No. 91-18 CURRENT WELMDGHEES EN MUEDECCENE Seasonal Affective Disorder National Library of Medicine January 1986 through December 1991 402 Citations {52 US. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HIINIAN SERVICES Public Health Service ° National Institutes of Health 3,. *‘_ PUBLIC HEALTH UBRARY Ami-N \ UBRARY‘ uquRsm or kCAHFORNU/ CBM 91-18 Seasonal Affective Disorder January 1986 through December 1991 402 Citations Prepared by Lori J. Klein, M.S.L.S. US. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine Reference Section 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20894 SERIES NOTE Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) is a continuation in part of the National Library of Medicine's Literature Search Series, which ceased in 1987 with No. 87-15. In 1989 it also subsumed the Specialized Bibliography Series. Each bibliography in the new series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE', AVLINE'. BIOETHICSLINE', CAN CERLIT’, CATLINE", HEALTH, POPLINE" and TOXI..INE°. The only criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not considered. Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to: Karen Patrias. Editor Current Bibliographies in Medicine Reference Section National Library of Medicine Bethesda, MD 20894 301/496-6097 Ordering Information: Current Bibliographies in Medicine is sold by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 20402. To order the entire CBM series for the calendar year 1991 (20 bibliographies), send $52.00 ($65.00 foreign) to the Superintendent of Documents citing GPO List ID: CBM91. For your convenience an order blank is given inside the back cover. Orders for individual bibliographies in the series ($3.00, $3.75 foreign) should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents citing the title, CBM number, and the GPO List ID given above. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Oflice of Management and Budget through September 30, 1992. ii QC SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER Although the relationship between the changes of the seasons and mood was noticed as far back as the early Greek physicians, it was only in 1987 that seasonal affective disorder (SAD) became recognized as a separate and distinct disorder by the American Psychiatric Association by its inclusion in DSM III-R. Some confusion still exists, since the disorder can be classified as a bipolar or a unipolar (I or II) disorder, as a depressive disorder or a recurrent major depression. SAD is a syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year. It is most frequently associated with winter depression, but can occur in the summer as well. Other frequent symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. Though the exact mechanism involved in SAD is still unknown, current theories consider such things as melatonin and serotonin levels, circadian phase-shifts, and other physiological and environmental causes. This bibliography is limited in scope to those journal articles, thesis, books and book chapters which deal specifically with SAD. Materials discussing depression, physiology of the pineal gland, and other relevant subject matter are only included if SAD is addresed. Information based only on animal models has not been included. For ease of use, this bibliography has been divided into six subject categories. References which discuss three or more of the categories have been included in the "overview" category only. iii 5% /‘ ta” K0)??? A. SEARCH STRATEGY A variety of online databases are usually searched in preparing bibliographies in the CBM series. To assist you in updating or otherwise manipulating the material in this search. the strategy used for the NLM’s MEDLINE database is given below. Please note that the search strategies presented here differ from individual demand searches in that they are generally broadly formulated and irrelevant citations edited out prior to printing. SS 1=EXP