the Connecticut River sandstone, do not retain any of the original vegetable matter, but seem to be mere casts, formed by the filling up of the moulds once occupied by the plant, with sand and mud, sometimes coarser than the surrounding rock. Witness, for instance, the huge trunks of trees from the Portland quarries in the Geological Cabinet of Amherst College, and the smaller ones from Newark, in New Jersey. Why may not a like mode of fossilization have taken place with bones? At Springfield they are, indeed, entirely changed into carbonate of lime; and at Ketch’s Mills, they are preserved, having lost only their animal matter. But in the Yale College Cabinet are specimens from Tolland, in Connecticut, having the exact shape of bones; which I have figured on Plate 46 of my Final Massa- chusetts Report, (figs. 70, 71, 72, 73,) and which no concretionary agency, which I have seen, can explain, but which seem to me to be casts of bones formed like those of trees in the same rock. If these suggestions should prove true, they may explain the reason why we find so few of the bones of these ancient animals. For in the first place, if such is the nature of this sandstone, or such were the circumstances attending its consolidation, that even bones would often entirely disappear and leave only a mould, how seldom would the mould have been so filled that the cast should be recognized as that of a bone: and secondly, since we have not sought for such a kind of petrifaction of bones, perhaps by looking for them at the quarries, they may not unfrequently be found, as Dr. Barrarr supposes he has done. In the ninth Group I have brought together the three great families of Crustaceans, Myriapods and Insects, because from their tracks I find it in many instances impossible, till more is known of the tracks of similar living animals, to distinguish between them. ‘The two first of the ten genera described cannot be Myriapods or Insects, because too large, and they may have been Crustaceans. I regard them as Crustaceans, chiefly on account of their having didactylous feet, such as many of this class possess. But in respect to the Stratipes latus, I am not quite sure whether the feet were didactylous, or whether a mono- dactylous hind foot was brought up nearly to the place just vacated by a similar fore foot. The tracks are arranged in two rows of five didactylous tracks, twenty inches apart, and directly opposite to each other on the two sides. The animal must, therefore, have moved forward by placing one or more pairs of feet on the mud, and thus pushing his body ahead. Yet no trace of carapace or tail is left; and I have fancied that it might have been a huge crustacean, swimming just above the bottom, and using his feet upon the mud for oars, though I am about as much inclined to regard it as a marine tortoise. Yet I do not know that a crustacean ever moves in that manner. Whatever the animal was, however, and though the exact form of its foot is uncertain, it has left the most certain evidence of its existence and progression. No other tracks occur upon the same surface, though only two inches lower down, that is, on the other side of the slab, are a multitude of as perfect tracks in relief as any in the Cabinet, such as must have been ''FOSSIL LARVA. 189 made above the waters. (See Plate XXXVIIL, fig. 1.) But the latter may have been made while the tide was out, and the former when it was in. I have placed in this connection under the name of Harpagopus, some didactylous impressions on a flagging stone, which I took out of the sidewalk in Greenwich Street, New York, a few years since, and which was quarried from the Hamilton Group of rocks along Hudson River. These too are didactylous, and though some have doubted their animal origin, I still remain of opinion that they are organic, and I think they may have been crustacean tracks. And since the discovery of such tracks in Canada by Sir Wiit1am Locan, even in the Potsdam sandstone, the oldest of fossiliferous rocks, we surely can believe such animals to have lived during the Devonian period, to which the Hamilton Group belongs. A species making a somewhat similar impression on the Connecticut River sandstone is added to the genus Harpagopus, under the name of dubius, or doubtful, which adjective expresses my views as to this example. It may have been made by an animal analogous to the Hudson River didactyle. But I have no confident opinion on the subject till more light is obtained. The remaining eight genera of this group contain animals very minute, whose tracks we should once have thought it hardly possible could be preserved in stone, but which in fact are as perfect as those of the larger animals; yet we meet with the same difficulties as in the larger animals in referring them to existing groups, partly, no doubt, because they possessed a combination of characters now found in no single class. Some of those smaller animals were probably Crustaceans; others may have been Myriapods and Insects. But it will need a good deal of attention to the tracks of living invertebrates before we can be sure where to place the fossil species. That study has hardly yet been begun. One of these small animals has at length been found in a fossil state by Mr. Freup at Turner's Falls. Sketches of one of the most perfect of the specimens ever found, are given on Plate VIL., figs. 3 and 4, the first of the natural size, and the last somewhat enlarged, as seen under the microscope, also on the wood cut on page 8. That it belonged to the class of articulated or jointed animals, all will admit, because twelve or thirteen distinct joints are obvious. I think it was probably the larva of an insect, or perhaps an adult animal resembling a larva. But I have discussed this question so fully in the early part of this Report, that I will only refer to that place. The great wonder is, that any of the feet in animals so minute, should have made impressions which have come down to us in such perfection. The most minute of them all, shown on Plates XXIX., fig. 4, and XXX., fig. 3, exhibits four perfectly distinct rows of tracks, not more than one-thirtieth of an inch long. They are so small that most persons would not notice them, though looking attentively at the slab. I calculate that it would require half a million of these tracks to occupy a space as large as a single track of the Otozoum. The tenth Group embraces what I regard as Annelids, or worms, such as the earth or angle worm, and the leech. ‘They are naked worms, and are described as destitute of feet, though some are armed with hairs or prickles, to help them move forward under ground, where they usually live. They seem to have been abundant in sandstone days, almost as ''190 WHAT A FAUNA! much so as at present, and their trackways on mud after showers and along the soft shores of ponds or rivers, very much resemble those upon the rocks. Perhaps the Halysichnus laqueatus, Plate XXXVI, fig. 7, is one of the most curious. Its trail appears like a chain ; occasioned by the animal’s plunging its head sometimes, and sometimes its opposite extremity, into the mud to get a fulcrum for pushing itself forward, or backward, by the muscles connecting its rings. The different species of Unisulcus have left trackways so like what we see after a rain, that we seem to forget the vast interval of time between them. Such was the Fauna of sandstone days in the Connecticut Valley. What a wonderful menagerie! Who would believe that such a register lay buried in the strata? ‘To open the leaves, to unroll the papyrus, has been an intensely interesting though difficult work, having all the excitement and marvellous developments of romance. And yet the volume is only partly read. Many a.new page I fancy will yet be opened, and many a new key obtained to the hieroglyphic record. Iam thankful that I have been allowed to see so much by prying between the folded leaves. At first men supposed that the strange and gigantic races which I had described, were mere creatures of imagination, like the Gorgons and Chimeras of the ancient poets. But now that hundreds of their footprints, as fresh and distinct as if yesterday impressed upon the mud, arrest the attention of the sceptic on the ample slabs of our cabinets, he might as reasonably doubt his own corporeal existence as that of these enormous and peculiar races. And how marvellous the changes which this Valley has undergone in its inhabitants! Nor was it a change without reason. We are apt to speak of these ancient races as monstrous, so unlike existing organisms as to belong to another and quite different system of life. But they were only wise and benevolent adaptations to the changing condition of our globe. One common type runs through all the present and the past systems of life, modified only to meet exigencies, and identifying the same infinitely wise and benevolent Being as the Author of all. And what an interesting evidence of his providential care of the creatures he has made, do these modifications of structure and function present! Did the same unvarying forms of organization meet us in every variety of climate and condition, we might well doubt whether the Author of Nature was also a Providential Father. But his parental care shines forth illustriously in these anomalous forms of sandstone days, and awakens the delightful confidence that in like manner he will consult and provide for the wants of individuals. The ancient Flora of the Connecticut Valley was probably as peculiar as its Fauna. Gladly would I also develop its vegetable wonders; and, indeed, I am not without numerous specimens for such a work. But if the Ichnology of the sandstone is difficult, still more so, as it seems to me, is its fossil Botany. Before attempting such a work, I feel that some years of careful study would be a prerequisite: a larger number probably than one can hope for, whose sun is so near the horizon as mine. But other suns have already arisen or will rise, whose brighter light shall bring into view the peculiar vegetable forms of American oolitic times. ''THE RIVAL CILAIMS. 191 Who first scientifically described the Fossil Footmarks of the Connecticut Valley 2 Here would I gladly close my Report; but the statements below seem to demand something from me upon the above question. Were I to say nothing I fear that I should be understood as admitting claims and charges which I must repudiate. Some readers of this Report may be aware that about fourteen years ago a discussion took place between me and Dr. James Deane, of Greenfield, in the American J ournal of Science, respecting the first discovery of the Fossil Footmarks. Having each of us had the opportunity to say what we pleased, it has ever since been my determination to trouble the public no more on the subject. But since the death of Dr. Dranr, which occurred during the printing of this Report, some of his friends have thought it proper to revive this discussion, and if correctly reported in the newspapers, to take such ground as does me great injustice, and casts such imputations upon my character that I cannot suffer this last opportunity to pass, without a brief attempt to vindicate myself to the citizens of Massachusetts, and especially to its legislators, who have so liberally published this Report. I refer particularly to the Eulogy upon Dr. Deane by Dr. H. I. Bownrrcn, and to the statements of T. T. Bouvs, Esq., before the Boston Society of Natural History. Were it not for the high respectability of these gentlemen, I should not feel called on to enter upon this defence. 