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SYNOPSIS

OF THE GENERA

OF

VASCULAR PLANTS

IN THE

VICINITY OF SAN FRANCISCO,

WITH AN ATTEMPT TO .ARRANGE THEM ACCORD-

ING TO EVOLUTIONARY PRINCIPLES.

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SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
PAYOT, UPHAM & 00., PUBLISHERS.
1884.

 

PREFACE.

My object in writing this book was two-fold:
Firstly, to enable the student to identify the generic
types of the Flora surrounding our metropolis;
secondly, to develop in his mind the idea of a
classification founded on the phases of vegetable
evolution.

The territory to which this book applies, extends
from Sonoma to Santa Clara, and from Niles to the
Pacific Ocean. v

The great advantage of a local Flora, is that it
permits the author to so simplify and condense the
diagnoses, that even the inexperienced is enabled
to surmount the difficulties and identify with com-
parative ease the accessible plants.

By the exercise of his powers he gains not only
confidence in his own ability, but strength and ex—
perience for the task of identifying the types of a
more extended area.

In preparing the synopsis, I have chiefly consult-
ed Endlicher's Genera Plantaru‘m, and Dr. Asa
Gray’s Flora Californiensis. The botanical treas-
ures of the California Academy of Sciences were
generously placed at my disposal, and active as-
sistance rendered me by our veteran Californian

H7843}

4 PREFACE.

botanist Dr. Kellogg, Rev. E. L. Greene, Mrs.
Curran, and other members of the Academy, to all
of whom I hereby present my best thanks.

A new system of classification appeared desira-
ble for many reasons. In this I do not claim the
merit of originality ; the idea has been developed
to a greater or less extent in the writings of End-
licher, Griésebach, Baron von Mueller, A. Braun,
and Hanstein.

The system of De Candolle, still preferred, has
many serious disadvantages. Its logic is at pres-
ent nearly as much at variance with the leading
idea of modern classification, as that of the Linnean
system. It is true it is less artificial than that, but
it is also more complicated and arbitrary, and less
perspicuous, and lacks the stern, persistent princi-
ple which so well adapts the Linnean system for
use as a key.

There will perhaps be a time when the demon-
stration of evolutionary affinities will form the
grammar of botany ; and 01d Linné will come into
service again, as a lexicon is used in the study of
languages.

INTRODUCTION.

In looking from any stand-point, at the variety of
organic forms, the theory of evolution will be the
most successful in explaining the resemblances and
differences of organized life.

Our theories about the creative power or the first
impulse, may differ in all other points, but in one
all scientists have instinctively agreed, and that is
the method of explaining variations by comparing
one form of organic life with another, and deriving‘.
one from, or out of the other. In the same meas-
ure in which our knowledge of living organisms
increased and the remains of extinct ones were dis-
covered, the idea of evolutionary progress took
more and more hold of the scientific mind and be-
came clearer and better defined.

Evolution from a given point may take place in
different lines, and has done so from the very be-
ginning ; the first divergence being the formation
of the vegetable and animal kingdoms. We can
easily account for this first and fundamental split,
by the fact that the animal absorbs exactly the sub-
stance secreted by living vegetation, and vice versa.
Any aquarium will furnish the proof of this, as the
water must be constantly renewed if either animals
or plants are kept exclusively, but if they are kept

6 INTRODUCTION.

together the water will remain fresh, by each ab-
sorbing the exhalations of the other.

The many divergencies or ramifications which,
after the primary, took place in each of these lines
of development, cannot now, and probably never
will be, accounted for.

These divergencies and their ramifications may
be compared to the branches of a pedigree. They
represent, in fact, ancestral conditions, and are the
true history of nature.

It is evident that divergencies cannot be arrang-
ed in a straight line. Our ancestors have striven
without success to accomplish this feat, and have
given it up in despair.

Modern science is content to investigate the dif-
ferent lines in which organic life exhibits itself,
and to study the characters common to, the mem—
bers of a given line, as well as those by which they
differ, from other lines. This process is called
“ Classification.”

By another process of reasoning, science endeav-
ors to find the point from which several lines di-
verged. This starting pointis called “the connect-
ing link,” and the process of arranging the differ-
ent lines of types around their respective starting
points, is called “ Systematizing.” In some rare
cases the “connecting link,” or better, the starting
point, of two lines of evolution still exists, retaining
enough of its original characteristics to coincide

'with the ideal of the connecting link, if it were
evolved by a process of reasoning.

INTRODUCTION. 7

An instance of this kind in the animal kingdom
is the sea otter, connecting the seal with the weasel
family, and representing by a living animal, the
starting point of these two lines of evolution. In
the vegetable kingdom, one of the most striking
instances of a living link is the Cycas family, the
most ancient type of the Gymnosperms. This cu-
rious type connects the line of Gymnosperms with
that of the vascular Cryptogams, and even partakes
in a certain measure of some of the peculiarities of
the Monocotyledons, in characters which are per-
haps more than mere analogy, so that it really
forms a connection between fern, fir and palm.

In most instances the connecting link is extinct ;
in this case two possibilities present themselves.
First, the type may be preserved in a fossil state,
as the Hippotherium connecting the horse and
camel, and among plants the singular fossil Lepi-
dodendron, a paradoxical type which combines the
characters of Lycopodium with those of the Coni-
fers—classes which to-day are widely separated.

Second, the extinct type may have been entirely
lost, not even existing in a fossil state, so that it
can only be theoretically reconstructed by combin-
ing the characters common to both lines of evolu-
tion, and separating them from those peculiar to
each. Such an instance is the connecting link be-
tween birds and reptiles, types now separated by a
wide interval which is approached but not bridged
over by types found in a fossil state. There still
yawns a chasm between the most reptile-like bird

8 INTRODUCTION.

(Archaeopteryx) and the most bird-like reptile
(Compsognathus).

In the vegetable kingdom, no connecting link
has been found between the two classes of. Vascu-
lar Cryptogams; Equisetaceae and Ferns.

The longer a type is in existence the more it will
deviate from the ancestral form ; variations become
species; species develop generic differences, till
finally the originally homogeneous type splits into
several series of forms, so differentiated by pecu-
liarities developed in the course of ages that they
must be considered families and orders. This pro-
cess takes place by the individuals adapting them-
selves to external conditions, brought on by grad-
ual geological changes, and it is astonishing what
a variety of differences can grow out of the same
old stock. All the immense variety of organic life
must be ascribed to the repetition, or rather the
continuation of this process.

The original type exists after a time, only in
modifications caused by adaptation to new circum-
stances, which modifications from the same cause
will also divide, and so indefinitely, because in this
world changes are constantly going on. There is
neither pause nor return. The Creator never re-
peats himself.

The ancestral types, the skeletons and other
traces of which are known only in the fossil state,
are said to be extinct, and in some cases they really
are so. They succumbed in the battle for exist-
ence, and were destroyed. This has often taken

INTRODUCTION. 9

place in the animal kingdom, but only exception-
ally in the vegetable, where they generally survive
in their modifications, and the flora of our own
age is much more parallel to the fossil flora than
the present is to the fossil fauna. At least the
fossil flora exhibits comparatively few types, which
are without representation to-day, and rarely
startles us with those monstrous forms, which con-
stitute to such a great extent the fauna of bygone
ages.

The gradual disappearance of the connecting
links, explains the reason why fossil types which
have survived to our day, never form continuous
lines of variations, like those found in modern
types, but exhibit a number of well defined forms
isolated by the extinction of the intermediate and
transitional ones. An example of this state of
things is to be found in the class of Vascular Cryp-
togams ; the chief types of which are separated by
wide gaps, only partially filled in by the fossil re- i.
mains of extinct connecting forms.

The whole class has a fragmentary look, and in
fact represents only the fragments of a class, once
dominant, but now decimated, partly by the in-
roads of other lines of evolution, partly by deser-
tion, its own members forming for themselves
new lines of evolution.

Quite the reverse is the case with the types pre-
dominating at present and not represented in '
paleeozoic ages. Such groups abound in forms in
their earliest development ; in types connected

1 A

10 INTRODUCTION._

amongst each other in different directions, like the
meshes of a net work; in species which run into
each other, and in varieties which aspire to the dig-
nity of species. Examples of this kind are the Com-
positze, the Umbelliferae, the Cruciferae, the Leg-
, uminosee, the Grasses, etc., which form the delight

of the monographist, the despair of the universal
botanist. So we find that the fragmentary condi-
tion of a type, that is, the small number of species,
the well defined character of the genera, and the
absence of intermediate forms, is a peculiarity of
ancestral types but little changed from the forms
preserved in a fossil state. Such a type, discon-
nected as it is, will show certain general aflinities
with classes which in their living representatives
differ widely from them in the most essential parts
of their organization. For instance the Cycada-
ceze, easily to be separated from their nearest rela-
tives the Conifers, exhibit analogies with the ferns,
among the Vascular Cryptogams, and the palms
among Monocotyledons ; classes now entirely dif~
ferent but evidently in times of which we possess
no fossil records, more nearly connected, and of
common parentage.

_The peculiarities of the modern types are the
direct opposite, for instance in Compositze, Um-
belliferze, Cruciferao, etc., whose sharply defined
characters distinguish them clearly, leaving no
room for doubt or uncertainty to even the inexpe-
rienced observer. The greatest difficulty is found
in distinguishing the species and genera, which
seem to run into each other in all directions.

INTRODUCTION. 11

Another peculiarity inherent in modern types, is
the fact that they are all surrounded by subordin-
ate types, which partake in different degrees of
the family character, but are anomalous in other
points, and may be likened to islands round a con—
tinent. Such subordinate types are Campanula-
cem, and Lobeliaceee, which must be considered
dependencies of the Compositze; Cornaceae, and
Araliaceae, tributary to Umbelliferae; Papavera-
ceae, Fumariaceae, and Capparidaceae, which group
themselves round Cruciferae.

These groups are fragments of an ancestral con-
dition, through which at some remote period the
respective types have passed, when their characters
were not yet so firmly established, and when their
variability was comprised within wider limits.

They represent forms not entirely ancestral, but
more ancient than the bulk of the type, and as
such partake to a certain extent of the peculiari-
ties of ancestral types; that is, their species are
easily distinguishable, but the types themselves
frequently show a tendency to connect with lines
of evolution. at present distant from their own.
For instance, Cornaceae, and Araliaceae, dependen-
cies of the Umbelliferae, approach in Cornus, Vi-
burnum of the Caprifoliaceae, a dependency of the
Rubiaceae, and by the Araliaceac they connect
with Saxifragaceae. The Papaveraceae, a depen-
dency of Cruciferae, connects especially in some of
our Californian forms with Loasaceac, and Reseda—
ceae, which belong to the Viola-Passiflora series.

12 INTRODUCTION,

In most of the lines of evolutions it is easy to
point out the most developed type of family, for it
exhibits a sum of well defined, constant character-
istics; but it is very different in regard to the low—
est or most ancestral types of a series, for the very
reason that it bears the germ of many variations,
and even partakes of characters which still connect
it with different branches of its own ancestral line,
but which have been obliterated in the more speci-
fied characters of its modern descendants.

As such ancestral lines usually branch repeated-
ly, each branch the prototype of a line of evolu-
tions, the difficulty of finding the ancestral start-
ing point of modern well-defined families, may be
imagined.

Our own Californian Calycanthus may serve as
an example of such an ancestral type or starting
point. It is intermediate between Rosaceae and
Myrtaceae, so that with equal plausibility it may be
considered the first step to each of these evolu-
tions. At the same time it partakes of the charac-
ters of the Monimiaceee, which are themselves an
ancestral type of equal ambiguity, leading on one
side through Myristica to the Lauracem. on the
other through Anona to Dilleniaceac, and to Ra-
nunculaceze, combining by these different relation-
ships the two primary divisions of Dicotyledons;
Calycifloree with the Aphanocyclicm.

Here we have one of the centres from which
modern types have radiated, and there is but little
doubt that several such centres sprang from a prev-

INTRODUCTION. 13

ious common centre; but here even the fossil ma-
terial fails or becomes so scanty, unreliable and
ambiguous, that all systematic theorizing is un-
safe. Nevertheless we have to construct in im-
agination the pedigree of the vegetable families, as
branching off from a common centre ; even where
practically the undefined character of the more an-
cestral types renders it, so to say, very difficult to
trace the root of their pedigree.

At the same time we easily recognize the more
modernized types, or as we may call them, the
higher evolutions, because their characters are
sharply defined and well established.

The philosophical plan of classification would be
to begin with the ancestral types and follow them
through all their ramifications to the most modern.
It is a charming idea if it could only be done, but
it is about as feasible as to unwind a ball of yarn
from the centre.

The following are a few of the rules by which
an evolutionary system of botanical classification
may be constructed.

1. The beginning of all organic life is in the
water.

This axiom holds good equally in the animal
and vegetable kingdoms. he lowest or ancestral
types of nearly all the evolutionary lines of plants
which exist at present, are aquatic. It is, however,
difficult to use them in classification, partly on ac-
count of their present fragmentary condition, many
of the connecting links being extinct; partly by

14 INTRODUCTION.

the great resemblance among them, the natural
afiinity of the ancestral types being augmented by
characters produced by their being subjected to
the same surrounding medium. Even the other—
wise well definedvdivisions of Monocotyledons, and
Dicotyledons, which both still exhibit fragmentary
proofs of their origin in the water, inosculate by
their aquatic members. Of the Gymnosperms, the
most ancient of Phanerogams, no aquatic forms
are known. They probably existed, but so long
ago as to have left no trace.

Among the Monocotyledons, Lemna leads
through Pistia to the Aroideae and the Palms. Its
relative Naias connects through Alisma, with
Commelyna, and the Glumaceze, as well as the Cor-
onari'ae; and by Stratiot-es with the epigynous chain
of Moncctyledons. Besides this the resemblance
of Alisma to the Ranunculaceous chain, with its
many aquatics, is more than a mere analogy, and
furnishes us with a link connecting the aquatic
Monocotyledons, and Dicotyledons.

Podostemoneae, Ceratophylleze, Callitrichaceze
are ancestral forms of Aphanocyclicae, and Tetra-
cyclicae. Hippuridae undeniable Perigynae, lead-
ing through Halorrhagideae to Onagrariw, and
Myrtaceae. So we find that the water has preserv-
ed a circle of ancestral forms from which have ra-
diated each of the great divisions of Angiosperms.

2. An established numeric law indicates a
higher evolution than an indefinite number. For
instance, Pentandria and its multiples among Dic-

INTRODUCTION. 15

otyledons, and Triandria and its multiples among
Monocotyledons, as compared to the indefinite
number of parts occurring in related members of
the same classes.

3. A well established and persistent reduction
of number in parts, indicates a progress as com-
pared to their correspondence ; for the correspon-
dence must have existed before the exception could
establish itself as a rule. For instance Amygdalea}
with one Ovary developed into a drupe, as compar-
ed with the nearly related Spiraeeae, with several,
usually five, ovaries.

4. A well established morphological law is a
progress; 13. e. a well-defined difference of calyx,
corolla, stamens and seed leaves, is a progress as
compared to the spiral development, with its tran-
sitional forms intermediate between sepals and pe-
tals—petals and stamens, as they are found in
Nymphaeaceae, Magnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, etc.
Even where the circles are well defined but similar
in structure, they indicate a lower stage of evolu-
tion than when the structure differs. For instance,
the calyx of the Ranunculaceac, compared to the
well defined calyx of the Caryophyllaceae, or the
entirely difierentiated and transformed one (Pap-
pus) of the Composites.

5. A difference in the proportion of parts, indi-
cates a progress, when the disproportion is well
defined and persistent, as in Didynamia, or Tetra-
dynamia, because an established disproportion can
only be developed out of an established equality.

16 INTRODUCTION.

6. A consolidation of parts among each other
or with another circle, indicates a progress ; be-
cause they are originally separate.

7. The more the structure of parts deviates
from the original, the more advanced it must be
considered. The four circles of the floral parts are
a proof of progress in themselves, as petals are
more distant from the original structure than sep—
als, stamens more than petals, etc.

This law becomes most apparent in the ovary,
where the single seed leaf can be followed through
all its evolutions. The least differentiated, and in
consequence lowest form, is the ovule-bearing bract
of the Cycadaceae. In the Angiosperms a long se-
ries of evolutions may be traced.

First, the simple Follicle, only to be distinguish-
ed from a rolled-in leaf with clasping margins, by
its function ; then the Legume, with a second de-
hiscence splitting the midrib of the seed-leaf ; then
the Drupe, Where the three layers of the leaf be-
come changed in a peculiar manner. It would
occupy too much space to follow the evolutions of
the compound ovary from the distinct seed leaves,
through the septicidal, to the loculicidal, and 59p
tifragal capsule, to berry, pomum, etc.

Besides the line of ovarian evolutions, we have
here to consider another which hides its progress
under an apparent depauperation'or retrogression.
The transformation of the seed-leaf takes the
course of consolidation. The first step is the
Schizocarp, and its varieties Lomentum, and Coc-

INTRODUCTION. 17

cus; the second, Samara and Akene; the third,
where the consolidation of seed and seed-leaf is
the most perfect, Caryopsis ; and even that is sur-
passed, Where bract and stem, or calyx, take part in
the formation, and the Syncarpium, is the consoli—
dation of an entire infloresence. _

8. The distribution of organic functions to dif-
ferent individuals, or difi'erent parts of the same
individual, is often the indication of a degree of
evolution. It is a singular fact that since the time
of Linné, hermaphrodite flowers have been consid-
ered higher in the scale than the diclinic, when in
the animal kingdom we justly take an opposite
view of the case. The highest position in the line
of sexual evolution is found in families like the
Grasses and Compositae, Where the sexes occupy
regularly and constantly, the same position in an
inflorescence, the male, perhaps with the sole excep-
tion of a few grasses, and Euphorbiaceae, showing
a centripetal, the female a centrifugal tendency.

The diclinous habit of the Gymnosperms, in every
respect the lowest of the Phanerogams, cannot
be used as an argument against the high evolution
of diclinous plants in general, as their flowers
are not yet individualized out of the state of an in-
florescence, and partake still in many points of the
peculiarities of the Heterosporous Cryptogams.

9. An established inflorescence, persistent in
form, indicates evolutionary progress, as compar-
ed to variable or ill-defined forms. For instance,
the capitulum of the Compositzc, the umbels of

18 INTRODUCTION.

the Umbelliferae, the corymb elongating into the
raceme of the Cruciferae, the spikelets of the
Grasses are all high developments compared to the
variable inflorescence in Rubiaceae, Saxifragaceee,
Rosaceae, and Liliaceac, where in most instances
can be traced their gradual development out of
solitary axillary flowers whose supporting leaves
represent bracts, frequently still showing the tran-
sitional stages.

I must add here an observation in regard to the
geographical distribution of the higher evolutions.
Their proportion increases in the Northern Hemis-
phere, while the greater number of ancestral types
have been preserved in the Tropics, and in the
Southern Hemisphere, where arborescent ferns,
and conifers of otherwise fossil type, are still found.
The preservation of such forms can easily be ac-
counted for by the equable warmth and moisture
of a tr0pical climate, but it is more difficult to ex-
plain the existence of these types in the Temperate
Zone of the Southern Hemisphere. It may be that
they owe their preservation under less propitious
skies, to the isolation of the continents, and per-
haps also to the circumstance that agriculture and
civilization entered that part of the globe at a com-
paratively late period, so that the decimation of
ancestral forms by the struggle for existence did
not begin so soon as in the Northern Hemisphere
with its many centres of civilization

The arrangement of the genera in this volume is
not, I am aware, in strict accordance with the

INTRODUCTION. 19

rules just given. For instance the Juliflorae near-
ly all belong to the Tetracyclicae, near Malvaceae,
and Anacardiaceze; the Monochlamydeee- to the
Aphanocyclicze ; but I did not wish to make such
sweeping changes in our hereditary botanical

classification.
H. H. BEER.

 

 

_ VASCULAR PLANTS.

CLASS I. PHANEROGAME.
Sub-CLASS I. ANGIOSPERME.
DIVISION I. DICOTYLEDONES.
SERIES I. TETRACYCLICIE (Plants with atendency

to arrangement of the floral parts in four well-defined
circles, and with a well-established numeric (quinary)
law.)

Sub-SERIES I. GAMOPETALE. (Petals consolidated )

SECTION ANISOCARPICE. (Number of carpidin less
than 5.)

Sub-SECTION EPIGYNE. (Ovary inferior.)

ORDER I. SYNANDRE. (Stipules 0-)

FAMILY I. Composites.

Inflorescence capitulate. Calyx changed into
pappus. Anthers syngenetic. Ovary 1-locular.
1-seeded; fruit an akene.

SUB-FAMILY Tubuliflorae.
Flowers, at least of the disk, tubular.

22 VASCULAR PLANTS.

TRIBE I. Asteroideae.

Anthers without tails. Style branches of
disk flowers, flat with an appendage. Leaves
alternate.

a. Parts of the pappus of definite number.

1- Gutierrezia, Lag-

Superflua. Heads few-flowered; ray flowers
about 3, ligulate; disk flowers about 5. Scales
of the involucre coriaceous, imbricate, their
tips green, reflexed. Akenes terete; pappus of
about 9, paleaceous scales.

2;. 72. flowers yellow.

2- Grindelia, Willd-

Superflua. ZEqualis. Head oo~flowered; ray
flowers ligulate, 1—seriate. Scales of the hem-
ispherical involucre imbricate in several series,
their green tips squarrose. Akenes compressed;
pappus aristate.

Resinous herbs; flower buds before open-
ing, bearing a drop of milky—looking resin.

2t. 72 . flowers yellow.

3- Pentachaata, Nutt.

Superflua. Equalis. Ray flowers variable,
or altogether wanting. Scales of the involucre
lanceolate, scarious on the margin and tip,
loosely imbricate in about 2 series. Receptacle
convex. Pappus about 5, scabrous bristles,

VASCULAR PLANTS. 23

shorter than the disk corolla, sometimes depau—
perate.

(9. small vernal herbs; flowers of the ray
yellow, white.

b. Parts of the pappus oo.

4- Lessingia, Cham-

JEqualis. Superflua. Ray flowers with pal-
mate limb. Receptacle flat, naked. Akenes
compressed, silky-villous; pappus 1—seriate;
bristles oo , scabrous, rigid.

6). flowers purple, yellow.

5. Chrysopsis, Nutt-

Superflua. ZEqualis. Head oo-flowered;
ray flowers ligulate. Akenes compressed;
pappus 2—seriate, outer row short, paleaceous
scales; inner row, long, scabrous bristles.

1;. flowers yellow.

6. Aplopappus, Cass.
Superflua. ZEqualis. Head oo—flowered.
Ray flowers ligulate. Bristles of the pappus oo.
21:. b. rigid autumnal plants; flowers
yellow.

7. Bigelovia, D. 0.

ZEqualis. Superflua, by 1 my flower.
Head few—flowered. Receptacle narrow. Pap-
pus l-seriate; bristles oo.

21. b. autumnal plants; flowers yellow.

24 VASCULAR PLANTS.

8. Solidago,L-

Superflua. Head oo-flowered; ray flowers
ligulate, few, distant from each other. Akenes
terete, oo-costate; pappus of co, capillary
bristles.

2(- autumnal, suffrutescent plants, with long
rod-like branches; flowers yellow.

0. Ray flowers never yellow.

9. Aster, L. (Nees).

Superflua. Head oo—flowered; ray flowers
1-seriate, ligulate. Scales of the , involucre
imbricate. Style appendages triangular-lanceo-
late to subulate. Pappus of copious, capillary,
scabrous bristles.