AFFECTIVE DISORDERS OR EXP DEPRESSIVE DISORDER OR DEPRESSION SS 2 = SEASONS OR EXP PHOTOTHERAPY SS 3 =1 AND 2 SS 4 = (TW) SEASONAL AND AFFECTIVE OR SEASONAL AND MOOD SS 5 = (TW) WINTER AND DEPRESSION SS 6 = 4 OR 5 SS 7 = TS (TI) :SEASONAL AFFECTIVE: OR :SEASONAL MOOD: OR :SAD: OR :WINTER DEPRESSION: OR :SEASONAL AFFECTIVE: (AB) OR :SEASONAL MOOD: (AB) OR :SAD: (AB) OR :WINTER DEPRESSION: (AB) SS 8 = 7 OR 3 SS 9:8 AND HUMAN Please note that beginning with the January 1992 update, Seasonal Affective Disorder is a Medical Subject Heading, with the entry form SAD. GRATEFUL MED® To make online searching easier and more efficient, the Library offers GRATEFUL MED, microcomputer-based software that provides a user-friendly interface to most NLM databases. This software was specifically developed for health professionals and features multiple choice menus and "fill in the blank" screens for easy search preparation. GRATEFUL MED runs on an IBM PC (or IBM- compatible) with DOS 2.0 or a Macintosh, and requires a Hayes (or Hayes-compatible) modem. It may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service in Springfield, Virginia, for $29.95 (plus $3.00 per order for shipping). For your convenience, an order blank has been enclosed at the back of this bibliography. iv SAMPLE CITATIONS Citations in this bibliographic series are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus'*. Sample journal and monograph citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title is placed in brackets; for monographs, the title is given in the original language. In both cases the language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation. Note also that a colon (2) may appear within an author’s name or article title. The NLM computer system automatically inserts this symbol in the place of a diacritical mark. Journal Article: Authors Article Title Graw P, Krauchi K, Wirz-Justice A, Poldinger W. Diurnal variation of symptoms in seasonal affective disorder. Psychiatry Res 1991 Apr;37(l):105-11. _ l \ Abbreviated Journal Date Volume Issue Pages Title Monograph: Authors/Editors Title / \ Rosenthal, Norman E.; Blehar, Mary C., editors. Seasonal affective disorders and phototherapy. New York: Guilford Press; 1989. 386 p. / / I \ Place of Publisher Date Total No. Publication of Pages *For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication: Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB9l-l82030. m. Overview Diagnosis/Classification Epidemiology Etiology/Mechanism Therapy Phototherapy Odmr Miscellaneous TABLE OF CONTENTS vii page ll 19 21 OVERVIEW Attar—Levy D. Lesur A. Lemperiere T. [Seasonal affective disorders. a new clinical category]. Presse Med 1990 Mar 17;l9(10):465-70. (Fre). Blehar MC, Rosenthal NE. Seasonal affective disorders and phototherapy. Report of a National Institute of Mental Health-sponsored workshop. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989 May;46(5):469-74. Boyce P. Parker G. Seasonal affective disorder in the southern hemisphere. Am J Psychiatry 1988 Jan; l45(l):96-9. Dilsaver SC. Jaeckle RS. The naturally occurring rhythm of blues: winter depression. Ohio Med 1990 Jan;86(1):58-61. Garfield E. Chronobiology - an internal clock for all seasons. 2. Current research on seasonal affective— disorder and phototherapy. Curr Contents [Life Sci] 1988;3l(2):3-9. Garvey MJ. Wesner R. Godes M. Comparison of seasonal and nonseasonal affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1988 Jan;145(1):100-2. Gitlin MJ. Seasonal affective disorder and light therapy. West J Med 1989;151(3):3l4-5. Gupta R. Unipolar summer and winter depression: a report from north India. Indian J Psychiatry 1990 Apr;32(2):201-3. Hakim-Kreis CM. Salinas E0. [Sleep and seasonal affective disorder]. Ann Psychiatr 1990;5(4):311-3. (Fre). Hare EH. Epidemiology of schizophrenia and affective psychoses. Br Med Bull 1987;43(3):514-30. Hensley M. Rogers S. Shedding light on "SAD"ness. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 1987 Aug;l(4):230-5. Jacobsen. Frederick M.; Rosenthal. Norman E. Seasonal affective disorder and the use of light as an antidepressant. In: Flach. Frederic, editor. Affective disorders. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.; c1988. p. 215-29. (Directions in psychiatry monograph series; no. 3). Kasper S. Wehr TA. Rosenthal NE. [Season-related forms of depression. 1. Principles and clinical description of the syndrome]. Nervenarzt 1988 Apr; 59(4):]91-9. (Ger). Keller MB. Current concepts in affective—disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1989 May;50(5)2157-62. 1 Lahaie U. Shift-workers and seasonal affective disorder. Can Nurse 1991 May;87(5):33-4. Lahmeyer HW. Lilie JK. Seasonal affective disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry l991;4(1):56-9. Laliberte R. Winter blues. Health 1990 Feb;22(2):54-5. 86. Lam RW. Buchanan A. Remick RA. Seasonal affective disorder-~a Canadian sample. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1989 Dec;1(4):241-5. Lam RW. Fleming JA, Buchanan A. Remick RA. Seasonal affective disorder. Can Fam Physician 1990 Jun;36:1162—6. Liberman. Jacob. Light: medicine of the future: how we can use it to heal ourselves NOW. Santa Fe (NM): Bear & Co.; 1991. Chapter 10. Light: nature's miracle medicine; p. 119-38. Moreines. Robert N .; Gold. Patricia L. Light up your blues: understanding and overcoming seasonal affective disorders. Summit (NJ): P I A Press; 1989. 160 p. Murray JB. Geophysical variables and behavior: LVII. Seasonal affective disorder and phototherapy. Psychol Rep 1989 Jun;64(3 Pt 1):787-801. Nadis S. Cure for the winter blues. Technol Rev 1987 Nov-Dec;90(8):12-3. Oren, D.A.; Rosenthal. N.E. Seasonal affective disorder. In: Paykel, Eugene S.. editor. Handbook of affective disorders. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Papolos, Demitn' F. Serotonin. seasonality and mood disorders. In: Brown. Serena-Lynn; van Praag. Herman M.. editors. The role of serotonin in the psychiatric disorders. New York: Brunner/Mazel; c1991. p. 260-83. (Clinical and experimental psychiatry; no. 4). Pichot JJ. Jensen PS. Seasonal affective disorder. SAD or fad? Jefferson J Psychiatry 1989;7(1):4l—50. Renaud A. [Sleeping disorders and seasonal depressions]. Soins Psychiatr 1991 Apr;(126):28-9. (Fre). Rieth M. Gold DD Jr. Seasonal affective disorder: update 1988. S D J Med 1988 Sep;41(9):17-20. Rosenthal NE. Wehr TA. Seasonal affective disorders. Psychiatr Ann 1987 0ct;17(10):670-4. Rosenthal, Norman E. Seasons of the mind: why you get the winter blues & what you can do about it. New York: Bantam Books; 01989. 278 p. 2 Rosenthal. Norman E.; Blehar. Mary C.. editors. Seasonal affective disorders and phototherapy. New York: Guilford Press; 1989. 386 p. The SAD story. Patient Care 1989 Nov 15;23(18):16. 18. 20. Shafii. Mohammad; Shafii. Sharon Lee. editors. Biological rhythms. mood disorders. light therapy. and the pineal gland. Washington: American Psychiatric Press; c1990. 250 p. (Progress in psychiatry; 24). Silva, I. Heman. [Biological rhythms and affective illness]. Rev Chil Neuropsiquiatr 1988 Jan-Mar, 26(1):14-21. (Spa). Sirnonds IF. Malek-Ahmadi P. Seasonal affective disorder: clinical aspects. Tex Med 1988 Nov; 84(11):35-9. Skwerer RG. Jacobsen FM. Duncan CC. Kelly KA. et a1. Neurobiology of seasonal affective disorder and phototherapy. J Biol Rhythms 1988 Summer; 3(2): 135-54. Smyth. Angela; Thompson. Chris. Seasonal affective disorder. San Francisco: Thorsons; 1992. Thase. M - defining and treating seasonal affective- disorder. Psychiatr Ann 1986;16(12):733-7. Thompson C. Isaacs G. Seasonal affective disorder——a British sample. Symptomatology in relation to mode of referral and diagnostic subtype [published erratum appears in J Affective Disord 1990 Dec; 20(4):251]. J Affective Disord 1988 Jan-Feb;14(1): 1-1 1 . Thompson. Chris; Silverstone. Trevor. editors. Seasonal affective disorders. Dobbs Ferry (NY): Sheridan Medical Books; 1989. 