1. The first inquiry is, What were the claims of Dr. Deane and his friends? That he found some good specimens of tracks lying upon the side-walks in Greenfield, and informed me of it, and purchased them for me at my request, is admitted by all parties. But six or seven years afterwards he laid claim to the first scientific investigation of the subject, maintaining that my scepticism and that of Professor B. Srrtman, (Senior,) were overcome by his reasoning, and that consequently I was guilty of injustice and dishonor- able conduct in giving him credit only for first calling my attention to the tracks, and purchasing the specimens for me. In these claims I understand his eulogists to sustain him, and to reiterate the charge against me. 2. The second inquiry is, What are my claims? Not, as already stated, that I found the first tracks; but that I first investigated and described them as a matter of science; that I continued for six years to investigate and describe footmarks almost alone, and published an account of thirty-two species, with twenty-five plates, before Dr. Deane published any thing on the subject; that the only assistance I derived from him was in the occasional reception of a specimen; that nothing which he ever said had the least influence in overcoming my scepticism, or in helping me reach my conclusions; and that I have ever endeavored to give him all the credit which justice or honor demanded. Hence I complain of the manifest injustice of endeavoring to deprive me of the honor of having first investigated and scientifically described the fossil footmarks. ''192 HISTORY OF THE SUBJECT. The chief point of difference, then, between me and Dr. Deane and his friends, is, whether he or I first scientifically examined and described the Footmarks. In support of my claims I present the following proofs : — 1. I appeal first to the early history of the subject. In March, 1835, I received the following letter from Dr. DEanr:— “In the slabs of sandstone from Connecticut River in Montague or Sunderland, lately brought here, I have obtained singular appearances, new to me, although I presume not to yourself. One of them is distinctly marked with the tracks of a turkey (as I believe) in relief. There were two of the birds side by side making strides of about two feet. “TI was anxious to see the die from which these impressions were struck, and it has now arrived. The tracks, four in number, are perfect, and must have been made when the materials were in a plastic state, and at what period I leave you to tell. I am no geologist, but yet I know that geologists derive much satisfaction from contemplating these remains. I do not know but they may be familiar to you; but if you desire it, I will endeavor to prevent their being converted to the use for which they were brought here.” In my reply to this letter I stated how interesting these impressions would be if they turned out to be real tracks, since the records of geology afforded as yet but one example (in Scotland) of fossil footmarks. But I expressed a fear that they might prove to be the result of other than organic agencies; yet requested Dr. DEAnz to secure the specimens for me at my expense, which he did. On the 20th of March he replied to my letter, saying, “I received your letter this morning, which excites my curiosity more than ever, relating to these tracks,” and repeating his belief that these markings were “the real impression of the feet of some bird, probably of the turkey species.” As I had stated that it would probably be a month or two before I could visit Greenfield, Dr. Dranz sent to me and Professor SirtimaNn some casts of the tracks, reiterating his conviction, from their form and succession, that they were bird tracks. I went to Greenfield a few days after, and a glance at the specimens satisfied me that they were deserving of careful examination. That they had the appearance of tracks no one could doubt, and they bore a strong resemblance to those of some kind of birds. I secured the specimens and determined to enter upon the most careful examination of the subject by every means in my power. That investigation I have now been carrying on for twenty-three years, gaining a little light each year; nor would I even express an opinion on the subject till I had devoted six months to the examination. It was upon these facts that Dr. Dean, in 1844, eight years after the discovery of the tracks, based his claims to having scientifically investigated the footmarks earlier than myself. He said that his “ three (first) letters, written without a ray of knowledge other than was derived from philosophical inductions, contain the fundamental principles and doctrines applied to the science of these organic remains.” Now I appeal to those letters ''WHAT 18 A’ SCIENTIFIC DESORTPTION?: 193 to show, that at that time and for years afterwards, he had no intention of giving a scientific account of the footmarks; that in fact he did not then understand the subject of geology well enough to undertake it, and that he for a long time intended to leave that matter to me, supposing, whether justly or not, that I ought to be qualified for it. He was ignorant of the then only known example of fossil footmarks; nor did he know but they were common. Nor did he appreciate the difficulties’ of admitting the existence of birds so early, or think it absurd, as every geologist would, of supposing “a turkey,” or “the turkey tribe,” to have lived during the red sandstone period. He declared himself to be no geologist; and his statements showed that this was then the literal trath. “ihe thought that he intended to give a scientific investigation of the subject, never entered my mind, nor his either, I apprehend, till years after. He had stumbled upon some interesting specimens, and he gave his first impressions of them, leaving it to me to go into the scientific examination. If he meant to do it, why did he address me at all on the subject? Why especially did he allow me to carry away the only specimens then known? Why, for six or seven years, did he publish nothing, while I had found and described over thirty species? During all that time we were on friendly terms ; carrying on a correspondence, and occasionally he sent me a specimen, nor did I suspect ali this while that he was not perfectly satisfied. But what more than Dr. Deane did I do, that deserves the name of scientific investigation? I perceived on looking at the specimens, as nine out of ten do, who have since looked upon them, that they bore a strong resemblance to tracks, and some resemblance to bird tracks. But knowing how strong were the geological objections to such a conclusion, I set about their examination. Might they not be the result of some freak of water? Were they not some form of veins of segregation, or septaria, or mud yeins and furrows, or concretions, or ripple marks, or the result of unequal disintegration ? Were they not fucoids, as the New York geologists afterwards maintained? or some organic relics unknown to me? These were the inquiries that must be answered before I would venture to throw down my opinion before an incredulous public. To answer them I spent a large part of six months in exploring all accessible sandstone quarries, whete I discovered six other species, and watched the shores of rivers and ponds for the tracks of living animals, and examined the feet of dried specimens in the Cabinets, and also collections and drawings of organic remains. ‘This I call scientific investigation, and this I went through before giving my opinion to the public; and I did it alone, receiving no assistance except from the specimens presented me by several gentlemen, and the opinions of distinguished naturalists whom I occasionally consulted. In this way essentially did I go on from 1835 to 1843, before any thing from Dr. DEanz appeared in print on the subject. He, indeed, by misinterpreting a letter of mine to Professor SitLmman,, endeavored to show that I attempted to muzzle the scientific journals, so that no. communication from him should appear (an attempt which none but an insane man would make in this country); but the matter of fact was, that during this long period he- did not offer any communication to the journals, so that I certainly did not prevent the appearance of any communication from him, whatever might have been my wishes. ''Darah h te ee ORE ee eS peer: hee Cee KONE RE 194 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FOOTMARKS. But Dr. Deane contended that my scepticism and that of Professor SmLLImaNn were overcome by his letters. A scientific man ought always to be sceptical enough in respect to any new facts, not to admit them without good evidence. All the proof we had in respect to the footmarks, before we had seen them, was Dr. Dranr’s letters giving us the impressions of his own mind from an examination of one or two specimens, while the same letters contained evidence that he did not at all understand the difficulties of the subject, and, therefore, his opinion merely awakened a desire to see the specimens, and when we did see them, although they appeared to be tracks, we were not prepared to take and maintain that ground till we had gone into a thorough examination. That investigation had not been entered upon, but, as I understood it, was left for me to undertake; and though I have been pursuing it for twenty-three years, on many points, as my Report testifies, I am still sceptical. Dr. Deanr’s opinion I regarded as merely the first impressions made by the specimens upon the mind of an intelligent man, who was not acquainted with the difficulties in the case, and had made no investigation of it, save to look occasionally for a fortnight at the slabs of one species as they lay in the streets. If such an examination and the expression of such an opinion entitles Dr.-Dranr to the credit of having made a scientific investigation of the subject, then Puixy Moopy, Esq., of South Hadley, as I afterwards found, could set up a prior claim, for in 1802 he dug up the first fossil footmark ever preserved in this Valley, of which he and his neighbors were in the habit of speaking, as the tracks of “ poultry,” or of “ Noah’s raven.” In thus speaking of Dr. Drann’s want of acquaintance with geology and fossil footmarks in 1835, let me not be understood as describing him in subsequent years. For as he says, my letter excited his curiosity, and I doubt not he then began to study the whole subject and with success; so that he was able to produce those papers on footmarks which have done him so much credit; nor should I dissent from the resolution of the Boston Society of Natural History, who “ highly appreciating the value and importance of his labors in the investigation and elucidation of the fossil footprints of the Connecticut Valley, recognize in his death a great loss, not only to themselves, with whom he was associated, but to all who feel interested in the progress of science.” 2. For my second argument I present a Bibliography of Fossil Footmarks : that is, a list of the papers and volumes published on the subject. My object is simply to show who did publish such papers for the first eight years after their discovery. I extract the list from a complete one, extending to the present time, prefixed to this Report: 1. 1836, January.—Ornithichnology, by E. Hitchcock in American Journal of Science, Vol. 29, p- 807. 84 pages and 3 Plates. 2. 1837.—Ornithichnites in Connecticut, by E. Hitchcock. American Journal of Science, Vol. 31, p. LT4. 1837.—Same, by Professor B. Silliman, p. 165, same volume. 4, 1837.—Fossil Footsteps in Sandstone and Graywacke, by E. Hitchcock. American Journal of Science, Vol. 32, p. 174. 5. 1838.—Newly discovered Ichnolites at Middletown, Connecticut, by William C. Redfield. American Journal of Science, Vol. 33, p. 201. oo ''REPORT OF GEOLOGISTS. 195 6. 1839.—Note to Professor Conrad’s remarks on Ornithichnites ; by Professor Silliman. American Journal of Science, Vol. 35, p. 246. 7. 1841.—Final Report on the Geology of Massachusetts, with 62 pages and 22 plates on foot- marks, by HE. Hitchcock. 8. 1841.—Report of Professor H. D. Rogers and others on the Ornithichnites of Massachusetts, observed and described by Professor Hitchcock, of Amherst. American Journal of Science, Vol. 41, p. 165. 9. 1842.—Description of five new species of Fossil Footmarks, by E. Hitchcock. Transactions of Association of American Geologists and Naturalists, Vol. 1, p. 254. 10. 1842.—New Species of Footmark with Rain Drops, from Portland, Connecticut, by William C. Redfield. American Journal of Science, Vol. 48, p. 172. 11. 1843.—Notice of newly discovered Fish Beds and a Fossil Footmark in the Red Sandstone Formation of New Jersey, by William C. Redfield. American Journal of Science, ~ Vol. 44, p. 184. 