2;. flowers rose color, White, blue.

10. Corethrog'yne, D- 0-

Frustranea. Head 00 flowered; ray flowers
oo , 1-seriate. Scales of the involucre imbricate
Style appendages of disk flowers with tuft-like
bristles. Pappus of simple, unequal, rigid blis-
tles.

1:. flowers blue, purple ; habit of Aster.

11. Erigeron, L-

Superflua. Necessaria. Head oo-flowered ;
ray flowers oo-seriate,‘ligulate. Scales of the
involucre imbricate, linear. Pappus scanty, of
scabrous, capillary bristles.

2L . flowers blue, White ; habit of Aster.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 25

12. Baccharis, L.

Dioecious. Head’without ray flowers. Scales
of the involucre oo—seriate, imbricate. 6 cor-V
011a tubular, with 5—cleft limb. Pappus capil— ,
lary, l-seriate. 9? corolla filiform, truncate;
pappus copious, capillary.

2i. b.

TRIBE II.' Inulem_
Anthers with tails (sagittate). Style branch-
es Without appendages.

13. Pluchea,’ Cass. .

Superflua. N ecessaria. Head oo-flowered.
5? flowers oo-seriate, tubular. Scales of the in-
volucre oo-striate, ovate, imbricate. Receptacle
flat, naked. Pappus l-seriate, capillary.

2:. flowers rosy. Salt marshes.

14- Adenocaulon, Hook-

Necessaria. Head few-flowered, all the flow-
ers tubular. Anthers sagittate, not tailed.
Scales of the involucre 5, l-seriate, herbaceous,
at length reflexed. Receptacle flat, naked.
Akenes exserted, obovate, glandular near the
summit ; pappus O.

Q. flowers pale.

l5. Micropus, L-
Necessaria. Superflua. Head few-flowered,
all flowers tubular. 6 5, 9 5, embraced by
2

26 VASCULAR PLANTS.

the scales of the involucre. Involucre 2-seriate.
Receptacle narrow, naked. Akenes falling off
with the embracing scales of the involucre;

pappus 0.
(9. flowers inconspicuous.

16. Psilocarphus, Nutt.

Necessaria. Superflua. Head oo-flowered;
{é flowers few, tubular, 5-dentate. 9 oo-seriate,
filiform, each wrapped in a palea. Scales of
the involucre few, scarious ; receptacle convex,
externally paleaceous, naked in the centre;
akenes enveloped in the paleze ; pappus 0.

Q . flowers inconspicuous.

17. Stylocline, Nutt-

Necessaria. Superflua. Head cue-flowered ;
c5 flowers tubular, few; 9 flowers oo—seriate,
filiform, involucrate by paleze but not enwrap-
ped. Pappus a few caducous bristles.

9. flowers inconspicuous.

18. Evax, Gaertn.

. Necessaria. Superflua. Head (Jo-flowered;
:5 flowers tubular, few; 92 flowers oo-seriate,
filiform. Scales of the involucre few 1—2—seriate,
scarious. Receptacle elongate (like the axis of
a spike), paleaceous externally, naked in the
centre with the 8 flowers Pappus 0.

G. flowers inconspicuous.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 27

19. Filago, L

Superflua. Head oo—flowered; iéflowers tu-
bular, 4—dentate: 9 flowers oo seriate, filiform ;
external rows hidden between the scales of the
involucre and the pale-Le. Scales of the involu-
cre imbricate, similar to the paleae. Recepta-
cle elongate (like the axis of a spike). Pappus
of co, capillary bristles, depauperated towards
the periphery. External row, 2 flowers; pap-
pus 0.

6. flowers inconspicuous.

20- Anaphalis, DC.

Necessaria. Superflua. Head m-flowered;
C? tubular, 5-dentate ; style undivided, blunt:
5? floweis oo- seriate filifo1m. Scales of the in-
volucre imbiicate, oo—seriate,1adiating; exter—
nal IOWS ovate , internal longei and narrower;
receptacle flat, naked ; pappus of 1-seriate,
distinct, scabrous bristles. X.

21. Gnaphalium, L

Superflua. Head oo-flowered; § flowers tu-
bular, 5-dentate ; style 2-cleft: S2 filiform,
oo -seriate ; involucre, ovate ; scales imbricate,
oo -seriate, scnrious, as long as the head; re-
ceptacle flat, naked; pappus of 1- seriate, capil-
lary bristles.

Q. 2:. flowers pale.

28 VASCULAR PLANTS.

TRIBE III. Ambrosiae.

if or 6 flowers: anthers distinct, not syngen-
etic; style abortive, truncate. 9 flowers: co-
rolla rudimentary, or wanting ; pappus 0.

22 Iva. L-

Necessaria. Superflua. Head oo-flowered.
é or 6 : flowers oo, tubular, 5—lobed; style
truncate; anthers distinct. 9 2 flowers few,
5—dentate ; scales of the involucre 3—4, ovate ;
paleae of the receptacle, linear ; pappus 0. 2L .

23- Ambrosia, DC.

Monoecious. 6 head oo—flowered; scales of
the involucre united into a cup; anthers dis-
tinct; style truncate; receptacle flat, naked.
59 head l-flOWered ; scales of the involucre uni-
ted into a cup ; corolla 0 ; akene enclosed in
the persistent involucre. Q. 1:.

24- Frameria, Gav.

Monoecious. 8 head ova-flowered; scales of
the involucre united into a cup; anthers dis—
tinct ; style truncate ; paleze 0f the flat recepta-
cle filiform. Q head 1, sometimes, 4—flowered;
scales of the involucre united into a cup ; if the
head be more than l—flowered, the cup forming
as many cells as there are flowers; involucre
armed with 00 rows of spines ; akenes inclosed
in the persistent involucre. 2t .

VASCULAR PLANTS. 29

25. Xanthium, Tourn.

Monoecious. 3 head oo-flowered ; scales of
the involucre 1-seriate, distinct; anthers dis-
tinct; receptacle cylindrical, paleaceous. 92
head 2-flowered ; scales of the involucre united
into a cup, armed with hooked spines ; corolla
filiform ; akenes inclosed in the persistent invo-
lucre. @-

TRIBE IV. Helianthew.

Anthers without tails. Receptacle paleaceous.
Pappus not capillary.

V a. Paleoe Persistent.
26. Balsamorhiza,_ Hook. . Nutt.

Supnrflua. Head w-flowered; ray—flowers
lanceolate. Receptacle flat, paleaceous. Pap—

pus 0.
2t . flowers yellow.

27. Wyethia,’ Nutt.

Supcrflua. Head oc-flowered ; ray-flowers
lanceolate. Scales of the involucre 2—3-seriate;
external ones foliaceous; internal paleaceous.
Receptacle flat, paleaceous. Pappus cup-shap-
ed or aristate, persistent.

2:. flowers yellow.

28- Helianthella, Torr & Gr‘ay.
Frustranea. Head oo-flowered. Receptacle

30 VASCULAR PLANTS.

flat, paleaceous. Akenes flattened; pappus 2,
marginal, persistent, aristae ; alternating with 2
caduceus paleze.

M. flowers yellow.

29- Helianthus, L-

Frustranea. Head oo-flowered. Receptacle
flat, paleaceous. Akenes slightly compressed
(quadrangular); pappus 2, marginal, caducous,
paleae with minute, intermediate ones. '

6). 2L. ray-flowers yellow.

1). Palm: deciduous.

30. Pugiopappus, Gray

Superflua. Head oo—flowered ; ray—flowers
broad, deeply crenate. Involucre 2—seriate.
Pappus of the disk 0; of the ray 2 aristae.

(9. flowers yellow ; leaves alternate.

31- Leptosyne, DC~
Superflua. Head (Jo-flowered; rays broad,
deeply crenate. Involucre 2-seriate. Pappus 0.
(9. flowers yellow.

32. Bidens, L-
Frustanea. quualis. ‘ Head oo-flowered. In-
volucre 2-seriate. Pappus 2—4, echinate aristm.
(9. 1t . flowers yellow, white; leaves opposite.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 31

33. Madia, Molina.

Superflua. Necessaria. Equalis. Ray-flow-
ers ligulate, 3-dentate, scarcely longer than the
involucre. ’Involucre 1—seriate, herbaceous ;
scales carinate, complicate, embracing the ray
akenes. Receptacle naked in the centre, with
1—2 rows of paleae between the disk and ray.
Akenes laterally compressed; pappus 0 in the
ray ; in the disk usually 0.

6). 2L. 'viscid, resinous, flowers yellow.

34. Hemizonia, DC-

Necessaria. Superflua. Ray—flowers ligulate,
dentate, scarcely longer than the involucre.
Involucre 1-seriate, with concave scales embra—
cing the ray-akenes. Receptacle flat, naked
in the centre, with a row of paleae between disk
and ray or sometimes throughout. Akenes of
the ray convex externally, flat internally ; pap-
pus 0, or plumose in the ray; scaly, aristate,
plumose or 0 in the disk.

(D; viscid, resinous, flowers yellow, white.

35- Holozonia, Greene.

Necessaria. Superflua. Disk—flowers oo;
ray-flowers 5—8, cuneiforn, 3-cleft. Scales of
the involucre corresponding in number to the
ray-flowers, and completely embracing each
akene. Receptacle flat, the paleae united into

I

32 VASCULAR PLANTS.

a cup enclosing the disk flowers ; pappus of the
disk generally 0 ; of the ray hyaline, spreading.
it. flowers white.

36. Lagophylla, Nutt.

Necessaria. Superflua. Ray-flowers 5, cu-
neiform, 3-lobed. Involucre of 5 scales, acumi-
nate, with scarious margins, each completely
enclosing the corresponding ray-akene. Recep—
tacle flat, with 5 paleae between the disk and
ray ; pappus 0. '

(9. flowers yellow, whitish.

37. Layia, Hook & Arn.

Superflua. Head oo—flowered ; ray—flowers
cuneiform, 3-dentate. Involucre l—seriate, herb-
aceous; scales acuminate, with scarious mar-
gins, completely enclosing the ray—akenes. Re-
ceptacle flat, with a row of paleae between disk
and ray, or paleaceous throughout. Ray—akenes
linear, attenuate at the base, and with a flat
areola at the top ; pappus of the disk various ;
of the ray 0.

(9. flowers yellow ; or tipped with white.

38- Achyrachaena, Schauer.

Superflua. Ray-flowers short and hidden.
Involucre 1-seriate ; scales with scarious mar-
gins, embracing the akenes of the ray. Recep-
tacle flat, naked in the centre, paheaceous to-

VASCULAR PLANTS. 33

wards the margin. Akenes clavate, those of the
disk truncate, those of the ray with an epigy—
nous disk ; pappus of about 10, shining, silvery
scales, in two series; the outer considerably
shorter than the alternate inner ones.

(9. flowers yellow, or whitish.

TRIBE V. Helenieaa.

Receptacle not palcaceous. Scales of the in-
volucre herbaceous. Pappus not capillary.

39- Coinogyne, Less. (Jaumca, Pers.)

Superflua. Involucre 2-seriate, imbricate:
scales rounded. Receptacle conical, naked.
Pappus O.

2:. flowers yellow, leaves opposite, fleshy.

40- Burriellia, DC.

Superflua. Ray—flowers few and short. Scales
of the involucre 5, ovate. Receptacle subulate,
naked. Pappus of the ray 2 aristae (sometimes
0), as long as the corolla; of the disk 4.

(9- flowers yellow; leaves opposite.

41. Baria, Fisch. & Mey.

Superflua. Rayflowersovate, exserted. Scales
of the involucre 10, ovate. Receptacle conical,
naked, rough. Akenes angled or nerved; pap—
pus paleaceous, or aristate, sometimes wanting.

0. flowers yellow; leaves opposite.

34 VASCULAR PLANTS.

42. Eriophyllum, Lag. (Bahia, Lag.)

Superflua. Ray—flowers ovate,exserted. Scales
of the involucre lanceolate, united at the base.
Receptacle naked, alveolate. Pappus 4, 8 or
12, membranaceous scales, costate, (thickened)
at the base.

2;. *9. flowers yellow.

43. Monolopia, DC.

Superflua. Scales of the involucre' united
into a dentate cup. Receptacle conical, naked,
papillate. Pappus 0.

(9. flowers yellow.

44- Lasthenia, Cass.

Superflua. Scales of the involucre united
into a dentate cup. Receptacle conical, naked,
papillose. Akenes linear compressed; pappus
5—10 firm scales, sometimes 0.

(9. flowers yellow.

45. Rigiopappus’ Gray.

Superflua. Scales of the involucre linear,
erect, rigid, half embracing the akcne. Re-
ceptacle flat, naked; pappus 3—5 aristze.

9. flowers pale; leaves alternate.

46- Cheenactis, DC.

ZEqualis. Flowers of the ray tubular, but
frequently enlarged. Involucre hemispherical;

VASCULAR PLANTS. 35

its scales narrow. Receptacle flat. Pappus
4—12, obtuse, chafi'y scales.
(9. flowers yellow, white, flesh-color.

47. Helenium, L-

Superflua. Flowers of the ray palmate. In-
volucre 2-seriate; external scales oo , narrow,
foliaceous, spreading, at length reflexed; inter-
nal few,paleaceous. Receptacle globular, naked.
Pappus 5—12, membranaceous palezc.

2t . flowers yellow, disk purple, leaves alter-
nate.

4S. Blennosperma, Less.

Necessaria. Ray—flowers ovate, ligulate,
without tube. Scales of the involucre 1-se-
riate, membranaceous. Receptacle flat, naked.
Akenes pyriform, papillate, gelatinous when
wetted; pappus 0.

Q. flowers pale yellow; leaves alternate. '

TRIBE VI. Anthemideae

Receptacle not paleaceous. Scales of the in-
volucre searious. Pappus not capillary.

49- Achillea, L.

Superflua. Head oo-flowered; ray-flowers
5—6, ligulate, ovate. Involucre ovate; scales
imbricate, those of the receptacle hyaline.
Akenes ob-compressed, marginate; pappus 0.

2f . flowers white, red, yellow.

36 VASCULAR PLANTS.

50- Anthemis, L.

Superflua. Ray-flowers ligulate. Scales of
the involucre imbricate. Receptacle convex or
conical, paleaceous. Akenes ribbed; pappus O.

G. 1;. flowers white.

51- Chrysanthemum, L.

Super-flua. Involucre hemispherical, spread-
ing; scales Cp—seriate, imbricate, appressed.
Receptacle not conical, naked. Akenes short,
somewhat terete, costate, truncate at the apex;

pappus 0.
(D. 2;. flowers white, yellow,

52— Matricaria, L-

Superflua. ZEqualis. Scales of the involucre
imbricate. Receptacle conical, naked. Akenes
angulate; pappus coroniform or O.

6). flowers white.

53- Tanacetum, L-

Equalis. Superflua. Ray—flowers not ligu—
late. Receptacle convex, naked. Akenes,
angulate, with large epigynous disk; pappus
coroniform or 0.

2:. flowers yellow.

54 Artemisia, L-
ZEqualis. Superfl'ua. Necessaria. Ray-flow—
ers tubular. Scales of the involucre dry, with

VASCULAR PLANTS. 37

scarious margin. Receptacle naked or villous.
Akenes obovate with small epigynous disk;
pappus 0.

2t. '3. heads small; flowers yellowish.

55- Cotula, L.

Superflua. Corolla of ray-flowers wanting.
Receptacle flat, naked, papillose. Akenes com-
pressed, winged, those of the ray stipitate;
pappus 0.

Q . flowers yellow.

56. Soliva, Ruiz. & Pavon

Necessaria. Superflua. Ray-flowers oo , with-
out corolla. Style scarcely divided, persistent.
Receptacle flat, naked. Akenes o'b-compressed,
winged, crowned by the style, sessile; pappus O.

(9. flowers inconspicuous.

TRIBE VII. Senecionidae.
Receptacle paleaceous. Pappus capillary.

57- Nardosmia, Cass.

Monoecia. Necessaria. Heads dimorphous.
6 or :5 liead~6 flowers an; 9 flowers few:
92 or C2 head—“Q or 8 flowers few; 9 flowers
()0. Involucre 1-seriate, bracteolate. Recep-
tacle naked. Akenes glabrous, ribbed; pappus
of copious, capillary bristles.

1:. flowers pale, vernal before the leaves.

38 VASCULAR PLANTS.

58. Senecio, L.

Superflua. JEqualis. Involucre 1-seriate,
bracteolate. Receptacle naked. Pappus capil-
- lary.

(9. 2L. ‘3 . flowers yellow.

59. Arnica,’ L.

Superflua. Ray flowers elongate, with distinct
but sterile anthers. Involucre 2-seriate. Pap-
pus capillary.

2L . flowers yellow.

TRIBE VIII. Eupatoriaceae.
Style branches club—shaped. quualis.

60. Bulbostylis, DC. (Brickelliw,Ell.)

Scales of the involucre imbricate, 2—3—seriate.
Receptacle flat, naked. Margin of the tubular
corolla, minutely 5-dentate. Style bulbous at
base. Akenes 10-striate; pappus 1-seriate,
bristly, scabrous.

2t. '3. flowers pink or white; leaves oppo-
site.

61 . Adenostyles, Cass

Scales of the involucre 1—seriate, few. Recep-
tacle flat, naked. Margin of the corolla 5-lobed,
campanulate. Akenes 10-striate; pappus oo—
seriate, silky

M. flowers pale.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 39

SUB-FAMILY Liguliflorae.

TRIBE 1- Cynaroideae.

Style branches concreted. Corolla deeply
5—cleft, Receptacle bristly.

62. Cnicus, L.

Equalis. Scales of the involucre oo-seriate,
imbricate, ending in a spine. Pappus decid—
uous, oo—seriate; bristles plumose, connected
at their base into a ring. Filaments syngenetic.

(9. flowers red, white, yellow.

63. Silybum,Vn.ill.

Equalis. Pappus oo—seriate; bristles rigid.
Filaments monadelphous.

6). flowers purple.

644 Carthamnus,Tourn.

JEqualis. Pappus none.
6). flowers yellow.

65- Centaurea, L-

Frustranea. ZEqualis. Involucre imbricate.
Ray—flowers funnel-shaped. Pappus of 00, scab-
rous, filiform, bristles. A

(D. 2:. flowers blue, red, white, yellow.

TRIBE II. ‘Cichoriaceae.
All flowers ligulate.

40 VASCULAR PLANTS.

66. Microseris, Don.

Involucre 2-seriate or imbricatc. Receptacle
flat, naked. Akenes more than 5-c0state, with
a callosity at the place of insertion; pappus
paleaceous, aristate, bristly, plumose, or some-
times wanting. Inflorescence in a scape.

G. 2;. flowers yellow.

67- Stephanomeria, Nutt.

Head few—flowered. Involucre l-seriate, ca—
lyculate. Receptacle flat. naked. Akenes 5—
costate, with a callosity at their place of inser—
tion; pappus 1-seriate, bristly, plumose, white,
coalescent.

(9. flowers pink, whitish.

68. Rafinesquia’ Nutt.

Head oo—flowered. Involucre 1—seriate, ca—
lyculate. Receptacle flat, naked. Akenes ros-
trate with a callosity at base; pappus white,
plumose, capillary, coalescent.

9. flowers white.

69- Hypochaeris, L

Involucre imbricate. Receptacle paleaceous;
paleae deciduous. Akenes rostrate; pappus
plumose.

(D. M. flowels yellow.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 41

70- Malacothrix, DC.

Receptacle flat, naked. Akenes truncate;
pappus 1—seriate; bristles, scabrous silvery, de-
ciduous in a ring.

(D. flowers yellow, purple, white.

71. Troximon, Nutt-

Involucre imbricate. Akenes linear; apex
contracted; \pappus oo-seriate; bristles silky,
not deciduous in a ring.

Q. X. flowers yellow, purple.

72. Taraxacum, Haller.

Involucre imbricate. Akenes contracted into
a long beak; pappus oo-seriate; bristles white,
capillary, nearly persistent.

2;. flowers yellow.

74. Hieracium, Tourn.

Involucre oo-seriate, imbricate. Akenes ter—
ete, with a thin, crenulated ring at the apex;
pappus 1—seriate, capillary.

1:. flowers yellow, orange.

75- Sonchus, L-

Involucre oo-seriate, imbricate. Akenes com-
pressed, truncate; pappus m—seriate, capillary;
hairs in fascicles and soft.

(9. 2; flowers yellow.

42 VASCULAR PLANTS.

FAMILY II- Campanulaceae.

Calyx superior, 5-cleft. Stamens 5, alterna-
ting with the divisions of the gamopetalous co-
' rolla, and inserted between the corolla and ova-
ry; anthers introrse. Ovary 2—5-locular; loculi
oo-oVulate; placenta) central; style 1: stigmas
2—5. Fruit capsular. Leaves alternate.

Lactescent herbs.

1. Githopsis, Nutt-

Calyx-tube clavate, 10-costate; with five nar-
row, persistent lobes. Corolla companulate,
5—lobed. Filaments 5, membranaoeous. Ovary
3-locular; stigmas 3. Capsule club—shaped,
lO-costate, enclosed by the calyx, opening by a
round hole at the apex. Seeds 00.

G). dwarfish; flowers blue.

2. Specularia, Heister.

Calyx-tube elongated; lobes 5, narrow. Cor—
olla rotate, 5-lobed. Filaments 5, membrana-
ceous. Capsule elongated, opening by parietal
valves near the apex. Seeds 00.

6). flowers blue.

3. Campanula, Tourn.
Calyx-tube turbinate. Corolla campanulafe.
, Filaments 5, membranaceous at the base. Cap—
sule turbinate, opening by parietal valves.

(9. 7.1:. flowers blue.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 43

4. Heterocodon, Nutt.

Early flowers cleistogamic; later ones ex-
panding. Calyx turbinate. Corolla campanu-
late. Capsule membranaceous, turbinate, open—
ing irregularly.

Q . flowers blue.

FAMILY III. Cucurbitaceae.

Monoecious or dioecious. 8 : stamens 5, tri-
adelphous; loculi of anthers contorted, flex-
uous. 52 : ovary 2—5-locular, placenta) parie-
tal; style 1, stigmas 3.

1- Megarrhiza, Torrey.

Monoecious. 6 flowers racemose. 5? flow-
ers single from the ain of the 6 raceme. Limb
of calyx, minutely 5-dentata. Corolla rotate,
deeply 5-lobed. Fruit a berry. Seeds large,
globose.

M. root large; stem climbing by tendrils;
flowers greenish white.

ORDER II. RUBIALES.

Epigynous. Stamens inserted into the corolla,
alternate with its lobes. Leaves opposite.

FAMILY IV. Dipsaceae.

Stipules none. Flowers in involucrate heads:
single ones protected by a double, involucellate

44 VASCULAR PLANTS.

calyx, tetrandrous. Ovary 1-locular, 1-ovu-
late. Fruit utricular.

l. Dipsacus, Tourn.

Inflorescence capitate. Head oblong. Leaf-
lets of’ the involucre radiate. External calyx
quadrangular; internal cyathiform.

GQ. thorny.

FAMILY V. Valerianaceae.

Stipules none. Inflorescence cymose. Calyx
pappus-like. Ovary 3—locular, 2 sterile, and the
fertile one l-ovulate. Fruit an akene.

1. Plectritis, DC.

Limb of calyx straight, entire, obsolete.
Tube of the corolla gibbous; limb 5-cleft, 2-
labiate; triandrous. Akene winged by the
persistent, sterile loculi.

(3. flowers rose colored, white.

FAMILY VI. Caprifoliaceae.
Leaves opposite; stipules none.