278 p. Wagner J. Hackenberg A. Highlights of the 41st Institute on Hospital and Community Psychiatry. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1990 Jan;4l(1):19-24. Seasonal depression; p. 22-3. Wehr TA, Rosenthal NE. Seasonality and affective illness. Am J Psychiatry 1989 Jul;146(7):829-39. Wehr TA. Rosenthal NE. Sack DA. Environmental and behavioral influences on affective illness. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1988;341:44-52. Whybrow. Peter C.; Bahr. Robert. The hibernation response: why you feel fat. miserable. and depressed from October through March—-and how you can cheer up through those dark days of winter. New York: Morrow, William & Company, Inc.; 1988. 416 p. Zal HM. Seasonal affective disorder. helping those who suffer from "winter depression." Consultant 1991 Jan;31(1):65-8. DIAGN OSIS/ CLASSIFICATION Albert PS. Rosen LN. Alexander JR Jr. Rosenthal NE. Effect of daily variation in weather and sleep on seasonal affective disorder. Psychiatry Res 1991 Jan; 36(1):51-63. Avery DH. Khan A. Dager SR, Cohen S. Cox GB. Dunner DL. Morning or evening bright light treatment of winter depression? The significance of hypersomnia. Biol Psychiatry 1991 Jan 1529(2): 1 17-26. Baier M. The "holiday blues" as a stress reaction. Perspect Psychiatr Care 1987-88;24(2):64-8. Bartko JJ. Kasper S. Seasonal changes in mood and behavior: a cluster analytic approach. Psychiau'y Res 1989 May;28(2):227-39. Bick PA. Seasonal major affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1986 Jan;l43(l):90—1. Blehar MC. Lewy AJ. Seasonal mood disorders: consensus and controversy. Psychopharmacol Bull 1990;26(4):465-94. Bourgeois M. Verdoux H. Peyre F. [Unipolar and bipolar troubles - the 2 mood disorders]. Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 1991;149(6):502—11. (Fre). de la Gandara Martin JJ. de Dios Francos A. Hernandez Herrero H. Redondo Martinez AL. Lopez Gomez 1. [Seasonal variations in dexamethasone suppression test in psychiatric patients]. Actas Luso Esp Neurol Psiquiatr Cienc Afines 1989 Mar-Apr;17(2):94-102. (Spa). Depue RA. Arbisi P. Krauss S. Iacono WG. Leon A. Muir R. Allen J. Seasonal independence of low prolactin concentration and high spontaneous eye blink rates in unipolar and bipolar II seasonal affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990 Apr; 47(4):356-64. Depue RA. Arbisi P. Spoont MR. Krauss S, Leon A. Ainsworth B. Seasonal and mood independence of low basal prolactin secretion in premenopausal women with seasonal affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1989 Aug;l46(8):989-95. Comment in: Am J Psychiatry 1990 Jun;147(6):817-8. Dilsaver SC. Onset of winter depression earlier than generally thought? [letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 1990 Jun;51(6):258. Eastman CI. Natural summer and winter sunlight exposure patterns in seasonal affective disorder. Physiol Behav 1990 Nov;48(5):611-6. Endo T. Takahashi T. Itoh H. Suenaga K, Sasaki M. Mori A. Seasonal variations of the circadian rhythms in seasonal affective disorder. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1991;45(1):178—9. Graw P. Krauchi K. Wirz-Justice A. Poldinger W. Diurnal variation of symptoms in seasonal affective disorder. Psychiatry Res 1991 Apr;37(1):105-11. Guelfi JD. [Present trends in the nosography of depressive disorders]. Psychiatr Psychobiol 1990; 5(3):l6l~7. (Fre). Gupta R. Alternative patterns of seasonal affective disorder: three case reports from north India. Am J Psychiatry 1988 Apr;145(4):515-6. Hardin TA. Wehr TA. Brewerton T. Kasper S. Berrettini W. Rabkin J. Rosenthal NE. Evaluation of seasonality in six clinical populations and two normal populations. J Psychiatr Res 1991;25(3): 75-87. Kasper S. Kamo T. Seasonality in major depressed inpatients. J Affective Disord 1990 Aug;19(4):243-8. Kasper S. Rogers SL. Yancey A, Schulz PM, Skwerer RG. Rosenthal NE. Phototherapy in individuals with and without subsyndromal seasonal affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989 Sep;46(9): 837-44. Kasper S. Wehr TA. Bartko JJ. Gaist PA. Rosenthal NE. Epidemiological findings of seasonal changes in mood and behavior. A telephone survey of Montgomery County, Maryland. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989 Sep;46(9):823-33. Krauchi K. Win-Justice A. Peer H. ‘Medial hypothalamus-syndrome' as a model of atypical symptoms in seasonal affective disorders (SAD). Experientia l987;43(6):715. Lahmeyer HW. Young MA. Watch LG. Eastman CI. Hypersomnia precedes the feeling of depression in winter seasonal affective disorder. Sleep Res 1989; 18:183. Levendosky AA. Josep-Vanderpool JR. Hardin T. Sorek E. Rosenthal NE. Core body temperature in patients with seasonal affective disorder and normal controls in summer and winter. Biol Psychiatry 1991 Mar 15;29(6):524-34. Lewy A. Dark. dreary winter days can make you SAD. Diabetes News 1990 Nov-Dec;9(6):42 [2 p.]. Milstein KK. Milstein PS. Reverse seasonal affective disorder in major depressive disorder [letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 1990 Apr;51(4):l67-8. 4 Mishirna K, Okawa M. Hishikawa Y. Circadian rhythm of melatonin secretion and body temperature in a patient with seasonal affective disorder. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1991 ;45(1): 161 . Morin GD. Seasonal affective disorder, the depression of winter: a literature review and description from a nursing perspective. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 1990 Jun; 4(3):182-7. Mueller PS, Davies RK. Seasonal affective disorders: seasonal energy syndrome? [letter]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986 Feb;43(2):188-9. O'Brien J. Checkley S. Seasonal affective disorder. Practitioner 1989 Nov 22;233(1479):1575-8. Pies R. Atypical depression and seasonal energy syndrome [letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 1986 Feb; 47(2):98. Praveenlal K. Classification of affective disorders. Indian J Psychol Med 1990 Jan;l3(1):89-ll3. Rosenthal NE. Carpenter CJ. James SP, Parry BL, Rogers SL, Wehr TA. Seasonal affective disorder in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 1986 Mar;143(3):356-8. Shedding light on seasonal affective disorder. Drug Ther Bull 1991 Apr 29;29(9):334. Stewart JW. Quitkin FM, Terman M, Terman JS. Is seasonal affective disorder a variant of atypical depression? Differential response to light therapy. Psychiatry Res 1990 Aug;33(2):121-8. Takagi T. Fujiya S, Agishi Y, Mikamo S. [Psychological change in the wintering members of the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition]. Nippon Onsen Kiko Butsuri Igakkai Zasshi 1991; 54(2):95-9. (Jpn). Thompson C. Stinson D, Fernandez M, Fine J, Isaacs G. A comparison of normal. bipolar and seasonal affective disorder subjects using the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire. J Affective Disord 1988 May-Jun;14(3):257-64. Tian Z. Xu J. [Current research on seasonal affective disorder]. Chung Hua Shen Ching Ching Shen Ko Tsa Chih 1990 Apr;23(2):117-9. (Chi). Tyrer SP. Assessment and physical treatment of affective-disorder. Br J Hosp Med 1989;42(3):184, 186, 188 passim. Walton RG. Mood disorders. Is your primary care patient depressed? Postgrad Med 1990 Oct;88(5): 205-9, 212-4. White DM. Lewy AJ. Sack RL. Blood ML, Wesche DL. Is winter depression a bipolar disorder? Compr Psychiatry 1990 May-Jun;31(3):l96-204. White, David Martin. An investigation of the clinical features of seasonal affective disorder [dissertation]. [Tuscaloosa (AL)]: University of Alabama; 1986. 225 p. Available from: University Microfilms. Ann Arbor. MI; AAD87-20711. Win-Justice A. [Biological rhythms and depression]. Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr 1986;137(5):87-96. (Ger). Wolfe ML. Nursing students' anticipation of experiencing symptoms of seasonal affective disorder. Percept Mot Skills 1990 Dec;7l(3 Pt 2): 1389-90. Young MA. Watel LG, Lahmeyer HW. Eastman CI. The temporal onset of individual symptoms in winter depression: differentiating underlying mechanisms. J Affect Disord 1991 Aug;22(4):191-7. EPIDEMIOLOGY Bertschy G. Vandel S. Volmat R. [Epidemiology of depression: recent data. 11. Analytic and evaluative epidemiology]. Psychiau' Psychobiol 1988;3(4): 213-25. (Fre). Blacker CV. Clare AW. The prevalence and treatment of depression in general practice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1988;95 Suppl:Sl4-7. Bower B. Sizing up SADness according to latitude. Sci News 1989 Sept 23;136(13):198. Eastwood MR. Peter AM. Epidemiology and seasonal affective disorder. Psychol Med 1988 Nov;18(4): 799-806. Gupta R. Alternative patterns of seasonal affective disorder: three case reports from north India. Am J Psychiatry 1988 Apr;145(4):515-6. Haggag A. Eklund B. Linaker O. Gotestam KG. Seasonal mood variation: an epidemiological study in northern Norway. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1990 Feb;81(2):141-5. Hansen V. Jacobsen BK, Husby R. Mental distress during winter. An epidemiologic study of 7759 adults north of Arctic Circle. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991 Aug;84(2):137-41. Harris CM. Further observations on seasonal variation. 2. Depression. J R Coll Gen Pract 1986 Jul;36(288): 319-21. Harris HI. Seasonal depression in postgraduate medical trainees? [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1988 Jul;145(7): 899. Increasing rates of depression [letter]. JAMA 1989 Aug 18;262(7):899-900. Jamison KR. Mood disorders and patterns of creativity in British writers and artists. Psychiatry 1989 May; 52(2):125-34. Kasper S. Wehr TA. Bartko JJ, Gaist PA. Rosenthal NE. Epidemiological findings of seasonal changes in mood and behavior. A telephone survey of Montgomery County. Maryland. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989 Sep;46(9):823-33. Nayha S. [Mortality and seasonal change in Finland]. Duodecim 1989;105(5):465-70. (Fin). Nayha S. Seasonal variation in mental depression and its correlation with occupation. Soc Psychiatry 1986; 21(2):72-5. 5 Peck DF. Climatic variables and admissions for mania: a reanalysis. J Affective Disord 1990 Dec;20(4): 249-50. Potkin SG. Zetin M. Stamenkovic V. Kripke D. Bunney WE Jr. Seasonal affective disorder: prevalence varies with latitude and climate. Clin Neuropharmacol 1986;9 Suppl 42181-3. Rosen LN. Moghadarn LZ. Patterns of seasonal change in mood and behavior: an example from a study of military wives. Mil Med 1991 May;156(5):228-30. Rosen LN, Rosenthal NE. Seasonal-variations in mood and behavior in the general-population — a factor- analytic approach. Psychiatry Res 1991;38(3): 271-83. Rosen LN. Targum SD. Tex-man M. Bryant MJ. Hoffman H. Kasper SF, Hamovit JR, Docherty JP. Welch B. Rosenthal NE. Prevalence of seasonal affective disorder at four latitudes. Psychiatry Res 1990 Feb;31(2):131-44. San Gil Martin J. Gonzalez de Rivera JL. Gonzalez Gonzalez J. [Season and psychopathology]. Psiquis 1988;9(3):11-23. (Spa). Takagi T, Fujiya S. Agishi Y. Mikamo S. [Psychological change in the wintering members of the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition]. Nippon Onsen Kiko Butsuri Igakkai Zasshi 1991; 54(2):95—9. (Jpn). Takahashi K. Asano Y. Kohsaka M. Okawa M, Sasaki M. Honda Y, Higuchi T. Yamazaki J. Ishizuka Y. Kawaguchi K. et a1. Multi—center study of seasonal affective disorders in Japan. A preliminary report. J Affective Disord 1991 Jan;21(1):57-65. Terman M. On the question of mechanism in phototherapy for seasonal affective disorder: considerations of clinical efficacy and epidemiology. J Biol Rhythms 1988 Surnmer;3(2):155-72. Waldrop J. SAD, but true. Am Demogr 1991 Feb; 13(2):4. Wehr TA. Sack DA. Rosenthal NE. Seasonal affective disorder with summer depression and winter hypomania. Am J Psychiatry 1987 Dec;144(12): 1602-3. Wenzel R. Hubner R. [Seasonally-related inpatient admission of affective patients]. Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) 1989 Mar;41(3):151—6. (Ger). Williams P. Balestrieri M, Tansella M. Seasonal variation in affective disorders. A case register study. J Affective Disord 1987 Mar-Apr;12(2): 145-52. 6 ETIOLOGY/MECHANISM Abas M. Murphy D. Seasonal affective disorder: the miseries of long dark nights? [editorial]. Br Med J [Clin Res] 1987 Dec 12;295(6612):1504-5. Albert PS. Rosen LN. Alexander JR Jr. Rosenthal NE. Effect of daily variation in weather and sleep on seasonal affective disorder. Psychiatry Res 1991 Jan;36(1):51—63. Arato M. Rihmer Z. Szadoczky E. Seasonal influence on the dexamethasone suppression test results in unipolar depression [letter]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986 Aug;43(8):813. Arbisi. Paul Anthony. Thermoregulatory response in seasonal affective disorder: support for a functional dopamine deficit in winter depression [dissertation]. [Minneapolis]: University of Minnesota; 1990. 135 p. Available from: University Microfilms. Ann Arbor, MI; AAD90-29673. Arendt J. Assay of melatonin and its metabolites - results in normal and unusual environments. J Neural Transm Suppl 1986;21:11-33. Arendt J. Chronobiology of melatonin. ISI Atlas Sci Pharmacol 1987;1(4):257-61. Arendt J. Melatonin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1988; 29(2):205-29. Arendt J. Melatonin: a new probe in psychiatric investigation? Br J Psychiatry 1989 Nov;155:585-9. Beersma DG. Do winter depressives experience summer nights in winter? [letter]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990 Sep;47(9):879-80. Brewerton TD. Gwirtsman HE. Seasonal dexamethasone suppression test results [letter]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987 Oct;44(10):920-1. Brown GM. Neuroendocrine probes as biological markers of affective disorders: new directions. Can J Psychiatry 1989;34(8):819-23. Brzezinski AA. Wurtman JJ. Wurtman RJ. Gleason R, Greenfield J . Nader T. d-Fenfluramine suppresses the increased calorie and carbohydrate intakes and improves the mood of women with premenstrual depression. Obstet Gynecol 1990 Aug;76(2): 296-301. Checkley SA. Park SB. The psychopharrnacology of the human pineal. J Psychopharmacol 1987;1(2):109-25. Claustrat B. Brun J. Chazot G. Melatonin in humans, neuroendocrinological and pharmacological aspects. Int J Radiation Appl Instrum [B] 1990;17(7):625-32. Depue RA. Arbisi P. Spoont MR. Krauss S. Leon A. Ainsworth B. Seasonal and mood independence of low basal prolactin secretion in premenopausal women with seasonal affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1989 Aug;146(8):989—95. Comment in: Am J Psychiatry 1990 Jun;147(6):817-8. Dietzel M. Lesch OM. Roschenhofer F. Seasonal variation of melatonin differs in depressed patients and healthy controls. Clin Neuropharmacol 1986; 9 Suppl 42199-201. Dilsaver SC. Jaeckle RS. Winter depression responds to an open trial of tranylcypromine. J Clin Psychiatry 1990 Aug;51(8):326-9. Dinan TG. Barry S. Mobayed M, O'Hanlon M. Prolactin levels in women with seasonal affective disorder [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1990 Jun;l47(6): 817-8. Do you crave light? Heartcare 1990 Aug;3(1):16. Easton MS. Seasonal affective disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 1990;3(1):54-7. Elmore, Shawn Kathleen. Seasonal affective disorder and performance: a test of the phase-delay hypothesis [dissertation]. [Seattle]: University of Washington; 1990. 102 p. Available from: University Microfilms, Ann Arbor. MI; AAD91 -08465. Endo T. Takahashi T. Itoh H. Suenaga K. Sasaki M. Mori A. Seasonal variations of the circadian rhythms in seasonal affective disorder. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol l99l;45(1):178-9. Fomaro P, Corsa R. Gatta P. Serra A. [Neurobiologic effects of light and depressive pathology]. Minerva Psichiatr 1986 Apr—Jun;27(2):l39—44. (Ita). Franey. Christine. 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