12. 1843.—Ornithichnites of the Connecticut River Sandstone and the Discoveries of New Zealand, containing Dr. Deane’s correspondence with Dr. Mantell; by Professor B. Silliman. American Journal of Science, Vol. 45, p. 177. My object in giving this list is to show that before Dr. Deanr published any thing on the footmarks, I had brought out five papers upon them, containing more than one hundred pages and twenty-six plates, and others, also, during the seven years that elapsed, had published descriptions of them. And yet it is now represented that I was behind Dr. Deane, and in all that I did, was acting only an inferior part, and carrying out “the fundamental principles derived from philosophical induction” which he had taught me! 3. For my third argument I refer to a Report, made to the American Association of Geologists and Naturalists, “on the Ornithichnites or Footmarks of extinct Birds in the new red sandstone of Massachusetts and Connecticut, observed and described by Professor Hrrcucocx of Amherst,” signed by Professors Henry D. Rocers, LARDNER VANUXEM, Ricuarp C. Taytor, EsenezerR Emmons and T. A. Conrap. When in 1836 I published my first paper on footmarks, but few of the distinguished geologists on either side of the Atlantic admitted my conclusions. But the subject grew in interest, and in 1840 the American Association of Geologists and Naturalists appointed the above committee of eminent geologists to visit the localities and report. I refer to it here to show who was regarded by them as the scientific describer of the footmarks, and who must bear the odium if a false representation had been made, or receive the credit if his conclusions were admitted. The title of the Report shows who: indeed, I alone am mentioned as having formed scientific conclusions as to the tracks; and after stating with great clearness the arguments on both sides, the Committee state their belief unanimously, that “ the evidence entirely favors the views of Professor Hitchcock.” This was five years after my first publication, so that up to that time no competitor, either for the cdium or the honor, had appeared. 4. Asa fourth proof that I first made a scientific investigation of the footmarks, I present some special testimony from Professor SiummaNn and Dr. Deanz. I cannot see why 25 ''196 PERSONAL CONSCIOUSNESS. the facts just detailed do not show that this matter was by general consent committed to me. But a few other quotations will I think make this point still more certain. In a letter to me of August 6th, 1835, Professor Sttuiman says: “I am much gratified that you are seriously at work upon the turkey tracks, or bird tracks, or whatever kind they may be; and you may rest assured that I shall publish nothing upon the subject until I receive it from you. I will therefore expect you to do justice to Dr. Deanz,” &c. “ My impressions are so strong in favor of the genuineness of the discovery,— judging only from the imperfect copy I have in plaster, — that I feel exceedingly desirous to have the matter investigated ; and I do not know in whose hands it can be better placed.” Does this read as if Professor Sirtiman thought the matter had been already investigated, and the philosophical induction drawn ? Read too the testimony of Dr. Deane in 1843, eight years afterwards, in the first communication he ever made to a scientific journal on the subject. Describing certain slabs from Turner’s Falls, he says: “These magnificent specimens have been inspected by Professor Hitchcock and Professor Silliman: to the former properly belongs the technical and complete description of them as his peculiar province. I therefore most willingly decline this difficult performance in (out of) respect to him, for to his successful labors, the subject of fossil footmarks owes its claims as an essential element of the science of organic geology.” Really, how little short of a full admission of my claims does this passage come! Alas, how different from the ground taken by him only the next year, that his first letters to me, “ written without a ray of knowledge other than was derived from philosophical induction, contain the fundamental principles and doctrines applied to the science of these organic remains.” 5. Fifthly, I appeal to personal consciousness. No facts in my life are more vividly impressed upon my memory than those relating to the footmarks. I remember when I received Dr. Deanr’s first letter, that I feared it would turn out as I had known in many similar cases where tracks had been described to me, to be something quite different. But as soon as I saw the specimens, I perceived the phenomena to be worthy of careful research. The thought never occurred to me that the investigation had already been made, and “ the philosophical induction” drawn. That work I understood was committed to me: for why else were the specimens allowed to come into my hands, or why was I consulted at all on the subject? I went about it as if the work were entirely unaccomplished. Dr. DEANE frequently inquired of my progress in it, and sent me several specimens to help me in it, and was anxious to know when I should publish upon it. Other gentlemen, also, gave me specimens, as Dr. JoserpH Barrarr, Colonel Jonn Witson, Colonel Davin Bryant, N. P. Ames, Henry Hanmer, and Dexter Marsu. But this was essentially all the help I received. I felt that I was working alone, and the thought occurred to me, that if I should succeed in establishing any correct conclusions, I might be sure that no one would ever doubt that the investigations were original, or claim the credit. The reception of my conclusions was such at first and for years, that no one would be apt to contend for my cypress wreath. I remember well the discouragement and heart sickness that often came over ''WHAT GREDIT HAVE I GIVEN: 197 me during those six years when I had to maintain the conflict alone. But when the cypress began to change into the laurel,—when it was obvious that the learned world were falling in with my leading conclusions, and the subject had become in their view of deep interest, with what surprise did I find the claim set up, that the honor belonged. to another, that I had only been carrying out his “ philosophical induction,” and endeavoring “ to rob him. of the honor of being the first discoverer of the bird tracks;” thus not only giving me a subordinate place in this work, but casting a dishonorable imputation upon my character. All this I say emphatically, is opposed to my past and present consciousness, as much as if I were now told that I had never been the President, but only a student, of Amherst College, or as if I were charged with theft, or murder, or some other foul crime, against which my whole nature revolts, as it does against any intentional effort to rob any one of the honor due him. 6. Let us in the sixth place inquire what credit I have given, and how I have treated Dr. Deane ? In my first communication on the subject in 1836, I said that “my attention was first called to the subject by Dr. Jamzs Deane of Greenfield, who sent me some casts of impressions on a red micaceous sandstone from the south part of Montague, for flagging stones. Through the liberality of the same gentleman I soon after obtained the specimens themselves, from which the casts were taken,” &e. In my Final Report on the Geology of Massachusetts in 1841, I attached Dr. Dranr’s name to a species of footmark, saying, “It is a beautiful species; I have dedicated it as a testimony of respect to Dr. James Draner of Greenfield, who first called my attention to the subject of fossil footmarks.” ? In the Transactions of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists, in 1843, I said, “ Plate XL, fig. 4, exhibits a slab of this species which was originally in the Cabinet of Dr. Dranz; but he has kindly divided it, in order that one row of these tracks should be placed in my collection,” &c. In my Report on Ichnolithology to the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists in 1844, and in the discussion that followed, I said, “I admit Dr. Dreanr to have been in a popular sense the original discoverer of the footmarks; and had it not been for his scientific discernment they would still have remained undiscovered.” ‘“ While we must admit that Mr. Moony, Dr. Dwieut, and Mr. Wixson were also original discoverers of the footmarks, much higher credit is due to Dr. Deane. He did not content himself with speaking of them as objects of curiosity, but took measures to bring them under the notice of those whose professional business it was to examine such objects,” &c. In the present Report, published since his death, I say of the first specimens, “ ‘They were observed by Dr. James Deane, who sent casts of them to me, secured them for my Cabinet, and gave it as his opinion, from their form and succession, that they were made by birds.” ''198 A PROTEST. To show still farther my feelings towards Dr. Dranz, I would state, that since he, like myself, had not enjoyed the benefits of a public education, I applied for, and secured for him, from the Trustees of Amherst College, in 1838, the honorary degree of Master of Arts. Now what more did justice or honor require me to say or do in this case? Ought I to have said that my scepticism, as he calls it, was overcome by his letters? I should then have stated what was not true; for I was certain then, and am certain now, that neither his statements nor opinions had the slightest influence upon me. I knew them to be merely the first impressions of an intelligent man, who had not studied geology, nor made any investigations on the subject, except to look at a few specimens ; they were, in fact, such conclusions as every discerning man comes to on first inspecting the footmarks; but whether true or not, remained to be proved. Ought I to have stated that his three first letters were “ philosophical inductions” containing “ the fundamental principles” of ichnology? Those letters show that he was not then enough acquainted with geology or ichnology to make philosophical inductions of this sort; and because they show this, those letters never would have seen the light, had I not been forced in self-defence to bring them out. I acknowledged all the assistance Dr. DEANE or any one else gave me by specimens, and tried to show my gratitude by personal favors. But all this availed nothing in later times, unless I would acknowledge what I knew to be false, that he preceded me in a scientific investigation of ichnology. 7. In view of all these facts, I feel constrained to protest against the manifest injustice of the attempt to deprive me of the credit of the most original scientific investigations of my life ; to represent me as a mere expounder of the views of another, and as ungenerously attempting to rob him of the honor which I knew belonged to him. It is hard to bear all this, opposed as it is to my personal consciousness for the last twenty-three years, and to all the moral sentiments of my heart. I know certainly that I commenced the study of footmarks with no aid save that of specimens. I groped my way alone without guide, and almost without counsellor, for several years. Against me only during all that time were the shafts of reason and of satire aimed, nor was it till I had maintained the struggle alone for five or six years, and a gradual acquiescence in my views had taken place, that any rival claim for the honor of original investigation was set up. In the same manner, for nearly twenty years more, have I labored on, gaining each year a little deeper insight between the close-shut leaves of the fossil volume; but still, though aided in later years by the collateral researches of Dr. DEANE and other naturalists, finding myself only at the commencement of the work, obliged to leave to others many a hiatus, and many a question unresolved. If this has not been from the first original investigation, then nothing in my life has been. But I know it to have been so; and how painful, as the last sands of life are falling, to feel compelled to offer this defence, lest I should seem to acquiesce in the charge or the insinuation of unrighteous claims on my part, or injustice to others. Oppressed with the infirmities of advanced life, fain would I live in harmony with all, and especially observe the adage, de mortuis nil, nisi bonum. And were I alone ''PAINFUL DILEMMA. 