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AUTHOR: Petrov, Ivan, /8¢2—

TITLE:.. The (Im of the...

PLACE: C New York a

DATE :[1882] VOLUME

cau Zi MASTER ¥<-
NO. ETP¥ NEG. NO. #22

 
 

E99 Potrov, Ivan, 1842-

«E7P4 ees The limit of the Innuit tribes on the Alask
8 coast. By Ivan Petroff. cNew York, 1882;
® Pe 567-575. 23cm.

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Caption title.
“From the american naturalist, July, 1882."

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l. Indians of Alaska. 2. Eskimos - Alaska.
3. Tlingit Indians. I. Title.

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THE LIBRARY
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OF CALIFORNIA

(From the American Naturalist, Suly, 1882.)
THE LIMIT OF THE INNUIT TRIBES ON TH
ALASKA COAST. _. .

BANCROFT LIBRARY SAB

BY IVAN PET ROFF,

CUMSTANCES over which I had no control detained

for several months during last summer and autumn in

Sion of Alaska where the Innuit and Thlinket tribes meet

rs

 
t of the Innuit Tribes on the Alaska Coast.

imi

1882.]

 

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(From the American Naturalist, Fuly, 1882.)

THE LIMIT OF THE INNUIT TRIBES ON THE

- ABH

—-

I~ vr

ALASKA COAST.

BANCROFT LIBRARY

TL

IVAN PETROFF,

IRCUMSTANCES over wh

BY

ich IT had no control detained me
ing last summer and autumn in the

C

for several months dur
section of Alaska where the Innuit and Thlinket tribes meet and

I refer to the

Alaskan coast between Prince William sound and Mt. St. Elias.

to a certain extent intermingle with each other.

During a former residence and subsequent continuous travels

in Alaska, I have paid particular attention to the distribution of

It -had always been a question of practical interest

the Innuits.

 
BANCROFT
LIBRARY

<
THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

 

 

1882.) Limit of the Innuit Tribes on the Alaska Coast. 567

(From the American Naturalist, Fuly, 1852.)
THE LIMIT OF THE INNUIT TRIBES ON THE
ALASKA COAST.

BANCROFT LIRRARY

BY IVAN PETROFF.

IRCUMSTANCES over which I had no control detained me
for several months during last summer and autumn in the
section of Alaska where the Innuit and Thlinket tribes meet and
to a certain extent intermingle with each other. I refer to the
Alaskan coast between Prince William sound and Mt. St. Elias.
During a former residence and subsequent continuous travels
in Alaska, I have paid particular attention to the distribution of
the Innuits. It had always been a question of practical interest

 
 

 

&jvy ¥-. Ywy¢

568 Limit of the Innuit Tribes on the Alaska Coast. [July

to me, because progress through Innuit territory was always com-
paratively easy and uninterrupted except by natural obstacles,
while every excursion into the country occupied by other tribes
was attended with open or secret opposition on the part of the
natives, and occasional threats of violence or even overt acts of
hostility.

In the course of my explorations, extending over a period of
several years, of all the coast from Bering strait to the vicinity of
Mt. St. Elias and of the river systems, I had found the Innuits
occupying the coast and interior wherever nature has thrown no
obstacle in the way of free navigation in their kaiaks or skin-
covered canoes ; and consequently this eastern limit or boundary
of the long chain of homogeneous orarian tribes was a locality
of peculiar interest to me. The tribes who now have their homes
in this vicinity are the so-called Chugach, of purely Innuit extrac-
tion; the C- > i a a :
but now mi
haat trib
and up t
name 1s
take of : a Mer Dancegf?. wi
kan coas : st :
preferenc
and mode oi 1. ‘ests unc
Ougalakmt te have always been «
stock along the coast. The earlie
to Prince William sound describec ..c.c im wv civics yous
ago, the natives of that region just as we find them now, and I
have been unable to discover any proofs of the existence of these
tribes farther down the coast. It is true that in one instance
Lieutenant Ring, of the U. S. Army, reported the discovery of
relics apparently of Innuit type, in shell heaps near the mouth of
the Stakhine river, and a few skulls, said to be of the same type,
have been foun.l in Santa Barbara county, California. Both of
these can be easily accounted for by the compulsory wanderings
of Aleuts and other Innuits under the Russian rule at the end of
the last and the beginning of the present century. Thousands of
Innuit hunters who accompanied their iron-willed masters down
the northwest coast of the American continent were slain and