1. Lonicera, L-

Calyx limb small, 4—dentate. Corolla tubular
or campanulate; limb irregular 5-cleft. Style
filiform. Berry 3-locular; loculi few-seeded.

’2. often climbing.

  

VASCULAR I’LAN’ L 7

2 Symphoricarpus, Cass

Calyx limb 5—4— dentate, persistent. Corolla
funnel—shaped, 5—4— lobed. Ovary 4- locular;
two loculi oo-seeded but abortive, alternating
with two, 1—seeded and fertile; style filiform.
Berry 4—locular, 2—seeded.

1? . flowers white, pink.

3. Sambucus, Tourn.

Limb of the calyx 5—dentate. Corolla rotate,
regular. Ovary 3-—5-locular; loculi l-oVulate;
styles, none; stigmas 3—5. Fruit a 3—5-seeded
berry.

b . flowers white.

FAMILY VII. Rubiaceae.

Leaves verticillate- or opposite, and stipitate.

1- Galium, L-

Limb of the calyx entire, obsolete. Corolla
4—3-cleft, rotate. Ovary 2-loeular; loculi 1-
ovulate; styles 2, connate at base, capitate at
apex. Fruit sometimes fleshy.

(D. M. b. stems quadrangular, leaves ver-
ticillate; flowers yellow, white.

2. Asperula, L

Limb of calyx 4—dentate, nearly obsolete.
Corolla funnel-shaped. Styles 2, connate at
the base, capitate at the apex. Fruit 2-coccous.

46 VASCULAR PLANTS.

7.13. ’2. upper leaves opposite, lower verticil—
late.

3- Cephalant-hus, L.

Flowers capitate. Limb of the calyx 4-den-
tate. Corolla tubular, slender, with 4-cleft
limb. Stamens 4, inserted in the throatof the
corolla. Style 1, exserted; stigma capitate;
ovary 2—4-locular; loculi 1-ovulate.

’2. leaves opposite or verticillate, stipitate.

ORDER III. GENTIANALES.

FAMILY VIII. Asclepidiacese.

Monadelphous. Anthers extrorse; their pol-
len changed into pollinaria. Ovaries 2; styles
2, united into a pentagonous stigma. Fruit a
pair of follicles. Lactescent plants.

1- Asclepias, L-

Corolla rotate, 5—part-ed. Stamineal tube
short, expanding into a corona of five cucullate
processes, from the cavity of each of which,
rises a corniform process; loculi of anthers
separated, each connected to the loculus of the
neighboring one by an apical appendage; the
pollinia becoming supended over a gland, five
of which protude frcm the margin of the stigma.
Seeds 00, with a silky arillus. 2t.

VASO ULA R PLA N TS. 47

FAMILY IX. Apocynaceaa.

Stamens not monadelphous; anthers introrse.
Corolla contorted in zestivation and its lobes
oblique. Lactescent plants.

1. Apocynum, Tourn.

Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft, with five scales
opposite the lobes and near their base; throat
naked. Stamens inserted on the base of the
corolla; filaments very short; anthers sagittate,
with their connective adhering to the stigma.
Ovaries 2, with 5, hypognyous scales. Fruit
2-follicular; seeds with a hairy arillus.

2t. flowers white, rose-colored.

FAMILY X. Gentianaceae.

Anthers introrse. Lobes of the corolla not
oblique. Ovary 1, with 2 parietal placenta),
septieidal or by the meeting of the placenta}
2-locular, m-ovulate. Plants not lacteseent.

l. Erythraaa, Pers.

Calyx tubular, angulate, 5-cleft. Corolla fun-
nel-shaped, withering but not deciduous. With-
ering anthers spirally contorted. Style filiform,
deciduous. Capsule 1-loeular, half divided by
the prominent parietal placenta».

6). flowers pink.

48 VASCULAR PLANTS.

2. Microcala, Link. (Cicendz'a, Adans.)

Calyx costate, 4-den'ate. Corolla salver-
shaped. VVithering anthers not spirally con-
torted. Style filiform; stigma peltate, or 2-
lobed.

G. dwarfish herbs; flowers yellow.

3- Gentiana, L.

Corolla campanulate, 4—5-lobed, withering
but not deciduous. Style short or 0; stigma 2— -
parted, persistent. Capsule septicidal.

2;. flowers blue, yellow, red.

4- Menyanthes, Tourn.

Corolla funnel-shaped, induplicate in :estiva-
tion, deciduous; limb 5-lobed, bearded in the
inside.

2:. aquatic; flowers white.

ORDER IV. DIANDRZE.

Corolla regular, gamopetalous; petals 4 or O.
Stamens 2. Ovary 2-locular; ovules 1-—3.
Trees or shrubs leaves opposite.

FAMILY XI. Oleaceaa.
ZEstivation valvate.

l. Fraxinus, Tourn.
Flowers diclinous. Calyx 4—3-parted or

VASCULAR PLANTS. 49

0. Corolla 4—2—parted; petals 4, 2 or 0. Ovary

2-locular; loculi 2—ovulate; stigma sessile, 2-
cleft. Fruita samara. 72.

ORDER V. LAMIALES.

Corolla 2—labiate. Number of stamens less
than lobes of the corolla. Ovaries 2—4 ,or
ovary 2—4—locular; loculi 1, 2 or 4-ovulate.
Fruit akene, drupe or capsule. Leaves oppo-
site; stipules 0. .

FAMILY XII. Labiataa

Ovary 4-cleft, 4—0vulate, inserted on a hypo-
gynous disk. Style 1. Fruit 4 akenes.

1- Mentha, L-

Calyx 5-dentate, Tube of corolla included;
limb exserted, 4-lobed; upper lobe the largest.
Stamens 4, not didynamous, erect, distant; an-
thers bilocular; loculi parallel. u.

2. Lycopus’ Tourn.
Diandrous. Posterior pair of stamens 0, or
sterile. Otherwise as Mentha. M.

3- Pycnanthemum, Benth-

Corolla tube as long as the calyx; limb 2-lab-
iate; upper lip nearly entire; lower 3-Iobed;
lobes obtuse. Stamens 4, straight, divergent;

loculi of anthers parallel. 2t .
3

50 VASCULAR PLANTS.

4- Monardella, Benth.

Limb of the corolla 2-labiate; upper lip 2-
cleft; lower 3—cleft; all the lobes narrow. Stam-
ens 4 straight, divergent, loculi of anthers at
last divergent or divaricate.

(9 2t. flowers rose—colored, white.

5- Micromeria, Benth- ‘

Calyx tubular, l3—nerved, 5-dentate. Corolla
2-laloiate. Stamens didynamous, ascending.

2:. flowers white, rose—colored.
6. Pogogyne, Benth.

Calyx campanulate, 15-nerved, 5-dentate;
2 lower teeth much longer than the 3 upper.
Corolla 2—labiate. Stamens didynamous, ascend—
ing, convergent in pairs. Style villous.

Q. flowers blue, purple.

7- Acanthomintha, Gray-

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, naked in the
throat; upper lip 3—dentate; lower 2-parted,
shorter; teeth spinulose. Corolla—tube exceed-
ing the calyx, naked; upper lip curved, entire
or 2-lobed; lower 3—lobed. Upper pair of sta-
mens sterile and shorter; lower ascending; an-
thers 2—locular; loculi divaricate. Bracts
thorny.

6). flowers white, rosy.

8. Sphacele, Benth.
Calyx campanulate, enlarged in fruit, 10-

VASOUL A I? PLA N’I'S. 51

nerved, reticulate—veined, 5—dentate. Tube of
the corolla wide, with a hairy ring near its base;
the five lobes of the limb obtuse; lower lobes
the longer. Stamens ascending; loculi of the
anthers divergent.

'3 . flowers large, pale.

9. Salvia, L.

Calyx 2-labiate. Corolla ringent. Stamens
2, parallel; anthers separated by a connective,
shaped like a branch of the filament; only tie
posterior end of it bearing a perfect anther
loculus. (9. 2f.

10-~ Audibertia. Benth-

Calyx 2-labiate. Corolla 2-labiate; upper
lip 2-cleft, spreading. Stamens ascending;
anthers dimidiate, (upper half of the apparent
filament showing by an articulation or spur its
being originally a connective, between the two
loculi of an anther.) 21: . 1'2 .

ll. Lophanthus, Benth.

Calyx sub-regular, 15—nerved, 5-dentate.
Upper pair of stamens longer and declined;
lower pair shorter and ascending; anthers 2-
locular ; loculi parallel.

21:. flowers purplish.

12. Scutellaria, L.
Calyx 2-labiate, closed in fruit, at last split-

52 VASCULAR PLANTS.

ting, and the upper lip deciduous. Tube of
the corolla exserted; upper lip helmet-shaped
with two lateral lobes; lower lip reduced to a
single lobe. Stamens didynamous, ascending,
parallel; anthers of the lower pair, dimidiate.

(D. Zfi.
13. Prunella, L-

Calyx 2—labiate, in fruit closed and flattened.
Corolla with a scaly or hairy ring near its base;
upper lip concave; lower 3-lobed. Stamens
didynamous, ascending; anthers approximate
in pairs. 2L .
12. Marrubium, L.

Calyx tubular 5—10-dentate, in fruit the
teeth spreading. Tube of the corolla included;
limb 2—labiate. Stamens didynamous, included;
loculi of the anthers divaricate. Z: .

13. Stachys, L-

Limb of the corolla 2-labiate ; upper lip erect,
concave; lower spreading, 3-lobed; middle lobe
longest. Stamens ascending, approximate in
pairs, parallel, contorted in withering.

G). 2t. ’2 .
14- Trichostemma, L-

Tube of the corolla slender; limb 5-cleft;
lobes oblong, declined. Stamens didynamous,
long—exserted; filaments spiral in the bud.

0'21.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 53

FAMILY XIII. Verbenaceaa_

Didynamous. Ovary undivided. Fruit dru-
paceous or baccate, or splitting at length into its
component parts (nutlets).

1- Verbena, L-

Calyx 5—cleft. Corolla salver-shaped. Fruit
at length splitting into 4, 1-seeded nutlets.

G. u. 72.

2- Lippia, L.

Fruit 2-locular, splitting into 2, 1—seeded
nutlets.

Q. 21:. b . flowers white, pink.

FAMILY XIV. Plantagineae.

Calyx with four sepals, persistent. Corolla
gamopetalous, 4—cleft, scarious. Stamens four,
alternate with the lobes of the corolla; anthers
versatile. Style 1.

l. Plantago L.

Flowers bracteate, in spikes. Ovaryr 2-locu-
lar (spuriously 4-lobed). Fruit a capsule,
transversely dehiscent. Q. 2;.

ORDER VI. PERSON ALES.

Corolla gamopetalous, irregular, its lobes not
corresponding in number to the number of sta-
mens which are inserted into its tube. Ovary

54 VASCULAR PLANTS.

superior, consolidated from 2 seed leaves;
ovules 00. Fruit a capsule, or berry.
Stipules 0.

FAMILY XVI. Orobancheae.

Ovary 1-locular; placentae parietal.
Parasites without chlorophyll. Leaves re-
duced to scales.

1- Anoplanthus, Endl-

Flowers without bractlets. Calyx 5—cleft.
Corolla tubular, curved; limb 5—cleft. Stamens
didynamous; loculi of the anthers separated at
the base, mucronate. Ovary l-locular with
four parietal placentze. Capsule l-locular with
two valves; each valve with a placenta on both
margins, convergent to the opposite one. 2;.

2. Aphyllon_ Mitchell.
Flowers with bractlets. Otherwise nearly as
the preceding. 2t .
FAMILY XVI. Scrophularineae.
Ovary 2-locular, placenta central. Capsule

2-locular with 2—4 valves.

TRIBE 1- Rhinantheae.

Lower half of the corolla in mstivation cover-
ing the upper half. Corolla tubular; limb 2-la-
biate.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 55

1- Pedicularis, Tournef-

Corolla ringent‘; upper lip laterally compress-
ed. Stamens didynamous; anthers of equal
size and insertion. Capsule loculicidous. 2L .

2- Cordylanthus, Nutt-

Calyx spathaceous; fissures if present lateral.
Lips of the corolla short; upper one laterally
compressed. Stamens didynamous; anthers
2-locular; loculi separated and of different shape
and insertion. Capsule loculicidous. G) .

3- Orthocarpus, Nutt.

Calyx spathaceous, cleft vertically. Corolla
personate; upper lip the smaller; lower saccate.
Stamens didynamous; loculi separated and of
different shape and insertion. Capsule loculi—
cidous. @-

4- Castilleia, Nutt-

Calyx spathaceous, cleft vertically. Corolla
ringent; upper lip the larger. Stamens didy-
namous; loculi separated, and of different shape
and insertion. Capsule loculicidous. Q. 212.

TRIBE II. Veronicae.

Lower half of the coralla in mstivation cover-
ing the upper half, not tubular nor bilabiate.

5- Veronica, L.
Calyx 4—5 cleft. Limb of the corolla 4-cleft;

56 VASCULAR PLANTS.

upper lobe the largest. Ovary few seeded.
Capsule compressed, emarginate. Q. 2;.
6- Limosella L-

Calyx 5-dentate. Limb of the corolla 5-cleft.
Stamens clidynamous; loculi of anthers conflu-
ent; transversely dehiscent. Capsule oo-seed—
ed, septifragous. G.

TRIBE III. Gratiolse.

Upper lip in mstivation covering the lower.

Stigma flat, 2-lobed.

7- Gratiola, L.

Calyx 5-parted, with 2 bractlets; corolla
2-labiate. Stamens 4; 2 fertile, 2—0 sterile.
Ovary oovovulate. Capsule loculicidous, at
length septifragous. 2L.

8- Mimulus, L.

Calyx tubular, angulate, 5-(lentate; bractlets
0. Corolla 2-labiate. Stamens didynamous;
- loculi of the anthers, (livaricate, at length con-
fluent. Capsule ooovulate. (9. 2t. ’3.

Tribe IV. Digitalem.

Upper lip in :estivation covering the lower.
Stigma minute, not flat. Capsule septicidous.
9- Pentastemon. L’Her-

Calyx 5-parted. Limb of the corolla labiate.
Stamens didynamous, with a fifth filament ster-

ile. 2;.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 57

TRIBE V. Antirrhinem.

Upper lip in aestivation covering the lower.
Tube of corolla gibbous or calcarate. Capsule
neither loculicidous, nor septicidous.

10- Collinsia, Nutt.

Calyx 5parted. Corolla personate; upper
lip erect, lower 3-lobed; middle lobe laterally
compressed, hiding the didynamous stamens.
Capsule few-seeded, septifragous. Q.

11- Antirrhinum; L. .
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla saccate, 2-labiate, per-

sonate. Stamens didynamous. Capsule dehi—

scent by pores at the apex. 6). 2t .

l2. Linaria,’ 'I‘ournef

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla with a spur, 2-labiate ;
personate. Stamens didynamous. Capsule
separating at the apex into 2 valves. G. M .

TRIBE VI. Verbasceae.

Upper lip in :nstivation covering the lower.
7 Corolla neither ringent nor personate. Capsule
septicidous. I

13- Scrophularia, Tournef.

Corolla short, globular; limb narrow, 5—lobed ;
middle lobe of lower lip reflexed. Stamens
didynamous (rudiment of a fifth stamen.) Cap-
sule septicidous. 21:. lg .

58 VASCULAR PLANTS

ORDER VII. POLEMONIALES.

Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla,
and more than the loculi of the ovary. Stip—
ules 0.

FAMILY XVII. Solanaceae.

Corolla regular; ovary and capsule or berry,
2—4—locular; a: —ovulate.

1- Solanum, L.

Calyx persistent in fruit. Corolla rotate,
in zestivation valvate, induplieate. Anthers
connivent; opening by apical pores. Fruit a

berry, oo-seeded. ® 2;. b.

2. Datura, L-

Calyx tubular; circumscissile. Corolla fun—
nel shaped, plicate and convolute in :estivation.
Anthers often dehiseing longitudinally. Ovary
spuriously 4—locular. Capsule ovate; septifra-
gous. Seeds reniform, oo . 6). 2t . I2 .

3- Nicotiana, L-

Calyx tubular, persistent. Corolla funnel
or salver-shaped. Anthers longitudinally de-
hiscent. Ovary 2—locular, oo -ovulate. Cap-
sule septicidous; seeds 00 , minute. 6) . 2L . '3 .

FAMILY XVIII, Borraginem.

Ovary 4-locular, 4-lobed; loculi 1-seeded,
(nutlets). Style 1.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 59

1- Amsinckia, Lehm-

Calyx 5—parted. Corolla salver or funnel-
shaped; limb 5—lobed. Ovary 4-lobed; style
central Fruit, 4 nutlets attached to a conical
disk above its base. '

Q. Inflorescence circinate; flowers yellow.

2- Eritrichium, Schrad.

Corolla salver shaped; limb 5-lobed. Ovary
4-lobed; style central. Fruit 4 nutlets insert-
ed on the base of a conical or cylindrical disk.

Q. inflorescence circinate; flowers white,
blue.

3- Pectocarya, DC.

Corolla funnel-shaped; throat closed. Style
central, very short. Fruit 4 nutlets, marginate,
and in pairs.

6). flowers axillary, sessile, white.

4- Cynoglossum, L.

Corolla funnel-shaped; throat closed by 5
scales. Ovary 4-lobed; style central. Fruit 4
depressed, echinate nutlets.

2L inflorescence paniculate, ebracteate, cir-
cinate.

1'

0- Echinospermum, Swartz.

Tube of the corolla closed by 5 scales. Ovary
4-lobed; style central. Fruit 4 nutlets, 3-cor-
nered, muriculate on their margins. _

(-36. inflorescence ebracteate, circinate.

60 VASCULAR PLANTS.

6. Heliotropium,L.

Corolla salver-shaped; limb 5—lobed; sinuses
plicate. Ovary 4-locular; loculi 1-seeded; style
terminal, short; stigma peltate. Fruit a 4-
pyrenous drupe.

9. 2t. inflorescence circinate.

FAMILY XIX. Hydrophylleae.

Ovary incompletely 2-locular; style bifid or
styles 2. Fruit a capsule.

1- Eriodictyon, Benth.

Corolla campanulate. Ovary 2—locular; 10—7
culi oo-ovulate; styles 2; stigmas clavate. Fruit
a capsule, 2—locular, few seeded, at first loculi-
cidal, then septicidal.

b . inflorescence circinate, arranged in a pan—
icle; flowers blue, white.

2. Romanzoffia,0ham.

Corolla salver—shaped. Style entire; stigma
capitate; ovary incompletely 2-locular, oo—ovu-
late. Capsule ovate, incompletely 2-locular,
loculicidal; seeds 00, very small.

it . inflorescence loosely circinate.

3 Emmenanthe, Benth‘

Calyx 5-parted; sinuses naked; lobes equal.
Corolla campanulate, persistent. Ovary incom-
pletely 2-locular, m-ovulate; stigma 2—Cleft.

2t . inflorescence circinate; flowers yellow.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 61

4. Phacelia, JUSS-

Calyx 5-parted; sinuses naked; lobes equal. '
Corolla campanulate, deciduous. Ovary in—
completely 2-locular, or 1 — locular with two,
parietal placentw; number of ovules variable;
stigma 2—cleft. Capsule l—locular, or incom-
pletely 2-locular, loculicidal.

Q. 2;. inflorescence circinate, cymose; flow-
ers blue, red, white.

5- Ellisia, L.

Calyx 5—parted; sinuses naked. Corolla cam-
panulate. Stamens included. Ovary 1—locular,
with 2 parietal placentae; stigma 2—cleft. Cap-
sule membranaceous, loculicidal; the placenta:
separating from the capsular valves, simulating
a second, internal capsule.

(9. flowers pale.

6- Nemophila, Nutt-

Calyx with reflexed appendiculate sinuses.
Corolla campanulate. Stamensincluded. Ovary
1-locular, with 2 parietal placenta}, stigma 2-
cleft. Capsule membranaceous, loculicidal,
the placenta; separating from the capsular
valves, simulating a second, internal, capsule.

6). flowers blue, violet, pale.

7. Hydrophyllum, Tournef.
Corolla tubular. Stamens exserted. Ovary
-loculaI-, 4-ovulate, on 2 parietal placentse;

62 VA SC ULA R PLA NTS.

stigma 2-cleft. Capsules membranaceous, lo-
culicidal.
2:. flowers violet, white.

FAMILY XX Polemoniaceae
ZEstivation imbricate. Ovary 3-locular; style
3—cleft. Embryo straight; cotyledons foliaceous.

1- Polemonium, Tournef.

Corolla rotate. Stamens ascending, filaments
dilated at the base. Seeds oo.

0-. 21:. flowers blue, white.

2. Gilia,’ Ruiz & Pavon.

Corolla funnel or salver-shaped. Stamens
straight, equally inserted. Q. 2:.

3. Collomia, Nutt.

Corolla salver-shaped, with long tube. Sta-
mens unequally inserted. G .

FAMILY XXI- Convolvulaceae.

ZEstivation contorted. Ovary 2, 3 or 4-locu-
lar. Embryo curved. Cotyledons foliaceous,
conduplicate,. corrugate.

1- Convolvulus, L.

Calyx 5—cleft, persistent. Corolla funnel-form,
5-angulate, 5-plicate. Loculi of the capsule 2—
ovulate. 2t .

VASCULAR PLANTS. 63

2- Cressa, L-

Corolla funnel-form, 5-parted, not plicate.
Styles 2; loculi of the ovary 2~ovulate. Fruit a
l-seeded, capsule. 21 .

3. Cuscuta, Tournef.

Aphyllous. Destitute 0f chlorophyl. Co-
rolla urceolate; limb 5-—1-lobed. Ovary 2-100-
ular; loculi 2-ovulate. Capsule indehiscent,
sometimes circumscissile. Embryo spiral.

Cotyledons 0. G). 7.: .

SECTION H. ISOCARPE.

Parts of the ovary as many as divisions'of
the corolla.

ORDER VIII. PRIMULALES.

Stamens opposite to the lobes of the corolla
'0vary 1-locular; placenta central.

FAMILY XXII. Plumbagineaa,

All parts in fives, except the ovule which is
single.
1. Armeria, Willc'.

Flowers in an involucrate head. Corolla 5—
parted or 5 distinct petals. Styles 5. 7.; .

64 VASCULAR PLANTS.

2- Statice, L-
Flowers bracteate, in l-sided spikes. 2L .

FAMILY XXIII. Primulacem,
Placenta central, oo-ovulate.

l. Dodecatheon, L-

Flowers umbellate. Stamens shorter than
the anthers, connivent in a cone.
2;. acaulescent, flowers purple, pink, white.

2. Glaux, L.

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, colored. Corol-
la 0. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes of
the calyx. Capsule 5-valved, few-seeded.

Q). leaves decussate; flowers white.

3. Trientalis, L

Flowers several, terminal. Floral parts 7—
5. Capsule few-seeded, longitudinally dehis-
cent. 1:.
4. Anagallis,Tournef.

Flowers axillary. Lobes of the corolla broad.

Capsule transversely dehiscent.
2:. leaves opposite.

5. Samolus, Tournef.

Calyx half—superior. Corolla calnpanulate.
Stamens 10; the 5 fertile, opposite to the lobes
of the corolla; the 5 sterile, alternate. Cap-
sule 5-valved, oo—seedecl. x

2;. leaves alternate; flowers white.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 65

ORDER IX. ERICALES.

Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corol-
la or twice as many. Loculi of the ovary as
many as lobes of the corolla; placentae axillary.

FAMILY XXIV. Pyrolacese.
Petals distinct. Hypogynous disk 0. Seeds

minute.