199 concerned, I would bear all in silence; but I do feel, and ought to feel, a desire to leave to the children who may survive me; to the literary institution with which I have been connected for more than thirty years; and to the citizens of that Commonwealth, which has been so liberal and generous towards my scientific labors ; I do desire to leave to them a character free from dishonorable imputation, and to let them know what I claim as to the footmarks, and on what ground I claim it. This has been the most laborious and difficult of the scientific labors in which I have engaged; and if I am to be set down as a copyist and plagiarist here, there is no other effort of my life on which such a charge may not be more justly fixed. I cannot, indeed, believe that those who make such charges to honor the dead, intend to do injustice to the living. But their sincerity does not make the effects less injurious to me and mine. Can I, then, do less, unpleasant as it is, than to attach this defence and protest to the last work on Ichnology which I shall ever publish ? Norr.—Just as this last sheet was passing through the press, I made a large additional purchase of fossil footmarks ($700 worth) for the Appleton Cabinet, from Roswett Frerp ; so that I am now able to say that the tracks of every species but one (the Hoplichnus equus) described in this Report may now be found in that Cabinet. '' ''A A Ae a A Ee VV LE Ww OF THE CHARACTERS OF THE 4 j LITHICHN OF O\A! OUP Tae Cea NP OTIC UT) RIVER; SANDSTONE. | | 2 a DL Via RE OA DT ON: LENGTH. DISTANCE. VERSED SINE. Wale D Tes 3 q 63 a2 jt g ae ; z = ee jia'e la L5Sy {gay {eeu ; 2 8 2. | ge Be eee Sa ie | 4 ae | ae pia ake dee 243] | #28) | SEG oe | 3 oe ee ea | ei 2k Lie as & la re es |& ras if Swe 23.3 go,s a s 2 a: og og ay gs 32 aa S | 5 os g° ool nae Bealls Se irae. ae a ares g ; | &ePe £2 2a Ge 2 8 3 eee &3 | 26 | 28 5 3 | €& | Beil gs 3 3 a cai Sa | sf eels ng aol = |§ $ = 8 | §235 Bea gua & 3 See, arene rey alee) i Oi ao a(S eee er a 8 a eS ge | Sa Biles é ou a aes ee = 2 s Su83 Bsa4 3°83 fe q g S ge on of 35 a4 o8 io ie = 0 tela “4 I ga a8 aye ee 28 | 88 | 3a |B3)58 1° 2 $ z | 322 B29 a2 bg 5 s Sep te 3 a @ i) ses| S22 aed) See | ae | Sel os 3 3 Be as 3 z | 8 Ea | 33 Pied 2) Be.) SS bee ee eats oe eee ee eee ee Mees Pees a |< See) es) Beal Se) eet ee tee | ad Wee ee SS) els 4 | 6 33 | s® a = >2 s 2 2 a ms |G a a H Sis 2 » 3 oes ts Q Sa a 2 RASS SP 2 Bo S.A $a Se SF a | - ‘a fla S| 8 | see SS BS ee Se eee s Mee bee ee) S| 8 lS el a ae el Re | oe | Bee | Bei 8 yee hese 8) fe) ae ; j ; CUNICHNOIDES. | ¥* " Hind foot, . - - - - - - 0.6 0.6 0.6 - = - = - - 0.6 - - - 1.5-2.3|; 16-18 - - - - - - 0.3 2.5 - - - - 0.6 - 11. - - - 1. marsupialoideus, 4 Fore foot, . - - - - - - 0.5 0.5 0.5 - - - - - = 0.5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.5 a = = a ANOMEPUS. ‘i ; Hind foot, . 3 26° 20° 10° - - - 3.5 6. 4.2 1.6-1.4 1.6-1.6-1.6 0.6-1.1-1.4? - - - 1.2 16.5 | 10.-22. 9. 38.2 4. 3.5 4. - - - - - - - 1.5 2.1 Te 2-3.5 - 2-3-4? . major, . 4 ; Fore foot, . 5 83° 6° 329° - 20° | 26° Ae 1.5 1.6 - - - - - = 1.3 0.7 - 0.2 2.4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.5 ca = a bo: a ‘ le foot, . 8 42° 20° 220 - - - 2.8 3. 3.3 0.7-0.8 1.1-1.-0.7 0.8-0.8-0.6-0.6 - - - - 8.2 5 4 1.2 2.7 19 19 - - - - - - - 0.8 - 8. - 20° | 32-3-5 . minor, . 4 . 4 : Fore foot, . 5 114° 40° 50° - 12° 11° al 1.2 14 0.4-0.4 0.3-0.3-0.4 0.4-0.38-0.8-0.3 1.3 0.9 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - = ~ bol - - ANISOPUS. ‘ Hind foot, . 4 40° 12° 23° - (HY - Ne 15 eT =). iet - - - - 1.5 - - - 1.85 | 7-7.5 - - ali: - - - 0-0.2 - - - - - OS ~ 2-3 - 15°-30° - 1. Deweyanus, . 4 Fore foot, . 5 107° 58° 13° - 18° | 24° 0.8 0.8 i. - = - - - - +. 0.6 - - 1.08 - - - 0.75 - - - - - - - - - - ta - = - - f a foot, . 4 40° 15° 10° - 15° - 0.4 0.8 0.9 - = - - - = 0.85 - - 0.1 is 5.6 - - 0.8 - - - - | 0.25-0.5 - - - - 0.1-0.15 | 2. - | 10°-20° |2-3-3-3? . gracilis, . c 4 . i Fore foot, . 5 60° 15° 20° - 10° | 10° 0.25 0.5 0.6 - - - - - - 0.45 0.2 - - 0.6 - - - 0.4 ° - - - 0-0.1 - - - - - 0.05-0.075 =) Bp Gr = Brontozoum. : 1. giganteum, 2 3 40° | 20°-25° 15° - - _ 10. 12.5 12.5 8.8-4.2 8.4-8.1-2.6 8.3-8-2.1-2.4 - - - 1.75 | 14-18 | 3-5 ft. - 5.5 12. 7-8 7.45 - - 0.-5 - - - - 2-3 - 18. - 0°-10° | 2-3-4 2. minusculum, . 2 3 5N° 25° 25° - = = 6.25 7.5 8.5 2.5-2.5 2.5-2.25-2.25 2.5-2.1-1.75-1.75 - = - 1.5 12. 20-27 - 4, 7.3 5.3 5.3 - - - - - - - 2.7-1.5 - 12.5 - 0°-20° | 2-3-4 8. tuberatum, 2 3 25° pe 8° - = a 5.5 6.75 8. 2 75-2. 1.88-2.-2. 1.5-1.62-1.87-2.25 =| - - iy 9.75'| a. - 2.62 6. 4.5 8.62 - - - - - - - 1.75-2 cs 8. ae 0°-10° | 2-3-4 4. exsertum, 2 3 380° 15° 15° - . = 4. 6.25 6. 1.5-1.5 2.-1.5-1.5 1.25-1.25-1.44-1 - - - 1.25 8.75 | 30. - 3.33 4.75 4.5 3.5 - - 7 = - - - 1-1.75 ie 6. * 0°-5° 2-3-4 5. validum, . 2 3 386° 220 14° - - = 4.5 5.5 5 75 2.3-1.5 1.9-1.6-1.5 1.8-1.2-1.1-1.4 - - - a 8.2 383. - 2.7 5.3 4. 3.7 - - - - - - - 1.2-1.8 cog 6. - 09-59 2-3-4 ’ *6. Sillimanium, . 2 3 25° | 80-119 | 15°-18° - - = |2.8-8.2 | 44.5 4-5 1.4-1.2 1.1-1.4-1.1 0.8-0.8-0.7-8. - - - 0.8-1 | 5.75-6 | 12-20 - 2-2.2 | 8-3.5 | 2.2-8 2.5 - - 0-1 - - - - 0.8-1.2 - 4.5 > 0° 2-8-4 7. isodactylum, . 2 3 | 45°-60° 20° | 28°-38° - - -~ |2.426] 8-8.2 | 2.8-8.8 | 1.-0.8-1. 0.9-0.8-0.9 0.7-0.7-0.5-0.4 - - - |0.6-0.8 | 4.2-4.5 | 5.5-6.5 - 1.2 4.4 1.9 2.8 - - 0-2 - - - - 0.55-0.8 5. + 0°-25° | 2-3-4 AMBLONYX. 1. giganteus, 3 30° 12° 18° - = 3 6. 7.5 9. 2.3-2.6 2.-2.3-2.8 2.4-1.9-1.4-2 - - - 18 11.25 | 82. - 3.2 7.3 5. 5. - - - - - - - 2.2-2.8 - 12. o OP 2-3-4 2. Lyellianus, 2 38 20° 10° Ege: - _ = 4.4 5.8 5.8 1.8-1.9 1.7-1.7-1.8 1.2-1.2-0.8-1.5 - = - 0.9 8.2 30. - 3. 4.8 3.7 3.9 - - 1; - - - - 0.6-1.7 = 6. - 0°-10° | 2-8-4 GRALLATOR. ‘ } 1. cursorius, 2 3 26° 18° 13° | - = = 1.3 22 Le 0.6-0.5 0.7-0.7-0.5 0.4-0.31-0.35-0.45 - - - 0.3 2.9 25. - 1.2 1.2 18 1.4 - - - = - - - 0.25-0.4 - 2. - 0° 2-3-4 3 2. tenuis, 2 3 45° 25° 28° | - ee = ae 2.1 1.3 0.5-0.4 0.3-0.4-0.7 0.8-0.3-0.2-0.2 - - - 0.3 2.7 9. - 15 1.5 ‘hie 16 - - 0.25 - - - - 0.2-0.3 - 2.5 - 02-52 2-8-4 8. gracillimus, 2 3 50° 28° 23° - - = 1.55 QC RS 0.6-0.5 0.7-0.5-0.4 0.45-0.45-0.35-0.8 - - - 0.4 2.5 7-8 - 0.8 2.1 14 1.4 - - 0.5 - - - - 0.3-0.5 : 3.5 - 0°-10° | 2-34 ? 4. cuneatus, 2 8 30° 12° 16° = - - |2.2-2.4 |3.4-8.7 | 38-8.1 | 0.85-0.85 1.-0.85-0.85 0.6-0.7-0.6-0.7 - - - 0.7 4.9-5 22-24 - 2-2..2 2.9 |2.5-2.7 | 2.8-2.7 - - 0.5 - - - - 0.5-0.6 - 3.5 - 0° 2-3-4 5. formosus, 2 8 50° - - = - = 3.9 5. 4.4 1.1-1.2 1.5-1.4-1.5 1-0.9-0.8-1. - - - 0.8 |6.8-7.8 |} 27. - 8. 4.4 3.3 4.1 - - - - - - - 0.8-1.2 rs 6. - 8.5° 2-3-4 ARGOZOUM. 1. Redfieldianum, 2 3 75° 80° 45° - a a 12. 8. 9.5 - = - = - = cs = - 2. 12.5 30. - 6. 12. 7.8 9. - - - - 0.7 - - 0.4-1. = 13. - 0°-10° - 2. dispari-digitatum, . 3 P 2 8 | 40°-55° | 18°-30° | 20°-25° - = - 3. 5. 3.5 a i - - - - - ~ - - 5.5 15. - 2.25 3 8; 2.75 - - 0.6 - - - - 0.25 al 4. = 2 ~ i 8. pari-digitatum, 2 8 | 80-100° | 40°-50° | 40°-50° es - - 0.9 1.3 1 Sie - - - - - - - = 1-1.6 6. = 0.9 17) oti 14 zs - 0-0.1 - - - - 0.2 = ds - 0°-80° - PLATYPTERNA. ‘ 1. Deaniana, 2 8 | 60°-70° | 40°-45° | 25°-80° - - - 1.5 3. 2. - - - - - - - - - - 4-4.5 9-12 | 1.1-1.2 1.8 2-2.5 | 2-2.2 | 2-28 - - - 0.17 0.12 0.22 - 0.2 0.9 8? - 10° - 2. tenuis, 2 8 | 45°-60° | 20°-80° | 25°-30° - - - ‘ti 2. 1.3 = he - - - - = = - - 2.1 ie 0.6 | 0.9-1.1 | 1.1-1.7 | 1.1-1.4 - - - - - - - - 0.1 0.6 2? < - 8. delicatula, 2 8 40° 220 18° - a - 0.65 el 0.75 - - - - - - > = - - 15 8. 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.55 - - - - - - - 0.1 0.3 2. - - - 4. recta, 2 3 36° 10° 27° - - - | 2.5-8.5 | 3.75-5. | 2.5-4.1 aha - - - - = = - - 3.75 5.5 - 14 2.5 1.6 2. - - 1.7 = - - - 0.3 - 5.5 - - - 5. varica, 2 3 75° 23° 52° - a - 3. 3.6 2. = = = = - = - = - - 5. 8-12 Bel 2: 8.7 1.5 8.3 - - 5. 0.8% 0.4 0.15 - 0,4 2. 12. a 20° = 6. digitigrada, 2 8 80° 43° 37° - - - 1.2 1.5 1.2 - - - - - - 0.25 - - - - 4-4.5 - - 1.6 is ds - - 0.6 0.1 0.15 - - 0.8 0.8 8. - | 10°-20° - 7. gracillima, 2 3 70° 20° 50° = - - i 1.5 1.25 - - - - - - - - - - 1.6 5-5.5 - a G) 14 - - - - | 0.2-0.9 - 0.12 - ak 0.15 - 3. - 30° - : i | '' shai in tla a i il 202 | LITHICHNOZOA OF THE CONNECTICUT RIVER SANDSTONE. A TABULAR VIEW—Oontinurgp. 2 wh DIVARICATION. LENGTH. DISTANCE. VERSED SINE. We D ane 3 | Dee Ss as he z = be ie say 4 aan BES a | ee 1 se |e eS. ea 2 a | #2 | SE 2 a d g 5 x Asad Bseg Rac g i 3 = pee 1158. re rye s 3 | 2 Ka ge iS 3 = Poise aod ass qed S g | “a eee lai) ee te a os | 88 2 = 3 ge a | . So wa $2 wo $ © wo a ae a Bes ne? mS ne BS eres Bs | . f si i a3 8 ss ds bd 8 3 a SS le +18 3 8 $ Bers 2 ea gah & 3 acolhes &g | BA | 28 3 Bo BS eed! | te 8 é g Bo] oe Ze | 3a 2 2 a 3 rc oH s a] 2 2 aus Sqas eu 6 $ $ 3 2 eg be 3 os on 5 STS = | s g 3 Bo a 2 iS : : ch |S Sy ra aoa aes 3 fH s 2 a a8 aa © 3 2 a AS Biel | FP) oe | eee ee eg oe) |e se heap | eaee nes Da | eee bee oe me ee | een fe | BT ee BR) Se cl gf ek ce Ri sec pete pS ee a es ee ee $ gs | “eee Seek wen e & a Beale 2 Sees Weree oliaS|) eae leas | ae See # | 3 & 2 g tie es Se sae o 2 = © ott| of 3 - o8 a oe a oe A os 25 2 S38 Qe oe oa 2 bay ay ; Qu om om he Ge oe on om & om oe) oI oe ; I MH om e Cm oa On oa 2 Saket 2 2 a ee le 6 om | we Me Om oa nT mT ae! Bo , a a °o ° ° o ° ° o o ° ° ° °o °o °o ° °o ° °o o o ia) & os) mR i) ° | ° ° | Se ie ° °o ° °o < a u ORNITHOPUS. | 1. gallinaceus, 4 88° 35° 45° 145° - - a) 3. 2 - - - - - , - - Li a 3.8 7. de 1.5 2.7 Zan ee Ds 4.4 - - - el - - 0 12-0.20 0.5 3.5? - - 2. gracilior, . : é , ; 2 4 90° 35° 57° 105° - - - nia 1.2 - - - - - - - 0.9 - 1.6 - - 0.75 1.8 L. 1.2 2. - - - - - - 0.12-0.20 - 2.5? - - TRIDENTIPES. i 1. ingens, 2 4 107° 50° 58° 180° - - 8. 9.5 5.7 - - =. = es - - 5. - |1.8-2.5?| 40-72 9. 5.5 11.8 7. 7.3 16.5 - - - 0.3-0.7 | 08-05 - 0.4-1.1 3. - - - 2. elegans, . 2 4 125° 65° 60° 140° - - 18 2.8 2.2 - - - - - - - 1.8 - 5. 10-20 24 2. 3.5 2.5 2.6 5.3 - 0.5-8.5 - 0.2 - - 0.26-0.42 0.5 Ts - 0°-10° 8. elegantior, 2 4 75° 82° 44° 140° - - 0.6 Ls 0.9 - - - - - - - 0.4 - 1.8 5.3 0.7 0.6 at 0.8 0.9 - - - - - 7 - 0.14-0.25 = 1.75 - 0°-10° 4. insignis, . h , ° 2 4 95° 45° 50° 100° - - 4.3 5.8 4.3 - - - - - - - 3.2 - 6-7 16-23 1-2 2.5 6.3 4. 4. 6.8 - 3. 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.5-0.7 1.5 12.5 - 10g 5. uncus, 2 4 90° 48° 44° 40°, - - ey, 2.2 14 - - a - - - - ad - 3.2 45-5 ed L 2.2 14 1.6 2.3 - 1.5 0.15 0.2 0.1 (Osi - 0.9 6-10 - 5°-20° GIGANTITHERIUM. 1. caudatum, 2 4 53° 22° 30° 120° - - 18.5 15.2 18. - - - - - - - 3.3 it 17.5 39 - 4.3 11.5 6.6 7.5 17.25 - Che - - - 0.4 0.7-8.5 = 12. —|0.25-0.50 0° 2. minus, . f ‘ ‘ ‘ 2 3 43° 380° 12° - - - 5.8 5.4 5.1 | 1.8-1.25-1.9| 1.4-1.5-1.3 - - - - - 0.8 8. 26-34 - 2.7 5.8 4.7 3.38 - - - - - - - 0.9-1.3 - 6.5 0.15 - HypPaervs. 1 Bieldi, + * K ; i ; 2 4 50° 23° 28° 152° - - 3. 5. 2.9 - - - - - - - i - 5. 6. eM OD 2.8 2.3 2.5 5.2 - 1.5 - - - 0.25 - - 5.8 0.15 5° CoRVIPES. Hind foot, . 3 75° 40° 385° - - - aL, 1.7 LG - - - - = - i - 0.2 2.6 | 1.7-2.7 0.9 - - - - - - 0-5 - - 0.2 - 0.25 = 4.6 - 0°-10° 1. lacertoideus, . 4 Fore foot, . 5 - a a = 7 = 0.6 0.8 0.75 - - - - - 0.4 0.4 - - 1.3 - - 0.6 - = = - 0.55 = = ‘& = xe 0-9-1.2 cs e = eS TARSODAOTYLUS. b : Hind foot, . 4 42° 20° 22° - - - 18 2.9 2.2 - - - - - - = - 0.25 2.6 18. - Uo 1.6 14 1.4 - 0.2 - - - - - - - 7. - 20° . caudatus : 4 ; Fore foot, . 95° 23° 200 a = 25° | 25°] 0.5 12 15 z Z é e z B65: 40254 eter is 3 = 3 a at a = z es 3 S 04 = e 5 APATICHNUS. i Hind foot, . 4 75° 85° 40° 110° - - Aust 2.6 2.1 - - - - - - = a 0.8 5. 13. 2.5 1.25 2.3 1.4 ei 381 0.1 0.5 - - - - 0.4-0.6 = 4.5 0.25 10° . circumagens, . 4 re Fore foot, . 5? - ox a - = r - 1, - - - - - = e a = = 18 = 0.5 - - - - - - - - - - - 0.2 - - - - os re foot, . 4 60° 30° 80° - - - 0.5 0.9 Ors - - = - ~ - = 0.2 -) 1. 6.8 - 03 0.7 - - - 0-6 | 1.5-2.5 - - - - 0.15 = 2.5 - |10°-80° . bellus E Fore foot, . 8 40°} - - - Bs = Ee = Es : . = E - - e E 5 = 0.5 - - a - e = S a 2 e is 012 ie a a ye PLESIORNIS. \ ; ae foot, . 