 —————— — = ——
er ——————— st

 

 

   

 

182-1
Bancroft Library

E 9%

1882.] Limit of the Innuit Tribes on the Alaska Coast. 569

captured by the more warlike Thlinkets, and a few skulls in Santa
Barbara county may be all that is left of the prisoners taken on
that very coast from sea-otter hunting expeditions undertaken by
English and American skippers who were furnished with Innuit
hunters by the Russian authorities at Sitka. :

I am aware that my classification of these tribes conflicts with
that adopted by Mr. William H. Dall in his essay on the Distri-
bution of the native tribes of Alaska, in Vol. 1, Contributions to
North American Ethnology. Mr. Dall’s personal intercourse
with these people must have been of brief duration, or he would
not have confounded the Chilkhaaks and the Oughalentzes. The
name of the latter in its proper form of Oughalakmute simply
means “ far away people ;” Oughaluikhtuk in the Chugach dialect

meaning “far distant.” Mr. Dall also was mistaken in his asser-

tion that the Copper river or Ah-Tena Indians had forced their.
way between the Thlinkets and the Innuits, and hold a small part
of the coast. ; :

These Indians do not hold now and never did hold, as far as it
is possible to learn, any portion of the coast. A small number
of them, consisting of traders only, visit the post of Nuchek or
Port Etches every year, but to enable them to accomplish this
voyage, they purchase large bidars or skin-covered boats of the
Innuits. In their own country birch bark canoes form their only
means of navigation.

We have every reason to believe that formerly the Innuits-oc-
cupied the coast as far as the indentation commonly called Icy
bay, but the constant pressure of the stronger Thlinket tribes has
caused them to recede gradually to the localities occupied by
them at the present day. In the vicinity of Icy bay the glaciers
of the Mt. St. Elias range of Alps reach down to the coast, form-
ing a long line of icy cliffs, a stretch of coast affording absolutely
no landing place for boats or canoes. This feature has proved an
insurmountable obstacle in the way of kaiak navigation, necessi-
tating as it does a continuous sea voyage of between two and
three days ‘without making a landing. The Innuit in his kaiak
could not accomplish this, but the Thlinkets in their large wood n
canoes, provided with masts and sails, could easily traverse this
distance, with favorable winds, without being obliged to land.

When the Russians first came into this neighborhood, they
found the two tribes struggling for supremacy; the Muscovite

VOL. XVI.—NO. VII, 38

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570 Limit of the Innuit Tribes on the Alaska Coast.  []July,

invaders, consulting their own interests, gave their assistance to
the weaker tribe, and during their occupation of the country put
a stop to a further advance of the Thlinkets. Only fifteen years
have elapsed since this restriction was removed and already we
see the effect in the absorption of former Innuit territory by the
Kolash.

Every fact I have been able to collect in connection with tribal
movements over this debatable ground, points to a migration of
the Innuits along the Alaskan coast southward and eastward
until they met the Thlinkets, and until stopped by the long stretch
of inaccessible cliffs and icy promontories already mentioned. I
am also inclined to believe that the whole movement originated
from the American Arctic coast at a period subsequent to the
invention of the kaiak. Within the last twenty years I have ob-
served instances of individual migration at various points of the
Alaskan coast, but always in the same direction. I have found
individuals and families from the Lower Yukon in the vicinity
of Bristol bay and in the interior of the Alaska peninsula. The
Mahlemute or Koikhpagamute of to-day looks to the southward
and eastward as the direction in which to find a better country,
just as his ancestors did centuries ago.