1 . Pyrola,’ Tournef.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-petalous. Stamens
10. Style filiform.
2L . In forest shades.

FAMILY XXV. Rhodoraceae.

Ovary free. Fruit a capsule, septicidal.

1- Rhododendron, L.

Corolla funnelform, 5-lobed. Stamens as-
cending; loculi of anthers dehiscent by an api-
cal pore. Seeds 00, minute. 72 .

'FAMILY XXVI. Ericacem,

Gamopetalous. Fruit either baccate, or a
loculicidal capsule.
1- Gaultheria, L.

Calyx 5-Cleft, petaloid. Corolla urceolate.
Stamens 10; loculi of anthers dehiscent by an
apical pore. Fruit a spurious berry, it e. a cap-

3A

66 VASCULAR PLANTS.-

sule 5-locular, umbilieate, oo-seeded, enclosed
by the enlarged and fleshy calyx.
T2 . leaves evergreen; flowers White, rosy.

2- Arctostaphylos, Adanson.

Corolla urceolate. Stamens 10. Disk hypo
gynous. Loeuli of ovary l-ovulate. Fruit a
berry; loculi 1-seeded; seeds sometimes cohe-
rent. ‘

’2. leaves evergreen; flowers white, rosy.

3. Arbutus, Tournef.

Corolla ureeolate. Stamens 10. Disk hypo-
gynous. Loculi of ovary oo-ovulate. Fruit a
berry; loculi several seeded.

‘2 . leaves evergreen; flowers White.

FAMILY XXVII. Vaccinieag,
Ovary inferior.
1- Vaccinium, L.
Loculi of anthers separate, elongated at the

apex into a tube. Fruit a berry, oo-seeded, cov—
ered by the persistent calyx.

Sub-SERIES II. POLYPETALE.
Petals distinct.

SECTION III. DISCOPHORIE.

Ovary inserted into a well developed disk.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 67
ORDER X. UMBELLALES.

Ovary inferior; loculi 1-ovulate. Stamens al—
ternate.

FAMILY XXVIII. Umbelliferw.

Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary
2—locular; styles 2. Fruit a schizocarp (Crem-
ocarp).

1- Caucalis, L-

Umbels regularly compound. Secondary ribs
of the cremocarp more prominent than the pri-
mary. Margins of the mericarp inflexed.

G). flowers white.

2. Daucus, Tournef.

Umbels regularly compound. Secondary ribs
of the cremocarp more prominent than the pri-
mary; intervals l-vittate. Face‘of the mericarp
flat.

(3. G) (9. flowers white.

3. Ferula, Tournef.

Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp
dorsally compressed; marginal ribs winged;
wings coherent; dorsal ribs filiform; vittae 00.

M. flowers yellow. '

4- Heracleum, L-

Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp
dorsally compressed; marginal ribs winged;

68 VASCULAR PLANTS.

wings coherent; vittzc shorter than the mericarp.
2:. flowers white.

5. Peucedanum, L.

Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp
dorsally compressed, marginal ribs winged;
wings coherent; vittze as long as the mericarp.

2t. flowers yellow, purple.

6- Angelica, L.

Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp
dorsally compressed; marginal ribs winged;
wings distinct; intervals l—vittate.

2t. flowers white.

7. Selinum, L.

Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp
dorsally compressed, zJc-winged, by very distinct
marginal ribs, and only coherent by a carinate
commissure.

2:. flowers white.

8- Ligusticum, L-

Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp
dorsally compressed, 4-winged, by the very dis-
tinct lateral ribs. Mericarps coherent by a
convex commissure. 2t.

9- (Enanthe, 1:.

Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp ter-
ete, ovate; ribs obtuse; intervals l-vittate.
2t. aquatic; flowers white.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 69

10. Osmorrhiza Rafin-

Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp
terete, elongate, angulate, sulcate, hispid; vit-
tm 0.

2:. flowers white.

11. Sium, L.

Umbels regularly compound. Gremocarp
laterally compressed, oblong. Mericarp dor-
sally convex, plane on the face, 5-ribbed; ribs
filiform; intervals more than l-vittate.

2:. flowers white.

12- Cicuta, L-

Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp
laterally contracted; ribs flattened; intervals
1-vittate. Mericarp terete.

2L. aquatic; flowers White.

13. Berula, Koch.

Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp ’
laterally contracted, ovate. Mericarp terete

5-ribbed; lateral ribs not contiguous; epicarp
thick, corky; ribs filiform; intervals oo-vittate.
2f . aquatic; flowers white.

14- .Pimpinella, L-

Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp
laterally contracted, ovate. Mericarp convex
dorsally, plane on the face, 5-ribbed; ribs fili-

70 VASCULAR PLANTS.

form; lateral ones contiguous; intervals oo-vit-
tate. 2L .

15- Carum, L.

Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp
laterally compressed, oblong. Mericarp equally
5-ribbed; ribs filiform, lateral ones contiguous;
commissure plane; intervals l—vittate.

(D Q . flowers white.

16. Apiastrum,‘ Nutt-

Umbelsregularly compound. Cremocarp
very much contracted at the commissure, cor-
date. Mericarp incurved at base and apex,
5—ribbed, 1ibs little elevated; intervals 1—vittate.

G. flowers white.

17- Conium, L.

Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp
laterally compressed. Mericarp deeply sulcate
on the face; 5-1’ibbed; ribs undulate-crenate;
intervals 0-vittate.

QG. flowers white.

18. Deweya, Torr. & Gray.

Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp
laterally compressed. Mericarp reniform in
transverse section, 5—ribbed; intervals more
than 1-vittate.

2:. flowers yellow.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 71‘

19. Sanicula,’ Tournef.

Umbels not regularly compound. Lobes of

calyx-limb foliaceous. Flowers polygamous.
Cremocarp, sub-globose, aculeate; ribs 0; vit—
tzc 00. . 2L

20. Eryngium, Tournef.

Umbels not regularly compound. Lobes of
the calyx—limb rigid. Cremocarp tuberculate;
ribs 0; vittac 0.

Q. 2;. spinous.

21. Bowlesia, Ruiz & Pavon.

Umbels simple. Cremocarp ovate, much
contracted at the commissure, plane on the dor—
sum; vittae 0. Q.

22. Hydrocotyle, Tournef. '

Umbels simple. Cremocarp laterally com-
pressed, carinate ;‘ vittae 0.

21:. aquatic.

FAMILY XXIX. Araliaceaa.

Fruit a berry or drupe. Leaves alternate.

l. Panax, L. (Fabian)

Polygamous. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Ovary
2-locular; styles 2. Fruit a 2-locular berry.
2L ’2 .

72 VASCULAR PLANTS.

2. Aralia, L
Ovary 5-locular; styles 5. Fruit a drupe with
5 pyrenaa. 1:. l2 .

FAMILY XXX. Comaceag,
Stamens 4. Leaves opposite.

I. Cornus, L.
Flowers é. Petals 4. Ovaly 2-locula1; style
1. Fruit a drupe with 2 py renzc. I2.

2. Garrya, Dougl.

Dicecious. Flowers amentaceous, ternate,
between decussate bracts. Petals 0. Ovary
l-locular; styles 2, persistent; ovules 2. Fruit
a berry. V2 .

ORDER XI. CORNICULATE.

Calyx gamosepalous. Stamens equaling or
double the number of the petals; always corres-
pondent. Ovaries compound of several seed
leaves, each oo—ovulate.

FAMILY XXXI. Saxifragacem.
Number of seed leaves less than the petals.

1- Saxifraga, L

Stamens 10. Pistils 2. Ovary 2-locular.
Fruit a loculicidous capsule. 2L.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 73

2. Boykinia, Nutt.
Stamens 5. Pistils 2. Ovary 2-looular.
Fruit 3. 2-looular capsule. M.

3. Tellima,’ R. Brown.

Stamens 10. Pistils 2—3. Petals lobed.
Ovary 1~looular; styles short; stigmas capitate.
Capsule valvularly dehiscent near the apex.

1;. flowers white, pink.

4. Tiarella, L-

Stamens 10. Pistils 2. Petals entire. Ovary
1—locular; styles long; stigmas simple. Capsule
valvularly dehiscent to the base; valves unequal;
placenta—3 parietal.

2t . flowers White.

5- Heuchera, L-

Stamens 5. Pistils 2. Petals entire. Ovary
2-locular; styles long. Capsule valvularly de-
hiscent; valves equal.

2:. flowers greenish white, rosy.

FAMILY XXXII. Ribesiaceae.

Stamens 5. Pistils 2. Fruit a berry. Leaves
alternate.

1. Ribes, L-
Ovary inferior, l-locular, with 2 parietal,
oo-ovulate placentae. b .

4

/

74 VASCULAR PLANTS.

FAMILY XXXIII. Philadelpheaa.

Ovary inferior 01' half inferior. Number of
carpidia disposed to correspond with calyx—
lobes. Fruit a capsule. Leaves opposite.

I. Whipplea,’ Torr.

Stamens 5. Pistils 3——5. Ovary 3-—5-locu-
lar; loculi l—ovulate. Fruit a septicidal capsule.
72 . flowers white.

FAMILY XXXIV. Cmssulaceee.

Calyx, corolla and stamens alternating; if the
stamens form 2 circles, the inner opposite to
the petals. Ovaries opposite the petals. Fruit
follicles, centrally dehiscent.

1. Cotyledon, L. (Eckeveria, D0.)

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, coherent by their
claws. Stamens 10.
7'2 . fleshy, flowers yellow, red.

2. Sedum, L.

Petals 5, entirely free. Stamens 10.
2t. fleshy.

3. Tillaea, L-
Stamens as many as the petals. 9.

FAMILY XXXV. Ficoidea}_ (Of doubtful afinity.)
Calyx inferior. Petals co. Stamens co,

VASCULAR PLANTS. 75

OO—seriate, inserted with the petals. Ovary
4—20-10cular, oo—ovulate. Fruit a capsule
ore-seeded. Stipules 0.

1- Mesembryanthemum, L.
Characters of the order. 6) . 2; .

ORDER XII. CARYOPHYLLALES.

Flowers regular. Calyx inferior. Sepals as
many as the petals. Stamens as many or twice
as many. Ovary l-locular; placentae central.

FAMILY. XXXVI. Silenem,

Calyx gamosepalcus. Petals and stamens
inserted into a carpophore. Stamens if equal-
ing the petals, alternate with them. Ovary
ooovulate; styles several. Fruit a capsule.
Leaves opposite; stipules 0.

'1. Silene, L-

Calyx 5—dentate without scales at the base.
Petals unguiculate. Stamens 10. Styles 3.
CapSule dehiscent by teeth; seed reniform.

(D. 7.1:. '
FAMILY XXXVII. Alsinew‘

Sepals distinct to the base. Carpophore O.
Stamens, if equaling the petals, alternate with
them. Ovary oo-ovulate; styles several. Fruit
a capsule. Leaves opposite; stipules 0.

76 VASCULAR PLANTS.

1- Cerastium, L.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, emarginate. Stamens 10.
Stigmas 5. Capsule cylindrical, dehiscent by
10 teeth.

(9. 212. flowers white.

2- Stellaria, L-

Petals 2-lobed. Stamens 10. Stigmas 3—2.
Capsule globose, dehiscent by 6—4 valves.

(9. 2L . flowers white.

3. Alsine, Wahl.

Sepals unchanged in fruit. Petals entire.
Stamens 10—5. Stigmas 3. Capsule ovoid,
dehiscent by three valves.

(9. 2;. flowers White.

4. Sagina, L.

Sepals 5—4. Petals 5—4. Stamens 5—10.
Stigmas 5—4, alternate with the sepals. Cap-
sule dehiscent in 5—5, valves opposite to the
sepals. @-

FAMILY XXXVIII. Paronychiea

Like Alsineae, but the parts frequently defec-
tive or reduced in numbers, and with scariouS
stipules.

1- Spergula, L-

Stamens 5 or 10. Ovary oo-ovulate; styles 5,
alternate with the sepals. Capsule 5-valved;
valves opposite to the sepals. Q).

VASCULAR PLANTS. 77

2. Spergularia,’ Pers.

Ovary oo-ovulate; style 3 or 5-Cleft. Capsule
3 or 5-valved.

G). 2;. flowers white, rosy.

3- Pentacaena, Bart-

Divisions of the calyx unequal, persistent in
fruit; the 3 external with cucullate apex, ending
in a spine; 2 internal mucronate. Petals 5, mi-
nute. Stamens 5 or 3. Ovary l-ovulate; style
2-cleft. Fruit a utricle. Q .

FAMILY XXXIX- Portulacaceae.

Flowers regular, but parts not correspondent
in numbers.

1. Portulaca, Tournef.

Calyx tube connate with ovary; limb 2-part-
ed, free and circumscissile. Petals 4 or 6.
Stamens 8 or 00. Capsule circumscissile.

G). 21:.

2. Calandrinia, HBK.

Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 5 or (2:, equal.
Stamens Opposite to the petals, variable in
number. Ovary oo-ovulate; style 3-oleft. Cap-
sule 3-valved, oo-seeded.

Q. 2:. flowers rosy, pink, purple.

3. Claytonia, L-
Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 5, equal. Sta-

78 VASCULAR PLANTS.

mens 5, opposite to the petals. Ovary 3 or
6-ovulate; style 3-cleft. Capsule 3—valved,
3—seeded.

(9. 2:. flowers White; rosy.

4. Montia, Michel.

Sepals 2, persistent. External petals 3; in~
ternal 2, connate. Stamens '3 or 5. Ovary
3—ovulate; style 3~eleft. Capsule 3-valved,
3 seeded.

(9. flowers white.

ORDER XIII. CHENOPODIALES.

Corolla O. Perigonium inferior. Stamens
opposite to the sepals. Ovary 1-locular, cen-
trospermous. Stipules 0.

FAMILY XL. Amarantaceae.

Perigonium without a tube, 3-bracteate;
anterior bract longer than the 2 lateral ones.
Style simple.

1- Amarantus, L.

Polygamous. Monoecious. Stamens dis-
tinct. Style short; stigmas 2 01‘ -3. Fruita
circumscissile utricle. 9.

FAMILY XL. Chenopodeae.

Perigonium without a tube, not more than
1-bracteate.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 79

1- Chenopodium, L-

Bracts 0. Perigonium 5-cleft; lobes dorsal-
ly circinate. Stamens 5. Ovary l—locular, 1-
ovulate; stigmas 2. Fruit a depressed utricle
enclosed in the persistent perigonium. (9. 2L

2- Atriplex, L.

Bracts 0. Flowers polygamous. <3 and £5 per-
igonium 3 or 5-parted. 9 2-parted. Stigmas
2. Fruit a compound utricle (9. 2L.

3. Salicornia, Tournef.

Bracts 0. Flowers in threes, immersed in a
rhachis, decussately arranged, and forming a
spike. Perigonium gamophyllous, utriculate—
peltate. Stamens 1 or 2. Stigmas 2. Fruit
a compound utricle.

2t. ‘2. fleshy, articulate, aphyllous, saline
plants.

4. Sumda,’ Forsk.

Flowers axillary, with minute, scale-like
bracts. Perigonium urceolate, 5-cleft. Sta-
mens 5. Fruit a utricle enclosed in the inflexed
perigonium.

Q. 21. leaves terete, fleshy.

FAMILY XLI. Nyctaginew.

Flowers involucrate. Perigonium gamophyl—
lous corolla-like, its persistent tube enclosing
the akene. '

80 VASCULAR PLANTS.

1- Abronia, J uss

Involucre five— leaved, oo -flowered, persistent.
Perigonium salver-shaped. Stamens5, included.
Stigma clavate

(9. 2:. leaves opposite.

SECTION IV. EUCYCLICE.

Floral parts distinct in well-defined circles.

ORDER XIV. TRICOCCJE.

Flowers diclinous. Ovary superior. Ovules
1—2, collateral, pendulous from the summit of
loculi, which separate at last from a central
axis.

FAMILY XLII. Euphorbiaceae.

Loculi l-ovulate.

1- Eremocarpus, Benth.

Monoecious. Flowers cymose. 6 : perigo-
nium 5-parted; stamens 7, central, inflexed in

aestivation.:pe1igonium 0;ova1y with 5
glands at the92 base, 1-locular, 1— ovulate; style
simple; capsule 2-valved. G).

2. Hendecandra, Esch. (0roton.)

Dioecious. 6 : flowers in racemes; perigo—
nium 5-cleft, with 5 glands opposite to the lobes;
stamens more than 5. i‘é : flowers; solitary;

VASCULAR PLANTS. 81

perigonium 3-cleft;> glands 0; ovary 3-locular;
styles 3, each 4-parted; capsule 3-coccous, each
2-valved. 2t .

3- Euphorbia. L.

Monoecious. Androgynous. Flowers umbel-
late. Involucre campanulate. 6 flowers, per-
igonium O; monandrous, stipitate, bracteate. S?
flower a single one, central in the umbel;per-
igonium dentate or O; ovary 3-locular; styles 3,
each 2-cleft. Q. 2:. 72.

FAMILY XLIII. Callitrichaceae, (0f doubtful “finityJ

Flowers axillary, 2-bracteolate. Perigonium
0. Monandrous. Ovary4-locular; loculi 1—ovu-
late; ovule pendulous from the summit of the
loculus; styles 2, central. Fruit 4-lobed, 4-100-
ular, 4-seeded. Capsule dehiscent. Leaves op-
posite; stipules 0.

1- Callitriche, L.
2f. aquatic herbs. Only genus.

ORDER XIV. MALVALES.

Flowers regular. Calyx free, 5-parted, val-
vate in aestivation. Corolla 5-parted, contorted
in aestivation” Stamens often monadelphous.
Carpidia several, free, or connate with the cen-
tral axis into an oo-locularpvary. Leaves alter-
nate, stipulate.

82 VASCULAR PLANTS.

FAMILY XLV. Malvaceae.

Claws of the petals united with each other,
and with the column of co , monadelphous sta-
mens. Anthers reniform, l-locular.

1- Lavatera, L-

Involucre 3—6-cleft. Ovaries oo, verticil-
late; l—ovulate; style 1, springing from the re—
ceptacle; stigmas oo , filiform. Fruit a schizo-
carp. Seed ascending. 2L l2-

2. Malva, L-

Involucre 3—leaved. Ovary oo —locular; loculi
l-ovulate; styles as many as loculi, united at
base; stigmas obtuse. Fruit a depressed cap-
sule. Seed ascending. 0. 2L.

3 Sidalcea, Gray.

Involucre 0. Ovary oc-locular; loculi 1-ovu-
late; styles as many as loculi, united at base.
Fruit 00 , corneous schizooarps. Seed ascend-
ing.

G). 1;. flowers purple.

4- Sphaeralcea, St. Hi1.

Ovary oo-locular; loculi 1-ovulate; styles as
many as loouli, united at base; stigmas capi—
tate. Fruit ‘a loculicidous capsule; at length
also septicidous. 2; . b .

VASCULAR PLANTS. 83

5. Sida,’ Kunth.

Ovary oo—locular; loculi l—ovulate; styles as
many as loculi, united at base; stigmas capitate. .
Fruit an oo-seeded capsule. Seeds pendulous
from the apex.

2L . flowers yellow or whitish.

ORDER XV. GERANIALES.

Calyx free, imbricated in aestivation. Petals
5, contorted or convolute in aestivation. Sta-
mens hypogynous, definite. Ovary the com-
‘ pound of a definite number of carpidia.

FAMILY XLVI. Geraniaceaa.

Sepals.5. Petals 5, hypogynous, alternate
with the sepals. Stamens 10. Carpidia 5, ver-
ticillate round a columnar axis, (gynophore).
Styles distinct at base, connate towards their
apex. Carpidia 5, 2—ovulate, 1-seeded, ven-
trally dehiscent. Leaves stipulate.

1- Geranium, L- .
Stamens 10, monadelphous, all fertile. Styles

persistent. G, . Z: . 72 .

2. Erodium, L’Her.

Stamens 10, monadelphous, the alternate ones
sterile and depauperate. Styles persistent.
(D . 2L .

84 , VASCULAR PLANTS.

FAMILY XLVII. Oxalidew,

Sepals 5. Petals hypogynous. Ovary 5-car-
pidia opposite the petals, attached to the axis
by their central angle, 2—— oo-seeded; ovules
vertically arranged; styles 5, persistent. Leaves
alternate; stipules 0.

1- Oxalis, L.

Petals 5. Stamens 10, monadelphous, the 5
Opposite the petals shorter. Capsule oblong.
(9. 2L.
FAMILY XLVIII. Linea,

Calyx persistent. Petals hypogynous, unguic-
ulate. Perfect stamens 5, sometimes 4. Ovary 5,
sometimes 4, 3 or 2-locular; loculi 2-ovulate;
ovules collateral. more or less separated by a
spurious septum; styles equalling the loculi in
number. Capsule globose.

1- Linum, L-
Sepals 5. Petals 5. Q. 2(-

FAMILY XLIX- Limnantheae.

Calyx persistent, valvate in aestivation. Pet-
als alternating with calyx lobes, inserted into a
perigynous disk. Stamens twice as many as
petals. Carpidia verticillate, free, l-ovulate;
style central on the apex, 5, sometimes 3-cleft.
Fruit 5, sometimes 3 akenes. Stipules 0.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 85

1. Limnanthes, R. Br.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, cuneiform. Ovaries
5. Fruit 5, rugose akenes.

6). flowers yellow, White, rose.

ORDER XVI. TEREBINTHINALES.

Flowers regular. Calyx free. Petals 5, im-
bricate or valvate in aestivation, not contorted,
nor truly convolute, inserted into a disk. Sta-
mens 5, or a multiple. Ovary 1~—5 carpidia,
syncarpous, or apocarpous; carpidia l——2-ovu-
late.

FAMILY L. Rutaceae.

Stamens inserted on the external margin of
the disk. Carpidia more than 1-ovulate. Stip—
ules 0.

l. Ptelea, L.

Polygamous. Calyx 4 or 5-parted. Petals 4
or 5. Stamens 4 or 5, alternate with the petals.
Ovary on a convex disk, 2 locular; loouli 2-ovu—
late; style 1. Fruit a 2-seeded samara.

5. flowers white.

FAMILY LI. Terebinthacem.

Stamens inserted on the inner margin of the
disk. Ovary 1, or if more, only 1 fertile; l-ovu-
late. Fruit indehiscent.

86 VASCULAR PLANTS.

1. Rhus, L.

Polygamous. Calyx 5-parted, persistent.
Stamens 5. Ovary 1, 1-locular, l-ovulate;
styles 3. Fruit, a dry drupe. » b .

FAMLY LII. Juglandeaa_ (Of doubtful afinity.)

Flowers diclinous. 6 :amentaceous; perigo-
nium adnate to the bract, and imbricate; petals
3, or its multiple. ‘2 : aggregate or racemose;
perianth connate with the imperfectly 2—4-100-
ular, l-ovulate ovary. Fruit a pyrenous drupe.
Leaves imparipinnate; stipules 0.

1- Juglans, L-

6 : stamens more than 6. 52 : few, terminal;
calyx 4-parted; petals 4; styles 2. I2 .

ORDER XVII. SAPINDALES-

Parts of the androecium not symmetrical. Ca—
lyx free, imbricate in aestivation. Petals insert—
ed into a hypogynous disk. Stamens as many
as the petals, or their multiple. Carpidia 3,
sometimes 2, connate into an ovary. Ovules
of definite number.

FAMILY LIII. Polygalaceae,

Flowers irregular, often imitating Pupil/ion-
aceoe. Sepals 5, the two lateral petaloid (wings).
Petals 5, sometimes 3, connate with the stami-
neal tube; anterior petal concave (carina).