3 70° 40° 380° - - - 2.1 2.5 2.5 - - - - - = = - =|\ 3.8 13.5 - 14 8.5 2.4 2.2 = - - - - - - - = 7.5 - 5° + quadrupes 4 | ; Fore foot, . 3 66° 85° - - - - 2.7 3.6 2.7 - - - - : - - - - 3.1 - - sal: 3. 3. 2.2 - - - - - - - On - - - 5° Hind foot, . 3 70° 85° 85° - - - 1.3 2.1 21 - - - - - - - - - 2.1 {3 - ee 15 ad a - - - - < 4 a as = 2. _ 0° 2. pilulatus, 4 ; Fore foot, . 3 ie 40° 380° - - - 0.8 14 ite - - - - - =" = - - 14 - 0.25 - 11 ra 0.9 - - - - - - - 0.2 - - - 02 38. sequalipes, : : F ” 2 3 90° 50° 40° - - - 0.6 ns 0.7 - - - - - - - - - 11 3.2 - 0.5 1.2 06 0.7 - - - 0.1 0.075 0.05 - - - 2. - - TyPopus. : 1. abnormis, ; ‘ ‘ : 2 4? 35° 20° 15° - - - 1.3 2.8 1.8 - - - - - - - - - 4, 18. 0.72 | 0.5-1.4 2.8 18 2. - - 2.5 - - - - 0.3 0.25 7. - is 2. gracilis, . ies : f - 4? - = 2 > - = - - - - - - - - = a = = 2. = 1. = = = - - - - - 0.2 1.2 - 0.1 0.1 - - - POLEMARCHUS. Eigigas, ~. ‘ ; 8 3 4 4 45° 20° 25° 80° - - 11.2 8.5 8.38 - - - - - o = 2.5 - 14.8 48? 3.8 8.2 | 6.6-8.7 | 44.6 | 5.5-5.7 13. - - 0.45 0.9 0.3 - 0.5 3.9 12? - - PLECTROPTERNA. x“ ; Hind foot, . ri 4 75° 88° 87° 80° - - 3. 4.8 3.4 - - - - = = - 14 - 9.1 16. 4.3 - 4. 2.7 8.5 6. - - - - - - 0.5 - 9. - - . Ininitans : Fore foot, . i - - = - - F - - - - - - - - Fe = = i2 ca cs i (7 = = - - - - - - - - - - - - - : ii vt foot, . 4 94° 57° 87° 105° - - 1 1.8 1.5 - - - - - - - 0.6 - 3.8 ae 2. - 2. 1.5 iN 2.2 3. - - - - - 0.2 - 5. - - . gracilis . 4 | ’ Fore foot, . 5 = = - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.8 - - - - - - - - - - - < = - = - - - ; Cs foot, . i 4 47° 22° 25° 95° - - 2. 2.8 18 - - - - - S = 0.7 - 4.2 12. 14 1.25 1.6 1.3 a7) 3.5 - - - - oe AS ee 0.2 - 2.7 - 12 . angusta, . ; : : Fore foot, . - - cs - - - = - - - - - - - - = = = rs > = - - = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - oa a foot, . 3 4 67° 25° 42° 63° - - 1.2 1.9 11 - - - - - = = 0.5 -— 2.6 10. 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.8 12 1.9 0.5 - - - - - 0.12 - 14 - 4°-6° . iineans, . . ; Fore foot, . le es e st 2 ae fie a - = e 2 2 a “ re a PAV = 2 be 2 = * ® g Z Os1b spo Ovib) ha 2 07 = 2 2 . TRLENOPUS. | Hind foot, . 4 | 85°0-40° | 15°-20° | 15°-20° | 80°-40° - - - 2.5-3.6 2-25 - - - - - - - 0.8 - 4-4.9 7? | 142 1.5 ca - - - - - = % = ey = 0.2 Ss i 1. leptodactylus, . 4 | ! Fore foot, . 4 50° 25° 25° 115° - - | 15-2 | 23-8.2 | 1.5-2.2 - - - - - - - 0.9 - | | 2.8-8.9 - 3-7 - 1.5-2 | 1.1-1.8 | 1.8-2 | 2.9-4.1 - - 0.15 1.15 | 0.05 - = 0.2 2.5 - - ''LITHICHNOZOA OF THE CONNECTICUT RIVER SANDSTONE. A TABULAR VIEW—OContTINvUED. 203 DIVAREGATEON. LENGTH. DISTANCE. VERSED SINE. WIDTH. a | 3 So | gs : S 3 3 q 4 Lect Lot Hrd ch is : 5 g 2 ea \ 28 -e 3 $s asa et ma Sines a? 2 +2 = = ke) | oa St ae 3 ge-12 33 Goud | 2nd J 2 wi a| g Beil ce iioe | Be ead 22 wee Pee ce a ae k S a os qa + 3 S 7 gs > wd ee we om ws oe 9 2 ke 3 AD OH 2a 3 ee os 2 . 3 B ~ a¢s 6 & a 3 3 ae aed ara & a eS He ad £8 = 2 S $ $ 3 8 S Die hued se 3 goa? ce ios jae ioe || Bead p ede eyed mores | .% Bey eet eee ieee See ge mee ee ant hy ae |e F138 | gs | de s 1% s 3 gg Ba |ES|s2| & § 5 Baud Eau Bee g P| 3 z 3 iu 2 ea | 83 | 38s Soeh si aS lees 8 3 8 2 EY e 5 ES | es 3 3 rs as 88 A ano G'S q 3 A ae e 8 Ae eB aa es 3 s A ae 3 8 e ca, oO) ea q 8 iS as q = Pa 5 g g § 33 3 8 B 6 Ness aes a es ye & z S eS once on # & a s oe & = a a Bn ain g&§ gs Bg ae A 8 5 & £ a a 25 2§ ge gig) 28 | SEI Shh ME ase tee | ia |e ie | Beeste Aiea S228 hice | Be | s>| 21°28 | 2s.| bs} e828 | BB Es | bg Se 2 | a) eS 3 Ss (1a eee fas | eg Eieiee | ees Be as el ee eee oe et eee se Se ela ie a aR | a es beh ef se) Ss: ae: fee er aes HaRPEDACTYLUS. a ou foot, . i 4 100° 50° 50° 60° - - 0.9 1.3 2.1 G = ts es oo - - 1.6 - 3.5 3. 2.2 09 1.2 1.5 1.3 = - 0.9 - 0.1 0.15 0.15 | 0.15-0.25 0.2 5 - 2° - . gracilis, . Fore foot, . - - - i - - - - - = - - - - - - - - nie ee 0.25 eS pe os = rs es x = sy rs iit a pS A a “ at XIPHOPEZA. ey eo foot, . A 4 | 80°-90° 40° 50° 130° - - 0.8 1.5 Lt - - - - = - - 0.5 - 2.6 %. 12 - 1.5 1 ue 2.8 0.6 ae - - - - 0.16 0.45-0.2 4.5 = 2° - . triplex, . : Fore foot, . - - - - = = - - - - - - = - - - - = ae 0.9 a ps ne a a = & a L ak ze » ee a a as eS uf fat ORTHODACTYLUS. ats / »4.Hind foot, . \ 5? 170° 45° 45° - 45° - 0.6 0.8 0.85 - - = > G2 0.7 - - - 1.2 | 2.9-8.2 - - 0.5 - - - - 8.9 - - - - - - 8.25 - | 85°-40° - . Tloriierus. } Fore foot, . 4 180° - - = - - - - - = - - - - - - - ee 0.5 as a a ey s a ee a & a ee es es a & a ra A Hy Hind foot, . 5 20° - - = - - We - 1.25 a - = - = - - - = 1.5 oe a a 2 iS = es 3 = a pe Fu ss a = 8.5 ie 09-6° uy 2. intro-vergens, . 4 Fore foot, . 4? - - - = - - 0.5 - 0.62 - - - - - - = = = 0.8 i a es ne 2 be ss a Es Ss eS es us en Bf a Bis aa a Hind foot, . 5? 20° - - = = os - - 0.5 cS a a e = r - - - 1.2-1.8 - - - - - - - 0.2-0.5 - = - - - - 1.5 - 20° - 8. linearis, . 4 Fore foot, . 4 - - - = = = - - - = = = - = - - - = - = us = 4 as 4 is = a a 2 i a - ch ~ fa i e ANTIPUS. Hind foot, . - 65° - - = = = 0.8 ne 11 = = ; = = 1.1 - - - 11 | 1.5-8.3 - - - t - - - - - - - - - - 5. - 20° - 1. flexiloquus, 4 Fore foot, . 4 180° - - fe 7 = 0.6 0.8 0.65 - a = cs = 0.6 0.4 - - 0.9 - cs - i = = ee ee nD} es - . = - Ss - - |50°-70° 2 2. difidus sa a ae ok i i eet i H i ee Tae x iy 5 = 1.2 Fi - - - - - - 8, e = = a a 1.25 3 eT sf : & : ; Fore foot, . 2 iy a e NE ss Bs 12. if a 2 = - = 2 a 2 v z ‘ he z ik t in _ e a e is e 1.25 i a at 4 STENODAOCTYLUS. Hind foot, . 2 70° - - - = = 0.7 0.8 a - = - co 0.85 0.25 - - qi 8.8 - - - - - - - 0.6 0.1 0.15 0.18 0.1 - - 25 - 20° - 1 curvatus, 4 : Fore foot, . fe = of a i i 0.25 0.8 0.5 = = = a 0.55 0.1 - - - = es = = = = iz = 0.6-1.1 he 2 2 Ee - i = os 85° . ARACHNICHNUS. na ; a ‘ Wh Hind foot, = = = - - - 0.5 ! 65 - - - - - ’ 0.85 - - - | 845 Es = = es 3 = ; x a _ S 2 - ie 3. 2 0-80 & 1. dehiscens, 4 2.3 : Fore foot, . 5 - - - - i - - - = - = - - - = = o a ee Be i a a = al ib us ~ 3 fet & ee: fy 3 4 a 2 CHIMERA. Hind foot, 4 180° - - > = qj Lg 7 1.8 - - = - * 15 18 - = 1.65 i ‘ - 0.7 0.7 t 14 fe es i. - = a - 2 cS Es ~~ & 1. Barratti, 4 Fore foot, . 5 75° 87° 4° Goes 0 males 1.2 2.5 38.8 = - = - a 2.7 - - - 6.9 | 18-20 8. 1.75 3.8 2.8 2.8 4. - - - - - - - - 9. 1. | 15°-25° - ISOcAMPE. Hind foot, . 4 - = i a on fe 1.65 2. 2.3 fe a bie = - 2.15 zs = - oa 3.4 - = - - - - - 2.2-3.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.15 = - 7.0 | 0.25-0.6 - - 1. strata, | . 4 Fore foot, . 4 35° 5° 50° c 25° = ate! aii 1.2 = - = - - ad = 3 io pS st by = s ue ifs a et 2 ie, = ss is = ek 3 al 2 a “OrozouM. it Bina ae foot, . r 5? 37° 25° 40° MO 8.5 8.5 ies 2.7-2. 2.5-2.-2.2 - - 7.5 - - ize 1.9 | 30-51} 48 - - - - - - 2.5 - - - - 2.2-8 4, - - 10° | 8-8-8-4 : ; Fore foot, . 4 - - - = - er 3. 3.6 8.5 = - - - - 4. cid 25 ae a is a er < ss i: i i : Bs aw & ~ ‘e 26.5 Ss ¥ as PALAMEPUS. iuitles ee foot, . ‘ 5 67° 25° 80° es 15° 5.4 6.5 8.6 a = = - - 6. - - es 8.6 21. eg “3 = 2.5 3.3 8. 2 pe = = = so - 1.8-2.1 5. ee 20-40 S , ‘ Fore foot, . 4 - - - = - es = - - = - - - - - = = 2 3.5 e ey ae me = - as e = a s & “ = x = ss a - MACROPTERNA. Hind foot, = 80° 80° 20° = 80° = 0.2 0.85 0.5 cs - - - - 0.5 - 0.15 - ea 4. 0.6 - - - - - = 0.4 - - - & - ps 2. - | 10°-20° e 1. vulgaris, . 4 Fore foot, . 4 - - - = = 5 0.85 0.85 0.80 ie - a - - 0.25 - = = = a 0.15 a is = os a 2 0.12 ed = s ie = e x a & = el (see foot, . > 5 90° 20° 380° = 40° ~ 0.5 0.6 al - - - - 0.6 - - - 2.8 3.3-7 18 “3 0.4 0.65 0 65 0.5 - 0.1 - a - - = 0.45 8 - - - . divyaricans. ; Fore foot, . i 4 es re Es - - - os Ss es - = = a = c oS Ee ji a ay wy ae a pi Be Gs 3 fs ee i gs ub aM ee if ey ie a Hind foot, 5 90° 40° 25° - 250 | - 0.15 |- 0.25 | 0.8 - = > - - 0.25 S e a 0.5 15-19] 0.25 = = = = = = 0.8 sy - = es - = 12 a wy = 8. gracilipes, 4 Fore foot, . 4 90° 40° 25° - 25° ce = = S - - - 5 - - af pa ee 0.85 es ak a a fy bi 0.5 at bs ba a ia - 2) % ts Bs pi x CHEIROTHEROIDES. a nae ae foot, } ‘ 4 40° 10° oe es BDO ele rele 0.46 1 O55 0.8 - 0 Be 0.7 i a et Gol weeel cos : i u iS ‘ * 4 a rt : i : gan ee . pilulatus : Fore foot, . 5 180° - - r = a 0.15 0.8 0.85 = - = - - 0.25 0.15 - - 0.45 - - - = - - - 1.8 - = = - - = = - a 85° tS SHEPARDIA. 4 3 Hind foot, 5? 387° 10° 18° Fi AOR x 0.6 as 1.2 - - - - - 0.9 = eS zs 1.2 = a me 2 es is = ey ue is = ig 2 a 0.15 By be - = 1. palmipes, 4 j Fore foot, . 5 105° 80° 25° - 20° | 30° 0.4 0.7 0.9 - - - - - al, 0.4 es os vs es Ra ei 0.7 ie si B ie EE = 2 us x me & a a ae '' 2 4 = “spreAgno 3! mR ae ate ened oa seni Tee ie ie eel et iy ot (al ot Is ate temet \ fp Arlee A Al \ 1 cei e4 \ 2] % oS 2 Or 50 ° O29, 2 2 eee Il ee ie: ee tel eet oa ee ies fence ol 11 & a ' feet eet et 1 ' ao ] Tq} JO sixe 04} useajoq o[Suy Onacc a Oo °. 2. = 6 BS a5 : _ enedde Tepneo ane at a zB DS Stee tect et 1 eee) Petes eer ee deeb 1 ester kang! eet \ ae [eesteos 1 a eo ao 3 2 1) 19 bt 69 oD 19 19 oO 12 bt by © 2 : Aemyoery, 049 JO 3! 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(Seat el eect 1 1 i Meee) 1 3 t Do a 1D 10 < ae eo aso ES Bs he at ele seat Taek ieeat Pet fel coat he ed 1 fee ot Set I ' ieee eel 1 . a t nm H A 58209: eS \ 4woay puooes pur rout ore tA The ie Se ae Veal et ea NEF Ae aL 1 ees cheat a 1 1 Cacia veil 1 oy} Jo sdy 04} UsoAjog al 19 19 7%, i ee ee Sis [sel Wecost gas Vig l Veeco ber al el Eegeetriael Neier | Jeaeclr satel (ew 1 ! ioerepead | 5 O t Et Ss on ee tres pee Ree Poel Tee Teac tea test We eel ' let to 1 1 ! Seg 1 _ = “Jo0q 04 JO Wesel Tea eh Eacievaeapel (eet Creat 1 a (eee 2 ale 1 [ese eae eee eoeet 1 1 ie it 1 = | a 2 1 ao fa ° vA ed o 4 es me i o 12 12 oO © oR: 22 oy = ica] a -daqs ou} JO a ! 3 at Sic lee! a a ah 1 eg 1 I Se ae a et < 1 ! 1 1 ' 1 mt iS gS > oy So ss ; a 4 So ; 2 > a asbeeis op ae Go o is i s So i SS. So 2 H P = & « B 5 19 a © 10 2 fam} a @ CG). Gl 6) Re) El GS) Pees oe a 19 a a SA ° ‘ = “4003 049 JO reat An AOH A Sree a a ao Oe met fe eet eae Log q Ss LS : = si 3 es a | 2 23 - = 009 9Tp & ~ = - < ' 1 ! 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WL pH: | { | | | | | “ABMAOVIT, 043 JO | | "8003 8t]3 JO ra +00} YJANO O43 JO i +90} 1040 04} JO Cea 0.1-0.35 00} OTPPTa ey JO oo VERSED SINE. +90} IouUl oy} JO fete | “WOTZ00IIp JO eaIyT I ! ! 1 OU} WorZ joy eG; FH | “Joos OLOZ PUB pury ong 1 I ! | JO syovdy oy} udssajog +009 pury pue yuoIy sie oTPPHA YN} UoeMog *00} Jojno puv yuoIy (eee appa ety Waaaqog DISTANCE. | +3009 qUoary puooes puv reuut es | | ey} Jo sdy oy} usomzog “qUOJJ UI $00} 1oyn0 (ee et 94} JO sd ey useajog “4801 oy} puofaq 1 1 1 *| 80} JUOIF O[PproL oy} JO ‘1994 04} JO 0.25 0.2 “days 049 JO 0.5 0.8 0.3-0.4 0.25 0.4. 0.44 0.52 0.4 0.15 0.05 0.1 0.45-0.25 “Z00F 00} JO 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 00} 9Ip eos I “pur oy} JO MBO OY} JO 20} pury oy} JO pee 90} qUOA TAY eu} JO be eae EE. 20} FUOAy TY.ANOF OT) JO Meee *xuvpeyd peurrxord oy WIM Suraurseq ‘a0 parqy ey} Jo suorsserd -W [eosuereyd 943 JO | 1 I A TABULAR VIEW—OContinuep. LENGTH. *xuepeyd pemrxord 09 UVM Suaruurseq ‘a9 puodas oy Jo suotssaad “WI [wosurpeyd eyy JO Weete ar *xuvpeqd peurxoid ony Wy Suruurseq ‘907 1 ager IOUT oY} Jo suosserd “UW [vesaereyd ey} JO LITHICHNOZOA OF THE CONNECTICUT RIVER SANDSTONE. 00} PITT} OT} JO ae oes +20} puodes ou} JO foe} 0.07 * +90} IOUUT 949 JO 0.1 | *s00} 9UOIy 1! 1 1 UT pue qpANof oy} JO “$903 quody te ee eee oe PLATE XXIII. Fore foot of Otozoum Moodii, natural size. Hind foot of Palamepus Clarki, 4 Feet of Cheirotheroides pilulatus, natural size. “ “ “ “ “ of Macropterna vulgaris, . “ of Macropterna gracilipes fs “ of Macropterna divaricans, “of Selenichnus faleatus, with trace of the tail, natural size. “ of Selenichnus breviusculus, with trace of the tail, natural size. PLATE XXIV. Foot of Lagunculapes latus, natural size. Feet of Shepardia palmipes, . Fore foot of Hoplichnus equus, “ Hind foot of Hoplichnus equus, “ Outline sketch of Tracks of Hoplichnus equus, reduced. Fore foot of Hoplichnus poledrus, natural size. Hind foot of Hoplichnus poledrus, 2 PLATES. Fig. 8. a: 10, Fig. 1. 