Mr. Dall, in the paper above referred to, seems to adopt the
theory of the gradual advance of the Innuits from the interior of
North America to the coast before the impulse of successive
waves of other tribes behind them. This theory, first promul-
gated by Dr. Rink, is entirely tenable if we suppose that these
waves of retreating Innuits reached the coast first in high alti-
tudes, in a region devoid of timber, such as would lead to a
change from the habits of an inland people to those of the mod-
ern Innuit, and to the final invention of the kaiak. If] in accor-
dance with this theory, the Innuits were driven northward along
the coast to their present homes before the onset of the Thlinket
tribes, the natural conclusion would be that the rear guard of the
vast Innuit army stopped about the region of the Copper river
country, where we find them to-day. This region and the whole
of Prince William sound, as well as the shores of the Kenai pen-
insula, are densely wooded, and the question arises, how came
these people to adopt the use of the kaiak when they are sur-
rounded with every facility for constructing canoes from the same
material that they must have known and applied to the same pur-

 

 

  

1882.) Limit of the Innuit Tribes on the Alaska Coast. 571

pose in their southern or interior home ? The natural barrier to
kaiak navigation mentioned above, has been passed ages ago by
the Thlinket tribes, but these never adopted the use of the kaiak ;
they still hunt and travel in their dugouts that they brought with
them from their former homes in the south-east. The exclusive
use of the kaiak or bidarka in this Alpine region, with dense for-
ests and dangerous beaches, can only be explained by the emigra-
tion of the people from other regions devoid of timber. From
whatever direction the Innuit people of Prince William sound
and the Copper river delta came, they brought with them the
kaiak or it never would have been invented there. The Ougha-
lentze, who are now confined to two villages, Alaganuk and
Ikhiak (called Odiak by the traders), have already ceased to con-
struct bidarkas, owing to the preponderance of the Thlinket ele-
ment among them. Their houses are constructed on the Thlin-
ket plan and the younger generation speaks the Thlinket lan-
guage only, while the older men and women speak both the lat-
ter and the Innuit. The Chilkaats, on the other hand, offer to
the observer but few faint traces of their Innuit intermixture, and
in their intercourse with Chugach Innuits and the traders, they
use interpreters. They wear blankets exclusively.

The end of the Innuit element is here very clearly defined.
Here, as everywhere on the Alaskan coast, the traveler will at
once observe the extreme caution with which the Innuit moves
and acts as soon as he finds himself among people of another
tribe. In their own country they always endeavor to pass the
night at some village, but as soon as they enter foreign or even
debatable territory, the camp is pitched far away from the habita-
tion of man, even when they are escorting a white man. On this
terminal line of Innuit population, the feeling amounts to abject
fear. Money will not tempt the Chugatch to advance into the
Thlinket country.

An argument in favor of my theory concerning the more recent

- period at which the Innuits spread over the Alaska coast may

perhaps be found in the existence of a branch of this tribe on the
Aleutian islands. I fully agree with Mr. Dall that the theory of
an Asiatic influx of population over the Aleutian chain of islands
is entirely untenable, and that they were peopled from the east,
but I do not think that this migration took place before the in-
vention of the kaiak. Timber evidently never existed on these

  
 

Limit of the Innuit Tribes on the Alaska Coast. [July,

752
islands ; the only equivalent be

the beaches and promontories, but t

logged and sodden, was entirely unfit fo
wooden canoes, or even for the construction of rafts, by which

means Mr. Dall supposes the early Aleuts advanced from island
to island. The frequency of gales, the violence of currents and
the width of channels between these islands would also prevent
the use of rafts as means of transportation and traffic. The as-
sumption that the earliest inhabitants of the Aleutian islands were
without a kaiak or boat of some kind, is based upon researches
in the shell heaps of abandoned village sites on those islands;
but a kaiak with a whalebone or even a wooden frame without its
modern ornaments of ivory and bone, contained no material that
would withstand decay and final absorption. The skin covering
when worn out and unfit for use as such, was, no doubt, then as
now, cut up into straps and patches, or served as food in time of
famine, while the frame could be utilized in many ways that .
would leave no trace behind. The mere absence from the lower
strata of shell heaps of anything pointing to the existence of the
kaiak, can scarcely be considered as proof conciusive of its non-
existence. My personal observations have led me to believe that
the remains of former villages and dwellings found on the Aleu-