VASCULAR PLANTS. . 87

Stamens 8, sometimes 4 or less, usually mona—
delphous. Ovary 2—locular; style 1. Stipules 0.

1- Polygala, L-

Calyx persistent. Stamens 8, ascending;
filaments united at the base into an anteriorly
cleft tube. Ovary 2-locular; loculi 1—ovu1ate.
Capsule loculicidal. QQ. 2;. ‘3.

FAMILY LIV. Sapindaceaa,

Sepals 5, often irregular and more or less
connate. Disk fleshy. Petals alternate with
sepals and appendiculate at their claws, soine-
times one or all of them wanting. Stamens
twice as many as sepals, l—seriate, sometimes
reduced in number. Ovary 3<locular; loculi
1—2-ovulate.

1. JEsculus, L-

Polygamous. Calyx irregular, gamosepalous.
Petals unguiculate, 5, or by abortion of the an—
terior one, 4. Stamens 6+8; filaments ascend-
ing. Loculi of ovary 2—ovulate. Fruit a locu-
licidous capsule, generally by abortion, l—loc-
ular, l-seeded.

b . leaves palmate, deciduous.

2. Acer, Moench.

Polygamous. Petals as many as sepals, in-
serted into the margin of the lobate, hypogy-
nous disk. Stamens 8, inserted with the petals.

88 VASCULAR PLANTS.

Ovary 2-locular, 2—lobed; loculi 2-ovulate.
Fruit a 2—seeded samara.

72 . leaves opposite, palmately lobed, decid-
uous.

3. Negundo, Moench.

Polygamous. Petals O. 6 : stamens 4, some-
times 5, opposite to the calyx teeth. 9 : ovary
2—locular, 2-lobed; loculi 2-ovulate. Fruit a
2-seeded samara.

72. leaves opposite, imparipinnate, decidu-
ous.

ORDER XVIII. CELASTRALES.

Parts of the flower correspondent in number.
Disk tumid, adnate to the base of the calyx.
Stamens inserted with the petals on the margin
of the disk. Ovules definite.

FAMILY LV. Rhamnacea

Calyx conspicuous, gamosepalous, valvate in
zestivation. Stamens inserted with the petals,
and alternate with the calyx-lobes. Ovary
3—2-locular; loculi 1-0vulate; styles 3—2, more ‘
or less connate.

1. Rhamnus, Juss.

Calyx-tube urceolate, margin 5~—4—cleft. Pet-
als emarginate, or wanting. Ovary free. Fruit
a 3—2-pyrenous drupe.

1'2 . leaves alternate, stipulate.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 89

2- Ceanothus, L.

Calyx—tube hemispherical, concave; margin
petaloid. Petals unguiculate; margin cucullate.
Ovary half immersed into the disk; style 3-cleft.
Fruit a 3-seeded capsule with base embraced
by the calyx tube, dehiscent at the inner angle.

*2 . leaves simple, flowers blue, purple, white.

FAMILY LVI. AmpelipideaE.

Calyx inconspicuous. Stamens inserted with
the petals, opposite and of equal number.
Ovary 3-locular; loculi 2-ovulate; ovules col-
lateral. Fruit a berry. Lower leaves opposite;
upper by the transformation of one of the pair ,
into a tendril, apparently alternate.

1. Vitis, Tournef.

Petals coherent at their apex, caducous.
72 . leaves simple, palmately-nerved.

ORDER XIX. GU'l'l‘IFERE.

Flowers regular, calyx free, sepals 5—4, im-
bricate in aestivation. Petals convolute in msti-
vation, sometimes 0. Stamens oo, polyadel-
phous, sometimes reduced in number. Carpidia .
several, connate into an ovary.

FAMILY LVII. Hypericineay.

Sepals 2-seriate. Petals as many and alter-
4A

90 VASCULAR PLANTS.

nate with them. Stamens 0°. Carpidia 3 or 5;
ovules oo, 2-seriate in each; styles 3 or 5, more
or less united. Fruit a septicidous capsule.
Leaves opposite. Stipules O.

1. Hypericum, L-
Stamens polyadelphous. Stigmas capitate.
2;. flowers yellow.

FAMILY LVIII. Salicineae.

Dioecious, amentaceous. 6 : perigonium 0;
stamens central. 9 : perigonium 0; ovary 2
carpidia, connate into a capsule; ovules 00;
styles 2. Capsule 1-locular, 2-valved, oo—seed-
ed; seeds with hairy arillus. Leaves decidu-
ous, alternate, stipulate.

1. Salix, Tournet.
Bracts entire. 12 .

2. Populus, Tournef.
Bracts fimbriate, lacimate. b .

ORDER XX. PARIETALES.

Ovary 1-locular; placentation parietal;
ovules oo.
FAMILY LIX. Cistinem.

Calyx 2—seriate; 2 external sepals smaller than
the 3 internal, contorted to the left in zestiva—

VASCULAR PLANTS. 91

tion, sometimes 0. Petals 5, caducous, contor-
ted to the right in aestivation. Stamens oo.
Ovary free, formed by several connate carpidia;
style 1. Fruit a capsule; placentation some-
times apparently axillary, by placentiferous
septa protruding toward the centre.

1- Helianthemum, T0u1‘nef.

. Ovary 3-valved. Placentaa in the middle of
the valves, each valve more than 2—seeded.
(D. 2;. b. flowers yellow. ,

FAMILY LX. Loasaceaa.

Calyx—tube more or less connate with the
ovary, costate; margin 5—4 parted. Petals 5—4,
and their multiples. Stamens numerous, some
of the outer occasionally petaloid. Ovary in-
ferior, 1-locular; ovules 00; styles 1. Fruita
capsule immersed into the calyx-tube.

1- Mentzelia, L.

Calyx limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals not
cucullate. Stamens 00, inserted into the throat
of the calyx below the petals. Style 3-cleft.
Capsule dehiscent near the apex.

G). (9Q. flowers yellow, orange.

FAMILY LXI. Datiscem.

Calyx—tube connate with ovary. Petals 0.
Ovary l-locular; placentae on the middle nerve
of the carpidia; ovules 00; styles on the margins

92 VASCULAR PLANTS.

of the carpidia, 2 for each placenta, sometimes
united with the contiguous style. Fruit a cap-
sule crowned by the calyx margin and styles.

1- Tricerastes, Presl

Flowers ié . Calyx-tube 3—angled; margin
3—dentate. Stamens 3, alternate with the lobes
of the calyx; antheis extr or se. Ov a1 y “ith 3
placentae; styles 3, 2- -parted, opposite the calyx-
teeth. 2:.

FAMILY LXII. Frankeniacem.

Flowers regular. Calyx gamophyllous, free,
tubular, costate, persistent. Petals alternate
with lobes of the calyx, unguiculate. Stamens
not correspondent in number to petals; anthers
extrorse. Ovary free, regular; style 1. Fruit
a capsule 1-locular, 3—4-valved, included in
the persistent calyx-tube.

1- Frankenia, L-

Characters of the order.
2C . leaves opposite; stipules 0.

FAMILY LXIII. Violaceae.

Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, unguiculate.
Stamens inserted into a hy pog ynous disk: fila-
ments flat; anthers shor,t int1orse,p1essed
against the ovary, the connective elongated be-
yond the anthers. Ovary free, 1-locular, form-
ed by 3 carpidia ; ovules oo, bi-seriate; style 1,

VASCULAR PLANTS. 93

persistent. Fruit a 1-locular 3-valved capsule.
Valves bearing seeds on the middle nerve.
Leaves stipulate.

1- Viola, L-

Sepals unequal appendioulate at the base.
Petals unequal, the inferior longest and calcar-
ate. Stamens 5; anthers cohering into a tube,
the 2 inferior ones appendiculate at the base.

(9- Zf.

SERIES II. APHANOCYCLICEE.

Floral parts showing a tendency to spiral ar-
rangement, and generally distinct. Parts of
the gynazceum only, occasionally connate. Calyx
and corolla often of similar structure. Numer-
ical law not yet established. Stamens generally
more numerous than sepals or petals.

ORDER XXI. CRUCIFLORJE.

Calyx and corolla formed from 2 and its
multiple. Circles of stamens more than 1. Car-
pidia 2, and its multiple.

FAMILY LXIV. Cruciferae.

Sepals 2 pairs. Petals}. Stamens tetrady-
namous. Ovary free, compound of 2 lateral
carpidia; placentw parietal, on the margin of

94 ’ VASCULAR PLANTS.

the carpidia; style 1. Fruit a siliqua, silicula
cr lomentum. Leaves alternate, without stip-
ules.

l. Raphanus, Tournei.

Indehiscent siliqua (lomentum) irregularly
moniliform, several seeded.

Q. (96). flowers purple, white, yellow.

2- Thysanocarpus, Hook-

Indehiscent silicula (samara) orbicular,
winged, 1—seeded.

(D. vernal; flowers White, rose.

3. Senebiera, Poir-

Indehiscent silicula (schizocarp) 2—seeded.
Seeds globose, rugose.

Q. (96). flowers minute, white.

4. Lepidium, R. Br.

Silicula dorsally compressedhovate, with car-
inate valves, and narrow replum. Seeds soli—
tary in each locule, penulous from the apex of
the replum.

Q. G) 6). 2t. flowers minute, white, yellow.

5. Capsella, Vent.

Silicula dorsally compressed, with carinate,
l-nerved, valves, and narrow replum. Seeds ‘
oo.

(9. flowers white.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 95

6- Tropidocarpum, Hook.

Siliqua dorsally compressed, linear, with 1-
nerved, carinate valves, and very narrow replum.
Seeds oo.

(9. flowers yellow.

7. Nasturtium, R. Br.

Siliqua linear, with concave valves, and only
rudimentary nerve. Seeds oo , 2-seriate in each
valve.

0. Q (9. 2L . aquatic; flowers white, yellow.

8- Sisymbrium, L-

Siliqua linear, with concave, 3—nerved valves.
Seeds oo , l-seriate in each valve.

(9. G) (9 . 2:. flowers yellow, white.

9. Barbarea, R.Br.

Siliqua linear, 4-angular with concave, 1—
nerved valves. Seeds oo, compressed, l-seriate
in each valve.

GE). 2:. flowers yellow.

10. Brassica, L.

Siliqua linear, with concave, more than 1-
nerved valves. Seeds co , globose, l—seriate in
each valve.

Q. 99. 2;. flowers yellow.

11. Erysimum, L.
Siliqua linear, 4-.angular, with carinate, 1-

96 VASCULAR PLANTS.

nerved valves. Seeds oo , globose, 1-seriate in
each valve.

(99. )4. flowers yellow.

12. Caulanthus, Watson.

Sepals equally saccate. Petals undulate.
Siliqua elongated, terete, sessile; valves 1-
nerved. Seeds co, oblong, l-seriate in each
valve.

(9 (9. flowers purple, whitish.

13- Cheiranthus, L.

Lateral sepals saccate. Petals unguiculate.
Siliqua laterally compressed; replum broad;
valves l-nerved. Seeds compressed, 1-seriat‘e
in each valve.

(9. GE). flowers yellow, orange, purple.

14- Streptanthus, Nutt-

Sepals colored, and equal. Petals undulate.
Siliqua laterally compressed; valves flattened,
l—nerved. Seeds oo , l-seriate, marginate, com-
pressed.

Q. Q 6). flowers purplish, or yellowish.

15- Arabis, L.

Petals not undulate. Siliqua laterally com-
pressed, linear; valves flattened, with promi-
nent nerve. Seeds oo, l-seriate, compressed,
marginate.

G. QG. 2L. flowers purple, white.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 97

16. Cardamine, L-

Siliqua laterally compressed, linear; valves
flat, without nerve. Seeds 00, 1—seriate; funicle
filiform.

(DC-D. 2t. flowers purplish, white.

17- Alyssum, L-

Silicula laterally compressed, orbicular;
valves concave; replum broad. Seeds 1—2 in
each valve.

Q. 96). 2t. flowers white, yellow.

FAMIIY LXV. Fumariaceae.

Sepals 1 pair. Corolla irregular. Petals
more or less connate. Stamens 6, diadelphous.

1- Dicentra, Borkh-

Sepals small; 2 lateral petals flat, anterior
and posterior ones calcarate. Ovary l—locular,
with 2 parietal placentae; m-ovulate. Fruit a
2-valved capsule. .

2:. flowers white, red, yellow.

FAMILY LXVI. Papaveraceaa,

Sepals 2—3 caducous. Corolla regular; pe-
tals 2 pairs, sometimes 3. Stamens not connate.
Ovary free.

1. Platystemon, Benth.
Sepals 3, very caducous. Petals 6, imbricate.
Stamens oo; filaments flattened their whole
5

98 VASCULAR PLANTS.

length. Carpidia several, oo-seeded, at first
syncarpous; stigmas free, sessile, linear. Fruit
apocarpous, of several distinct, oo—seeded, in-
dehiscent carpidia.

Q. villous, flowers cream color.

2- Platystigma, Benth.

Sepals 3, very caducous. Petals 4—6 imbri—
cate. Stamens oo; filaments flattened only at
the base. Ovary 3—angular, 1 locular; placentae
3; stigmas 3. Fruit a capsule, 3-angular,
3-valved, oo-seeded.

Q . external petals yellow, internal paler.

3- Dendromecon, Benth.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens oo. Ovary
terete, linear with 2placentae; ovules oo. Stig—
ma sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule 1—locular,
2—valved; seeds on the margins of the valves.

12 . flowers yellow; leaves rigid entire.

4- Eschscholtzia, Cham.

Calyx and corolla inserted into a turbinate
thalamus. Calyx gamosepalous, soon circum-
cissile at the base. Petals 4. Stamens 00,
adhering to the base of the petals; filaments
very short; anthers extrorse. Ovary free, ter-
ete, 1—loeular, with 2 placentze; ovules 0c]; stig—
mas 4, unequal. Fruit a capsule, terete,

VA SOULA R PLA N TS. 99

10-nerved, l-locular, 2-valved; seeds on the
margins of the valves.
(9. M. flowers orange, yellow.

5 Meconopsis, Viguier~

Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Stamens oo;
anthers laterally dehiscent. Ovary obovate,
l—locular, with more than 2 placentae; style
short, persistent; stigmas several, radiating.
Fruit a 1-locular capsule, dehiscing by several
valves near the apex.

(D. 2:. flowers red, orange.

6. Argemone, Tournef.

Sepals 2—3. Petals 4—~-6. Stamens 00; an—
thers extrorse. Ovary ovate, l-locular with
more than 2 placentze; stigmas nearly sessile,
radiating. Fruit a capsule dehiscing by several
valves near the apex.

Q. prickly, flowers large, white, yellow.

ORDER XXII. POLYCARPICE.

Floral parts with a tendency to arrange them-
selves spirally, and gradually merge into each
other.

FAMILY LXVII. Laurineaa.

Perigonium 6-parted; lobes 2-seriate, imbri—
cate in aestivation. Disk adnate to the base of

100 VASCULAR PLANTS.

the perigonium. Stamens inserted on the mar;
gin of the disk, 6 or its multiple; anthers dehi—
scent by valves. Ovary 1—locular, compound
of 3 carpidia but only one ovule developed;
style 1. Fruit baccate or drupaceous. Leaves
alternate; stipules 0.

1. Oreodaphne, Nees.

Margin of the perigonium deciduous, Sta-
mens 9—12, in 3 rows; anthers of the 2 exter—
nal rows introrse, of the 3d extrorse and in-
trorse, inner row sterile. Fruit a drupe resting
on the enlarged thalamus. b .

FAMILY LXVIII- Berberidaceae.

Sepals, petals and stamens 2—3—seriate, op-
posite each other. Anthers extrorse, dehiscing
by uplifted valves. Ovary 1-locular with ven-
tral placenta, 8-ovulate. Fruit baccate capsu-
lar or follicular, 1—several—seeded. Leaves al—
ternate; stipules 0.

1- Vancouveria, Decaisne.

Sepals 2X3. Petals 2X3. Stamens 6. Fruit
a follicle, several—seeded.
7.1:. flowers white.

2- Berberis, L-

Sepals 2 X 3, protected by bracts. Petals 2 X 3.
Stamens 6. Fruit baccate, few-seeded.
V2 . flowers yellow.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 101

FAMILY LXIX. Ranunculaceae.

Petals alternate with sepals, and imbricate in
zestivation. Stamens 00; anthers extrorse.(lat-
eral), longitudinally dehiscent. Ovaries sev-
eral, sometimes reduced to 1, syncarpous and
baccate; styles distinct. Fruit akene, follicle,
berry. Stipules O.

l. Pagonia,’ Tournef.

Sepals 5,unequal, persistent. Petals 5a (2 X5),
equal. Stamens ‘oo ; anthers introrse. Ovaries
few, seated on a fle<hy disk, distinct, w-ovulate;
stigmas sessile. Fruit of few follicles, oo -seed-
ed, coriaceous.

2t . b . flowers red, white.

2. Actaea, L-

Sepals 4, equal, caducous. Petals 4. Anthers
introrse. Ovary 1, 1—locular with ventral pla-
centa; ovules 2-seriate; stigma sessile. Fruit
baccate, oo-seeded.

2:. flowers white.

3- Delphinium, Tournef.

Sepals 5, petaloid; upper one calcarate. Co-
rolla irregular; upper petal wanting; 2 lateral
petals projecting by their appendices into the
calyx-spur. Ovaries not more than 5, with ven-
tral placentae, oo-ovulate. Fruit several dis-
tinct follicles.

Q). 2:. flowers white, blue, purple, red.

102 VASCULAR PLANTS.

4. Aquilegia,’ Tournef.

Sepals 5, petaloid, equal. Petals 5, bilabia‘e,
prolonged backward into a spur. Fruit 5 folli-
cles.

21:. flowers red, blue, yellow.

5- Ranunculus, L.

Sepals 5. Petals 5 or a multiple, with a scale
at the base. Ovaries oo, 1—ovulate. Fruit 00
akenes.

(9. 1t. flowers yellow, white.

6. Myosurus’ Dillen.

Sepals 5, calcarate. Petals 5, on filiform
claws. Fruit 00 akenes, crowded on an elonga-
ted, spike-like receptacle.

6). dwarf plants with radical leaves.

7- Thalictrum, Tournef.

Involucre O. Sepals 5—4, very caducous-
Petals 0. Ovaries w, l—ovulate. Fruit capi—
tate, akenes.

2t. leaves ternately compound.

8. Anemone, Hall.

Involucre 3-foliate. Sepals petaloid, 5 or a
multiple. Petals 0. Ovaries oo, l-ovulate.
Fruit akenes, capitate. 2t.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 103

.9- Clematis, L.

Sepals 4 ,petaloid, not imbricate in aestivation.
Petals 0. Ovaries 1-ovulate. Fruit 00 akenes,
caudate by the persistent style. 2t, ‘2 .

ORDER XXIII. RAN ALES.

Floral parts having a tendency to merge
gradually into each other.

FAMILY LXX. Nym phaeaceae.

Sepals and petals inserted into a fleshy, cup-
shaped thalamus. Stamens oo, eo—seriate, in-
serted with the petals; filaments flat, petaloid;
anthers introrse, adnate. Carpidia several, im-
mersed in the thalamus, and forming an oo-loc-
ular ovary; ovules 00, inserted on the partitions;
styles united, and forming a radiate, peltate
stigma, projecting beyond the thalamus and
persistent.

1. Nuphar, Smith.

Sepals 5, petaloid. Petals oo, in several se-
ries, at length recurving, persistent. Stigma
stipitate. Fruit baccate.

2:. aquatic. flowers yellow.

SERIES III. PERIGYNJE.

Thalamus cup-shaped, bearing sepals, petals,
and stamens; and enveloping and including the
carpidia.

104 VASCULAR PLANTS.

SECTION I. CALYCIFLORE.

Petals present and distinct, 5—4. Stamens
equaling them or a multiple.

ORDER XXIV. MYRTALES.

Calyx-lobes valvate in zestivation. Petals as
many. Stamens as many, or a multiple, some-
times a divisor. Carpidia united into a single
ovary.

FAMILY LXXI. Halorrhagideae.

Calyx—tube adnate to the ovary; limb 4-part—
ed. Petals alternate with calyx-lobes. Stamens
not more than twice as many as petals; if equal,
opposite to them. Placenta; central, 1—ovulate.
Styles as many as locules.

1- Hippuris, L-

Flowers i? or sometimes polygamous. Stam-
en 1; filament subulate. Ovary 1-locular,
1-0vulate; style filiform. Fruit nut-like.

2t. aquatic; leaves verticilate; flowers mi-
nute, solitary in the axils.

2. Myriophyllum, L.

Monoecious. 8 : petals very caducous; sta-
mens 8. 9 : calyx-limb, and petals minute;
stigma villous; ovary 4-100111ar, 4-0vulate.

212. aquatic.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 105

FAMILY LXXII. Onagracem.

Calyx—tube adnate to the ovary. Petals al-
ternate with them, not valvate in aestivation.
Stamens inserted with petals, as many or a mul-
tiple; anthers introrse. Placentae central,
oo-ovulate. Style 1. Stipules 0.

1- Jussiaea, L.

Calyx—tube not prolonged beyond the ovary,
but forming an epigynous disk; lobes 4—6 per-
sistent. Petals as many. Stamens twice as
many. Loculi of the ovary as many as the ca-
lyx-lobes; stigma capitate. Fruit a septicidal
capsule. .

2L . aquatic; flowers yellow; leaves alternate.

2- Zauschneria, Presl.

Calyx-tube prolonged considerably above the
ovary, funnel—shaped, colored, with 4-lobed, de-
ciduous limb. Petals not exceeding the calyx-
lobes, 2—cleft, erect. Stamens 8, included. Ovary
4-locular, 4—valved. Seeds with a hairy crown.
Fruit a capsule, linear. 1—locular, oo-seeded.

2t. flowers scarlet; upper leave: alternate.

3. Epilobium, L.

Calyx-tube prolonged but little beyond the
ovary; limb 4-parted soon deciduous. Petals
as many, obovate, or obcordate, inserted into
an annular disk on the summit of the calyx-tube.

106 VASCULAR PLANTS

Stamens 8. Ovary 4-locular. Fruit a 4-angu-
lar, 4—locular, loculicidal capsule. Seeds with
a crown of long hair.

Q. 2t . flowers red or pale.

4- Gayophytum, J uss.

Calyx—tubenot prolonged beyond the ovary
limb, 4—parted, reflexed. deciduous. Petals as
many. Stamens 8, versatile; those opposite the
petals smaller and usually sterile. Ovary 2-loc-
ular; style short; stigma capitate or clavate.
Fruit a capsule, 2—locular, unequally 4-valved.
Seeds smooth.

6) . slender; flowers red or pale.

5. (Enothera, L-

Calyx-tube more or less prolonged above the
ovary; lobes reflexed. Petals 4. Stamens 8,
versatile. Ovary 4—locular; ovules co; style fil-
iform. Fruit a 4-locular capsule, loculicidal.
Seeds oo , smooth.

Q . 2:. leaves alternate; flowers yellow, white.

6 Godetia, Spach.

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, fun—
nel-form, the lobes reflexed. Petals 4. Star
mens 8, unequal; anthers basifixed. Capsule
ovate to linear. . Seeds smooth oo .

(9- flowers purple to white, often spotted.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 107

7. Clarkia, Pursh.

Calyx—tube prolonged above the ovary. ob-
conical, deciduous, the lobes reflexed. Petals
4, unguiculate. Stamens 8, alternate ones de-
pauperate; anthers basifixed. Capsule linear.
Seeds oo , smooth. (9.