10. let Fig. I. ee oe Fig. 1. Tracks of Saltator” bipedatus, natural size. “of Saltator caudatus, “ of Saltator caudatus, ae PLATE XXvV. Tracks of Ptilichnus anomalus, natural size. - Tracks of Ptilichnus anomalus, natural size, with a row of indentations. Hind foot of Ancyropus heteroclitus, natural size. Fore foot of Ancyropus heteroclitus, natural size. Hind foot of Exocampe (by mistake spelt Hectocampe) arcta, natural size. Fore foot (?) of Exocampe (by mistake spelt Hectocampe) arcta, natural size. Hind foot (7) of Amblypus dextratus, natural size. Foot of Hamipes didactylus, natural size. Impressions of Ptilichnus pectinatus, natural size. Foot of Exocampe arcta, natural size. Feet of Exocampe (by mistake spelt Hecto- campe) ornata, natural size. PLATE XXVI. Trackway of Unisuleus Marshi, natural size. Trackway of Unisulcus intermedius, natural size. Trackway of Unisulcus minutus, natural size. Cunicularius retrahens, natural size. Trails of Ptilichnus hydrodomus, natural size. Trackway of Cochlichnus anguineus, natural size. Trackway of Halysichnus laqueatus, natural size. Trackway of Halysichnus tardigradus, natural size. Trackway of Cochlea Archimedea, natural size. PLATE XXVIT- Tracks of Bifurculapes scolopendroideus, nat- ural size. Tracks of Lithographus hieroglyphicus, nat- ural size. Be PARE a ORE eee '' Figs. 4 and 5. Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Fig. 1. PLATES. PLATE. XX VILL. Tracks of Acanthichnus tardigradus and cur- sorius, Bifurculapes tuberculatus, and Coch- lichnus anguineus, natural size. Tracks of Spherapus larvalis, natural size. Tracks of Spherapus magnus, natural size. Tracks of Acanthichnus saltatorius, natural size. PLATE XXIX. Tracks of Grammepus erismatus, natural size. Tracks of Grammepus unordinatus, natural size. | : Tracks of Lithographus hieroglyphicus, nat- ural size. Tracks of Lithographus cruscularis, Bifurcu- lapes elachistotatus, and a Coniferous Plant, natural size. Ambrotype sketch of small fossil Plants. Tracks of Conopsoides larvalis, natural size. Tracks of Hexapodichnus magnus, natural size. PLATE XXX. Tracks of Hexapodichnus horrens and Bifur- culapes laqueatus, natural size. Tracks of Bifurculapes laqueatus and Conop- soides larvalis, natural size. Tracks of Lithographicus cruscularis and Bi- furculapes laqueatus and_ elachistotatus, natural size. Tracks of Bifurculapes tuberculatus and Co- nopsoides larvalis, natural size. PLATE XXXI. Tracks of Acanthichnus cursorius, with a coniferous plant and seeds, natural size. Tracks of a snipe on clay with rain drops, natural size. Tracks of Chelonoides incedens, natural size. Tracks of Copeza triremis, natural size. PLATE XXXII. Tracks of a Boy and a Bird with rain drops on clay, natural size. Fig. 2. Fig, 1, Fig. 1. Figs. 1 and 2. Fig. 3. 10. Ih 211 Tracks of a Bird and a Frog on clay, natural size. PLATE XXXII. Reduced outline of seven tracks of Brontozoum giganteum. Reduced outline of three tracks of the same. Reduced outline of three tracks with several smaller tracks of other species of Bron- tozoum. Reduced outline of eleven tracks of the hind foot of Otozoum Moodii, with many others of Brontozoum. Reduced outline of nine tracks of Otozoum Moodii in relief with many others of Bron- tozoum. PLATE XXXIV. Row of outline tracks of Macropterna graci- lipes, natural size. Outline of numerous tracks of Anomoepus minor, reduced. Outline of a row of the tracks of Stenodactylus curvatus, natural size. PLATE XXXV. Reduced outline rows of the tracks of Plesiornis quadrupes. Reduced outline row of the tracks of Triden- tipes uncus. Reduced outline row of the tracks of Argo- zoum pari-digitatum. Reduced outline row of the tracks of Anisopus Deweyanus. Reduced outline row of the tracks of Apatich- nus circumagens. Reduced outline row of the tracks of Corvipes lacertoideus. Reduced outline row of the tracks of Apatich- nus bellus. Reduced outline row of the tracks of Selenich- nus breviusculus, or Macropterna vulgaris, with a serpentine tail trace. Reduced outline row of the tracks of Plectrop-_ terna lineans. Reduced outline row of Hyphepus Fieldi. '' 212 ie. 1, 10. Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Fig. 1, PLATES. PLATE XXXVI. Reduced outline row of the tracks of Anisopus gracilis. Reduced outline row of the tracks of Tarse- dactylus caudatus. Reduced outline row of the tracks of Plectrop- terna angusta. Reduced outline row of the tracks of Plesiornis pilulatus. Reduced outline row of the tracks of Isocampe strata. Reduced outline row of the tracks of Cheirothe- roides pilulatus. Reduced outline of a slab with tracks of An- tipus bifidus. Reduced outline of another slab of Antipus bifidus. Reduced outline of the tracks Helcura an- guinea. Reduced outline of the tracks of Helcura surgens. PLATE XXXVI. Reduced outline row of the tracks of Chimera Barratti. Reduced outline of a slab of the tracks of Arachnichnus dehiscens. Reduced outline sketch of the trackway of Helcura caudata. Reduced outline sketch of a slab with tracks of Macropterna vulgaris, from the Cabinet of Dr. John C. Warren. Row of the tracks of Amblypus dextratus, reduced. Outline of a slab of Orthodactylus floriferus, reduced. PLATE XXXVI. Ambrotype sketch of a slab (No. 4,2), with tracks of Amblonyx and Brontozoum. Ambrotype sketch of a slab No. }, with Ano- meoepus, Amblonyx, and Brontozoum. PLATE XXXIX. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 2,8, with Gral- lator cuneatus and formosus, Argozoum pari-digitatum and Brontozoum. Fig. 2. Hig: a. Fig. 1. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 42, with Bron- tozoum gracillimum, and rain drops. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 3,2, with Bron- tozoum exsertum, &c. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 8, with Bronto- soum exsertum, &c. PLATE XL. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 28, with rows of Brontozoum isodactylum and _ tortoise trails. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 48, with Bron- tozoum minusculum, &e. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 18, with Bron- tozoum exsertum, &e. PLATE XLL Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 42, with Bron- tozoum giganteum, and minusculum and Grallator cuneatus. . Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 2°, with Bron- tozoum, Grallator, Gigantitherium, Hyphe- * pus and Anisopus. PLATE XLI. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 2,2, with Bron- tozoum, Grallator, Apatichnus and Ani- sopus. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 4, with Gigan- tithertum, Hyphepus, Grallator, Bronto- zoum, Anisopus and Saltator. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 44, with Bron- tozoum minusculum, Grallator cuneatus, and Anisopus gracilis. PLATE XLII. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 24, with Bron- tozoum and Anisopus. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 22, with Cor- vipes, Macropterna, Brontozoum, &e. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 38, with Ani- sopus gracilis. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 28, with Ani- sopus gracilis. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 24, with Ani- sopus gracilis. '' Fig. 6. Fig. 1. Fig. 1. PLATES. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 2§, with Bron- tozoum Sillimanium. PLATE XLIV. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. }%, with Ano- moepus minor. Ambrotype sketch of No. 12, with tracks of Palamepus Clarki, and Brontozoum. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 1,8, with Ano- moepus minor and Brontozoum. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 3%, with Gigan- titherium caudatum, Tridentipes uncus, and Chelonoides incedens. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 22, with two caudal impressions of Anomcepus major, Brontozoum, &e. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 3, with Gigan- titherium caudatum and minus, Grallator cuneatus, Hyphepus Fieldi, &c. PLATE XLV. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 42, with Hel- cura caudata, Tridentipes gracilior, &c. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. §, with Ortho- dactylus floriferus. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 3, with Tri- dentipes insignis. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. $3, with Lagun- culapes latus. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 2°. Tracks of Plesiornis quadrupes, Brontozoum. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 34, with Apa- tichnus bellus and Tridentipes elegans. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 4%, with Ty- popus abnormis. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 34, with Tri- znopus leptodactylus. PLATE XLYt. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. ¢ (lower part), with Tridentipes uncus, Tarsodactylus cau- datus, and Brontozoum minusculum. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 4, showing the web of Otozoum Moodii. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. $, with Bronto- zoum isodactylum and Otozoum. Fig. 4. Figed. Fig. 1. 10. Fig. 1. 213 Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 3, with Apa- tichnus circumagens. Pencil sketch of No. 33;, with the fore feet of Otozoum and tracks of Brontozoum Silli- manium. PLATE XLVIH. Ambrotype sketch of a part of slab No. 9?, with Plectropterna gracilis, Exocampe or- nata, and Brontozoum tuberatum. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 4, with Triden- tipés insignis. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. §, with Platyp- terna recta. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 4}, with Pla- typterna varica. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 2, with Gral- lator cuneatus, and Brontozoum minusculum validum and Sillimanium. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 13, with Argo zoum pari-digitatum. PLATE XLVIII. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 2,6, with Exo- campe ornata. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 34, with Plec- tropterna gracilis. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. $}, with Ma- cropterna divaricans. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. #4, with Ortho- dactylus linearis. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. #4 with Ambly- pus dextratus. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 4}, with Exo- campe ornata. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 3, with Ma- cropterna vulgaris. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 33, with An- tipus flexiloquus. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 3,8, with Hop- lichnus poledrus. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 23, with Anti- pus bifidus. PLATE XLIX. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. }§, with the trackway of Unisulcus Marshi. '' 214 Fig. 2. Fig. Fig. ig PLATES. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. $3, with Uni- sulcus minutus. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 4°, with Ma- cropterna vulgaris. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. tipes latus. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. campe arcta. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. pagopus Hudsonius. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 28, with Cochlea Archimedea. 13, with Stra- 41, with Exo- 1, with Har- PLATE L. Ambrotype sketch of No. 33, with Batrach- oides nidificans. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. ?$, with Ba- trachoides antiquior. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 38, with mud nests of recent Tadpoles. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 38, with mud nests of recent Tadpoles. PLATE LI. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 34, with Ortho- dactylus intro-vergens. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. #8, with Pla- typterna digitigrada. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 38, with Sphe- rapus magnus. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. mipes didactylus. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. pagopus dubius. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 32, with Ma- cropterna gracilipes. Ambrotype sketch of slab No. 3%, with Sal- tator bipedatus. 26, with Ha- 32, with Har- PLATE LII. Ambrotype sketch of the Stony Volume No. 3,1, with Triznopus leptodactylus. Ambrotype sketch of the Stony Volume No. 74, with Xiphopeza triplex. Ambrotype sketch of the Stony Volume No. 27, with Macropterna vulgaris. Fig. 4. 