tian islands and on the continental coast of Alaska, are not of the
Wherever I had the opportunity to
als of time, I was astonished
e traces of man

ing the drift wood collected along
his kind of material, water-
r the manufacture of

antiquity ascribed to them.
observe such localities at long interv
“at the rapidity with which nature extinguished th
by a growth of sphagnum and other vegetation, giving to the site
of the village abandoned but a few years, every appearance of
great antiquity.
The absence of stone and bone implements of more delicate
construction from the lower strata of the shell heaps can easily be
attributed to the same cause that explains the absence of iron
implements from the upper layers that must have accumulated
within historic times. Such articles were the product of much
labor, and consequently t00 precious to be lost. At every suc-
cessive removal from one dwelling place to another all such pro-
ducts of their ingenuity were carefully collected and removed by
the ancient Aleuts, just as it 's done now with regard to iron by

the natives of the present day.

On these treeless isles the removal from one hunting or fish-

 

 

  

1882.1 Limit of the Innuit Tribes on the Alaska Coast. 573

iL another of a few families or a community, always
nvolved the ransportation of every log o

ticle of wood to be found about OE ak pi od he
jon, I may point to the removal of the people of hs
a island which took place in the early part of the gout

79. In the summer of 1880 I visited the spot from which th
people had removed, and found the outlines of every ho i a
cated by a slight depression in the ground and its he 9
ridges of earth covered already with a dense growth of es
num and grasses. Every piece of wood about the whole gil
ment had disappeared simultaneously with the people, and Ib A
no doubt that an explorer unacquainted with the crea os
could dig up these remains without finding a scrap of i os
anything indicating their recent occupation by at on ar
ized people. Another example of this kind, and evan nid
ble in total absorption of all signs of se occupation ee i
found on the island of Atkha at the site of the former sett] a
of Korovinsky, the people of which removed to Nazan
other side of the island, less than fifteen years ag@ancrorr Line €
BRARY

In the settlements remote from the trading centers the peopl
of Innuit stock live to-day as they did prcibly centuries > iy :
a manner not at all inconsistent with the remains found n i
lower strata of shell heaps. Even the presence of stone and bo
arrow and spear heads is no true indication of age, as the re
manufactured at the present day, as I had an oppo: t iy
ness frequently during my travels in remote regions. he
J The time required for the formation of a so-called layer of

kitchen refuse” found under the sites of Aleutian o 1 hn
dwellings, I am also inclined to think less than pind hi
Dall s calculations. Anybody who has watched a health I 4
family in the process of making a meal on the a ual a
or sea urchin, would naturally imagine that in the pole Ee
month they might pile up a great quantity of spinous ah .
Both hands are kept busy conveying the sea fruit to the capaci jo
mouth ; with a skillful combined action of teeth and ton og
shell is cracked, the rich contents extracted, and the Mar
rattling to the ground in a continuous iowar of bi til
the meal is concluded. A family of three or ey tl
perhaps an equal number of children, will leave behind the oe
shell monument of their voracity a foot or eighteen Y in

  

  
  

 

 

 

 

 

——————

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t—————__— UAE

a — A ——

   

 

574 Limit of the Innuit Tribes on the Alaska Coast. ~~ [July,

height after a single meal. In localities in Prince William Sd
I had an opportunity to examine the camp sites of sea-otter hun-
ters on the coast contiguous to their hunting grounds. He
they live almost exclusively upon echinus, clams and Sg
which are consumed raw in order to avoid building fires an
making smoke, and thereby driving the sensitive sea otter from
the vicinity. The heaps of refuse created under such cireunt-
stances during a single season were truly astonishing in size.
They will surely mislead the ingenious calculator of the antiqui-
ties of shell heaps a thousand years hence. ;

On the coast of Cook's inlet I have observed other instances of
the rapid transformation of dwelling sites.