8. Eucharidium, Fisch. & Mey.

Calyx-tube linear-elongated above the ovary;
its lobes reflexed, deciduous. Petals 4, ungui—
culate. Stamens 4, alternate with the petals; an—
thers basifixed. Seeds oo , smooth.

(9. flowers red.

9- Boisduvalia, Spach.

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, fun-
nel-form, deciduous; the lobes erect. Petals 4,
sessile, 2—lobed. Stamens 8, those opposite
the petals shorter; anthers basifixed. Capsule
4-locular. Seeds oo, smooth.

(9. flowers purple.

FAMILY LXXIII. Lythrarim.

Calyx-tube not adnate to the ovary. Sta-
mens inserted with the petals, and of definite
number; anthers introrse. Ovary free, with
central placentze, compound of carpidia; ovules
oo ; style 1.

1. Lythrum, L.
' Calyx tubular, 8—12—costate; limb 8—12-den-

108 VASCULAR PLANTS.

tate; dentations alternating in size. Petals

4—6, opposite the smaller dentations of the

calyx; Stamens 8—12. Ovary 2—locular. Cap-

sule 2-locular, covered by the persistent calyx.
(-3. 21:. flowers purple.

ORDER XXV. ROSIFLORE.

Calyx-lobes imbricate in aestivation, as many
as the perigynous petals. Ovaries several, in
different degrees of consolidation, in rare
instances reduced to a single one; the excen-
tric position of which indicates the abortion of
its fellows.

FAMILY LXXIV. Amygdalaceaa‘

Calyx free, 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5, con-
volute in aestivation. Ovaries generally reduced
to 1, 1-locular, 2—ovulate. Fruit 3. drupe, by
abortion generally l-seeded. Leaves alternate,
stipulate; stipules caducous.

l. Prunus, L-
Drupe fleshy; endocarp not rugose. 73 .

2. Nuttallia, Torrey & Gray.

Flowers polygamous. Ovaries 5. Fruit sev-
eral l-seeded drupes.

'2 . flowers white.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 109

FAMILY LXXV. Spiraeeaa.

Ovaries verticillate, rarely reduced to 1.
Fruit follicular.

1. Spiraaa, L-

Seeds small, exalbuminous, with membrana-
ceous testa.

2L. ’3. flowers white, rose.

2. Nefllia, Don.
Seeds albuminous, with a shining crustaceous

testa.
1;» . flowers white.

FAMILY LXXVI. Dryadaceae,

Ovaries collected around a convex receptacle,
rarely reduced to one, 1-ovulate. Fruit inde-
hiscent, frequently drupaceous.

1. Ruhus, L. p

Calyx persistent, concave or flattened; limb
5-parted. Stamens oo . Ovaries on a convex
receptacle. Fruit drupes oo , on a conical re-
ceptacle.

2t. 73. flowers white.

2- Fragaria, L.
Calyx concave or flattened, persistent, 5-lobed,
augmented by 5 bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens

110 VASCULAR PLANTS.

a multiple of 5. Ovaries oo , on a convex re-
ceptacle; styles lateral. Fruit 00 -akenes on an
enlarged fleshy receptacle.

1:. flowers white.

3- Potentilla, L-

Calyx concave or flattened, 5—lobed, aug-
mented by 5 bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens a
multiple of 5. Ovaries 00 on a slightly conical
receptacle. Styles lateral. Fruit 00 , akenes.

2:. 5. flowers yellow.

4- Horkelia, Chum. & Schlect.

Calyx campanulate; limb 5-parted, augment—
ed by 5 bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens a mul—
tiple. Ovaries inserted on a conical receptacle;
styles sub—terminal. Fruit akenes.

2: . flowers yellowish, pink, white.

FAMILY LXXVII. Sanguisorbacem .

Calyx-tube contracted near its apex, includ-
ing the ovaries. Petals often wanting. Stamens
and ovaries often reduced in number. Ovaries
1—ovulate.

1- Adenostoma, Hook & Arn.

Calyx funnel—shaped; tube 10—costate; limb
5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens a multiple. Ovary
1, with truncate, pubescent apex. Fruit an
akene, included in the peristent calyx-tube.

b . flowers white.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 111

2. Alchemilla, Tournef.‘

Calyx-tube urceolate, peristent, limb 4-part—
ed, with as many minute deciduous bractlets.
Petals 0. Stamens reduced, 1 to 4. Ovaries
1—4; styles basilar Fruit 1—4 akenes. ZL .

3. Acmna, Vahl.

Calyx—tube contracted at the throat, oblong,
angular, the angles armed with glochidiate
prickles; limb persistent. Petals 0. Stamens
reduced, 1—5. Ovaries 1—2; styles terminal;
stigmas penicillate. Fruit an akene inclosed in
the persistent calyx. 2L.

4- Cercocarpus, HBK

Calyx—tube cylindrical, persistent; limb tur—
binate, 5-lobed, deciduous. Petals 0. Stamens
multiples of 5. Ovary 1; style terminal, long
exserted. Fruit an akene linear, terete, cau-
date by the elongated, plumose, twisted style.

72 .

FAMILY LXXVIII. Rosacea

Carpidia oo , 1-0vulate, indehiscent, included
in the fleshy tube of the calyx. Stamens oo .

l. Rosa, Tournef.

Calyx—tube urceolate, constricted at the
throat; limb 5-parted. Petals 5. Styles lat-
eral, exserted. Fruit oo-akenes, included in

the fleshy calyx-tube. lg .

112 VASCULAR PLANTS.

FAMILY LXXIX. Calycantheag,

Calyx fleshy; tube obconical; limb divided
into 00 -seriate' lobes. Petals 0. Stamens oo ;
anthers 'extrorse. Ovaries oo, 1-ovulate, in-
serted on the whole inner surface of the calyx-
tube; styles oo, terminal, exserted Fruit
00 akenes, enclosed in the fleshy calyx-tube.
Leaves opposite; stipules O.

1- Calycanthus, Lind-

Inner lobes of the oo—seriate calyx-limb
smaller than the external. Outer series of
stamens fertile; inner, sterile.

b . flowers purple or brownish.

FAMILY LXXX. Pomaceae.

Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; limb 5-part—
ed. Carpidia 2—5, 2-ovulate. Styles 2—5. ‘
Fruit baccate.

1- Photinia, Lind-

Carpidia 2, imperfectly united and only half
immersed in the calyx-tube; styles 2. Calyx-
limb growing fleshy in fruit and covering the
upper half of the carpidia, which are l-seeded
by abortion.

73 . flowers in corymbose panicles.

2~ Amelanchier, Medik.
Ovules of the carpidion separated by an in-

VASCULAR PLANTS. 113

complete septum; 1 ovule becoming abortive in
the ripe fruit.
2t. flowers in racemes.

ORDER XXVI. LEGUMINOSZE.

Ovary 1, 1—locular. Fruit a legume. Leaves
alternate, stipulate.

FAMILY LXXXI. Papilionaceae.
Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10.

1. Pickeringia, Nutt-
Petals of the carina not connate. Stamens
not diadelphous. Legume linear, compressed.
b . flowers purple; leaves palmately trifolio-
late, evergreen; stipules evanescent.

2- Thermopsis, R. Brown.

Petals of the carina partly connate. Stamens
not diadelphous. Legumes linear, compressed.

2:. flowers yellow; leaves palmately 3-folio-
late; stipules persistent, foliaceous.

3. Lupinus, L-
Stamens monadelphous; anthers alternately
oblong and reniform.
Q. (9Q. 2t. 72. leaves palmate; stipules ad-
nate.
5A

114: VASCULAR PLANTS.

4- Medicago, L.

Diadelphous. Legume faleate or spirally
coiled.

Q. 2;. 12. leaves pinnately trifoliolate; stip-
ules adnate.

5. Melilotus,Tou1'nef.

Diadelphous. Petals free from the column
of stamens and deciduous. ' Legume globose.

' Q. Q G). flowers racemose: leaves pinnately
trifoliolate; stipules adnate.

6. Trifolium, Tournef.

Diadelphous. Petals persistent, and adnate
to the stamineal tube. Legumes utriculate,
irregularly dehiscent.

G). 2:. leaves palmately compound; stipules
adnate.

7- Hosackia, Doug-

Diadelphous. Petals unguiculate. Legumes
cylindrical, sessile. Flowers umbellate.

Q. 2:. leaves impari (2—several)—pinnate;
stipules often minute.

8. Psoralea, L.
Diadelphous. Wings united to the carina.
Ovary sessile, 1-ovulate. Legume included in

the calyx, indehiscent.
25. Ta. glandular; leaves imparipinnate,
3—5—foliolate; stipules not adnate.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 115

9- Amorpha, L.

Monadelphous. Vexillum unguiculate. Wings
and carina O. Ovary sessile, 2—ovulate. Le-
gumes dehiscent very late.

’9. glandular; leaves imparipinnate.

10. Glycyrrhiza, L-

Diadelphous. Calyx ebracteolate. Vexillum
wings and carina straight. Anthers confluent.
Legumes ovate, compressed, few-seeded, echi-
nate.

2t. glandular; leaves imparipinnate.

11- Astragalus, L-

Diadelphous. Carina blunt. Legume usually
more or less divided by the intrusion of the
dorsal suture. Seeds reniform.

Q. 2;. leaves imparipinnate.

12. Vicia, L.
Diadelphous. Style filiform; apex pilose.
Q. GE). It. leaves paripinnate, terminating
in branched tendrils.

13- Lathyrus, L.

Style dorsally flattened towards the apex,
concave, pilose along the inner side.

2:. leaves paripinnate, ending in branched
tendrils. . '

116 VASCULAR PLANTS.

14- Cercis, L.

Stamens not diadelphous; anterior longer
than the posterior ones; anthers versatile. Pet-
als unguiculate, those forming the carina, sep-
arate, and larger than the rest. Legume flat,
stipitate, oo-seeded; ventral suture winged.

b . flowers purple in axillary fascicles; leaves
simple, appearing after the flowers.

ORDER XXVII. DAPHNALES.

Petals O. Perigonium and stamens inserted
on a perigynous disk. Stamens 2 or its multi—
ple. Carpidion 1; ovules never basilar. Sti-
pules 0.

FAMILY LXXXII. Thymeleaceae.

Ovary 1-locular, l-ovular; ovule lateral, at-
tached near the apex; style lateral.

1- Dirca, L.

Flowers i5. Perigonium corolline, campan-
ulate; limb obliquely truncate. Stamens 8 ex—
serted, the alternateiones shorter. Hypogynous
scales 0. Style filiform, sub-terminal. Fruit
a drupe. ’ ’2 .

FAMILY LXXXIII. Loranthacew, (0f doubtful ufiim‘ty.)

Evergreen, dichotomous, parasitic perennials
Branches articulate. Leaves opposite; stipules

VASCULAR PLANTS. ' 117

0. Flowers epigynous. Stamens inserted on
the perigonium, opposite its lobes, and of the
same number. Ovary 1-locular, 1—ovular. Fruit
baccate. Seed often containing several em-
bryos.

1- Phoradendron, Nutt-

Flowers diclinous; 8 and S? , on separate
spikes. Anthers 2-locular. Stigma sessile.
Fruit crowned by the persistent perigonium.

2;. on oaks, conifers, mimosae, etc.

2- Arceuthobium, Bieb.

Dioecious. 8 flowers sessile. Lobes of the
perigonium ovate, spreading. Anthers sessile;
inserted on the middle of the perigonium lobes,
l-locular, transversely dehiscent. 9 flowers
shortly pedicellate, compressed, with 2-dentate
limb. Stigma sessile. Berry transversely de-
hiscent at the base.

M. on conifers.

SERIES IV. MONOCI-ILAMYDEE.

Flowers incomplete. Number of seed leaves
correspondent to floral parts.

ORDER XXVIII. SERPENTARIIE.

Leafy plants containing chlorophyll, as dis~

118 VASCULAR PLANTS.

tinguished from the other Asaral group, the
Schizantheae, which are destitute of leaves and
chlorophyll.

FAMILY LXXXIV. Aristolochieaa.

Perigonium gamosepalous. Stamens 6, or a
multiple. Ovary 6-locular.

l. Asarum, Tonrnef.

Stamens 12, free. Perigonium entirely epi—
gynous; limb regular.
2: . rhizome dichotomous.

2. Aristolochia, Tournef.

Stamens 6, gynandrous. Limb of perigoni—
um oblique, irregularly cleft.
1L. 13. twining.

SERIES V. J ULIFLORE.

Inflorescence dense; flowers apetalous. Leaves
never compound.

ORDER XXIX. AMENTACEJE.

Flowers diclinous: 6 flowers amentaceous.
Fruit 1—seeded, indehiscent. Stipules decidu-
ous.

FAMILY LXXXV. eupulifeme,
Epigynous. Style 1; stigmas several. Fruit

 

a» x“? . ‘1: I , 3
(‘W I.:,31"I‘Y

VASCULAR PLuxN S" J/ 119

a nut (akene), the base of which is surrounded
by a cupula (persistent involucre).

1. Quercus, L.

Monoecious. Aments slender. 6 perigo—
nium 4—8—parted: 9? 6—dentate. Style short;
stigmas 3. Ovary 3—locular, 6—ovulate, sur—
rounded by a scaly, bud-like involucre, which
in fruit enlarges into a cup surrounding the .
base of the nut. '2 .

2. Castanopsis, Spach.

Monoecious. Aments slender, panicled on
the young shoots. 8 perigonium 5—lobed;
stamens 10. 52 flowers 1—3, in a scaly invol-
ucre, sessile at the base of the ament; perigo-
nium 6-lobed, 2-seriate; fruit 1—3 nuts entirely
enclosed in a prickly, irregularly rupturing in—
volucre. 72 .,

3. Corylus_ Tournef.

Monoecious. Aments slender. Scales (bracts)
imbricated. 6 flowers, besides the scales, 2-
bracteolate. Stamens 8; anthers 1-locular. 9
flowers immersed into a bud; uppermost
scales containing flowers, the rest empty.‘ Ovary
2—bracteolate, crowned by a minute perigonium,
2-locular; stigmas 2. Fruit a nut surrounded by
a large incised involucre, formed by the growth
of the 2-bractlets. 72 .

120 VASCULAR PLANTS.

FAMILY LXXXVI Betulaceaa

Hypogynous. 8 ament: bracts shield- shaped,
each enclosing 3 flowers with minute perigoni-
um and 4 stamens. 9? aments: bracts 3-lobed,
each enclosing 3 naked flowers. Ovary 2-locu-
lar; loculi 1—ovulate; style 0; stigmas 2. Fruit
an akene (nutlet) affixed to the lignescent bract,
and collected into a strobilaceous inflorescence.

1. Alnus, Tournef.

Fruit lignescent; nutlets attached to lignes-
cent bracts, on a lignescent axis. T2 .

FAMILY LXXXVlI. Myricem, (Of uncertain afinitz‘es.)

Flowers diclinous, amentaceous, each bract
containing a single, naked, sessile flower.
8 aments filiform; 5? ovate. Ovary connate
with some hypogynous scales, 1~locular, 1—ovu-
late; style very short; stigmas 2. Fruit a nutlet;
drupaceous by the incrassate, hypogynous
bracts.

1- Myrica, L
Only genus. Characters of the order. b .
ORDER XXX. URTICALES.

Flowers diclinous. Stamens opposite to the
lobes of the perigonium. Ovary superior.
Fruit 1-seeded. Leaves stipulate.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 121'

FAMILY LXXXVIII. Platanew.

Monoecious. Flowers naked, capitulate on
globose receptacles. 8 head: stamens oo,
irregularly mingled with the scales. 9 head:
ovaries oo, placed irregularly among scales.
Fruit a coriaceous nutlet. Leaves alternate,
palmately lobed.

1- Platanus, L.
Only genus. Characters of the order.

FAMILY L'XXXIX. Urticaceae.

6 perigonium 5-lobed. Stamens 5; filaments
inflexed in aestivation; anthers introrse, 2-locu-
lar. Ovary rudimentary. S3 perigonium
2—5—lobed. Ovary 1-locular, l—ovulate. Fruit
an akene, sometimes baccate by the persistent
and succulent perigonium. Stipules generally
persistent.

l. Urtica, Tournef.

6 perigonium regular and spreading.
S3 perigonium 2-parted, with sessile, penicillate
stigma.

Q. 2L. covered with stinging hairs.

2. Hesperocnide, Torrey-
? perigonium gamophyllous, urceolate,
compressed, minutely dentate.
(-3. weak and slender.
6

122 VASCULAR PLANTS.

FAMILY X0. Polygonaceae. (of uncertain afinityl

Perigonium imbricate in :estivation. Stamens
definite, inserted on the base of the perigonium.
Ovary superior, originally compound of 2-3
carpidia; by abortion, l-loculate, 1-ovulate; but
showing the 2-3 styles of the original carpidia;
ovule basilar. Fruit indehiscent. Stems ar-
ticulate. Leaves alternate, sheathing.

1. Rumex, L-

Perigonium 6-phyllous, 2-seriate; 3 inner seg-
ments larger and more petaloid. Stamens 6,
in pairs opposite the outer sepals. Styles 3
with penicillate stigmas. Fruit a 3—cornered
akene enclosed in the 3 inner sepals, forming a
spurious capsule.

Q. 2:. flowers racemose.

2- Polygonum, L-

Perigonium 5, sometimes 4-phyllous. Sta—
mens 3——8,‘ single or in pairs opposite to the
sepals. Styles 3, sometimes 2; stigmas capitu-
late. Fruit a 3-cornered or lenticular akene en-
closed in the persistent perigonium.

(9. 2L . 72 . flowers often colored.

3. Eriogonum, Michx.

Involucre oo—flowered, campanulate, slightly
angulate, 6-dentate. Flowers C5 pedicillate,
exserted, seated on a receptacle with scarious

VASCULAR PLANTS. 123

bracts. Perigonium 6-parted, 2-seriate. Sta-
mens 9, in pairs Opposite to the external lobes;
singly to the internal ones. Styles 3; stigmas
capitate. Fruit a 3—angled, rarely a lenticular,
akene.

Q. 21:. 72. peduncles 2—3-chotomous.

4- Chorizanthe, R- Br-

Involucre 1—3-flowered, tubular, 3-angular',
6-dentate, mucronate or aristate. Flowers o ,
scarcely exserted. Perigonium 6—parted, 2-ser-
iate. Stamens typically 9, in pairs opposite to
the external lobes; singly to the internal ones,
occasionally by abortion 6 or 3. Styles 3;
stigmas capitate Fruit a 3-angular akene.

9. 2t. peduncles dichotomous.

5 Lastarriaea, RemY-

Involuere 0. Perigonium coriaceous, tubu-
lar, 6-dentate; the dentations uncinately aris-
tate. Stamens 3, inserted on the throat. Fruit
a 3-angled akene.

Q). difl'usely branched.

6. PterOsteg-ia, Fisch. & Mey.

Involucre a single 2-lobed bract, sub-tending
a single 3; flower, Perigonium 6-parted, per-
sistent. Stamens 6, (rarely fewer). Fruit a
3-angular akene, loosely enveloped by the en-
larged involucre.

124 VASCULAR PLANTS.

Q. prostrate, diffusely dichotomous; leaves
opposite.

ORDER XXXI. PIPERALES.

Flowers sessile, in dense spikes or racemes,
bracteate, without perigonium. 'Stem articu—
late.

FAMILY XGI. Saururaa,

Ovary central, compound of several follicular
carpidia; stigmas several.

1. Anemopsis, Nutt.

Flowers in a dense, conical spadix; with a
several—leaved, persistent, colored involucre;
each flower subtended by a colored bract. Sta-
mens adnate to the base of the ovary. Ovary
immersed into the rhachis, l-locular, with par-
ietal placentae. Fruit a capsule dehiscent from
the apex.

2;. leaves mostly radical.

iFAMILY XCII. Ceratophyllew, (0f doublful afiinity )

Monoecious. Involucre 12-cleft; lobes linear,
truncate. 8 flowers: anthers co, sessile. 92
flowers: ovary 1-locular, l-ovulate; style termi-
nal. Fruit a nutlet, with persistent style and
involucre.

2c. submersed aquatics; stems articulate;
leaves verticillate, sessile, dichotomous.

' VASCULAR PLANTS. 125

l. Ceratophyllum, L.
Only genus. Characters of the order.

DIVISION II. MONOCOTYLEDONEE.

SERIES I. COROLLIFLORE.

Perigonium 2X3 parted. Ovary 3 carpidia,
syncarpous in different degrees.

ORDER XXXII. GYNANDRE.
FAMILY XCIII. 0rchideaa.

Placenta} parietal.

1. Epipactis, Haller.

Author 1, persistent, not connate with the
column; pollinia 2, attached to the common
gland. Perigonium spreading; labellum genie—
ulate, inferior part concave. Ovary contorted
only at the base; column short, terete.

1L . caulescent; flowers in a loose few-flowered
raceme.

2- Spiranthes, Richard.

Anther 1, persistent, not connate with the
column; pollinia 2, attached to the common
gland. Perigonium oblique; labellum enclos-
ed, canaliculate, embracing with its base the
short column.

2: . flowers forming a spiral spike.

126 VASCULAR PLANTS.

3. Habenaria, Willd.

Anther 1, persistent, entirely connate with
the column; pollinia 2, divergent at the lower
end. Perigonium ringent, galeate; labellum
elongate, spreading, calcarate. Column short.

2:. caulescent.

4- Corallorhiza, Haller.

Anther 1, terminal, caducous, not adnate to
the column; pollinia 4, globose. Perigonium
ringent. Labellum adnate to the column, ser-
rate at base, 3—lobed; lateral lobes very small.
Column semi-terete.

2i . aphyllous and without chlorOphyll; flow-
ers in spikes.

ORDER XXXIII. EPIGYNE.

Stamens free, 3, or its multiple. Ovary in-
ferior.

FAMILY XCIV. Iridacem.

Stamens 3, opposite to the external segments
of the perigonium; anthers extrorse.

1- Sisyrinchium, L-

Divisions of the perigonium equal. Stamens
monadelphous. Style short; stigmas 3, filiforin,
involute, alternate with the stamens. Fruit a
capsule, obovate.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 127

2:. flowers developing from spathes; leaves
distichous, sheathing; stems winged.

2. Iris, L.

Perigonium tubular at the base; segments
equal, but differing in shape; the 3 external re-
flexed; 3 internal everted. Stigma 3—parted,
petaloid.

2:. flowers from spathes.

ORDER XXXIV. CORONARIE.

Perigonium 6-parted in different degrees.
Stamens 3 or a multiple. Ovary superior.

FAMILY XOV. Smilacem.

Anthers not extrorse. Ovary 3—locular, with
central placentae. Fruit a berry. Testa of the
seed not crustaceous.

1. Smilacina, Desf. p

Divisions of the perigonium equal. Stamens
inserted at the base of the segments. Loculi
of the ovary 2-ovulate. Loculi of the fruit
l-seeded.

it . leaves sessile and ampleXicaul.

2- Maianthemum, Mcench.

Perigonium 4-parted. Stamens 4.
2L . leaves petiolate.

128 VASCULAR PLANTS.

3- Prosartes, Don.

Perigonium 6-phyllous, campanulate; seg-
ments saccate at the base. Stamens 6, attached
at the base of the segments, and deciduous
with them. Anthers adnate, dehiscing laterally.
Ovary 3-locular; loculi 2—ovulate; style decidu—
ous. Loculi of the berry 1—2—seeded.

Zfi. leaves alternate, sessile, amplexicaul.