10. Tals oo Ambrotype sketch of the Stony Volume No. 23, with Xiphopeza triplex. Ambrotype sketch of the Stony Volume No. 24, with Harpedactylus gracilis. Ambrotype sketch of the Stony Volume No. 2,4, with Platypterna varica; a book with five leaves. Ambrotype sketch of the Stony Volume No. 24, with Brontozoum tuberatum. Ambrotype sketch of the Stony Volume No. 48 the 18, with Tridentipes elegans ; fourth page of a book with two leaves. Ambrotype sketch of the Stony Volume No. 18, with Tridentipes elegans; second page. Ambrotype sketch of the Stony Volume No. 48, with Tridentipes elegans; third page. Ambrotype sketch of the Stony Volume No. 48, page. with Tridentipes elegans; first PLATE LIU. Ambrotype sketch of the three-leaved Stony Volume No. 373, showing two pages of the hind foot of Ancyropus heteroclitus. Ambrotype sketch of the four-leaved Volume No. 2,7, showing two pages of the fore foot of Ancyropus heteroclitus. Ambrotype sketch of the two-leaved Stony Volume No. ?4, with Xiphopheza triplex. Ambrotype sketch of the two-leaved Stony Volume No. 2,1, with Macropterna divari- cans without the heel. Ambrotype sketch of the two-leaved Stony Volume No. 1.2, with Grallator tenuis and Apatichnus. Ambrotype sketch of the stony two-leaved Volume No. 74, with two pages of Xipho- pheza triplex. Ambrotype sketch of the stony two-leaved Volume No. 28, with two pages of Bron- tozoum giganteum. Ambrotype sketch of the stony two-leaved Volume No. 38, with two pages of Ani- sopus Deweyanus. ''PLATES. PLATE LLY. Fig. 3. Fig. 1. Ambrotype sketch of the tracks of a snipe walking very crookedly on clay, from 4, No. #2. 2. Ambrotype sketch of the tracks of a snipe 5. walking in a line; No. $2, with rain drops. 3. Ambrotype sketch of No. $2, with the tracks 6. of a very small bird, and a frog on clay. 4, Ambrotype sketch of No. $2, with two tracks of a crow, probably, on clay. Fig.1. PLATE LV. Fig. 1. Tracks of a South American Ostrich, natural 2. size, from a plaster mould. 2. Ambrotype sketch of two rows of a small 3. animal on clay, with gas pustules; No. 4°. 3. Ambrotype sketch of the tracks of a living 4, Salamander on mud; No. #2. 4. Ambrotype sketch of the tracks of a frog and 3. the trackway of a small Myriapod or An- nelid on clay; No. #8. 6. PLATE LVI. 7. Figs. 1 and 2.. Ambrotype sketches of Sun Cracks on stone, (“Nature’s Hieroglyphics.” See 8. Plate IV., fig. 1,) afterwards filled by mud; Nos. 28, 2.8. 9. Fig. 8. Ambrotype sketch of the same from Turner’s Falls; No. 28. 10. 4, Ambrotype sketch of Sun Cracks modified by water; No. 22. Th. 5. Ambrotype sketch of the tortuous ridges pro- duced by a hard rain on stone; No. 34. 12. 6. Ambrotype sketch of rain drops on stone No. 3%. 13. 7. Ambrotype. sketch of rain drops between the ridges of ripple marks; No. 39. 14. 8. Ambrotype sketch of rain drops on stone; No. 32. PLATE LVI. Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Ambrotype sketch of a single track of Bron- tozoum giganteum, reduced. 2. 2. Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Bron- tozoum minusculum. 215 Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Bron- tozoum validum. Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Bron- tozoum isodactylum. Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Am- blonyx giganteus. Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Am- blonyx Lyellianus. PLATE LVI. Ambrotype sketch of a single reduced track of Ornithopus gallinaceus. Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Tri- eenopus leptodactylus. Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Typo- pus abnormis. Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Gral- lator cursorius. Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Chim- sera Barratti, below where the animal trod. Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Tri- dentipes elegantior. Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Or- nithopus gracilior. Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Pla- typterna delicatula. Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Ani- sopus gracilis. Ambrotype sketch of a single reduced track of Platypterna tenuis. Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Ani- sopus Deweyanus. Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Cor- vipes lacertoideus, (the hind foot.) Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Chei- rotheroides pilulatus. Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Ma- cropterna vulgaris. PLATE LIX. Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Oto- zoum Moodii, (hind foot.) Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Plec- troperna minitans. ''PLATES, Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Pole- marchus gigas. Ambrotype sketch of a reduced siti of ee era Barratti, (hind foot.) Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Chi zera. (?) \ Ambrotype sketch of a reduced track of Ar- gozoum Redfieldianum. PLATE LX. Fig. 1. Ambrotype sketch of a slab of Brontozoum Sillimanium and exsertum, with Cunicu- larius and mud veins, from Middletown. Fig. 2. 3. Outline reduced sketch of a ap of Cunict . noides marsupialoideus, from Portland. Reduced outline of an impression from FE land, resembling the human foot. Reduced outline of an impression from Po land, resembling the human foot, No. *e of es the Cabinet. Outline of an imprint of Harpagopus dutitane Outline of an imprint of Harpagopus dubius, with two impressions. Outline rows of tracks of Selenichnus bre- viusculus. Outline rows of tracks of Selenichnus falcatus. — '' cor PAGE. A. ¢ Acanthichnus saltatorius, 151 tardigradus, 151 cursorius . 150 Adams, Professor C. B. on (Goto vii Agassiz, Professor, on fishes, . 5 his opinion upon the invertebr nie ne, : 166 Amblonyx giganteus, ql Lyellianus, Gl Amblypus dextratus, 143 Ambrotypes of footmarks, ; 52 Anatomy, comparative, applied to motes, : 23 Ancyropus heteroclitus, . 139 Animals, characters of their feet, 23 that made the footmarks, how aan and described, . 45, 23 Annelids, trackways of, . 160 trackways of, popular account 189 Anisopus Deweyanus, 60 gracilis, 61 popular description of, 177 Antipus flexiloquus, 115 bifidus, : 116 popular account of, . 182 Anomepus major, . 56 minor, ; : 57 Apatichnus circumagens, 100, 181 bellus, 101 Appleton Samuel, builds a er a Aesiiost, 1 Appleton Ichnological Cabinet, 2 Arachnichnus dehiscens, 7 Argozoum Redfieldianum, 81 dispari-digitatum, 82 pari-digitatum, . 82 popular account of, . 179 B. Barratt, Dr. Joseph, on footmarks, x on frost marks, 173 on fossil bones, 187 Basin, the footmark of Conuschons Bia 50 Batrachians, Ornithoid, 93 tracks of, . 121 Batrachoides, . 122 nidificans, 122 antiquior, . 128 popular account of, 184 Bibliography of North aoe icine : v 27 Bifurculapes laqueatus, . tuberculatus, scolopendroideus, elachistotatus, . Birds, thick-toed, narrow-toed, the two compared, large fossil, Prof. Owens nce of, Bones of reptiles fossil at East Windsor, Ct., of reptiles fossil at Springfield, suggested mode of fossilization, Boston Society of Natural History, its cabinet, Brontozoum giganteum, . : minusculum, tuberatum, exsertum, validum, . Sillimanium, isodactylum, popular account of, . : Buckland, Prof., his early belief in feat feta Cc. Cabinet of Footmarks described, Casts of Rain Drops, Characters, constant in ndae feet, Cheirotherium, its nature, Cheirotheroides pilulatus, Chelonians, tracks of, popular account of, . Chelonoides incedens, Chimera Barratti, . Climate of Connecticut ve, oe, Coal, whether it may be found in Connecticut Valley, Cochlea Archimedea, Cochlichnus anguineus, . Conclusion of the Report, Cone fossil at Gill, . Connecticut Valley, its rocks, early views of its geology, supposed to be Triassic, now thought to be Oolitic, Conopsoides larvalis, Copeza triremis, Coprolites of birds, analysis of Corvipes lacertoideus, Crustaceans, tracks of, Crustaceans, popular account of, PAGE. 153 153 153 154 80 81 80 186 186 187 2 64 65 66 67 67 68 69 178 4 166 . 98, 181 188 '' 218 INDEX. PAGE. Cunicularius retrahens, . 163 Cunichnoides marsupialoideus, 55 Cunoid Marsupialoids, 176 Cuvier on Footmarks, : : A ‘ : : 24 D. Dana, Professor J. D., his opinion of the invertebrate tracks, 165 Dana, Professor J. D., his bese vod ofa fosail ee i Dana, Dr. S. L., his uae of coprolites, 92 Deane, Dr. James, his papers on fossil footmarks, ii-viil observes and secures specimens of foot- marks early, . 4, 192 describes and figures insect tracks, . 150, 151 Description detailed of the footmarks, 48 popular of footmarks, 175 of the Plates, 208 Dip and strike of the sandstone, 2105 11: Donors to Ichnological Cabinet, 2 Duncan, Rev. Dr., discovers footmarks, . 3 E. Economical bearings of geological researches, 3 Egerton, Sir Phillip on heterocercal fishes, 5 Emmons, Professor E. on the sandstone of Con- necticut Valley and North Carolina, . 22 Exocampe arcta, 142 ornata, 143 F. Fauna ancient of the Connecticut Valley, 190 Feet of animals as related to other parts of the sis 23 constant characters in, : : 24 number of, 24 relative size of, 25 mode of progression, 25 tracks of as related to the form of the holy, 29 length of the legs, : : ; 29 with a web, : . 29 pachydactylous and leptons, : 30 number of toes in, 30 absolute and relative Aug of ‘es : 33 divarication of toes in, 84 relative length of the middle 108; 35 distance between the tips of the toes in, . 35 position of the hind toe, . 35 claws and pellets of, 36 width of toes of, : 36 number and length of pltaages Gf... 387 character of the heel, 38 character of the under side of the foot, 39 versed sine of curvature in, 40 angle between the axis of and the itite of direction, . ; 40 distance of the heel from that fae, 5 41 length of the step, 41 relative size of, 41 caudal appendages with, 42 trails of, and of carapace, 42 n Feet, integuments of, anomalies of character, coprolites found with tracks, : Field, Roswell, his farm and numerous discoveries in ichnology, discovers a fossil worm, secures the tracks of a salamander, . discovers a caudal appendage to Anomepus, Fishes, tracks of, : 5 popular account of, . Flora, ancient of Connecticut Valley, Fossils, other, in the sandstone, Footmarks, bibliography of, not described in the earliest Gapleeal Report on Massachusetts, . 27 species described in Final Report, 52 species described in Transactions of American Acad. of Arts and Science, 119 species in this Report, in the Appleton Cabinet, . early scepticism concerning, animals that made them, . on high slopes, . situation of, named and classified, detailed description of, localities of, thickness of strata es : width of pathway containing, . sketches of, how obtained, cabinet of described, ; made while the rock was in a plastic “ek, on the shores of an estuary, in a tropical climate, consolidation of hastened by ee moral conclusions from, who first described them scientifically, Frost marks supposed, in stone, E : Fucoids in sandstone, G. Gas pustules in clay, Gigantitherium caudatum, minus, popular eer of, Glossary of new terms, . Grallator cursorius, tenuis, gracillimus, cuneatus, formosus, Grammepus erismatus, unordinatus, Halysichnus laqueatus, . tardigradus, Hamipes didactylus, Harpagopus Hudsonius, PAGE. 43 43 43 174 23 19 19 46 48 50 51 51 53 172 172 173 173 173 191 173 170 162 163 150 147 '' INDEX. 219 PAGE. PAGE. Harpagopus dubius, Moe 148 M. popular account of, . 189 | Macropterna vulgaris, 128 Harpedactylus gracilis, . 112 divaricans, 129 Helcura caudata, 140 gracilipes, : 129 surgens, 141 | Man, tracks of on clay, . 191 anguineus, 141 | Marsh, Dexter, his first notice of fecunanie, ; 4 Hexapodichnus magnus, 158 testimony to his character, 160 horrens, . 158 | Marsupialoid animals defined, 54 Hieroglyphics Nature’s,. 169 described, 64, 176 Hitchcock, Ed., his papers and come on ie psaele. i-Vviil Massachusetts, liberality of its lhepialatute to science, 3 Hitchcock, Edward, Jr., discovers the clathropteris Moody Pliny, the earliest discoverer of footmarks, . 