In the year 1869 I erected a substantial log house in the Pe
ity of the village of Chkituk. I visited the spot last summer an
discovered nothing but faint lines of the foundation of my ne
indicated by low ridges overgrown with mosses and grasses, o
two young spruce trees growing up from the spot where
place had been located. In the same locality, at the oi 0
the Kaknu or Kenai river, the remains of the first log building
erected there by the Russians in 1789, can now be seen pro-
truding from the almost perpendicular river bank fifteen or twenty
feet under the present surface. :

As an instance of the rapidity with which the tides of this
region will change outlines of coast and other land i
cite an observation made by me during my stay on Nuchek 1slan
last summer. At a short distance from the settlement there Yo
a cave in a rocky cliff situated about three or four feet above hig

I visited the place frequently, as it afforded a view

water mark. :
over the approaches to the harbor. About the middle of June an
it was full or nearly so, caus-

se of the moon occurred when 1
a commotion of unusual extent and violence. We x
visited my cave on the day following the eclipse, I found it a i ;
filled with shingles and débris. This cave was situated at ho
the same height above the water as the cave of Amaknak, from

. which Mr. Dall extracted such voluminous information as to the

antiquity of strata of refuse found therein. I cite these Asa
only for the purpose of showing that it is not safe to ascribe Se
age to any and all accumulations of débris found on the fo !
Alaska, and also as a support for my theory of a general innu

 

 

1882] Limit of the Innuit Tribes on the Alaska Coast. 575

~~ migration along the coast at a comparatively recent period, sub-
_ sequent to the invention of the kaiak or a similar structure.

~The lines of demarkation between the Innuits and Thlinkets in
the St. Elias Alpine region are. very clearly drawn, and we can
account for the presence of the former with the very customs and
habits characterizing their kindred in the north and west among
entirely different surroundings only by a migration southward
after these habits were formed, and thus far I have been able to
“obtain no authentic information of any real traces of Innuit occu-
pation beyond the point indicated.
~The existence of man on the Aleutian islands and the coast of
Alaska prior to the arrival of the tribes, we know is at best prob-
lematical. Traditions pointing in that direction are by no means
wanting among the Aleuts, but our only authority for their exis-
tence is Veniaminof. The fable of supernatural beings dwelling
in the interior mountain fastnesses of the islands related by Mr.
Dall is based upon a failure to recognize a common Russian word.
The “ Vaygali” or *“ Vaygli ” referred to by that gentleman were
fugitives or cutcasts who fled from the villages on account of
crimes committed, and/led a brief and wretched existence among
the barren hills. The Russian word “ Vaglai” means simply
“ fugitives.”
From a Shaman of the Chilkhaak tribe, who boasted of his
pure Thlinket extraction, I learned that a tradition exists among
his people that in times past their ancestors held all the territory
to the westward clear to the shores of “another big sea,” but -
that the Innuits came from the north, as he expressed it, like
“herrings "—each in his own kaiak. The sea was covered with
men, while women and children trudged along the shore. There
was much fighting and a final retreat of the Thlinkets, but they
would one day recover their own, Bancroft Librasy
One unsupported tradition of this kind, of course amounts to
nothing. 1 give it here only for what it is worth. One thing,
however, has become clear to my mind during last summer.
Unless unforseen events interfere, the southern limit of Innuit
tribes on the Alaskan coast will not be the same as it is now a
century hence. Wherever a mixture with the Kolash has taken
place, the latter rapidly gain the upper hand, and in a compara- -
tively brief time the Innuit element is completely absorbed.