4. Trillium, L-

Perigonium '6—phyllous; 3-external segments
herbaceous, persistent; 3 internal petaloid,
marcescent. Stamens 6; anthers linear, later-
al; connective broad. Ovary 3-locular, oo-ovu—
late; styles 3. Berry 00 -seeded.

2t. leaves 3, verticillate, reticulate.

FAMILY XCVI. Liliaceae.

Anthers introrse. Ovary 3-locular. Testa’
of the seed crustaceous.

1- Clifitonia, Raf-

Perigonium 6-phyllous, campanulate, decid-
uous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the
segments; anthers versatile. Style slender, de-
ciduous. Fruit a berry.

2i. flowers on a scape.

2- Chlorogalum, Kunth.

Perigonium G-phyllous; segments linear, per-

VASCULAR PLANTS. ]29

sistent, marcescent. Stamens 6, adnate to the
base of the segments; anthers versatile. Loculi
of the ovary 2-ovular; style filiform, deciduous.
Fruit a membranaceous, 3-lobed, loculicidal
capsule.

2L. bulbous; inflorescence racemose-panicu-
late.

3. Allium, L.

Perigonium persistent. Stamens 6, adnate
to the base of the segments; filaments naked with
dilated base; anthers versatile. Ovary 3-lol)ed;
loculi 2-ovular; style filiform, persistent; stigma
simple. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.

Zfi. bulbous; scapigerous; inflorescence um-
bellate.

4. Cyanotris, Raf. (Camassz'a, Lindl.)

Perigonium 6-phyllous, persistent; 5 superior
segments ascending; inferior one deflexed.
Filaments filiform, ascending; anthers versatile.
Ovary ovate, 3-locular; loculi oo—ovulate; style
filiform, declinate; stigma slightly 3-cleft.
Fruit a loculicidal, 3—angled capsule; loculi
oo—seeded. '

2C. bulbous; scapigerous; flowers in a simple
raceme.

5. Brodima,’ Smith.

Perigonium funnel-form, angulate, persistent.
Stamens 3, alternating with as many stamino-

130 VASCULAR PLANTS.

diaé. Hypogynous disk 3-lobed. Ovules 00.
Style persistent; stigma 3-lobed, Capsule loc—
ulicidal.

it . scapigerous ; umbellate.

6- Triteleia, Hook.

Perigonium salver-shaped, persistent. Fer-
tile stamens 6; filaments short, 3 inserted on
the throat, and 3 half-way down the tube.
Ovary stipitate; ovules oo. Capsuleloculicidal.

21f. scapigerous; umbellate; capitate.

7. Muilla, Watson.

Perigonium subrotate, persistent. Stamens
6, inserted near the base; anthers versatile.
Ovary sessile, oo-ovulate; style persistent, clav-
ate, at length splitting. Capsule globose, loc-
ulicidal.

2t. scapigerous; umbellate.

8. Lilium, L-

Perigonium 6-phyllous; ’segments equal,
spreading, with a nectariferous groove near the
base, deciduous. Ovary oo-ovulate; style un-
divided; stigma 3—angular.

2:. bulbous; pedicels ebracteate.

9- Fritillaria, 11- 9

Perigonium 6—phyllous, campanulate, with a
smooth nectariferous pit near the base, decidu—
ous. Ovary oo-ovulate. Style 3-parted.

2t. bulbous; flowers bracteate.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 131

10- Calochortus, Pursh-

Perigonium 6—phyllous, deciduous; 3 exter-
nal segments smaller and lanceolate; 3 internal,
broad, with a conspicuous nectariferous gland
near the base. Ovary oo-ovulate; style 0; stig-
mas 3, reflexed, persistent.

21. bulbous.

FAMILY XCVII. Melanthacem.

Anthers extrorse. Ovary 3-locular; styles 3,
Capsule septicidous. Testa of the seed not
crustaceous.

I. Scoliopus, Torr.

Perigonium 6-phyllous, spreading, deciduous;
3 external segments lanceolate; 3 internal linear.
Stamens 3, inserted at the base of the external
segments; anthers 2-locular, attached above the
base. Ovary 3-quetrous, l-locular, with 3 par-
ietal placenta}; ovules2-seriate on each; styles 3,
linear, persistent, recurved, canaliculate. Cap-
sule irregularly dehiscent.

2;. leaves 2,; peduncles long, l-flowered, ar-
ranged in an umbel.

2. Zygadenus, Michx.

Perigonium 6-phyllous; segments unguiculate,
2—glandular at the base, persistent. Stamens
6, inserted on the claw; anthers reniform.
Ovary 3-locular, co-ovulate; styles 3, divergent.
Capsule septicidal.

132 VASCULAR PLANTS.

2L bulbous; leaves laneeolate ; inflorescence,
racemose.

3- Xerophyllum, Rich.

Perigonium 6—phyllous; segments sessile,
persistent; 3 internal ones smaller. Stamens
inserted on the base of the segmentsganthers
laterally dehiscent. Ovary 3-locular; loculi
few-ovulate; styles 3, recurved, persistent.
Capsule septicidal.

2L. rhizomatous; leaves linear, elongate; in-
florescence racemose.

FAMILY XCVIII. Juneaceae.

Perigonium glumaceous. Anthers introrse.

l. Juncus, L-

Perigonium 6-phyllous; 3 external segments
carinate. Ovary 3-locular; locules oo-ovulate.
Capsule 3-valved, with central placentze, oo—
seeded.

Q‘). 2L. aquatic.

2. Luzula, D 0-

Perigonium 6-phyllous; all the segments flat.
Ovary l-locular, 3—ovulate. Capsule 3-valved,
3-seeded.

Zfi. terrestrial.

VASCULAR PLANfl’S. 133

SERIES II. MICRANTHZE.

Flowers inconspicuous. Inflorescence oo-
flowered.

ORDER XXXV. GLUMACEJE.

Flowers in the axils of bracts, and arranged
in spikelets. Spathes 0. Perigonium depau—
perate. Ovary 4—locular; 1—seeded. Fruit a
cam/0193113, with endosperm.

FAMILY XCIX. Gramineaa,

' Stem articulate. Leaves distichous, altenate,
sheathing, with ligule (stipule) at the base.
Flowers protected by an anterior and a poste—
rior bractlet, (palet). Spikelet generally pro-
tected by 1—2 bracts, (glumes). Stamens usu—
ally 3. Pistils 2.

1- Panicum, L-

Spikelets 2-flowered; upper one C‘ , with two
unequal, navicular glumes, without aristae; em-
braced by the incomplete lower one.

(9. 2L. leaves flattened.

2- Phleum, L-

Spikelets l-flowered, é. Glumes 2; aristate;
the upper palet sometimes bearing at its base
the rudiment of a second flower.

6). Zfi. leaves flattened; panicles spike-like.

134 VASCULAR PLANTS.

3- Alopecurus, L. ‘
Spikelet l-flowered, C‘. Glumes 2, navicu-

lar, connate at their base; lower palet carinate;

upper wanting. '
M. leaves flattened; panieles spike like.

4- Beckmannia, Host.

Spikelets l—2-flowerecl; flouers é, sessile.
Glumes 2, navicular; lower palet ovate, 3-nerved,
embracing the upper 2-01eft, 2—nerved, one.

it. leaves flattened; spike sessile; spikelets
alternate, sessile, 1-sided, 2~seriate.

5- Phalaris, L-

Spikelets 3—flowered, upper é ; 2 lower neu-
tral, depauperate. Glumes 2, carinate. Palets
2, navicular; the lower larger and embracing
the upper.

2L. spikelets pedicillate; leaves flattened.

6. Hierochloa, Gmelin.

Spikelets 3-flowered: flowers sessile. Ghunes
equal; carinate. Upper flower Q : lower palet
carinate; upper l-nerved. 2-lower flowers a :
lower palet carinate; upper 2-carinate.

2:. spikelets pedicillate; leaves flattened.

7- Anthoxanthum, L.

Spikelets 3-flowered. Gluines 2, carinate:
lower glume shorter, l—nerved; upper 3—nerved.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 135

Upper flower t5 , with 2 navicular palets with—
out aristae; lower palet wrapped round the up—
per. Stamens 2. Lower 2 flowers, neutral
with 1, aristate, canaliculate palet.

2;. leaves flattened; panicle contracted.

8. Polypogon, Desf.

Spikelets l-flowered. Glumes 2, carinate,
aristate, much longer than the flower. Palets
2; upper 2—carinate, lower truncate at the apex.

Q. leaves flattened.

9- Agrostis, L-

Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, carinate,
awnless, larger than the flowers. Palets 2:
lower. sometimes aristate; upper 2-carinate,
sometimes wanting.

Q. 2:. tufted; leaves sometimes involute;
panicles generally difl'use with verticillate
branches.

10- Gastridium, Pal-

Spikelets l-flowered. Glumes 2, ventricose
at the base, much larger than the flower and
closed. Palets 2; the inferior sometimes aris-
tate, embracing the superiorl 2-carinate one.

(9. leaves flattened; panicles contracted,
spike-like.

11. Deyeuxia, Clar. (0alamagrostz's.)

Spikelets l—flowered; flowers sessile with a

136 VASCULAR PLANTS.

bearded base, and the rudiment of a superior
flower reduced to a plumose pedicel. Glumes
2, canaliculate, awnless. Palets 2:4 inferior
aristate; superior 2—carinate.

2L . leaves flattened; panicles branched.

l2. Stipa, L.

Spikelets l—flowered; flowers stipitate. Glumes
2, membranaceous, larger than the flower. Pa—
lets 2, involute; superior shorter, 2—nerved;
inferior aristate with a simple, twisted awn.
Ovary stipitate; caryopsis terete, and closely
wrapped in the palets.

2t. spikelets pedicillate, paniculate.

l3. Spartina,’ Schreb.

Spikelets 1-sided, sessile, l-flowered: flowers
naked, sessile. Glumes 2, carinate, awnless;
the upper embracing the lower which is much
smaller. Palets 2, awnless; the lower compress-
ed; the upper larger, navicular. Ovary sessile.

2L . with creeping rhizome, rigid, and with in—
volute leaves. Salt marshes.

14. Cynodon, Rich.

Spikelets 1-sided, sessile, l-flowered, often
with rudiment of a superior flower. Glumes 2,
carinate, awnless, the upper embracing the low-
er. Palets 2; the lower carinate, acute. Ovary
sessile.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 137

M. 1hiz0me creeping; leaves flattened; Spikes
in our species digitate.

15- Danthonia, DC-

Spikelets 2— ova-flowered; rhachis hairy.
Flowers distichous, the uppermost depauperate.
Glumes 2, awnless, somewhat longer than the
flower. Palets 2. upper 2- ca1inate; lower con-
cave, oo—ne1ved,2 c—left, aristate. Ovary stipi-
tate; caryopsis compressed, f1ee.

2t. turfy; leaves flattened; spikelets pedicel—
late, paniculate.

16. Avena, L.

Spikelets 3-flowered, the uppermost depau-
perate. Glumes 2, awnless. Palets 2: lower
2-cleft aristate ; upper 2-carinate awnless.
Ovary sessile, hirsute at the apex; caryopsis
terete, adherent to the upper palet. G .

17. Trisetum, Kunth.

Spikelets 2—4—flowered, the uppermost de-
pauperate. Glumes 2-, carinate, awnless, short-
er than the flower. Palets 2; lower 2—dentate,
aristate. Ovary sessile; caryopsis compressed,
free.

2t. leaves flattened.

18. in, L.
Spikelets 2-flowered, often with the rudiment
6A

138 VASCULAR PLANTS.

of a superior one; flowers sessile. Glumes 2,
carinate, awnless, larger than the flower. Pa-
lets 2; the lower 2-cleft, dorsally aristate.
Ovary sessile; caryopsis free.

Q. 2;.

19. Arrhenatherum, Beauv.

Spikelets 3-flowered: lower 8 ; middle ti ;
upper neutral. Glumes 2, concave, awnless;
the upper larger than the lower. Palets of 6
flower 2: lower dorsally aristate near the base;
upper 2-carinate, awnless. Palets of ié flower
2: lower dorsally aristate near the apex; upper
adnate to the caryopsis.

M . leaves flattened; panicles with verticillate
branches; spikelets pedicillate.

20. Holcus, L.

Spikelets 2—flowered; flowers pedicillate; low-
er Eé ; upper 6 . Glumes 2, navicular. Palets
of the :5 flower 2; lower navicular awnless; up-
per 2-carinate. Ovary sessile, pyriform; Gary-
opsis free. Palets of the 8 flower 2; upper
2-carinate; lower aristate near the apex.

(9. 2t. leaves flattened; panicles branched;
spikelets pedicillate.

21. Phragmites, Trin.
Spikelets 3—G-flowered; flowers distichous,
somewhat remote; the lower one 6 , the rest Cé .

VASCULAR PLANTS. 139

Glumes 2, carinate, acute; the upper larger.
Palets 2; lower elongate, subulate; upper
2-carinate. Ovary sessile; caryopsis free.

2:. aquatic; leaves broad, flattened; panicles
diffused. '

22 Dactylis,L

Spikelets 1-sided, 2—7— flowered. Glumes 2,
ca1inate, mucronately aristate. Palets 2; upper
2-carinate; lower 5-nerved, mucronately aristate;
carina ciliate. Ovary sessile; caryopsis free.

2;. leaves carinate; panicles glomerate,
1—sided. '

23. Kmleria, Pers.

Spikelets 2—7-flowered; flowers distichous.
Glumes 2; carinate, awnless, unequal. Palets
2; lower enlarged; upper 2-carinate, 2-cleft.
Caryopsis terete free.

6). leaves flattened; panicles contracted,
spike-like; spikelets pedicillate.

24. Melica, L

Spikelets 3—5-flowered; 2 inferior flowers :5 ,
the rest depauperate. Glumes 2,‘ concave, awn-
less, unequal. Palets 2, sessile, smooth. Ca-
ryopsis terete free.

2:. leaves flattened; spikelets pedicillate.

25. Brizopyrum, Link.
Dioecious. Spikelets compressed, oo-flower-

140 VASCULAR PLANTS.

ed. Glumes 2, narrow, carinate. Palets 2;
lower coriaceous, oo—nerved, not carinate; up—
per carinate with involute margins. Ovary
stipitate; caryopsis obovoid, free.

2; . creeping; leaves rigid, distichous, spread-
ing; panicle spicate-racemose.

26- Lophochlaena, Nees.

Spikelets oo -fl0wered: flowers :5. Rhachis
articulate, deciduous. Glumes 2, shorter than
the flowers; upper 3-nerved; lower smaller,
1-nerved. Palets 2: lower chartaceous oo-
nerved, membranaceous at the apex, 2—lobed,
aristate from the cleft; upper complicate, char-
taceous, margin and apex membranaceous, 2-
nerved, 2—carinate, margin dentate; apex emar—
ginate. Caryopsis compressed, 2-horned.

(9. leaves short; panicle secund, simply
racemose.

27. Glyceria,’ R. Br.

Spikelets oo -flowered. Glumes 2, obtuse;
the lower shorter. Palets 2; upper 2-carinate;
lower concave, ovate, rotund, 7-nerved. Cary-
opsis free.

it. aquatic; leaves flattened; branches of the
panicle semi-verticillate.

‘
28. P03, L.
Spikelets 2—00 -flowered. Glumes 2, blunt.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 141

Palets 2; lower carinate; upper 2-carinate,
Ovary sessile.

Q. 2:. leaves flattened; spikelets pendicillate.
paniculate.

29. Briza,’ L.

Spikelets oo -flowered; flowers umbrieate, dis—
tichous. Glumes 2, concave, rounded, ventri-
cose. Palets 2; lower rotund, concave, with
cordate base; upper much smaller, 2-carinate.
Caryopsis compressed.

24:. leaves flattened; spikelets pedicillate,
paniculate.

30- Festuca, L.

Spikelets 2— m-flowered; flowers distichous.
Glumes 2, carinate, unequal. Palets 2; lower
not carinate, mucronate, sometimes aristate;
upper 2-earinate. Ovary sessile, smooth.

(9- 2(-
31. Bromus, L.

Spikelets 3—w -flowered; flowers distichous.
Glumes 2, unequal. Palets 2; lower rotund,
convex, sometimes aristate ; upper 2-carinate, the
carina ciliate. Ovary sessile, hirsute at the
apex.

G). leaves flattened; spikelets pedieillate,
paniculate.

32. Lepturus, R. Br.
Spikelets l-flowered, with rudiment of a su—

142 VASCULAR PLANTS.

perior flower. Glumes 2, rigid, subulate, in
the terminal spikelet, opposite; in the collateral
ones usually lateral ;' lower one sometimes
wanting. Palets shorter than the glumes; the
lower inclosing the upper.

6). leaves narrow and flattened; spikelets
solitary, immersed into the alternate excava-
tions of the rhachis; the infloresence represent-
ing a slender spike.

33. Lolium, L-

Spikelets oo -flowered; flowers imbricate dis-
tichous. Glumes 2, blunt; tLe posterior often
wanting. Palets 2: the lower concave, some-
times aristate; upper, 2-carinate with the cary—
opsis adhering.

(9. 2:. leaves flattened; Spikelets solitary,
immersed into alternate excavations of the
rhachis, placed edgewise with it, and repre-
senting a single Spike.

34. Triticum, L-

Spikelets 3—00 —flowered; flowers distichous,
placed with their flat sides to the rhachis.
Glumes 2; lower sometimes wanting. Palets
2; lower rounded; upper 2-carinate; the carinze
cilate.

(9. 2L. leaves flattened; spikelets solitary,
immersed into the excavations of the rhachis,
representing a single spike.

 

VASCULAR PLANTS. 143

35- Hordeum, L.

Spikelets 1-flowered, with the rudiment of a
superior flower, ternate; the central spikelet Q ;
the lateral ones depauperate. Glumes 2, linear-
lanceolate, aristate, all anterior. Palets 2; lower
concave, aristate.

Q. 2:. leaves flattened; spikelets represent-
ing a single spike.

36. Elymus, L.

Spikelets 1— oo-flowered, all 6.5 ; flowers dis-
tichous, the uppermost rudimentary. Glumes
2, equal, anterior. Palets 2, lower concave.
Ovary hirsute.

it. leaves flattened ; spikelets representing a
single spike.

37' Gymnastichum, Schreb.

Spikelets 1—4—flowered; flowers remote, the
uppermost rudimentary. Glumes rudimentary,
often wanting. Palets 2; lower aristate, em-
bracing the upper.

2£. Leaves flattened; spikelets representing a
spike.

FAMILY C. Cyperaceae.

Stem a calamus. Leaves all radical, sheath-
ing but not split at the base; lamina parallel-
veined. Anthers basifixed.

144 VASCULAR PLANTS.

1- Carex, L.

Flowers diclinic. 6 spikelets l—flowered;
glume 1, external. 9 spikelets l—flowered with
2 glumes; the external like the 6 ; internal
transformed into a utricle including the ovary.

2L . leaves flattened; stem triquetrous; spike-
lets collected in diclinous, or androgynous
spikes.

2. Fimbristylis, Vahl-

Spikelets ifi , oo —flowered. Palets closely im-
bricate all round, the lowermost empty. Peri-
gonium 0. Style incrassate at the base, persis-
tent.

2fi. leaves narrow; spikelets, if solitary, brac-
teate; if capitate or umbellate, involucrate.

3- Isolepis, L-

Spikelets é , ova-flowered. Palets imbricate
all round, the lowermost empty. Perigonium 0.
Base of the style deciduous.

Lt. czespitose, slender.

4- Scirpus, L-

Spikelets é, oo-flowered. Palets imbricate
all round, the lowermost empty. Perigonium
6-setous. Style articulate with its base.

Q. 21:.

5- Eriophorum, L-
Spikelets ié, oo-flowered. Palets imbricate

VASCULAR PLANTS. 145

all round, the lowermost ones empty. Perigo-
nium oo—setous; in fruit exserted and silky. 2C .

6. Cyperus, L.

Spikelets CS. Palets imbricate, distichous,
the lowermost empty. Perigonium 0.

G). 2L. inflorescence involucrate.

ORDER XXXVI. SPADICIFLORE.

, Inflorescence, a spadix surrounded by a
spathe. Bracts depauperate. Ovary superior,
1—— oo-loculate; loculi l-ovulate. Leaves alter-
nate with sheathing base.

FAMILg’igI. Typhacese.

Flowers diclinous, in a sometimes interrupt—
ed club—shaped spadiX; each division of which
is often protected by foliaceous spathes. Up-
per part of spalix 6 : perigonium O; anthers
basifixed, irregularly mixed with scales. Low-
er portion of spadix occupied by 9 flowers
Ovaries surrounded at the base by 00 bristles,
sometimes 3 scales; style simple; stigma 1,, lat-
eral. Fruit a utricle; endocarp copious. Leaves
linear, straight-nerved. Aquatic perennials.

l. Sparganium, Tournef.
Flowers in crowded, glomerulate heads. Fil-
7 .

146 VASCULAR PLANTS.

aments of 8 flowers very short. Perigonium
surrounded by 3 scales. Pericarp indehiscent.
2;.
2. Typha,’ Tournef.
Flowers in a club—shaped, continuous spme.
6 flowers: filaments filiform. 9 flowers: ovaries
surrounded by bristles. Pericarp dehiscent.

211
SERIES III. HELOBIE.

Aquatics. Types generally not ternary. Seed
nearly without endosperm. Embryo with very
pronounced radicle.

ORDER xxxvn. POLYCARPICJE.
Ovaries 3—— oo. Endosperm 0.

FAMILY CII. Alismaceae.

Calyx 3—sepalous. Corolla 3-petalous. Sta-
mens 6—00. Ovaries 3— 00, with terminal
styles, and ventral placentation. Carpidia dry,
indehiscent. Lamina of leaves nervose.

1. Alisma, L-

Flowers é. Calyx herbaceous. Corolla pet-
aloid. Ovaries oo, 1-ovu1ate. Akenes co, ver-
ticillate.

2L. aquatic, scapigerous; inflorescence verti-
cillate, paniculate.

VASCULAR PLANTS. 147

FAMILY CIII. Juncaginem.

Calyx not differing from corolla. Lamina of
leaves abortive.

1- Triglochin. L.

Perigonium deciduous, 3 inner segments
sometimes wanting. Ovary G-locular; ovules
in each locule solitary, basal. Styles 3—6;
stigmas plumose. Capsule separating into car-
pidia; nut finally opening neutrally.

2L. scapigerous; inflorescence spicate.

FAMILY CIV. Potamezn.

Perigonium if present, 4-cleft. Stamens 1, 2
or 4. Ovaries 4— oo, 1-ovulate. Carpidia inde-
hiscent. Leaves stipulate.

1- Potamogeton, Tournef.

Flowers é. Perigonium 4-cleft. Anthers 4,
sessile, inserted on the base of the segments.
Ovaries 4; styles 0.

2L. jointed aquatics; inflorescence pedunca-
late; spikes axillary.

2- Zannichellia, Michel.

Flowers monoecious. 6 and S? in the same
axil. Perigonium of 6 O; stamens 1. Perigo-
nium of 5? flower cup-shaped; style 1, persist-
ent; stigma peltate; ovaries 4.

Z: . submerged aquatics; leaves filiform ; flow-
ers axillary.

148 VASCULAR PLANTS.

ORDER XXXVIII. CENTROSPERMZE.
Perigonium O. Ovules basilar.

FAMILY CV. Naidaceae.

Flowers diclinous. Ovary 1; l—locular, l-ov-
ulate; fruit a nutlet.

l- Lilaaa, HBK-

Flowers monoecious: 6‘ spicate, 1-bracteate,
monandrous, sometimes mingled with 9 flow—
ers, which are partly spicate and l—bracteate;
partly solitary, axillary and ebracteate. Styles
'of the upper flowers short, of lower, elongate;
stigmas capitate.