3 and a shell in sandstone, 3, 6 discovers the Otozoum, 125 Hitchcock, Charles H., discovers and deser ibes Moody, Plinius, discovers the fore fhotstop of Oto- tracks in clay, . 151, 170 zoum, . : 126 Hoplichnus equus, . 134 | Mormolucoides articulatus, 7 poledrus, 136 | Mud Nests of Tadpoles, 121 popular account of, . 185 | Mud Veins, oe 169 Hyphepus Fieldi, : 97 | Myriapods, tracks of, 147 popular account of, . 180 popular account of, . 188 I. O. Ichnology defined, 3 | Omithichnites, 4 history of, . - 3,191 | Qynithoid marsupialoids, . 54, 176 its difficulties and esnaanes 175 Lizards and Batrachians, 93 Ichnolithology, 207 marsupials, popular account of, 176 Ichnological Cabinet, neneeds 2 Ornithopus gallinaceus, . 87 described, 53 gracilior, . 88 Incertee Sedis, defined, 105 | Orthodactylus floriferus, 114 second oe. d 134 intro-vergens, . 114 Index, 217 linearis, 115 Insects, tracks of in stone 147 Otozoum Moodii, i 123 popular account of, . . 188 history of its discovery, 125 Dr. Deane first describes and figures, 150 popular account of, . 183 Invertebrata, tracks of, . 147 | Outlines of all the species, : Isocampe strata, 120 Owen, Professor Richard, on Dinornis, . 80 on footprints in Canada, . bs ms on large fossil birds, : 80 King, Dr. T. A., on footmarks in Pennsylvania, xe . A Pachydactylous or thick-toed Birds, 63 Lagunculapes latus, 1382 | Pachydactylous feet, . 30 Lea, Isaac, on Footmarks, xi, xii | Palamopus Clarki, 127 Leidy, Professor Joseph, his opinion upon nae inver- Percival, Dr., on coal in trap, 24; tebrate tracks, . 165 on tilted sandstone, . 15 Leptodactylous feet, 30 Permian Rocks possibly may exist in the Sancealn Birds, 80 Valley, . 22 Limestone liassic in Sorinedeld; : 8 Phenomena connected with tracks, 166 Lithichnozoa defined and classified, . 45, 54 | Platypterna Deaniana, 83 Lithographus hieroglyphicus, . 156 tenuis, 84 cruscularis, : 157 delicatula, 84 Lizards, characters of, 107 recta, 84 ornithoid, 93 varica, ; 85 tracks of, popular soon of, 181 | Platypterna digitigrada, 86 Localities of Footmarks, 49 gracillima, ; 86 Logan, Sir William, his account of fossil Coane x, xi popular account of, . 179 Loricoid marsupialoids, . .60, 177 | Plectropterna minitans, . 108 Lydston, sketches by, ‘ : 7 gracilis, 109 Lyell, Sir Charles, on Footmarks, . Bip ¢]b-cy3.al angusta, 110 Lyell, Sir Charles, on Footmarks in clay, 170 lineans, 110. '': F ; j : i 220 INDEX. PAGE. Plectropterna, popular account of, . : ; : 182 Plesiornis quadrupes, . : : , 102, 181 pilulatus,. - : : : : : 103 equalipes, os : : : : 104 Polemarchus, . : : : : : : ; 107 gigas, : ; ; 107, 181 Popular description of the foduandeted, : ; ; 175 Ptilichnus anomalus, : : : : : ; 145 typographus, . : : i : : 146 pectinatus, : : ; : ; : 146 hydrodromus, . ; : é ; ; 146 Pustules, gaseous, . : : ‘ : : : 168 R. Rain drops, casts and moulds of on stone, ; ; 166 Recent animals tracks of, ‘: : : : 20, Redfield, William C., on footmarks, 4 : ; 3) 2p Redfield, John, on fossil fishes, Z 3, 5 Redfield, W. and J., on the age of the Soneessiont River Suauans, ' : ; A 5 Results of ichnological researches, . A : : iy) Ripple Marks on stone, . : , Rocks of the Connecticut Valley, ae age, : 5 Rogers, Professor W. B., on the age of the Connec- ticut River and Virginia sandstones, 6 Rudistz, shell belonging to, in the Connecticut River sandstone, : : : : : 6 8. Saltator bipedatus, : : : : : ; 137 caudatus, ; i‘ 138 Sandstone of Connecticut ee oo ‘sae: varie- ties, . : 3 é : : ' 10 its limits, . ; : 9 conclusions as to ne age hd pieylengy, 9, 20 a belt of it Jurassic, : 2 O92) below the trap may be Pease and Per- mian, : 22 its upper conglomerate may be | newer hen the Jurassic belt, . ' : : oD Sections across the Connecticut Valley, . : : 9 inferences from, ; : : : A 18 Selenichnus falcatus, . ; ; ‘ ; : 133 breviusculus, . ; : j j : 134 Septaria, : : ; ; a. 169 Shepardia palmipes, : : : : : : 131 popular view of, . : : z : 181 ’ Silliman, Professor B., on footmarks, . é ; ix his early belief in their true nature, . : 69 species dedicated to him, . : ; : 68 Sketches of footmarks, how obtained, . ; : 51 Species of footmark animals numerous, why, . : 48 Spheerapus larvalis, ; ; : : : : 164 magnus, . . ; ; : : A 164 Stenodactylus curvatus, : ‘ i : 116 Strata of sandstone, dip and strike nt : s - 10, 11 thickness of, . ; ; : ; eS: how raised up, : : : : : 15 Stratipeslatus, . : ; : i : : 149 PAGE. Summary of species, 174 Sun cracks, 169 Ts Tadpoles, mud nests of, . 121 popular account of, . 184 Tarsodactylus caudatus, 99 Thickness of the strata in the eee Valley, 11, 48 Tracks fossil, when first described, 3 oa OL earliest discoverers of in the Connecticut Valley, + 70, A oL of recent animals, 170 Trackway defined, : 48 Trap ranges in the Connecticut Watley: 10 how introduced into the sandstone, . 7 not the cause of the elevation of the strata, 15 two theories of its intrusion, a. not done wholly by protrusion put by flowing over the soft strata, 18 Trees petrified in the sandstone, 8 Trienopus leptodactylus, iach popular account of, 182 Trias supposed to be the rock Y Gannernenl alley. 5 Tridentipes ingens, : : 89 elegans, 90 elegantior, 90 insignis, 91 uncus, 91 popular pcbsan of, 179 Typopus abnormis, 105 gracilis, : 105 popular account of . 181 U. Unisuleus Marshi, . 160 intermedius, 161 minutus, . 161 Vv. Vanuxem, Professor, his Report on footmarks, Varieties of sandstone in Connecticut Valley, Ww. Warren, Dr. John C., his Cabinet, . Web-footed animals, : Wesleyan University, its Cabinet, . Wilson, William, his connection with the Siecoveay of footmarks in Connecticut Valley, Wyman, Professor J. on footprints in Pennsylvania, experiments on ambulatory fishes, on the South American Ostrich, on the fossil bones in East Windsor and Springfield, x Xiphopeza triplex, . Yale College Cabinet, 10 180 185 76 186 118 '' Sandstone Votcanie Grit se Hypozowc Rocks Footmarks ase , Enertnal Limeston v 74 THET S 1857. OF THE ONE ’ Westfield . iy — —— =< ——- y IN eR 77S LES = J SSS VW SE A To _— em SS Plate ll. ose ang Cee | es ee / Pah ara | | / 2 if trap R << us — ~<: are a ~ — See = ~ SEs cue we ae SS ~~ isn eee re < =o < : ~ ~ ~ ~ = ee —~ Bees eh ~ - ate pees i, Fe iB ae a a ee SS ~~ SPRINGFIELD SECTION eee eee ne eae eee Ne eee = ees _—— fi Pea — = ——— Ss rs ee i ‘ Ses Rn ~ —~ ae ee ane Se et ~ Sel es “i = /) Connecticut River . Chi copee Falls . Horizontal Scale 200 rods to the inch Vertical Scale 250 feet to the inch Indian Orchard. Chieopee Falls . Reptile Bones. Wilbraham, \ Rail road Station . '' '' Plate Ih. — a rate 5 | ues FOR ALL THE SECTIONS... | — : Q > v v7 ay q hy y 4 a7 y Ry Nn | ; rURNERS FALLS SECTION 2 | | = D - Sandstone E Z . Z Horizontal Scale 200 rods to the inch = $ e f ee : z : ee hey : F = Le rap © be : oe Vertical Scale 500 Feet to the inch . ao |__| | i ) y Vv ) = : * pike Aue | | - v = - is oe AS Valcantc Grit ae | # 2 6 = Fie o fu o [Sse aoa a Poe ce PS eae ae § os — _ a o aa . o ; a ® ~- i>. a we oa = : Hypozete Rocks | ie BS v XN Ss 2 | re z ec popes} | OC aaa : Ni S oS = ao) | ee > ee ¥ g Brak | ee SS Tranile | ew a me x : me =N ee Ww “ P a ce a ea po a “SN E> z a ae : Sp Ue | ZZ ga %% Crow. A /I oe \ /}//*8 \ \ \ Muskrat. Lacerta lermmuscata. Plover. Goose. Hen. PeaHen. Turkey. Wharf Rab. Ardea pavonina , Perameles obesula. Ardea Herodias. N. Holland Ostrich Characdius Wilsonms. Larva. tracks, L.H Bradford & Ce's Lith. '' '' pac a Ee ee ie pi ee oe ere ( '' '' ewevanus. ‘p Cunichnordes _ marsupialotdeus. — -- '' '' Brontozown ore’arteum. s75 LH Bradford & Co's Lrth. '' rsa '' PLS, Brontozoum minusculum. Brontozoum taberahaum. T..H.Bradford & Co's Lith '' '' Brontozoum exsertum. Brontozoum Silimanium. lozounr isodactylum., '' '' Asoblvonix. Giganteus, Grallato tennis. Grallator Grallator cursorius. cuneatus. Amblyonix Ly elliamus. L.H.Bradford & Co's Lxth. ''SN A chake ecer nee ee ES '' Platypterna recta. Platypterna digittorada. Oo ATOozoum : Ds dispari- digi latum. | TOES) 5 Argozonm Peers pati digitatum Platypterna. Prot o AT gow oum Redfieldianum. varica. Pla typterna Deaniana. ‘RRsat Nam ica eg is ko a NN lias vee RS Platyterna. gra cillima. Platypterna. delicahila. Fig. i) Platypterna. tenuis . Ornithopus gal Imaceus. as x ye oa C— _‘Ornith opus gracilior. LB. Bradford & (Co's Lith. ° © : . . * . '' ''“a aN Platyterna gracilim aL. Figo’. 6. 5 Platypterna delicatula. Platypterna recta. Platypterna. fs a varica. ve pe Platypterna. “uo tenuis. Ar gozoumM ¥ ri-dioitatum. dispari 9 Platypterna Deantiana. Argozoum pari- digita tum ‘ Ornithopus gallmaceus. ATogozoum Redfieldianum. Platypterna. digitiorada. Og: Tse SN C— Ornith opus gracilt or. L.E Bradford & (o's Lith. '' '' eae ae Gigan tethertuwn caudatum. — LH Bradford & Co’s Lith. '' '' Corvrpes Javertordeus. caudatus. SS te -/ Gioantithernim minus. Plestornts pilulats. a aa he Ss eS ee eee ee eT eee Pe en ee ee Tarsedactylus | P}, XVIL ete act tat rn See lect tt OL set to on Se \ Apatichnus circumagens . 5 Apatichnus bellus, Typopus abnorinis. \ Uphepus \ Field. Plestornis quadrnpes. L.H. Bradford & Co’s bith. ''Fee er ac Leeman ''Pl. XVI. \ Plectropterna oraciis. \ § acurs ‘Plectropterna. Polemarchus aN é minitans. oicas. dD xX Plectropterna angustus. ‘Plectropterna. lineans. LH Bradford & Co's Lith. ee east ''ssamibacuipaenie '' Triaenopus leptodactyins. Fig a is ‘ : ve Fore foo ek ee '' '' Isacampe strata. Harpedactylus gracilis. oo % Ortho dactylus Teris. . into - ver gens: é * : : x ; a i oe Orthodactylus linearis. ; Archnichnus dehiscens. Stenodactylus curva bis. : Antipus | i : : : flexiloguus. '' '' Nests Batrachoides midificans. Fore foot. Nests of Batrachoides ee eubienurer '' ''a Ce ae oa. ’ ae ee ow ee, Otozowm Moodii {Hind foot '' '' Macropterna. vul garis. Otozourn. Moodii. (Fore foot.) Selenichnas falcatus. = E, g ®. rm '' '' Lagunculapes latus. Shepardia gj palmipes. aie ese 96 Hind foot. oe Hoplichnus poledrus. Saltator caudatus ZL B.Bradford & Co's Lith '' '' Ely. Ancyropus hetere Hectovwampe arcta oN Hectocampe arcta. ess dextrahuis, Amb lypus Rectocampe ornate, Ptilichnus anomalus. SF SA fp pene te Ptlichnu.s anomahis. Precis Nn BU Sia ere L..H.Bradford & Co’s Lith Hamipes didactylus. '' '' Jnisuleus Marshi . SS y Se # fe ae € 3 Halysichnus ® “= * % a Peas % ~ \ lardipradus. 3 p w @ i ‘Ptittchrmus bydvo dromus. Unisuleus minutus. Cochlea Archrmedea. H alysichnus laqueatus. : is Cuniculerius retrahens. L-H. Bradford & Co:s Lith. ''Spe bape ROE CRT ''Pl. KXVIL. Litho gr aphus hiero glyphicus : I. HBradford & Co's Lith. '' ''XXVILZ. Pi: Bifurculapes tuberculatus. 7, oe a SO De > Mae acl fe O, vA eee aa » oe eee a 2 P88 220000 9290 200 008 28 a é 3 Soha A MPBODSSSODOC LD BIO OIOOD G Whe Sat eee Ne eee een pa 5,8 Sa wa one Bi ‘ snaumpie sTIMITLYI Ag Sphaerapas L.H.Bradford & Co s Lith. maomis. '' '' | \ \ \\ \ a { Sb \ | | f\ eS \ Qo N} \ aN | \ *, | \ 31 -oulan Sees as i | ‘ = culapes elachis tote; ee | e o | Pre. 6. Pucared? \ | Grammepus unordineatus. | \ \ | ON ee Litho gr aphus hiero olyphieus eo 6 \ } Grammepus erismatis. a — ee i \ ar Ae ony: coe ae aes : - ie eee ae ee se A - Re , , : i‘ A ; “ 4 - Bem © ? i So t ¢ ’ ; i : 4 \ ‘ * a oon _ é er ‘ “ Z ''re ee ae < ee oes ee '' I, H. Bradford & Co'S Lith ''Saha one fs '' Th. baa. x 7. 5 om. {faim Xx. 6am A. Bradford & Co's Lith, '' '' LAL inguosgnjoares 6 Gime 5 on L.H. Bradford & Co's Lith. '' '' . eee LS ps ee 2 3m. e 4 = 3 ct Ee} uB 2 ra a H '' '' Sa H0eon 3f im. % 1a in. k [5 in T4 b.5 in. XK {9 m. Xi a yin 9 Li Gols Bradtord & r '' ''SOND egy Ornithopus 4m, Tong. Ornithopus gracilior, 1: < intong is ig sy Sayers Anisopus Deweyanus . ze: f din Vomign 4in.lo tin, long. Q Tridentipes elegant po artic long : Anisopus gracilis zi lin. long. 1 Clurotheroides pilulatus . Ff inlong. Corvipes lacertoideus 92 23 in, long + : S Typopus abn ormi no, 5 tior. Macropterna vuiléarris. 13 in.Jon S er LHL Bradtord & CoS Lith. '' ''» Pinks Polemarchus gigas. Argozoum Redfieldianum. . Plectr opterna mimtaus 9 in. long 5 LH. Bradford & CoS Lith, '' '' Cunichnoides marsupialoideus, 23m.x 24 in. Selenichnus breviusculus. S0 an: \ 9 ol: Selenichnus falcatus. 3 m,.x50im. LH. Bradford. & Co's Jath, '' '' '' '' & '' Eee eitey Yt Pibrs ord a oe ey et Mie oy Posie Siri i eer epee ie e eon fe ''