  

 
Retake of Preceding Frame

| a

574 Limit of the Innuit Tribes on the Alaska Coast.  [July,

height after a single meal. In localities in Prince William sound
I had an opportunity to examine the camp sites of sea-otter hun-
ters on the coast contiguous to their hunting grounds. Here
they live almost exclusively upon echinus, clams and mussels,
which are consumed raw in order to avoid building fires and
making smoke, and thereby driving the sensitive sea otter from
the vicinity. The heaps of refuse created under such clreunt-
stances during a single season were truly astonishing in size.
They will surely mislead the ingenious calculator of the antiqui-
ties of shell heaps a thousand years hence.
On the coast of Cook's inlet I have observed other instances of
the rapid transformation of dwelling sites. : =
In the year 186g I erected a substantial log house in the
ity of the village of Chkituk. I visited the spot last summer a
discovered nothing but faint lines of the foundation of my house
indicated by low ridges overgrown with mosses and grasses, ga
two young spruce trees growing up from the spot where ii i
place had been located. In the same locality, at the mout 1
the Kaknu or Kenai river, the remains of the first log building
erected there by the Russians in 1789, can now be seen pro-
truding from the almost perpendicular river bank fifteen or twenty
feet under the present surface.
As an instance of the rapidity with which the tides of this
region will change outlines of coast and other land marks, : oy
cite an observation made by me during my stay on Nuchek islan
last summer. At a short distance from the settlement there was
a cave in a rocky cliff situated about three or four feet above high
water mark. I visited the place frequently, as it afforded a view
over the approaches to the harbor. About the middle ot June an
eclipse of the moon occurred when it was full or nearly so, Se
ing tidal commotion of unusual extent and violence. When
visited my cave on the day following the eclipse, 1 found it almost
filled with shingles and débris. This cave was situated at about
the same height above the water as the cave of Amaknak, from
which Mr. Dall extracted such voluminous Information as to the
antiquity of strata of refuse found therein. I cite these Instances
only for the purpose of showing that it is not safe to ascribe Po
age to any and all accumulations of débris found on the coast g
Alaska, and also as a support for my theory of a general Innui

 

1882.] Limit of the Innuit Tribes on the Alaska. Coast. 575

migration along the coast at a comparatively recent period, sub-
sequent to the invention of the kaiak or a similar structure.

The lines of demarkation between the Innuits and Thlinkets in
the St. Elias Alpine region are very clearly drawn, and we can
account for the presence of the former with the very customs and
habits characterizing their kindred in the north and west among
entirely different surroundings only by a migration southward
after these habits were formed, and thus far I have been able to
obtain no authentic information of any real traces of Innuit occu-
pation beyond the point indicated.

The existence of man on the Aleutian islands and the coast of
Alaska prior to the arrival of the tribes, we know is at best prob-
lematical. Traditions pointing in that direction are by no means
wanting among the Aleuts, but our only authority for their exis-
tence is Veniaminof. The fable of supernatural beings dwelling
in the interior mountain fastnesses of the islands related by Mr.
Dall is based upon a failure to recognize a common Russian word.
The “ Vaygali” or “ Vaygli ” referred to by that gentleman were
fugitives or cutcasts who fled from the villages on account of
crimes committed, and/led a brief and wretched existence among
the barren hills. The Russian word “ Vaglai” means simply
“fugitives.”

From a Shaman of the Chilkhaak tribe, who boasted of his
pure Thlinket extraction, I learned that a tradition exists among
his people that in times past their ancestors held all the territory
to the westward clear to the shores of “another big sea,” but
that the Innuits came from the north, as he expressed it, like
‘“ herrings "—each in his own kaiak. The sea was covered with
men, while women and children trudged along the shore. There
was much fighting and a final retreat of the Thlinkets, but they
would one day recover their own. Bancroft Library

One unsupported tradition of this kind, of course amounts to
nothing. 1 give it here only for what it is worth. One thing,

however, has become clear to my mind during last summer.
Unless unforseen events interfere, the southern limit of Innuit
tribes on the Alaskan coast will not be the same as it is now a
century hence. Wherever a mixture with the Kolash has taken
place, the latter rapidly gain the upper hand, and in a compara-
tively brief time the Innuit element is completely absorbed.

 
 

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