G. aquatic; leaves radical, terete sheathing
at base, '

2- ‘Zostera, L-

Flowers monoecious. Spathe elongated into
a lamina. Spadix flattened, naked dorsally,
covered by alternate stamens and ovaries ar-
ranged in 2 rows. Anther 1—locular, sessile.
Ovary rostrate; style persistent.

it. stems rooting, submerged.

FAMILY CVI. Lemnacem.

Aquatic plants without axis. Flowers en-
closed in a thin, membranaceous spathe. Sta~
mens 1—2; anthers 2-locular. Ovary sessile,

VASCULAR PLANTS. 149

l—locular; ovules 1—6 ; style short. Fruit an
indehiscent utricle, 1- 6—seeded.
1- Lemna, L

Stamens 2. Ovary l—locular.
M. floating.

SUB-CLASS I. GYMNOSPERMZE.

Phanerogams without ovary.

ORDER XXXIX. CONIFERE.

Flowers diclinous. 6 flowers on an axis,
bearing bracts at the lower and stamens at the
upper end.

FAMILY CVII. Taxinew.

5? flowers solitary. Ovule in the centre of a
fleshy axillus, simulating a drupe.

1- Torreya, Arn.

Flowers from scale-buds. 8 consisting of
bracts on the base of the axis, imbricated in 4
rows. Stamens oo; connective peltate; anthers
4. 9 : ovule immersed into an urceolate arillus.

72. branches opposite; leaves linear, decur-
rent, rigid, mucronate.

FAMILY CVIII Abietinew.

9 flowers 00, inserted spirally round an axis
on lignescent scales. Bracts distinct from the
fertile scales. Micropyle directed backwards.

150 ' VASCULAR PLANTS.

1. Pinus, Tournef.’

6 flowers on elongated axes; the different
axes crowded into an inflorescence round the
base of a new shoot. 9 flowers with fertile
scales protected by bracts, which are much
smaller than the scales. Scales of the cone,
persistent and elevated into a tumor (umbo).

’2. leaves 1——5, from a squamous sheath.

2. Tsuga,’ Carriére.

8 flowers on an elongated axis. Axes from
axils of last year’s leaves, crowded. 9 : scales
scarcely larger than the bracts. Scales of the
cone persistent not thickened toward the apex.

I2 . leaves distichous, articulated on a persis—
tent, woody base.

3. Pseudotsuga, Carriére.

Flowers from the axils of last year’s leaves,
crowded; 6 on elongated axes; scales of 3?
flower considerably smaller than 'the bracts,
persistent. Cones pendulous.

T2. leaves distichous, base 0.

FAMILY CIX. Cupressinea

9 flowers in whorls round an axis. N0 dis-
tinction between scales and bracts. Micropyle
directed upwards.
1. Sequoia, Endl.

Cones ovate; scales oo, cuneiform, Spreading

r
L

VASCULAR PLANTS. "151

at maturity, decussately arranged. Micropyle
directed backwards.
12 . leaves alternate, decurrent, carinate.

2. Libocedrus, Endl-

Cones oblong; scales 4—6, coriaceous, val-
vate, 2-seeded, the lower pair sterile. Seeds
laterally winged; wings unequal.

’2. leaves opposite, adnate, imbricate,
4-stichous.

3. Thuya, Tournef.

Cones oblong; scales 8—12, imbricate,
2-seeded, lower pair sterile. Seeds laterally
winged; wings nearly equal.

1r2. leaves opposite, adnate, imbricate, 4-sti-
chous.

4. Cupressus’ Tournef.

Cone globose; scales 6—10, thick, peltate,
valvate, oo-ovulate. Seeds angulate, narrowly
winged. \

73. leaves decussate, adnate, squamate, im-
bricate, not distichous.

5- Juniperus, L.

Fruit a galbulus. Scales succulent, uniting
in fruit. Seeds osseous.
‘2. leaves opposite not distichous.

152 VASCULAR PLANTS.
CLASS 11. VASCULAR CRYPTOG AMS.

ORDER XL. DICHOTOME.

Ramification dichotomous. Each leaf pro-
ducing only 1 sporangiurn, borne on the upper
surface of the leaf and axils.

FAMILY OX. Selaginelleae.
Macrosporangia and microspc-rangia.

1- Selaginella, Beauv.

Sporangia axillary, globose, transversely de-
hiscent.

1:. leaves 4—8—ranked.

SECTION FILICIN 1E.

Ramification not dichotomous. Leaves de-
veloped, frondose. Sporangia not single and
never on the upper surface of a leaf.

ORDER XLI. RHIZOCARPJE.

Sporangia in sporocarps; heterosporous: mi-
crosporangia oo—spored; macrosporangia gener-
ally 1-spored.

FAMILY CXI. Marsilaeaceae.

Sporocarps 2~4 locular, 2—4 valved, con—
taining macro- and microsporangia. Sporangia

VASCULAR PLANTS. 153

parietal: macrosporangia always 1—spored. Ver—
nation circinate.

1- Marsilaea, L-

Macro- and microsporangia in the same spor-
ocarp.
2:. fronds petiolate, 4-foliolate.

FAMILY CXII. Salviniaceaa-

Sporocarps 2—— 00, on the same petiole (trans-
formed half of leaf). Macro— and microspor-
angia in distinct sporocarps. Vernation not
circinate.

1. 1120113,, Lam.

Sporocarps in pairs. Macrosporangia 1-spor-
ed. Aquatics, moss-like, floating, green or pur-
plish.

ORDER XLII FILICES.

Isosporous. Sporangia formed from the epi-
dermis, bursting by an elastic ring. Fronds
Without stipules. Vernation circinate.

FAMILY CXIII. Polypodiaceaa_

Sporangia hypophyllous, somewhat globular.
Ring vertical.
1- Gymnogramme, Desf-

Sori linear, placed on branching primary
veins. Indusium 0. 2f.

154 VASCULAR PLANTS.

2 Nothochlaena, R. Br.

Sporangia collected into a marginal, some-
what interrupted line, covered with hairs. In-
dusium 0.

2t. fronds hirsute.

3- Cheilanthes, Swartz.

Sori placed separately at the end of veinlets.
Spurious indusium rudimentary, formed by the
reflexed margin of the frond. 7.: .

4. Allosurus, Benth. (Pellaaa, Link.)

Sporangia on veins oblique to the midrib.
Spurious indusium continuous, formed by the
reflexed margin of the frond.

213. glabrous, cwspitose; fertile fronds con-
tracted; petioles not green.

5 Polypodium, L-

Sori round, placed on the veins. Indusium.
0. 1C.

6. Pteris, L

Sporangia at the end of the veinlets, con-
nected into a vein~like receptacle which sur-
rounds the frond without interruption. Indu—
sium continuous, membranaceous; attached at
its marginal, free on its inner side. 2(-

VASCULAR PLANTS. 155

7- Adiantum, L

Sporangia at the ends of distinct veins. Sori
covered by the semi-lunar reflexed margins. In-
, dusium continuous with the margin, free on its
inner side
2:. petioles not green.

8. Blechnum, L. (Lomaria, Willd.)

Sporangia forming a linear sorus on each side
of the midrib and parallel to it. Indusium
membranaceous, attached to the receptacle and
free on the inner side. 2; . ’

9- Woodwardia, L

Sporangia placed on reticulate veinlets, form-
ing oblong sori on each side of the midrib. In-
dusium coriaceous, attached to the receptacle,
and opening at the inner side. 2t .

10- Asplenium, L.

Sori linear, placed on veinlets. Indusium
membranaceous, attached laterally to the vein-
let and opening towards the midrib. 2t.
11. Aspidium, Swartz.

Sori round, placed at the end of the veinlets.
Indusium umbilicate, free on all sides and af-
fixed by a column. 2t.
12. Cystopteris, Bernharc‘i.

Sori round, placed on the middle of the vein-

156 VASCULAR PLANTS.

let, solitary in the disk of the laciniae. Indusi—
um hyaline, laterally affixed, free towards the
margin of the frond. 21? -

ORDER XLIII. STIPULATEE-
Isosporous. Leaves stipulate.

FAMILY CXIV. Ophioglosseae.

Sporangia capsular, developed in the paren—
chyma of half the frond. Vernation not cir-
cinate.

l. Botrychium, Swartz.

Fertile Segment of the frond a compound
Spike. Sporangia distinct, glabrous, distich-
ous, nearly 2-valved. 2t.

ORDER XLIV. EQUISETACEE.

Isosporous. Stem articulate; internodes sur-
rounded by sheathing whorls of scarious leaves.
Sporangia on the under side of verticillate-pel—
tate receptacles, forming a terminal spike.
Spores oo , each furnished with 2 elaters.

1. Equisetum, L.

Only genus. Characters of the order.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

The following Linnean expressions may be
unfamiliar to the student.

EQUALIS: All the flowers hermaphrodite.

SUPERFLUA: Flowers of the disk hermaphrodite, of the
ray female.

FRUSTRANEA: Flowers of the disk hermaphrodite, of the
ray neutral.

NECESSARIA: Flowers of the disk male

Page 45,—2: Asperula,_ This was included on the state-
ment that a species which is occasionally cultivated, had
become naturalized in the vicinity. It has, however, since
been found to be a mistake.

Page 76.—3: after Alsine, insert (Arenaria, L.)

Page 92.—After Tricerastes. insert (Datisca, L.)

Page 100.-—After Oreodaphne, insert ( U mbcllularia, Nutt.)

 

INDEX OF GENERA.

FAG E.
Abronia ............... 80
Acaena. ................ 111
Acanthomintha ........ 50
Acer ................. 87
Achillea .............. 35
Achyrachaena .......... 32
Actaea. ................ 101
Adenocaulon ...... . . 25
Adenostoma ........... 1 10
Adenostyles.. . ....... 38
Adiantum ............. 1 55
Esculus .............. 87
Agrostis .............. 135
Aim ................. 137
Alchemilla. . . ...... 111
Alisma ............... 146
Allium ................ 129
Allosu rus ............. 154
Alnus ................ 120
Alopecurus ............ 1 34
Alsine ............... 76
Alyssu m ............. 97
Amarantus ............ 78
Ambrosia. ........ . ..... 28
Amelanchier ........... 112
Amorpha. .............. 1 1 5
Amsinckia ........ V . . 59
Anagallis . ........... 64
Anaphalis ........... 27
Anemone .. ............ 102
Anemopsis ............ 124

Angelica .............. 68

PAGE.
Anoplanthus ...... . . . . 54
Anthemis ............ 36
Anthoxanthum ........ 134
Antirrhinum ......... 57
Aphyllon .............. 54
Apiastrum ........... 70
Aplopnppus ........... 23
Apocynum ........... . 47
Aquilegia ....... . . . . 102
Arabis ................ 96
Aralia. ............... 72
Arbutus .............. 66
Arceuthobium ......... 117
Arctostaphylos . . . . . 66
Argemone. .......... 99
Aristolochia. ......... 118
Armeria .............. 63
Arnica ...... , ....... . 38
Arrhenatherum.. . . . . . . 138
Artemisia ............. 36
Asarum .............. l l 8
A sclepias ......... . . 46
Asperula. ............ 45
Aspidium ............ 155
Asplenium ............ 155
Aster ................ 24
Astragalus ............ l 15
Atriplex ........ 1 . . . 79
Audibertia ............ 51
Avena. ............ '. . . . 137
Azolla ................ 153

160 ' INDEX.

PAGE.
Baccharis ............. 25
Baeria. ................ 33
Bahia. ............... 34
Balsamorhiza ......... 29
Barbarea .............. 95
Beckmannia ......... 134
Berberis .............. 100
Berula ................ 69
Bidens .............. 3O
Bigelovia .............. 23
Blechnum ............ 155
Blennosperma ......... 35
Boisduvalia ....... . 107
Botrychium.. . ........ 156
Bowlesia. .......... . . 71
Boykinia. ........ . . . . 73
Brassica ........... 95
Brickellia. ............ 38
Briza. .............. . 141
Brizopyrum ........... 139
Brodima ..... .. ........ 129
Bromus ............ . 141
Brzmella ............. 52
Bulbostylis ........... 38
Burriellia ........ . . 33
Callitriche ........... 81
Calamagrostis ......... 135
Calnndrinia ........... 77
Calochortus ........... 131
Calycanthus .......... 112
Camassz'a ............. 129
Campanula. ......... . 42
Capsella .............. 94
Cardamine ............ 9'!
Carex. . . . ......... 144

PAGE,
Carthamnus ........... 39
Carum. . 7 . . ........... 70
Castanopsis ........... 119
Castilleia .............. 55
Caucalis ......... ' ...... 6 7
Caulanthus. . . . v ..... 96
Ceanothus ........... 89
Centaurea ........... I!)
Cephnlanthus ......... 46
Cerastium ............ 76
Ceratophyllum ........ 125
Cercis ............... 116
Cercocarpus. ........ 111
Chaenactis ............ 34
Cheilanthus. ...... 154
Cheiranthus .......... 96
Chenopodium ......... 79
Chlorogalum .......... 128
Chorizanthe. ......... 122
Chrysanthemum ...... ~ 36
Chrysopsis ............ 23
Cicendia .............. 48
Cicuta. ................ 69
Clarkia. ............... 107
Claytonia ............. 77
Clematis ............. 103
Clintouia. . ............ 128
Cnicus .............. 39
Coinogyue ........... 33
Colliusia .............. 57
Collomia .............. 62
Conium ....... V ...... 70
Convolvulus .......... 62
Corallorhiza ........... 126
Cordylanthus ......... 55

Corethrogyne ......... 24

INDEX. 161

PAGE.
Cornus ............... 72
Corylus ............ . . . 119
00131118. .......... -. ..... 37
Cotyledon ............ 74
Cressa. ................ 63
Cretan ................ 80
Cupressus ............. 151
Cuscuta ............... 63
Cyanotris ............. 1'29
Cynodon ....... . ....... 136
Cynoglossum .......... 59
Cyperus .............. 145
Cystopteris ............ 155
Dactylis .............. 139
Danthonia ............ 137
Datisca, ............... 92
Datum ................ 58
Daucus ............... 67
Delphinium ........... 101
Dendromecon ......... 98
Deweya ............... 70
Deyeuxia ............. 135
Dicentra .............. 97
Dipsacus .............. 44
Dirca. ................. 116
Dodecatheon .......... 64
Echeverz'a ............. 74
Echinospermum ...... 59
Ellisia. ................ 61
Elymus ............... 1 43
Emmenan the .......... 60
Epilobium ............ 105
Epipactis .............. 125
Equisetum ............ 156

7A

PAGE.
Eremocarpus. . . x ...... 80
Erigeron .............. 24
Eriodictyon ........... 60
Eric go num ............ l 22
Eriophorum .......... 144
Eriophyllum .......... 34
Eritrichium .......... 59
Erodium .............. 83
Eryngium ............ 71
Erysimum ...... , ..... 95
Erythreea. ..... 7 ...... 47
Eschscholtzia ......... 98
Euchoridium ......... 107
Euphorbia ............ 81
Evax .................. 26
Fatsia ................ 71
Ferula. . .............. 67
Festuca .............. 141
Filago ............... 27
Fimbristylis ........... 144
Fragaria. .............. 109
Frankenia ............ 92
Franseria ............. 28
Fraxinus .............. 48
Fritillaria. ............. 1 30
Galium. ._ ............ 45
Garrya. ............... 72
Gastridium . .......... 185
Gaultheria ........... 65
Gayophytum .......... 106
Gentiana ............ . 48
Geranium ............. 8'3
Gilia ................ 62
Githopsis ............. 42

162 INDEX.

PAGE.
Glaux ................ 64
Glyceria ............... 140
Glycynhiza ........... 115
Gnaphalium ........ 27
Godetia ..... . ......... 106
Gratiola. .............. 56
Grindelia. .............. 22
Gutierrezia. . . . . . . .. 22
Gymnogramme ........ 153
Gymnostiohum ...... 143
Habenaria ............ 126
Helenium ............ 35
Helianthella .......... 29
Helianthemum . ...... 91
Helianthus ....... . 30
Heliotropium. . ...... 60
Hendecandra.. . . . . . 80
Hemizonia. ............ 31
Heracleum ............ 67
Hesperocnide ........ 121
Heterocodon. . . . . . . . 43
Heteromeles ........... 112
Heuchera. ............. 73
Hieracium ........... 41
Hierochloa. ...... . . 134
Hippuris .............. 104
Holcus ............... ‘ 138
Holozonia.‘ .......... . . 31
Hordeum ............ 143
Horkelia. ............ 110
Hosackia. ............ 114
Hydrocoty1e_ .......... 71
Hydrophyllum ........ 61
Hypericum ......... . . 90

Hypochseris ....... . . . . 40

main.
Iris .................. 127
Isolepis ....... ' ........ 144
Iva ................... 28
J au mea. .............. 33
J uglans .............. 86
Juncus. . ..- ........... 132
J uniperus ............. 151
J ussieea. .............. 105
Keeleria .............. 139
Lagophylla ............ 32
Lastarriaea ............ 123
Lasthenia ............ 34'
Lathyrus ............. 115
Layia. ...... \ .......... 3 2
Lavatera .............. 82
Lemna. .............. 148
Lepidium ............ 94
Leptosyne ............ 30
Lepturus ..... . ........ 141
Lessingia ............. 23
Libocedrus .......... 151
Ligusticum ............ 68
Lilaea ............ . . . 148
Lilium ................ 130
Limanthes ............ 85
Limosella. ............. 56
Linaria. ............... 57
Linum ............... 84
Lippia ................ 53
Lolium ............... 142
Lomaria .............. 155
Lonicera ............ . 44
Lophauthus ....... . . . . 51

INDEX. 7 163

PAGE.
Lophochlaena ......... 140
Lupinus .............. 113
Luzula. ............... 132
Lycopus .............. 49
Lythrum ............. 107
Madia ................ 31
Maiathemum .. . . . . . . 127
Malacothrix .......... 41
Malva .............. 82
Marrubium. . . . ........ 52
Marsilaea. .............. ' 153
Matricaria ............ 36
Meconopsis............ 99
Medicago ............. 114
Megarrhiza. .‘ ......... 43
Melica, ................. 139
Melilotus ............. 114
Mentha ............. 49
Menyanthes .......... 48
Mentzelia. ............ 91
Mesembryanthemum.. . 75
Microcala ............. 48
Micromerin ..... ~ ...... 50
Micropus ............ 25
Microseris ............ 40
Mimulus .............. 56
Monardella ............ 50
Monolopia ......... . 1 . . 34
Montia ............... 78
Muilla ................ 130
Myosurus ............ 102
Myrica ................ 120
Myriophyllum ........ 104
Nardosmia ............ 37

Nasturtium .......... 95

-‘ PAGE.
Negundo .............. 88
Neillia ................ 109
Nemophila ............ 61
Nicotiana. ............. 58
Nothochlaena .......... 154
Nuphar ............... 103
Nuttallia .............. 108
(Enanthe ............. 68
(Enothera. ............. 106
Oreodaphne ........... 100
Orthocarpus ........... 55
Osmorrhiza ........... 69
Oxalis ................. 84
Paeonia .............. 101
Panax ................ 71
Panicum .............. 133
Pectocarya ............ 59
Pedicularis ............ 55
Pellaea .............. ,. . 154
Pentaczena ............ 77
Pentachaeta. ........... 22
Pentastemon .......... 56
Peucedanum .......... 68
Phacelia. ............ , . 61
Phalaris.. ............. 134
Phleum ............... 133
Phoradendron ......... 117
Photinia .............. 112
Phragmites ............ 138
Pickeringia ............ 113
Pimpinella. ............ 69
Pinus ..... . .......... 150
Plantago .............. 53
Platanus .............. 121

Platystemon. .. . . . . . . . . 97

164 INDEX.

PAGE.
Platystigma ........... 98
Plectritis ............. 44
Pluchea ............... 25
Poa .................. 140
Pogogyne ........... 50
Polemouium .......... 62
Polygala .............. 87
Polgonum . . ........ 122
Polypodium ........... 154
Polypogon ............ 135
Populus .............. 90
P0 tambgeton. ........ 147
Potentilla. ............ 110
Portulaca. ............ 77 '
Prosartes ............. 128
Prunella ............. 52
Prunus ............... 108
Pseudotsuga ..... -. . . . . 150
Psilocarphus ......... 26
Psomlea . ...... . ...... l 14
Ptelea ............... 85
Pteris ............... 154
Pterostegia. ............ 123
Pugiopappus .......... 30
Pycnanthemum. ...... 49
Pyrola. ................ 65
Quercus ............. 119
Rafinesquia ........... 40
Ranunculus ........... 102
Raphanus ............. 94
Rhamnus ............. 88
Rhododendron ........ 65
Rhus ................. 86
Ribes ................ 73

PAGE.
Rigiopappus .......... 34
Romanzoflia ......... 60
Rosa .............. .. . lll
Rubus.........., ..... 109
Rumex ........ . ..... 122
Sagina ................ 76
Salicornia. ....... . . 79
Salix. ................ 90
Salvia. ................ 51
Sambucus ............. 45
Samolus .............. 64
Sanicula .............. 71
Saxifraga ............. 72
Scirpus .............. 144
Scoliopus ............. 131
Scrophularia ..... - ..... 57
Scutellaria ............ 51
Sedum ................ 74
Selaginella .......... 152
Seliuum ............. 68
Senebiem ............ '94
Senecio. . . ............ 38
Sequoia .............. 15]
Side. .................. 83
Sidalcea ............. 82
Silene ................ 75
Silybum ............... 39
Sisymbrium ........... 95
Sisyrinchium . ........ 126
Sium ................. 69
Smilacina ........... 127
Solanum .............. 58
Solidago .............. 24
Soliva ................ 37

Sonchus .............. 41

1 ND E X . 165
PAGE. PAGE.
Sparganium .......... 145 Triglochin ............ 147
Spartina ....... ‘ ....... 136 Trillium .............. 128
Specularia. ............. 42 Trisetum ............. 137
Spergula ............. 76 Triteleia ............. 130
Spergularia. .......... 77 Triticum ........ . . . 142
Sphacele ............. 50 Tropidocarpum . . . ..... 95
Sphaeralcea. .......... 82 Troximon ............ 41
Spiraaa ........... L . . . . 109 Tsuga. ................ I50
Spiranthes .......... 125 Typha ................ 146

Stachys ....... . ...... 52
Statice ................ 64 U mbellularia. ........ 100
Stellaria ............. 76 Urtica. ............... 12 l

Stephanomeria ........ 40
Stipa. ................. 136 Vaccinium ............ 66
Streptanthus ....... 96 Vancouveria. . . . . . . . 100
Stylocline ............. 26 Verbena. ............... 53
Suaeda ............... 79 Veronica .............. 55
Symphoricarpus ...... 45 Vicia ................. 115
Vitis ................ 89
Tanacetum ......... . 36 Viola ................ 93

Taraxacum. .......... 41
Tellima ....... . ....... 73 Whipplea ..... . . . 74
Thalictrum ............ 102 Woodwardia .......... 155
Thermopsis ........... 113 Wyethia . . . . . ........ 29

Thysanocarpus . ...... 94
Thuya ............... 151 Xanthium ............ 29
Tiarella ............... 73 Xerephyllum .......... 132

Tillaea. ............... 74
Torreya. ............. 149 Zannichellia ........... 147
Tricerastes ............ 92 Zauschneria ........... 105
Trichostemana ........ 52 Zostera .............. 148
Trientalis ............ 64 Zygadenus ............ 131

Trifolium ............ 114

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